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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10069 ***
+
+[Handwriting: F. Druce, the gift of the author.]
+
+_An Account of the Romansh Language._
+
+_By Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S._
+
+_In a Letter to Sir John Pringle, Bart. P. R. S._
+
+[Handwriting: Phil. Trans. vol LXVI. A.D. 1776]
+
+                            British Museum,
+                            June 30, 1775.
+
+SIR,
+
+The Bible lately presented to the Royal Society by Count de Salis, being
+a version into a language as little attended to in this country, as it
+may appear curious to those who take pleasure in philological inquiries;
+I embrace this opportunity to communicate to you, and, with your
+approbation, to the Society, all that I have been able to collect
+concerning its history and present state.
+
+This language is called _Romansh_, and is now spoken in the most
+mountainous parts of the country of the Grisons, near the sources of the
+Rhine and the Inn. It consists of two main dialects; which, though
+partaking both of the above general name, differ however so widely as to
+constitute in a manner two distinct languages. Books are printed in both
+of them; and each, though it be universally understood in its respective
+district, is yet sub-divided into almost as many secondary dialects as
+there are villages in which it is spoken; which differ, however, but
+little except in the pronunciation. One of the main dialects, which is
+spoken in the Engadine, a valley extending from the source of the Inn to
+the frontiers of the Tyrolese, is by the inhabitants called _Ladin_. It
+admits of some variation, even in the books, according as they are
+printed either in the upper or the lower part of this province. The
+abovementioned Bible is in the dialect of the lower Engadine; which,
+however, is perfectly understood in the upper part of that province,
+where they use no other version. The other dialect, which is the
+language of the Grey, or Upper. League, is distinguished from the former
+by the name of _Cialover_:[A] and I must here observe, that in the very
+centre, and most inaccessible parts of this latter district, there are
+some villages situated in the narrow valleys, called Rheinwald,
+Cepina,[B] &c. in which a third language is spoken, more similar to the
+German than to either of the above idioms, although they be neither
+contiguous, nor have any great intercourse with the parts where the
+German is used.
+
+It being impossible to form any idea of the origin and progress of a
+language, without attending to the revolutions that may have contributed
+to its formation and subsequent variations; and this being particularly
+the case in the present instance, wherein no series of documents is
+extant to guide us in our researches; I shall briefly recapitulate the
+principal events which may have affected the language of the Grisons, as
+I find them related by authors of approved veracity.[C]
+
+Ambigatus, the first king of the Celtic Gaul upon record, who[D] about
+400[E] years before Christ, governed all the country situated between
+the Alps and the Pyrenaean mountains, sent out two formidable armies
+under the command of one of his nephews; one of whom, named Segovisius,
+forced his way into the heart of Germany: and the other, Bellovisius,
+having passed the Alps, penetrated into Italy as far as the settlements
+of the Tuscans, which at that time extended over the greatest part of
+the country now called Lombardy. These, and several other swarms of
+invaders whom the successes of the former soon after attracted, having
+totally subdued that country, built Milan, Verona, Brescia, and several
+other considerable towns, and governed with such tyrannic sway,
+especially over the nobility, whose riches they coveted and sought by
+every means to extort from them, that most of the principal families,
+joining under the conduct of Rhætus[F], one of the most distinguished
+personages among them, retired with the best part of their effects and
+attendants among the steepest mountains of the Alps, near the sources of
+the Rhine, into the district which is now called the Grey League.
+
+The motive of their flight, their civil deportment, and perhaps more so,
+the wealth they brought with them, procured them a favourable reception
+from the original inhabitants of that inhospitable region, who are
+mentioned by authors[G] as being a Celtic nation, fabulously conjectured
+from their name [Greek: leipontio][H] to have been left there by
+Hercules in his expedition into Spain.
+
+The new adventurers had no sooner climbed over the highest precipices,
+but thinking themselves secure from the pursuits of their rapacious
+enemies, they fixed in a valley which, from its great fertility in
+comparison of the country they had just passed, they called
+Domestica[I]. They intermixed with the old inhabitants, and built some
+towns and many castles, whose present names manifestly bespeak their
+origin.[J] They soon after spread all over the country, which took the
+name of Rhaetia from that of their leader; and introduced a form of
+government similar to their own, of which there are evident traces at
+this day, especially in the administration of justice; in which a
+_Laertes_ or president, now called landamman or ministral, together with
+twelve _Lucumones_[K] or jurors, determine all causes, both civil and
+criminal:[L] and Livy,[M] although he erroneously pretends that they
+retained none of their ancient customs, yet allows that they continued
+the use of their language, though somewhat adulterated by a mixture with
+that of the Aborigines.
+
+I must here interrupt the thread of this narration by observing, that
+the only way to account for the present use of a different language in
+the centre and most craggy parts of the Grey League, is by allowing that
+the Tuscans, who, from the delicacy of their constitutions and habits,
+were little able, and less inclined, to encounter the hardships of so
+severe a climate and so barren a soil, never attempted to mix with the
+original and more sturdy inhabitants of that unfavoured spot; but left
+them and their language, which could only be a Celtic idiom, in the
+primitive state in which they found them.[N]
+
+But to proceed;--several Roman families, dreading the fury of the
+Carthaginians under Hannibal, and perhaps, since during the rage of the
+civil wars, and the subsequent oppressive reigns, interior commotions
+and foreign invasions, forsook the Latium and Campania, and resorted for
+a peaceful enjoyment of their liberty, some into the islands where
+Venice now stands, and many into the mountains of the Grisons, where
+they chiefly fixed their residence in the Engadine,[O] as appears not
+only from the testimonies of authors,[P] but also from the names of
+several places and families which are evidently of Roman derivation.[Q]
+
+The inhabitants these emigrants found in that place of refuge could not
+but be a mixture of the Tuscans and original Lepontii; and the two
+languages which met upon this occasion must, at the very first, have had
+some affinity; as the Tuscan, which derived immediately from the Greek,
+is known to have had a great share in the formation of the Roman. But as
+it is generally observed, that the more polished people introduce their
+native tongue wherever they go to reside in any considerable numbers,
+the arrival of these successive colonies must gradually have produced a
+considerable change in the language of the country in which they
+settled;[R] and this change gave rise to the dialect since called Ladin,
+probably from the name of the mother country of its principal
+authors.[S]
+
+Although the name of _Romansh_, which the whole language bears, seems to
+be a badge of Roman servitude, yet the conquest of that nation, if ever
+effected, could not have produced a great alteration in a language which
+must already have been so similar to their own; and its general name may
+as well be attributed to the pacific as to the hostile Romans. But when
+we consider that a coalition of the two main dialects, which differ so
+far as not to be reciprocally understood, must have been the inevitable
+consequence of a total reduction; and that such a coalition is known
+never to have taken place, we may lay the greater stress upon the many
+passages of ancient authors,[T] in which it is implied that the boasted
+victories of the Romans over the Rhaeti, for which public honours had
+been decreed to L. Munatus, M. Anthony, Drusus, and Augustus, amounted
+to no more than frequent repulses of those hardy people into their
+mountains; out of which their want of sufficient room and sustenance,
+(which in our days drives considerable numbers into the services of
+foreign powers) compelled them at times to make desperate excursions in
+quest of necessaries. And we may also from these collected authorities
+be induced to give the greater credit to the commentator of Lucan,[U]
+and to the modern historians,[V] who positively assert, that the people
+living near the sources of the Rhine and the Inn were never totally
+subdued by the Roman arms; but only repelled in their attempts to harass
+their neighbours.
+
+This whole country, however, from its central situation, could not but
+be annumerated to one of the provinces of the empire; and accordingly we
+find that Rhaetia itself (which by the accounts of ancient
+geographers[W] appears to have extended its limits beyond the lake of
+Constance, Augsburg, and Trent, towards Germany, and to Como and Verona
+towards Italy) was formed into a Roman province, governed by a
+pro-consul or procurator, who resided at Augsburg; and that when in the
+year 119, the Emperor Adrian divided it into Rhaetia _prima_ and
+_secunda_, the governor of the former, in which the country I am now
+speaking of must have been comprized, took up his residence in two
+castles situated where Coire now stands, whilst the other continued his
+seat at Augsburg. But notwithstanding these appearances, no trace or
+monument of Roman servitude is to be met with in this district, except
+the ambiguous name of one mountain,[X] situated on the skirts of these
+highlands, and generally thought to have been the _non plus ultra_ of
+the Roman arms on the Italian side.
+
+From the difficulty those persevering veterans experienced in keeping
+this stubborn people in awe, I mean to infer that such strenuous
+asserters of their independence, whom the flattering pens of Ovid and
+Horace represent as formidable even to Augustus, and preferring death to
+the loss of their liberties,[Y] favoured by the natural strength and
+indigence of their country, were not very likely to be so far subdued by
+any foreign power inferior to the Roman, as to suffer any considerable
+revolution in their customs and language: for as to the irruptions of
+the Goths, Vandals, and Lombards, in the fifth and sixth centuries,
+besides a profound silence in history concerning any successful attempt
+of those barbarians upon this spot, it is scarce credible, that any of
+them should have either wished or endeavoured to settle in a country,
+perhaps far less hospitable than that which they had just forsaken,
+especially after they had opened to themselves a way into the fertile
+plains of Lombardy.
+
+Some stress must be laid upon this inference, as the history of what
+befel this country after the decline of the Roman empire is so
+intimately blended with that of Suabia, the Tyrolese, and the lower
+parts of the Grisons, which are known to have fallen to the share of the
+rising power of the Franks, that nothing positive can be drawn from
+authors as to the interior state of this small tract. The victory gained
+in the year 496 near Cologn, by Clovis I. king of the Franks, over the
+Alemanni, who had wrested from the Romans all the dominions on the
+northern side of the Alps; and the defeat of both Romans and Goths in
+Italy, in the year 549, by the treacherous arms of Theodebert king of
+Austrasia, whose dominions soon after devolved to the crown of France,
+necessarily gave the aspiring Merovingian race a great ascendency over
+all the countries surrounding the Grisons; and accordingly we find, that
+this district also was soon after, without any military effort,
+considered as part of the dominions of the reviving western empire. But
+it does not appear that those monarchs ever made any other use of their
+supremacy in these parts than, agreeably to the feudal system which they
+introduced, to constitute dukes, earls, presidents, and bailiffs, over
+Rhaetia; to grant out tenures upon the usual feudal terms; and
+consequently to levy forces in most of their military expeditions.
+
+It must, however, be observed, that these feudal substitutes were
+seldom, if ever, strangers: those who are upon record to the latter end
+of the eighth century, having all been chosen from among the nobility of
+the country.[Z] And that no foreign garrisons were ever maintained for
+any continuance of time in these parts, appears from a circumstance
+related by their annalists;[AA] who say, that an inroad of the Huns in
+670, when external forces would probably have been very acceptable to
+the natives, was repulsed merely by a concourse of the inhabitants.
+
+History continues to furnish us with proofs of the little connexion this
+people had with other nations in their domestic affairs, notwithstanding
+their dependance upon a foreign power. In the year 780, the Bishop of
+Coire, who by the constitution of that see can only be a native,[AB]
+obtained from Charlemain, besides many considerable honours and
+privileges in the empire, a grant of the supreme authority in this
+country, by the investiture of the office of hereditary president or
+bailiff over all Rhaetia. His successors not only enjoyed this
+prerogative to the extinction of the Carlovingian race of emperors in
+911; but received accumulated favours from other succeeding monarchs, as
+the bigoted devotion of those times or motives of interest prompted
+them. And so far did their munificence gradually extend, that the sole
+property of one of the three leagues[AC] was at one time vested in the
+hands of the bishop.
+
+This prelate and the nobles, the greatest part of whom became his
+retainers, availed themselves, like all the German princes, of the
+confusion, divisions, and interreigns which frequently distracted the
+empire in the succeeding centuries, in order to establish a firm and
+unlimited authority of their own. Henceforth the annals of this country
+furnish us with little more than catalogues of the bishops and dukes,
+who were still, at times, nominated by the emperors; and of the domains
+granted out by them to different indigenate families; with accounts of
+the atrocious cruelties exercised by these lords over their vassals; and
+with anecdotes of the prowess of the natives in several expeditions into
+Italy and Palestine, in which they still voluntarily accompanied the
+emperors.
+
+The repeated acts of tyranny exercised by those arbitrary despots, who
+had now shaken off all manner of restraint, at length exasperated the
+people into a general revolt, and brought on the confederacy; in which
+the bishop and most of the nobles were glad to join, in order to screen
+themselves from the fury of the insurgents.
+
+The first step towards this happy revolution was made by some _venerable
+old men dressed in the coarse grey cloth_ of the country, who in the
+year 1424 met privately in a wood near a place called Truns, in the
+Upper League; where, _impressed with a sense of their former
+liberties_,[AD] they determined to remonstrate against, and oppose, the
+violent proceedings of their oppressors. The abbot Dissentis was the
+first who countenanced their measures; their joint influence gradually
+prevailed over several of the most moderate among the nobles; and hence
+arose the league which, from the colour of its first promoters, was ever
+called the Grey League; which, from its being the first in the bold
+attempt to shake off the yoke of wanton tyranny, has ever since retained
+the pre-eminence in rank before the two other leagues; and which has
+even given its name to the whole country, whose inhabitants, from the
+circumstances of their deliverance, pride themselves in the appellation
+of _Grisones_, or the _grey-ones_.[AE] From this period nothing has ever
+affected their freedom and absolute independence, which they now enjoy
+in the most unlimited sense, in spite of the repeated efforts of the
+house of Austria to recover some degree of ascendency over them.
+
+From this concise view of the history of the Grisons, in which I have
+carefully guarded against favouring any particular hypothesis, it
+appears, that as no foreign nation ever gained any permanent footing in
+the most mountainous parts of this country since the establishment of
+the Tuscans and Romans, the language now spoken could never have
+suffered any considerable alterations from extraneous mixtures of modern
+languages. And to those who may object, that languages like all other
+human institutions will, though left to themselves, be inevitably
+affected by the common revolutions of time, I shall observe, that a
+language, in which no books are written, but which is only spoken by a
+people chiefly devoted to arms and agriculture, and consequently not
+cultivated by the criticisms of men of taste and learning, is by no
+means exposed to the vicissitudes of those that are polished by refined
+nations;[AF] and that, however paradoxical it may appear, it is
+nevertheless true, that the degeneracy of a language is more frequently
+to be attributed to an extravagant refinement than to the neglect of an
+illiterate people, unless indeed external causes interfere. May we not
+hence conclude, that as the Romansh has never been used in any regular
+composition in writing till the sixteenth century, nor affected by any
+foreign invasion or intimate connexion, it is not likely to have
+received any material change before the period of its being written? And
+we have the authority of the books since printed to prove, that it is at
+present the identical language that was spoken two hundred years ago.
+These arguments will receive additional weight from the proofs I shall
+hereafter give of the great affinity there is between the language as it
+is now spoken, and the Romance that was used in France nine centuries
+ago.
+
+When we further consider the facts I have above briefly related, the
+wonder will cease, that in a cluster of mountains, situated in the
+centre of Europe, a distinct language (not a dialect or jargon of those
+spoken by the contiguous nations, as has been generally imagined) should
+have maintained itself through a series of ages, in spite of the many
+revolutions which frequently changed the whole face of the adjacent
+countries. And indeed, so obstinately tenacious are these people of
+their independency, laws, customs, and consequently of their very
+language, that, as has been already observed, their form of government,
+especially in judicial matters, still bears evident marks of the ancient
+Tuscan constitution; and that, although they be frequently exposed to
+inconveniences from their stubbornness in this respect, they have not
+yet been prevailed upon to adopt the Gregorian reformation of the
+calendar.
+
+As to the nature of this language, it may now be advanced, with some
+degree of confidence, that the _Cialover_ owes it origin to a mixture of
+the Tuscan and of the dialect of the Celtic spoken by the Lepontii; and
+that the introduction of the vulgar Roman affected it in some degree,
+but particularly gave rise to the _Ladin_; the vocabulary of which, as
+any one may be convinced by inspecting a few lines of the bible, has a
+great affinity with that of the Latin tongue. But these assertions rest
+merely upon historical evidence; for as to the _Cialover_, all that it
+may have retained of the Tuscan or Roman, is so much disfigured by an
+uncouth pronunciation and a vague orthography, that all etymological
+inquiries are thereby rendered intricate and unsatisfactory. And as to
+the _Ladin_, although its derivation be more manifest, yet we are
+equally at a loss from what period or branch of the Latin tongue to
+trace its real origin; for I have found, after many tedious experiments,
+that even the vocabulary, in which the resemblance is most evident,
+differs equally from the classical purity of Tully, Caesar, and Sallust,
+as it does from the primitive Latin of the twelve tables, of Ennius, and
+the _columna rostralis_ of Duillius, which has generally been thought
+the parent of the Gallic Romance; as also from the trivial language of
+Varro, Vegetius, and Columella. May we not from this circumstance infer,
+that, as is the case in all vernacular tongues, the vulgar dialect of
+the Romans, the _sermo usualis, rusticus, pedestris_,[AG] of which there
+are no monuments extant, differed very widely both in pronunciation and
+construction from that which has at any time been used either in writing
+or in the senate?
+
+The grammatical variations, the syntax, and the genius of the language,
+must in this, as well as in several other modern European tongues, have
+been derived from the Celtic; it being well known, that the frequent use
+of articles, the distinction of cases by prepositions, the application
+of two auxiliaries in the conjugations, do by no means agree with the
+Latin turn of expression; although a late French academician[AH] who has
+taken great pains to prove that the Gallic Romance was solely derived
+from the Roman, quotes several instances in which even the most
+classical writers have in this respect offended the purity of that
+refined language. It cannot here be denied, that as new ideas always
+require new signs to express them, some foreign words, and perhaps
+phrases, must necessarily, from time to time, have insinuated themselves
+into the Romansh, by the military and some commercial intercourse of the
+Grisons with other nations; and this accounts for several modern German
+words which are now incorporated into the language of the Engadine.[AI]
+
+The little connexion there is in mountainous countries between the
+inhabitants of the different valleys, and the absolute independence of
+each jurisdiction in this district, which still lessens the frequency of
+their intercourse, also accounts, in a great measure, for the variety of
+secondary dialects subsisting in almost every different community or
+even village.
+
+The oldest specimens of writing in this language are some dramatical
+performances in verse upon scriptural subjects, which are extant only in
+manuscript. The Histories of Susanna, of the Prodigal Son, of Judith and
+Holofernes, and of Esther, are among the first; and are said to have
+been composed about the year 1560. The books that have since been
+printed are chiefly upon religious subjects; and among those that are
+not so, the only I have ever heard of are a small code of the laws of
+the country in the Cialover dialect, and an epitome of Sprecher's
+Chronicle, by Da Porta, in the Ladin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The language spoken in Gaul from the fifth to the twelfth centuries
+being evidently a mixture of the same Roman and Celtic ingredients, and
+partaking of the same name with those of the Grisons; it will, I hope,
+not be thought foreign to the subject of this letter, if I enter into a
+few particulars concerning it, as it seems to have been an essential
+part, or rather the trunk, of the language, the history of which I am
+endeavouring to elucidate.
+
+One of the many instances how little the laboured researches of
+philologists into the origin of languages are to be depended upon, is
+the variety of opinions entertained by French authors concerning the
+formation of the Gallic Romance. A learned Benedictine[AJ] first starts
+the conjecture, and then maintains it against the attacks of an
+anonymous writer, that the vulgar Latin became the universal language of
+Gaul immediately after Caesar's conquest, and that its corruption, with
+very little mixture of the original language of the country, gradually
+produced the Romance towards the eighth century. Bonamy,[AK] on the
+other hand, is of opinion, that soon after that conquest, a corruption
+of vulgar Latin by the Celtic formed the Romance, which he takes to be
+the language always meant by authors when they speak of the _Lingua
+Romana_ used in Gaul. The author of the Celtic Dictionary[AL] tells us,
+that the Romance is derived from the _Latin_, the _Celtic_, which he
+more frequently calls Gallic, and the _Teutonic_; in admitting of which
+latter he deviates from most other authors,[AM] who deny that the
+Teutonic had any share in the composition of the Romance, since the
+Franks found it already established when they entered Gaul, and were
+long before they could prevail upon their new subjects to adopt any part
+of their own mother tongue, which however appears to have been
+afterwards instrumental in the formation of the modern French.
+Duclos,[AN] guided, I imagine, by du Cange,[AO] whose opinion appears to
+be the most sober and best authenticated, maintains that the vulgar
+Latin was undoubtedly the foundation of the Romance; but that much of
+the Celtic gradually insinuated itself in spite of the policy of the
+Romans, who never failed to use all their endeavours in order to
+establish their language wherever they spread their arms.
+
+Among this variety of conjectures and acute controversies, I find it
+however agreed on all hands, that the vocabulary of the Roman, and the
+idiom of the Celtic, have chiefly contributed to the formation of the
+Gallic, Romance, which is sufficient to prove that it partakes of a
+common origin with that of the Grisons.
+
+There are incontestable proofs that this language was once universal all
+over France; and that this, and not immediately the Latin, has been the
+parent of the Provençal, and afterwards of the modern French, the
+Italian, and the Spanish. The oath taken by Lewis the Germanic, in the
+year 842, in confirmation of an alliance between him and Charles the
+Bald his brother, is a decisive proof of the general use of the Romance
+by the whole French nation at that time, and of their little knowledge
+of the Teutonic, which being the native tongue of Lewis, would certainly
+have been used by him, in this oath, had it been understood by the
+French to whom he addressed himself. But Nithardus,[AP] a contemporary
+writer and near relation to the contracting parties, informs us, that
+Lewis took the oath in the Romance language, in order that it might be
+understood by the French nobility who were the subjects of Charles; and
+that they, in their turn, entered into reciprocal engagements in _their
+own language_, which the same author again declares to have been the
+Romance, and not the Teutonic; although one would imagine that, had they
+at all understood this latter tongue, they could not but have used it
+upon this occasion, in return for the condescension of Lewis.
+
+As a comparison between this language and the Romansh of the Grisons
+cannot be considered as a mere object of curiosity, but may also serve
+to corroborate the proofs I have above alleged of the antiquity of the
+latter, I have annexed in the appendix,[AQ] a translation of this oath
+into the language of Engadine, which approaches nearest to it; although
+I must observe, that there are in the other dialect some words which
+have a still greater affinity with the language of the oath, as appears
+by another translation I have procured, in which both dialects are
+indifferently used. To prevent any doubts concerning the veracity of
+these translations, I must here declare, that I am indebted for them,
+and for several anecdotes concerning that language, to a man of letters,
+who is a native and has long been an inhabitant of the Grisons, and is
+lately come to reside in London. I have added to this comparative view
+of those two languages, the Latin words from which both seem to have
+been derived; and, as a proof of the existence of the Gallic Romance in
+France down to the twelfth century, I have also subjoined the words used
+in that kingdom at that period, as they are given us by the author of
+the article _(Langue) Romane_, in the French Encyclopedie.
+
+To the comparison of the two Romances, and the similarity of their
+origin, I may now with confidence add the authority of Fontanini[AR] to
+prove, that they are one and the same language. This author, speaking of
+the ancient Gallic Romance, asserts that it is now spoken in the country
+of the Grisons; though, not attending to the variety of dialects, some
+of which have certainly nothing of the Italian, he supposes it to have
+been altogether adulterated by a mixture of that modern tongue.
+
+Whilst the Grisons neglected to improve their language, and rejected, or
+indeed were out of the reach of every refinement it might have derived
+from polished strangers, the taste and fertile genius of the
+Troubadours, fostered by the countenance and elegance of the brilliant
+courts and splendid nobility of Provence, did not long leave theirs in
+the rough state in which we find it in the ninth century. But the change
+having been gradual and almost imperceptible, the French historians have
+fixed no epocha for the transition of the Romance into the Provençal.
+That the former language had not received any considerable alteration in
+the twelfth Century may be gathered from the comparison in the appendix:
+and, that it still bore the same name, appears from the titles of
+several books which are said to have been written in, or translated
+into, the Romance. But though mention is made of that name even after
+this aera, yet upon examining impartially what is given us for that
+language in this period, it will be found so different from the Romance
+of the ninth century, that to trace it any further would be both a vain
+and an extravagant pursuit.
+
+Admitting, however, the universal use of the Romance all over France
+down to the twelfth century, which no French author has yet doubted or
+denied; and allowing that what the writers of those times say of the
+Gallic is to be understood of the Romance, as appears from chronological
+proofs, and the expressions of several authors prior to the fifth
+century;[AS] who, by distinguishing the _Gallic_ both from the _Latin_
+and the _Celtic_, plainly indicate that they thereby mean the Romance,
+those being the only three languages which, before the invasion of the
+Franks, could possibly have been spoken, or even understood in Gaul:
+admitting these premises, I say, it necessarily follows, that the
+language introduced into England under Alfred, and afterwards more
+universally established by Edward the Confessor, and William the
+Conqueror, must have been an emanation of the Romance, very near akin to
+that of the abovementioned oath, and consequently to that which is now
+spoken in the Alps.
+
+The intercourse between Britain and Gaul is known to have been of a very
+early date; for even in the first century we find, that the British
+lawyers derived the greatest part of their knowledge from those of the
+continent;[AT] while on the other hand, the Gallic Druids are known to
+have resorted to Britain for instruction in their mysterious rites. The
+Britons, therefore, could not be totally ignorant of the Gallic
+language. And hence it will appear, that Grimbald, John, and the other
+doctors introduced by Alfred,[AU] could find no great difficulty in
+propagating their native tongue in this island; which tongue, at that
+interval of time, could only be the true Romance, since they were
+contemporaries with Lewis the Germanic.
+
+That the Romance was almost universally understood in this kingdom under
+Edward the Confessor, it being not only used at court, but frequently at
+the bar, and even sometimes in the pulpit, is a fact too well known and
+attested[AV] to need my further authenticating it with superfluous
+arguments and testimonies.
+
+Duclos, in his History of the Gallic' Romance,[AW] gives the
+abovementioned oath of Lewis as the first monument of that language. The
+second he mentions is the code of laws of William the Conqueror,[AX]
+whom the least proficient in the English history knows to have rendered
+his language almost universal in this kingdom. How little progress it
+had yet made towards the modern French; and how great an affinity it
+still bore with the present Romansh of the Grisons, will appear from the
+annexed translation of the first paragraph of these laws into the latter
+tongue.[AY]
+
+If we may credit Du Cange,[AZ] who grounds his assertion upon various
+instruments of the kings of Scotland during the twelfth century, the
+Romance had also penetrated into that kingdom before that period.
+
+The same corruption, or coalescence, which gave rise to the Gallic
+Romance, and to that of the Grisons, must also have produced in Italy a
+language, if not perfectly similar, at least greatly approaching to
+those two idioms. Nor did it want its northern nations to contribute
+what the two other branches derived from that source.[BA] But be the
+origin what it will, certain it is, that a jargon very different from
+either the Latin or the Italian was spoken in Italy from the time of the
+irruptions of the barbarians to the successful labours of Dante and
+Petrarca; that this jargon was usually called the _vulgar idiom_; but
+that Speroni,[BB] the father of an Italian literature, and others,
+frequently call it the _common Italian Romance_. And if Fontanini's[BC]
+authorities be sufficient, it appears that even the Gallic Romance, by
+the residence of the papal court at Avignon, and from other causes, made
+its way into Italy before it was polished into the Provençal.
+
+As to Naples and Sicily, the expulsion of the Saracens by the Normans,
+under Robert Guiscard in 1059, must have produced in that country nearly
+the same effect, a similar event soon after brought about in England.
+And in fact we have the authority of William of Apulia[BD] to prove,
+that the conquerors used all their efforts to propagate their language
+and manners among the natives, that they might ever after be considered
+only as one people. And Hugo Falcland[BE] relates, that in the year
+1150, Count Henry refused to take upon him the management of public
+affairs, under pretence of not knowing the language of the French;
+which, he adds, was absolutely necessary at court.
+
+That the language of the Romans penetrated very early into Spain,
+appears most evidently from a passage in Strabo,[BF] who asserts that
+the Turditani inhabiting the banks of the Boetis, now the Guadalquivir,
+forgot their original tongue, and adopted that of the conquerors. That
+the Romance was used there in the fourteenth century appears from a
+correspondence between St. Vincent of Ferrieres and Don Martin, son of
+Peter the IVth of Arragon;[BG] and that this language must once have
+been common in that kingdom appears manifestly from the present name of
+the Spanish, which is still usually called Romance.[BH] These
+circumstances considered, I am not so much inclined to discredit a fact
+related by Mabillon,[BI] who says, that in the eighth century a
+paralytic Spaniard, on paying his devotions at the tomb of a saint in
+the church of Fulda, conversed with a monk of that abbey, who, _because
+he was an Italian_, understood the language of the Spaniard. Neither
+does an oral tradition I heard some times ago appear so absurd to me, as
+it did when it was first related to me, which says, that two Catalonians
+travelling over the Alps, were not a little surprized when they came
+into the Grison country, to find that their native tongue was understood
+by the inhabitants, and that they could comprehend most of the language
+of that district.
+
+This universality of the Romance in the French dominions during the
+eleventh century, also accounts for its introduction in Palestine and
+many other parts of the Levant by Godfrey de Bouillon, and the multitude
+of adventurers who engaged under him in the Crusade. The assizes of
+Jerusalem, and those of Cyprus, are standing monuments of the footing
+that language had obtained in those parts; and if we may trust a Spanish
+historian of some reputation[BJ] who resided in Greece in the thirteenth
+century, the Athenians and the inhabitants of Morea spoke at that time
+the same language that was used in France. And there is great reason to
+imagine, that the affinity the _Lingua Franca_ bears to the French and
+Italian is intirely to be derived from the Romance, which was once
+commonly used in the ports of the Levant. The heroic atchievements and
+gallantry of the knights of the cross also gave rise to the swarm of
+fabulous narratives; which, though not an invention of those days, were
+yet, from the name of the language in which they were written, ever
+after distinguished by the appellation of _Romances_.[BK]
+
+I shall now conclude this letter by observing, that far from presuming
+that the Romance has been preserved so near its primitive state only in
+the country of the Grisons, there is great reason to suppose that it
+still exists in several other remote and unfrequented parts. When
+Fontanini informs us[BL] that the ancient Romance is now spoken in the
+country of the Grisons, he adds, that it is also the common dialect of
+the Friulese, and of some districts in Savoy bordering upon Dauphiné.
+And Rivet[BM] seriously undertakes to prove, that the Patois of several
+parts of the Limousin, Quercy, and Auvergne (which in fact agrees
+singularly with the _Romansh_ of the Grisons) is the very Romance of
+eight centuries ago. Neither do I doubt, but what some inquisitive
+traveller might still meet with manifest traces of it in many parts of
+the Pyrenaeans and other mountainous regions of Spain, where the Moors
+and other invaders have never penetrated.
+
+I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+# No. I. Oath of Lewis the Germanic. #
+
+
+1. Latin from which the Romances are derived.
+2. Gallic Romance in which the oath was taken.
+3. French of the twelfth century.
+4. Romansh of Engadine, called Ladin.
+5. Romansh of both dialects.
+
+
+1.  Pro Dei amore, et pro Christiano populo, et nostro
+2. _Pro Deu amur, et pro Christian poblo, et nostro_
+3.  Por Deu amor, et por Christian people, et nostre
+4. _Per amur da Dieu, et per il Christian poevel, et noss_
+5.  Pro l'amur da Deus, et pro il Christian pobel, et nost
+
+1.  communi salvamento, de ista die in abante, in quan-
+2. _commun salvament, d'ist di en avant, in quant_
+3.  commun salvament, de ste di en avant, en quant
+4. _commun salvament, da quist di in avant, in quant_
+5.  commun salvament, d'ist di en avant, in quant
+
+1.tum Deus sapere et posse mihi donat, sic salvabo ego
+2.   _Deus savir et podir me dunat, si salvarai io_
+3.    Deu saveir et poïr me donne, si salvarai je
+4.   _Dieu savair et podair m'duna, shi salvaro ei_
+5.    Deus savir et podir m'dunat, shi salvaro io
+
+1.  eccistum meum fratrem Karlum, et in adjutum ero
+2. _cist meon fradre Karlo, et in adjudab er_
+3.  cist mon frere Karle, et en adjude serai
+4. _quist mieu frær Carlo, et in adgiud li saro_
+5.  quist meu frad'r Carl, et in adjudh saro
+
+1.  in quaque una causa, sic quomodo homo per directum
+2. _in cadhuna cosa, si cum on per dreit_
+3.  en cascune cose, si cum on per dreict
+4. _in chiaduna chiossa, shi seho l'hom per drett_
+5.  in caduna cosa, si com om per drett
+
+1.  suum fratrem salvare debet, in hoc quod ille mihi
+2. _son fardre salvar dist, in o quid il me_
+3.  son frere salver dist, en o qui il me
+4. _sieu frær salvar d'uess, in que chél a mi_
+5.  seu frad'r salvar dess, in que chél me
+
+1.  alterum sic faceret; et ab Lothario nullum placitum
+2. _altresi fazet; et ab Laudher nul plaid_
+3.  altresi fascet; et a Lothaire nul plaid
+4. _altresi fadschess; et da Lothar mai non paendrò io un_
+5.  altresi fazess; et da Lothar nul plaid mai
+
+1.  nunquam prehendam quod meo volle eccisti meo fratri
+2. _nunquam prindrai qui meon vol cist meon fradre_
+3.  nonques prendrai qui par mon voil a cist mon frere
+4. _plæd che con mieu volair a quist mieu frær_
+5.  non prendro che con meu voler a quist meu frad'r
+
+1.  Karlo in damno sit.
+2. _Karle in domno sit._
+3.  Karle en dam seit.
+4. _Carlo sai in damn._
+5.  Carl in damn sia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+# No. II. The first Paragraph of the Laws of William the Conqueror. #
+
+
+1. The Latin translation.
+2. The French original.
+3. A translation into the Romansh of both dialects.
+
+
+1. Hae sunt Leges et Consuetudines quas Willelmus Rex
+2. _Ce sont les Leis et les Custumes que li Reis William grantut_
+3. Que sun las Leias e'ls Custums que il Rei Willelm ga-
+
+1. concessit toto populo Angliæ post subactam terram
+2. _a tut le peuple de Engleterre aprés le conquest de la terre_
+3. rantit a tut il poevel d'Engelterra dapo il conquist della
+
+1. Eædem sut quas Edwardus Rex Cognatus ejus obser-
+2. _Ice les meismes que la Reis Edward sun Cosin tint_
+3. terra. E sun las medemas que il Rei Edward su cusrin
+
+1. vavit ante eum. Scilicet: Pax Sanctæ Ecclesiæ,
+2. _devant lui. Co est a saveir: Pais a Sainte Eglise_,
+3. tenet avant el. Co es da savir: Pæsh alla Sainta Ba-
+
+1. cujuscunque forisfacturae quis reus sit hoc tempore, et
+2. _de quel forfait que home out fait en cel tens, et_
+3. selg.[BN] da quel sfarfatt que om a fatt en que tem, et
+
+1. venire potest ad sanctum: Ecclesiam, pacem habeat vitae
+2. _il pout venir a sainte Eglise, out pais de vie_
+3. il pout venir alla Sainta Baselga, haun pæsh da vitta
+
+1. et membri. Et si quis injecerit manum in eum qui
+2. _et de membre. E se alquons meist main en celui qui_
+3. et da members. E si alcun metta man a quel que la
+
+1. matrem Ecclesiam quaesierit, sive sit Abbatia sive
+2. _la mere Eglise requireit, se ceo fust u Abbeie u_
+3. mamma Baselga requira, qu'ella fuss Abbatia u
+
+1. Ecclesia religionis, reddat eum quem abstulerit et
+2. _Eglise de religion, rendist ce que il javereit pris_
+3. Baselga da religiun, renda que qu'el savares prais, et
+
+1. centum solides nomine forisfacturae, et matri Ecclesiae
+2. _e cent sols de forfait, e de Mer Eglise de_
+3. cent solds da sfarfatt, et alla mamma Baselga da
+
+1. parochiali 20 solidos, et capellae 10 solidos: Et qui fregerit
+2. _paroisse 20 solds, e de Chapelle 10 solds; E que enfraiant_
+3. parochia 20 solds, e da capella 10 solds: E que in frignand
+
+1. pacem Regis in Merchenelega 100 solidis emendet;
+2. _la pais le Rei en Merchenelae 100 solds les amendes;_
+3. la pæsh del Rei in Merchenelae 100 solds d'amenda;
+
+1. similiter de compensatione homicidii et de insidiis
+2. _altresi de Heinfare e de aweit_
+3. altresi della compensatiun del omicidi et insidias
+
+1. præcogitatis.
+2. _purpensed_.
+4. perpensadas.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Footnote A: This is rather a trivial name; but the dialect has no other
+distinctive appellation.]
+
+[Footnote B: Tschudi, Rhæt. Descrip. p. 43, MERIN Topogr. Helvet. p.
+64.]
+
+[Footnote C: Sprecher, Simler, Tschudi, Scheuchzer. Campell's Chronicle
+is looked upon as the most authentic and circumstantial; but there being
+only a few manuscript copies of it extant in the hands of private
+persons in the Grisons, I have not been able to avail myself of his
+researches. Guller and Stumpfius might also have furnished some material
+information; but neither of them have I had an opportunity of
+inspecting.]
+
+[Footnote D: Liv. lib. v. c. 34.]
+
+[Footnote E: Other authors place the reign of this king 180 years
+earlier.]
+
+[Footnote F: Plin. lib. iii. c. 5. Justin. lib. xx. c. 5.]
+
+[Footnote G: Cluver, Ital. Antiq. lib. i. c. 14.]
+
+[Footnote H: A spurious derivation from the verb [Greek: leipo].]
+
+[Footnote I: Probably by them pronounced _Tomiliasca_, the name it now
+bears.]
+
+[Footnote J: _Tusis_ (Tuscia) and in Italian _Tosana_, the principal
+place; _Rhealta_ (Rhetia alta); _Rheambs_ (Rhetia ampla); _Rhazunz_
+(Rhetia ima); and above twelve other castles, the remains of which are
+now to be seen in the valley _Tomiliasca_.]
+
+[Footnote K: In some communities there are fourteen jurors besides the
+Landamman.]
+
+[Footnote L: Serv. in Æneid. lib. viii. 65. lib. x. 202. Sprech. Pall.
+Rhæt p. 9. Siml. Rep. Helv. p. 281. ed. 1735.]
+
+[Footnote M: Liv. lib. v. c. 33.]
+
+[Footnote N: Sprech. p. 214. Mer. l. c.]
+
+[Footnote O: _En Code Ino_, perhaps the vulgar Roman phrase expressing
+_In Capite Oeni_. There are other etymologies, but all equally
+uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote P: Sprech. p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote Q: _Lavin_ (Lavinium), _Sus_ (Susa), _Zernetz_ (Cerneto),
+_Ardetz_ (Ardea), &c.]
+
+[Footnote R: Sprech. p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote S: A parallel instance of the formation of a language by Roman
+colonies is the idiom of Moldavia; which, according to Prince Cantemir's
+account of that country, has still many traces of its Latin origin, and
+which, though engrafted upon the Dacian, and since upon the Sclavonian
+dialects of the Celtic, may still be considered as a sister language to
+that I am, here treating of.]
+
+[Footnote T: Videre Rhaeti bella _sub_ Alpibus
+Drusum gerentem et Vindelici. HOR. lib. 4. Od. iv.
+------------- immanesque Rhaetos
+Auspiciis _repulit_ secundis. Ibid. Od. xiv.
+Fundat ab extremo flavos aquilone Suevos
+Albis, et _indomitum Rheni Caput_. Luc. lib. ii. 52.
+------------- Rhenumque minacem
+_Cornibus infractis_. CLAUD. Laud. Stilich. lib. i. 220.]
+
+[Footnote U: Horten. in Lucan, p. 163. edit. 1578. fol.]
+
+[Footnote V: Sprech. p. 18. &c.]
+
+[Footnote W: Strabo, lib. IV, sub. fin. Cluver. Ital. vet. lib. I. c.
+16.]
+
+[Footnote X: _Julius Mons_, Scheuchzer Iter. Alp. p. 114.]
+
+[Footnote Y:
+Rhaetica nunc praebent Thraciaque arma metum.
+                                        OVID. Trist.
+lib. ii. 226. Devota morti pectora liberae.
+                                        HOR. 4. lib. Od. xiv.]
+
+[Footnote Z: Sprech. p. 52-55.]
+
+[Footnote AA: Sprech. p. 58.]
+
+[Footnote AB: This privilege has at times been waved; but never without
+some plausible pretence, and a formal rescript acknowledging the
+exclusive right.]
+
+[Footnote AC: The League _Cadéa_, or of the _House of God_, so called
+from the cathedral of the bishopric of Coire, which is situated in its
+capital.]
+
+[Footnote AD: Canitie griseoque amictu venerandi.--Memores adhuc antiquae
+libertatis. Sprech. p. 189.]
+
+[Footnote AE: The following barbarous distich is sometimes inscribed on
+the arms of the three leagues. Foedera sunt cana, cana fides, cana
+libertas: Haec tria sub uno continentur corpore Rhaeto.]
+
+[Footnote AF: See Dr. Percy's preface to his translation of Mallet's
+Northern Antiquities, p. xxii. where this question is more amply
+discussed.]
+
+[Footnote AG: Conf. Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 608.]
+
+[Footnote AH: Bonamy, v. Mem. des Inscrip. l. c.]
+
+[Footnote AI: _Tapferdà_, Trapferkeit, Bravery; _Nardà_, Narheit, Folly;
+_Klinot_, Kleinod, a Jewel; _Graf_, Graf, a Count; _Baur_, Baur, a
+Peasant, &c.]
+
+[Footnote AJ: Rivet, Hist. Litt. de la France, tom. vii. p. 1. et seq.]
+
+[Footnote AK: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 594.]
+
+[Footnote AL: Bullet, Mem. de la Langue Celtique, tom. i. p. 23.]
+
+[Footnote AM: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 603.]
+
+[Footnote AN: Mem. des. Inscrip. tom. xv. p. 575. et seq.]
+
+[Footnote AO: Praef. Gloss. n. xiii.]
+
+[Footnote AP: Du Chesne, Hist. Franc. tom. ii. p. 374.]
+
+[Footnote AQ: No. I.]
+
+[Footnote AR: Eloq. Ital. p. 44.]
+
+[Footnote AS: Fidei commissa quocunque Sermone relinqui possunt, non
+solum _Latino_ vel Graeco, sed etiam Punico vel _Gallicano_. Digest. l.
+xxii. tit. 1. sec. 11.
+
+Tu autem vel _Celtice_, vel si mavis _Gallice_, loquere. Sulp. Sev.
+Dial, i, sec. 6. sub sin.]
+
+[Footnote AT: Gallia Causidicos docuit facunda Britannos. Juv. Sat. xv.
+111.]
+
+[Footnote AU: William of Malmsb. l. ii. c. 4.]
+
+[Footnote AV: Ingulph. passim. Du Chesne, tom. iii.]
+
+[Footnote AW: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xvii. p. 179.]
+
+[Footnote AX: Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Sax.]
+
+[Footnote AY: Append. No, II.]
+
+[Footnote AZ: Praef. Gloss, n. xxi.]
+
+[Footnote BA: Fontanini, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote BB: Speron. Dial, passim.--Conf. Menage, Orig. della Ling
+Ital. voce Romanza.]
+
+[Footnote BC: Font. p. 17.]
+
+[Footnote BD: Murat. Scrip. Ital. tom. v. p. 255.]
+
+[Footnote BE: Ibid. tom. vii. p. 322.]
+
+[Footnote BF: Lib. iii.]
+
+[Footnote BG: Mabil. an. l. 64, n. 124.]
+
+[Footnote BH: Orozco, Tes. Castill. voce Romance--Conf. Crescimb. Volg.
+Poes. l. v. c. 1.]
+
+[Footnote BI: Act. Ben. Saec. 3. p. 2. p. 258.]
+
+[Footnote BJ: Raym. Montanero Chronica de Juan I.]
+
+[Footnote BK: Huet, Orig. des Rom. p. 126. ed. 1678.]
+
+[Footnote BL: P. 43, 44.]
+
+[Footnote BM: Hist. Litt. de la Fr. tom. vii. p. 22.]
+
+[Footnote BN: The word _Ecclesia_ being more modern in the Latin tongue
+than _Basilica_, the Romansh word _Baselga_ derived from the latter is
+an additional proof of the antiquity of this language.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Account of the Romansh Language
+by Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10069 ***
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #10069 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10069)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Account of the Romansh Language
+by Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S.
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Account of the Romansh Language
+       In a Letter to Sir John Pringle, Bart. P. R. S.
+
+Author: Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S.
+
+Release Date: November 12, 2003 [EBook #10069]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ACCOUNT OF THE ROMANSH LANGUAGE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Starner, Brett Koonce and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+[Handwriting: F. Druce, the gift of the author.]
+
+_An Account of the Romansh Language._
+
+_By Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S._
+
+_In a Letter to Sir John Pringle, Bart. P. R. S._
+
+[Handwriting: Phil. Trans. vol LXVI. A.D. 1776]
+
+                            British Museum,
+                            June 30, 1775.
+
+SIR,
+
+The Bible lately presented to the Royal Society by Count de Salis, being
+a version into a language as little attended to in this country, as it
+may appear curious to those who take pleasure in philological inquiries;
+I embrace this opportunity to communicate to you, and, with your
+approbation, to the Society, all that I have been able to collect
+concerning its history and present state.
+
+This language is called _Romansh_, and is now spoken in the most
+mountainous parts of the country of the Grisons, near the sources of the
+Rhine and the Inn. It consists of two main dialects; which, though
+partaking both of the above general name, differ however so widely as to
+constitute in a manner two distinct languages. Books are printed in both
+of them; and each, though it be universally understood in its respective
+district, is yet sub-divided into almost as many secondary dialects as
+there are villages in which it is spoken; which differ, however, but
+little except in the pronunciation. One of the main dialects, which is
+spoken in the Engadine, a valley extending from the source of the Inn to
+the frontiers of the Tyrolese, is by the inhabitants called _Ladin_. It
+admits of some variation, even in the books, according as they are
+printed either in the upper or the lower part of this province. The
+abovementioned Bible is in the dialect of the lower Engadine; which,
+however, is perfectly understood in the upper part of that province,
+where they use no other version. The other dialect, which is the
+language of the Grey, or Upper. League, is distinguished from the former
+by the name of _Cialover_:[A] and I must here observe, that in the very
+centre, and most inaccessible parts of this latter district, there are
+some villages situated in the narrow valleys, called Rheinwald,
+Cepina,[B] &c. in which a third language is spoken, more similar to the
+German than to either of the above idioms, although they be neither
+contiguous, nor have any great intercourse with the parts where the
+German is used.
+
+It being impossible to form any idea of the origin and progress of a
+language, without attending to the revolutions that may have contributed
+to its formation and subsequent variations; and this being particularly
+the case in the present instance, wherein no series of documents is
+extant to guide us in our researches; I shall briefly recapitulate the
+principal events which may have affected the language of the Grisons, as
+I find them related by authors of approved veracity.[C]
+
+Ambigatus, the first king of the Celtic Gaul upon record, who[D] about
+400[E] years before Christ, governed all the country situated between
+the Alps and the Pyrenaean mountains, sent out two formidable armies
+under the command of one of his nephews; one of whom, named Segovisius,
+forced his way into the heart of Germany: and the other, Bellovisius,
+having passed the Alps, penetrated into Italy as far as the settlements
+of the Tuscans, which at that time extended over the greatest part of
+the country now called Lombardy. These, and several other swarms of
+invaders whom the successes of the former soon after attracted, having
+totally subdued that country, built Milan, Verona, Brescia, and several
+other considerable towns, and governed with such tyrannic sway,
+especially over the nobility, whose riches they coveted and sought by
+every means to extort from them, that most of the principal families,
+joining under the conduct of Rhætus[F], one of the most distinguished
+personages among them, retired with the best part of their effects and
+attendants among the steepest mountains of the Alps, near the sources of
+the Rhine, into the district which is now called the Grey League.
+
+The motive of their flight, their civil deportment, and perhaps more so,
+the wealth they brought with them, procured them a favourable reception
+from the original inhabitants of that inhospitable region, who are
+mentioned by authors[G] as being a Celtic nation, fabulously conjectured
+from their name [Greek: leipontio][H] to have been left there by
+Hercules in his expedition into Spain.
+
+The new adventurers had no sooner climbed over the highest precipices,
+but thinking themselves secure from the pursuits of their rapacious
+enemies, they fixed in a valley which, from its great fertility in
+comparison of the country they had just passed, they called
+Domestica[I]. They intermixed with the old inhabitants, and built some
+towns and many castles, whose present names manifestly bespeak their
+origin.[J] They soon after spread all over the country, which took the
+name of Rhaetia from that of their leader; and introduced a form of
+government similar to their own, of which there are evident traces at
+this day, especially in the administration of justice; in which a
+_Laertes_ or president, now called landamman or ministral, together with
+twelve _Lucumones_[K] or jurors, determine all causes, both civil and
+criminal:[L] and Livy,[M] although he erroneously pretends that they
+retained none of their ancient customs, yet allows that they continued
+the use of their language, though somewhat adulterated by a mixture with
+that of the Aborigines.
+
+I must here interrupt the thread of this narration by observing, that
+the only way to account for the present use of a different language in
+the centre and most craggy parts of the Grey League, is by allowing that
+the Tuscans, who, from the delicacy of their constitutions and habits,
+were little able, and less inclined, to encounter the hardships of so
+severe a climate and so barren a soil, never attempted to mix with the
+original and more sturdy inhabitants of that unfavoured spot; but left
+them and their language, which could only be a Celtic idiom, in the
+primitive state in which they found them.[N]
+
+But to proceed;--several Roman families, dreading the fury of the
+Carthaginians under Hannibal, and perhaps, since during the rage of the
+civil wars, and the subsequent oppressive reigns, interior commotions
+and foreign invasions, forsook the Latium and Campania, and resorted for
+a peaceful enjoyment of their liberty, some into the islands where
+Venice now stands, and many into the mountains of the Grisons, where
+they chiefly fixed their residence in the Engadine,[O] as appears not
+only from the testimonies of authors,[P] but also from the names of
+several places and families which are evidently of Roman derivation.[Q]
+
+The inhabitants these emigrants found in that place of refuge could not
+but be a mixture of the Tuscans and original Lepontii; and the two
+languages which met upon this occasion must, at the very first, have had
+some affinity; as the Tuscan, which derived immediately from the Greek,
+is known to have had a great share in the formation of the Roman. But as
+it is generally observed, that the more polished people introduce their
+native tongue wherever they go to reside in any considerable numbers,
+the arrival of these successive colonies must gradually have produced a
+considerable change in the language of the country in which they
+settled;[R] and this change gave rise to the dialect since called Ladin,
+probably from the name of the mother country of its principal
+authors.[S]
+
+Although the name of _Romansh_, which the whole language bears, seems to
+be a badge of Roman servitude, yet the conquest of that nation, if ever
+effected, could not have produced a great alteration in a language which
+must already have been so similar to their own; and its general name may
+as well be attributed to the pacific as to the hostile Romans. But when
+we consider that a coalition of the two main dialects, which differ so
+far as not to be reciprocally understood, must have been the inevitable
+consequence of a total reduction; and that such a coalition is known
+never to have taken place, we may lay the greater stress upon the many
+passages of ancient authors,[T] in which it is implied that the boasted
+victories of the Romans over the Rhaeti, for which public honours had
+been decreed to L. Munatus, M. Anthony, Drusus, and Augustus, amounted
+to no more than frequent repulses of those hardy people into their
+mountains; out of which their want of sufficient room and sustenance,
+(which in our days drives considerable numbers into the services of
+foreign powers) compelled them at times to make desperate excursions in
+quest of necessaries. And we may also from these collected authorities
+be induced to give the greater credit to the commentator of Lucan,[U]
+and to the modern historians,[V] who positively assert, that the people
+living near the sources of the Rhine and the Inn were never totally
+subdued by the Roman arms; but only repelled in their attempts to harass
+their neighbours.
+
+This whole country, however, from its central situation, could not but
+be annumerated to one of the provinces of the empire; and accordingly we
+find that Rhaetia itself (which by the accounts of ancient
+geographers[W] appears to have extended its limits beyond the lake of
+Constance, Augsburg, and Trent, towards Germany, and to Como and Verona
+towards Italy) was formed into a Roman province, governed by a
+pro-consul or procurator, who resided at Augsburg; and that when in the
+year 119, the Emperor Adrian divided it into Rhaetia _prima_ and
+_secunda_, the governor of the former, in which the country I am now
+speaking of must have been comprized, took up his residence in two
+castles situated where Coire now stands, whilst the other continued his
+seat at Augsburg. But notwithstanding these appearances, no trace or
+monument of Roman servitude is to be met with in this district, except
+the ambiguous name of one mountain,[X] situated on the skirts of these
+highlands, and generally thought to have been the _non plus ultra_ of
+the Roman arms on the Italian side.
+
+From the difficulty those persevering veterans experienced in keeping
+this stubborn people in awe, I mean to infer that such strenuous
+asserters of their independence, whom the flattering pens of Ovid and
+Horace represent as formidable even to Augustus, and preferring death to
+the loss of their liberties,[Y] favoured by the natural strength and
+indigence of their country, were not very likely to be so far subdued by
+any foreign power inferior to the Roman, as to suffer any considerable
+revolution in their customs and language: for as to the irruptions of
+the Goths, Vandals, and Lombards, in the fifth and sixth centuries,
+besides a profound silence in history concerning any successful attempt
+of those barbarians upon this spot, it is scarce credible, that any of
+them should have either wished or endeavoured to settle in a country,
+perhaps far less hospitable than that which they had just forsaken,
+especially after they had opened to themselves a way into the fertile
+plains of Lombardy.
+
+Some stress must be laid upon this inference, as the history of what
+befel this country after the decline of the Roman empire is so
+intimately blended with that of Suabia, the Tyrolese, and the lower
+parts of the Grisons, which are known to have fallen to the share of the
+rising power of the Franks, that nothing positive can be drawn from
+authors as to the interior state of this small tract. The victory gained
+in the year 496 near Cologn, by Clovis I. king of the Franks, over the
+Alemanni, who had wrested from the Romans all the dominions on the
+northern side of the Alps; and the defeat of both Romans and Goths in
+Italy, in the year 549, by the treacherous arms of Theodebert king of
+Austrasia, whose dominions soon after devolved to the crown of France,
+necessarily gave the aspiring Merovingian race a great ascendency over
+all the countries surrounding the Grisons; and accordingly we find, that
+this district also was soon after, without any military effort,
+considered as part of the dominions of the reviving western empire. But
+it does not appear that those monarchs ever made any other use of their
+supremacy in these parts than, agreeably to the feudal system which they
+introduced, to constitute dukes, earls, presidents, and bailiffs, over
+Rhaetia; to grant out tenures upon the usual feudal terms; and
+consequently to levy forces in most of their military expeditions.
+
+It must, however, be observed, that these feudal substitutes were
+seldom, if ever, strangers: those who are upon record to the latter end
+of the eighth century, having all been chosen from among the nobility of
+the country.[Z] And that no foreign garrisons were ever maintained for
+any continuance of time in these parts, appears from a circumstance
+related by their annalists;[AA] who say, that an inroad of the Huns in
+670, when external forces would probably have been very acceptable to
+the natives, was repulsed merely by a concourse of the inhabitants.
+
+History continues to furnish us with proofs of the little connexion this
+people had with other nations in their domestic affairs, notwithstanding
+their dependance upon a foreign power. In the year 780, the Bishop of
+Coire, who by the constitution of that see can only be a native,[AB]
+obtained from Charlemain, besides many considerable honours and
+privileges in the empire, a grant of the supreme authority in this
+country, by the investiture of the office of hereditary president or
+bailiff over all Rhaetia. His successors not only enjoyed this
+prerogative to the extinction of the Carlovingian race of emperors in
+911; but received accumulated favours from other succeeding monarchs, as
+the bigoted devotion of those times or motives of interest prompted
+them. And so far did their munificence gradually extend, that the sole
+property of one of the three leagues[AC] was at one time vested in the
+hands of the bishop.
+
+This prelate and the nobles, the greatest part of whom became his
+retainers, availed themselves, like all the German princes, of the
+confusion, divisions, and interreigns which frequently distracted the
+empire in the succeeding centuries, in order to establish a firm and
+unlimited authority of their own. Henceforth the annals of this country
+furnish us with little more than catalogues of the bishops and dukes,
+who were still, at times, nominated by the emperors; and of the domains
+granted out by them to different indigenate families; with accounts of
+the atrocious cruelties exercised by these lords over their vassals; and
+with anecdotes of the prowess of the natives in several expeditions into
+Italy and Palestine, in which they still voluntarily accompanied the
+emperors.
+
+The repeated acts of tyranny exercised by those arbitrary despots, who
+had now shaken off all manner of restraint, at length exasperated the
+people into a general revolt, and brought on the confederacy; in which
+the bishop and most of the nobles were glad to join, in order to screen
+themselves from the fury of the insurgents.
+
+The first step towards this happy revolution was made by some _venerable
+old men dressed in the coarse grey cloth_ of the country, who in the
+year 1424 met privately in a wood near a place called Truns, in the
+Upper League; where, _impressed with a sense of their former
+liberties_,[AD] they determined to remonstrate against, and oppose, the
+violent proceedings of their oppressors. The abbot Dissentis was the
+first who countenanced their measures; their joint influence gradually
+prevailed over several of the most moderate among the nobles; and hence
+arose the league which, from the colour of its first promoters, was ever
+called the Grey League; which, from its being the first in the bold
+attempt to shake off the yoke of wanton tyranny, has ever since retained
+the pre-eminence in rank before the two other leagues; and which has
+even given its name to the whole country, whose inhabitants, from the
+circumstances of their deliverance, pride themselves in the appellation
+of _Grisones_, or the _grey-ones_.[AE] From this period nothing has ever
+affected their freedom and absolute independence, which they now enjoy
+in the most unlimited sense, in spite of the repeated efforts of the
+house of Austria to recover some degree of ascendency over them.
+
+From this concise view of the history of the Grisons, in which I have
+carefully guarded against favouring any particular hypothesis, it
+appears, that as no foreign nation ever gained any permanent footing in
+the most mountainous parts of this country since the establishment of
+the Tuscans and Romans, the language now spoken could never have
+suffered any considerable alterations from extraneous mixtures of modern
+languages. And to those who may object, that languages like all other
+human institutions will, though left to themselves, be inevitably
+affected by the common revolutions of time, I shall observe, that a
+language, in which no books are written, but which is only spoken by a
+people chiefly devoted to arms and agriculture, and consequently not
+cultivated by the criticisms of men of taste and learning, is by no
+means exposed to the vicissitudes of those that are polished by refined
+nations;[AF] and that, however paradoxical it may appear, it is
+nevertheless true, that the degeneracy of a language is more frequently
+to be attributed to an extravagant refinement than to the neglect of an
+illiterate people, unless indeed external causes interfere. May we not
+hence conclude, that as the Romansh has never been used in any regular
+composition in writing till the sixteenth century, nor affected by any
+foreign invasion or intimate connexion, it is not likely to have
+received any material change before the period of its being written? And
+we have the authority of the books since printed to prove, that it is at
+present the identical language that was spoken two hundred years ago.
+These arguments will receive additional weight from the proofs I shall
+hereafter give of the great affinity there is between the language as it
+is now spoken, and the Romance that was used in France nine centuries
+ago.
+
+When we further consider the facts I have above briefly related, the
+wonder will cease, that in a cluster of mountains, situated in the
+centre of Europe, a distinct language (not a dialect or jargon of those
+spoken by the contiguous nations, as has been generally imagined) should
+have maintained itself through a series of ages, in spite of the many
+revolutions which frequently changed the whole face of the adjacent
+countries. And indeed, so obstinately tenacious are these people of
+their independency, laws, customs, and consequently of their very
+language, that, as has been already observed, their form of government,
+especially in judicial matters, still bears evident marks of the ancient
+Tuscan constitution; and that, although they be frequently exposed to
+inconveniences from their stubbornness in this respect, they have not
+yet been prevailed upon to adopt the Gregorian reformation of the
+calendar.
+
+As to the nature of this language, it may now be advanced, with some
+degree of confidence, that the _Cialover_ owes it origin to a mixture of
+the Tuscan and of the dialect of the Celtic spoken by the Lepontii; and
+that the introduction of the vulgar Roman affected it in some degree,
+but particularly gave rise to the _Ladin_; the vocabulary of which, as
+any one may be convinced by inspecting a few lines of the bible, has a
+great affinity with that of the Latin tongue. But these assertions rest
+merely upon historical evidence; for as to the _Cialover_, all that it
+may have retained of the Tuscan or Roman, is so much disfigured by an
+uncouth pronunciation and a vague orthography, that all etymological
+inquiries are thereby rendered intricate and unsatisfactory. And as to
+the _Ladin_, although its derivation be more manifest, yet we are
+equally at a loss from what period or branch of the Latin tongue to
+trace its real origin; for I have found, after many tedious experiments,
+that even the vocabulary, in which the resemblance is most evident,
+differs equally from the classical purity of Tully, Caesar, and Sallust,
+as it does from the primitive Latin of the twelve tables, of Ennius, and
+the _columna rostralis_ of Duillius, which has generally been thought
+the parent of the Gallic Romance; as also from the trivial language of
+Varro, Vegetius, and Columella. May we not from this circumstance infer,
+that, as is the case in all vernacular tongues, the vulgar dialect of
+the Romans, the _sermo usualis, rusticus, pedestris_,[AG] of which there
+are no monuments extant, differed very widely both in pronunciation and
+construction from that which has at any time been used either in writing
+or in the senate?
+
+The grammatical variations, the syntax, and the genius of the language,
+must in this, as well as in several other modern European tongues, have
+been derived from the Celtic; it being well known, that the frequent use
+of articles, the distinction of cases by prepositions, the application
+of two auxiliaries in the conjugations, do by no means agree with the
+Latin turn of expression; although a late French academician[AH] who has
+taken great pains to prove that the Gallic Romance was solely derived
+from the Roman, quotes several instances in which even the most
+classical writers have in this respect offended the purity of that
+refined language. It cannot here be denied, that as new ideas always
+require new signs to express them, some foreign words, and perhaps
+phrases, must necessarily, from time to time, have insinuated themselves
+into the Romansh, by the military and some commercial intercourse of the
+Grisons with other nations; and this accounts for several modern German
+words which are now incorporated into the language of the Engadine.[AI]
+
+The little connexion there is in mountainous countries between the
+inhabitants of the different valleys, and the absolute independence of
+each jurisdiction in this district, which still lessens the frequency of
+their intercourse, also accounts, in a great measure, for the variety of
+secondary dialects subsisting in almost every different community or
+even village.
+
+The oldest specimens of writing in this language are some dramatical
+performances in verse upon scriptural subjects, which are extant only in
+manuscript. The Histories of Susanna, of the Prodigal Son, of Judith and
+Holofernes, and of Esther, are among the first; and are said to have
+been composed about the year 1560. The books that have since been
+printed are chiefly upon religious subjects; and among those that are
+not so, the only I have ever heard of are a small code of the laws of
+the country in the Cialover dialect, and an epitome of Sprecher's
+Chronicle, by Da Porta, in the Ladin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The language spoken in Gaul from the fifth to the twelfth centuries
+being evidently a mixture of the same Roman and Celtic ingredients, and
+partaking of the same name with those of the Grisons; it will, I hope,
+not be thought foreign to the subject of this letter, if I enter into a
+few particulars concerning it, as it seems to have been an essential
+part, or rather the trunk, of the language, the history of which I am
+endeavouring to elucidate.
+
+One of the many instances how little the laboured researches of
+philologists into the origin of languages are to be depended upon, is
+the variety of opinions entertained by French authors concerning the
+formation of the Gallic Romance. A learned Benedictine[AJ] first starts
+the conjecture, and then maintains it against the attacks of an
+anonymous writer, that the vulgar Latin became the universal language of
+Gaul immediately after Caesar's conquest, and that its corruption, with
+very little mixture of the original language of the country, gradually
+produced the Romance towards the eighth century. Bonamy,[AK] on the
+other hand, is of opinion, that soon after that conquest, a corruption
+of vulgar Latin by the Celtic formed the Romance, which he takes to be
+the language always meant by authors when they speak of the _Lingua
+Romana_ used in Gaul. The author of the Celtic Dictionary[AL] tells us,
+that the Romance is derived from the _Latin_, the _Celtic_, which he
+more frequently calls Gallic, and the _Teutonic_; in admitting of which
+latter he deviates from most other authors,[AM] who deny that the
+Teutonic had any share in the composition of the Romance, since the
+Franks found it already established when they entered Gaul, and were
+long before they could prevail upon their new subjects to adopt any part
+of their own mother tongue, which however appears to have been
+afterwards instrumental in the formation of the modern French.
+Duclos,[AN] guided, I imagine, by du Cange,[AO] whose opinion appears to
+be the most sober and best authenticated, maintains that the vulgar
+Latin was undoubtedly the foundation of the Romance; but that much of
+the Celtic gradually insinuated itself in spite of the policy of the
+Romans, who never failed to use all their endeavours in order to
+establish their language wherever they spread their arms.
+
+Among this variety of conjectures and acute controversies, I find it
+however agreed on all hands, that the vocabulary of the Roman, and the
+idiom of the Celtic, have chiefly contributed to the formation of the
+Gallic, Romance, which is sufficient to prove that it partakes of a
+common origin with that of the Grisons.
+
+There are incontestable proofs that this language was once universal all
+over France; and that this, and not immediately the Latin, has been the
+parent of the Provençal, and afterwards of the modern French, the
+Italian, and the Spanish. The oath taken by Lewis the Germanic, in the
+year 842, in confirmation of an alliance between him and Charles the
+Bald his brother, is a decisive proof of the general use of the Romance
+by the whole French nation at that time, and of their little knowledge
+of the Teutonic, which being the native tongue of Lewis, would certainly
+have been used by him, in this oath, had it been understood by the
+French to whom he addressed himself. But Nithardus,[AP] a contemporary
+writer and near relation to the contracting parties, informs us, that
+Lewis took the oath in the Romance language, in order that it might be
+understood by the French nobility who were the subjects of Charles; and
+that they, in their turn, entered into reciprocal engagements in _their
+own language_, which the same author again declares to have been the
+Romance, and not the Teutonic; although one would imagine that, had they
+at all understood this latter tongue, they could not but have used it
+upon this occasion, in return for the condescension of Lewis.
+
+As a comparison between this language and the Romansh of the Grisons
+cannot be considered as a mere object of curiosity, but may also serve
+to corroborate the proofs I have above alleged of the antiquity of the
+latter, I have annexed in the appendix,[AQ] a translation of this oath
+into the language of Engadine, which approaches nearest to it; although
+I must observe, that there are in the other dialect some words which
+have a still greater affinity with the language of the oath, as appears
+by another translation I have procured, in which both dialects are
+indifferently used. To prevent any doubts concerning the veracity of
+these translations, I must here declare, that I am indebted for them,
+and for several anecdotes concerning that language, to a man of letters,
+who is a native and has long been an inhabitant of the Grisons, and is
+lately come to reside in London. I have added to this comparative view
+of those two languages, the Latin words from which both seem to have
+been derived; and, as a proof of the existence of the Gallic Romance in
+France down to the twelfth century, I have also subjoined the words used
+in that kingdom at that period, as they are given us by the author of
+the article _(Langue) Romane_, in the French Encyclopedie.
+
+To the comparison of the two Romances, and the similarity of their
+origin, I may now with confidence add the authority of Fontanini[AR] to
+prove, that they are one and the same language. This author, speaking of
+the ancient Gallic Romance, asserts that it is now spoken in the country
+of the Grisons; though, not attending to the variety of dialects, some
+of which have certainly nothing of the Italian, he supposes it to have
+been altogether adulterated by a mixture of that modern tongue.
+
+Whilst the Grisons neglected to improve their language, and rejected, or
+indeed were out of the reach of every refinement it might have derived
+from polished strangers, the taste and fertile genius of the
+Troubadours, fostered by the countenance and elegance of the brilliant
+courts and splendid nobility of Provence, did not long leave theirs in
+the rough state in which we find it in the ninth century. But the change
+having been gradual and almost imperceptible, the French historians have
+fixed no epocha for the transition of the Romance into the Provençal.
+That the former language had not received any considerable alteration in
+the twelfth Century may be gathered from the comparison in the appendix:
+and, that it still bore the same name, appears from the titles of
+several books which are said to have been written in, or translated
+into, the Romance. But though mention is made of that name even after
+this aera, yet upon examining impartially what is given us for that
+language in this period, it will be found so different from the Romance
+of the ninth century, that to trace it any further would be both a vain
+and an extravagant pursuit.
+
+Admitting, however, the universal use of the Romance all over France
+down to the twelfth century, which no French author has yet doubted or
+denied; and allowing that what the writers of those times say of the
+Gallic is to be understood of the Romance, as appears from chronological
+proofs, and the expressions of several authors prior to the fifth
+century;[AS] who, by distinguishing the _Gallic_ both from the _Latin_
+and the _Celtic_, plainly indicate that they thereby mean the Romance,
+those being the only three languages which, before the invasion of the
+Franks, could possibly have been spoken, or even understood in Gaul:
+admitting these premises, I say, it necessarily follows, that the
+language introduced into England under Alfred, and afterwards more
+universally established by Edward the Confessor, and William the
+Conqueror, must have been an emanation of the Romance, very near akin to
+that of the abovementioned oath, and consequently to that which is now
+spoken in the Alps.
+
+The intercourse between Britain and Gaul is known to have been of a very
+early date; for even in the first century we find, that the British
+lawyers derived the greatest part of their knowledge from those of the
+continent;[AT] while on the other hand, the Gallic Druids are known to
+have resorted to Britain for instruction in their mysterious rites. The
+Britons, therefore, could not be totally ignorant of the Gallic
+language. And hence it will appear, that Grimbald, John, and the other
+doctors introduced by Alfred,[AU] could find no great difficulty in
+propagating their native tongue in this island; which tongue, at that
+interval of time, could only be the true Romance, since they were
+contemporaries with Lewis the Germanic.
+
+That the Romance was almost universally understood in this kingdom under
+Edward the Confessor, it being not only used at court, but frequently at
+the bar, and even sometimes in the pulpit, is a fact too well known and
+attested[AV] to need my further authenticating it with superfluous
+arguments and testimonies.
+
+Duclos, in his History of the Gallic' Romance,[AW] gives the
+abovementioned oath of Lewis as the first monument of that language. The
+second he mentions is the code of laws of William the Conqueror,[AX]
+whom the least proficient in the English history knows to have rendered
+his language almost universal in this kingdom. How little progress it
+had yet made towards the modern French; and how great an affinity it
+still bore with the present Romansh of the Grisons, will appear from the
+annexed translation of the first paragraph of these laws into the latter
+tongue.[AY]
+
+If we may credit Du Cange,[AZ] who grounds his assertion upon various
+instruments of the kings of Scotland during the twelfth century, the
+Romance had also penetrated into that kingdom before that period.
+
+The same corruption, or coalescence, which gave rise to the Gallic
+Romance, and to that of the Grisons, must also have produced in Italy a
+language, if not perfectly similar, at least greatly approaching to
+those two idioms. Nor did it want its northern nations to contribute
+what the two other branches derived from that source.[BA] But be the
+origin what it will, certain it is, that a jargon very different from
+either the Latin or the Italian was spoken in Italy from the time of the
+irruptions of the barbarians to the successful labours of Dante and
+Petrarca; that this jargon was usually called the _vulgar idiom_; but
+that Speroni,[BB] the father of an Italian literature, and others,
+frequently call it the _common Italian Romance_. And if Fontanini's[BC]
+authorities be sufficient, it appears that even the Gallic Romance, by
+the residence of the papal court at Avignon, and from other causes, made
+its way into Italy before it was polished into the Provençal.
+
+As to Naples and Sicily, the expulsion of the Saracens by the Normans,
+under Robert Guiscard in 1059, must have produced in that country nearly
+the same effect, a similar event soon after brought about in England.
+And in fact we have the authority of William of Apulia[BD] to prove,
+that the conquerors used all their efforts to propagate their language
+and manners among the natives, that they might ever after be considered
+only as one people. And Hugo Falcland[BE] relates, that in the year
+1150, Count Henry refused to take upon him the management of public
+affairs, under pretence of not knowing the language of the French;
+which, he adds, was absolutely necessary at court.
+
+That the language of the Romans penetrated very early into Spain,
+appears most evidently from a passage in Strabo,[BF] who asserts that
+the Turditani inhabiting the banks of the Boetis, now the Guadalquivir,
+forgot their original tongue, and adopted that of the conquerors. That
+the Romance was used there in the fourteenth century appears from a
+correspondence between St. Vincent of Ferrieres and Don Martin, son of
+Peter the IVth of Arragon;[BG] and that this language must once have
+been common in that kingdom appears manifestly from the present name of
+the Spanish, which is still usually called Romance.[BH] These
+circumstances considered, I am not so much inclined to discredit a fact
+related by Mabillon,[BI] who says, that in the eighth century a
+paralytic Spaniard, on paying his devotions at the tomb of a saint in
+the church of Fulda, conversed with a monk of that abbey, who, _because
+he was an Italian_, understood the language of the Spaniard. Neither
+does an oral tradition I heard some times ago appear so absurd to me, as
+it did when it was first related to me, which says, that two Catalonians
+travelling over the Alps, were not a little surprized when they came
+into the Grison country, to find that their native tongue was understood
+by the inhabitants, and that they could comprehend most of the language
+of that district.
+
+This universality of the Romance in the French dominions during the
+eleventh century, also accounts for its introduction in Palestine and
+many other parts of the Levant by Godfrey de Bouillon, and the multitude
+of adventurers who engaged under him in the Crusade. The assizes of
+Jerusalem, and those of Cyprus, are standing monuments of the footing
+that language had obtained in those parts; and if we may trust a Spanish
+historian of some reputation[BJ] who resided in Greece in the thirteenth
+century, the Athenians and the inhabitants of Morea spoke at that time
+the same language that was used in France. And there is great reason to
+imagine, that the affinity the _Lingua Franca_ bears to the French and
+Italian is intirely to be derived from the Romance, which was once
+commonly used in the ports of the Levant. The heroic atchievements and
+gallantry of the knights of the cross also gave rise to the swarm of
+fabulous narratives; which, though not an invention of those days, were
+yet, from the name of the language in which they were written, ever
+after distinguished by the appellation of _Romances_.[BK]
+
+I shall now conclude this letter by observing, that far from presuming
+that the Romance has been preserved so near its primitive state only in
+the country of the Grisons, there is great reason to suppose that it
+still exists in several other remote and unfrequented parts. When
+Fontanini informs us[BL] that the ancient Romance is now spoken in the
+country of the Grisons, he adds, that it is also the common dialect of
+the Friulese, and of some districts in Savoy bordering upon Dauphiné.
+And Rivet[BM] seriously undertakes to prove, that the Patois of several
+parts of the Limousin, Quercy, and Auvergne (which in fact agrees
+singularly with the _Romansh_ of the Grisons) is the very Romance of
+eight centuries ago. Neither do I doubt, but what some inquisitive
+traveller might still meet with manifest traces of it in many parts of
+the Pyrenaeans and other mountainous regions of Spain, where the Moors
+and other invaders have never penetrated.
+
+I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+# No. I. Oath of Lewis the Germanic. #
+
+
+1. Latin from which the Romances are derived.
+2. Gallic Romance in which the oath was taken.
+3. French of the twelfth century.
+4. Romansh of Engadine, called Ladin.
+5. Romansh of both dialects.
+
+
+1.  Pro Dei amore, et pro Christiano populo, et nostro
+2. _Pro Deu amur, et pro Christian poblo, et nostro_
+3.  Por Deu amor, et por Christian people, et nostre
+4. _Per amur da Dieu, et per il Christian poevel, et noss_
+5.  Pro l'amur da Deus, et pro il Christian pobel, et nost
+
+1.  communi salvamento, de ista die in abante, in quan-
+2. _commun salvament, d'ist di en avant, in quant_
+3.  commun salvament, de ste di en avant, en quant
+4. _commun salvament, da quist di in avant, in quant_
+5.  commun salvament, d'ist di en avant, in quant
+
+1.tum Deus sapere et posse mihi donat, sic salvabo ego
+2.   _Deus savir et podir me dunat, si salvarai io_
+3.    Deu saveir et poïr me donne, si salvarai je
+4.   _Dieu savair et podair m'duna, shi salvaro ei_
+5.    Deus savir et podir m'dunat, shi salvaro io
+
+1.  eccistum meum fratrem Karlum, et in adjutum ero
+2. _cist meon fradre Karlo, et in adjudab er_
+3.  cist mon frere Karle, et en adjude serai
+4. _quist mieu frær Carlo, et in adgiud li saro_
+5.  quist meu frad'r Carl, et in adjudh saro
+
+1.  in quaque una causa, sic quomodo homo per directum
+2. _in cadhuna cosa, si cum on per dreit_
+3.  en cascune cose, si cum on per dreict
+4. _in chiaduna chiossa, shi seho l'hom per drett_
+5.  in caduna cosa, si com om per drett
+
+1.  suum fratrem salvare debet, in hoc quod ille mihi
+2. _son fardre salvar dist, in o quid il me_
+3.  son frere salver dist, en o qui il me
+4. _sieu frær salvar d'uess, in que chél a mi_
+5.  seu frad'r salvar dess, in que chél me
+
+1.  alterum sic faceret; et ab Lothario nullum placitum
+2. _altresi fazet; et ab Laudher nul plaid_
+3.  altresi fascet; et a Lothaire nul plaid
+4. _altresi fadschess; et da Lothar mai non paendrò io un_
+5.  altresi fazess; et da Lothar nul plaid mai
+
+1.  nunquam prehendam quod meo volle eccisti meo fratri
+2. _nunquam prindrai qui meon vol cist meon fradre_
+3.  nonques prendrai qui par mon voil a cist mon frere
+4. _plæd che con mieu volair a quist mieu frær_
+5.  non prendro che con meu voler a quist meu frad'r
+
+1.  Karlo in damno sit.
+2. _Karle in domno sit._
+3.  Karle en dam seit.
+4. _Carlo sai in damn._
+5.  Carl in damn sia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+# No. II. The first Paragraph of the Laws of William the Conqueror. #
+
+
+1. The Latin translation.
+2. The French original.
+3. A translation into the Romansh of both dialects.
+
+
+1. Hae sunt Leges et Consuetudines quas Willelmus Rex
+2. _Ce sont les Leis et les Custumes que li Reis William grantut_
+3. Que sun las Leias e'ls Custums que il Rei Willelm ga-
+
+1. concessit toto populo Angliæ post subactam terram
+2. _a tut le peuple de Engleterre aprés le conquest de la terre_
+3. rantit a tut il poevel d'Engelterra dapo il conquist della
+
+1. Eædem sut quas Edwardus Rex Cognatus ejus obser-
+2. _Ice les meismes que la Reis Edward sun Cosin tint_
+3. terra. E sun las medemas que il Rei Edward su cusrin
+
+1. vavit ante eum. Scilicet: Pax Sanctæ Ecclesiæ,
+2. _devant lui. Co est a saveir: Pais a Sainte Eglise_,
+3. tenet avant el. Co es da savir: Pæsh alla Sainta Ba-
+
+1. cujuscunque forisfacturae quis reus sit hoc tempore, et
+2. _de quel forfait que home out fait en cel tens, et_
+3. selg.[BN] da quel sfarfatt que om a fatt en que tem, et
+
+1. venire potest ad sanctum: Ecclesiam, pacem habeat vitae
+2. _il pout venir a sainte Eglise, out pais de vie_
+3. il pout venir alla Sainta Baselga, haun pæsh da vitta
+
+1. et membri. Et si quis injecerit manum in eum qui
+2. _et de membre. E se alquons meist main en celui qui_
+3. et da members. E si alcun metta man a quel que la
+
+1. matrem Ecclesiam quaesierit, sive sit Abbatia sive
+2. _la mere Eglise requireit, se ceo fust u Abbeie u_
+3. mamma Baselga requira, qu'ella fuss Abbatia u
+
+1. Ecclesia religionis, reddat eum quem abstulerit et
+2. _Eglise de religion, rendist ce que il javereit pris_
+3. Baselga da religiun, renda que qu'el savares prais, et
+
+1. centum solides nomine forisfacturae, et matri Ecclesiae
+2. _e cent sols de forfait, e de Mer Eglise de_
+3. cent solds da sfarfatt, et alla mamma Baselga da
+
+1. parochiali 20 solidos, et capellae 10 solidos: Et qui fregerit
+2. _paroisse 20 solds, e de Chapelle 10 solds; E que enfraiant_
+3. parochia 20 solds, e da capella 10 solds: E que in frignand
+
+1. pacem Regis in Merchenelega 100 solidis emendet;
+2. _la pais le Rei en Merchenelae 100 solds les amendes;_
+3. la pæsh del Rei in Merchenelae 100 solds d'amenda;
+
+1. similiter de compensatione homicidii et de insidiis
+2. _altresi de Heinfare e de aweit_
+3. altresi della compensatiun del omicidi et insidias
+
+1. præcogitatis.
+2. _purpensed_.
+4. perpensadas.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Footnote A: This is rather a trivial name; but the dialect has no other
+distinctive appellation.]
+
+[Footnote B: Tschudi, Rhæt. Descrip. p. 43, MERIN Topogr. Helvet. p.
+64.]
+
+[Footnote C: Sprecher, Simler, Tschudi, Scheuchzer. Campell's Chronicle
+is looked upon as the most authentic and circumstantial; but there being
+only a few manuscript copies of it extant in the hands of private
+persons in the Grisons, I have not been able to avail myself of his
+researches. Guller and Stumpfius might also have furnished some material
+information; but neither of them have I had an opportunity of
+inspecting.]
+
+[Footnote D: Liv. lib. v. c. 34.]
+
+[Footnote E: Other authors place the reign of this king 180 years
+earlier.]
+
+[Footnote F: Plin. lib. iii. c. 5. Justin. lib. xx. c. 5.]
+
+[Footnote G: Cluver, Ital. Antiq. lib. i. c. 14.]
+
+[Footnote H: A spurious derivation from the verb [Greek: leipo].]
+
+[Footnote I: Probably by them pronounced _Tomiliasca_, the name it now
+bears.]
+
+[Footnote J: _Tusis_ (Tuscia) and in Italian _Tosana_, the principal
+place; _Rhealta_ (Rhetia alta); _Rheambs_ (Rhetia ampla); _Rhazunz_
+(Rhetia ima); and above twelve other castles, the remains of which are
+now to be seen in the valley _Tomiliasca_.]
+
+[Footnote K: In some communities there are fourteen jurors besides the
+Landamman.]
+
+[Footnote L: Serv. in Æneid. lib. viii. 65. lib. x. 202. Sprech. Pall.
+Rhæt p. 9. Siml. Rep. Helv. p. 281. ed. 1735.]
+
+[Footnote M: Liv. lib. v. c. 33.]
+
+[Footnote N: Sprech. p. 214. Mer. l. c.]
+
+[Footnote O: _En Code Ino_, perhaps the vulgar Roman phrase expressing
+_In Capite Oeni_. There are other etymologies, but all equally
+uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote P: Sprech. p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote Q: _Lavin_ (Lavinium), _Sus_ (Susa), _Zernetz_ (Cerneto),
+_Ardetz_ (Ardea), &c.]
+
+[Footnote R: Sprech. p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote S: A parallel instance of the formation of a language by Roman
+colonies is the idiom of Moldavia; which, according to Prince Cantemir's
+account of that country, has still many traces of its Latin origin, and
+which, though engrafted upon the Dacian, and since upon the Sclavonian
+dialects of the Celtic, may still be considered as a sister language to
+that I am, here treating of.]
+
+[Footnote T: Videre Rhaeti bella _sub_ Alpibus
+Drusum gerentem et Vindelici. HOR. lib. 4. Od. iv.
+------------- immanesque Rhaetos
+Auspiciis _repulit_ secundis. Ibid. Od. xiv.
+Fundat ab extremo flavos aquilone Suevos
+Albis, et _indomitum Rheni Caput_. Luc. lib. ii. 52.
+------------- Rhenumque minacem
+_Cornibus infractis_. CLAUD. Laud. Stilich. lib. i. 220.]
+
+[Footnote U: Horten. in Lucan, p. 163. edit. 1578. fol.]
+
+[Footnote V: Sprech. p. 18. &c.]
+
+[Footnote W: Strabo, lib. IV, sub. fin. Cluver. Ital. vet. lib. I. c.
+16.]
+
+[Footnote X: _Julius Mons_, Scheuchzer Iter. Alp. p. 114.]
+
+[Footnote Y:
+Rhaetica nunc praebent Thraciaque arma metum.
+                                        OVID. Trist.
+lib. ii. 226. Devota morti pectora liberae.
+                                        HOR. 4. lib. Od. xiv.]
+
+[Footnote Z: Sprech. p. 52-55.]
+
+[Footnote AA: Sprech. p. 58.]
+
+[Footnote AB: This privilege has at times been waved; but never without
+some plausible pretence, and a formal rescript acknowledging the
+exclusive right.]
+
+[Footnote AC: The League _Cadéa_, or of the _House of God_, so called
+from the cathedral of the bishopric of Coire, which is situated in its
+capital.]
+
+[Footnote AD: Canitie griseoque amictu venerandi.--Memores adhuc antiquae
+libertatis. Sprech. p. 189.]
+
+[Footnote AE: The following barbarous distich is sometimes inscribed on
+the arms of the three leagues. Foedera sunt cana, cana fides, cana
+libertas: Haec tria sub uno continentur corpore Rhaeto.]
+
+[Footnote AF: See Dr. Percy's preface to his translation of Mallet's
+Northern Antiquities, p. xxii. where this question is more amply
+discussed.]
+
+[Footnote AG: Conf. Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 608.]
+
+[Footnote AH: Bonamy, v. Mem. des Inscrip. l. c.]
+
+[Footnote AI: _Tapferdà_, Trapferkeit, Bravery; _Nardà_, Narheit, Folly;
+_Klinot_, Kleinod, a Jewel; _Graf_, Graf, a Count; _Baur_, Baur, a
+Peasant, &c.]
+
+[Footnote AJ: Rivet, Hist. Litt. de la France, tom. vii. p. 1. et seq.]
+
+[Footnote AK: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 594.]
+
+[Footnote AL: Bullet, Mem. de la Langue Celtique, tom. i. p. 23.]
+
+[Footnote AM: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 603.]
+
+[Footnote AN: Mem. des. Inscrip. tom. xv. p. 575. et seq.]
+
+[Footnote AO: Praef. Gloss. n. xiii.]
+
+[Footnote AP: Du Chesne, Hist. Franc. tom. ii. p. 374.]
+
+[Footnote AQ: No. I.]
+
+[Footnote AR: Eloq. Ital. p. 44.]
+
+[Footnote AS: Fidei commissa quocunque Sermone relinqui possunt, non
+solum _Latino_ vel Graeco, sed etiam Punico vel _Gallicano_. Digest. l.
+xxii. tit. 1. sec. 11.
+
+Tu autem vel _Celtice_, vel si mavis _Gallice_, loquere. Sulp. Sev.
+Dial, i, sec. 6. sub sin.]
+
+[Footnote AT: Gallia Causidicos docuit facunda Britannos. Juv. Sat. xv.
+111.]
+
+[Footnote AU: William of Malmsb. l. ii. c. 4.]
+
+[Footnote AV: Ingulph. passim. Du Chesne, tom. iii.]
+
+[Footnote AW: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xvii. p. 179.]
+
+[Footnote AX: Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Sax.]
+
+[Footnote AY: Append. No, II.]
+
+[Footnote AZ: Praef. Gloss, n. xxi.]
+
+[Footnote BA: Fontanini, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote BB: Speron. Dial, passim.--Conf. Menage, Orig. della Ling
+Ital. voce Romanza.]
+
+[Footnote BC: Font. p. 17.]
+
+[Footnote BD: Murat. Scrip. Ital. tom. v. p. 255.]
+
+[Footnote BE: Ibid. tom. vii. p. 322.]
+
+[Footnote BF: Lib. iii.]
+
+[Footnote BG: Mabil. an. l. 64, n. 124.]
+
+[Footnote BH: Orozco, Tes. Castill. voce Romance--Conf. Crescimb. Volg.
+Poes. l. v. c. 1.]
+
+[Footnote BI: Act. Ben. Saec. 3. p. 2. p. 258.]
+
+[Footnote BJ: Raym. Montanero Chronica de Juan I.]
+
+[Footnote BK: Huet, Orig. des Rom. p. 126. ed. 1678.]
+
+[Footnote BL: P. 43, 44.]
+
+[Footnote BM: Hist. Litt. de la Fr. tom. vii. p. 22.]
+
+[Footnote BN: The word _Ecclesia_ being more modern in the Latin tongue
+than _Basilica_, the Romansh word _Baselga_ derived from the latter is
+an additional proof of the antiquity of this language.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Account of the Romansh Language
+by Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S.
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Account of the Romansh Language
+by Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S.
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Account of the Romansh Language
+       In a Letter to Sir John Pringle, Bart. P. R. S.
+
+Author: Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S.
+
+Release Date: November 12, 2003 [EBook #10069]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ACCOUNT OF THE ROMANSH LANGUAGE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Starner, Brett Koonce and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+[Handwriting: F. Druce, the gift of the author.]
+
+_An Account of the Romansh Language._
+
+_By Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S._
+
+_In a Letter to Sir John Pringle, Bart. P. R. S._
+
+[Handwriting: Phil. Trans. vol LXVI. A.D. 1776]
+
+                            British Museum,
+                            June 30, 1775.
+
+SIR,
+
+The Bible lately presented to the Royal Society by Count de Salis, being
+a version into a language as little attended to in this country, as it
+may appear curious to those who take pleasure in philological inquiries;
+I embrace this opportunity to communicate to you, and, with your
+approbation, to the Society, all that I have been able to collect
+concerning its history and present state.
+
+This language is called _Romansh_, and is now spoken in the most
+mountainous parts of the country of the Grisons, near the sources of the
+Rhine and the Inn. It consists of two main dialects; which, though
+partaking both of the above general name, differ however so widely as to
+constitute in a manner two distinct languages. Books are printed in both
+of them; and each, though it be universally understood in its respective
+district, is yet sub-divided into almost as many secondary dialects as
+there are villages in which it is spoken; which differ, however, but
+little except in the pronunciation. One of the main dialects, which is
+spoken in the Engadine, a valley extending from the source of the Inn to
+the frontiers of the Tyrolese, is by the inhabitants called _Ladin_. It
+admits of some variation, even in the books, according as they are
+printed either in the upper or the lower part of this province. The
+abovementioned Bible is in the dialect of the lower Engadine; which,
+however, is perfectly understood in the upper part of that province,
+where they use no other version. The other dialect, which is the
+language of the Grey, or Upper. League, is distinguished from the former
+by the name of _Cialover_:[A] and I must here observe, that in the very
+centre, and most inaccessible parts of this latter district, there are
+some villages situated in the narrow valleys, called Rheinwald,
+Cepina,[B] &c. in which a third language is spoken, more similar to the
+German than to either of the above idioms, although they be neither
+contiguous, nor have any great intercourse with the parts where the
+German is used.
+
+It being impossible to form any idea of the origin and progress of a
+language, without attending to the revolutions that may have contributed
+to its formation and subsequent variations; and this being particularly
+the case in the present instance, wherein no series of documents is
+extant to guide us in our researches; I shall briefly recapitulate the
+principal events which may have affected the language of the Grisons, as
+I find them related by authors of approved veracity.[C]
+
+Ambigatus, the first king of the Celtic Gaul upon record, who[D] about
+400[E] years before Christ, governed all the country situated between
+the Alps and the Pyrenaean mountains, sent out two formidable armies
+under the command of one of his nephews; one of whom, named Segovisius,
+forced his way into the heart of Germany: and the other, Bellovisius,
+having passed the Alps, penetrated into Italy as far as the settlements
+of the Tuscans, which at that time extended over the greatest part of
+the country now called Lombardy. These, and several other swarms of
+invaders whom the successes of the former soon after attracted, having
+totally subdued that country, built Milan, Verona, Brescia, and several
+other considerable towns, and governed with such tyrannic sway,
+especially over the nobility, whose riches they coveted and sought by
+every means to extort from them, that most of the principal families,
+joining under the conduct of Rhaetus[F], one of the most distinguished
+personages among them, retired with the best part of their effects and
+attendants among the steepest mountains of the Alps, near the sources of
+the Rhine, into the district which is now called the Grey League.
+
+The motive of their flight, their civil deportment, and perhaps more so,
+the wealth they brought with them, procured them a favourable reception
+from the original inhabitants of that inhospitable region, who are
+mentioned by authors[G] as being a Celtic nation, fabulously conjectured
+from their name [Greek: leipontio][H] to have been left there by
+Hercules in his expedition into Spain.
+
+The new adventurers had no sooner climbed over the highest precipices,
+but thinking themselves secure from the pursuits of their rapacious
+enemies, they fixed in a valley which, from its great fertility in
+comparison of the country they had just passed, they called
+Domestica[I]. They intermixed with the old inhabitants, and built some
+towns and many castles, whose present names manifestly bespeak their
+origin.[J] They soon after spread all over the country, which took the
+name of Rhaetia from that of their leader; and introduced a form of
+government similar to their own, of which there are evident traces at
+this day, especially in the administration of justice; in which a
+_Laertes_ or president, now called landamman or ministral, together with
+twelve _Lucumones_[K] or jurors, determine all causes, both civil and
+criminal:[L] and Livy,[M] although he erroneously pretends that they
+retained none of their ancient customs, yet allows that they continued
+the use of their language, though somewhat adulterated by a mixture with
+that of the Aborigines.
+
+I must here interrupt the thread of this narration by observing, that
+the only way to account for the present use of a different language in
+the centre and most craggy parts of the Grey League, is by allowing that
+the Tuscans, who, from the delicacy of their constitutions and habits,
+were little able, and less inclined, to encounter the hardships of so
+severe a climate and so barren a soil, never attempted to mix with the
+original and more sturdy inhabitants of that unfavoured spot; but left
+them and their language, which could only be a Celtic idiom, in the
+primitive state in which they found them.[N]
+
+But to proceed;--several Roman families, dreading the fury of the
+Carthaginians under Hannibal, and perhaps, since during the rage of the
+civil wars, and the subsequent oppressive reigns, interior commotions
+and foreign invasions, forsook the Latium and Campania, and resorted for
+a peaceful enjoyment of their liberty, some into the islands where
+Venice now stands, and many into the mountains of the Grisons, where
+they chiefly fixed their residence in the Engadine,[O] as appears not
+only from the testimonies of authors,[P] but also from the names of
+several places and families which are evidently of Roman derivation.[Q]
+
+The inhabitants these emigrants found in that place of refuge could not
+but be a mixture of the Tuscans and original Lepontii; and the two
+languages which met upon this occasion must, at the very first, have had
+some affinity; as the Tuscan, which derived immediately from the Greek,
+is known to have had a great share in the formation of the Roman. But as
+it is generally observed, that the more polished people introduce their
+native tongue wherever they go to reside in any considerable numbers,
+the arrival of these successive colonies must gradually have produced a
+considerable change in the language of the country in which they
+settled;[R] and this change gave rise to the dialect since called Ladin,
+probably from the name of the mother country of its principal
+authors.[S]
+
+Although the name of _Romansh_, which the whole language bears, seems to
+be a badge of Roman servitude, yet the conquest of that nation, if ever
+effected, could not have produced a great alteration in a language which
+must already have been so similar to their own; and its general name may
+as well be attributed to the pacific as to the hostile Romans. But when
+we consider that a coalition of the two main dialects, which differ so
+far as not to be reciprocally understood, must have been the inevitable
+consequence of a total reduction; and that such a coalition is known
+never to have taken place, we may lay the greater stress upon the many
+passages of ancient authors,[T] in which it is implied that the boasted
+victories of the Romans over the Rhaeti, for which public honours had
+been decreed to L. Munatus, M. Anthony, Drusus, and Augustus, amounted
+to no more than frequent repulses of those hardy people into their
+mountains; out of which their want of sufficient room and sustenance,
+(which in our days drives considerable numbers into the services of
+foreign powers) compelled them at times to make desperate excursions in
+quest of necessaries. And we may also from these collected authorities
+be induced to give the greater credit to the commentator of Lucan,[U]
+and to the modern historians,[V] who positively assert, that the people
+living near the sources of the Rhine and the Inn were never totally
+subdued by the Roman arms; but only repelled in their attempts to harass
+their neighbours.
+
+This whole country, however, from its central situation, could not but
+be annumerated to one of the provinces of the empire; and accordingly we
+find that Rhaetia itself (which by the accounts of ancient
+geographers[W] appears to have extended its limits beyond the lake of
+Constance, Augsburg, and Trent, towards Germany, and to Como and Verona
+towards Italy) was formed into a Roman province, governed by a
+pro-consul or procurator, who resided at Augsburg; and that when in the
+year 119, the Emperor Adrian divided it into Rhaetia _prima_ and
+_secunda_, the governor of the former, in which the country I am now
+speaking of must have been comprized, took up his residence in two
+castles situated where Coire now stands, whilst the other continued his
+seat at Augsburg. But notwithstanding these appearances, no trace or
+monument of Roman servitude is to be met with in this district, except
+the ambiguous name of one mountain,[X] situated on the skirts of these
+highlands, and generally thought to have been the _non plus ultra_ of
+the Roman arms on the Italian side.
+
+From the difficulty those persevering veterans experienced in keeping
+this stubborn people in awe, I mean to infer that such strenuous
+asserters of their independence, whom the flattering pens of Ovid and
+Horace represent as formidable even to Augustus, and preferring death to
+the loss of their liberties,[Y] favoured by the natural strength and
+indigence of their country, were not very likely to be so far subdued by
+any foreign power inferior to the Roman, as to suffer any considerable
+revolution in their customs and language: for as to the irruptions of
+the Goths, Vandals, and Lombards, in the fifth and sixth centuries,
+besides a profound silence in history concerning any successful attempt
+of those barbarians upon this spot, it is scarce credible, that any of
+them should have either wished or endeavoured to settle in a country,
+perhaps far less hospitable than that which they had just forsaken,
+especially after they had opened to themselves a way into the fertile
+plains of Lombardy.
+
+Some stress must be laid upon this inference, as the history of what
+befel this country after the decline of the Roman empire is so
+intimately blended with that of Suabia, the Tyrolese, and the lower
+parts of the Grisons, which are known to have fallen to the share of the
+rising power of the Franks, that nothing positive can be drawn from
+authors as to the interior state of this small tract. The victory gained
+in the year 496 near Cologn, by Clovis I. king of the Franks, over the
+Alemanni, who had wrested from the Romans all the dominions on the
+northern side of the Alps; and the defeat of both Romans and Goths in
+Italy, in the year 549, by the treacherous arms of Theodebert king of
+Austrasia, whose dominions soon after devolved to the crown of France,
+necessarily gave the aspiring Merovingian race a great ascendency over
+all the countries surrounding the Grisons; and accordingly we find, that
+this district also was soon after, without any military effort,
+considered as part of the dominions of the reviving western empire. But
+it does not appear that those monarchs ever made any other use of their
+supremacy in these parts than, agreeably to the feudal system which they
+introduced, to constitute dukes, earls, presidents, and bailiffs, over
+Rhaetia; to grant out tenures upon the usual feudal terms; and
+consequently to levy forces in most of their military expeditions.
+
+It must, however, be observed, that these feudal substitutes were
+seldom, if ever, strangers: those who are upon record to the latter end
+of the eighth century, having all been chosen from among the nobility of
+the country.[Z] And that no foreign garrisons were ever maintained for
+any continuance of time in these parts, appears from a circumstance
+related by their annalists;[AA] who say, that an inroad of the Huns in
+670, when external forces would probably have been very acceptable to
+the natives, was repulsed merely by a concourse of the inhabitants.
+
+History continues to furnish us with proofs of the little connexion this
+people had with other nations in their domestic affairs, notwithstanding
+their dependance upon a foreign power. In the year 780, the Bishop of
+Coire, who by the constitution of that see can only be a native,[AB]
+obtained from Charlemain, besides many considerable honours and
+privileges in the empire, a grant of the supreme authority in this
+country, by the investiture of the office of hereditary president or
+bailiff over all Rhaetia. His successors not only enjoyed this
+prerogative to the extinction of the Carlovingian race of emperors in
+911; but received accumulated favours from other succeeding monarchs, as
+the bigoted devotion of those times or motives of interest prompted
+them. And so far did their munificence gradually extend, that the sole
+property of one of the three leagues[AC] was at one time vested in the
+hands of the bishop.
+
+This prelate and the nobles, the greatest part of whom became his
+retainers, availed themselves, like all the German princes, of the
+confusion, divisions, and interreigns which frequently distracted the
+empire in the succeeding centuries, in order to establish a firm and
+unlimited authority of their own. Henceforth the annals of this country
+furnish us with little more than catalogues of the bishops and dukes,
+who were still, at times, nominated by the emperors; and of the domains
+granted out by them to different indigenate families; with accounts of
+the atrocious cruelties exercised by these lords over their vassals; and
+with anecdotes of the prowess of the natives in several expeditions into
+Italy and Palestine, in which they still voluntarily accompanied the
+emperors.
+
+The repeated acts of tyranny exercised by those arbitrary despots, who
+had now shaken off all manner of restraint, at length exasperated the
+people into a general revolt, and brought on the confederacy; in which
+the bishop and most of the nobles were glad to join, in order to screen
+themselves from the fury of the insurgents.
+
+The first step towards this happy revolution was made by some _venerable
+old men dressed in the coarse grey cloth_ of the country, who in the
+year 1424 met privately in a wood near a place called Truns, in the
+Upper League; where, _impressed with a sense of their former
+liberties_,[AD] they determined to remonstrate against, and oppose, the
+violent proceedings of their oppressors. The abbot Dissentis was the
+first who countenanced their measures; their joint influence gradually
+prevailed over several of the most moderate among the nobles; and hence
+arose the league which, from the colour of its first promoters, was ever
+called the Grey League; which, from its being the first in the bold
+attempt to shake off the yoke of wanton tyranny, has ever since retained
+the pre-eminence in rank before the two other leagues; and which has
+even given its name to the whole country, whose inhabitants, from the
+circumstances of their deliverance, pride themselves in the appellation
+of _Grisones_, or the _grey-ones_.[AE] From this period nothing has ever
+affected their freedom and absolute independence, which they now enjoy
+in the most unlimited sense, in spite of the repeated efforts of the
+house of Austria to recover some degree of ascendency over them.
+
+From this concise view of the history of the Grisons, in which I have
+carefully guarded against favouring any particular hypothesis, it
+appears, that as no foreign nation ever gained any permanent footing in
+the most mountainous parts of this country since the establishment of
+the Tuscans and Romans, the language now spoken could never have
+suffered any considerable alterations from extraneous mixtures of modern
+languages. And to those who may object, that languages like all other
+human institutions will, though left to themselves, be inevitably
+affected by the common revolutions of time, I shall observe, that a
+language, in which no books are written, but which is only spoken by a
+people chiefly devoted to arms and agriculture, and consequently not
+cultivated by the criticisms of men of taste and learning, is by no
+means exposed to the vicissitudes of those that are polished by refined
+nations;[AF] and that, however paradoxical it may appear, it is
+nevertheless true, that the degeneracy of a language is more frequently
+to be attributed to an extravagant refinement than to the neglect of an
+illiterate people, unless indeed external causes interfere. May we not
+hence conclude, that as the Romansh has never been used in any regular
+composition in writing till the sixteenth century, nor affected by any
+foreign invasion or intimate connexion, it is not likely to have
+received any material change before the period of its being written? And
+we have the authority of the books since printed to prove, that it is at
+present the identical language that was spoken two hundred years ago.
+These arguments will receive additional weight from the proofs I shall
+hereafter give of the great affinity there is between the language as it
+is now spoken, and the Romance that was used in France nine centuries
+ago.
+
+When we further consider the facts I have above briefly related, the
+wonder will cease, that in a cluster of mountains, situated in the
+centre of Europe, a distinct language (not a dialect or jargon of those
+spoken by the contiguous nations, as has been generally imagined) should
+have maintained itself through a series of ages, in spite of the many
+revolutions which frequently changed the whole face of the adjacent
+countries. And indeed, so obstinately tenacious are these people of
+their independency, laws, customs, and consequently of their very
+language, that, as has been already observed, their form of government,
+especially in judicial matters, still bears evident marks of the ancient
+Tuscan constitution; and that, although they be frequently exposed to
+inconveniences from their stubbornness in this respect, they have not
+yet been prevailed upon to adopt the Gregorian reformation of the
+calendar.
+
+As to the nature of this language, it may now be advanced, with some
+degree of confidence, that the _Cialover_ owes it origin to a mixture of
+the Tuscan and of the dialect of the Celtic spoken by the Lepontii; and
+that the introduction of the vulgar Roman affected it in some degree,
+but particularly gave rise to the _Ladin_; the vocabulary of which, as
+any one may be convinced by inspecting a few lines of the bible, has a
+great affinity with that of the Latin tongue. But these assertions rest
+merely upon historical evidence; for as to the _Cialover_, all that it
+may have retained of the Tuscan or Roman, is so much disfigured by an
+uncouth pronunciation and a vague orthography, that all etymological
+inquiries are thereby rendered intricate and unsatisfactory. And as to
+the _Ladin_, although its derivation be more manifest, yet we are
+equally at a loss from what period or branch of the Latin tongue to
+trace its real origin; for I have found, after many tedious experiments,
+that even the vocabulary, in which the resemblance is most evident,
+differs equally from the classical purity of Tully, Caesar, and Sallust,
+as it does from the primitive Latin of the twelve tables, of Ennius, and
+the _columna rostralis_ of Duillius, which has generally been thought
+the parent of the Gallic Romance; as also from the trivial language of
+Varro, Vegetius, and Columella. May we not from this circumstance infer,
+that, as is the case in all vernacular tongues, the vulgar dialect of
+the Romans, the _sermo usualis, rusticus, pedestris_,[AG] of which there
+are no monuments extant, differed very widely both in pronunciation and
+construction from that which has at any time been used either in writing
+or in the senate?
+
+The grammatical variations, the syntax, and the genius of the language,
+must in this, as well as in several other modern European tongues, have
+been derived from the Celtic; it being well known, that the frequent use
+of articles, the distinction of cases by prepositions, the application
+of two auxiliaries in the conjugations, do by no means agree with the
+Latin turn of expression; although a late French academician[AH] who has
+taken great pains to prove that the Gallic Romance was solely derived
+from the Roman, quotes several instances in which even the most
+classical writers have in this respect offended the purity of that
+refined language. It cannot here be denied, that as new ideas always
+require new signs to express them, some foreign words, and perhaps
+phrases, must necessarily, from time to time, have insinuated themselves
+into the Romansh, by the military and some commercial intercourse of the
+Grisons with other nations; and this accounts for several modern German
+words which are now incorporated into the language of the Engadine.[AI]
+
+The little connexion there is in mountainous countries between the
+inhabitants of the different valleys, and the absolute independence of
+each jurisdiction in this district, which still lessens the frequency of
+their intercourse, also accounts, in a great measure, for the variety of
+secondary dialects subsisting in almost every different community or
+even village.
+
+The oldest specimens of writing in this language are some dramatical
+performances in verse upon scriptural subjects, which are extant only in
+manuscript. The Histories of Susanna, of the Prodigal Son, of Judith and
+Holofernes, and of Esther, are among the first; and are said to have
+been composed about the year 1560. The books that have since been
+printed are chiefly upon religious subjects; and among those that are
+not so, the only I have ever heard of are a small code of the laws of
+the country in the Cialover dialect, and an epitome of Sprecher's
+Chronicle, by Da Porta, in the Ladin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The language spoken in Gaul from the fifth to the twelfth centuries
+being evidently a mixture of the same Roman and Celtic ingredients, and
+partaking of the same name with those of the Grisons; it will, I hope,
+not be thought foreign to the subject of this letter, if I enter into a
+few particulars concerning it, as it seems to have been an essential
+part, or rather the trunk, of the language, the history of which I am
+endeavouring to elucidate.
+
+One of the many instances how little the laboured researches of
+philologists into the origin of languages are to be depended upon, is
+the variety of opinions entertained by French authors concerning the
+formation of the Gallic Romance. A learned Benedictine[AJ] first starts
+the conjecture, and then maintains it against the attacks of an
+anonymous writer, that the vulgar Latin became the universal language of
+Gaul immediately after Caesar's conquest, and that its corruption, with
+very little mixture of the original language of the country, gradually
+produced the Romance towards the eighth century. Bonamy,[AK] on the
+other hand, is of opinion, that soon after that conquest, a corruption
+of vulgar Latin by the Celtic formed the Romance, which he takes to be
+the language always meant by authors when they speak of the _Lingua
+Romana_ used in Gaul. The author of the Celtic Dictionary[AL] tells us,
+that the Romance is derived from the _Latin_, the _Celtic_, which he
+more frequently calls Gallic, and the _Teutonic_; in admitting of which
+latter he deviates from most other authors,[AM] who deny that the
+Teutonic had any share in the composition of the Romance, since the
+Franks found it already established when they entered Gaul, and were
+long before they could prevail upon their new subjects to adopt any part
+of their own mother tongue, which however appears to have been
+afterwards instrumental in the formation of the modern French.
+Duclos,[AN] guided, I imagine, by du Cange,[AO] whose opinion appears to
+be the most sober and best authenticated, maintains that the vulgar
+Latin was undoubtedly the foundation of the Romance; but that much of
+the Celtic gradually insinuated itself in spite of the policy of the
+Romans, who never failed to use all their endeavours in order to
+establish their language wherever they spread their arms.
+
+Among this variety of conjectures and acute controversies, I find it
+however agreed on all hands, that the vocabulary of the Roman, and the
+idiom of the Celtic, have chiefly contributed to the formation of the
+Gallic, Romance, which is sufficient to prove that it partakes of a
+common origin with that of the Grisons.
+
+There are incontestable proofs that this language was once universal all
+over France; and that this, and not immediately the Latin, has been the
+parent of the Provencal, and afterwards of the modern French, the
+Italian, and the Spanish. The oath taken by Lewis the Germanic, in the
+year 842, in confirmation of an alliance between him and Charles the
+Bald his brother, is a decisive proof of the general use of the Romance
+by the whole French nation at that time, and of their little knowledge
+of the Teutonic, which being the native tongue of Lewis, would certainly
+have been used by him, in this oath, had it been understood by the
+French to whom he addressed himself. But Nithardus,[AP] a contemporary
+writer and near relation to the contracting parties, informs us, that
+Lewis took the oath in the Romance language, in order that it might be
+understood by the French nobility who were the subjects of Charles; and
+that they, in their turn, entered into reciprocal engagements in _their
+own language_, which the same author again declares to have been the
+Romance, and not the Teutonic; although one would imagine that, had they
+at all understood this latter tongue, they could not but have used it
+upon this occasion, in return for the condescension of Lewis.
+
+As a comparison between this language and the Romansh of the Grisons
+cannot be considered as a mere object of curiosity, but may also serve
+to corroborate the proofs I have above alleged of the antiquity of the
+latter, I have annexed in the appendix,[AQ] a translation of this oath
+into the language of Engadine, which approaches nearest to it; although
+I must observe, that there are in the other dialect some words which
+have a still greater affinity with the language of the oath, as appears
+by another translation I have procured, in which both dialects are
+indifferently used. To prevent any doubts concerning the veracity of
+these translations, I must here declare, that I am indebted for them,
+and for several anecdotes concerning that language, to a man of letters,
+who is a native and has long been an inhabitant of the Grisons, and is
+lately come to reside in London. I have added to this comparative view
+of those two languages, the Latin words from which both seem to have
+been derived; and, as a proof of the existence of the Gallic Romance in
+France down to the twelfth century, I have also subjoined the words used
+in that kingdom at that period, as they are given us by the author of
+the article _(Langue) Romane_, in the French Encyclopedie.
+
+To the comparison of the two Romances, and the similarity of their
+origin, I may now with confidence add the authority of Fontanini[AR] to
+prove, that they are one and the same language. This author, speaking of
+the ancient Gallic Romance, asserts that it is now spoken in the country
+of the Grisons; though, not attending to the variety of dialects, some
+of which have certainly nothing of the Italian, he supposes it to have
+been altogether adulterated by a mixture of that modern tongue.
+
+Whilst the Grisons neglected to improve their language, and rejected, or
+indeed were out of the reach of every refinement it might have derived
+from polished strangers, the taste and fertile genius of the
+Troubadours, fostered by the countenance and elegance of the brilliant
+courts and splendid nobility of Provence, did not long leave theirs in
+the rough state in which we find it in the ninth century. But the change
+having been gradual and almost imperceptible, the French historians have
+fixed no epocha for the transition of the Romance into the Provencal.
+That the former language had not received any considerable alteration in
+the twelfth Century may be gathered from the comparison in the appendix:
+and, that it still bore the same name, appears from the titles of
+several books which are said to have been written in, or translated
+into, the Romance. But though mention is made of that name even after
+this aera, yet upon examining impartially what is given us for that
+language in this period, it will be found so different from the Romance
+of the ninth century, that to trace it any further would be both a vain
+and an extravagant pursuit.
+
+Admitting, however, the universal use of the Romance all over France
+down to the twelfth century, which no French author has yet doubted or
+denied; and allowing that what the writers of those times say of the
+Gallic is to be understood of the Romance, as appears from chronological
+proofs, and the expressions of several authors prior to the fifth
+century;[AS] who, by distinguishing the _Gallic_ both from the _Latin_
+and the _Celtic_, plainly indicate that they thereby mean the Romance,
+those being the only three languages which, before the invasion of the
+Franks, could possibly have been spoken, or even understood in Gaul:
+admitting these premises, I say, it necessarily follows, that the
+language introduced into England under Alfred, and afterwards more
+universally established by Edward the Confessor, and William the
+Conqueror, must have been an emanation of the Romance, very near akin to
+that of the abovementioned oath, and consequently to that which is now
+spoken in the Alps.
+
+The intercourse between Britain and Gaul is known to have been of a very
+early date; for even in the first century we find, that the British
+lawyers derived the greatest part of their knowledge from those of the
+continent;[AT] while on the other hand, the Gallic Druids are known to
+have resorted to Britain for instruction in their mysterious rites. The
+Britons, therefore, could not be totally ignorant of the Gallic
+language. And hence it will appear, that Grimbald, John, and the other
+doctors introduced by Alfred,[AU] could find no great difficulty in
+propagating their native tongue in this island; which tongue, at that
+interval of time, could only be the true Romance, since they were
+contemporaries with Lewis the Germanic.
+
+That the Romance was almost universally understood in this kingdom under
+Edward the Confessor, it being not only used at court, but frequently at
+the bar, and even sometimes in the pulpit, is a fact too well known and
+attested[AV] to need my further authenticating it with superfluous
+arguments and testimonies.
+
+Duclos, in his History of the Gallic' Romance,[AW] gives the
+abovementioned oath of Lewis as the first monument of that language. The
+second he mentions is the code of laws of William the Conqueror,[AX]
+whom the least proficient in the English history knows to have rendered
+his language almost universal in this kingdom. How little progress it
+had yet made towards the modern French; and how great an affinity it
+still bore with the present Romansh of the Grisons, will appear from the
+annexed translation of the first paragraph of these laws into the latter
+tongue.[AY]
+
+If we may credit Du Cange,[AZ] who grounds his assertion upon various
+instruments of the kings of Scotland during the twelfth century, the
+Romance had also penetrated into that kingdom before that period.
+
+The same corruption, or coalescence, which gave rise to the Gallic
+Romance, and to that of the Grisons, must also have produced in Italy a
+language, if not perfectly similar, at least greatly approaching to
+those two idioms. Nor did it want its northern nations to contribute
+what the two other branches derived from that source.[BA] But be the
+origin what it will, certain it is, that a jargon very different from
+either the Latin or the Italian was spoken in Italy from the time of the
+irruptions of the barbarians to the successful labours of Dante and
+Petrarca; that this jargon was usually called the _vulgar idiom_; but
+that Speroni,[BB] the father of an Italian literature, and others,
+frequently call it the _common Italian Romance_. And if Fontanini's[BC]
+authorities be sufficient, it appears that even the Gallic Romance, by
+the residence of the papal court at Avignon, and from other causes, made
+its way into Italy before it was polished into the Provencal.
+
+As to Naples and Sicily, the expulsion of the Saracens by the Normans,
+under Robert Guiscard in 1059, must have produced in that country nearly
+the same effect, a similar event soon after brought about in England.
+And in fact we have the authority of William of Apulia[BD] to prove,
+that the conquerors used all their efforts to propagate their language
+and manners among the natives, that they might ever after be considered
+only as one people. And Hugo Falcland[BE] relates, that in the year
+1150, Count Henry refused to take upon him the management of public
+affairs, under pretence of not knowing the language of the French;
+which, he adds, was absolutely necessary at court.
+
+That the language of the Romans penetrated very early into Spain,
+appears most evidently from a passage in Strabo,[BF] who asserts that
+the Turditani inhabiting the banks of the Boetis, now the Guadalquivir,
+forgot their original tongue, and adopted that of the conquerors. That
+the Romance was used there in the fourteenth century appears from a
+correspondence between St. Vincent of Ferrieres and Don Martin, son of
+Peter the IVth of Arragon;[BG] and that this language must once have
+been common in that kingdom appears manifestly from the present name of
+the Spanish, which is still usually called Romance.[BH] These
+circumstances considered, I am not so much inclined to discredit a fact
+related by Mabillon,[BI] who says, that in the eighth century a
+paralytic Spaniard, on paying his devotions at the tomb of a saint in
+the church of Fulda, conversed with a monk of that abbey, who, _because
+he was an Italian_, understood the language of the Spaniard. Neither
+does an oral tradition I heard some times ago appear so absurd to me, as
+it did when it was first related to me, which says, that two Catalonians
+travelling over the Alps, were not a little surprized when they came
+into the Grison country, to find that their native tongue was understood
+by the inhabitants, and that they could comprehend most of the language
+of that district.
+
+This universality of the Romance in the French dominions during the
+eleventh century, also accounts for its introduction in Palestine and
+many other parts of the Levant by Godfrey de Bouillon, and the multitude
+of adventurers who engaged under him in the Crusade. The assizes of
+Jerusalem, and those of Cyprus, are standing monuments of the footing
+that language had obtained in those parts; and if we may trust a Spanish
+historian of some reputation[BJ] who resided in Greece in the thirteenth
+century, the Athenians and the inhabitants of Morea spoke at that time
+the same language that was used in France. And there is great reason to
+imagine, that the affinity the _Lingua Franca_ bears to the French and
+Italian is intirely to be derived from the Romance, which was once
+commonly used in the ports of the Levant. The heroic atchievements and
+gallantry of the knights of the cross also gave rise to the swarm of
+fabulous narratives; which, though not an invention of those days, were
+yet, from the name of the language in which they were written, ever
+after distinguished by the appellation of _Romances_.[BK]
+
+I shall now conclude this letter by observing, that far from presuming
+that the Romance has been preserved so near its primitive state only in
+the country of the Grisons, there is great reason to suppose that it
+still exists in several other remote and unfrequented parts. When
+Fontanini informs us[BL] that the ancient Romance is now spoken in the
+country of the Grisons, he adds, that it is also the common dialect of
+the Friulese, and of some districts in Savoy bordering upon Dauphine.
+And Rivet[BM] seriously undertakes to prove, that the Patois of several
+parts of the Limousin, Quercy, and Auvergne (which in fact agrees
+singularly with the _Romansh_ of the Grisons) is the very Romance of
+eight centuries ago. Neither do I doubt, but what some inquisitive
+traveller might still meet with manifest traces of it in many parts of
+the Pyrenaeans and other mountainous regions of Spain, where the Moors
+and other invaders have never penetrated.
+
+I have the honour to be, &c.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+# No. I. Oath of Lewis the Germanic. #
+
+
+1. Latin from which the Romances are derived.
+2. Gallic Romance in which the oath was taken.
+3. French of the twelfth century.
+4. Romansh of Engadine, called Ladin.
+5. Romansh of both dialects.
+
+
+1.  Pro Dei amore, et pro Christiano populo, et nostro
+2. _Pro Deu amur, et pro Christian poblo, et nostro_
+3.  Por Deu amor, et por Christian people, et nostre
+4. _Per amur da Dieu, et per il Christian poevel, et noss_
+5.  Pro l'amur da Deus, et pro il Christian pobel, et nost
+
+1.  communi salvamento, de ista die in abante, in quan-
+2. _commun salvament, d'ist di en avant, in quant_
+3.  commun salvament, de ste di en avant, en quant
+4. _commun salvament, da quist di in avant, in quant_
+5.  commun salvament, d'ist di en avant, in quant
+
+1.tum Deus sapere et posse mihi donat, sic salvabo ego
+2.   _Deus savir et podir me dunat, si salvarai io_
+3.    Deu saveir et poir me donne, si salvarai je
+4.   _Dieu savair et podair m'duna, shi salvaro ei_
+5.    Deus savir et podir m'dunat, shi salvaro io
+
+1.  eccistum meum fratrem Karlum, et in adjutum ero
+2. _cist meon fradre Karlo, et in adjudab er_
+3.  cist mon frere Karle, et en adjude serai
+4. _quist mieu fraer Carlo, et in adgiud li saro_
+5.  quist meu frad'r Carl, et in adjudh saro
+
+1.  in quaque una causa, sic quomodo homo per directum
+2. _in cadhuna cosa, si cum on per dreit_
+3.  en cascune cose, si cum on per dreict
+4. _in chiaduna chiossa, shi seho l'hom per drett_
+5.  in caduna cosa, si com om per drett
+
+1.  suum fratrem salvare debet, in hoc quod ille mihi
+2. _son fardre salvar dist, in o quid il me_
+3.  son frere salver dist, en o qui il me
+4. _sieu fraer salvar d'uess, in que chel a mi_
+5.  seu frad'r salvar dess, in que chel me
+
+1.  alterum sic faceret; et ab Lothario nullum placitum
+2. _altresi fazet; et ab Laudher nul plaid_
+3.  altresi fascet; et a Lothaire nul plaid
+4. _altresi fadschess; et da Lothar mai non paendro io un_
+5.  altresi fazess; et da Lothar nul plaid mai
+
+1.  nunquam prehendam quod meo volle eccisti meo fratri
+2. _nunquam prindrai qui meon vol cist meon fradre_
+3.  nonques prendrai qui par mon voil a cist mon frere
+4. _plaed che con mieu volair a quist mieu fraer_
+5.  non prendro che con meu voler a quist meu frad'r
+
+1.  Karlo in damno sit.
+2. _Karle in domno sit._
+3.  Karle en dam seit.
+4. _Carlo sai in damn._
+5.  Carl in damn sia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+# No. II. The first Paragraph of the Laws of William the Conqueror. #
+
+
+1. The Latin translation.
+2. The French original.
+3. A translation into the Romansh of both dialects.
+
+
+1. Hae sunt Leges et Consuetudines quas Willelmus Rex
+2. _Ce sont les Leis et les Custumes que li Reis William grantut_
+3. Que sun las Leias e'ls Custums que il Rei Willelm ga-
+
+1. concessit toto populo Angliae post subactam terram
+2. _a tut le peuple de Engleterre apres le conquest de la terre_
+3. rantit a tut il poevel d'Engelterra dapo il conquist della
+
+1. Eaedem sut quas Edwardus Rex Cognatus ejus obser-
+2. _Ice les meismes que la Reis Edward sun Cosin tint_
+3. terra. E sun las medemas que il Rei Edward su cusrin
+
+1. vavit ante eum. Scilicet: Pax Sanctae Ecclesiae,
+2. _devant lui. Co est a saveir: Pais a Sainte Eglise_,
+3. tenet avant el. Co es da savir: Paesh alla Sainta Ba-
+
+1. cujuscunque forisfacturae quis reus sit hoc tempore, et
+2. _de quel forfait que home out fait en cel tens, et_
+3. selg.[BN] da quel sfarfatt que om a fatt en que tem, et
+
+1. venire potest ad sanctum: Ecclesiam, pacem habeat vitae
+2. _il pout venir a sainte Eglise, out pais de vie_
+3. il pout venir alla Sainta Baselga, haun paesh da vitta
+
+1. et membri. Et si quis injecerit manum in eum qui
+2. _et de membre. E se alquons meist main en celui qui_
+3. et da members. E si alcun metta man a quel que la
+
+1. matrem Ecclesiam quaesierit, sive sit Abbatia sive
+2. _la mere Eglise requireit, se ceo fust u Abbeie u_
+3. mamma Baselga requira, qu'ella fuss Abbatia u
+
+1. Ecclesia religionis, reddat eum quem abstulerit et
+2. _Eglise de religion, rendist ce que il javereit pris_
+3. Baselga da religiun, renda que qu'el savares prais, et
+
+1. centum solides nomine forisfacturae, et matri Ecclesiae
+2. _e cent sols de forfait, e de Mer Eglise de_
+3. cent solds da sfarfatt, et alla mamma Baselga da
+
+1. parochiali 20 solidos, et capellae 10 solidos: Et qui fregerit
+2. _paroisse 20 solds, e de Chapelle 10 solds; E que enfraiant_
+3. parochia 20 solds, e da capella 10 solds: E que in frignand
+
+1. pacem Regis in Merchenelega 100 solidis emendet;
+2. _la pais le Rei en Merchenelae 100 solds les amendes;_
+3. la paesh del Rei in Merchenelae 100 solds d'amenda;
+
+1. similiter de compensatione homicidii et de insidiis
+2. _altresi de Heinfare e de aweit_
+3. altresi della compensatiun del omicidi et insidias
+
+1. praecogitatis.
+2. _purpensed_.
+4. perpensadas.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Footnote A: This is rather a trivial name; but the dialect has no other
+distinctive appellation.]
+
+[Footnote B: Tschudi, Rhaet. Descrip. p. 43, MERIN Topogr. Helvet. p.
+64.]
+
+[Footnote C: Sprecher, Simler, Tschudi, Scheuchzer. Campell's Chronicle
+is looked upon as the most authentic and circumstantial; but there being
+only a few manuscript copies of it extant in the hands of private
+persons in the Grisons, I have not been able to avail myself of his
+researches. Guller and Stumpfius might also have furnished some material
+information; but neither of them have I had an opportunity of
+inspecting.]
+
+[Footnote D: Liv. lib. v. c. 34.]
+
+[Footnote E: Other authors place the reign of this king 180 years
+earlier.]
+
+[Footnote F: Plin. lib. iii. c. 5. Justin. lib. xx. c. 5.]
+
+[Footnote G: Cluver, Ital. Antiq. lib. i. c. 14.]
+
+[Footnote H: A spurious derivation from the verb [Greek: leipo].]
+
+[Footnote I: Probably by them pronounced _Tomiliasca_, the name it now
+bears.]
+
+[Footnote J: _Tusis_ (Tuscia) and in Italian _Tosana_, the principal
+place; _Rhealta_ (Rhetia alta); _Rheambs_ (Rhetia ampla); _Rhazunz_
+(Rhetia ima); and above twelve other castles, the remains of which are
+now to be seen in the valley _Tomiliasca_.]
+
+[Footnote K: In some communities there are fourteen jurors besides the
+Landamman.]
+
+[Footnote L: Serv. in AEneid. lib. viii. 65. lib. x. 202. Sprech. Pall.
+Rhaet p. 9. Siml. Rep. Helv. p. 281. ed. 1735.]
+
+[Footnote M: Liv. lib. v. c. 33.]
+
+[Footnote N: Sprech. p. 214. Mer. l. c.]
+
+[Footnote O: _En Code Ino_, perhaps the vulgar Roman phrase expressing
+_In Capite Oeni_. There are other etymologies, but all equally
+uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote P: Sprech. p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote Q: _Lavin_ (Lavinium), _Sus_ (Susa), _Zernetz_ (Cerneto),
+_Ardetz_ (Ardea), &c.]
+
+[Footnote R: Sprech. p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote S: A parallel instance of the formation of a language by Roman
+colonies is the idiom of Moldavia; which, according to Prince Cantemir's
+account of that country, has still many traces of its Latin origin, and
+which, though engrafted upon the Dacian, and since upon the Sclavonian
+dialects of the Celtic, may still be considered as a sister language to
+that I am, here treating of.]
+
+[Footnote T: Videre Rhaeti bella _sub_ Alpibus
+Drusum gerentem et Vindelici. HOR. lib. 4. Od. iv.
+------------- immanesque Rhaetos
+Auspiciis _repulit_ secundis. Ibid. Od. xiv.
+Fundat ab extremo flavos aquilone Suevos
+Albis, et _indomitum Rheni Caput_. Luc. lib. ii. 52.
+------------- Rhenumque minacem
+_Cornibus infractis_. CLAUD. Laud. Stilich. lib. i. 220.]
+
+[Footnote U: Horten. in Lucan, p. 163. edit. 1578. fol.]
+
+[Footnote V: Sprech. p. 18. &c.]
+
+[Footnote W: Strabo, lib. IV, sub. fin. Cluver. Ital. vet. lib. I. c.
+16.]
+
+[Footnote X: _Julius Mons_, Scheuchzer Iter. Alp. p. 114.]
+
+[Footnote Y:
+Rhaetica nunc praebent Thraciaque arma metum.
+                                        OVID. Trist.
+lib. ii. 226. Devota morti pectora liberae.
+                                        HOR. 4. lib. Od. xiv.]
+
+[Footnote Z: Sprech. p. 52-55.]
+
+[Footnote AA: Sprech. p. 58.]
+
+[Footnote AB: This privilege has at times been waved; but never without
+some plausible pretence, and a formal rescript acknowledging the
+exclusive right.]
+
+[Footnote AC: The League _Cadea_, or of the _House of God_, so called
+from the cathedral of the bishopric of Coire, which is situated in its
+capital.]
+
+[Footnote AD: Canitie griseoque amictu venerandi.--Memores adhuc antiquae
+libertatis. Sprech. p. 189.]
+
+[Footnote AE: The following barbarous distich is sometimes inscribed on
+the arms of the three leagues. Foedera sunt cana, cana fides, cana
+libertas: Haec tria sub uno continentur corpore Rhaeto.]
+
+[Footnote AF: See Dr. Percy's preface to his translation of Mallet's
+Northern Antiquities, p. xxii. where this question is more amply
+discussed.]
+
+[Footnote AG: Conf. Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 608.]
+
+[Footnote AH: Bonamy, v. Mem. des Inscrip. l. c.]
+
+[Footnote AI: _Tapferda_, Trapferkeit, Bravery; _Narda_, Narheit, Folly;
+_Klinot_, Kleinod, a Jewel; _Graf_, Graf, a Count; _Baur_, Baur, a
+Peasant, &c.]
+
+[Footnote AJ: Rivet, Hist. Litt. de la France, tom. vii. p. 1. et seq.]
+
+[Footnote AK: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 594.]
+
+[Footnote AL: Bullet, Mem. de la Langue Celtique, tom. i. p. 23.]
+
+[Footnote AM: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xxiv. p. 603.]
+
+[Footnote AN: Mem. des. Inscrip. tom. xv. p. 575. et seq.]
+
+[Footnote AO: Praef. Gloss. n. xiii.]
+
+[Footnote AP: Du Chesne, Hist. Franc. tom. ii. p. 374.]
+
+[Footnote AQ: No. I.]
+
+[Footnote AR: Eloq. Ital. p. 44.]
+
+[Footnote AS: Fidei commissa quocunque Sermone relinqui possunt, non
+solum _Latino_ vel Graeco, sed etiam Punico vel _Gallicano_. Digest. l.
+xxii. tit. 1. sec. 11.
+
+Tu autem vel _Celtice_, vel si mavis _Gallice_, loquere. Sulp. Sev.
+Dial, i, sec. 6. sub sin.]
+
+[Footnote AT: Gallia Causidicos docuit facunda Britannos. Juv. Sat. xv.
+111.]
+
+[Footnote AU: William of Malmsb. l. ii. c. 4.]
+
+[Footnote AV: Ingulph. passim. Du Chesne, tom. iii.]
+
+[Footnote AW: Mem. des Inscrip. tom. xvii. p. 179.]
+
+[Footnote AX: Wilkins, Leges Anglo-Sax.]
+
+[Footnote AY: Append. No, II.]
+
+[Footnote AZ: Praef. Gloss, n. xxi.]
+
+[Footnote BA: Fontanini, p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote BB: Speron. Dial, passim.--Conf. Menage, Orig. della Ling
+Ital. voce Romanza.]
+
+[Footnote BC: Font. p. 17.]
+
+[Footnote BD: Murat. Scrip. Ital. tom. v. p. 255.]
+
+[Footnote BE: Ibid. tom. vii. p. 322.]
+
+[Footnote BF: Lib. iii.]
+
+[Footnote BG: Mabil. an. l. 64, n. 124.]
+
+[Footnote BH: Orozco, Tes. Castill. voce Romance--Conf. Crescimb. Volg.
+Poes. l. v. c. 1.]
+
+[Footnote BI: Act. Ben. Saec. 3. p. 2. p. 258.]
+
+[Footnote BJ: Raym. Montanero Chronica de Juan I.]
+
+[Footnote BK: Huet, Orig. des Rom. p. 126. ed. 1678.]
+
+[Footnote BL: P. 43, 44.]
+
+[Footnote BM: Hist. Litt. de la Fr. tom. vii. p. 22.]
+
+[Footnote BN: The word _Ecclesia_ being more modern in the Latin tongue
+than _Basilica_, the Romansh word _Baselga_ derived from the latter is
+an additional proof of the antiquity of this language.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Account of the Romansh Language
+by Joseph Planta, Esq. F. R. S.
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+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
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