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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/10054-0.txt b/10054-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74aa5e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/10054-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,501 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10054 *** + +"Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium" is a scientific paper in Latin +about the quality of the water of the health spa at Medevi in Sweden, +published in 1800 by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848). + +This e-text was produced for Project Gutenberg from Project Runeberg's +digital facsimile edition, available at http://runeberg.org/berzaqua/ + +This is a plain text file using the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set +(É,é = E,e-acute; Ã…,Ã¥ = A,a-ring; Ä,ä = A,a-umlaut; Ö,ö = O,o-umlaut). + +Project Runeberg publishes free digital editions of Nordic literature. +We need more volunteers like you. Learn more at http://runeberg.org/ + + + + + Regio Collegio Medico + Sacrum. + + NOVA ANALYSIS + AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM + + Quam + Venia ampliss. ord. philos. + p. p. + Præses + Mag. A. G. EKEBERG + chem. Adjunctus + Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockh. Membr. + ET + AUCTOR + JACOBUS BERZELIUS + Ostrog. Stip. Strandb. + In audit Gust. Maj. D. VI Decemb. MDCCC. + + Upsaliæ + Litteris Joh. Fr. Edman, Reg. Acad. Typogr. + + + + +Table of Contents + +Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium +Vetus sive insimus fons +Fons Medius +Fons supremus +Limes Medeviensis +Fons Lokaënsis +Limus Lokaënsis + + + + +NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM + + +Aquæ Medevienses a Cel. BERGMAN primum justa & consummata analysi +chemica exploratæ sunt. In actis Reg. Acad. Scient. Holm. An. 1783. P. +4, p. 218, hanc suam disquisitionem exposuit. Sed Cel. Medicus S. R. +M. Primarius etc. D. Doct. S. HEDIN, hujus institutionis præfenti +tempore curator (Brunns Intendent,) cum variare interdum naturam +fontium & elementorum rationem, assiduis nobilissimorum chemicorum +investigationibus confirmatum esse, & in recentissimis præterea chemiæ +profectibus majora ad disquisitiones hujus generis subtilius +instituendas subsidia esse posita reputaverit, æstate superiori novam +analysin suscipiendam esse censuit; eamque mihi, ad Medevi vices +Chirurgi, ejus auspicio, tunc gerenti, mandavit. Quam cura +diligentiaque quanta maxima potuerim peractam, propter magnam ab +experientia summi viri discrepantiam, eorum. qui his rebus student, +judicio esse submittendam existimavi. Et cum etjam celebratum Loka +fontem limumque, antea rite consummateque non examinatum, eadem hac +præterita æstate, ab ejus curatore D:o Doct. etc. ASCHAN sollicitatus, +adcurate sim perscrutatus, brevem ejus descriptionem, reservata in +aliam occasionem copiosiori experimentorum expositione, adjungere, ob +materiæ similitudinem, institui. + +Ex tribus fontibus, quibus jam uti licet, unus tantum, & is infimus, +ante nostram ætatem scaturivit. Olim quidem tres etjam numero fuerunt +fontes; duo autem reliqui, quos Cel. BERGMAN Rödbrunn & Dahlbrunn +appellat, jam ita cessaverunt, ut ne locum quidem ubi siti fuerint, +reperire potuerim. At curante Cel. HEDIN alii duo nuper aperti sunt & +ædiculis belle superstructis hoc anno consummatis, tecti; ut +pauperibus usui essent, quibus antea circa horam tertiam matutinam +surgendi, necessitas erat, ne ex unica scaturigine petita aqua +opulentioribus ad horam sextam fontem adeuntibus deesset. + + + + +Vetus sive infimus fons. + + +Situs ejus est aliquanto depressior, ita tamen ut defluxus sit +facilis. Intra ædificium alto muro circumdatur, qui ad æquabile frigus +conservandum plurimum confert. Profundus est V pedes. Cantharos +circiter LX per horam effundit, cli temporisque varietate parum +affectus. Temperatura in superficie + 6,º5; ad fundum 6,º intra menses +æstivos non mutata. Sapor asper, multis nauseosus. Odor concussione +exprimitur hepaticus. In aperto vase sensim oxidum ferri demittit, & +odorem saporemque asperum perdit. Tincturam Heliotropii rubefacit, at +non post coctionem ferrive demissionem. Calce soluta turbatur, sed non +post coctionem. Acidum carbonicum in aqua ita prodi docent, si primo +calcis solutionem turbaverit, uberius autem adfusa solverit quæ +præcipitata erant; quod vero hic non incidit, cum ferrum etjam +præcipitetur, ex quo præcipitarum flavescit; in aqua autem nihil vel +parum adsir liberi acidi carbonici. Cum acido sulphurico forti nulla +effervescentia. Solutiones Fernambuci aut Curcumæ non mutatæ. Cum ac. +gallaceo color violaceus; prussiate kali cæruleus purissimus; ex quo +post quietem XXIV horarum prussias ferri depositus; utrumque in aqua +cocta inefficax. Acidum oxalicum paullulum permutavit, sed non in +cruda solum, verum etjam in cocta; quod sulphatem calcis prodit. +Carbonas kali nihil. Natrum purum post horas XXIV luteolum +præcipitatum effecit. Similiter ammoniacum. Aliquantulum ac. azotici +in aquæ portionem instillabatur, quæ dein azotate barytæ +præcipitabatur: pauxillum illud, quod post h. XXIV demissum erat, inde +separabatur, quo facto aqua azotate argenti præcipitabatur; hoc +præcipitatum suisse muriatem argenti exinde colligimus, quod luci +expositum nigrescebat; quod in carbonatibus argenti non accidit. +Azotas hydrargyri frigide præparatus album dedit & subtile +præcipitatum, ad labra vitri adhærens, & vix sensibile antequam aqua +effusa, vitrum aruisser. Azotas hydr. calide præparatus & azotas +plumbi præcipitata fecerunt e luteo candicantia. Ad detegendum in aqua +hydrogenium sulphuratum multa sunt a chemicis proposita, at pleraque +non nisi in aquis saturatoribus efficacia. Ejusmodi sunt: argentum +metallicum; sed in fonte suspensus nummus argenteus bene politus post +IIX dies æque splendebat; oxidum arsenici album; id vero in hac aqua +æquali tempore nihil passum est; acidum azoticum conc. quod, +hydrogenium oxidando sulphur præcipitare docent; illud autem heic +nihil tale effecit. Nihilominus olfactus hydrogenii sulphurati in hac +aqua index certissimus est. Azotas plumbi in forma sicca ad hydr. +sulph. valde sensibilis est; at solurus, propter suam ad aquam +attractionem, sulphure difficilius decomponitur. Scribebam autem hac +solutione in charta, quæ vasi, in quo aqua fontana evaporaretur, +superimponebatur: vas sensim calefactum est, ut gas hydr. sulph. +quantum fieri posset siccum eliceretur: qua re etjam factum est, ut +litteræ seriptæ, pro varia gasis siccitate, quibusdam in locis +metallice splenderent & nigrescerent; aliis magis minusve perspicuæ, +aliis non observabiles essent. + +Post hæc experimenta præcursoria, nostra in eo verfat, est opera, ut +quæ in hac aqua soluta sint gasia fecernerentur. Quantum aquæ +Cantharus unus capere potest [1] in vas retortum vitreum instillabatur +ejus magnitudinis, ut tertia pars vacua maneret: orificium subere +obturabatur, per quod aptatus erat tubus vitreus; cui vesica arcte +adligabatur. Tubus ad apparatum pneumaticium ducebat. Aqua, qua hunc +appatatum impleveram, quartam horæ partem cocta erat, & jam intra +temperaturam + 85º & 100º, igne subtus facto, servabatur. Supra enim +in recipulo pneumatico olei stratum fluitabat, ne, experimento +peracto, gas ab aqua refrigerata imbiberetur. Quamquam aqua, ut +diximus, antea diu servisset, bullæ tamen aëris jam exinde per oleum +adscendentes animadvertebantur, ex cucurbita non venientes. Gas, quod +in apparatu pneumatico, postquam aqua in cucurbita horæ tres quartas +partes servisset, receptum erat, minoris aliquanto voluminis fuit eo, +quod supra aquam in cucurbita fuerat, utroque in eadem temperatura +menso; ex quo sequitur, vapores aquosos non omnem ex superiori +cucurbitæ parte aërem expulisse; quapropter hac methodo nihil certi de +quantitate naturave gasium in aqua fontana solutorum eruere +licet. Alia igitur utendum erat. Nec apparatum a Cel. BERGMAN (Om +Bitter-, Selzer-, Spa- och Pyrmontervattens halt och tillredning, § +8. Fig. 1.) comparare poteram. Hanc igitur, scopo, ut videtur, optime +inservientem experiundi rationem inveni. Orificium lagenæ vitreæ, +adcurate ejus capacitatem emensus, subere optimo obturabam, per quod +tubus vitreus, ut in experimentis pneumaticis solet, curvatus +ingerebatur ita, ut altera ejus extremitas ultra suber in lagena non +exstaret. Et lagena & huic ita adjunctus tubus aqua examinanda +implebantur, ne minima quidem aëris atmosphærici bulla observabili +relicta. Lagena ad commissuram luto vesicaque rite munita, in balneo +arenæ ponebatur. Apparatu pneumatico eodem as supra utebar; sed jam +aqua plus horam ante initium experimenti fervisser. (Vas, in quo +fervebat, ejus capacitatis erat, ut quod exhalaret cruda aqua +compensare opus non esset). In ipso recipulo apparatus aqua, ut ante, +oleo operiebatur. Huic methodo aliquis objicere forsitan posset, +aquam fontanam in lagena calore valde dilatari ante quam gasia exinde +abeant; ita partem expelli & amitti. Sed ubi hæc pars aquæ venerit in +aquam bullientem apparatus pneumatici sub recipulum, gasia, quibus +prægnans est, mox hujus calore in formam nativam restituta, effugere +nequeunt. Postquam horæ dimidium aqua in lagena fervisset, +summovebatur sensim ignis ad cautam refrigerationem. In temperatura ++17º volumen gasium dimensum fuit 6,5 pollicum cubicorum decimalium +pro quoque cantharo. Cel. BERGMAN 14 p. cub. ex. Cantharo +accepit. Hæc discrepantia experimentum pluries iterare jussit; idem +autem semper fuit eventus, si aberrationem 1/2 vel 3/4 +p. c. exceperis, tribuendam temperaturæ , quam omnino æqualem obtinere +non poteram. Iuncturam autem nec rimis latentibus fefellisse, tum +illius post singula experimenta sollicita exploratio demonstravit, cum +regressus aquæ ex apparatu pneumatico in lagenam frigescentem. + + [1] Hoc loco & in sequentibas mensura coronata & accurate explorata + utebar. + +Ad vulgare præscriptum solutio calcis in gase his experimentis +collecto collocabatur. Post XXXVI horas ex 6,5 p. c. dimidius tantum +restabat, quam aëra esse atmosphæricum gas azoticum oxigenatum +indicavit. Quorsum igitur gas hydrogenium sulphuratum, quod aquæ +inesse certo sciebam? Id quo intëlligerem, lagenam, hoc gase, +præparato ex sulphureto ferri ac acido sulphurico diluto, impletam +supra calcem aqua solutam collocavi. Post XIV horas X p. c. absorpti +erant; supererat unus cum dimidio p. c., post XXIV horas nihil +diminutus; quem esse atmosphæricum, gase azotico oxigenato +exploravi. Gas hydr. sulph. & gas acidi carbonici ad æqualia volumina +commixta & eidem experimento subjecta, ab aqua calcarea, uno +p. c. relicto,. absorbebantur. Solutionis calcareæ in his +experimentis, & præcipue in superiori, color erat luteoalbidus, odor +saporque sulphureti calcarei; solutio sensim sulphatem calcis +deponendo turbabatur, quod tamen in posteriori propter carbonatem +calcis simul præcipitatum discerni non poterat. Ex quibus +intelligitur, diminutionem supra descriptam gasis aquæ examinandæ non +acido tantum carbonico sed gasi etjam hydr. sulph. esse tribuendam. +Horum igitur gasium quantitates alia via dignoscendæ sunt. Eum in +finem unum aquæ fontanæ Cantharum in vase operto calce præcipitabam; +præcipitatum, cujus pondus erat = 0,085 [2] ex oxido ferri = 0,020, +carbonate calcis magnesiæque aquæ proprio, aliis experimentis noto = +0,035, & carbonate calcis jam generato, cujus igitur pondus = 0,030, +constabat. Si pondera carbonatis calcis & acidi carb. quod continet, +sunt inter se = 100:43, oritur exinde pondus acidi carbonici ex aqua +fontana recepti = 0,014; ex quo tamen volumen gasis ejus haud facile +inveniri potest. + + [2] Unitas ponderis per totam banc disfertationem = 1/4 lod + viktualie-vigt = 1 drachma 7 1/2 gr. = 1 centner prober-vigt. + +Unde autem oritur hujus aquæ gas hydrogenium sulphuratum? In quibusdam +aquis non dubium est quin originem debeat sulphureto calcis, quod, dum +ex aqua oxidatur, ideoque gas hydrogenium generat, illi sulphuris +aliquid tradit; ipsum autem in sulphatem calcis transit, qui circum +tales fontes, forma pulveris albi, se manifestat. In aqua Medeviensi +sulphas quidem calcis adest, quem primo sulphuretum fuisse posse, +deinde vero oxidatum, hoc gas, ut diximus, produxisse, haud quidem +districte negaverim, vero tamen similius esse existimaverim, a stratis +corporum organicorum putrefactorum vel putrescentium, per quæ vena +transit, idem illud gas originem duxisse, quippe quod destructione +animalium vegetabiliumque generari, ideoque ex stagnosis limosisque +locis, præsertim commotione quadam facta, exhalari noverimus. Per hanc +hypothesin explicatur etjam ortus gasis hydrogenii carbonati, quod in +hoc & pluribus aliis Sveciæ fontibus adesse, cum alia fere desint +ipsius indicia, sapor peculiaris certe arguit; quamquam ejus +quantitas, propter minorem in aqua solubilitatem longe minor sit, +necesse est; nec determinari potest nisi combustione; quam experiri, +defectus instrumentorum prohibuit. + +Ex quovis fonte V Cantharos, in vase vitreo, unum cum dimidio +cancharum capiente, singulos vaporare curavi. Massa sicca caute +colligebatur, & quod vitro arctius adhærebat, acido muriatico diluto +abluebatur & solutioni N. 5 addebatur. Massæ in temp. + 108 siccatæ +pondus =0,575. + +1. Massa diligenter aqua eluebatur & liquidum siphone secernebatur, +quo colatio evitaretur. Hæc aqua deinceps ad siccum vaporabat, supra +infundebatur alcohol, qui non solutum reliquit album terrestre = +0,025, quod experimentis infra enarrandis sulphatem calcis esse +reperi. + +2. Solutio alcoholina lente evaporabatur; fusca erat, & crystallos +muriatis natri facile agnoscibiles in reliqua massa fusca +deliquescibili dabat [3]. Pondus totius massæ = 0,150. In aqua +solvebatur, cui solutioni admistum ammoniacum purum nihil mutavit; sed +azotate barytæ præcipitatum efficiebatur, quod lotum siccatumque erat += 0,01. & azotate argenti præcipitatum cinereum, in lamella vitrea +supra ignem odorem empyreumaticum spargens, quo manifestatur extractum +vegetabile: id igitur coctione cum acido azotico conc. destruebatur; +quod hujus acidi supererat, ammoniaco dein saturabatur, quod primo +præcipitatum faciebat, mox solvebat; quapropter acidum muriaticum ad +saporem acidulum addebatur. Murias argenti bene elotus & siccatus +niveo fuit colore & pondere = 0,240. + + [3] Sales cum extracto conjunctos difficulter crystallisari, notisi + mum est. + +3. Ex reliqua solutionis parte argentum superfluum muriate ammoniaci +præcipitabatur: dein inspissabatur, nihilque acido oxalico tartaricove +afficiebatur; quapropter nec kali nec calcem habebat. + +4. Residuum ex lotione cum aqua N. 1 cum alcohole eluebatur, quod +evaporando dedit refinam odoram fuscam = 0,005. + +5. Residuum ex massa alcohole elota N. 4 acido muriatico diluto +solvebatur; solutio secernebatur, & quod solutum non erat, aqua +eluebatur, quæ dein solutioni admiscebatur. Hæc ad dimidiam partem +evaporata ammoniaco præcipitabatur; præcipitatum elotum fuit = 0,15. +Reliqua solutio, cum aqua lotionis, carbonete ammoniaci +præcipitabatur, quod carbonatem calcis = 0,125 dedit. Calcem fuisse +inde colligitur, quod cum acido sulphurico sal difficulter solubile +efficiebat, nec carbonare ammoniaci solvebatur; ideoque magnesia non +erat. + +6. Quod ammoniaco præcipitatum erat, in acido sulphurico solvebatur; +residua erat magnesia, quæ acid. sulph. dilato difficulter solvitur, +si pura est; pondus erat = 0,03. Acido muriatico soluta carbonate +ammoniaci procipitabatur [4] & mox ab eo solvebatur; quæ magnesiæ nota +est. + + [4] BERGMAN & secundum eum plures alii, magnesiæ ad acida + attractionem majorem statuunt quam ammoniaci. Alii negant; cum ex + acid. sulphurico ammoniaco præcipitetur. BERGMAN (In Opusculis T. 3 + p. 317 & 337) hoc præcipitatum inde oriri contendit quod in + solutione sal tripliciter compositum generaretur. Qua de re hæc + sequentia ipse sum expertus. Si Murias magnesiæ cum carbonate kali + præcipitatur, usque dum reagat alcali, & præcipitatum inde + separatur, præcipitari dein potest cum ammoniaco puro nova magnesiæ + portio. Idem evenit, si ordine inverso primo adhibetur ammoniacum + purum & deinde Carbonas kali. Sulphas magnesiæ carbonate kali totus + decomponitur; at si plus carbonatis kali additur, solvitur iterum + praecipitatum, & post horas quasdam crystalli formantur. Idem + evenit, si præcipitatio ope carbonatis ammoniaci perficitur. Etjam + ex muriate magnesiæ præcipitando formantur hi sales; si solutio + valde diluta est, nihil carbonate ammoniaci praecipitatur; si + aliquantom puri ammoniaci additur, præcipitatum oritur quod + carbonate ammoniaci, si sufficiens ejus quantitas adsit, solvitur & + crystallisatur eam in formam, quam BERGMAN, Opusc. T. 1 Tab. 1. + depinxit & carbonatis magnesiæ esse dixit; sed. ut ex allatis + sequitur, ammoniacum etjam continet, quod in auctiore calore + effugit, & magnesiæ carbonatem pulverulentum relinquit. Solutio + muriatis magnesiæ valde diluta non præcipitatur carbonate ammoniaci, + sed tantum si concentrata sit; tum autem præcipitatum est triplex + ille sal, cujus supra mentionem fecimus, sere difficulter + solubilis. Carbonates alcalium solvunt carbonatem magnesiæ, & + efficiunt sales crystallisabiles difficulter solubiles. Murias + ammoniaci carbonatem magnesiæ solvit, sed pars decomponitur & sal + triplex nascitur. Alcalia pura solvunt carbonatem magnesiæ ita, ut + se acido carbonico saturent, & quod superest carbonatis magnesiæ + solvant; quod de ammoniaco non valet; cum carbonas ammoniaci puram + magnesiam ita solvat, ut hæe primum ab ammoniaco rapiat ad se acidum + carbonicum. Fourcroy & Vauquelin, in analysi urinæ, Bulletin des + Sciences An. 1798 N. IX, propensitatem magnesiæ ad triplicem + conjunctionem cum ammoniaco & acido phosphorico memoraverunt. Hæc + magnesiæ proprietas accuratiore disquisitione digna esse vi detur. + +Solutio in acido sulphurico facta, ad siccum evaporabatur; quod dum +fiebat, crystalli sulphatis calcis formabantur: massa sicca +ustulabatur donec effugisset ac. sulphuricum; residui pondus = 0,125; +quæ ponderis auctio majori ferri oxidationi tribuenda esse videretur, +quam etjam color & vapores acidi sulphurosi indicabant. + +7. Massa usta lavabatur aqua, ex qua nec ammoniacum nec carbonates +alcalium aliquid præcipitabant. Dein ac. muriatico solvebatur, ex qua +solutione murias barytæ præcipitatum effecir, quod sulphatem calcis = +0,02 adhuc remansisse indicabat. Etjam oxalas kali calcis præsentiam +docebat. Puro ammoniaco oxidum ferri purum præcipitabatur = 0,10. + +8. Solutio N. 5, ex qua calx carbonate ammoniaci præcipitate erat, in +siccum evaporabatur; cum acido sulphurico miscebatur & urebatur donec +acid, muriaticum effugisset; iterum solvebatur, & ammoniaco +præcipitabatur; quo secernebatur magnesia = 0,02. + +9. Quod post solutionem in acido muriatico supererat, aqua difficulter +solvebatur; at aqua postquam diutius superinfusa mansisset, & +solutione barytæ & acid. oxalico præcipitabatur; coctum in carbonate +natri generavit sulphatem natri, & quod non solvebatur, effervescebat +aliquantulum, adfuso acido quodam; fuit igitur sulphas calcis = 0,140. + +Hæ omnes rationes si conferuntur; animadvertitur auctio = 0,040, quæ +tribuenda est iis particulis, quæ ex vase, in quo facta erat +evaporatio, acido muriatico eluebantur. + +Salis N. 2 pondus erat = 0,150; murias argenti = 0,240 continet ac. +muriaticum = 0,043, quod ad plenam saturarionem requirit natrum = +0,065 & aquam ad crystallisandum = 0,022, quo quantitas muratis narri +invenitur = 0,130. Sulphas barytæ, ibidiem, = 0,010 continet ac. +sulphuricum = 0,003; quod saturatur natro = 0,005, ex quo quantitas +sulphatis natri = 0,08. Residuum fuit extractum & aqua & alcohole +solubile = 0,012. + +Sequens tabula exhiber, quantum ex meis quidem experimentis concludere +licuit, quantitates corporum in quovis hujus aquæ cantharo solutorum; +cui adjungitur tabula Cel. Prof. BERGMAN, loco supra citato allata. + + Secundum experimenta Secundum mea + BERGMANNI + Gas acidi carbonici - 6 p. c. Gas ac. carb. + Gas hydr. sulph. - 8 cum gase hydr. + sulph. - 6 p. c. + Aër athmosph. - 0,5 + ----- ----- + 14 6 1/2 + Murias natri - 0,005 Murias natri - 0,026 + Oxidum ferri - 0,056 Oxid. ferri - 0,020 + Extractum mucil. - 0,019 Extract. muc. - 0,003 + - - - - Sulphas natri - 0,001 + - - - - Sulphas calcis - 0,037 + - - - - Carbonas calc. - 0,025 + - - - - Carb. magnes. - 0,010 + - - - - Resinæ - 0,001 + Murias calcis - 0,009 - - - + ----- ----- + 0,089 0,123 + + + + +Fons Medius + + +In ipso fere plano soli circumjacentis scatet; reliqui duo +depressiores. Aqua per duo foramina crateris emittitur, ideoque fere +semper turbida est. Temperatura variat. D 1 Junii erat in fundo +7°; +in superficie 7,°5; in atmosphæra 8° vel 9° D. 30 Julii in fundo 9,5 +in superficie 10,° in atmosphæra 19° vel 20°. Quantitas gasium per +cantharum aquæ hujus fontis est 1 1/2 p. cub. major, quam reliquorum; +odore hydrogenii sulph. fortiori & quadam virtute laxante prædita est. +Ejus partes constitutivæ eædem sunt, ac fontis supra descripti, +excepto, quod minus ferri (= 0,015) & carbonatis calcis (= 0,080) +habet, quod etjam quantitatem acidi carbonici minorem indicare +videtur. + + + + +Fons supremus. + + +Situs hujus fontis editior est, quam ceterorum. Sapor veteris fontis +sapori similis est. Reactio eadem. Temperatura variat. D. 1 Jun. erat +in fundo + 6,°5; in superficie 7.° D. 30 Jul. in fundo + 8° in +superficie 9.° Ferri quantitas eadem est ac in vetere fonte, sulphatis +calcis major (= 0,045); carbonatis calcis & magnesiæ minor. Sales +reliqui sunt iidem in omnibus his fontibus. + + + + +Limus Medeviensis. + + +Non admodum profunde sub ipsa soli superficie reperitur. Scripturam +azotate plumbi factam afficit. Schidiis & aliis reliquiis +vegetabilibus immixtus est. Ustione duas partes tertias ponderis +perdit; residuum constat ex ferro, silice & sulphate calcis. Sulphatem +ferri, ut limus Lokaënsis, non continet. Una ejus tertia pars est +extractiva, & alkohole & aqua solubilis. + + + + +Fons Lokaënsis. + + +Ejus partes constitutivas eadem fere ratione, qua fontium +Medeviensium, exploratas has sequentes reperi. + + Gas Hydrog. sulph. & perpaullulum + Gasis acidi carbonici - - 2 p. c. + Aër atmospæricus - - 3,5 + ex quo gas oxigenium - 0,5 + & gas azotum - 3,0 + ------ + 5,5 p. c. + Carbonas calcis - - 0,0042 + Carbonas magnesiæ - - 0,0035 + Silex - - 0,0107 + Sulphas calcis - - 0,0023 + Murias natri - - 0,0055 + Extractivum - - 0,0014 + Aliquantulum resinæ - - + ------ + per Cantharum 0,0276 + + + + +Limus Lokaënsis, + + + In quaque libra continentur + Gas ac. carb. & hydrog. sulph. - 2,6 + Aër atmosphæricus - 0,3 + Gas hydrogenium carbonatum - 0,8 + ----- + 3,7 p. cub. + Aquosum - 9,5 lod. + Limus siccatus = 4, continet + Extractum - 0,045 + Sulphas calcis - 0,010 + Sulphas ferri - 0,005 + Combustibilia - 1,402 + Oxidum ferri - 0,172 + Argilla - 0,075 + Carbonas magnesiæ - 0,020 + Silex - 2,232 + Aliquantulum carb. calcis - + ----- + 3,961 + Addito quod deficit 0,039 + ----- + 4,000 + + + +End of text. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium +by Jöns Jacob Berzelius + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10054 *** diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium + +Author: Jöns Jacob Berzelius + +Release Date: November 16, 2003 [EBook #10054] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO Latin-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM *** + + + + +Produced by Lars Aronsson and the Project Runeberg + + + + +"Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium" is a scientific paper in Latin +about the quality of the water of the health spa at Medevi in Sweden, +published in 1800 by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848). + +This e-text was produced for Project Gutenberg from Project Runeberg's +digital facsimile edition, available at http://runeberg.org/berzaqua/ + +This is a plain text file using the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set +(É,é = E,e-acute; Å,å = A,a-ring; Ä,ä = A,a-umlaut; Ö,ö = O,o-umlaut). + +Project Runeberg publishes free digital editions of Nordic literature. +We need more volunteers like you. Learn more at http://runeberg.org/ + + + + + Regio Collegio Medico + Sacrum. + + NOVA ANALYSIS + AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM + + Quam + Venia ampliss. ord. philos. + p. p. + Præses + Mag. A. G. EKEBERG + chem. Adjunctus + Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockh. Membr. + ET + AUCTOR + JACOBUS BERZELIUS + Ostrog. Stip. Strandb. + In audit Gust. Maj. D. VI Decemb. MDCCC. + + Upsaliæ + Litteris Joh. Fr. Edman, Reg. Acad. Typogr. + + + + +Table of Contents + +Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium +Vetus sive insimus fons +Fons Medius +Fons supremus +Limes Medeviensis +Fons Lokaënsis +Limus Lokaënsis + + + + +NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM + + +Aquæ Medevienses a Cel. BERGMAN primum justa & consummata analysi +chemica exploratæ sunt. In actis Reg. Acad. Scient. Holm. An. 1783. P. +4, p. 218, hanc suam disquisitionem exposuit. Sed Cel. Medicus S. R. +M. Primarius etc. D. Doct. S. HEDIN, hujus institutionis præfenti +tempore curator (Brunns Intendent,) cum variare interdum naturam +fontium & elementorum rationem, assiduis nobilissimorum chemicorum +investigationibus confirmatum esse, & in recentissimis præterea chemiæ +profectibus majora ad disquisitiones hujus generis subtilius +instituendas subsidia esse posita reputaverit, æstate superiori novam +analysin suscipiendam esse censuit; eamque mihi, ad Medevi vices +Chirurgi, ejus auspicio, tunc gerenti, mandavit. Quam cura +diligentiaque quanta maxima potuerim peractam, propter magnam ab +experientia summi viri discrepantiam, eorum. qui his rebus student, +judicio esse submittendam existimavi. Et cum etjam celebratum Loka +fontem limumque, antea rite consummateque non examinatum, eadem hac +præterita æstate, ab ejus curatore D:o Doct. etc. ASCHAN sollicitatus, +adcurate sim perscrutatus, brevem ejus descriptionem, reservata in +aliam occasionem copiosiori experimentorum expositione, adjungere, ob +materiæ similitudinem, institui. + +Ex tribus fontibus, quibus jam uti licet, unus tantum, & is infimus, +ante nostram ætatem scaturivit. Olim quidem tres etjam numero fuerunt +fontes; duo autem reliqui, quos Cel. BERGMAN Rödbrunn & Dahlbrunn +appellat, jam ita cessaverunt, ut ne locum quidem ubi siti fuerint, +reperire potuerim. At curante Cel. HEDIN alii duo nuper aperti sunt & +ædiculis belle superstructis hoc anno consummatis, tecti; ut +pauperibus usui essent, quibus antea circa horam tertiam matutinam +surgendi, necessitas erat, ne ex unica scaturigine petita aqua +opulentioribus ad horam sextam fontem adeuntibus deesset. + + + + +Vetus sive infimus fons. + + +Situs ejus est aliquanto depressior, ita tamen ut defluxus sit +facilis. Intra ædificium alto muro circumdatur, qui ad æquabile frigus +conservandum plurimum confert. Profundus est V pedes. Cantharos +circiter LX per horam effundit, cli temporisque varietate parum +affectus. Temperatura in superficie + 6,º5; ad fundum 6,º intra menses +æstivos non mutata. Sapor asper, multis nauseosus. Odor concussione +exprimitur hepaticus. In aperto vase sensim oxidum ferri demittit, & +odorem saporemque asperum perdit. Tincturam Heliotropii rubefacit, at +non post coctionem ferrive demissionem. Calce soluta turbatur, sed non +post coctionem. Acidum carbonicum in aqua ita prodi docent, si primo +calcis solutionem turbaverit, uberius autem adfusa solverit quæ +præcipitata erant; quod vero hic non incidit, cum ferrum etjam +præcipitetur, ex quo præcipitarum flavescit; in aqua autem nihil vel +parum adsir liberi acidi carbonici. Cum acido sulphurico forti nulla +effervescentia. Solutiones Fernambuci aut Curcumæ non mutatæ. Cum ac. +gallaceo color violaceus; prussiate kali cæruleus purissimus; ex quo +post quietem XXIV horarum prussias ferri depositus; utrumque in aqua +cocta inefficax. Acidum oxalicum paullulum permutavit, sed non in +cruda solum, verum etjam in cocta; quod sulphatem calcis prodit. +Carbonas kali nihil. Natrum purum post horas XXIV luteolum +præcipitatum effecit. Similiter ammoniacum. Aliquantulum ac. azotici +in aquæ portionem instillabatur, quæ dein azotate barytæ +præcipitabatur: pauxillum illud, quod post h. XXIV demissum erat, inde +separabatur, quo facto aqua azotate argenti præcipitabatur; hoc +præcipitatum suisse muriatem argenti exinde colligimus, quod luci +expositum nigrescebat; quod in carbonatibus argenti non accidit. +Azotas hydrargyri frigide præparatus album dedit & subtile +præcipitatum, ad labra vitri adhærens, & vix sensibile antequam aqua +effusa, vitrum aruisser. Azotas hydr. calide præparatus & azotas +plumbi præcipitata fecerunt e luteo candicantia. Ad detegendum in aqua +hydrogenium sulphuratum multa sunt a chemicis proposita, at pleraque +non nisi in aquis saturatoribus efficacia. Ejusmodi sunt: argentum +metallicum; sed in fonte suspensus nummus argenteus bene politus post +IIX dies æque splendebat; oxidum arsenici album; id vero in hac aqua +æquali tempore nihil passum est; acidum azoticum conc. quod, +hydrogenium oxidando sulphur præcipitare docent; illud autem heic +nihil tale effecit. Nihilominus olfactus hydrogenii sulphurati in hac +aqua index certissimus est. Azotas plumbi in forma sicca ad hydr. +sulph. valde sensibilis est; at solurus, propter suam ad aquam +attractionem, sulphure difficilius decomponitur. Scribebam autem hac +solutione in charta, quæ vasi, in quo aqua fontana evaporaretur, +superimponebatur: vas sensim calefactum est, ut gas hydr. sulph. +quantum fieri posset siccum eliceretur: qua re etjam factum est, ut +litteræ seriptæ, pro varia gasis siccitate, quibusdam in locis +metallice splenderent & nigrescerent; aliis magis minusve perspicuæ, +aliis non observabiles essent. + +Post hæc experimenta præcursoria, nostra in eo verfat, est opera, ut +quæ in hac aqua soluta sint gasia fecernerentur. Quantum aquæ +Cantharus unus capere potest [1] in vas retortum vitreum instillabatur +ejus magnitudinis, ut tertia pars vacua maneret: orificium subere +obturabatur, per quod aptatus erat tubus vitreus; cui vesica arcte +adligabatur. Tubus ad apparatum pneumaticium ducebat. Aqua, qua hunc +appatatum impleveram, quartam horæ partem cocta erat, & jam intra +temperaturam + 85º & 100º, igne subtus facto, servabatur. Supra enim +in recipulo pneumatico olei stratum fluitabat, ne, experimento +peracto, gas ab aqua refrigerata imbiberetur. Quamquam aqua, ut +diximus, antea diu servisset, bullæ tamen aëris jam exinde per oleum +adscendentes animadvertebantur, ex cucurbita non venientes. Gas, quod +in apparatu pneumatico, postquam aqua in cucurbita horæ tres quartas +partes servisset, receptum erat, minoris aliquanto voluminis fuit eo, +quod supra aquam in cucurbita fuerat, utroque in eadem temperatura +menso; ex quo sequitur, vapores aquosos non omnem ex superiori +cucurbitæ parte aërem expulisse; quapropter hac methodo nihil certi de +quantitate naturave gasium in aqua fontana solutorum eruere +licet. Alia igitur utendum erat. Nec apparatum a Cel. BERGMAN (Om +Bitter-, Selzer-, Spa- och Pyrmontervattens halt och tillredning, § +8. Fig. 1.) comparare poteram. Hanc igitur, scopo, ut videtur, optime +inservientem experiundi rationem inveni. Orificium lagenæ vitreæ, +adcurate ejus capacitatem emensus, subere optimo obturabam, per quod +tubus vitreus, ut in experimentis pneumaticis solet, curvatus +ingerebatur ita, ut altera ejus extremitas ultra suber in lagena non +exstaret. Et lagena & huic ita adjunctus tubus aqua examinanda +implebantur, ne minima quidem aëris atmosphærici bulla observabili +relicta. Lagena ad commissuram luto vesicaque rite munita, in balneo +arenæ ponebatur. Apparatu pneumatico eodem as supra utebar; sed jam +aqua plus horam ante initium experimenti fervisser. (Vas, in quo +fervebat, ejus capacitatis erat, ut quod exhalaret cruda aqua +compensare opus non esset). In ipso recipulo apparatus aqua, ut ante, +oleo operiebatur. Huic methodo aliquis objicere forsitan posset, +aquam fontanam in lagena calore valde dilatari ante quam gasia exinde +abeant; ita partem expelli & amitti. Sed ubi hæc pars aquæ venerit in +aquam bullientem apparatus pneumatici sub recipulum, gasia, quibus +prægnans est, mox hujus calore in formam nativam restituta, effugere +nequeunt. Postquam horæ dimidium aqua in lagena fervisset, +summovebatur sensim ignis ad cautam refrigerationem. In temperatura ++17º volumen gasium dimensum fuit 6,5 pollicum cubicorum decimalium +pro quoque cantharo. Cel. BERGMAN 14 p. cub. ex. Cantharo +accepit. Hæc discrepantia experimentum pluries iterare jussit; idem +autem semper fuit eventus, si aberrationem 1/2 vel 3/4 +p. c. exceperis, tribuendam temperaturæ , quam omnino æqualem obtinere +non poteram. Iuncturam autem nec rimis latentibus fefellisse, tum +illius post singula experimenta sollicita exploratio demonstravit, cum +regressus aquæ ex apparatu pneumatico in lagenam frigescentem. + + [1] Hoc loco & in sequentibas mensura coronata & accurate explorata + utebar. + +Ad vulgare præscriptum solutio calcis in gase his experimentis +collecto collocabatur. Post XXXVI horas ex 6,5 p. c. dimidius tantum +restabat, quam aëra esse atmosphæricum gas azoticum oxigenatum +indicavit. Quorsum igitur gas hydrogenium sulphuratum, quod aquæ +inesse certo sciebam? Id quo intëlligerem, lagenam, hoc gase, +præparato ex sulphureto ferri ac acido sulphurico diluto, impletam +supra calcem aqua solutam collocavi. Post XIV horas X p. c. absorpti +erant; supererat unus cum dimidio p. c., post XXIV horas nihil +diminutus; quem esse atmosphæricum, gase azotico oxigenato +exploravi. Gas hydr. sulph. & gas acidi carbonici ad æqualia volumina +commixta & eidem experimento subjecta, ab aqua calcarea, uno +p. c. relicto,. absorbebantur. Solutionis calcareæ in his +experimentis, & præcipue in superiori, color erat luteoalbidus, odor +saporque sulphureti calcarei; solutio sensim sulphatem calcis +deponendo turbabatur, quod tamen in posteriori propter carbonatem +calcis simul præcipitatum discerni non poterat. Ex quibus +intelligitur, diminutionem supra descriptam gasis aquæ examinandæ non +acido tantum carbonico sed gasi etjam hydr. sulph. esse tribuendam. +Horum igitur gasium quantitates alia via dignoscendæ sunt. Eum in +finem unum aquæ fontanæ Cantharum in vase operto calce præcipitabam; +præcipitatum, cujus pondus erat = 0,085 [2] ex oxido ferri = 0,020, +carbonate calcis magnesiæque aquæ proprio, aliis experimentis noto = +0,035, & carbonate calcis jam generato, cujus igitur pondus = 0,030, +constabat. Si pondera carbonatis calcis & acidi carb. quod continet, +sunt inter se = 100:43, oritur exinde pondus acidi carbonici ex aqua +fontana recepti = 0,014; ex quo tamen volumen gasis ejus haud facile +inveniri potest. + + [2] Unitas ponderis per totam banc disfertationem = 1/4 lod + viktualie-vigt = 1 drachma 7 1/2 gr. = 1 centner prober-vigt. + +Unde autem oritur hujus aquæ gas hydrogenium sulphuratum? In quibusdam +aquis non dubium est quin originem debeat sulphureto calcis, quod, dum +ex aqua oxidatur, ideoque gas hydrogenium generat, illi sulphuris +aliquid tradit; ipsum autem in sulphatem calcis transit, qui circum +tales fontes, forma pulveris albi, se manifestat. In aqua Medeviensi +sulphas quidem calcis adest, quem primo sulphuretum fuisse posse, +deinde vero oxidatum, hoc gas, ut diximus, produxisse, haud quidem +districte negaverim, vero tamen similius esse existimaverim, a stratis +corporum organicorum putrefactorum vel putrescentium, per quæ vena +transit, idem illud gas originem duxisse, quippe quod destructione +animalium vegetabiliumque generari, ideoque ex stagnosis limosisque +locis, præsertim commotione quadam facta, exhalari noverimus. Per hanc +hypothesin explicatur etjam ortus gasis hydrogenii carbonati, quod in +hoc & pluribus aliis Sveciæ fontibus adesse, cum alia fere desint +ipsius indicia, sapor peculiaris certe arguit; quamquam ejus +quantitas, propter minorem in aqua solubilitatem longe minor sit, +necesse est; nec determinari potest nisi combustione; quam experiri, +defectus instrumentorum prohibuit. + +Ex quovis fonte V Cantharos, in vase vitreo, unum cum dimidio +cancharum capiente, singulos vaporare curavi. Massa sicca caute +colligebatur, & quod vitro arctius adhærebat, acido muriatico diluto +abluebatur & solutioni N. 5 addebatur. Massæ in temp. + 108 siccatæ +pondus =0,575. + +1. Massa diligenter aqua eluebatur & liquidum siphone secernebatur, +quo colatio evitaretur. Hæc aqua deinceps ad siccum vaporabat, supra +infundebatur alcohol, qui non solutum reliquit album terrestre = +0,025, quod experimentis infra enarrandis sulphatem calcis esse +reperi. + +2. Solutio alcoholina lente evaporabatur; fusca erat, & crystallos +muriatis natri facile agnoscibiles in reliqua massa fusca +deliquescibili dabat [3]. Pondus totius massæ = 0,150. In aqua +solvebatur, cui solutioni admistum ammoniacum purum nihil mutavit; sed +azotate barytæ præcipitatum efficiebatur, quod lotum siccatumque erat += 0,01. & azotate argenti præcipitatum cinereum, in lamella vitrea +supra ignem odorem empyreumaticum spargens, quo manifestatur extractum +vegetabile: id igitur coctione cum acido azotico conc. destruebatur; +quod hujus acidi supererat, ammoniaco dein saturabatur, quod primo +præcipitatum faciebat, mox solvebat; quapropter acidum muriaticum ad +saporem acidulum addebatur. Murias argenti bene elotus & siccatus +niveo fuit colore & pondere = 0,240. + + [3] Sales cum extracto conjunctos difficulter crystallisari, notisi + mum est. + +3. Ex reliqua solutionis parte argentum superfluum muriate ammoniaci +præcipitabatur: dein inspissabatur, nihilque acido oxalico tartaricove +afficiebatur; quapropter nec kali nec calcem habebat. + +4. Residuum ex lotione cum aqua N. 1 cum alcohole eluebatur, quod +evaporando dedit refinam odoram fuscam = 0,005. + +5. Residuum ex massa alcohole elota N. 4 acido muriatico diluto +solvebatur; solutio secernebatur, & quod solutum non erat, aqua +eluebatur, quæ dein solutioni admiscebatur. Hæc ad dimidiam partem +evaporata ammoniaco præcipitabatur; præcipitatum elotum fuit = 0,15. +Reliqua solutio, cum aqua lotionis, carbonete ammoniaci +præcipitabatur, quod carbonatem calcis = 0,125 dedit. Calcem fuisse +inde colligitur, quod cum acido sulphurico sal difficulter solubile +efficiebat, nec carbonare ammoniaci solvebatur; ideoque magnesia non +erat. + +6. Quod ammoniaco præcipitatum erat, in acido sulphurico solvebatur; +residua erat magnesia, quæ acid. sulph. dilato difficulter solvitur, +si pura est; pondus erat = 0,03. Acido muriatico soluta carbonate +ammoniaci procipitabatur [4] & mox ab eo solvebatur; quæ magnesiæ nota +est. + + [4] BERGMAN & secundum eum plures alii, magnesiæ ad acida + attractionem majorem statuunt quam ammoniaci. Alii negant; cum ex + acid. sulphurico ammoniaco præcipitetur. BERGMAN (In Opusculis T. 3 + p. 317 & 337) hoc præcipitatum inde oriri contendit quod in + solutione sal tripliciter compositum generaretur. Qua de re hæc + sequentia ipse sum expertus. Si Murias magnesiæ cum carbonate kali + præcipitatur, usque dum reagat alcali, & præcipitatum inde + separatur, præcipitari dein potest cum ammoniaco puro nova magnesiæ + portio. Idem evenit, si ordine inverso primo adhibetur ammoniacum + purum & deinde Carbonas kali. Sulphas magnesiæ carbonate kali totus + decomponitur; at si plus carbonatis kali additur, solvitur iterum + praecipitatum, & post horas quasdam crystalli formantur. Idem + evenit, si præcipitatio ope carbonatis ammoniaci perficitur. Etjam + ex muriate magnesiæ præcipitando formantur hi sales; si solutio + valde diluta est, nihil carbonate ammoniaci praecipitatur; si + aliquantom puri ammoniaci additur, præcipitatum oritur quod + carbonate ammoniaci, si sufficiens ejus quantitas adsit, solvitur & + crystallisatur eam in formam, quam BERGMAN, Opusc. T. 1 Tab. 1. + depinxit & carbonatis magnesiæ esse dixit; sed. ut ex allatis + sequitur, ammoniacum etjam continet, quod in auctiore calore + effugit, & magnesiæ carbonatem pulverulentum relinquit. Solutio + muriatis magnesiæ valde diluta non præcipitatur carbonate ammoniaci, + sed tantum si concentrata sit; tum autem præcipitatum est triplex + ille sal, cujus supra mentionem fecimus, sere difficulter + solubilis. Carbonates alcalium solvunt carbonatem magnesiæ, & + efficiunt sales crystallisabiles difficulter solubiles. Murias + ammoniaci carbonatem magnesiæ solvit, sed pars decomponitur & sal + triplex nascitur. Alcalia pura solvunt carbonatem magnesiæ ita, ut + se acido carbonico saturent, & quod superest carbonatis magnesiæ + solvant; quod de ammoniaco non valet; cum carbonas ammoniaci puram + magnesiam ita solvat, ut hæe primum ab ammoniaco rapiat ad se acidum + carbonicum. Fourcroy & Vauquelin, in analysi urinæ, Bulletin des + Sciences An. 1798 N. IX, propensitatem magnesiæ ad triplicem + conjunctionem cum ammoniaco & acido phosphorico memoraverunt. Hæc + magnesiæ proprietas accuratiore disquisitione digna esse vi detur. + +Solutio in acido sulphurico facta, ad siccum evaporabatur; quod dum +fiebat, crystalli sulphatis calcis formabantur: massa sicca +ustulabatur donec effugisset ac. sulphuricum; residui pondus = 0,125; +quæ ponderis auctio majori ferri oxidationi tribuenda esse videretur, +quam etjam color & vapores acidi sulphurosi indicabant. + +7. Massa usta lavabatur aqua, ex qua nec ammoniacum nec carbonates +alcalium aliquid præcipitabant. Dein ac. muriatico solvebatur, ex qua +solutione murias barytæ præcipitatum effecir, quod sulphatem calcis = +0,02 adhuc remansisse indicabat. Etjam oxalas kali calcis præsentiam +docebat. Puro ammoniaco oxidum ferri purum præcipitabatur = 0,10. + +8. Solutio N. 5, ex qua calx carbonate ammoniaci præcipitate erat, in +siccum evaporabatur; cum acido sulphurico miscebatur & urebatur donec +acid, muriaticum effugisset; iterum solvebatur, & ammoniaco +præcipitabatur; quo secernebatur magnesia = 0,02. + +9. Quod post solutionem in acido muriatico supererat, aqua difficulter +solvebatur; at aqua postquam diutius superinfusa mansisset, & +solutione barytæ & acid. oxalico præcipitabatur; coctum in carbonate +natri generavit sulphatem natri, & quod non solvebatur, effervescebat +aliquantulum, adfuso acido quodam; fuit igitur sulphas calcis = 0,140. + +Hæ omnes rationes si conferuntur; animadvertitur auctio = 0,040, quæ +tribuenda est iis particulis, quæ ex vase, in quo facta erat +evaporatio, acido muriatico eluebantur. + +Salis N. 2 pondus erat = 0,150; murias argenti = 0,240 continet ac. +muriaticum = 0,043, quod ad plenam saturarionem requirit natrum = +0,065 & aquam ad crystallisandum = 0,022, quo quantitas muratis narri +invenitur = 0,130. Sulphas barytæ, ibidiem, = 0,010 continet ac. +sulphuricum = 0,003; quod saturatur natro = 0,005, ex quo quantitas +sulphatis natri = 0,08. Residuum fuit extractum & aqua & alcohole +solubile = 0,012. + +Sequens tabula exhiber, quantum ex meis quidem experimentis concludere +licuit, quantitates corporum in quovis hujus aquæ cantharo solutorum; +cui adjungitur tabula Cel. Prof. BERGMAN, loco supra citato allata. + + Secundum experimenta Secundum mea + BERGMANNI + Gas acidi carbonici - 6 p. c. Gas ac. carb. + Gas hydr. sulph. - 8 cum gase hydr. + sulph. - 6 p. c. + Aër athmosph. - 0,5 + ----- ----- + 14 6 1/2 + Murias natri - 0,005 Murias natri - 0,026 + Oxidum ferri - 0,056 Oxid. ferri - 0,020 + Extractum mucil. - 0,019 Extract. muc. - 0,003 + - - - - Sulphas natri - 0,001 + - - - - Sulphas calcis - 0,037 + - - - - Carbonas calc. - 0,025 + - - - - Carb. magnes. - 0,010 + - - - - Resinæ - 0,001 + Murias calcis - 0,009 - - - + ----- ----- + 0,089 0,123 + + + + +Fons Medius + + +In ipso fere plano soli circumjacentis scatet; reliqui duo +depressiores. Aqua per duo foramina crateris emittitur, ideoque fere +semper turbida est. Temperatura variat. D 1 Junii erat in fundo +7°; +in superficie 7,°5; in atmosphæra 8° vel 9° D. 30 Julii in fundo 9,5 +in superficie 10,° in atmosphæra 19° vel 20°. Quantitas gasium per +cantharum aquæ hujus fontis est 1 1/2 p. cub. major, quam reliquorum; +odore hydrogenii sulph. fortiori & quadam virtute laxante prædita est. +Ejus partes constitutivæ eædem sunt, ac fontis supra descripti, +excepto, quod minus ferri (= 0,015) & carbonatis calcis (= 0,080) +habet, quod etjam quantitatem acidi carbonici minorem indicare +videtur. + + + + +Fons supremus. + + +Situs hujus fontis editior est, quam ceterorum. Sapor veteris fontis +sapori similis est. Reactio eadem. Temperatura variat. D. 1 Jun. erat +in fundo + 6,°5; in superficie 7.° D. 30 Jul. in fundo + 8° in +superficie 9.° Ferri quantitas eadem est ac in vetere fonte, sulphatis +calcis major (= 0,045); carbonatis calcis & magnesiæ minor. Sales +reliqui sunt iidem in omnibus his fontibus. + + + + +Limus Medeviensis. + + +Non admodum profunde sub ipsa soli superficie reperitur. Scripturam +azotate plumbi factam afficit. Schidiis & aliis reliquiis +vegetabilibus immixtus est. Ustione duas partes tertias ponderis +perdit; residuum constat ex ferro, silice & sulphate calcis. Sulphatem +ferri, ut limus Lokaënsis, non continet. Una ejus tertia pars est +extractiva, & alkohole & aqua solubilis. + + + + +Fons Lokaënsis. + + +Ejus partes constitutivas eadem fere ratione, qua fontium +Medeviensium, exploratas has sequentes reperi. + + Gas Hydrog. sulph. & perpaullulum + Gasis acidi carbonici - - 2 p. c. + Aër atmospæricus - - 3,5 + ex quo gas oxigenium - 0,5 + & gas azotum - 3,0 + ------ + 5,5 p. c. + Carbonas calcis - - 0,0042 + Carbonas magnesiæ - - 0,0035 + Silex - - 0,0107 + Sulphas calcis - - 0,0023 + Murias natri - - 0,0055 + Extractivum - - 0,0014 + Aliquantulum resinæ - - + ------ + per Cantharum 0,0276 + + + + +Limus Lokaënsis, + + + In quaque libra continentur + Gas ac. carb. & hydrog. sulph. - 2,6 + Aër atmosphæricus - 0,3 + Gas hydrogenium carbonatum - 0,8 + ----- + 3,7 p. cub. + Aquosum - 9,5 lod. + Limus siccatus = 4, continet + Extractum - 0,045 + Sulphas calcis - 0,010 + Sulphas ferri - 0,005 + Combustibilia - 1,402 + Oxidum ferri - 0,172 + Argilla - 0,075 + Carbonas magnesiæ - 0,020 + Silex - 2,232 + Aliquantulum carb. calcis - + ----- + 3,961 + Addito quod deficit 0,039 + ----- + 4,000 + + + +End of text. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium +by Jöns Jacob Berzelius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM *** + +***** This file should be named 10054-8.txt or 10054-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/0/5/10054/ + +Produced by Lars Aronsson and the Project Runeberg + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium + +Author: Joens Jacob Berzelius + +Release Date: November 16, 2003 [EBook #10054] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO Latin-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM *** + + + + +Produced by Lars Aronsson and the Project Runeberg + + + + +"Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium" is a scientific paper in Latin +about the quality of the water of the health spa at Medevi in Sweden, +published in 1800 by Swedish chemist Joens Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848). + +This e-text was produced for Project Gutenberg from Project Runeberg's +digital facsimile edition, available at http://runeberg.org/berzaqua/ + +This is a plain text file using the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set +(E,e = E,e-acute; A,a = A,a-ring; Ae,ae = A,a-umlaut; Oe,oe = O,o-umlaut). + +Project Runeberg publishes free digital editions of Nordic literature. +We need more volunteers like you. Learn more at http://runeberg.org/ + + + + + Regio Collegio Medico + Sacrum. + + NOVA ANALYSIS + AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM + + Quam + Venia ampliss. ord. philos. + p. p. + Praeses + Mag. A. G. EKEBERG + chem. Adjunctus + Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockh. Membr. + ET + AUCTOR + JACOBUS BERZELIUS + Ostrog. Stip. Strandb. + In audit Gust. Maj. D. VI Decemb. MDCCC. + + Upsaliae + Litteris Joh. Fr. Edman, Reg. Acad. Typogr. + + + + +Table of Contents + +Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium +Vetus sive insimus fons +Fons Medius +Fons supremus +Limes Medeviensis +Fons Lokaensis +Limus Lokaensis + + + + +NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM + + +Aquae Medevienses a Cel. BERGMAN primum justa & consummata analysi +chemica exploratae sunt. In actis Reg. Acad. Scient. Holm. An. 1783. P. +4, p. 218, hanc suam disquisitionem exposuit. Sed Cel. Medicus S. R. +M. Primarius etc. D. Doct. S. HEDIN, hujus institutionis praefenti +tempore curator (Brunns Intendent,) cum variare interdum naturam +fontium & elementorum rationem, assiduis nobilissimorum chemicorum +investigationibus confirmatum esse, & in recentissimis praeterea chemiae +profectibus majora ad disquisitiones hujus generis subtilius +instituendas subsidia esse posita reputaverit, aestate superiori novam +analysin suscipiendam esse censuit; eamque mihi, ad Medevi vices +Chirurgi, ejus auspicio, tunc gerenti, mandavit. Quam cura +diligentiaque quanta maxima potuerim peractam, propter magnam ab +experientia summi viri discrepantiam, eorum. qui his rebus student, +judicio esse submittendam existimavi. Et cum etjam celebratum Loka +fontem limumque, antea rite consummateque non examinatum, eadem hac +praeterita aestate, ab ejus curatore D:o Doct. etc. ASCHAN sollicitatus, +adcurate sim perscrutatus, brevem ejus descriptionem, reservata in +aliam occasionem copiosiori experimentorum expositione, adjungere, ob +materiae similitudinem, institui. + +Ex tribus fontibus, quibus jam uti licet, unus tantum, & is infimus, +ante nostram aetatem scaturivit. Olim quidem tres etjam numero fuerunt +fontes; duo autem reliqui, quos Cel. BERGMAN Roedbrunn & Dahlbrunn +appellat, jam ita cessaverunt, ut ne locum quidem ubi siti fuerint, +reperire potuerim. At curante Cel. HEDIN alii duo nuper aperti sunt & +aediculis belle superstructis hoc anno consummatis, tecti; ut +pauperibus usui essent, quibus antea circa horam tertiam matutinam +surgendi, necessitas erat, ne ex unica scaturigine petita aqua +opulentioribus ad horam sextam fontem adeuntibus deesset. + + + + +Vetus sive infimus fons. + + +Situs ejus est aliquanto depressior, ita tamen ut defluxus sit +facilis. Intra aedificium alto muro circumdatur, qui ad aequabile frigus +conservandum plurimum confert. Profundus est V pedes. Cantharos +circiter LX per horam effundit, cli temporisque varietate parum +affectus. Temperatura in superficie + 6,5; ad fundum 6, intra menses +aestivos non mutata. Sapor asper, multis nauseosus. Odor concussione +exprimitur hepaticus. In aperto vase sensim oxidum ferri demittit, & +odorem saporemque asperum perdit. Tincturam Heliotropii rubefacit, at +non post coctionem ferrive demissionem. Calce soluta turbatur, sed non +post coctionem. Acidum carbonicum in aqua ita prodi docent, si primo +calcis solutionem turbaverit, uberius autem adfusa solverit quae +praecipitata erant; quod vero hic non incidit, cum ferrum etjam +praecipitetur, ex quo praecipitarum flavescit; in aqua autem nihil vel +parum adsir liberi acidi carbonici. Cum acido sulphurico forti nulla +effervescentia. Solutiones Fernambuci aut Curcumae non mutatae. Cum ac. +gallaceo color violaceus; prussiate kali caeruleus purissimus; ex quo +post quietem XXIV horarum prussias ferri depositus; utrumque in aqua +cocta inefficax. Acidum oxalicum paullulum permutavit, sed non in +cruda solum, verum etjam in cocta; quod sulphatem calcis prodit. +Carbonas kali nihil. Natrum purum post horas XXIV luteolum +praecipitatum effecit. Similiter ammoniacum. Aliquantulum ac. azotici +in aquae portionem instillabatur, quae dein azotate barytae +praecipitabatur: pauxillum illud, quod post h. XXIV demissum erat, inde +separabatur, quo facto aqua azotate argenti praecipitabatur; hoc +praecipitatum suisse muriatem argenti exinde colligimus, quod luci +expositum nigrescebat; quod in carbonatibus argenti non accidit. +Azotas hydrargyri frigide praeparatus album dedit & subtile +praecipitatum, ad labra vitri adhaerens, & vix sensibile antequam aqua +effusa, vitrum aruisser. Azotas hydr. calide praeparatus & azotas +plumbi praecipitata fecerunt e luteo candicantia. Ad detegendum in aqua +hydrogenium sulphuratum multa sunt a chemicis proposita, at pleraque +non nisi in aquis saturatoribus efficacia. Ejusmodi sunt: argentum +metallicum; sed in fonte suspensus nummus argenteus bene politus post +IIX dies aeque splendebat; oxidum arsenici album; id vero in hac aqua +aequali tempore nihil passum est; acidum azoticum conc. quod, +hydrogenium oxidando sulphur praecipitare docent; illud autem heic +nihil tale effecit. Nihilominus olfactus hydrogenii sulphurati in hac +aqua index certissimus est. Azotas plumbi in forma sicca ad hydr. +sulph. valde sensibilis est; at solurus, propter suam ad aquam +attractionem, sulphure difficilius decomponitur. Scribebam autem hac +solutione in charta, quae vasi, in quo aqua fontana evaporaretur, +superimponebatur: vas sensim calefactum est, ut gas hydr. sulph. +quantum fieri posset siccum eliceretur: qua re etjam factum est, ut +litterae seriptae, pro varia gasis siccitate, quibusdam in locis +metallice splenderent & nigrescerent; aliis magis minusve perspicuae, +aliis non observabiles essent. + +Post haec experimenta praecursoria, nostra in eo verfat, est opera, ut +quae in hac aqua soluta sint gasia fecernerentur. Quantum aquae +Cantharus unus capere potest [1] in vas retortum vitreum instillabatur +ejus magnitudinis, ut tertia pars vacua maneret: orificium subere +obturabatur, per quod aptatus erat tubus vitreus; cui vesica arcte +adligabatur. Tubus ad apparatum pneumaticium ducebat. Aqua, qua hunc +appatatum impleveram, quartam horae partem cocta erat, & jam intra +temperaturam + 85 & 100, igne subtus facto, servabatur. Supra enim +in recipulo pneumatico olei stratum fluitabat, ne, experimento +peracto, gas ab aqua refrigerata imbiberetur. Quamquam aqua, ut +diximus, antea diu servisset, bullae tamen aeris jam exinde per oleum +adscendentes animadvertebantur, ex cucurbita non venientes. Gas, quod +in apparatu pneumatico, postquam aqua in cucurbita horae tres quartas +partes servisset, receptum erat, minoris aliquanto voluminis fuit eo, +quod supra aquam in cucurbita fuerat, utroque in eadem temperatura +menso; ex quo sequitur, vapores aquosos non omnem ex superiori +cucurbitae parte aerem expulisse; quapropter hac methodo nihil certi de +quantitate naturave gasium in aqua fontana solutorum eruere +licet. Alia igitur utendum erat. Nec apparatum a Cel. BERGMAN (Om +Bitter-, Selzer-, Spa- och Pyrmontervattens halt och tillredning, Sec. +8. Fig. 1.) comparare poteram. Hanc igitur, scopo, ut videtur, optime +inservientem experiundi rationem inveni. Orificium lagenae vitreae, +adcurate ejus capacitatem emensus, subere optimo obturabam, per quod +tubus vitreus, ut in experimentis pneumaticis solet, curvatus +ingerebatur ita, ut altera ejus extremitas ultra suber in lagena non +exstaret. Et lagena & huic ita adjunctus tubus aqua examinanda +implebantur, ne minima quidem aeris atmosphaerici bulla observabili +relicta. Lagena ad commissuram luto vesicaque rite munita, in balneo +arenae ponebatur. Apparatu pneumatico eodem as supra utebar; sed jam +aqua plus horam ante initium experimenti fervisser. (Vas, in quo +fervebat, ejus capacitatis erat, ut quod exhalaret cruda aqua +compensare opus non esset). In ipso recipulo apparatus aqua, ut ante, +oleo operiebatur. Huic methodo aliquis objicere forsitan posset, +aquam fontanam in lagena calore valde dilatari ante quam gasia exinde +abeant; ita partem expelli & amitti. Sed ubi haec pars aquae venerit in +aquam bullientem apparatus pneumatici sub recipulum, gasia, quibus +praegnans est, mox hujus calore in formam nativam restituta, effugere +nequeunt. Postquam horae dimidium aqua in lagena fervisset, +summovebatur sensim ignis ad cautam refrigerationem. In temperatura ++17 volumen gasium dimensum fuit 6,5 pollicum cubicorum decimalium +pro quoque cantharo. Cel. BERGMAN 14 p. cub. ex. Cantharo +accepit. Haec discrepantia experimentum pluries iterare jussit; idem +autem semper fuit eventus, si aberrationem 1/2 vel 3/4 +p. c. exceperis, tribuendam temperaturae , quam omnino aequalem obtinere +non poteram. Iuncturam autem nec rimis latentibus fefellisse, tum +illius post singula experimenta sollicita exploratio demonstravit, cum +regressus aquae ex apparatu pneumatico in lagenam frigescentem. + + [1] Hoc loco & in sequentibas mensura coronata & accurate explorata + utebar. + +Ad vulgare praescriptum solutio calcis in gase his experimentis +collecto collocabatur. Post XXXVI horas ex 6,5 p. c. dimidius tantum +restabat, quam aera esse atmosphaericum gas azoticum oxigenatum +indicavit. Quorsum igitur gas hydrogenium sulphuratum, quod aquae +inesse certo sciebam? Id quo intelligerem, lagenam, hoc gase, +praeparato ex sulphureto ferri ac acido sulphurico diluto, impletam +supra calcem aqua solutam collocavi. Post XIV horas X p. c. absorpti +erant; supererat unus cum dimidio p. c., post XXIV horas nihil +diminutus; quem esse atmosphaericum, gase azotico oxigenato +exploravi. Gas hydr. sulph. & gas acidi carbonici ad aequalia volumina +commixta & eidem experimento subjecta, ab aqua calcarea, uno +p. c. relicto,. absorbebantur. Solutionis calcareae in his +experimentis, & praecipue in superiori, color erat luteoalbidus, odor +saporque sulphureti calcarei; solutio sensim sulphatem calcis +deponendo turbabatur, quod tamen in posteriori propter carbonatem +calcis simul praecipitatum discerni non poterat. Ex quibus +intelligitur, diminutionem supra descriptam gasis aquae examinandae non +acido tantum carbonico sed gasi etjam hydr. sulph. esse tribuendam. +Horum igitur gasium quantitates alia via dignoscendae sunt. Eum in +finem unum aquae fontanae Cantharum in vase operto calce praecipitabam; +praecipitatum, cujus pondus erat = 0,085 [2] ex oxido ferri = 0,020, +carbonate calcis magnesiaeque aquae proprio, aliis experimentis noto = +0,035, & carbonate calcis jam generato, cujus igitur pondus = 0,030, +constabat. Si pondera carbonatis calcis & acidi carb. quod continet, +sunt inter se = 100:43, oritur exinde pondus acidi carbonici ex aqua +fontana recepti = 0,014; ex quo tamen volumen gasis ejus haud facile +inveniri potest. + + [2] Unitas ponderis per totam banc disfertationem = 1/4 lod + viktualie-vigt = 1 drachma 7 1/2 gr. = 1 centner prober-vigt. + +Unde autem oritur hujus aquae gas hydrogenium sulphuratum? In quibusdam +aquis non dubium est quin originem debeat sulphureto calcis, quod, dum +ex aqua oxidatur, ideoque gas hydrogenium generat, illi sulphuris +aliquid tradit; ipsum autem in sulphatem calcis transit, qui circum +tales fontes, forma pulveris albi, se manifestat. In aqua Medeviensi +sulphas quidem calcis adest, quem primo sulphuretum fuisse posse, +deinde vero oxidatum, hoc gas, ut diximus, produxisse, haud quidem +districte negaverim, vero tamen similius esse existimaverim, a stratis +corporum organicorum putrefactorum vel putrescentium, per quae vena +transit, idem illud gas originem duxisse, quippe quod destructione +animalium vegetabiliumque generari, ideoque ex stagnosis limosisque +locis, praesertim commotione quadam facta, exhalari noverimus. Per hanc +hypothesin explicatur etjam ortus gasis hydrogenii carbonati, quod in +hoc & pluribus aliis Sveciae fontibus adesse, cum alia fere desint +ipsius indicia, sapor peculiaris certe arguit; quamquam ejus +quantitas, propter minorem in aqua solubilitatem longe minor sit, +necesse est; nec determinari potest nisi combustione; quam experiri, +defectus instrumentorum prohibuit. + +Ex quovis fonte V Cantharos, in vase vitreo, unum cum dimidio +cancharum capiente, singulos vaporare curavi. Massa sicca caute +colligebatur, & quod vitro arctius adhaerebat, acido muriatico diluto +abluebatur & solutioni N. 5 addebatur. Massae in temp. + 108 siccatae +pondus =0,575. + +1. Massa diligenter aqua eluebatur & liquidum siphone secernebatur, +quo colatio evitaretur. Haec aqua deinceps ad siccum vaporabat, supra +infundebatur alcohol, qui non solutum reliquit album terrestre = +0,025, quod experimentis infra enarrandis sulphatem calcis esse +reperi. + +2. Solutio alcoholina lente evaporabatur; fusca erat, & crystallos +muriatis natri facile agnoscibiles in reliqua massa fusca +deliquescibili dabat [3]. Pondus totius massae = 0,150. In aqua +solvebatur, cui solutioni admistum ammoniacum purum nihil mutavit; sed +azotate barytae praecipitatum efficiebatur, quod lotum siccatumque erat += 0,01. & azotate argenti praecipitatum cinereum, in lamella vitrea +supra ignem odorem empyreumaticum spargens, quo manifestatur extractum +vegetabile: id igitur coctione cum acido azotico conc. destruebatur; +quod hujus acidi supererat, ammoniaco dein saturabatur, quod primo +praecipitatum faciebat, mox solvebat; quapropter acidum muriaticum ad +saporem acidulum addebatur. Murias argenti bene elotus & siccatus +niveo fuit colore & pondere = 0,240. + + [3] Sales cum extracto conjunctos difficulter crystallisari, notisi + mum est. + +3. Ex reliqua solutionis parte argentum superfluum muriate ammoniaci +praecipitabatur: dein inspissabatur, nihilque acido oxalico tartaricove +afficiebatur; quapropter nec kali nec calcem habebat. + +4. Residuum ex lotione cum aqua N. 1 cum alcohole eluebatur, quod +evaporando dedit refinam odoram fuscam = 0,005. + +5. Residuum ex massa alcohole elota N. 4 acido muriatico diluto +solvebatur; solutio secernebatur, & quod solutum non erat, aqua +eluebatur, quae dein solutioni admiscebatur. Haec ad dimidiam partem +evaporata ammoniaco praecipitabatur; praecipitatum elotum fuit = 0,15. +Reliqua solutio, cum aqua lotionis, carbonete ammoniaci +praecipitabatur, quod carbonatem calcis = 0,125 dedit. Calcem fuisse +inde colligitur, quod cum acido sulphurico sal difficulter solubile +efficiebat, nec carbonare ammoniaci solvebatur; ideoque magnesia non +erat. + +6. Quod ammoniaco praecipitatum erat, in acido sulphurico solvebatur; +residua erat magnesia, quae acid. sulph. dilato difficulter solvitur, +si pura est; pondus erat = 0,03. Acido muriatico soluta carbonate +ammoniaci procipitabatur [4] & mox ab eo solvebatur; quae magnesiae nota +est. + + [4] BERGMAN & secundum eum plures alii, magnesiae ad acida + attractionem majorem statuunt quam ammoniaci. Alii negant; cum ex + acid. sulphurico ammoniaco praecipitetur. BERGMAN (In Opusculis T. 3 + p. 317 & 337) hoc praecipitatum inde oriri contendit quod in + solutione sal tripliciter compositum generaretur. Qua de re haec + sequentia ipse sum expertus. Si Murias magnesiae cum carbonate kali + praecipitatur, usque dum reagat alcali, & praecipitatum inde + separatur, praecipitari dein potest cum ammoniaco puro nova magnesiae + portio. Idem evenit, si ordine inverso primo adhibetur ammoniacum + purum & deinde Carbonas kali. Sulphas magnesiae carbonate kali totus + decomponitur; at si plus carbonatis kali additur, solvitur iterum + praecipitatum, & post horas quasdam crystalli formantur. Idem + evenit, si praecipitatio ope carbonatis ammoniaci perficitur. Etjam + ex muriate magnesiae praecipitando formantur hi sales; si solutio + valde diluta est, nihil carbonate ammoniaci praecipitatur; si + aliquantom puri ammoniaci additur, praecipitatum oritur quod + carbonate ammoniaci, si sufficiens ejus quantitas adsit, solvitur & + crystallisatur eam in formam, quam BERGMAN, Opusc. T. 1 Tab. 1. + depinxit & carbonatis magnesiae esse dixit; sed. ut ex allatis + sequitur, ammoniacum etjam continet, quod in auctiore calore + effugit, & magnesiae carbonatem pulverulentum relinquit. Solutio + muriatis magnesiae valde diluta non praecipitatur carbonate ammoniaci, + sed tantum si concentrata sit; tum autem praecipitatum est triplex + ille sal, cujus supra mentionem fecimus, sere difficulter + solubilis. Carbonates alcalium solvunt carbonatem magnesiae, & + efficiunt sales crystallisabiles difficulter solubiles. Murias + ammoniaci carbonatem magnesiae solvit, sed pars decomponitur & sal + triplex nascitur. Alcalia pura solvunt carbonatem magnesiae ita, ut + se acido carbonico saturent, & quod superest carbonatis magnesiae + solvant; quod de ammoniaco non valet; cum carbonas ammoniaci puram + magnesiam ita solvat, ut haee primum ab ammoniaco rapiat ad se acidum + carbonicum. Fourcroy & Vauquelin, in analysi urinae, Bulletin des + Sciences An. 1798 N. IX, propensitatem magnesiae ad triplicem + conjunctionem cum ammoniaco & acido phosphorico memoraverunt. Haec + magnesiae proprietas accuratiore disquisitione digna esse vi detur. + +Solutio in acido sulphurico facta, ad siccum evaporabatur; quod dum +fiebat, crystalli sulphatis calcis formabantur: massa sicca +ustulabatur donec effugisset ac. sulphuricum; residui pondus = 0,125; +quae ponderis auctio majori ferri oxidationi tribuenda esse videretur, +quam etjam color & vapores acidi sulphurosi indicabant. + +7. Massa usta lavabatur aqua, ex qua nec ammoniacum nec carbonates +alcalium aliquid praecipitabant. Dein ac. muriatico solvebatur, ex qua +solutione murias barytae praecipitatum effecir, quod sulphatem calcis = +0,02 adhuc remansisse indicabat. Etjam oxalas kali calcis praesentiam +docebat. Puro ammoniaco oxidum ferri purum praecipitabatur = 0,10. + +8. Solutio N. 5, ex qua calx carbonate ammoniaci praecipitate erat, in +siccum evaporabatur; cum acido sulphurico miscebatur & urebatur donec +acid, muriaticum effugisset; iterum solvebatur, & ammoniaco +praecipitabatur; quo secernebatur magnesia = 0,02. + +9. Quod post solutionem in acido muriatico supererat, aqua difficulter +solvebatur; at aqua postquam diutius superinfusa mansisset, & +solutione barytae & acid. oxalico praecipitabatur; coctum in carbonate +natri generavit sulphatem natri, & quod non solvebatur, effervescebat +aliquantulum, adfuso acido quodam; fuit igitur sulphas calcis = 0,140. + +Hae omnes rationes si conferuntur; animadvertitur auctio = 0,040, quae +tribuenda est iis particulis, quae ex vase, in quo facta erat +evaporatio, acido muriatico eluebantur. + +Salis N. 2 pondus erat = 0,150; murias argenti = 0,240 continet ac. +muriaticum = 0,043, quod ad plenam saturarionem requirit natrum = +0,065 & aquam ad crystallisandum = 0,022, quo quantitas muratis narri +invenitur = 0,130. Sulphas barytae, ibidiem, = 0,010 continet ac. +sulphuricum = 0,003; quod saturatur natro = 0,005, ex quo quantitas +sulphatis natri = 0,08. Residuum fuit extractum & aqua & alcohole +solubile = 0,012. + +Sequens tabula exhiber, quantum ex meis quidem experimentis concludere +licuit, quantitates corporum in quovis hujus aquae cantharo solutorum; +cui adjungitur tabula Cel. Prof. BERGMAN, loco supra citato allata. + + Secundum experimenta Secundum mea + BERGMANNI + Gas acidi carbonici - 6 p. c. Gas ac. carb. + Gas hydr. sulph. - 8 cum gase hydr. + sulph. - 6 p. c. + Aer athmosph. - 0,5 + ----- ----- + 14 6 1/2 + Murias natri - 0,005 Murias natri - 0,026 + Oxidum ferri - 0,056 Oxid. ferri - 0,020 + Extractum mucil. - 0,019 Extract. muc. - 0,003 + - - - - Sulphas natri - 0,001 + - - - - Sulphas calcis - 0,037 + - - - - Carbonas calc. - 0,025 + - - - - Carb. magnes. - 0,010 + - - - - Resinae - 0,001 + Murias calcis - 0,009 - - - + ----- ----- + 0,089 0,123 + + + + +Fons Medius + + +In ipso fere plano soli circumjacentis scatet; reliqui duo +depressiores. Aqua per duo foramina crateris emittitur, ideoque fere +semper turbida est. Temperatura variat. D 1 Junii erat in fundo +7 deg.; +in superficie 7, deg.5; in atmosphaera 8 deg. vel 9 deg. D. 30 Julii in fundo 9,5 +in superficie 10, deg. in atmosphaera 19 deg. vel 20 deg.. Quantitas gasium per +cantharum aquae hujus fontis est 1 1/2 p. cub. major, quam reliquorum; +odore hydrogenii sulph. fortiori & quadam virtute laxante praedita est. +Ejus partes constitutivae eaedem sunt, ac fontis supra descripti, +excepto, quod minus ferri (= 0,015) & carbonatis calcis (= 0,080) +habet, quod etjam quantitatem acidi carbonici minorem indicare +videtur. + + + + +Fons supremus. + + +Situs hujus fontis editior est, quam ceterorum. Sapor veteris fontis +sapori similis est. Reactio eadem. Temperatura variat. D. 1 Jun. erat +in fundo + 6, deg.5; in superficie 7. deg. D. 30 Jul. in fundo + 8 deg. in +superficie 9. deg. Ferri quantitas eadem est ac in vetere fonte, sulphatis +calcis major (= 0,045); carbonatis calcis & magnesiae minor. Sales +reliqui sunt iidem in omnibus his fontibus. + + + + +Limus Medeviensis. + + +Non admodum profunde sub ipsa soli superficie reperitur. Scripturam +azotate plumbi factam afficit. Schidiis & aliis reliquiis +vegetabilibus immixtus est. Ustione duas partes tertias ponderis +perdit; residuum constat ex ferro, silice & sulphate calcis. Sulphatem +ferri, ut limus Lokaensis, non continet. Una ejus tertia pars est +extractiva, & alkohole & aqua solubilis. + + + + +Fons Lokaensis. + + +Ejus partes constitutivas eadem fere ratione, qua fontium +Medeviensium, exploratas has sequentes reperi. + + Gas Hydrog. sulph. & perpaullulum + Gasis acidi carbonici - - 2 p. c. + Aer atmospaericus - - 3,5 + ex quo gas oxigenium - 0,5 + & gas azotum - 3,0 + ------ + 5,5 p. c. + Carbonas calcis - - 0,0042 + Carbonas magnesiae - - 0,0035 + Silex - - 0,0107 + Sulphas calcis - - 0,0023 + Murias natri - - 0,0055 + Extractivum - - 0,0014 + Aliquantulum resinae - - + ------ + per Cantharum 0,0276 + + + + +Limus Lokaensis, + + + In quaque libra continentur + Gas ac. carb. & hydrog. sulph. - 2,6 + Aer atmosphaericus - 0,3 + Gas hydrogenium carbonatum - 0,8 + ----- + 3,7 p. cub. + Aquosum - 9,5 lod. + Limus siccatus = 4, continet + Extractum - 0,045 + Sulphas calcis - 0,010 + Sulphas ferri - 0,005 + Combustibilia - 1,402 + Oxidum ferri - 0,172 + Argilla - 0,075 + Carbonas magnesiae - 0,020 + Silex - 2,232 + Aliquantulum carb. calcis - + ----- + 3,961 + Addito quod deficit 0,039 + ----- + 4,000 + + + +End of text. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium +by Joens Jacob Berzelius + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM *** + +***** This file should be named 10054.txt or 10054.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/0/5/10054/ + +Produced by Lars Aronsson and the Project Runeberg + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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