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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10054 ***
+
+"Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium" is a scientific paper in Latin
+about the quality of the water of the health spa at Medevi in Sweden,
+published in 1800 by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848).
+
+This e-text was produced for Project Gutenberg from Project Runeberg's
+digital facsimile edition, available at http://runeberg.org/berzaqua/
+
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+
+Project Runeberg publishes free digital editions of Nordic literature.
+We need more volunteers like you.  Learn more at http://runeberg.org/
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+
+
+
+                        Regio Collegio Medico
+                               Sacrum.
+
+                            NOVA ANALYSIS
+                         AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM
+
+                                 Quam
+                     Venia ampliss. ord. philos.
+                                p. p.
+                                Præses
+                          Mag. A. G. EKEBERG
+                           chem. Adjunctus
+                  Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockh. Membr.
+                                  ET
+                                AUCTOR
+                          JACOBUS BERZELIUS
+                        Ostrog. Stip. Strandb.
+               In audit Gust. Maj. D. VI Decemb. MDCCC.
+
+                               Upsaliæ
+             Litteris Joh. Fr. Edman, Reg. Acad. Typogr.
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+Vetus sive insimus fons
+Fons Medius
+Fons supremus
+Limes Medeviensis
+Fons Lokaënsis
+Limus Lokaënsis
+
+
+
+
+NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM
+
+
+Aquæ Medevienses a Cel. BERGMAN primum justa & consummata analysi
+chemica exploratæ sunt. In actis Reg. Acad. Scient. Holm. An. 1783. P.
+4, p. 218, hanc suam disquisitionem exposuit. Sed Cel. Medicus S. R.
+M. Primarius etc. D. Doct. S. HEDIN, hujus institutionis præfenti
+tempore curator (Brunns Intendent,) cum variare interdum naturam
+fontium & elementorum rationem, assiduis nobilissimorum chemicorum
+investigationibus confirmatum esse, & in recentissimis præterea chemiæ
+profectibus majora ad disquisitiones hujus generis subtilius
+instituendas subsidia esse posita reputaverit, æstate superiori novam
+analysin suscipiendam esse censuit; eamque mihi, ad Medevi vices
+Chirurgi, ejus auspicio, tunc gerenti, mandavit. Quam cura
+diligentiaque quanta maxima potuerim peractam, propter magnam ab
+experientia summi viri discrepantiam, eorum. qui his rebus student,
+judicio esse submittendam existimavi. Et cum etjam celebratum Loka
+fontem limumque, antea rite consummateque non examinatum, eadem hac
+præterita æstate, ab ejus curatore D:o Doct. etc. ASCHAN sollicitatus,
+adcurate sim perscrutatus, brevem ejus descriptionem, reservata in
+aliam occasionem copiosiori experimentorum expositione, adjungere, ob
+materiæ similitudinem, institui.
+
+Ex tribus fontibus, quibus jam uti licet, unus tantum, & is infimus,
+ante nostram ætatem scaturivit. Olim quidem tres etjam numero fuerunt
+fontes; duo autem reliqui, quos Cel. BERGMAN Rödbrunn & Dahlbrunn
+appellat, jam ita cessaverunt, ut ne locum quidem ubi siti fuerint,
+reperire potuerim. At curante Cel. HEDIN alii duo nuper aperti sunt &
+ædiculis belle superstructis hoc anno consummatis, tecti; ut
+pauperibus usui essent, quibus antea circa horam tertiam matutinam
+surgendi, necessitas erat, ne ex unica scaturigine petita aqua
+opulentioribus ad horam sextam fontem adeuntibus deesset.
+
+
+
+
+Vetus sive infimus fons.
+
+
+Situs ejus est aliquanto depressior, ita tamen ut defluxus sit
+facilis. Intra ædificium alto muro circumdatur, qui ad æquabile frigus
+conservandum plurimum confert. Profundus est V pedes. Cantharos
+circiter LX per horam effundit, cli temporisque varietate parum
+affectus. Temperatura in superficie + 6,º5; ad fundum 6,º intra menses
+æstivos non mutata. Sapor asper, multis nauseosus. Odor concussione
+exprimitur hepaticus. In aperto vase sensim oxidum ferri demittit, &
+odorem saporemque asperum perdit. Tincturam Heliotropii rubefacit, at
+non post coctionem ferrive demissionem. Calce soluta turbatur, sed non
+post coctionem. Acidum carbonicum in aqua ita prodi docent, si primo
+calcis solutionem turbaverit, uberius autem adfusa solverit quæ
+præcipitata erant; quod vero hic non incidit, cum ferrum etjam
+præcipitetur, ex quo præcipitarum flavescit; in aqua autem nihil vel
+parum adsir liberi acidi carbonici. Cum acido sulphurico forti nulla
+effervescentia. Solutiones Fernambuci aut Curcumæ non mutatæ. Cum ac.
+gallaceo color violaceus; prussiate kali cæruleus purissimus; ex quo
+post quietem XXIV horarum prussias ferri depositus; utrumque in aqua
+cocta inefficax. Acidum oxalicum paullulum permutavit, sed non in
+cruda solum, verum etjam in cocta; quod sulphatem calcis prodit.
+Carbonas kali nihil. Natrum purum post horas XXIV luteolum
+præcipitatum effecit. Similiter ammoniacum. Aliquantulum ac. azotici
+in aquæ portionem instillabatur, quæ dein azotate barytæ
+præcipitabatur: pauxillum illud, quod post h. XXIV demissum erat, inde
+separabatur, quo facto aqua azotate argenti præcipitabatur; hoc
+præcipitatum suisse muriatem argenti exinde colligimus, quod luci
+expositum nigrescebat; quod in carbonatibus argenti non accidit.
+Azotas hydrargyri frigide præparatus album dedit & subtile
+præcipitatum, ad labra vitri adhærens, & vix sensibile antequam aqua
+effusa, vitrum aruisser. Azotas hydr. calide præparatus & azotas
+plumbi præcipitata fecerunt e luteo candicantia. Ad detegendum in aqua
+hydrogenium sulphuratum multa sunt a chemicis proposita, at pleraque
+non nisi in aquis saturatoribus efficacia. Ejusmodi sunt: argentum
+metallicum; sed in fonte suspensus nummus argenteus bene politus post
+IIX dies æque splendebat; oxidum arsenici album; id vero in hac aqua
+æquali tempore nihil passum est; acidum azoticum conc. quod,
+hydrogenium oxidando sulphur præcipitare docent; illud autem heic
+nihil tale effecit. Nihilominus olfactus hydrogenii sulphurati in hac
+aqua index certissimus est. Azotas plumbi in forma sicca ad hydr.
+sulph. valde sensibilis est; at solurus, propter suam ad aquam
+attractionem, sulphure difficilius decomponitur. Scribebam autem hac
+solutione in charta, quæ vasi, in quo aqua fontana evaporaretur,
+superimponebatur: vas sensim calefactum est, ut gas hydr. sulph.
+quantum fieri posset siccum eliceretur: qua re etjam factum est, ut
+litteræ seriptæ, pro varia gasis siccitate, quibusdam in locis
+metallice splenderent & nigrescerent; aliis magis minusve perspicuæ,
+aliis non observabiles essent.
+
+Post hæc experimenta præcursoria, nostra in eo verfat, est opera, ut
+quæ in hac aqua soluta sint gasia fecernerentur. Quantum aquæ
+Cantharus unus capere potest [1] in vas retortum vitreum instillabatur
+ejus magnitudinis, ut tertia pars vacua maneret: orificium subere
+obturabatur, per quod aptatus erat tubus vitreus; cui vesica arcte
+adligabatur. Tubus ad apparatum pneumaticium ducebat. Aqua, qua hunc
+appatatum impleveram, quartam horæ partem cocta erat, & jam intra
+temperaturam + 85º & 100º, igne subtus facto, servabatur. Supra enim
+in recipulo pneumatico olei stratum fluitabat, ne, experimento
+peracto, gas ab aqua refrigerata imbiberetur. Quamquam aqua, ut
+diximus, antea diu servisset, bullæ tamen aëris jam exinde per oleum
+adscendentes animadvertebantur, ex cucurbita non venientes. Gas, quod
+in apparatu pneumatico, postquam aqua in cucurbita horæ tres quartas
+partes servisset, receptum erat, minoris aliquanto voluminis fuit eo,
+quod supra aquam in cucurbita fuerat, utroque in eadem temperatura
+menso; ex quo sequitur, vapores aquosos non omnem ex superiori
+cucurbitæ parte aërem expulisse; quapropter hac methodo nihil certi de
+quantitate naturave gasium in aqua fontana solutorum eruere
+licet. Alia igitur utendum erat. Nec apparatum a Cel. BERGMAN (Om
+Bitter-, Selzer-, Spa- och Pyrmontervattens halt och tillredning, §
+8. Fig. 1.) comparare poteram. Hanc igitur, scopo, ut videtur, optime
+inservientem experiundi rationem inveni. Orificium lagenæ vitreæ,
+adcurate ejus capacitatem emensus, subere optimo obturabam, per quod
+tubus vitreus, ut in experimentis pneumaticis solet, curvatus
+ingerebatur ita, ut altera ejus extremitas ultra suber in lagena non
+exstaret. Et lagena & huic ita adjunctus tubus aqua examinanda
+implebantur, ne minima quidem aëris atmosphærici bulla observabili
+relicta. Lagena ad commissuram luto vesicaque rite munita, in balneo
+arenæ ponebatur.  Apparatu pneumatico eodem as supra utebar; sed jam
+aqua plus horam ante initium experimenti fervisser. (Vas, in quo
+fervebat, ejus capacitatis erat, ut quod exhalaret cruda aqua
+compensare opus non esset). In ipso recipulo apparatus aqua, ut ante,
+oleo operiebatur.  Huic methodo aliquis objicere forsitan posset,
+aquam fontanam in lagena calore valde dilatari ante quam gasia exinde
+abeant; ita partem expelli & amitti. Sed ubi hæc pars aquæ venerit in
+aquam bullientem apparatus pneumatici sub recipulum, gasia, quibus
+prægnans est, mox hujus calore in formam nativam restituta, effugere
+nequeunt. Postquam horæ dimidium aqua in lagena fervisset,
+summovebatur sensim ignis ad cautam refrigerationem. In temperatura
++17º volumen gasium dimensum fuit 6,5 pollicum cubicorum decimalium
+pro quoque cantharo. Cel.  BERGMAN 14 p. cub. ex. Cantharo
+accepit. Hæc discrepantia experimentum pluries iterare jussit; idem
+autem semper fuit eventus, si aberrationem 1/2 vel 3/4
+p. c. exceperis, tribuendam temperaturæ , quam omnino æqualem obtinere
+non poteram. Iuncturam autem nec rimis latentibus fefellisse, tum
+illius post singula experimenta sollicita exploratio demonstravit, cum
+regressus aquæ ex apparatu pneumatico in lagenam frigescentem.
+
+  [1] Hoc loco & in sequentibas mensura coronata & accurate explorata
+  utebar.
+
+Ad vulgare præscriptum solutio calcis in gase his experimentis
+collecto collocabatur. Post XXXVI horas ex 6,5 p. c. dimidius tantum
+restabat, quam aëra esse atmosphæricum gas azoticum oxigenatum
+indicavit. Quorsum igitur gas hydrogenium sulphuratum, quod aquæ
+inesse certo sciebam? Id quo intëlligerem, lagenam, hoc gase,
+præparato ex sulphureto ferri ac acido sulphurico diluto, impletam
+supra calcem aqua solutam collocavi. Post XIV horas X p. c. absorpti
+erant; supererat unus cum dimidio p. c., post XXIV horas nihil
+diminutus; quem esse atmosphæricum, gase azotico oxigenato
+exploravi. Gas hydr. sulph. & gas acidi carbonici ad æqualia volumina
+commixta & eidem experimento subjecta, ab aqua calcarea, uno
+p. c. relicto,. absorbebantur. Solutionis calcareæ in his
+experimentis, & præcipue in superiori, color erat luteoalbidus, odor
+saporque sulphureti calcarei; solutio sensim sulphatem calcis
+deponendo turbabatur, quod tamen in posteriori propter carbonatem
+calcis simul præcipitatum discerni non poterat. Ex quibus
+intelligitur, diminutionem supra descriptam gasis aquæ examinandæ non
+acido tantum carbonico sed gasi etjam hydr. sulph. esse tribuendam.
+Horum igitur gasium quantitates alia via dignoscendæ sunt. Eum in
+finem unum aquæ fontanæ Cantharum in vase operto calce præcipitabam;
+præcipitatum, cujus pondus erat = 0,085 [2] ex oxido ferri = 0,020,
+carbonate calcis magnesiæque aquæ proprio, aliis experimentis noto =
+0,035, & carbonate calcis jam generato, cujus igitur pondus = 0,030,
+constabat. Si pondera carbonatis calcis & acidi carb. quod continet,
+sunt inter se = 100:43, oritur exinde pondus acidi carbonici ex aqua
+fontana recepti = 0,014; ex quo tamen volumen gasis ejus haud facile
+inveniri potest.
+
+  [2] Unitas ponderis per totam banc disfertationem = 1/4 lod
+  viktualie-vigt = 1 drachma 7 1/2 gr. = 1 centner prober-vigt.
+
+Unde autem oritur hujus aquæ gas hydrogenium sulphuratum? In quibusdam
+aquis non dubium est quin originem debeat sulphureto calcis, quod, dum
+ex aqua oxidatur, ideoque gas hydrogenium generat, illi sulphuris
+aliquid tradit; ipsum autem in sulphatem calcis transit, qui circum
+tales fontes, forma pulveris albi, se manifestat. In aqua Medeviensi
+sulphas quidem calcis adest, quem primo sulphuretum fuisse posse,
+deinde vero oxidatum, hoc gas, ut diximus, produxisse, haud quidem
+districte negaverim, vero tamen similius esse existimaverim, a stratis
+corporum organicorum putrefactorum vel putrescentium, per quæ vena
+transit, idem illud gas originem duxisse, quippe quod destructione
+animalium vegetabiliumque generari, ideoque ex stagnosis limosisque
+locis, præsertim commotione quadam facta, exhalari noverimus. Per hanc
+hypothesin explicatur etjam ortus gasis hydrogenii carbonati, quod in
+hoc & pluribus aliis Sveciæ fontibus adesse, cum alia fere desint
+ipsius indicia, sapor peculiaris certe arguit; quamquam ejus
+quantitas, propter minorem in aqua solubilitatem longe minor sit,
+necesse est; nec determinari potest nisi combustione; quam experiri,
+defectus instrumentorum prohibuit.
+
+Ex quovis fonte V Cantharos, in vase vitreo, unum cum dimidio
+cancharum capiente, singulos vaporare curavi. Massa sicca caute
+colligebatur, & quod vitro arctius adhærebat, acido muriatico diluto
+abluebatur & solutioni N. 5 addebatur. Massæ in temp. + 108 siccatæ
+pondus =0,575.
+
+1. Massa diligenter aqua eluebatur & liquidum siphone secernebatur,
+quo colatio evitaretur. Hæc aqua deinceps ad siccum vaporabat, supra
+infundebatur alcohol, qui non solutum reliquit album terrestre =
+0,025, quod experimentis infra enarrandis sulphatem calcis esse
+reperi.
+
+2. Solutio alcoholina lente evaporabatur; fusca erat, & crystallos
+muriatis natri facile agnoscibiles in reliqua massa fusca
+deliquescibili dabat [3]. Pondus totius massæ = 0,150. In aqua
+solvebatur, cui solutioni admistum ammoniacum purum nihil mutavit; sed
+azotate barytæ præcipitatum efficiebatur, quod lotum siccatumque erat
+= 0,01. & azotate argenti præcipitatum cinereum, in lamella vitrea
+supra ignem odorem empyreumaticum spargens, quo manifestatur extractum
+vegetabile: id igitur coctione cum acido azotico conc. destruebatur;
+quod hujus acidi supererat, ammoniaco dein saturabatur, quod primo
+præcipitatum faciebat, mox solvebat; quapropter acidum muriaticum ad
+saporem acidulum addebatur.  Murias argenti bene elotus & siccatus
+niveo fuit colore & pondere = 0,240.
+
+  [3] Sales cum extracto conjunctos difficulter crystallisari, notisi
+  mum est.
+
+3. Ex reliqua solutionis parte argentum superfluum muriate ammoniaci
+præcipitabatur: dein inspissabatur, nihilque acido oxalico tartaricove
+afficiebatur; quapropter nec kali nec calcem habebat.
+
+4. Residuum ex lotione cum aqua N. 1 cum alcohole eluebatur, quod
+evaporando dedit refinam odoram fuscam = 0,005.
+
+5. Residuum ex massa alcohole elota N. 4 acido muriatico diluto
+solvebatur; solutio secernebatur, & quod solutum non erat, aqua
+eluebatur, quæ dein solutioni admiscebatur. Hæc ad dimidiam partem
+evaporata ammoniaco præcipitabatur; præcipitatum elotum fuit = 0,15.
+Reliqua solutio, cum aqua lotionis, carbonete ammoniaci
+præcipitabatur, quod carbonatem calcis = 0,125 dedit. Calcem fuisse
+inde colligitur, quod cum acido sulphurico sal difficulter solubile
+efficiebat, nec carbonare ammoniaci solvebatur; ideoque magnesia non
+erat.
+
+6. Quod ammoniaco præcipitatum erat, in acido sulphurico solvebatur;
+residua erat magnesia, quæ acid. sulph. dilato difficulter solvitur,
+si pura est; pondus erat = 0,03. Acido muriatico soluta carbonate
+ammoniaci procipitabatur [4] & mox ab eo solvebatur; quæ magnesiæ nota
+est.
+
+  [4] BERGMAN & secundum eum plures alii, magnesiæ ad acida
+  attractionem majorem statuunt quam ammoniaci. Alii negant; cum ex
+  acid. sulphurico ammoniaco præcipitetur. BERGMAN (In Opusculis T. 3
+  p. 317 & 337) hoc præcipitatum inde oriri contendit quod in
+  solutione sal tripliciter compositum generaretur. Qua de re hæc
+  sequentia ipse sum expertus. Si Murias magnesiæ cum carbonate kali
+  præcipitatur, usque dum reagat alcali, & præcipitatum inde
+  separatur, præcipitari dein potest cum ammoniaco puro nova magnesiæ
+  portio. Idem evenit, si ordine inverso primo adhibetur ammoniacum
+  purum & deinde Carbonas kali. Sulphas magnesiæ carbonate kali totus
+  decomponitur; at si plus carbonatis kali additur, solvitur iterum
+  praecipitatum, & post horas quasdam crystalli formantur. Idem
+  evenit, si præcipitatio ope carbonatis ammoniaci perficitur. Etjam
+  ex muriate magnesiæ præcipitando formantur hi sales; si solutio
+  valde diluta est, nihil carbonate ammoniaci praecipitatur; si
+  aliquantom puri ammoniaci additur, præcipitatum oritur quod
+  carbonate ammoniaci, si sufficiens ejus quantitas adsit, solvitur &
+  crystallisatur eam in formam, quam BERGMAN, Opusc. T. 1 Tab. 1.
+  depinxit & carbonatis magnesiæ esse dixit; sed. ut ex allatis
+  sequitur, ammoniacum etjam continet, quod in auctiore calore
+  effugit, & magnesiæ carbonatem pulverulentum relinquit. Solutio
+  muriatis magnesiæ valde diluta non præcipitatur carbonate ammoniaci,
+  sed tantum si concentrata sit; tum autem præcipitatum est triplex
+  ille sal, cujus supra mentionem fecimus, sere difficulter
+  solubilis. Carbonates alcalium solvunt carbonatem magnesiæ, &
+  efficiunt sales crystallisabiles difficulter solubiles. Murias
+  ammoniaci carbonatem magnesiæ solvit, sed pars decomponitur & sal
+  triplex nascitur. Alcalia pura solvunt carbonatem magnesiæ ita, ut
+  se acido carbonico saturent, & quod superest carbonatis magnesiæ
+  solvant; quod de ammoniaco non valet; cum carbonas ammoniaci puram
+  magnesiam ita solvat, ut hæe primum ab ammoniaco rapiat ad se acidum
+  carbonicum. Fourcroy & Vauquelin, in analysi urinæ, Bulletin des
+  Sciences An. 1798 N. IX, propensitatem magnesiæ ad triplicem
+  conjunctionem cum ammoniaco & acido phosphorico memoraverunt. Hæc
+  magnesiæ proprietas accuratiore disquisitione digna esse vi detur.
+
+Solutio in acido sulphurico facta, ad siccum evaporabatur; quod dum
+fiebat, crystalli sulphatis calcis formabantur: massa sicca
+ustulabatur donec effugisset ac. sulphuricum; residui pondus = 0,125;
+quæ ponderis auctio majori ferri oxidationi tribuenda esse videretur,
+quam etjam color & vapores acidi sulphurosi indicabant.
+
+7. Massa usta lavabatur aqua, ex qua nec ammoniacum nec carbonates
+alcalium aliquid præcipitabant. Dein ac. muriatico solvebatur, ex qua
+solutione murias barytæ præcipitatum effecir, quod sulphatem calcis =
+0,02 adhuc remansisse indicabat. Etjam oxalas kali calcis præsentiam
+docebat. Puro ammoniaco oxidum ferri purum præcipitabatur = 0,10.
+
+8. Solutio N. 5, ex qua calx carbonate ammoniaci præcipitate erat, in
+siccum evaporabatur; cum acido sulphurico miscebatur & urebatur donec
+acid, muriaticum effugisset; iterum solvebatur, & ammoniaco
+præcipitabatur; quo secernebatur magnesia = 0,02.
+
+9. Quod post solutionem in acido muriatico supererat, aqua difficulter
+solvebatur; at aqua postquam diutius superinfusa mansisset, &
+solutione barytæ & acid. oxalico præcipitabatur; coctum in carbonate
+natri generavit sulphatem natri, & quod non solvebatur, effervescebat
+aliquantulum, adfuso acido quodam; fuit igitur sulphas calcis = 0,140.
+
+Hæ omnes rationes si conferuntur; animadvertitur auctio = 0,040, quæ
+tribuenda est iis particulis, quæ ex vase, in quo facta erat
+evaporatio, acido muriatico eluebantur.
+
+Salis N. 2 pondus erat = 0,150; murias argenti = 0,240 continet ac.
+muriaticum = 0,043, quod ad plenam saturarionem requirit natrum =
+0,065 & aquam ad crystallisandum = 0,022, quo quantitas muratis narri
+invenitur = 0,130. Sulphas barytæ, ibidiem, = 0,010 continet ac.
+sulphuricum = 0,003; quod saturatur natro = 0,005, ex quo quantitas
+sulphatis natri = 0,08. Residuum fuit extractum & aqua & alcohole
+solubile = 0,012.
+
+Sequens tabula exhiber, quantum ex meis quidem experimentis concludere
+licuit, quantitates corporum in quovis hujus aquæ cantharo solutorum;
+cui adjungitur tabula Cel. Prof. BERGMAN, loco supra citato allata.
+
+  Secundum experimenta              Secundum mea
+    BERGMANNI
+  Gas acidi carbonici -   6 p. c.   Gas ac. carb.
+  Gas hydr. sulph.    -   8         cum gase hydr.
+                                    sulph.         -     6 p. c.
+                                    Aër athmosph.  -   0,5
+                      -----                          -----
+                            14                             6 1/2
+  Murias natri     -  0,005         Murias natri   - 0,026
+  Oxidum ferri     -  0,056         Oxid. ferri    - 0,020
+  Extractum mucil. -  0,019         Extract. muc.  - 0,003
+      -       -    -    -           Sulphas natri  - 0,001
+      -       -    -    -           Sulphas calcis - 0,037
+      -       -    -    -           Carbonas calc. - 0,025
+      -       -    -    -           Carb. magnes.  - 0,010
+      -       -    -    -           Resinæ         - 0,001
+  Murias calcis    -  0,009            -           -   -
+                      -----                          -----
+                      0,089                          0,123
+
+
+
+
+Fons Medius
+
+
+In ipso fere plano soli circumjacentis scatet; reliqui duo
+depressiores. Aqua per duo foramina crateris emittitur, ideoque fere
+semper turbida est. Temperatura variat. D 1 Junii erat in fundo +7°;
+in superficie 7,°5; in atmosphæra 8° vel 9° D. 30 Julii in fundo 9,5
+in superficie 10,° in atmosphæra 19° vel 20°. Quantitas gasium per
+cantharum aquæ hujus fontis est 1 1/2 p. cub. major, quam reliquorum;
+odore hydrogenii sulph. fortiori & quadam virtute laxante prædita est.
+Ejus partes constitutivæ eædem sunt, ac fontis supra descripti,
+excepto, quod minus ferri (= 0,015) & carbonatis calcis (= 0,080)
+habet, quod etjam quantitatem acidi carbonici minorem indicare
+videtur.
+
+
+
+
+Fons supremus.
+
+
+Situs hujus fontis editior est, quam ceterorum. Sapor veteris fontis
+sapori similis est. Reactio eadem. Temperatura variat. D. 1 Jun. erat
+in fundo + 6,°5; in superficie 7.° D. 30 Jul. in fundo + 8° in
+superficie 9.° Ferri quantitas eadem est ac in vetere fonte, sulphatis
+calcis major (= 0,045); carbonatis calcis & magnesiæ minor. Sales
+reliqui sunt iidem in omnibus his fontibus.
+
+
+
+
+Limus Medeviensis.
+
+
+Non admodum profunde sub ipsa soli superficie reperitur. Scripturam
+azotate plumbi factam afficit. Schidiis & aliis reliquiis
+vegetabilibus immixtus est. Ustione duas partes tertias ponderis
+perdit; residuum constat ex ferro, silice & sulphate calcis. Sulphatem
+ferri, ut limus Lokaënsis, non continet. Una ejus tertia pars est
+extractiva, & alkohole & aqua solubilis.
+
+
+
+
+Fons Lokaënsis.
+
+
+Ejus partes constitutivas eadem fere ratione, qua fontium
+Medeviensium, exploratas has sequentes reperi.
+
+  Gas Hydrog. sulph. & perpaullulum
+     Gasis acidi carbonici       -    -   2   p. c.
+  Aër atmospæricus               -    -   3,5
+     ex quo gas oxigenium        -   0,5
+          & gas azotum           -   3,0
+                                         ------
+                                               5,5 p. c.
+  Carbonas calcis                -    -  0,0042
+  Carbonas magnesiæ              -    -  0,0035
+  Silex                          -    -  0,0107
+  Sulphas calcis                 -    -  0,0023
+  Murias natri                   -    -  0,0055
+  Extractivum                    -    -  0,0014
+  Aliquantulum resinæ            -    -
+                                         ------
+  per Cantharum                          0,0276
+
+
+
+
+Limus Lokaënsis,
+
+
+  In quaque libra continentur
+     Gas ac. carb. & hydrog. sulph.   -  2,6
+     Aër atmosphæricus                -  0,3
+     Gas hydrogenium carbonatum       -  0,8
+                                        -----
+                                         3,7 p. cub.
+     Aquosum                          -  9,5 lod.
+  Limus siccatus = 4, continet
+     Extractum                        -  0,045
+     Sulphas calcis                   -  0,010
+     Sulphas ferri                    -  0,005
+     Combustibilia                    -  1,402
+     Oxidum ferri                     -  0,172
+     Argilla                          -  0,075
+     Carbonas magnesiæ                -  0,020
+     Silex                            -  2,232
+     Aliquantulum carb. calcis        -
+                                         -----
+                                         3,961
+     Addito quod deficit                 0,039
+                                         -----
+                                         4,000
+
+
+
+End of text.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+by Jöns Jacob Berzelius
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10054 ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+by Jöns Jacob Berzelius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
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+Title: Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+
+Author: Jöns Jacob Berzelius
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2003 [EBook #10054]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: ISO Latin-1
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM ***
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+Produced by Lars Aronsson and the Project Runeberg
+
+
+
+
+"Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium" is a scientific paper in Latin
+about the quality of the water of the health spa at Medevi in Sweden,
+published in 1800 by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848).
+
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+
+                        Regio Collegio Medico
+                               Sacrum.
+
+                            NOVA ANALYSIS
+                         AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM
+
+                                 Quam
+                     Venia ampliss. ord. philos.
+                                p. p.
+                                Præses
+                          Mag. A. G. EKEBERG
+                           chem. Adjunctus
+                  Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockh. Membr.
+                                  ET
+                                AUCTOR
+                          JACOBUS BERZELIUS
+                        Ostrog. Stip. Strandb.
+               In audit Gust. Maj. D. VI Decemb. MDCCC.
+
+                               Upsaliæ
+             Litteris Joh. Fr. Edman, Reg. Acad. Typogr.
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+Vetus sive insimus fons
+Fons Medius
+Fons supremus
+Limes Medeviensis
+Fons Lokaënsis
+Limus Lokaënsis
+
+
+
+
+NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM
+
+
+Aquæ Medevienses a Cel. BERGMAN primum justa & consummata analysi
+chemica exploratæ sunt. In actis Reg. Acad. Scient. Holm. An. 1783. P.
+4, p. 218, hanc suam disquisitionem exposuit. Sed Cel. Medicus S. R.
+M. Primarius etc. D. Doct. S. HEDIN, hujus institutionis præfenti
+tempore curator (Brunns Intendent,) cum variare interdum naturam
+fontium & elementorum rationem, assiduis nobilissimorum chemicorum
+investigationibus confirmatum esse, & in recentissimis præterea chemiæ
+profectibus majora ad disquisitiones hujus generis subtilius
+instituendas subsidia esse posita reputaverit, æstate superiori novam
+analysin suscipiendam esse censuit; eamque mihi, ad Medevi vices
+Chirurgi, ejus auspicio, tunc gerenti, mandavit. Quam cura
+diligentiaque quanta maxima potuerim peractam, propter magnam ab
+experientia summi viri discrepantiam, eorum. qui his rebus student,
+judicio esse submittendam existimavi. Et cum etjam celebratum Loka
+fontem limumque, antea rite consummateque non examinatum, eadem hac
+præterita æstate, ab ejus curatore D:o Doct. etc. ASCHAN sollicitatus,
+adcurate sim perscrutatus, brevem ejus descriptionem, reservata in
+aliam occasionem copiosiori experimentorum expositione, adjungere, ob
+materiæ similitudinem, institui.
+
+Ex tribus fontibus, quibus jam uti licet, unus tantum, & is infimus,
+ante nostram ætatem scaturivit. Olim quidem tres etjam numero fuerunt
+fontes; duo autem reliqui, quos Cel. BERGMAN Rödbrunn & Dahlbrunn
+appellat, jam ita cessaverunt, ut ne locum quidem ubi siti fuerint,
+reperire potuerim. At curante Cel. HEDIN alii duo nuper aperti sunt &
+ædiculis belle superstructis hoc anno consummatis, tecti; ut
+pauperibus usui essent, quibus antea circa horam tertiam matutinam
+surgendi, necessitas erat, ne ex unica scaturigine petita aqua
+opulentioribus ad horam sextam fontem adeuntibus deesset.
+
+
+
+
+Vetus sive infimus fons.
+
+
+Situs ejus est aliquanto depressior, ita tamen ut defluxus sit
+facilis. Intra ædificium alto muro circumdatur, qui ad æquabile frigus
+conservandum plurimum confert. Profundus est V pedes. Cantharos
+circiter LX per horam effundit, cli temporisque varietate parum
+affectus. Temperatura in superficie + 6,º5; ad fundum 6,º intra menses
+æstivos non mutata. Sapor asper, multis nauseosus. Odor concussione
+exprimitur hepaticus. In aperto vase sensim oxidum ferri demittit, &
+odorem saporemque asperum perdit. Tincturam Heliotropii rubefacit, at
+non post coctionem ferrive demissionem. Calce soluta turbatur, sed non
+post coctionem. Acidum carbonicum in aqua ita prodi docent, si primo
+calcis solutionem turbaverit, uberius autem adfusa solverit quæ
+præcipitata erant; quod vero hic non incidit, cum ferrum etjam
+præcipitetur, ex quo præcipitarum flavescit; in aqua autem nihil vel
+parum adsir liberi acidi carbonici. Cum acido sulphurico forti nulla
+effervescentia. Solutiones Fernambuci aut Curcumæ non mutatæ. Cum ac.
+gallaceo color violaceus; prussiate kali cæruleus purissimus; ex quo
+post quietem XXIV horarum prussias ferri depositus; utrumque in aqua
+cocta inefficax. Acidum oxalicum paullulum permutavit, sed non in
+cruda solum, verum etjam in cocta; quod sulphatem calcis prodit.
+Carbonas kali nihil. Natrum purum post horas XXIV luteolum
+præcipitatum effecit. Similiter ammoniacum. Aliquantulum ac. azotici
+in aquæ portionem instillabatur, quæ dein azotate barytæ
+præcipitabatur: pauxillum illud, quod post h. XXIV demissum erat, inde
+separabatur, quo facto aqua azotate argenti præcipitabatur; hoc
+præcipitatum suisse muriatem argenti exinde colligimus, quod luci
+expositum nigrescebat; quod in carbonatibus argenti non accidit.
+Azotas hydrargyri frigide præparatus album dedit & subtile
+præcipitatum, ad labra vitri adhærens, & vix sensibile antequam aqua
+effusa, vitrum aruisser. Azotas hydr. calide præparatus & azotas
+plumbi præcipitata fecerunt e luteo candicantia. Ad detegendum in aqua
+hydrogenium sulphuratum multa sunt a chemicis proposita, at pleraque
+non nisi in aquis saturatoribus efficacia. Ejusmodi sunt: argentum
+metallicum; sed in fonte suspensus nummus argenteus bene politus post
+IIX dies æque splendebat; oxidum arsenici album; id vero in hac aqua
+æquali tempore nihil passum est; acidum azoticum conc. quod,
+hydrogenium oxidando sulphur præcipitare docent; illud autem heic
+nihil tale effecit. Nihilominus olfactus hydrogenii sulphurati in hac
+aqua index certissimus est. Azotas plumbi in forma sicca ad hydr.
+sulph. valde sensibilis est; at solurus, propter suam ad aquam
+attractionem, sulphure difficilius decomponitur. Scribebam autem hac
+solutione in charta, quæ vasi, in quo aqua fontana evaporaretur,
+superimponebatur: vas sensim calefactum est, ut gas hydr. sulph.
+quantum fieri posset siccum eliceretur: qua re etjam factum est, ut
+litteræ seriptæ, pro varia gasis siccitate, quibusdam in locis
+metallice splenderent & nigrescerent; aliis magis minusve perspicuæ,
+aliis non observabiles essent.
+
+Post hæc experimenta præcursoria, nostra in eo verfat, est opera, ut
+quæ in hac aqua soluta sint gasia fecernerentur. Quantum aquæ
+Cantharus unus capere potest [1] in vas retortum vitreum instillabatur
+ejus magnitudinis, ut tertia pars vacua maneret: orificium subere
+obturabatur, per quod aptatus erat tubus vitreus; cui vesica arcte
+adligabatur. Tubus ad apparatum pneumaticium ducebat. Aqua, qua hunc
+appatatum impleveram, quartam horæ partem cocta erat, & jam intra
+temperaturam + 85º & 100º, igne subtus facto, servabatur. Supra enim
+in recipulo pneumatico olei stratum fluitabat, ne, experimento
+peracto, gas ab aqua refrigerata imbiberetur. Quamquam aqua, ut
+diximus, antea diu servisset, bullæ tamen aëris jam exinde per oleum
+adscendentes animadvertebantur, ex cucurbita non venientes. Gas, quod
+in apparatu pneumatico, postquam aqua in cucurbita horæ tres quartas
+partes servisset, receptum erat, minoris aliquanto voluminis fuit eo,
+quod supra aquam in cucurbita fuerat, utroque in eadem temperatura
+menso; ex quo sequitur, vapores aquosos non omnem ex superiori
+cucurbitæ parte aërem expulisse; quapropter hac methodo nihil certi de
+quantitate naturave gasium in aqua fontana solutorum eruere
+licet. Alia igitur utendum erat. Nec apparatum a Cel. BERGMAN (Om
+Bitter-, Selzer-, Spa- och Pyrmontervattens halt och tillredning, §
+8. Fig. 1.) comparare poteram. Hanc igitur, scopo, ut videtur, optime
+inservientem experiundi rationem inveni. Orificium lagenæ vitreæ,
+adcurate ejus capacitatem emensus, subere optimo obturabam, per quod
+tubus vitreus, ut in experimentis pneumaticis solet, curvatus
+ingerebatur ita, ut altera ejus extremitas ultra suber in lagena non
+exstaret. Et lagena & huic ita adjunctus tubus aqua examinanda
+implebantur, ne minima quidem aëris atmosphærici bulla observabili
+relicta. Lagena ad commissuram luto vesicaque rite munita, in balneo
+arenæ ponebatur.  Apparatu pneumatico eodem as supra utebar; sed jam
+aqua plus horam ante initium experimenti fervisser. (Vas, in quo
+fervebat, ejus capacitatis erat, ut quod exhalaret cruda aqua
+compensare opus non esset). In ipso recipulo apparatus aqua, ut ante,
+oleo operiebatur.  Huic methodo aliquis objicere forsitan posset,
+aquam fontanam in lagena calore valde dilatari ante quam gasia exinde
+abeant; ita partem expelli & amitti. Sed ubi hæc pars aquæ venerit in
+aquam bullientem apparatus pneumatici sub recipulum, gasia, quibus
+prægnans est, mox hujus calore in formam nativam restituta, effugere
+nequeunt. Postquam horæ dimidium aqua in lagena fervisset,
+summovebatur sensim ignis ad cautam refrigerationem. In temperatura
++17º volumen gasium dimensum fuit 6,5 pollicum cubicorum decimalium
+pro quoque cantharo. Cel.  BERGMAN 14 p. cub. ex. Cantharo
+accepit. Hæc discrepantia experimentum pluries iterare jussit; idem
+autem semper fuit eventus, si aberrationem 1/2 vel 3/4
+p. c. exceperis, tribuendam temperaturæ , quam omnino æqualem obtinere
+non poteram. Iuncturam autem nec rimis latentibus fefellisse, tum
+illius post singula experimenta sollicita exploratio demonstravit, cum
+regressus aquæ ex apparatu pneumatico in lagenam frigescentem.
+
+  [1] Hoc loco & in sequentibas mensura coronata & accurate explorata
+  utebar.
+
+Ad vulgare præscriptum solutio calcis in gase his experimentis
+collecto collocabatur. Post XXXVI horas ex 6,5 p. c. dimidius tantum
+restabat, quam aëra esse atmosphæricum gas azoticum oxigenatum
+indicavit. Quorsum igitur gas hydrogenium sulphuratum, quod aquæ
+inesse certo sciebam? Id quo intëlligerem, lagenam, hoc gase,
+præparato ex sulphureto ferri ac acido sulphurico diluto, impletam
+supra calcem aqua solutam collocavi. Post XIV horas X p. c. absorpti
+erant; supererat unus cum dimidio p. c., post XXIV horas nihil
+diminutus; quem esse atmosphæricum, gase azotico oxigenato
+exploravi. Gas hydr. sulph. & gas acidi carbonici ad æqualia volumina
+commixta & eidem experimento subjecta, ab aqua calcarea, uno
+p. c. relicto,. absorbebantur. Solutionis calcareæ in his
+experimentis, & præcipue in superiori, color erat luteoalbidus, odor
+saporque sulphureti calcarei; solutio sensim sulphatem calcis
+deponendo turbabatur, quod tamen in posteriori propter carbonatem
+calcis simul præcipitatum discerni non poterat. Ex quibus
+intelligitur, diminutionem supra descriptam gasis aquæ examinandæ non
+acido tantum carbonico sed gasi etjam hydr. sulph. esse tribuendam.
+Horum igitur gasium quantitates alia via dignoscendæ sunt. Eum in
+finem unum aquæ fontanæ Cantharum in vase operto calce præcipitabam;
+præcipitatum, cujus pondus erat = 0,085 [2] ex oxido ferri = 0,020,
+carbonate calcis magnesiæque aquæ proprio, aliis experimentis noto =
+0,035, & carbonate calcis jam generato, cujus igitur pondus = 0,030,
+constabat. Si pondera carbonatis calcis & acidi carb. quod continet,
+sunt inter se = 100:43, oritur exinde pondus acidi carbonici ex aqua
+fontana recepti = 0,014; ex quo tamen volumen gasis ejus haud facile
+inveniri potest.
+
+  [2] Unitas ponderis per totam banc disfertationem = 1/4 lod
+  viktualie-vigt = 1 drachma 7 1/2 gr. = 1 centner prober-vigt.
+
+Unde autem oritur hujus aquæ gas hydrogenium sulphuratum? In quibusdam
+aquis non dubium est quin originem debeat sulphureto calcis, quod, dum
+ex aqua oxidatur, ideoque gas hydrogenium generat, illi sulphuris
+aliquid tradit; ipsum autem in sulphatem calcis transit, qui circum
+tales fontes, forma pulveris albi, se manifestat. In aqua Medeviensi
+sulphas quidem calcis adest, quem primo sulphuretum fuisse posse,
+deinde vero oxidatum, hoc gas, ut diximus, produxisse, haud quidem
+districte negaverim, vero tamen similius esse existimaverim, a stratis
+corporum organicorum putrefactorum vel putrescentium, per quæ vena
+transit, idem illud gas originem duxisse, quippe quod destructione
+animalium vegetabiliumque generari, ideoque ex stagnosis limosisque
+locis, præsertim commotione quadam facta, exhalari noverimus. Per hanc
+hypothesin explicatur etjam ortus gasis hydrogenii carbonati, quod in
+hoc & pluribus aliis Sveciæ fontibus adesse, cum alia fere desint
+ipsius indicia, sapor peculiaris certe arguit; quamquam ejus
+quantitas, propter minorem in aqua solubilitatem longe minor sit,
+necesse est; nec determinari potest nisi combustione; quam experiri,
+defectus instrumentorum prohibuit.
+
+Ex quovis fonte V Cantharos, in vase vitreo, unum cum dimidio
+cancharum capiente, singulos vaporare curavi. Massa sicca caute
+colligebatur, & quod vitro arctius adhærebat, acido muriatico diluto
+abluebatur & solutioni N. 5 addebatur. Massæ in temp. + 108 siccatæ
+pondus =0,575.
+
+1. Massa diligenter aqua eluebatur & liquidum siphone secernebatur,
+quo colatio evitaretur. Hæc aqua deinceps ad siccum vaporabat, supra
+infundebatur alcohol, qui non solutum reliquit album terrestre =
+0,025, quod experimentis infra enarrandis sulphatem calcis esse
+reperi.
+
+2. Solutio alcoholina lente evaporabatur; fusca erat, & crystallos
+muriatis natri facile agnoscibiles in reliqua massa fusca
+deliquescibili dabat [3]. Pondus totius massæ = 0,150. In aqua
+solvebatur, cui solutioni admistum ammoniacum purum nihil mutavit; sed
+azotate barytæ præcipitatum efficiebatur, quod lotum siccatumque erat
+= 0,01. & azotate argenti præcipitatum cinereum, in lamella vitrea
+supra ignem odorem empyreumaticum spargens, quo manifestatur extractum
+vegetabile: id igitur coctione cum acido azotico conc. destruebatur;
+quod hujus acidi supererat, ammoniaco dein saturabatur, quod primo
+præcipitatum faciebat, mox solvebat; quapropter acidum muriaticum ad
+saporem acidulum addebatur.  Murias argenti bene elotus & siccatus
+niveo fuit colore & pondere = 0,240.
+
+  [3] Sales cum extracto conjunctos difficulter crystallisari, notisi
+  mum est.
+
+3. Ex reliqua solutionis parte argentum superfluum muriate ammoniaci
+præcipitabatur: dein inspissabatur, nihilque acido oxalico tartaricove
+afficiebatur; quapropter nec kali nec calcem habebat.
+
+4. Residuum ex lotione cum aqua N. 1 cum alcohole eluebatur, quod
+evaporando dedit refinam odoram fuscam = 0,005.
+
+5. Residuum ex massa alcohole elota N. 4 acido muriatico diluto
+solvebatur; solutio secernebatur, & quod solutum non erat, aqua
+eluebatur, quæ dein solutioni admiscebatur. Hæc ad dimidiam partem
+evaporata ammoniaco præcipitabatur; præcipitatum elotum fuit = 0,15.
+Reliqua solutio, cum aqua lotionis, carbonete ammoniaci
+præcipitabatur, quod carbonatem calcis = 0,125 dedit. Calcem fuisse
+inde colligitur, quod cum acido sulphurico sal difficulter solubile
+efficiebat, nec carbonare ammoniaci solvebatur; ideoque magnesia non
+erat.
+
+6. Quod ammoniaco præcipitatum erat, in acido sulphurico solvebatur;
+residua erat magnesia, quæ acid. sulph. dilato difficulter solvitur,
+si pura est; pondus erat = 0,03. Acido muriatico soluta carbonate
+ammoniaci procipitabatur [4] & mox ab eo solvebatur; quæ magnesiæ nota
+est.
+
+  [4] BERGMAN & secundum eum plures alii, magnesiæ ad acida
+  attractionem majorem statuunt quam ammoniaci. Alii negant; cum ex
+  acid. sulphurico ammoniaco præcipitetur. BERGMAN (In Opusculis T. 3
+  p. 317 & 337) hoc præcipitatum inde oriri contendit quod in
+  solutione sal tripliciter compositum generaretur. Qua de re hæc
+  sequentia ipse sum expertus. Si Murias magnesiæ cum carbonate kali
+  præcipitatur, usque dum reagat alcali, & præcipitatum inde
+  separatur, præcipitari dein potest cum ammoniaco puro nova magnesiæ
+  portio. Idem evenit, si ordine inverso primo adhibetur ammoniacum
+  purum & deinde Carbonas kali. Sulphas magnesiæ carbonate kali totus
+  decomponitur; at si plus carbonatis kali additur, solvitur iterum
+  praecipitatum, & post horas quasdam crystalli formantur. Idem
+  evenit, si præcipitatio ope carbonatis ammoniaci perficitur. Etjam
+  ex muriate magnesiæ præcipitando formantur hi sales; si solutio
+  valde diluta est, nihil carbonate ammoniaci praecipitatur; si
+  aliquantom puri ammoniaci additur, præcipitatum oritur quod
+  carbonate ammoniaci, si sufficiens ejus quantitas adsit, solvitur &
+  crystallisatur eam in formam, quam BERGMAN, Opusc. T. 1 Tab. 1.
+  depinxit & carbonatis magnesiæ esse dixit; sed. ut ex allatis
+  sequitur, ammoniacum etjam continet, quod in auctiore calore
+  effugit, & magnesiæ carbonatem pulverulentum relinquit. Solutio
+  muriatis magnesiæ valde diluta non præcipitatur carbonate ammoniaci,
+  sed tantum si concentrata sit; tum autem præcipitatum est triplex
+  ille sal, cujus supra mentionem fecimus, sere difficulter
+  solubilis. Carbonates alcalium solvunt carbonatem magnesiæ, &
+  efficiunt sales crystallisabiles difficulter solubiles. Murias
+  ammoniaci carbonatem magnesiæ solvit, sed pars decomponitur & sal
+  triplex nascitur. Alcalia pura solvunt carbonatem magnesiæ ita, ut
+  se acido carbonico saturent, & quod superest carbonatis magnesiæ
+  solvant; quod de ammoniaco non valet; cum carbonas ammoniaci puram
+  magnesiam ita solvat, ut hæe primum ab ammoniaco rapiat ad se acidum
+  carbonicum. Fourcroy & Vauquelin, in analysi urinæ, Bulletin des
+  Sciences An. 1798 N. IX, propensitatem magnesiæ ad triplicem
+  conjunctionem cum ammoniaco & acido phosphorico memoraverunt. Hæc
+  magnesiæ proprietas accuratiore disquisitione digna esse vi detur.
+
+Solutio in acido sulphurico facta, ad siccum evaporabatur; quod dum
+fiebat, crystalli sulphatis calcis formabantur: massa sicca
+ustulabatur donec effugisset ac. sulphuricum; residui pondus = 0,125;
+quæ ponderis auctio majori ferri oxidationi tribuenda esse videretur,
+quam etjam color & vapores acidi sulphurosi indicabant.
+
+7. Massa usta lavabatur aqua, ex qua nec ammoniacum nec carbonates
+alcalium aliquid præcipitabant. Dein ac. muriatico solvebatur, ex qua
+solutione murias barytæ præcipitatum effecir, quod sulphatem calcis =
+0,02 adhuc remansisse indicabat. Etjam oxalas kali calcis præsentiam
+docebat. Puro ammoniaco oxidum ferri purum præcipitabatur = 0,10.
+
+8. Solutio N. 5, ex qua calx carbonate ammoniaci præcipitate erat, in
+siccum evaporabatur; cum acido sulphurico miscebatur & urebatur donec
+acid, muriaticum effugisset; iterum solvebatur, & ammoniaco
+præcipitabatur; quo secernebatur magnesia = 0,02.
+
+9. Quod post solutionem in acido muriatico supererat, aqua difficulter
+solvebatur; at aqua postquam diutius superinfusa mansisset, &
+solutione barytæ & acid. oxalico præcipitabatur; coctum in carbonate
+natri generavit sulphatem natri, & quod non solvebatur, effervescebat
+aliquantulum, adfuso acido quodam; fuit igitur sulphas calcis = 0,140.
+
+Hæ omnes rationes si conferuntur; animadvertitur auctio = 0,040, quæ
+tribuenda est iis particulis, quæ ex vase, in quo facta erat
+evaporatio, acido muriatico eluebantur.
+
+Salis N. 2 pondus erat = 0,150; murias argenti = 0,240 continet ac.
+muriaticum = 0,043, quod ad plenam saturarionem requirit natrum =
+0,065 & aquam ad crystallisandum = 0,022, quo quantitas muratis narri
+invenitur = 0,130. Sulphas barytæ, ibidiem, = 0,010 continet ac.
+sulphuricum = 0,003; quod saturatur natro = 0,005, ex quo quantitas
+sulphatis natri = 0,08. Residuum fuit extractum & aqua & alcohole
+solubile = 0,012.
+
+Sequens tabula exhiber, quantum ex meis quidem experimentis concludere
+licuit, quantitates corporum in quovis hujus aquæ cantharo solutorum;
+cui adjungitur tabula Cel. Prof. BERGMAN, loco supra citato allata.
+
+  Secundum experimenta              Secundum mea
+    BERGMANNI
+  Gas acidi carbonici -   6 p. c.   Gas ac. carb.
+  Gas hydr. sulph.    -   8         cum gase hydr.
+                                    sulph.         -     6 p. c.
+                                    Aër athmosph.  -   0,5
+                      -----                          -----
+                            14                             6 1/2
+  Murias natri     -  0,005         Murias natri   - 0,026
+  Oxidum ferri     -  0,056         Oxid. ferri    - 0,020
+  Extractum mucil. -  0,019         Extract. muc.  - 0,003
+      -       -    -    -           Sulphas natri  - 0,001
+      -       -    -    -           Sulphas calcis - 0,037
+      -       -    -    -           Carbonas calc. - 0,025
+      -       -    -    -           Carb. magnes.  - 0,010
+      -       -    -    -           Resinæ         - 0,001
+  Murias calcis    -  0,009            -           -   -
+                      -----                          -----
+                      0,089                          0,123
+
+
+
+
+Fons Medius
+
+
+In ipso fere plano soli circumjacentis scatet; reliqui duo
+depressiores. Aqua per duo foramina crateris emittitur, ideoque fere
+semper turbida est. Temperatura variat. D 1 Junii erat in fundo +7°;
+in superficie 7,°5; in atmosphæra 8° vel 9° D. 30 Julii in fundo 9,5
+in superficie 10,° in atmosphæra 19° vel 20°. Quantitas gasium per
+cantharum aquæ hujus fontis est 1 1/2 p. cub. major, quam reliquorum;
+odore hydrogenii sulph. fortiori & quadam virtute laxante prædita est.
+Ejus partes constitutivæ eædem sunt, ac fontis supra descripti,
+excepto, quod minus ferri (= 0,015) & carbonatis calcis (= 0,080)
+habet, quod etjam quantitatem acidi carbonici minorem indicare
+videtur.
+
+
+
+
+Fons supremus.
+
+
+Situs hujus fontis editior est, quam ceterorum. Sapor veteris fontis
+sapori similis est. Reactio eadem. Temperatura variat. D. 1 Jun. erat
+in fundo + 6,°5; in superficie 7.° D. 30 Jul. in fundo + 8° in
+superficie 9.° Ferri quantitas eadem est ac in vetere fonte, sulphatis
+calcis major (= 0,045); carbonatis calcis & magnesiæ minor. Sales
+reliqui sunt iidem in omnibus his fontibus.
+
+
+
+
+Limus Medeviensis.
+
+
+Non admodum profunde sub ipsa soli superficie reperitur. Scripturam
+azotate plumbi factam afficit. Schidiis & aliis reliquiis
+vegetabilibus immixtus est. Ustione duas partes tertias ponderis
+perdit; residuum constat ex ferro, silice & sulphate calcis. Sulphatem
+ferri, ut limus Lokaënsis, non continet. Una ejus tertia pars est
+extractiva, & alkohole & aqua solubilis.
+
+
+
+
+Fons Lokaënsis.
+
+
+Ejus partes constitutivas eadem fere ratione, qua fontium
+Medeviensium, exploratas has sequentes reperi.
+
+  Gas Hydrog. sulph. & perpaullulum
+     Gasis acidi carbonici       -    -   2   p. c.
+  Aër atmospæricus               -    -   3,5
+     ex quo gas oxigenium        -   0,5
+          & gas azotum           -   3,0
+                                         ------
+                                               5,5 p. c.
+  Carbonas calcis                -    -  0,0042
+  Carbonas magnesiæ              -    -  0,0035
+  Silex                          -    -  0,0107
+  Sulphas calcis                 -    -  0,0023
+  Murias natri                   -    -  0,0055
+  Extractivum                    -    -  0,0014
+  Aliquantulum resinæ            -    -
+                                         ------
+  per Cantharum                          0,0276
+
+
+
+
+Limus Lokaënsis,
+
+
+  In quaque libra continentur
+     Gas ac. carb. & hydrog. sulph.   -  2,6
+     Aër atmosphæricus                -  0,3
+     Gas hydrogenium carbonatum       -  0,8
+                                        -----
+                                         3,7 p. cub.
+     Aquosum                          -  9,5 lod.
+  Limus siccatus = 4, continet
+     Extractum                        -  0,045
+     Sulphas calcis                   -  0,010
+     Sulphas ferri                    -  0,005
+     Combustibilia                    -  1,402
+     Oxidum ferri                     -  0,172
+     Argilla                          -  0,075
+     Carbonas magnesiæ                -  0,020
+     Silex                            -  2,232
+     Aliquantulum carb. calcis        -
+                                         -----
+                                         3,961
+     Addito quod deficit                 0,039
+                                         -----
+                                         4,000
+
+
+
+End of text.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+by Jöns Jacob Berzelius
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+by Joens Jacob Berzelius
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+
+Author: Joens Jacob Berzelius
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2003 [EBook #10054]
+
+Language: Latin
+
+Character set encoding: ISO Latin-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Lars Aronsson and the Project Runeberg
+
+
+
+
+"Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium" is a scientific paper in Latin
+about the quality of the water of the health spa at Medevi in Sweden,
+published in 1800 by Swedish chemist Joens Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848).
+
+This e-text was produced for Project Gutenberg from Project Runeberg's
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+
+
+                        Regio Collegio Medico
+                               Sacrum.
+
+                            NOVA ANALYSIS
+                         AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM
+
+                                 Quam
+                     Venia ampliss. ord. philos.
+                                p. p.
+                                Praeses
+                          Mag. A. G. EKEBERG
+                           chem. Adjunctus
+                  Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockh. Membr.
+                                  ET
+                                AUCTOR
+                          JACOBUS BERZELIUS
+                        Ostrog. Stip. Strandb.
+               In audit Gust. Maj. D. VI Decemb. MDCCC.
+
+                               Upsaliae
+             Litteris Joh. Fr. Edman, Reg. Acad. Typogr.
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+Vetus sive insimus fons
+Fons Medius
+Fons supremus
+Limes Medeviensis
+Fons Lokaensis
+Limus Lokaensis
+
+
+
+
+NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM
+
+
+Aquae Medevienses a Cel. BERGMAN primum justa & consummata analysi
+chemica exploratae sunt. In actis Reg. Acad. Scient. Holm. An. 1783. P.
+4, p. 218, hanc suam disquisitionem exposuit. Sed Cel. Medicus S. R.
+M. Primarius etc. D. Doct. S. HEDIN, hujus institutionis praefenti
+tempore curator (Brunns Intendent,) cum variare interdum naturam
+fontium & elementorum rationem, assiduis nobilissimorum chemicorum
+investigationibus confirmatum esse, & in recentissimis praeterea chemiae
+profectibus majora ad disquisitiones hujus generis subtilius
+instituendas subsidia esse posita reputaverit, aestate superiori novam
+analysin suscipiendam esse censuit; eamque mihi, ad Medevi vices
+Chirurgi, ejus auspicio, tunc gerenti, mandavit. Quam cura
+diligentiaque quanta maxima potuerim peractam, propter magnam ab
+experientia summi viri discrepantiam, eorum. qui his rebus student,
+judicio esse submittendam existimavi. Et cum etjam celebratum Loka
+fontem limumque, antea rite consummateque non examinatum, eadem hac
+praeterita aestate, ab ejus curatore D:o Doct. etc. ASCHAN sollicitatus,
+adcurate sim perscrutatus, brevem ejus descriptionem, reservata in
+aliam occasionem copiosiori experimentorum expositione, adjungere, ob
+materiae similitudinem, institui.
+
+Ex tribus fontibus, quibus jam uti licet, unus tantum, & is infimus,
+ante nostram aetatem scaturivit. Olim quidem tres etjam numero fuerunt
+fontes; duo autem reliqui, quos Cel. BERGMAN Roedbrunn & Dahlbrunn
+appellat, jam ita cessaverunt, ut ne locum quidem ubi siti fuerint,
+reperire potuerim. At curante Cel. HEDIN alii duo nuper aperti sunt &
+aediculis belle superstructis hoc anno consummatis, tecti; ut
+pauperibus usui essent, quibus antea circa horam tertiam matutinam
+surgendi, necessitas erat, ne ex unica scaturigine petita aqua
+opulentioribus ad horam sextam fontem adeuntibus deesset.
+
+
+
+
+Vetus sive infimus fons.
+
+
+Situs ejus est aliquanto depressior, ita tamen ut defluxus sit
+facilis. Intra aedificium alto muro circumdatur, qui ad aequabile frigus
+conservandum plurimum confert. Profundus est V pedes. Cantharos
+circiter LX per horam effundit, cli temporisque varietate parum
+affectus. Temperatura in superficie + 6,5; ad fundum 6, intra menses
+aestivos non mutata. Sapor asper, multis nauseosus. Odor concussione
+exprimitur hepaticus. In aperto vase sensim oxidum ferri demittit, &
+odorem saporemque asperum perdit. Tincturam Heliotropii rubefacit, at
+non post coctionem ferrive demissionem. Calce soluta turbatur, sed non
+post coctionem. Acidum carbonicum in aqua ita prodi docent, si primo
+calcis solutionem turbaverit, uberius autem adfusa solverit quae
+praecipitata erant; quod vero hic non incidit, cum ferrum etjam
+praecipitetur, ex quo praecipitarum flavescit; in aqua autem nihil vel
+parum adsir liberi acidi carbonici. Cum acido sulphurico forti nulla
+effervescentia. Solutiones Fernambuci aut Curcumae non mutatae. Cum ac.
+gallaceo color violaceus; prussiate kali caeruleus purissimus; ex quo
+post quietem XXIV horarum prussias ferri depositus; utrumque in aqua
+cocta inefficax. Acidum oxalicum paullulum permutavit, sed non in
+cruda solum, verum etjam in cocta; quod sulphatem calcis prodit.
+Carbonas kali nihil. Natrum purum post horas XXIV luteolum
+praecipitatum effecit. Similiter ammoniacum. Aliquantulum ac. azotici
+in aquae portionem instillabatur, quae dein azotate barytae
+praecipitabatur: pauxillum illud, quod post h. XXIV demissum erat, inde
+separabatur, quo facto aqua azotate argenti praecipitabatur; hoc
+praecipitatum suisse muriatem argenti exinde colligimus, quod luci
+expositum nigrescebat; quod in carbonatibus argenti non accidit.
+Azotas hydrargyri frigide praeparatus album dedit & subtile
+praecipitatum, ad labra vitri adhaerens, & vix sensibile antequam aqua
+effusa, vitrum aruisser. Azotas hydr. calide praeparatus & azotas
+plumbi praecipitata fecerunt e luteo candicantia. Ad detegendum in aqua
+hydrogenium sulphuratum multa sunt a chemicis proposita, at pleraque
+non nisi in aquis saturatoribus efficacia. Ejusmodi sunt: argentum
+metallicum; sed in fonte suspensus nummus argenteus bene politus post
+IIX dies aeque splendebat; oxidum arsenici album; id vero in hac aqua
+aequali tempore nihil passum est; acidum azoticum conc. quod,
+hydrogenium oxidando sulphur praecipitare docent; illud autem heic
+nihil tale effecit. Nihilominus olfactus hydrogenii sulphurati in hac
+aqua index certissimus est. Azotas plumbi in forma sicca ad hydr.
+sulph. valde sensibilis est; at solurus, propter suam ad aquam
+attractionem, sulphure difficilius decomponitur. Scribebam autem hac
+solutione in charta, quae vasi, in quo aqua fontana evaporaretur,
+superimponebatur: vas sensim calefactum est, ut gas hydr. sulph.
+quantum fieri posset siccum eliceretur: qua re etjam factum est, ut
+litterae seriptae, pro varia gasis siccitate, quibusdam in locis
+metallice splenderent & nigrescerent; aliis magis minusve perspicuae,
+aliis non observabiles essent.
+
+Post haec experimenta praecursoria, nostra in eo verfat, est opera, ut
+quae in hac aqua soluta sint gasia fecernerentur. Quantum aquae
+Cantharus unus capere potest [1] in vas retortum vitreum instillabatur
+ejus magnitudinis, ut tertia pars vacua maneret: orificium subere
+obturabatur, per quod aptatus erat tubus vitreus; cui vesica arcte
+adligabatur. Tubus ad apparatum pneumaticium ducebat. Aqua, qua hunc
+appatatum impleveram, quartam horae partem cocta erat, & jam intra
+temperaturam + 85 & 100, igne subtus facto, servabatur. Supra enim
+in recipulo pneumatico olei stratum fluitabat, ne, experimento
+peracto, gas ab aqua refrigerata imbiberetur. Quamquam aqua, ut
+diximus, antea diu servisset, bullae tamen aeris jam exinde per oleum
+adscendentes animadvertebantur, ex cucurbita non venientes. Gas, quod
+in apparatu pneumatico, postquam aqua in cucurbita horae tres quartas
+partes servisset, receptum erat, minoris aliquanto voluminis fuit eo,
+quod supra aquam in cucurbita fuerat, utroque in eadem temperatura
+menso; ex quo sequitur, vapores aquosos non omnem ex superiori
+cucurbitae parte aerem expulisse; quapropter hac methodo nihil certi de
+quantitate naturave gasium in aqua fontana solutorum eruere
+licet. Alia igitur utendum erat. Nec apparatum a Cel. BERGMAN (Om
+Bitter-, Selzer-, Spa- och Pyrmontervattens halt och tillredning, Sec.
+8. Fig. 1.) comparare poteram. Hanc igitur, scopo, ut videtur, optime
+inservientem experiundi rationem inveni. Orificium lagenae vitreae,
+adcurate ejus capacitatem emensus, subere optimo obturabam, per quod
+tubus vitreus, ut in experimentis pneumaticis solet, curvatus
+ingerebatur ita, ut altera ejus extremitas ultra suber in lagena non
+exstaret. Et lagena & huic ita adjunctus tubus aqua examinanda
+implebantur, ne minima quidem aeris atmosphaerici bulla observabili
+relicta. Lagena ad commissuram luto vesicaque rite munita, in balneo
+arenae ponebatur.  Apparatu pneumatico eodem as supra utebar; sed jam
+aqua plus horam ante initium experimenti fervisser. (Vas, in quo
+fervebat, ejus capacitatis erat, ut quod exhalaret cruda aqua
+compensare opus non esset). In ipso recipulo apparatus aqua, ut ante,
+oleo operiebatur.  Huic methodo aliquis objicere forsitan posset,
+aquam fontanam in lagena calore valde dilatari ante quam gasia exinde
+abeant; ita partem expelli & amitti. Sed ubi haec pars aquae venerit in
+aquam bullientem apparatus pneumatici sub recipulum, gasia, quibus
+praegnans est, mox hujus calore in formam nativam restituta, effugere
+nequeunt. Postquam horae dimidium aqua in lagena fervisset,
+summovebatur sensim ignis ad cautam refrigerationem. In temperatura
++17 volumen gasium dimensum fuit 6,5 pollicum cubicorum decimalium
+pro quoque cantharo. Cel.  BERGMAN 14 p. cub. ex. Cantharo
+accepit. Haec discrepantia experimentum pluries iterare jussit; idem
+autem semper fuit eventus, si aberrationem 1/2 vel 3/4
+p. c. exceperis, tribuendam temperaturae , quam omnino aequalem obtinere
+non poteram. Iuncturam autem nec rimis latentibus fefellisse, tum
+illius post singula experimenta sollicita exploratio demonstravit, cum
+regressus aquae ex apparatu pneumatico in lagenam frigescentem.
+
+  [1] Hoc loco & in sequentibas mensura coronata & accurate explorata
+  utebar.
+
+Ad vulgare praescriptum solutio calcis in gase his experimentis
+collecto collocabatur. Post XXXVI horas ex 6,5 p. c. dimidius tantum
+restabat, quam aera esse atmosphaericum gas azoticum oxigenatum
+indicavit. Quorsum igitur gas hydrogenium sulphuratum, quod aquae
+inesse certo sciebam? Id quo intelligerem, lagenam, hoc gase,
+praeparato ex sulphureto ferri ac acido sulphurico diluto, impletam
+supra calcem aqua solutam collocavi. Post XIV horas X p. c. absorpti
+erant; supererat unus cum dimidio p. c., post XXIV horas nihil
+diminutus; quem esse atmosphaericum, gase azotico oxigenato
+exploravi. Gas hydr. sulph. & gas acidi carbonici ad aequalia volumina
+commixta & eidem experimento subjecta, ab aqua calcarea, uno
+p. c. relicto,. absorbebantur. Solutionis calcareae in his
+experimentis, & praecipue in superiori, color erat luteoalbidus, odor
+saporque sulphureti calcarei; solutio sensim sulphatem calcis
+deponendo turbabatur, quod tamen in posteriori propter carbonatem
+calcis simul praecipitatum discerni non poterat. Ex quibus
+intelligitur, diminutionem supra descriptam gasis aquae examinandae non
+acido tantum carbonico sed gasi etjam hydr. sulph. esse tribuendam.
+Horum igitur gasium quantitates alia via dignoscendae sunt. Eum in
+finem unum aquae fontanae Cantharum in vase operto calce praecipitabam;
+praecipitatum, cujus pondus erat = 0,085 [2] ex oxido ferri = 0,020,
+carbonate calcis magnesiaeque aquae proprio, aliis experimentis noto =
+0,035, & carbonate calcis jam generato, cujus igitur pondus = 0,030,
+constabat. Si pondera carbonatis calcis & acidi carb. quod continet,
+sunt inter se = 100:43, oritur exinde pondus acidi carbonici ex aqua
+fontana recepti = 0,014; ex quo tamen volumen gasis ejus haud facile
+inveniri potest.
+
+  [2] Unitas ponderis per totam banc disfertationem = 1/4 lod
+  viktualie-vigt = 1 drachma 7 1/2 gr. = 1 centner prober-vigt.
+
+Unde autem oritur hujus aquae gas hydrogenium sulphuratum? In quibusdam
+aquis non dubium est quin originem debeat sulphureto calcis, quod, dum
+ex aqua oxidatur, ideoque gas hydrogenium generat, illi sulphuris
+aliquid tradit; ipsum autem in sulphatem calcis transit, qui circum
+tales fontes, forma pulveris albi, se manifestat. In aqua Medeviensi
+sulphas quidem calcis adest, quem primo sulphuretum fuisse posse,
+deinde vero oxidatum, hoc gas, ut diximus, produxisse, haud quidem
+districte negaverim, vero tamen similius esse existimaverim, a stratis
+corporum organicorum putrefactorum vel putrescentium, per quae vena
+transit, idem illud gas originem duxisse, quippe quod destructione
+animalium vegetabiliumque generari, ideoque ex stagnosis limosisque
+locis, praesertim commotione quadam facta, exhalari noverimus. Per hanc
+hypothesin explicatur etjam ortus gasis hydrogenii carbonati, quod in
+hoc & pluribus aliis Sveciae fontibus adesse, cum alia fere desint
+ipsius indicia, sapor peculiaris certe arguit; quamquam ejus
+quantitas, propter minorem in aqua solubilitatem longe minor sit,
+necesse est; nec determinari potest nisi combustione; quam experiri,
+defectus instrumentorum prohibuit.
+
+Ex quovis fonte V Cantharos, in vase vitreo, unum cum dimidio
+cancharum capiente, singulos vaporare curavi. Massa sicca caute
+colligebatur, & quod vitro arctius adhaerebat, acido muriatico diluto
+abluebatur & solutioni N. 5 addebatur. Massae in temp. + 108 siccatae
+pondus =0,575.
+
+1. Massa diligenter aqua eluebatur & liquidum siphone secernebatur,
+quo colatio evitaretur. Haec aqua deinceps ad siccum vaporabat, supra
+infundebatur alcohol, qui non solutum reliquit album terrestre =
+0,025, quod experimentis infra enarrandis sulphatem calcis esse
+reperi.
+
+2. Solutio alcoholina lente evaporabatur; fusca erat, & crystallos
+muriatis natri facile agnoscibiles in reliqua massa fusca
+deliquescibili dabat [3]. Pondus totius massae = 0,150. In aqua
+solvebatur, cui solutioni admistum ammoniacum purum nihil mutavit; sed
+azotate barytae praecipitatum efficiebatur, quod lotum siccatumque erat
+= 0,01. & azotate argenti praecipitatum cinereum, in lamella vitrea
+supra ignem odorem empyreumaticum spargens, quo manifestatur extractum
+vegetabile: id igitur coctione cum acido azotico conc. destruebatur;
+quod hujus acidi supererat, ammoniaco dein saturabatur, quod primo
+praecipitatum faciebat, mox solvebat; quapropter acidum muriaticum ad
+saporem acidulum addebatur.  Murias argenti bene elotus & siccatus
+niveo fuit colore & pondere = 0,240.
+
+  [3] Sales cum extracto conjunctos difficulter crystallisari, notisi
+  mum est.
+
+3. Ex reliqua solutionis parte argentum superfluum muriate ammoniaci
+praecipitabatur: dein inspissabatur, nihilque acido oxalico tartaricove
+afficiebatur; quapropter nec kali nec calcem habebat.
+
+4. Residuum ex lotione cum aqua N. 1 cum alcohole eluebatur, quod
+evaporando dedit refinam odoram fuscam = 0,005.
+
+5. Residuum ex massa alcohole elota N. 4 acido muriatico diluto
+solvebatur; solutio secernebatur, & quod solutum non erat, aqua
+eluebatur, quae dein solutioni admiscebatur. Haec ad dimidiam partem
+evaporata ammoniaco praecipitabatur; praecipitatum elotum fuit = 0,15.
+Reliqua solutio, cum aqua lotionis, carbonete ammoniaci
+praecipitabatur, quod carbonatem calcis = 0,125 dedit. Calcem fuisse
+inde colligitur, quod cum acido sulphurico sal difficulter solubile
+efficiebat, nec carbonare ammoniaci solvebatur; ideoque magnesia non
+erat.
+
+6. Quod ammoniaco praecipitatum erat, in acido sulphurico solvebatur;
+residua erat magnesia, quae acid. sulph. dilato difficulter solvitur,
+si pura est; pondus erat = 0,03. Acido muriatico soluta carbonate
+ammoniaci procipitabatur [4] & mox ab eo solvebatur; quae magnesiae nota
+est.
+
+  [4] BERGMAN & secundum eum plures alii, magnesiae ad acida
+  attractionem majorem statuunt quam ammoniaci. Alii negant; cum ex
+  acid. sulphurico ammoniaco praecipitetur. BERGMAN (In Opusculis T. 3
+  p. 317 & 337) hoc praecipitatum inde oriri contendit quod in
+  solutione sal tripliciter compositum generaretur. Qua de re haec
+  sequentia ipse sum expertus. Si Murias magnesiae cum carbonate kali
+  praecipitatur, usque dum reagat alcali, & praecipitatum inde
+  separatur, praecipitari dein potest cum ammoniaco puro nova magnesiae
+  portio. Idem evenit, si ordine inverso primo adhibetur ammoniacum
+  purum & deinde Carbonas kali. Sulphas magnesiae carbonate kali totus
+  decomponitur; at si plus carbonatis kali additur, solvitur iterum
+  praecipitatum, & post horas quasdam crystalli formantur. Idem
+  evenit, si praecipitatio ope carbonatis ammoniaci perficitur. Etjam
+  ex muriate magnesiae praecipitando formantur hi sales; si solutio
+  valde diluta est, nihil carbonate ammoniaci praecipitatur; si
+  aliquantom puri ammoniaci additur, praecipitatum oritur quod
+  carbonate ammoniaci, si sufficiens ejus quantitas adsit, solvitur &
+  crystallisatur eam in formam, quam BERGMAN, Opusc. T. 1 Tab. 1.
+  depinxit & carbonatis magnesiae esse dixit; sed. ut ex allatis
+  sequitur, ammoniacum etjam continet, quod in auctiore calore
+  effugit, & magnesiae carbonatem pulverulentum relinquit. Solutio
+  muriatis magnesiae valde diluta non praecipitatur carbonate ammoniaci,
+  sed tantum si concentrata sit; tum autem praecipitatum est triplex
+  ille sal, cujus supra mentionem fecimus, sere difficulter
+  solubilis. Carbonates alcalium solvunt carbonatem magnesiae, &
+  efficiunt sales crystallisabiles difficulter solubiles. Murias
+  ammoniaci carbonatem magnesiae solvit, sed pars decomponitur & sal
+  triplex nascitur. Alcalia pura solvunt carbonatem magnesiae ita, ut
+  se acido carbonico saturent, & quod superest carbonatis magnesiae
+  solvant; quod de ammoniaco non valet; cum carbonas ammoniaci puram
+  magnesiam ita solvat, ut haee primum ab ammoniaco rapiat ad se acidum
+  carbonicum. Fourcroy & Vauquelin, in analysi urinae, Bulletin des
+  Sciences An. 1798 N. IX, propensitatem magnesiae ad triplicem
+  conjunctionem cum ammoniaco & acido phosphorico memoraverunt. Haec
+  magnesiae proprietas accuratiore disquisitione digna esse vi detur.
+
+Solutio in acido sulphurico facta, ad siccum evaporabatur; quod dum
+fiebat, crystalli sulphatis calcis formabantur: massa sicca
+ustulabatur donec effugisset ac. sulphuricum; residui pondus = 0,125;
+quae ponderis auctio majori ferri oxidationi tribuenda esse videretur,
+quam etjam color & vapores acidi sulphurosi indicabant.
+
+7. Massa usta lavabatur aqua, ex qua nec ammoniacum nec carbonates
+alcalium aliquid praecipitabant. Dein ac. muriatico solvebatur, ex qua
+solutione murias barytae praecipitatum effecir, quod sulphatem calcis =
+0,02 adhuc remansisse indicabat. Etjam oxalas kali calcis praesentiam
+docebat. Puro ammoniaco oxidum ferri purum praecipitabatur = 0,10.
+
+8. Solutio N. 5, ex qua calx carbonate ammoniaci praecipitate erat, in
+siccum evaporabatur; cum acido sulphurico miscebatur & urebatur donec
+acid, muriaticum effugisset; iterum solvebatur, & ammoniaco
+praecipitabatur; quo secernebatur magnesia = 0,02.
+
+9. Quod post solutionem in acido muriatico supererat, aqua difficulter
+solvebatur; at aqua postquam diutius superinfusa mansisset, &
+solutione barytae & acid. oxalico praecipitabatur; coctum in carbonate
+natri generavit sulphatem natri, & quod non solvebatur, effervescebat
+aliquantulum, adfuso acido quodam; fuit igitur sulphas calcis = 0,140.
+
+Hae omnes rationes si conferuntur; animadvertitur auctio = 0,040, quae
+tribuenda est iis particulis, quae ex vase, in quo facta erat
+evaporatio, acido muriatico eluebantur.
+
+Salis N. 2 pondus erat = 0,150; murias argenti = 0,240 continet ac.
+muriaticum = 0,043, quod ad plenam saturarionem requirit natrum =
+0,065 & aquam ad crystallisandum = 0,022, quo quantitas muratis narri
+invenitur = 0,130. Sulphas barytae, ibidiem, = 0,010 continet ac.
+sulphuricum = 0,003; quod saturatur natro = 0,005, ex quo quantitas
+sulphatis natri = 0,08. Residuum fuit extractum & aqua & alcohole
+solubile = 0,012.
+
+Sequens tabula exhiber, quantum ex meis quidem experimentis concludere
+licuit, quantitates corporum in quovis hujus aquae cantharo solutorum;
+cui adjungitur tabula Cel. Prof. BERGMAN, loco supra citato allata.
+
+  Secundum experimenta              Secundum mea
+    BERGMANNI
+  Gas acidi carbonici -   6 p. c.   Gas ac. carb.
+  Gas hydr. sulph.    -   8         cum gase hydr.
+                                    sulph.         -     6 p. c.
+                                    Aer athmosph.  -   0,5
+                      -----                          -----
+                            14                             6 1/2
+  Murias natri     -  0,005         Murias natri   - 0,026
+  Oxidum ferri     -  0,056         Oxid. ferri    - 0,020
+  Extractum mucil. -  0,019         Extract. muc.  - 0,003
+      -       -    -    -           Sulphas natri  - 0,001
+      -       -    -    -           Sulphas calcis - 0,037
+      -       -    -    -           Carbonas calc. - 0,025
+      -       -    -    -           Carb. magnes.  - 0,010
+      -       -    -    -           Resinae         - 0,001
+  Murias calcis    -  0,009            -           -   -
+                      -----                          -----
+                      0,089                          0,123
+
+
+
+
+Fons Medius
+
+
+In ipso fere plano soli circumjacentis scatet; reliqui duo
+depressiores. Aqua per duo foramina crateris emittitur, ideoque fere
+semper turbida est. Temperatura variat. D 1 Junii erat in fundo +7 deg.;
+in superficie 7, deg.5; in atmosphaera 8 deg. vel 9 deg. D. 30 Julii in fundo 9,5
+in superficie 10, deg. in atmosphaera 19 deg. vel 20 deg.. Quantitas gasium per
+cantharum aquae hujus fontis est 1 1/2 p. cub. major, quam reliquorum;
+odore hydrogenii sulph. fortiori & quadam virtute laxante praedita est.
+Ejus partes constitutivae eaedem sunt, ac fontis supra descripti,
+excepto, quod minus ferri (= 0,015) & carbonatis calcis (= 0,080)
+habet, quod etjam quantitatem acidi carbonici minorem indicare
+videtur.
+
+
+
+
+Fons supremus.
+
+
+Situs hujus fontis editior est, quam ceterorum. Sapor veteris fontis
+sapori similis est. Reactio eadem. Temperatura variat. D. 1 Jun. erat
+in fundo + 6, deg.5; in superficie 7. deg. D. 30 Jul. in fundo + 8 deg. in
+superficie 9. deg. Ferri quantitas eadem est ac in vetere fonte, sulphatis
+calcis major (= 0,045); carbonatis calcis & magnesiae minor. Sales
+reliqui sunt iidem in omnibus his fontibus.
+
+
+
+
+Limus Medeviensis.
+
+
+Non admodum profunde sub ipsa soli superficie reperitur. Scripturam
+azotate plumbi factam afficit. Schidiis & aliis reliquiis
+vegetabilibus immixtus est. Ustione duas partes tertias ponderis
+perdit; residuum constat ex ferro, silice & sulphate calcis. Sulphatem
+ferri, ut limus Lokaensis, non continet. Una ejus tertia pars est
+extractiva, & alkohole & aqua solubilis.
+
+
+
+
+Fons Lokaensis.
+
+
+Ejus partes constitutivas eadem fere ratione, qua fontium
+Medeviensium, exploratas has sequentes reperi.
+
+  Gas Hydrog. sulph. & perpaullulum
+     Gasis acidi carbonici       -    -   2   p. c.
+  Aer atmospaericus               -    -   3,5
+     ex quo gas oxigenium        -   0,5
+          & gas azotum           -   3,0
+                                         ------
+                                               5,5 p. c.
+  Carbonas calcis                -    -  0,0042
+  Carbonas magnesiae              -    -  0,0035
+  Silex                          -    -  0,0107
+  Sulphas calcis                 -    -  0,0023
+  Murias natri                   -    -  0,0055
+  Extractivum                    -    -  0,0014
+  Aliquantulum resinae            -    -
+                                         ------
+  per Cantharum                          0,0276
+
+
+
+
+Limus Lokaensis,
+
+
+  In quaque libra continentur
+     Gas ac. carb. & hydrog. sulph.   -  2,6
+     Aer atmosphaericus                -  0,3
+     Gas hydrogenium carbonatum       -  0,8
+                                        -----
+                                         3,7 p. cub.
+     Aquosum                          -  9,5 lod.
+  Limus siccatus = 4, continet
+     Extractum                        -  0,045
+     Sulphas calcis                   -  0,010
+     Sulphas ferri                    -  0,005
+     Combustibilia                    -  1,402
+     Oxidum ferri                     -  0,172
+     Argilla                          -  0,075
+     Carbonas magnesiae                -  0,020
+     Silex                            -  2,232
+     Aliquantulum carb. calcis        -
+                                         -----
+                                         3,961
+     Addito quod deficit                 0,039
+                                         -----
+                                         4,000
+
+
+
+End of text.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
+by Joens Jacob Berzelius
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