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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12864 ***
+
+A
+
+COLLECTION
+
+OF
+
+COLLEGE WORDS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+BY B.H. HALL.
+
+ "Multa renascentur quæ jam cecidere, cadentque Quæ nunc sunt in
+  honore, vocabula."
+
+ "Notandi sunt tibi mores."
+    HOR. _Ars Poet._
+
+REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION.
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by
+
+B.H. HALL,
+
+in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of
+Massachusetts.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The first edition of this publication was mostly compiled during
+the leisure hours of the last half-year of a Senior's collegiate
+life, and was presented anonymously to the public with the
+following
+
+"PREFACE.
+
+"The Editor has an indistinct recollection of a sheet of foolscap
+paper, on one side of which was written, perhaps a year and a half
+ago, a list of twenty or thirty college phrases, followed by the
+euphonious titles of 'Yale Coll.,' 'Harvard Coll.' Next he calls
+to mind two blue-covered books, turned from their original use, as
+receptacles of Latin and Greek exercises, containing explanations
+of these and many other phrases. His friends heard that he was
+hunting up odd words and queer customs, and dubbed him
+'Antiquarian,' but in a kindly manner, spared his feelings, and
+did not put the vinegar 'old' before it.
+
+"Two and one half quires of paper were in time covered with a
+strange medley, an olla-podrida of student peculiarities. Thus did
+he amuse himself in his leisure hours, something like one who, as
+Dryden says, 'is for raking in Chaucer for antiquated words.' By
+and by he heard a wish here and a wish there, whether real or
+otherwise he does not know, which said something about 'type,'
+'press,' and used other cabalistic words, such as 'copy,' 'devil,'
+etc. Then there was a gathering of papers, a transcribing of
+passages from letters, an arranging in alphabetical order, a
+correcting of proofs, and the work was done,--poorly it may be,
+but with good intent.
+
+"Some things will be found in the following pages which are
+neither words nor customs peculiar to colleges, and yet they have
+been inserted, because it was thought they would serve to explain
+the character of student life, and afford a little amusement to
+the student himself. Society histories have been omitted, with the
+exception of an account of the oldest affiliated literary society
+in the United States.
+
+"To those who have aided in the compilation of this work, the
+Editor returns his warmest thanks. He has received the assistance
+of many, whose names he would here and in all places esteem it an
+honor openly to acknowlege, were he not forbidden so to do by the
+fact that he is himself anonymous. Aware that there is information
+still to be collected, in reference to the subjects here treated,
+he would deem it a favor if he could receive through the medium of
+his publisher such morsels as are yet ungathered.
+
+"Should one pleasant thought arise within the breast of any
+Alumnus, as a long-forgotten but once familiar word stares him in
+the face, like an old and early friend; or should one who is still
+guarded by his Alma Mater be led to a more summer-like
+acquaintance with those who have in years past roved, as he now
+roves, through classic shades and honored halls, the labors of
+their friend, the Editor, will have been crowned with complete
+success.
+
+"CAMBRIDGE, July 4th, 1851."
+
+Fearing lest venerable brows should frown with displeasure at the
+recital of incidents which once made those brows bright and
+joyous; dreading also those stern voices which might condemn as
+boyish, trivial, or wrong an attempt to glean a few grains of
+philological lore from the hitherto unrecognized corners of the
+fields of college life, the Editor chose to regard the brows and
+hear the voices from an innominate position. Not knowing lest he
+should at some future time regret the publication of pages which
+might be deemed heterodox, he caused a small edition of the work
+to be published, hoping, should it be judged as evil, that the
+error would be circumscribed in its effects, and the medium of the
+error buried between the dusty shelves of the second-hand
+collection of some rusty old bibliopole. By reason of this extreme
+caution, the volume has been out of print for the last four years.
+
+In the present edition, the contents of the work have been
+carefully revised, and new articles, filling about two hundred
+pages, have been interspersed throughout the volume, arranged
+under appropriate titles. Numerous additions have been made to the
+collection of technicalities peculiar to the English universities,
+and the best authorities have been consulted in the preparation of
+this department. An index has also been added, containing a list
+of the American colleges referred to in the text in connection
+with particular words or customs.
+
+The Editor is aware that many of the words here inserted are
+wanting in that refinement of sound and derivation which their use
+in classical localities might seem to imply, and that some of the
+customs here noticed and described are
+ "More honored in the breach than the observance."
+These facts are not, however, sufficient to outweigh his
+conviction that there is nothing in language or manners too
+insignificant for the attention of those who are desirous of
+studying the diversified developments of the character of man. For
+this reason, and for the gratification of his own taste and the
+tastes of many who were pleased at the inceptive step taken in the
+first edition, the present volume has been prepared and is now
+given to the public.
+
+TROY, N.Y., February 2, 1856.
+
+
+
+
+A COLLECTION OF COLLEGE WORDS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+
+_A_.
+
+
+A.B. An abbreviation for _Artium Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of Arts.
+The first degree taken by students at a college or university. It
+is usually written B.A., q.v.
+
+
+ABSIT. Latin; literally, _let him be absent_; leave of absence
+from commons, given to a student in the English
+universities.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+ACADEMIAN. A member of an academy; a student in a university or
+college.
+
+
+ACADEMIC. A student in a college or university.
+
+A young _academic_ coming into the country immediately after this
+great competition, &c.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, under _Pin-basket_.
+
+A young _academic_ shall dwell upon a journal that treats of
+trade, and be lavish in the praise of the author; while persons
+skilled in those subjects hear the tattle with contempt.--_Watts's
+Improvement of the Mind_.
+
+
+ACADEMICALS. In the English universities, the dress peculiar to
+the students and officers.
+
+I must insist on your going to your College and putting on your
+_academicals_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 382.
+
+The Proctor makes a claim of 6s. 8d. on every undergraduate whom
+he finds _inermem_, or without his _academicals_.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 8.
+
+If you say you are going for a walk, or if it appears likely, from
+the time and place, you are allowed to pass, otherwise you may be
+sent back to college to put on your _academicals_.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 177.
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT. At Harvard College, every student admitted upon
+examination, after giving a bond for the payment of all college
+dues, according to the established laws and customs, is required
+to sign the following _acknowledgment_, as it is called:--"I
+acknowledge that, having been admitted to the University at
+Cambridge, I am subject to its laws." Thereupon he receives from
+the President a copy of the laws which he has promised to
+obey.--_Laws Univ. of Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 13.
+
+
+ACT. In English universities, a thesis maintained in public by a
+candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a
+student.--_Webster_.
+
+The student proposes certain questions to the presiding officer of
+the schools, who then nominates other students to oppose him. The
+discussion is syllogistical and in Latin and terminates by the
+presiding officer questioning the respondent, or person who is
+said _to keep the act_, and his opponents, and dismissing them
+with some remarks upon their respective merits.--_Brande_.
+
+The effect of practice in such matters may be illustrated by the
+habit of conversing in Latin, which German students do much more
+readily than English, simply because the former practise it, and
+hold public disputes in Latin, while the latter have long left off
+"_keeping Acts_," as the old public discussions required of
+candidates for a degree used to be called.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 184.
+
+The word was formerly used in Harvard College. In the "Orders of
+the Overseers," May 6th, 1650, is the following: "Such that expect
+to proceed Masters of Arts [are ordered] to exhibit their synopsis
+of _acts_ required by the laws of the College."--_Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+Nine Bachelors commenced at Cambridge; they were young men of good
+hope, and performed their _acts_ so as to give good proof of their
+proficiency in the tongues and arts.--_Winthrop's Journal, by Mr.
+Savage_, Vol. I. p. 87.
+
+The students of the first classis that have beene these foure
+years trained up in University learning (for their ripening in the
+knowledge of the tongues, and arts) and are approved for their
+manners, as they have _kept_ their publick _Acts_ in former
+yeares, ourselves being present at them; so have they lately
+_kept_ two solemn _Acts_ for their Commencement.--_New England's
+First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 245.
+
+But in the succeeding _acts_ ... the Latin syllogism seemed to
+give the most content.--_Harvard Register_, 1827-28, p. 305.
+
+2. The close of the session at Oxford, when Masters and Doctors
+complete their degrees, whence the _Act Term_, or that term in
+which the _act_ falls. It is always held with great solemnity. At
+Cambridge, and in American colleges, it is called _Commencement_.
+In this sense Mather uses it.
+
+They that were to proceed Bachelors, held their _Act_ publickly in
+Cambridge.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. 4, pp. 127, 128.
+
+At some times in the universities of England they have no public
+_acts_, but give degrees privately and silently.--_Letter of
+Increase Mather, in App. to Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, p. 87.
+
+
+AD EUNDEM GRADUM. Latin, _to the same degree_. In American
+colleges, a Bachelor or Master of one institution was formerly
+allowed to take _the same_ degree at another, on payment of a
+certain fee. By this he was admitted to all the privileges of a
+graduate of his adopted Alma Mater. _Ad eundem gradum_, to the
+same degree, were the important words in the formula of admission.
+A similar custom prevails at present in the English universities.
+
+Persons who have received a degree in any other college or
+university may, upon proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_,
+upon payment of the customary fees to the President.--_Laws Union
+Coll._, 1807, p. 47.
+
+Persons who have received a degree in any other university or
+college may, upon proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_,
+upon paying five dollars to the Steward for the President.--_Laws
+of the Univ. in Cam., Mass._, 1828.
+
+Persons who have received a degree at any other college may, upon
+proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_, upon payment of the
+customary fee to the President.--_Laws Mid. Coll._, 1839, p. 24.
+
+The House of Convocation consists both of regents and non-regents,
+that is, in brief, all masters of arts not honorary, or _ad
+eundems_ from Cambridge or Dublin, and of course graduates of a
+higher order.--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xi.
+
+Fortunately some one recollected that the American Minister was a
+D.C.L. of Trinity College, Dublin, members of which are admitted
+_ad eundem gradum_ at Cambridge.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 112.
+
+
+ADJOURN. At Bowdoin College, _adjourns_ are the occasional
+holidays given when a Professor unexpectedly absents himself from
+recitation.
+
+
+ADJOURN. At the University of Vermont, this word as a verb is used
+in the same sense as is the verb BOLT at Williams College; e.g.
+the students _adjourn_ a recitation, when they leave the
+recitation-room _en masse_, despite the Professor.
+
+
+ADMISSION. The act of admitting a person as a member of a college
+or university. The requirements for admission are usually a good
+moral character on the part of the candidate, and that he shall be
+able to pass a satisfactory examination it certain studies. In
+some colleges, students are not allowed to enter until they are of
+a specified age.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 12. _Laws
+Tale Coll._, 1837, p. 8.
+
+The requisitions for entrance at Harvard College in 1650 are given
+in the following extract. "When any scholar is able to read Tully,
+or such like classical Latin author, _extempore_, and make and
+speak true Latin in verse and prose _suo (ut aiunt) Marte_, and
+decline perfectly the paradigms of nouns and verbs in the Greek
+tongue, then may he be admitted into the College, nor shall any
+claim admission before such qualifications."--_Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 515.
+
+
+ADMITTATUR. Latin; literally, _let him be admitted_. In the older
+American colleges, the certificate of admission given to a student
+upon entering was called an _admittatur_, from the word with which
+it began. At Harvard no student was allowed to occupy a room in
+the College, to receive the instruction there given, or was
+considered a member thereof, until he had been admitted according
+to this form.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798.
+
+Referring to Yale College, President Wholsey remarks on this
+point: "The earliest known laws of the College belong to the years
+1720 and 1726, and are in manuscript; which is explained by the
+custom that every Freshman, on his admission, was required to
+write off a copy of them for himself, to which the _admittatur_ of
+the officers was subscribed."--_Hist. Disc, before Grad. Yale
+Coll._, 1850, p. 45.
+
+He travels wearily over in visions the term he is to wait for his
+initiation into college ways and his _admittatur_.--_Harvard
+Register_, p. 377.
+
+I received my _admittatur_ and returned home, to pass the vacation
+and procure the college uniform.--_New England Magazine_, Vol.
+III. p. 238.
+
+It was not till six months of further trial, that we received our
+_admittatur_, so called, and became matriculated.--_A Tour through
+College_, 1832, p. 13.
+
+
+ADMITTO TE AD GRADUM. _I admit you to a degree_; the first words
+in the formula used in conferring the honors of college.
+
+  The scholar-dress that once arrayed him,
+  The charm _Admitto te ad gradum_,
+  With touch of parchment can refine,
+  And make the veriest coxcomb shine,
+  Confer the gift of tongues at once,
+  And fill with sense the vacant dunce.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Ed. 1794, Exeter, p. 12.
+
+
+ADMONISH. In collegiate affairs, to reprove a member of a college
+for a fault, either publicly or privately; the first step of
+college discipline. It is followed by _of_ or _against_; as, to
+admonish of a fault committed, or against committing a fault.
+
+
+ADMONITION. Private or public reproof; the first step of college
+discipline. In Harvard College, both private and public admonition
+subject the offender to deductions from his rank, and the latter
+is accompanied in most cases with official notice to his parents
+or guardian.--See _Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 21. _Laws
+Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 23.
+
+Mr. Flynt, for many years a tutor in Harvard College, thus records
+an instance of college punishment for stealing poultry:--"November
+4th, 1717. Three scholars were publicly admonished for thievery,
+and one degraded below five in his class, because he had been
+before publicly admonished for card-playing. They were ordered by
+the President into the middle of the Hall (while two others,
+concealers of the theft, were ordered to stand up in their places,
+and spoken to there). The crime they were charged with was first
+declared, and then laid open as against the law of God and the
+House, and they were admonished to consider the nature and
+tendency of it, with its aggravations; and all, with them, were
+warned to take heed and regulate themselves, so that they might
+not be in danger of so doing for the future; and those who
+consented to the theft were admonished to beware, lest God tear
+them in pieces, according to the text. They were then fined, and
+ordered to make restitution twofold for each theft."--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 443.
+
+
+ADOPTED SON. Said of a student in reference to the college of
+which he is or was a member, the college being styled his _alma
+mater_.
+
+There is something in the affection of our Alma Mater which
+changes the nature of her _adopted sons_; and let them come from
+wherever they may, she soon alters them and makes it evident that
+they belong to the same brood.--_Harvard Register_, p. 377.
+
+
+ADVANCE. The lesson which a student prepares for the first time is
+called _the advance_, in contradistinction to _the review_.
+
+                Even to save him from perdition,
+  He cannot get "_the advance_," forgets "_the review_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 13.
+
+
+ÆGROTAL. Latin, _ægrotus_, sick. A certificate of illness. Used
+in the Univ. of Cam., Eng.
+
+A lucky thought; he will get an "_ægrotal_," or medical
+certificate of illness.--_Household Words_, Vol. II. p. 162.
+
+
+ÆGROTAT. Latin; literally, _he is sick_. In the English
+universities, a certificate from a doctor or surgeon, to the
+effect that a student has been prevented by illness from attending
+to his college duties, "though, commonly," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "the real complaint is much more serious; viz.
+indisposition of the mind! _ægrotat_ animo magis quam corpore."
+This state is technically called _ægritude_, and the person thus
+affected is said to be _æger_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. pp. 386,
+387.
+
+To prove sickness nothing more is necessary than to send to some
+medical man for a pill and a draught, and a little bit of paper
+with _ægrotat_ on it, and the doctor's signature. Some men let
+themselves down off their horses, and send for an _ægrotat_ on
+the score of a fall.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+235.
+
+During this term I attended another course of Aristotle lectures,
+--but not with any express view to the May examination, which I
+had no intention of going in to, if it could be helped, and which
+I eventually escaped by an _ægrotat_ from my
+physician.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+198.
+
+Mr. John Trumbull well describes this state of indisposition in
+his Progress of Dullness:--
+
+ "Then every book, which ought to please,
+  Stirs up the seeds of dire disease;
+  Greek spoils his eyes, the print's so fine,
+  Grown dim with study, and with wine;
+  Of Tully's Latin much afraid,
+  Each page he calls the doctor's aid;
+  While geometry, with lines so crooked,
+  Sprains all his wits to overlook it.
+  His sickness puts on every name,
+  Its cause and uses still the same;
+  'Tis toothache, colic, gout, or stone,
+  With phases various as the moon,
+  But tho' thro' all the body spread,
+  Still makes its cap'tal seat, the head.
+  In all diseases, 'tis expected,
+  The weakest parts be most infected."
+    Ed. 1794, Part I. p. 8.
+
+
+ÆGROTAT DEGREE. One who is sick or so indisposed that he cannot
+attend the Senate-House examination, nor consequently acquire any
+honor, takes what is termed an _Ægrotat degree_.--_Alma Mater_,
+Vol. II. p. 105.
+
+
+ALMA MATER, _pl._ ALMÆ MATRES. Fostering mother; a college or
+seminary where one is educated. The title was originally given to
+Oxford and Cambridge, by such as had received their education in
+either university.
+
+It must give pleasure to the alumni of the College to hear of his
+good name, as he [Benjamin Woodbridge] was the eldest son of our
+_alma mater_.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 57.
+
+I see the truths I have uttered, in relation to our _Almæ
+Matres_, assented to by sundry of their
+children.--_Terræ-Filius_, Oxford, p. 41.
+
+
+ALUMNI, SOCIETY OF. An association composed of the graduates of a
+particular college. The object of societies of this nature is
+stated in the following extract from President Hopkins's Address
+before the Society of Alumni of Williams College, Aug. 16, 1843.
+"So far as I know, the Society of the Alumni of Williams College
+was the first association of the kind in this country, certainly
+the first which acted efficiently, and called forth literary
+addresses. It was formed September 5, 1821, and the preamble to
+the constitution then adopted was as follows: 'For the promotion
+of literature and good fellowship among ourselves, and the better
+to advance the reputation and interests of our Alma Mater, we the
+subscribers, graduates of Williams College, form ourselves into a
+Society.' The first president was Dr. Asa Burbank. The first
+orator elected was the Hon. Elijah Hunt Mills, a distinguished
+Senator of the United States. That appointment was not fulfilled.
+The first oration was delivered in 1823, by the Rev. Dr.
+Woodbridge, now of Hadley, and was well worthy of the occasion;
+and since that time the annual oration before the Alumni has
+seldom failed.... Since this Society was formed, the example has
+been followed in other institutions, and bids fair to extend to
+them all. Last year, for the first time, the voice of an Alumnus
+orator was heard at Harvard and at Yale; and one of these
+associations, I know, sprung directly from ours. It is but three
+years since a venerable man attended the meeting of our Alumni,
+one of those that have been so full of interest, and he said he
+should go directly home and have such an association formed at the
+Commencement of his Alma Mater, then about to occur. He did so.
+That association was formed, and the last year the voice of one of
+the first scholars and jurists in the nation was heard before
+them. The present year the Alumni of Dartmouth were addressed for
+the first time, and the doctrine of Progress was illustrated by
+the distinguished speaker in more senses than one.[01] Who can
+tell how great the influence of such associations may become in
+cherishing kind feeling, in fostering literature, in calling out
+talent, in leading men to act, not selfishly, but more efficiently
+for the general cause through particular institutions?"--_Pres.
+Hopkins's Miscellaneous Essays and Discourses_, pp. 275-277.
+
+To the same effect also, Mr. Chief Justice Story, who, in his
+Discourse before the Society of the Alumni of Harvard University,
+Aug. 23, 1842, says: "We meet to celebrate the first anniversary
+of the society of all the Alumni of Harvard. We meet without any
+distinction of sect or party, or of rank or profession, in church
+or in state, in literature or in science.... Our fellowship is
+designed to be--as it should be--of the most liberal and
+comprehensive character, conceived in the spirit of catholic
+benevolence, asking no creed but the love of letters, seeking no
+end but the encouragement of learning, and imposing no conditions,
+which say lead to jealousy or ambitious strife. In short, we meet
+for peace and for union; to devote one day in the year to
+academical intercourse and the amenities of scholars."--p. 4.
+
+An Alumni society was formed at Columbia College in the year 1829,
+and at Rutgers College in 1837. There are also societies of this
+nature at the College of New Jersey, Princeton; University of
+Virginia, Charlottesville; and at Columbian College, Washington.
+
+
+ALUMNUS, _pl._ ALUMNI. Latin, from _alo_, to nourish. A pupil; one
+educated at a seminary or college is called an _alumnus_ of that
+institution.
+
+
+A.M. An abbreviation for _Artium Magister_, Master of Arts. The
+second degree given by universities and colleges. It is usually
+written M.A., q.v.
+
+
+ANALYSIS. In the following passage, the word _analysis_ is used as
+a verb; the meaning being directly derived from that of the noun
+of the same orthography.
+
+If any resident Bachelor, Senior, or Junior Sophister shall
+neglect to _analysis_ in his course, he shall be punished not
+exceeding ten shillings.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p.
+129.
+
+
+ANNARUGIANS. At Centre College, Kentucky, is a society called the
+_Annarugians_, "composed," says a correspondent "of the wildest of
+the College boys, who, in the most fantastic disguises, are always
+on hand when a wedding is to take place, and join in a most
+tremendous Charivari, nor can they be forced to retreat until they
+have received a due proportion of the sumptuous feast prepared."
+
+
+APOSTLES. At Cambridge, England, the last twelve on the list of
+Bachelors of Arts; a degree lower than the [Greek: oi polloi]
+"Scape-goats of literature, who have at length scrambled through
+the pales and discipline of the Senate-House, without being
+_plucked_, and miraculously obtained the title of A.B."--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._
+
+At Columbian College, D.C., the members of the Faculty are called
+after the names of the _Apostles_.
+
+
+APPLICANT. A diligent student. "This word," says Mr. Pickering, in
+his Vocabulary, "has been much used at our colleges. The English
+have the verb _to apply_, but the noun _applicant_, in this sense,
+does not appear to be in use among them. The only Dictionary in
+which I have found it with this meaning is Entick's, in which it
+is given under the word _applier_. Mr. Todd has the term
+_applicant_, but it is only in the sense of 'he who applies for
+anything.' An American reviewer, in his remarks on Mr. Webster's
+Dictionary, takes notice of the word, observing, that it 'is a
+mean word'; and then adds, that 'Mr. Webster has not explained it
+in the most common sense, a _hard student_.'--_Monthly Anthology_,
+Vol. VII. p. 263. A correspondent observes: 'The utmost that can
+be said of this word among the English is, that perhaps it is
+occasionally used in conversation; at least, to signify one who
+asks (or applies) for something.'" At present the word _applicant_
+is never used in the sense of a diligent student, the common
+signification being that given by Mr. Webster, "One who applies;
+one who makes request; a petitioner."
+
+
+APPOINTEE. One who receives an appointment at a college exhibition
+or commencement.
+
+The _appointees_ are writing their pieces.--_Scenes and Characters
+in College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 193.
+
+To the gratified _appointee_,--if his ambition for the honor has
+the intensity it has in some bosoms,--the day is the proudest he
+will ever see.--_Ibid._, p. 194.
+
+I suspect that a man in the first class of the "Poll" has usually
+read mathematics to more profit than many of the "_appointees_,"
+even of the "oration men" at Yale.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 382.
+
+He hears it said all about him that the College _appointees_ are
+for the most part poor dull fellows.--_Ibid._, p. 389.
+
+
+APPOINTMENT. In many American colleges, students to whom are
+assigned a part in the exercises of an exhibition or commencement,
+are said to receive an _appointment_. Appointments are given as a
+reward for superiority in scholarship.
+
+As it regards college, the object of _appointments_ is to incite
+to study, and promote good scholarship.--_Scenes and Characters in
+College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 69.
+
+  If e'er ye would take an "_appointment_" young man,
+  Beware o' the "blade" and "fine fellow," young man!
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 210.
+
+  Some have crammed for _appointments_, and some for degrees.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+See JUNIOR APPOINTMENTS.
+
+
+APPROBAMUS. Latin; _we approve_. A certificate, given to a
+student, testifying of his fitness for the performance of certain
+duties.
+
+In an account of the exercises at Dartmouth College during the
+Commencement season in 1774, Dr. Belknap makes use of this word in
+the following connection: "I attended, with several others, the
+examination of Joseph Johnson, an Indian, educated in this school,
+who, with the rest of the New England Indians, are about moving up
+into the country of the Six Nations, where they have a tract of
+land fifteen miles square given them. He appeared to be an
+ingenious, sensible, serious young man; and we gave him an
+_approbamus_, of which there is a copy on the next page. After
+which, at three P.M., he preached in the college hall, and a
+collection of twenty-seven dollars and a half was made for him.
+The auditors were agreeably entertained.
+
+"The _approbamus_ is as follows."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._,
+pp. 71, 72.
+
+
+APPROBATE. To express approbation of; to manifest a liking, or
+degree of satisfaction.--_Webster_.
+
+The cause of this battle every man did allow and
+_approbate_.--_Hall, Henry VII., Richardson's Dict._
+
+"This word," says Mr. Pickering, "was formerly much used at our
+colleges instead of the old English verb _approve_. The students
+used to speak of having their performances _approbated_ by the
+instructors. It is also now in common use with our clergy as a
+sort of technical term, to denote a person who is licensed to
+preach; they would say, such a one is _approbated_, that is,
+licensed to preach. It is also common in New England to say of a
+person who is licensed by the county courts to sell spirituous
+liquors, or to keep a public house, that he is approbated; and the
+term is adopted in the law of Massachusetts on this subject." The
+word is obsolete in England, is obsolescent at our colleges, and
+is very seldom heard in the other senses given above.
+
+By the twelfth statute, a student incurs ... no penalty by
+declaiming or attempting to declaim without having his piece
+previously _approbated_.--_MS. Note to Laws of Harvard College_,
+1798.
+
+Observe their faces as they enter, and you will perceive some
+shades there, which, if they are _approbated_ and admitted, will
+be gone when they come out.--_Scenes and Characters in College_,
+New Haven, 1847, p. 18.
+
+How often does the professor whose duty it is to criticise and
+_approbate_ the pieces for this exhibition wish they were better!
+--_Ibid._, p. 195.
+
+I was _approbated_ by the Boston Association, I suspect, as a
+person well known, but known as an anomaly, and admitted in
+charity.--_Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. lxxxv.
+
+
+ASSES' BRIDGE. The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid
+is called the _Asses' Bridge_, or rather "Pons Asinorum," from the
+difficulty with which many get over it.
+
+The _Asses' Bridge_ in Euclid is not more difficult to be got
+over, nor the logarithms of Napier so hard to be unravelled, as
+many of Hoyle's Cases and Propositions.--_The Connoisseur_, No.
+LX.
+
+After Mr. Brown had passed us over the "_Asses' Bridge_," without
+any serious accident, and conducted us a few steps further into
+the first book, he dismissed us with many compliments.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 126.
+
+I don't believe he passed the _Pons Asinorum_ without many a halt
+and a stumble.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 146.
+
+
+ASSESSOR. In the English universities, an officer specially
+appointed to assist the Vice-Chancellor in his court.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+AUCTION. At Harvard College, it was until within a few years
+customary for the members of the Senior Class, previously to
+leaving college, to bring together in some convenient room all the
+books, furniture, and movables of any kind which they wished to
+dispose of, and put them up at public auction. Everything offered
+was either sold, or, if no bidders could be obtained, given away.
+
+
+AUDIT. In the University of Cambridge, England, a meeting of the
+Master and Fellows to examine or _audit_ the college accounts.
+This is succeeded by a feast, on which occasion is broached the
+very best ale, for which reason ale of this character is called
+"audit ale."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+This use of the word thirst made me drink an extra bumper of
+"_Audit_" that very day at dinner.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 3.
+
+After a few draughts of the _Audit_, the company
+disperse.--_Ibid._ Vol. I. p. 161.
+
+
+AUTHORITY. "This word," says Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "is
+used in some of the States, in speaking collectively of the
+Professors, &c. of our colleges, to whom the _government_ of these
+institutions is intrusted."
+
+Every Freshman shall be obliged to do any proper errand or message
+for the _Authority_ of the College.--_Laws Middlebury Coll._,
+1804, p. 6.
+
+
+AUTOGRAPH BOOK. It is customary at Yale College for each member of
+the Senior Class, before the close of his collegiate life, to
+obtain, in a book prepared for that purpose, the signatures of the
+President, Professors, Tutors, and of all his classmates, with
+anything else which they may choose to insert. Opposite the
+autographs of the college officers are placed engravings of them,
+so far as they are obtainable; and the whole, bound according to
+the fancy of each, forms a most valuable collection of agreeable
+mementos.
+
+When news of his death reached me. I turned to my _book of
+classmate autographs_, to see what he had written there, and to
+read a name unusually dear.--_Scenes and Characters in College_,
+New Haven, 1847, p. 201.
+
+
+AVERAGE BOOK. At Harvard College, a book in which the marks
+received by each student, for the proper performance of his
+college duties, are entered; also the deductions from his rank
+resulting from misconduct. These unequal data are then arranged in
+a mean proportion, and the result signifies the standing which the
+student has held for a given period.
+
+  In vain the Prex's grave rebuke,
+  Deductions from the _average book_.
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen, 1848.
+
+
+
+_B_.
+
+
+B.A. An abbreviation of _Baccalaureus Artium_, Bachelor of Arts.
+The first degree taken by a student at a college or university.
+Sometimes written A.B., which is in accordance with the proper
+Latin arrangement. In American colleges this degree is conferred
+in course on each member of the Senior Class in good standing. In
+the English universities, it is given to the candidate who has
+been resident at least half of each of ten terms, i.e. during a
+certain portion of a period extending over three and a third
+years, and who has passed the University examinations.
+
+The method of conferring the degree of B.A. at Trinity College,
+Hartford, is peculiar. The President takes the hands of each
+candidate in his own as he confers the degree. He also passes to
+the candidate a book containing the College Statutes, which the
+candidate holds in his right hand during the performance of a part
+of the ceremony.
+
+The initials of English academical titles always correspond to the
+_English_, not to the Latin of the titles, _B.A._, M.A., D.D.,
+D.C.L., &c.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+13.
+
+See BACHELOR.
+
+
+BACCALAUREATE. The degree of Bachelor of Arts; the first or lowest
+degree. In American colleges, this degree is conferred in course
+on each member of the Senior Class in good standing. In Oxford and
+Cambridge it is attainable in two different ways;--1. By
+examination, to which those students alone are admissible who have
+pursued the prescribed course of study for the space of three
+years. 2. By extraordinary diploma, granted to individuals wholly
+unconnected with the University. The former class are styled
+Baccalaurei Formati, the latter Baccalaurei Currentes. In France
+the degree of Baccalaureat (Baccalaureus Literarum) is conferred
+indiscriminately upon such natives or foreigners and after a
+strict examination in the classics, mathematics, and philosophy,
+are declared to be qualified. In the German universities, the
+title "Doctor Philosophiæ" has long been substituted for
+Baccalaureus Artium or Literarum. In the Middle Ages, the term
+Baccalaureus was applied to an inferior order of knights, who came
+into the field unattended by vassals; from them it was transferred
+to the lowest class of ecclesiastics; and thence again, by Pope
+Gregory the Ninth to the universities. In reference to the
+derivation of this word, the military classes maintain that it is
+either derived from the _baculus_ or staff with which knights were
+usually invested, or from _bas chevalier_, an inferior kind of
+knight; the literary classes, with more plausibility, perhaps,
+trace its origin to the custom which prevailed universally among
+the Greeks and Romans, and which was followed even in Italy till
+the thirteenth century, of crowning distinguished individuals with
+laurel; hence the recipient of this honor was style Baccalaureus,
+quasi _baccis laureis_ donatus.--_Brande's Dictionary_.
+
+The subjoined passage, although it may not place the subject in
+any clearer light, will show the difference of opinion which
+exists in reference to the derivation of this work. Speaking of
+the exercises of Commencement at Cambridge Mass., in the early
+days of Harvard College, the writer says "But the main exercises
+were disputations upon questions wherein the respondents first
+made their Theses: For according to Vossius, the very essence of
+the Baccalaureat seems to lye in the thing: Baccalaureus being but
+a name corrupted of Batualius, which Batualius (as well as the
+French Bataile [Bataille]) comes à Batuendo, a business that
+carries beating in it: So that, Batualii fuerunt vocati, quia jam
+quasi _batuissent_ cum adversario, ac manus conseruissent; hoc
+est, publice disputassent, atque ita peritiæ suæ specimen
+dedissent."--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The Seniors will be examined for the _Baccalaureate_, four weeks
+before Commencement, by a committee, in connection with the
+Faculty.--_Cal. Wesleyan Univ._, 1849, p. 22.
+
+
+BACHELOR. A person who has taken the first degree in the liberal
+arts and sciences, at a college or university. This degree, or
+honor, is called the _Baccalaureate_. This title is given also to
+such as take the first degree in divinity, law, or physic, in
+certain European universities. The word appears in various forms
+in different languages. The following are taken from _Webster's
+Unabridged Dictionary_. "French, _bachelier_; Spanish,
+_bachiller_, a bachelor of arts and a babbler; Portuguese,
+_bacharel_, id., and _bacello_, a shoot or twig of the vine;
+Italian, _baccelliere_, a bachelor of arts; _bacchio_, a staff;
+_bachetta_, a rod; Latin, _bacillus_, a stick, that is, a shoot;
+French, _bachelette_, a damsel, or young woman; Scotch, _baich_, a
+child; Welsh, _bacgen_, a boy, a child; _bacgenes_, a young girl,
+from _bac_, small. This word has its origin in the name of a
+child, or young person of either sex, whence the sense of
+_babbling_ in the Spanish. Or both senses are rather from
+shooting, protruding."
+
+Of the various etymologies ascribed to the term _Bachelor_, "the
+true one, and the most flattering," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "seems to be _bacca laurus_. Those who either are,
+or expect to be, honored with the title of _Bachelor of Arts_,
+will hear with exultation, that they are then 'considered as the
+budding flowers of the University; as the small _pillula_, or
+_bacca_, of the _laurel_ indicates the flowering of that tree,
+which is so generally used in the crowns of those who have
+deserved well, both of the military states, and of the republic of
+learning.'--_Carter's History of Cambridge, [Eng.]_, 1753."
+
+
+BACHELOR FELLOW. A Bachelor of Arts who is maintained on a
+fellowship.
+
+
+BACHELOR SCHOLAR. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a B.A. who
+remains in residence after taking his degree, for the purpose of
+reading for a fellowship or acting as private tutor. He is always
+noted for superiority in scholarship.
+
+Bristed refers to the bachelor scholars in the annexed extract.
+"Along the wall you see two tables, which, though less carefully
+provided than the Fellows', are still served with tolerable
+decency and go through a regular second course instead of the
+'sizings.' The occupants of the upper or inner table are men
+apparently from twenty-two to twenty-six years of age, and wear
+black gowns with two strings hanging loose in front. If this table
+has less state than the adjoining one of the Fellows, it has more
+mirth and brilliancy; many a good joke seems to be going the
+rounds. These are the Bachelors, most of them Scholars reading for
+Fellowships, and nearly all of them private tutors. Although
+Bachelors in Arts, they are considered, both as respects the
+College and the University, to be _in statu pupillari_ until they
+become M.A.'s. They pay a small sum in fees nominally for tuition,
+and are liable to the authority of that mighty man, the Proctor."
+--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+
+BACHELORSHIP. The state of one who has taken his first degree in a
+university or college.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BACK-LESSON. A lesson which has not been learned or recited; a
+lesson which has been omitted.
+
+In a moment you may see the yard covered with hurrying groups,
+some just released from metaphysics or the blackboard, and some
+just arisen from their beds where they have indulged in the luxury
+of sleeping over,--a luxury, however, which is sadly diminished by
+the anticipated necessity of making up _back-lessons_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 202.
+
+
+BALBUS. At Yale College, this term is applied to Arnold's Latin
+Prose Composition, from the fact of its so frequent occurrence in
+that work. If a student wishes to inform his fellow-student that
+he is engaged on Latin Prose Composition, he says he is studying
+_Balbus_. In the first example of this book, the first sentence
+reads, "I and Balbus lifted up our hands," and the name Balbus
+appears in almost every exercise.
+
+
+BALL UP. At Middlebury College, to fail at recitation or
+examination.
+
+
+BANDS. Linen ornaments, worn by professors and clergymen when
+officiating; also by judges, barristers, &c., in court. They form
+a distinguishing mark in the costume of the proctors of the
+English universities, and at Cambridge, the questionists, on
+admission to their degrees, are by the statutes obliged to appear
+in them.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+BANGER. A club-like cane or stick; a bludgeon. This word is one of
+the Yale vocables.
+
+  The Freshman reluctantly turned the key,
+  Expecting a Sophomore gang to see,
+  Who, with faces masked and _bangers_ stout,
+  Had come resolved to smoke him out.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 75.
+
+
+BARBER. In the English universities, the college barber is often
+employed by the students to write out or translate the impositions
+incurred by them. Those who by this means get rid of their
+impositions are said to _barberize_ them.
+
+So bad was the hand which poor Jenkinson wrote, that the many
+impositions which he incurred would have kept him hard at work all
+day long; so he _barberized_ them, that is, handed them over to
+the college barber, who had always some poor scholars in his pay.
+This practice of barberizing is not uncommon among a certain class
+of men.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 155.
+
+
+BARNEY. At Harvard College, about the year 1810, this word was
+used to designate a bad recitation. To _barney_ was to recite
+badly.
+
+
+BARNWELL. At Cambridge, Eng., a place of resort for characters of
+bad report.
+
+One of the most "civilized" undertook to banter me on my
+non-appearance in the classic regions of _Barnwell_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 31.
+
+
+BARRING-OUT SPREE. At Princeton College, when the students find
+the North College clear of Tutors, which is about once a year,
+they bar up the entrance, get access to the bell, and ring it.
+
+In the "Life of Edward Baines, late M.P. for the Borough of
+Leeds," is an account of a _barring-out_, as managed at the
+grammar school at Preston, England. It is related in Dickens's
+Household Words to this effect. "His master was pompous and
+ignorant, and smote his pupils liberally with cane and tongue. It
+is not surprising that the lads learnt as much from the spirit of
+their master as from his preceptions and that one of those
+juvenile rebellions, better known as old than at present as a
+'_barring-out_,' was attempted. The doors of the school, the
+biographer narrates, were fastened with huge nails, and one of the
+younger lads was let out to obtain supplies of food for the
+garrison. The rebellion having lasted two or three days, the
+mayor, town-clerk, and officers were sent for to intimidate the
+offenders. Young Baines, on the part of the besieged, answered the
+magisterial summons to surrender, by declaring that they would
+never give in, unless assured of full pardon and a certain length
+of holidays. With much good sense, the mayor gave them till the
+evening to consider; and on his second visit the doors were found
+open, the garrison having fled to the woods of Penwortham. They
+regained their respective homes under the cover of night, and some
+humane interposition averted the punishment they had
+deserved."-- Am. Ed. Vol. III. p. 415.
+
+
+BATTEL. To stand indebted on the college books at Oxford for
+provisions and drink from the buttery.
+
+Eat my commons with a good stomach, and _battled_ with discretion.
+--_Puritan_, Malone's Suppl. 2, p. 543.
+
+Many men "_battel_" at the rate of a guinea a week. Wealthier men,
+more expensive men, and more careless men, often "_battelled_"
+much higher.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 274.
+
+Cotgrave says, "To _battle_ (as scholars do in Oxford) être
+debteur an collège pour ses vivres." He adds, "Mot usé seulement
+des jeunes écoliers de l'université d'Oxford."
+
+2. To reside at the university; to keep terms.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BATTEL. Derived from the old monkish word _patella_, or _batella_,
+a plate. At Oxford, "whatsoever is furnished for dinner and for
+supper, including malt liquor, but not wine, as well as the
+materials for breakfast, or for any casual refreshment to country
+visitors, excepting only groceries," is expressed by the word
+_battels_.--_De Quincey_.
+
+  I on the nail my _Battels_ paid,
+  The monster turn'd away dismay'd.
+    _The Student_, Vol. I. p. 115, 1750.
+
+
+BATTELER, BATTLER. A student at Oxford who stands indebted, in the
+college books, for provisions and drink at the
+buttery.--_Webster_.
+
+Halliwell, in his Dict. Arch. and Prov. Words, says, "The term is
+used in contradistinction to gentleman commoner." In _Gent. Mag._,
+1787, p. 1146, is the following:--"There was formerly at Oxford an
+order similar to the sizars of Cambridge, called _battelers_
+(_batteling_ having the same signification as sizing). The _sizar_
+and _batteler_ were as independent as any other members of the
+college, though of an inferior order, and were under no obligation
+to wait upon anybody."
+
+2. One who keeps terms, or resides at the University.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BATTELING. At Oxford, the act of taking provisions from the
+buttery. Batteling has the same signification as SIZING at the
+University of Cambridge.--_Gent. Mag._, 1787, p. 1146.
+
+_Batteling in a friend's name_, implies eating and drinking at his
+expense. When a person's name is _crossed in the buttery_, i.e.
+when he is not allowed to take any articles thence, he usually
+comes into the hall and battels for buttery supplies in a friend's
+name, "for," says the Collegian's Guide, "every man can 'take out'
+an extra commons, and some colleges two, at each meal, for a
+visitor: and thus, under the name of a guest, though at your own
+table, you escape part of the punishment of being crossed."--p.
+158.
+
+2. Spending money.
+
+The business of the latter was to call us of a morning, to
+distribute among us our _battlings_, or pocket money,
+&c.--_Dicken's Household Words_, Vol. I. p. 188.
+
+
+BAUM. At Hamilton College, to fawn upon; to flatter; to court the
+favor of any one.
+
+
+B.C.L. Abbreviated for _Baccalaureus Civilis Legis_, Bachelor in
+Civil Law. In the University of Oxford, a Bachelor in Civil Law
+must be an M.A. and a regent of three years' standing. The
+exercises necessary to the degree are disputations upon two
+distinct days before the Professors of the Faculty of Law.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, the candidate for this degree must
+have resided nine terms (equal to three years), and been on the
+boards of some College for six years, have passed the "previous
+examination," attended the lectures of the Professor of Civil Law
+for three terms, and passed a _series_ of examinations in the
+subject of them; that is to say in General Jurisprudence, as
+illustrated by Roman and English law. The names of those who pass
+creditably are arranged in three classes according to
+merit.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 284.
+
+This degree is not conferred in the United States.
+
+
+B.D. An abbreviation for _Baccalaureus Divinitatis_, Bachelor in
+Divinity. In both the English Universities a B.D. must be an M.A.
+of seven years' standing, and at Oxford, a regent of the same
+length of time. The exercises necessary to the degree are at
+Cambridge one act after the fourth year, two opponencies, a
+clerum, and an English sermon. At Oxford, disputations are
+enjoined upon two distinct days before the Professors of the
+Faculty of Divinity, and a Latin sermon is preached before the
+Vice-Chancellor. The degree of Theologiæ Baccalaureus was
+conferred at Harvard College on Mr. Leverett, afterwards President
+of that institution, in 1692, and on Mr. William Brattle in the
+same year, the only instances, it is believed, in which this
+degree has been given in America.
+
+
+BEADLE, BEDEL, BEDELL. An officer in a university, whose chief
+business is to walk with a mace, before the masters, in a public
+procession; or, as in America, before the president, trustees,
+faculty, and students of a college, in a procession, at public
+commencements.--_Webster_.
+
+In the English universities there are two classes of Bedels,
+called the _Esquire_ and the _Yeoman Bedel_.
+
+Of this officer as connected with Yale College, President Woolsey
+speaks as follows:--"The beadle or his substitute, the vice-beadle
+(for the sheriff of the county came to be invested with the
+office), was the master of processions, and a sort of
+gentleman-usher to execute the commands of the President. He was a
+younger graduate settled at or near the College. There is on
+record a diploma of President Clap's, investing with this office a
+graduate of three years' standing, and conceding to him 'omnia
+jura privilegia et auctoritates ad Bedelli officium, secundum
+collegiorum aut universitatum leges et consuetudines usitatas;
+spectantia.' The office, as is well known, still exists in the
+English institutions of learning, whence it was transferred first
+to Harvard and thence to this institution."--_Hist. Disc._, Aug.,
+1850, p. 43.
+
+In an account of a Commencement at Williams College, Sept. 8,
+1795, the order in which the procession was formed was as follows:
+"First, the scholars of the academy; second, students of college;
+third, the sheriff of the county acting as _Bedellus_,"
+&c.--_Federal Orrery_, Sept. 28, 1795.
+
+The _Beadle_, by order, made the following declaration.--_Clap's
+Hist. Yale Coll._, 1766, p. 56.
+
+It shall be the duty of the Faculty to appoint a _College Beadle_,
+who shall direct the procession on Commencement day, and preserve
+order during the exhibitions.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 43.
+
+
+BED-MAKER. One whose occupation is to make beds, and, as in
+colleges and universities, to take care of the students' rooms.
+Used both in the United States and England.
+
+T' other day I caught my _bed-maker_, a grave old matron, poring
+very seriously over a folio that lay open upon my table. I asked
+her what she was reading? "Lord bless you, master," says she, "who
+I reading? I never could read in my life, blessed be God; and yet
+I loves to look into a book too."--_The Student_, Vol. I. p. 55,
+1750.
+
+I asked a _bed-maker_ where Mr. ----'s chambers were.--_Gent.
+Mag._, 1795, p. 118.
+
+  While the grim _bed-maker_ provokes the dust,
+  And soot-born atoms, which his tomes encrust.
+    _The College.--A sketch in verse_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May,
+    1849.
+
+The _bed-makers_ are the women who take care of the rooms: there
+is about one to each staircase, that is to say, to every eight
+rooms. For obvious reasons they are selected from such of the fair
+sex as have long passed the age at which they might have had any
+personal attractions. The first intimation which your bed-maker
+gives you is that she is bound to report you to the tutor if ever
+you stay out of your rooms all night.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 15.
+
+
+BEER-COMMENT. In the German universities, the student's drinking
+code.
+
+The _beer-comment_ of Heidelberg, which gives the student's code
+of drinking, is about twice the length of our University book of
+statutes.--_Lond. Quar. Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. LXXIII. p. 56.
+
+
+BEMOSSED HEAD. In the German universities, a student during the
+sixth and last term, or _semester_, is called a _Bemossed Head_,
+"the highest state of honor to which man can attain."--_Howitt_.
+
+See MOSS-COVERED HEAD.
+
+
+BENE. Latin, _well_. A word sometimes attached to a written
+college exercise, by the instructor, as a mark of approbation.
+
+  When I look back upon my college life,
+  And think that I one starveling _bene_ got.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 402.
+
+
+BENE DISCESSIT. Latin; literally, _he has departed honorably_.
+This phrase is used in the English universities to signify that
+the student leaves his college to enter another by the express
+consent and approbation of the Master and Fellows.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+Mr. Pope being about to remove from Trinity to Emmanuel, by
+_Bene-Discessit_, was desirous of taking my rooms.--_Alma Mater_,
+Vol. I. p. 167.
+
+
+BENEFICIARY. One who receives anything as a gift, or is maintained
+by charity.--_Blackstone_.
+
+In American colleges, students who are supported on established
+foundations are called _beneficiaries_. Those who receive
+maintenance from the American Education Society are especially
+designated in this manner.
+
+No student who is a college _beneficiary_ shall remain such any
+longer than he shall continue exemplary for sobriety, diligence,
+and orderly conduct.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 19.
+
+
+BEVER. From the Italian _bevere_, to drink. An intermediate
+refreshment between breakfast and dinner.--_Morison_.
+
+At Harvard College, dinner was formerly the only meal which was
+regularly taken in the hall. Instead of breakfast and supper, the
+students were allowed to receive a bowl of milk or chocolate, with
+a piece of bread, from the buttery hatch, at morning and evening;
+this they could eat in the yard, or take to their rooms and eat
+there. At the appointed hour for _bevers_, there was a general
+rush for the buttery, and if the walking happened to be bad, or if
+it was winter, many ludicrous accidents usually occurred. One
+perhaps would slip, his bowl would fly this way and his bread
+that, while he, prostrate, afforded an excellent stumbling-block
+to those immediately behind him; these, falling in their turn,
+spattering with the milk themselves and all near them, holding
+perhaps their spoons aloft, the only thing saved from the
+destruction, would, after disentangling themselves from the mass
+of legs, arms, etc., return to the buttery, and order a new bowl,
+to be charged with the extras at the close of the term.
+
+Similar in thought to this account are the remarks of Professor
+Sidney Willard concerning Harvard College in 1794, in his late
+work, entitled, "Memories of Youth and Manhood." "The students who
+boarded in commons were obliged to go to the kitchen-door with
+their bowls or pitchers for their suppers, when they received
+their modicum of milk or chocolate in their vessel, held in one
+hand, and their piece of bread in the other, and repaired to their
+rooms to take their solitary repast. There were suspicions at
+times that the milk was diluted by a mixture of a very common
+tasteless fluid, which led a sagacious Yankee student to put the
+matter to the test by asking the simple carrier-boy why his mother
+did not mix the milk with warm water instead of cold. 'She does,'
+replied the honest youth. This mode of obtaining evening commons
+did not prove in all cases the most economical on the part of the
+fed. It sometimes happened, that, from inadvertence or previous
+preparation for a visit elsewhere, some individuals had arrayed
+themselves in their dress-coats and breeches, and in their haste
+to be served, and by jostling in the crowd, got sadly sprinkled
+with milk or chocolate, either by accident or by the stealthy
+indulgence of the mischievous propensities of those with whom they
+came in contact; and oftentimes it was a scene of confusion that
+was not the most pleasant to look upon or be engaged in. At
+breakfast the students were furnished, in Commons Hall, with tea,
+coffee, or milk, and a small loaf of bread. The age of a beaker of
+beer with a certain allowance of bread had expired."--Vol. I. pp.
+313, 314.
+
+No scholar shall be absent above an hour at morning _bever_, half
+an hour at evening _bever_, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 517.
+
+The butler is not bound to stay above half an hour at _bevers_ in
+the buttery after the tolling of the bell.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p.
+584.
+
+
+BEVER. To take a small repast between meals.--_Wallis_.
+
+
+BIBLE CLERK. In the University of Oxford, the _Bible clerks_ are
+required to attend the service of the chapel, and to deliver in a
+list of the absent undergraduates to the officer appointed to
+enforce the discipline of the institution. Their duties are
+different in different colleges.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+A _Bible clerk_ has seldom too many friends in the
+University.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Vol. LX., Eng. ed., p. 312.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., "a very ancient scholarship,
+so called because the student who was promoted to that office was
+enjoined to read the Bible at meal-times."--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+BIENNIAL EXAMINATION. At Yale College, in addition to the public
+examinations of the classes at the close of each term, on the
+studies of the term, private examinations are also held twice in
+the college course, at the close of the Sophomore and Senior
+years, on the studies of the two preceding years. The latter are
+called _biennial_.--_Yale Coll. Cat._
+
+"The _Biennial_," remarks the writer of the preface to the _Songs
+of Yale_, "is an examination occurring twice during the
+course,--at the close of the Sophomore and of the Senior
+years,--in all the studies pursued during the two years previous.
+It was established in 1850."--Ed. 1853, p. 4.
+
+The system of examinations has been made more rigid, especially by
+the introduction of _biennials_.--_Centennial Anniversary of the
+Linonian Soc._, Yale Coll., 1853, p. 70.
+
+  Faculty of College got together one night,
+    To have a little congratulation,
+  For they'd put their heads together and hatched out a load,
+    And called it "_Bien. Examination_."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+BIG-WIG. In the English universities, the higher dignitaries among
+the officers are often spoken of as the _big-wigs._
+
+Thus having anticipated the approbation of all, whether Freshman,
+Sophomore, Bachelor, or _Big-Wig_, our next care is the choice of
+a patron.--_Pref._ to _Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+BISHOP. At Cambridge, Eng., this beverage is compounded of
+port-wine mulled and burnt, with the addenda of roasted lemons and
+cloves.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+  We'll pass round the _Bishop_, the spice-breathing cup.
+    _Will. Sentinel's Poems_.
+
+
+BITCH. Among the students of the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+common name for tea.
+
+The reading man gives no swell parties, runs very little into
+debt, takes his cup of _bitch_ at night, and goes quietly to bed.
+--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 131.
+
+With the Queens-men it is not unusual to issue an "At home" Tea
+and Vespers, alias _bitch_ and _hymns_.--_Ibid., Dedication_.
+
+
+BITCH. At Cambridge, Eng., to take or drink a dish of tea.
+
+I followed, and, having "_bitched_" (that is, taken a dish of tea)
+arranged my books and boxes.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+I dined, wined, or _bitched_ with a Medallist or Senior Wrangler.
+--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 218.
+
+A young man, who performs with great dexterity the honors of the
+tea-table, is, if complimented at all, said to be "an excellent
+_bitch_."--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 18.
+
+
+BLACK BOOK. In the English universities, a gloomy volume
+containing a register of high crimes and misdemeanors.
+
+At the University of Göttingen, the expulsion of students is
+recorded on a _blackboard_.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+Sirrah, I'll have you put in the _black book_, rusticated,
+expelled.--_Miller's Humors of Oxford_, Act II. Sc. I.
+
+All had reason to fear that their names were down in the proctor's
+_black book_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 277.
+
+So irksome and borish did I ever find this early rising, spite of
+the health it promised, that I was constantly in the _black book_
+of the dean.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+
+BLACK-HOOD HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+BLACK RIDING. At the College of South Carolina, it has until
+within a few years been customary for the students, disguised and
+painted black, to ride across the college-yard at midnight, on
+horseback, with vociferations and the sound of horns. _Black
+riding_ is recognized by the laws of the College as a very high
+offence, punishable with expulsion.
+
+
+BLEACH. At Harvard College, he was formerly said to _bleach_ who
+preferred to be _spiritually_ rather than _bodily_ present at
+morning prayers.
+
+  'T is sweet Commencement parts to reach,
+  But, oh! 'tis doubly sweet to _bleach_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+BLOOD. A hot spark; a man of spirit; a rake. A word long in use
+among collegians and by writers who described them.
+
+With some rakes from Boston and a few College _bloods_, I got very
+drunk.--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 154.
+
+  Indulgent Gods! exclaimed our _bloods_.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 15.
+
+
+BLOOD. At some of the Western colleges this word signifies
+excellent; as, a _blood_ recitation. A student who recites well is
+said to _make a blood_.
+
+
+BLOODEE. In the Farmer's Weekly Museum, formerly printed at
+Walpole, N.H., appeared August 21, 1797, a poetic production, in
+which occurred these lines:--
+
+  Seniors about to take degrees,
+  Not by their wits, but by _bloodees_.
+
+In a note the word _bloodee_ was thus described: "A kind of cudgel
+worn, or rather borne, by the bloods of a certain college in New
+England, 2 feet 5 inches in length, and 1-7/8 inch in diameter,
+with a huge piece of lead at one end, emblematical of its owner. A
+pretty prop for clumsy travellers on Parnassus."
+
+
+BLOODY. Formerly a college term for daring, rowdy, impudent.
+
+  Arriving at Lord Bibo's study,
+  They thought they'd be a little _bloody_;
+  So, with a bold, presumptuous look,
+  An honest pinch of snuff they took.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 44.
+
+  They roar'd and bawl'd, and were so _bloody_,
+  As to besiege Lord Bibo's study.
+
+  _Ibid._, p. 76.
+
+
+BLOW. A merry frolic with drinking; a spree. A person intoxicated
+is said to be _blown_, and Mr. Halliwell, in his Dict. Arch. and
+Prov. Words, has _blowboll_, a drunkard.
+
+This word was formerly used by students to designate their frolics
+and social gatherings; at present, it is not much heard, being
+supplanted by the more common words _spree_, _tight_, &c.
+
+My fellow-students had been engaged at a _blow_ till the stagehorn
+had summoned them to depart.--_Harvard Register_, 1827-28, p. 172.
+
+  No soft adagio from the muse of _blows_,
+  E'er roused indignant from serene repose.
+    _Ibid._, p. 233.
+
+  And, if no coming _blow_ his thoughts engage,
+  Lights candle and cigar.
+    _Ibid._, p. 235.
+
+The person who engages in a blow is also called a _blow_.
+
+I could see, in the long vista of the past, the many hardened
+_blows_ who had rioted here around the festive
+board.--_Collegian_, p. 231.
+
+
+BLUE. In several American colleges, a student who is very strict
+in observing the laws, and conscientious in performing his duties,
+is styled a _blue_. "Our real delvers, midnight students," says a
+correspondent from Williams College, "are called _blue_."
+
+I wouldn't carry a novel into chapel to read, not out of any
+respect for some people's old-womanish twaddle about the
+sacredness of the place,--but because some of the _blues_ might
+see you.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 81.
+
+  Each jolly soul of them, save the _blues_,
+  Were doffing their coats, vests, pants, and shoes.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+  None ever knew a sober "_blue_"
+    In this "blood crowd" of ours.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+Lucian called him a _blue_, and fell back in his chair in a
+pouting fit.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 118.
+
+To acquire popularity,... he must lose his money at bluff and
+euchre without a sigh, and damn up hill and down the sober
+church-going man, as an out-and-out _blue_.--_The Parthenon, Union
+Coll._, 1851, p. 6.
+
+
+BLUE-LIGHT. At the University of Vermont this term is used, writes
+a correspondent, to designate "a boy who sneaks about college, and
+reports to the Faculty the short-comings of his fellow-students. A
+_blue-light_ is occasionally found watching the door of a room
+where a party of jolly ones are roasting a turkey (which in
+justice belongs to the nearest farm-house), that he may go to the
+Faculty with the story, and tell them who the boys are."
+
+BLUES. The name of a party which formerly existed at Dartmouth
+College. In The Dartmouth, Vol. IV. p. 117, 1842, is the
+following:--"The students here are divided into two parties,--the
+_Rowes_ and the _Blues_. The Rowes are very liberal in their
+notions; the _Blues_ more strict. The Rowes don't pretend to say
+anything worse of a fellow than to call him a Blue, and _vice
+versa_"
+
+See INDIGO and ROWES.
+
+
+BLUE-SKIN. This word was formerly in use at some American
+colleges, with the meaning now given to the word BLUE, q.v.
+
+  I, with my little colleague here,
+    Forth issued from my cell,
+  To see if we could overhear,
+    Or make some _blue-skin_ tell.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 22.
+
+
+BOARD. The _boards_, or _college boards_, in the English
+universities, are long wooden tablets on which the names of the
+members of each college are inscribed, according to seniority,
+generally hung up in the buttery.--_Gradus ad Cantab. Webster_.
+
+I gave in my resignation this time without recall, and took my
+name off the _boards_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 291.
+
+Similar to this was the list of students which was formerly kept
+at Harvard College, and probably at Yale. Judge Wingate, who
+graduated at the former institution in 1759, writes as follows in
+reference to this subject:--"The Freshman Class was, in my day at
+college, usually _placed_ (as it was termed) within six or nine
+months after their admission. The official notice of this was
+given by having their names written in a large German text, in a
+handsome style, and placed in a conspicuous part of the College
+Buttery, where the names of the four classes of undergraduates
+were kept suspended until they left College. If a scholar was
+expelled, his name was taken from its place; or if he was degraded
+(which was considered the next highest punishment to expulsion),
+it was moved accordingly."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 311.
+
+
+BOGS. Among English Cantabs, a privy.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+BOHN. A translation; a pony. The volumes of Bohn's Classical
+Library are in such general use among undergraduates in American
+colleges, that _Bohn_ has come to be a common name for a
+translation.
+
+  'Twas plenty of skin with a good deal of _Bohn_.
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, Yale Coll., 1855.
+
+
+BOLT. An omission of a recitation or lecture. A correspondent from
+Union College gives the following account of it:--"In West
+College, where the Sophomores and Freshmen congregate, when there
+was a famous orator expected, or any unusual spectacle to be
+witnessed in the city, we would call a 'class meeting,' to
+consider upon the propriety of asking Professor ---- for a _bolt_.
+We had our chairman, and the subject being debated, was generally
+decided in favor of the remission. A committee of good steady
+fellows were selected, who forthwith waited upon the Professor,
+and, after urging the matter, commonly returned with the welcome
+assurance that we could have a _bolt_ from the next recitation."
+
+One writer defines a _bolt_ in these words:--"The promiscuous
+stampede of a class collectively. Caused generally by a few
+seconds' tardiness of the Professor, occasionally by finding the
+lock of the recitation-room door filled with shot."--_Sophomore
+Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+The quiet routine of college life had remained for some days
+undisturbed, even by a single _bolt_.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol.
+II. p. 192.
+
+
+BOLT. At Union College, to be absent from a recitation, on the
+conditions related under the noun BOLT. Followed by _from_. At
+Williams College, the word is applied with a different
+signification. A correspondent writes: "We sometimes _bolt_ from a
+recitation before the Professor arrives, and the term most
+strikingly suggests the derivation, as our movements in the case
+would somewhat resemble a 'streak of lightning,'--a
+thunder-_bolt_."
+
+
+BOLTER. At Union College, one who _bolts_ from a recitation.
+
+2. A correspondent from the same college says: "If a student is
+unable to answer a question in the class, and declares himself
+unprepared, he also is a '_bolter_.'"
+
+
+BONFIRE. The making of bonfires, by students, is not an unfrequent
+occurrence at many of our colleges, and is usually a demonstration
+of dissatisfaction, or is done merely for the sake of the
+excitement. It is accounted a high offence, and at Harvard College
+is prohibited by the following law:--"In case of a bonfire, or
+unauthorized fireworks or illumination, any students crying fire,
+sounding an alarm, leaving their rooms, shouting or clapping from
+the windows, going to the fire or being seen at it, going into the
+college yard, or assembling on account of such bonfire, shall be
+deemed aiding and abetting such disorder, and punished
+accordingly."--_Laws_, 1848, _Bonfires_.
+
+A correspondent from Bowdoin College writes: "Bonfires occur
+regularly twice a year; one on the night preceding the annual
+State Fast, and the other is built by the Freshmen on the night
+following the yearly examination. A pole some sixty or seventy
+feet long is raised, around which brush and tar are heaped to a
+great height. The construction of the pile occupies from four to
+five hours."
+
+  Not ye, whom midnight cry ne'er urged to run
+  In search of fire, when fire there had been none;
+  Unless, perchance, some pump or hay-mound threw
+  Its _bonfire_ lustre o'er a jolly crew.
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 233.
+
+
+BOOK-KEEPER. At Harvard College, students are allowed to go out of
+town on Saturday, after the exercises, but are required, if not at
+evening prayers, to enter their names before 10 P.M. with one of
+the officers appointed for that purpose. Students were formerly
+required to report themselves before 8 P.M., in winter, and 9, in
+summer, and the person who registered the names was a member of
+the Freshman Class, and was called the _book-keeper_.
+
+I strode over the bridge, with a rapidity which grew with my
+vexation, my distaste for wind, cold, and wet, and my anxiety to
+reach my goal ere the hour appointed should expire, and the
+_book-keeper's_ light should disappear from his window;
+ "For while his light holds out to burn,
+  The vilest sinner may return."--_Collegian_, p. 225.
+
+See FRESHMAN, COLLEGE.
+
+
+BOOK-WORK. Among students at Cambridge, Eng., all mathematics that
+can be learned verbatim from books,--all that are not
+problems.--_Bristed_.
+
+He made a good fight of it, and ... beat the Trinity man a little
+on the _book-work_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 96.
+
+The men are continually writing out _book-work_, either at home or
+in their tutor's rooms.--_Ibid._, p. 149.
+
+
+BOOT-FOX. This name was at a former period given, in the German
+universities, to a fox, or a student in his first half-year, from
+the fact of his being required to black the boots of his more
+advanced comrades.
+
+
+BOOTLICK. To fawn upon; to court favor.
+
+Scorns the acquaintance of those he deems beneath him; refuses to
+_bootlick_ men for their votes.--_The Parthenon_, Union Coll.,
+Vol. I. p. 6.
+
+The "Wooden Spoon" exhibition passed off without any such hubbub,
+except where the pieces were of such a character as to offend the
+delicacy and modesty of some of those crouching, fawning,
+_bootlicking_ hypocrites.--_The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+BOOTLICKER. A student who seeks or gains favor from a teacher by
+flattery or officious civilities; one who curries favor. A
+correspondent from Union College writes: "As you watch the
+students more closely, you will perhaps find some of them
+particularly officious towards your teacher, and very apt to
+linger after recitation to get a clearer knowledge of some
+passage. They are _Bootlicks_, and that is known as _Bootlicking_;
+a reproach, I am sorry to say, too indiscriminately applied." At
+Yale, and _other colleges_, a tutor or any other officer who
+informs against the students, or acts as a spy upon their conduct,
+is also called a _bootlick_.
+
+Three or four _bootlickers_ rise.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+  The rites of Wooden Spoons we next recite,
+  When _bootlick_ hypocrites upraised their might.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+Then he arose, and offered himself as a "_bootlick_" to the
+Faculty.--_Yale Battery_, Feb. 14, 1850.
+
+
+BOOTS. At the College of South Carolina it is customary to present
+the most unpopular member of a class with a pair of handsome
+red-topped boots, on which is inscribed the word BEAUTY. They were
+formerly given to the ugliest person, whence the inscription.
+
+
+BORE. A tiresome person or unwelcome visitor, who makes himself
+obnoxious by his disagreeable manners, or by a repetition of
+visits.--_Bartlett_.
+
+A person or thing that wearies by iteration.--_Webster_.
+
+Although the use of this word is very general, yet it is so
+peculiarly applicable to the many annoyances to which a collegian
+is subjected, that it has come by adoption to be, to a certain
+extent, a student term. One writer classes under this title
+"text-books generally; the Professor who marks _slight_ mistakes;
+the familiar young man who calls continually, and when he finds
+the door fastened demonstrates his verdant curiosity by revealing
+an inquisitive countenance through the ventilator."--_Sophomore
+Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+In college parlance, prayers, when the morning is cold or rainy,
+are a _bore_; a hard lesson is a _bore_; a dull lecture or
+lecturer is a _bore_; and, _par excellence_, an unwelcome visitor
+is a _bore_ of _bores_. This latter personage is well described in
+the following lines:--
+
+ "Next comes the bore, with visage sad and pale,
+  And tortures you with some lugubrious tale;
+  Relates stale jokes collected near and far,
+  And in return expects a choice cigar;
+  Your brandy-punch he calls the merest sham,
+  Yet does not _scruple_ to partake a _dram_.
+  His prying eyes your secret nooks explore;
+  No place is sacred to the college bore.
+  Not e'en the letter filled with Helen's praise,
+  Escapes the sight of his unhallowed gaze;
+  Ere one short hour its silent course has flown,
+  Your Helen's charms to half the class are known.
+  Your books he takes, nor deigns your leave to ask,
+  Such forms to him appear a useless task.
+  When themes unfinished stare you in the face,
+  Then enters one of this accursed race.
+  Though like the Angel bidding John to write,
+  Frail ------ form uprises to thy sight,
+  His stupid stories chase your thoughts away,
+  And drive you mad with his unwelcome stay.
+  When he, departing, creaks the closing door,
+  You raise the Grecian chorus, [Greek: kikkabau]."[02]
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton, Harv. Coll.
+
+
+BOS. At the University of Virginia, the desserts which the
+students, according to the statutes of college, are allowed twice
+per week, are respectively called the _Senior_ and _Junior Bos_.
+
+
+BOSH. Nonsense, trash, [Greek: phluaria]. An English Cantab's
+expression.--_Bristed_.
+
+But Spriggins's peculiar forte is that kind of talk which some
+people irreverently call "_bosh_."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p.
+259.
+
+
+BOSKY. In the cant of the Oxonians, being tipsy.--_Grose_.
+
+Now when he comes home fuddled, alias _Bosky_, I shall not be so
+unmannerly as to say his Lordship ever gets drunk.--_The Sizar_,
+cited in _Gradus ad Cantab._, pp. 20, 21.
+
+
+BOWEL. At Harvard College, a student in common parlance will
+express his destitution or poverty by saying, "I have not a
+_bowel_." The use of the word with this signification has arisen,
+probably, from a jocular reference to a quaint Scriptural
+expression.
+
+
+BRACKET. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the result of the
+final examination in the Senate-House is published in lists signed
+by the examiners. In these lists the names of those who have been
+examined are "placed in individual order of merit." When the rank
+of two or three men is the same, their names are inclosed in
+_brackets_.
+
+At the close of the course, and before the examination is
+concluded, there is made out a new arrangement of the classes
+called the _Brackets_. These, in which each is placed according to
+merit, are hung upon the pillars in the Senate-House.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. II. p. 93.
+
+As there is no provision in the printed lists for expressing the
+number of marks by which each man beats the one next below him,
+and there may be more difference between the twelfth and
+thirteenth than between the third and twelfth, it has been
+proposed to extend the use of the _brackets_ (which are now only
+employed in cases of literal equality between two or three men),
+and put together six, eight, or ten, whose marks are nearly equal.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 227.
+
+
+BRACKET. In a general sense, to place in a certain order.
+
+I very early in the Sophomore year gave up all thoughts of
+obtaining high honors, and settled down contentedly among the
+twelve or fifteen who are _bracketed_, after the first two or
+three, as "English Orations."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 6.
+
+There remained but two, _bracketed_ at the foot of the
+class.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+The Trinity man who was _bracketed_ Senior Classic.--_Ibid._, p.
+187.
+
+
+BRANDER. In the German universities a name given to a student
+during his second term.
+
+Meanwhile large tufts and strips of paper had been twisted into
+the hair of the _Branders_, as those are called who have been
+already one term at the University, and then at a given signal
+were set on fire, and the _Branders_ rode round the table on
+chairs, amid roars of laughter.--_Longfellow's Hyperion_, p. 114.
+
+See BRAND-FOX, BURNT FOX.
+
+
+BRAND-FOX. A student in a German university "becomes a
+_Brand-fuchs_, or fox with a brand, after the foxes of Samson," in
+his second half-year.--_Howitt_.
+
+
+BRICK. A gay, wild, thoughtless fellow, but not so _hard_ as the
+word itself might seem to imply.
+
+He is a queer fellow,--not so bad as he seems,--his own enemy, but
+a regular _brick_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 143.
+
+He will come himself (public tutor or private), like a _brick_ as
+he is, and consume his share of the generous potables.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 78.
+
+See LIKE A BRICK.
+
+
+BRICK MILL. At the University of Vermont, the students speak of
+the college as the _Brick Mill_, or the _Old Brick Mill_.
+
+
+BUCK. At Princeton College, anything which is in an intensive
+degree good, excellent, pleasant, or agreeable, is called _buck_.
+
+
+BULL. At Dartmouth College, to recite badly; to make a poor
+recitation. From the substantive _bull_, a blunder or
+contradiction, or from the use of the word as a prefix, signifying
+large, lubberly, blundering.
+
+
+BULL-DOG. In the English universities, the lictor or servant who
+attends a proctor when on duty.
+
+Sentiments which vanish for ever at the sight of the proctor with
+his _bull-dogs_, as they call them, or four muscular fellows which
+always follow him, like so many bailiffs.--_Westminster Rev._, Am.
+Ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 232.
+
+The proctors, through their attendants, commonly called
+_bull-dogs_, received much certain information, &c.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 170.
+
+  And he had breathed the proctor's _dogs_.
+    _Tennyson, Prologue to Princess_.
+
+
+BULLY CLUB. The following account of the _Bully Club_, which was
+formerly a most honored transmittendum at Yale College, is taken
+from an entertaining little work, entitled Sketches of Yale
+College. "_Bullyism_ had its origin, like everything else that is
+venerated, far back in antiquity; no one pretends to know the era
+of its commencement, nor to say with certainty what was the cause
+of its establishment, or the original design of the institution.
+We can only learn from dim and doubtful tradition, that many years
+ago, no one knows how many, there was a feud between students and
+townsmen: a sort of general ill-feeling, which manifested itself
+in the lower classes of society in rudeness and insult. Not
+patiently borne with, it grew worse and worse, until a regular
+organization became necessary for defence against the nightly
+assaults of a gang of drunken rowdies. Nor were their opponents
+disposed to quit the unequal fight. An organization in opposition
+followed, and a band of tipsy townsmen, headed by some hardy tars,
+took the field, were met, no one knows whether in offence or
+defence, and after a fight repulsed, and a huge knotty club
+wrested from their leader. This trophy of personal courage was
+preserved, the organization perpetuated, and the _Bully Club_ was
+every year, with procession and set form of speech, bestowed upon
+the newly acknowledged leader. But in process of time the
+organization has assumed a different character: there was no
+longer need of a system of defence,--the "Bully" was still
+acknowledged as class leader. He marshalled all processions, was
+moderator of all meetings, and performed the various duties of a
+chief. The title became now a matter of dispute; it sounded harsh
+and rude to ears polite, and a strong party proposed a change: but
+the supporters of antiquity pleaded the venerable character of the
+customs identified almost with the College itself. Thus the
+classes were divided, a part electing a marshal, class-leader, or
+moderator, and a part still choosing a _bully_ and _minor
+bully_--the latter usually the least of their number--from each
+class, and still bestowing on them the wonted clubs, mounted with
+gold, the badges of their office.
+
+"Unimportant as these distinctions seem, they formed the ground of
+constant controversy, each party claiming for its leader the
+precedence, until the dissensions ended in a scene of confusion
+too well known to need detail: the usual procession on
+Commencement day was broken up, and the partisans fell upon each
+other pell-mell; scarce heeding, in their hot fray, the orders of
+the Faculty, the threats of the constables, or even the rebuke of
+the chief magistrate of the State; the alumni were left to find
+their seats in church as they best could, the aged and beloved
+President following in sorrow, unescorted, to perform the duties
+of the day. It need not be told that the disputes were judicially
+ended by a peremptory ordinance, prohibiting all class
+organizations of any name whatever."
+
+A more particular account of the Bully Club, and of the manner in
+which the students of Yale came to possess it, is given in the
+annexed extract.
+
+"Many years ago, the farther back towards the Middle Ages the
+better, some students went out one evening to an inn at Dragon, as
+it was then called, now the populous and pretty village of Fair
+Haven, to regale themselves with an oyster supper, or for some
+other kind of recreation. They there fell into an affray with the
+young men of the place, a hardy if not a hard set, who regarded
+their presence there, at their own favorite resort, as an
+intrusion. The students proved too few for their adversaries. They
+reported the matter at College, giving an aggravated account of
+it, and, being strongly reinforced, went out the next evening to
+renew the fight. The oystermen and sailors were prepared for them.
+A desperate conflict ensued, chiefly in the house, above stairs
+and below, into which the sons of science entered pell-mell. Which
+came off the worse, I neither know nor care, believing defeat to
+be far less discreditable to either party, and especially to the
+students, than the fact of their engaging in such a brawl. Where
+the matter itself is essentially disgraceful, success or failure
+is indifferent, as it regards the honor of the actors. Among the
+Dragoners, a great bully of a fellow, who appeared to be their
+leader, wielded a huge club, formed from an oak limb, with a
+gnarled excrescence on the end, heavy enough to battle with an
+elephant. A student remarkable for his strength in the arms and
+hands, griped the fellow so hard about the wrist that his fingers
+opened, and let the club fall. It was seized, and brought off as a
+trophy. Such is the history of the Bully Club. It became the
+occasion of an annual election of a person to take charge of it,
+and to act as leader of the students in case of a quarrel between
+them, and others. 'Bully' was the title of this chivalrous and
+high office."--_Scenes and Characters in College_, New Haven,
+1847, pp. 215, 216.
+
+
+BUMPTIOUS. Conceited, forward, pushing. An English Cantab's
+expression.--_Bristed_.
+
+About nine, A.M., the new scholars are announced from the chapel
+gates. On this occasion it is not etiquette for the candidates
+themselves to be in waiting,--it looks too
+"_bumptious_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 193.
+
+
+BURIAL OF EUCLID. "The custom of bestowing burial honors upon the
+ashes of Euclid with becoming demonstrations of respect has been
+handed down," says the author of the Sketches of Yale College,
+"from time immemorial." The account proceeds as follows:--"This
+book, the terror of the dilatory and unapt, having at length been
+completely mastered, the class, as their acquaintance with the
+Greek mathematician is about to close, assemble in their
+respective places of meeting, and prepare (secretly for fear of
+the Faculty) for the anniversary. The necessary committee having
+been appointed, and the regular preparations ordered, a ceremony
+has sometimes taken place like the following. The huge poker is
+heated in the old stove, and driven through the smoking volume,
+and the division, marshalled in line, for _once_ at least see
+_through_ the whole affair. They then march over it in solemn
+procession, and are enabled, as they step firmly on its covers, to
+assert with truth that they have gone over it,--poor jokes indeed,
+but sufficient to afford abundant laughter. And then follow
+speeches, comical and pathetic, and shouting and merriment. The
+night assigned having arrived, how carefully they assemble, all
+silent, at the place appointed. Laid on its bier, covered with
+sable pall, and borne in solemn state, the corpse (i.e. the book)
+is carried with slow procession, with the moaning music of flutes
+and fifes, the screaming of fiddles, and the thumping and mumbling
+of a cracked drum, to the open grave or the funeral pyre. A
+gleaming line of blazing torches and twinkling lanterns wave along
+the quiet streets and through the opened fields, and the snow
+creaks hoarsely under the tread of a hundred men. They reach the
+scene, and a circle forms around the consecrated spot; if the
+ceremony is a burial, the defunct is laid all carefully in his
+grave, and then his friends celebrate in prose or verse his
+memory, his virtues, and his untimely end: and three oboli are
+tossed into his tomb to satisfy the surly boatman of the Styx.
+Lingeringly is the last look taken of the familiar countenance, as
+the procession passes slowly around the tomb; and the moaning is
+made,--a sound of groans going up to the seventh heavens,--and the
+earth is thrown in, and the headstone with epitaph placed duly to
+hallow the grave of the dead. Or if, according to the custom of
+his native land, the body of Euclid is committed to the funeral
+flames, the pyre, duly prepared with combustibles, is made the
+centre of the ring; a ponderous jar of turpentine or whiskey is
+the fragrant incense, and as the lighted fire mounts up in the
+still night, and the alarm in the city sounds dim in the distance,
+the eulogium is spoken, and the memory of the illustrious dead
+honored; the urn receives the sacred ashes, which, borne in solemn
+procession, are placed in some conspicuous situation, or solemnly
+deposited in some fitting sarcophagus. So the sport ends; a song,
+a loud hurrah, and the last jovial roysterer seeks short and
+profound slumber."--pp. 166-169.
+
+The above was written in the year 1843. That the interest in the
+observance of this custom at Yale College has not since that time
+diminished, may be inferred from the following account of the
+exercises of the Sophomore Class of 1850, on parting company with
+their old mathematical friend, given by a correspondent of the New
+York Tribune.
+
+"Arrangements having been well matured, notice was secretly given
+out on Wednesday last that the obsequies would be celebrated that
+evening at 'Barney's Hall,' on Church Street. An excellent band of
+music was engaged for the occasion, and an efficient Force
+Committee assigned to their duty, who performed their office with
+great credit, taking singular care that no 'tutor' or 'spy' should
+secure an entrance to the hall. The 'countersign' selected was
+'Zeus,' and fortunately was not betrayed. The hall being full at
+half past ten, the doors were closed, and the exercises commenced
+with music. Then followed numerous pieces of various character,
+and among them an _Oration_, a _Poem_, _Funeral Sermon_ (of a very
+metaphysical character), a _Dirge_, and, at the grave, a _Prayer
+to Pluto_. These pieces all exhibited taste and labor, and were
+acknowledged to be of a higher tone than that of any productions
+which have ever been delivered on a similar occasion. Besides
+these, there were several songs interspersed throughout the
+Programme, in both Latin and English, which were sung with great
+jollity and effect. The band added greatly to the character of the
+performances, by their frequent and appropriate pieces. A large
+coffin was placed before the altar, within which, lay the
+veritable Euclid, arranged in a becoming winding-sheet, the body
+being composed of combustibles, and these thoroughly saturated
+with turpentine. The company left the hall at half past twelve,
+formed in an orderly procession, preceded by the band, and bearing
+the coffin in their midst. Those who composed the procession were
+arrayed in disguises, to avoid detection, and bore a full
+complement of brilliant torches. The skeleton of Euclid (a
+faithful caricature), himself bearing a torch, might have been
+seen dancing in the midst, to the great amusement of all
+beholders. They marched up Chapel Street as far as the south end
+of the College, where they were saluted with three hearty cheers
+by their fellow-students, and then continued through College
+Street in front of the whole College square, at the north
+extremity of which they were again greeted by cheers, and thence
+followed a circuitous way to _quasi_ Potter's Field, about a mile
+from the city, where the concluding ceremonies were performed.
+These consist of walking over the coffin, thus _surmounting the
+difficulties_ of the author; boring a hole through a copy of
+Euclid with a hot iron, that the class may see _through_ it; and
+finally burning it upon the funeral pyre, in order to _throw
+light_ upon the subject. After these exercises, the procession
+returned, with music, to the State-House, where they disbanded,
+and returned to their desolate habitations. The affair surpassed
+anything of the kind that has ever taken place here, and nothing
+was wanting to render it a complete performance. It testifies to
+the spirit and character of the class of '53."--_Literary World_,
+Nov. 23, 1850, from the _New York Tribune_.
+
+In the Sketches of Williams College, printed in the year 1847, is
+a description of the manner in which the funeral exercises of
+Euclid are sometimes conducted in that institution. It is as
+follows:--"The burial took place last night. The class assembled
+in the recitation-room in full numbers, at 9 o'clock. The
+deceased, much emaciated, and in a torn and tattered dress, was
+stretched on a black table in the centre of the room. This table,
+by the way, was formed of the old blackboard, which, like a
+mirror, had so often reflected the image of old Euclid. In the
+body of the corpse was a triangular hole, made for the _post
+mortem_ examination, a report of which was read. Through this
+hole, those who wished were allowed to look; and then, placing the
+body on their heads, they could say with truth that they had for
+once seen through and understood Euclid.
+
+"A eulogy was then pronounced, followed by an oration and the
+reading of the epitaph, after which the class formed a procession,
+and marched with slow and solemn tread to the place of burial. The
+spot selected was in the woods, half a mile south of the College.
+As we approached the place, we saw a bright fire burning on the
+altar of turf, and torches gleaming through the dark pines. All
+was still, save the occasional sympathetic groans of some forlorn
+bull-frogs, which came up like minute-guns from the marsh below.
+
+"When we arrived at the spot, the sexton received the body. This
+dignitary presented rather a grotesque appearance. He wore a white
+robe bound around his waist with a black scarf, and on his head a
+black, conical-shaped hat, some three feet high. Haying fastened
+the remains to the extremity of a long, black wand, he held them
+in the fire of the altar until they were nearly consumed, and then
+laid the charred mass in the urn, muttering an incantation in
+Latin. The urn being buried deep in the ground, we formed a ring
+around the grave, and sung the dirge. Then, lighting our larches
+by the dying fire, we retraced our steps with feelings suited to
+the occasion."--pp. 74-76.
+
+Of this observance the writer of the preface to the "Songs of
+Yale" remarks: "The _Burial of Euclid_ is an old ceremony
+practised at many colleges. At Yale it is conducted by the
+Sophomore Class during the first term of the year. After literary
+exercises within doors, a procession is formed, which proceeds at
+midnight through the principal streets of the city, with music and
+torches, conveying a coffin, supposed to contain the body of the
+old mathematician, to the funeral pile, when the whole is fired
+and consumed to ashes."--1853, p. 4.
+
+From the lugubrious songs which are usually sung on these sad
+occasions, the following dirge is selected. It appears in the
+order of exercises for the "Burial of Euclid by the Class of '57,"
+which took place at Yale College, November 8, 1854.
+
+    Tune,--"_Auld Lang Syne_."
+
+              I.
+
+  Come, gather all ye tearful Sophs,
+    And stand around the ring;
+  Old Euclid's dead, and to his shade
+    A requiem we'll sing:
+  Then join the saddening chorus, all
+    Ye friends of Euclid true;
+  Defunct, he can no longer bore,
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"[03]
+
+              II.
+
+  Though we to Pluto _dead_icate,
+    No god to take him deigns,
+  So, one short year from now will Fate
+    Bring back his sad _re-manes_:
+  For at Biennial his ghost
+    Will prompt the tutor blue,
+  And every fizzling Soph will cry,
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"
+
+              III.
+
+  Though here we now his _corpus_ burn,
+    And flames about him roar,
+  The future Fresh shall say, that he's
+    "Not dead, but gone before":
+  We close around the dusky bier,
+    And pall of sable hue,
+  And silently we drop the tear;
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"
+
+
+BURLESQUE BILL. At Princeton College, it is customary for the
+members of the Sophomore Class to hold annually a Sophomore
+Commencement, caricaturing that of the Senior Class. The Sophomore
+Commencement is in turn travestied by the Junior Class, who
+prepare and publish _Burlesque Bills_, as they are called, in
+which, in a long and formal programme, such subjects and speeches
+are attributed to the members of the Sophomore Class as are
+calculated to expose their weak points.
+
+See SOPHOMORE COMMENCEMENT.
+
+
+BURLINGTON. At Middlebury College, a water-closet, privy. So
+called on account of the good-natured rivalry between that
+institution and the University of Vermont at Burlington.
+
+
+BURNING OF CONIC SECTIONS. "This is a ceremony," writes a
+correspondent, "observed by the Sophomore Class of Trinity
+College, on the Monday evening of Commencement week. The
+incremation of this text-book is made by the entire class, who
+appear in fantastic rig and in torch-light procession. The
+ceremonies are held in the College grove, and are graced with an
+oration and poem. The exercises are usually closed by a class
+supper."
+
+
+BURNING OF CONVIVIUM. Convivium is a Greek book which is studied
+at Hamilton College during the last term of the Freshman year, and
+is considered somewhat difficult. Upon entering Sophomore it is
+customary to burn it, with exercises appropriate to the occasion.
+The time being appointed, the class hold a meeting and elect the
+marshals of the night. A large pyre is built during the evening,
+of rails and pine wood, on the middle of which is placed a barrel
+of tar, surrounded by straw saturated with turpentine. Notice is
+then given to the upper classes that Convivium will be burnt that
+night at twelve o'clock. Their company is requested at the
+exercises, which consist of two poems, a tragedy, and a funeral
+oration. A coffin is laid out with the "remains" of the book, and
+the literary exercises are performed. These concluded, the class
+form a procession, preceded by a brass band playing a dirge, and
+march to the pyre, around which, with uncovered heads, they
+solemnly form. The four bearers with their torches then advance
+silently, and place the coffin upon the funeral pile. The class,
+each member bearing a torch, form a circle around the pyre. At a
+given signal they all bend forward together, and touch their
+torches to the heap of combustibles. In an instant "a lurid flame
+arises, licks around the coffin, and shakes its tongue to heaven."
+To these ceremonies succeed festivities, which are usually
+continued until daylight.
+
+
+BURNING OF ZUMPT'S LATIN GRAMMAR. The funeral rites over the body
+of this book are performed by the students in the University of
+New York. The place of turning and burial is usually at Hoboken.
+Scenes of this nature often occur in American colleges, having
+their origin, it is supposed, in the custom at Yale of burying
+Euclid.
+
+
+BURNT FOX. A student during his second half-year, in the German
+universities, is called a _burnt fox_.
+
+
+BURSAR, _pl._ BURSARII. A treasurer or cash-keeper; as, the
+_bursar_ of a college or of a monastery. The said College in
+Cambridge shall be a corporation consisting of seven persons, to
+wit, a President, five Fellows, and a Treasurer or
+_Bursar_.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 11.
+
+Every student is required on his arrival, at the commencement of
+each session, to deliver to the _Bursar_ the moneys and drafts for
+money which he has brought with him. It is the duty of the
+_Bursar_ to attend to the settlement of the demands for board,
+&c.; to pay into the hands of the student such sums as are
+required for other necessary expenses, and to render a statement
+of the same to the parent or guardian at the close of the session.
+--_Catalogue of Univ. of North Carolina_, 1848-49, p. 27.
+
+2. A student to whom a stipend is paid out of a burse or fund
+appropriated for that purpose, as the exhibitioners sent to the
+universities in Scotland, by each presbytery.--_Webster_.
+
+See a full account in _Brande's Dict. Science, Lit., and Art_.
+
+
+BURSARY. The treasury of a college or monastery.--_Webster_.
+
+2. In Scotland, an exhibition.--_Encyc._
+
+
+BURSCH (bursh), _pl._ BURSCHEN. German. A youth; especially a
+student in a German university.
+
+"By _bursché_," says Howitt, "we understand one who has already
+spent a certain time at the university,--and who, to a certain
+degree, has taken part in the social practices of the
+students."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. Ed., p. 27.
+
+  Und hat der _Bursch_ kein Geld im Beutel,
+    So pumpt er die Philister an,
+  Und denkt: es ist doch Alles eitel
+    Vom _Burschen_ bis zum Bettleman.
+    _Crambambuli Song_.
+
+Student life! _Burschen_ life! What a magic sound have these words
+for him who has learnt for himself their real meaning.--_Howitt's
+Student Life of Germany_.
+
+
+BURSCHENSCHAFT. A league or secret association of students, formed
+in 1815, for the purpose, as was asserted, of the political
+regeneration of Germany, and suppressed, at least in name, by the
+exertions of the government.--_Brandt_.
+
+"The Burschenschaft," says the Yale Literary Magazine, "was a
+society formed in opposition to the vices and follies of the
+Landsmannschaft, with the motto, 'God, Honor, Freedom,
+Fatherland.' Its object was 'to develop and perfect every mental
+and bodily power for the service of the Fatherland.' It exerted a
+mighty and salutary influence, was almost supreme in its power,
+but was finally suppressed by the government, on account of its
+alleged dangerous political tendencies."--Vol. XV. p. 3.
+
+
+BURSE. In France, a fund or foundation for the maintenance of poor
+scholars in their studies. In the Middle Ages, it signified a
+little college, or a hall in a university.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BURST. To fail in reciting; to make a bad recitation. This word is
+used in some of the Southern colleges.
+
+
+BURT. At Union College, a privy is called _the Burt_, from a
+person of that name, who many years ago was employed as the
+architect and builder of the _latrinæ_ of that institution.
+
+
+BUSY. An answer often given by a student, when he does not wish to
+see visitors.
+
+Poor Croak was almost annihilated by this summons, and, clinging
+to the bed-clothes in all the agony of despair, forgot to _busy_
+his midnight visitor.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 84.
+
+Whenever, during that sacred season, a knock salutes my door, I
+respond with a _busy_.--_Collegian_, p. 25.
+
+"_Busy_" is a hard word to utter, often, though heart and
+conscience and the college clock require it.--_Scenes and
+Characters in College_, p. 58.
+
+
+BUTLER. Anciently written BOTILER. A servant or officer whose
+principal business is to take charge of the liquors, food, plate,
+&c. In the old laws of Harvard College we find an enumeration of
+the duties of the college butler. Some of them were as follows.
+
+He was to keep the rooms and utensils belonging to his office
+sweet and clean, fit for use; his drinking-vessels were to be
+scoured once a week. The fines imposed by the President and other
+officers were to be fairly recorded by him in a book, kept for
+that purpose. He was to attend upon the ringing of the bell for
+prayer in the hall, and for lectures and commons. Providing
+candles for the hall was a part of his duty. He was obliged to
+keep the Buttery supplied, at his own expense, with beer, cider,
+tea, coffee, chocolate, sugar, biscuit, butter, cheese, pens, ink,
+paper, and such other articles as the President or Corporation
+ordered or permitted; "but no permission," it is added in the
+laws, "shall be given for selling wine, distilled spirits, or
+foreign fruits, on credit or for ready money." He was allowed to
+advance twenty per cent. on the net cost of the articles sold by
+him, excepting beer and cider, which were stated quarterly by the
+President and Tutors. The Butler was allowed a Freshman to assist
+him, for an account of whom see under FRESHMAN,
+BUTLER'S.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., pp. 138, 139. _Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1798, pp. 60-62.
+
+President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse pronounced before
+the Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850, remarks as
+follows concerning the Butler, in connection with that
+institution:--
+
+"The classes since 1817, when the office of Butler was, abolished,
+are probably but little aware of the meaning of that singular
+appendage to the College, which had been in existence a hundred
+years. To older graduates, the lower front corner room of the old
+middle college in the south entry must even now suggest many
+amusing recollections. The Butler was a graduate of recent
+standing, and, being invested with rather delicate functions, was
+required to be one in whom confidence might be reposed. Several of
+the elder graduates who have filled this office are here to-day,
+and can explain, better than I can, its duties and its bearings
+upon the interests of College. The chief prerogative of the Butler
+was to have the monopoly of certain eatables, drinkables, and
+other articles desired by students. The Latin laws of 1748 give
+him leave to sell in the buttery, cider, metheglin, strong beer to
+the amount of not more than twelve barrels annually,--which amount
+as the College grew was increased to twenty,--together with
+loaf-sugar ('saccharum rigidum'), pipes, tobacco, and such
+necessaries of scholars as were not furnished in the commons hall.
+Some of these necessaries were books and stationery, but certain
+fresh fruits also figured largely in the Butler's supply. No
+student might buy cider or beer elsewhere. The Butler, too, had
+the care of the bell, and was bound to wait upon the President or
+a Tutor, and notify him of the time for prayers. He kept the book
+of fines, which, as we shall see, was no small task. He
+distributed the bread and beer provided by the Steward in the Hall
+into equal portions, and had the lost commons, for which privilege
+he paid a small annual sum. He was bound, in consideration of the
+profits of his monopoly, to provide candles at college prayers and
+for a time to pay also fifty shillings sterling into the treasury.
+The more menial part of these duties he performed by his
+waiter."--pp. 43, 44.
+
+At both Harvard and Yale the students were restricted in expending
+money at the Buttery, being allowed at the former "to contract a
+debt" of five dollars a quarter; at the latter, of one dollar and
+twenty-five cents per month.
+
+
+BUTTER. A size or small portion of butter. "Send me a roll and two
+Butters."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Six cheeses, three _butters_, and two beers.--_The Collegian's
+Guide_.
+
+Pertinent to this singular use of the word, is the following
+curious statement. At Cambridge, Eng., "there is a market every
+day in the week, except Monday, for vegetables, poultry, eggs, and
+butter. The sale of the last article is attended with the
+peculiarity of every pound designed for the market being rolled
+out to the length of a yard; each pound being in that state about
+the thickness of a walking-cane. This practice, which is confined
+to Cambridge, is particularly convenient, as it renders the butter
+extremely easy of division into small portions, called _sizes_, as
+used in the Colleges."--_Camb. Guide_, Ed. 1845, p. 213.
+
+
+BUTTERY. An apartment in a house where butter, milk, provisions,
+and utensils are kept. In some colleges, a room where liquors,
+fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the
+students.--_Webster_.
+
+Of the Buttery, Mr. Peirce, in his History of Harvard University,
+speaks as follows: "As the Commons rendered the College
+independent of private boarding-houses, so the _Buttery_ removed
+all just occasion for resorting to the different marts of luxury,
+intemperance, and ruin. This was a kind of supplement to the
+Commons, and offered for sale to the students, at a moderate
+advance on the cost, wines, liquors, groceries, stationery, and,
+in general, such articles as it was proper and necessary for them
+to have occasionally, and which for the most part were not
+included in the Commons' fare. The Buttery was also an office,
+where, among other things, records were kept of the times when the
+scholars were present and absent. At their admission and
+subsequent returns they entered their names in the Buttery, and
+took them out whenever they had leave of absence. The Butler, who
+was a graduate, had various other duties to perform, either by
+himself or by his _Freshman_, as ringing the bell, seeing that the
+Hall was kept clean, &c., and was allowed a salary, which, after
+1765, was £60 per annum."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 220.
+
+With particular reference to the condition of Harvard College a
+few years prior to the Revolution, Professor Sidney Willard
+observes: "The Buttery was in part a sort of appendage to Commons,
+where the scholars could eke out their short commons with sizings
+of gingerbread and pastry, or needlessly or injuriously cram
+themselves to satiety, as they had been accustomed to be crammed
+at home by their fond mothers. Besides eatables, everything
+necessary for a student was there sold, and articles used in the
+play-grounds, as bats, balls, &c.; and, in general, a petty trade
+with small profits was carried on in stationery and other matters,
+--in things innocent or suitable for the young customers, and in
+some things, perhaps, which were not. The Butler had a small
+salary, and was allowed the service of a Freshman in the Buttery,
+who was also employed to ring the college bell for prayers,
+lectures, and recitations, and take some oversight of the public
+rooms under the Butler's directions. The Buttery was also the
+office of record of the names of undergraduates, and of the rooms
+assigned to them in the college buildings; of the dates of
+temporary leave of absence given to individuals, and of their
+return; and of fines inflicted by the immediate government for
+negligence or minor offences. The office was dropped or abolished
+in the first year of the present century, I believe, long after it
+ceased to be of use for most of its primary purposes. The area
+before the entry doors of the Buttery had become a sort of
+students' exchange for idle gossip, if nothing worse. The rooms
+were now redeemed from traffic, and devoted to places of study,
+and other provision was made for the records which had there been
+kept. The last person who held the office of Butler was Joseph
+Chickering, a graduate of 1799."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+1855, Vol. I. pp. 31, 32.
+
+President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse pronounced before
+the Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850, makes the
+following remarks on this subject: "The original motives for
+setting up a buttery in colleges seem to have been, to put the
+trade in articles which appealed to the appetite into safe hands;
+to ascertain how far students were expensive in their habits, and
+prevent them from running into debt; and finally, by providing a
+place where drinkables of not very stimulating qualities were
+sold, to remove the temptation of going abroad after spirituous
+liquors. Accordingly, laws were passed limiting the sum for which
+the Butler might give credit to a student, authorizing the
+President to inspect his books, and forbidding him to sell
+anything except permitted articles for ready money. But the whole
+system, as viewed from our position as critics of the past, must
+be pronounced a bad one. It rather tempted the student to
+self-indulgence by setting up a place for the sale of things to
+eat and drink within the College walls, than restrained him by
+bringing his habits under inspection. There was nothing to prevent
+his going abroad in quest of stronger drinks than could be bought
+at the buttery, when once those which were there sold ceased to
+allay his thirst. And a monopoly, such as the Butler enjoyed of
+certain articles, did not tend to lower their price, or to remove
+suspicion that they were sold at a higher rate than free
+competition would assign to them."--pp. 44, 45.
+
+"When," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "the 'punishment
+obscene,' as Cowper, the poet, very properly terms it, of
+_flagellation_, was enforced at our University, it appears that
+the Buttery was the scene of action. In The Poor Scholar, a
+comedy, written by Robert Nevile, Fellow of King's College in
+Cambridge, London, 1662, one of the students having lost his gown,
+which is picked up by the President of the College, the tutor
+says, 'If we knew the owner, we 'd take him down to th' Butterie,
+and give him due correction.' To which the student, (_aside_,)
+'Under correction, Sir; if you're for the Butteries with me, I'll
+lie as close as Diogenes in dolio. I'll creep in at the bunghole,
+before I'll _mount a barrel_,' &c. (Act II. Sc. 6.)--Again: 'Had I
+been once i' th' Butteries, they'd have their rods about me. But
+let us, for joy that I'm escaped, go to the Three Tuns and drink
+a pint of wine, and laugh away our cares.--'T is drinking at the
+Tuns that keeps us from ascending Buttery barrels,' &c." By a
+reference to the word PUNISHMENT, it will be seen that, in the
+older American colleges, corporal punishment was inflicted upon
+disobedient students in a manner much more solemn and imposing,
+the students and officers usually being present.
+
+The effect of _crossing the name in the buttery_ is thus stated in
+the Collegian's Guide. "To keep a term requires residence in the
+University for a certain number of days within a space of time
+known by the calendar, and the books of the buttery afford the
+appointed proof of residence; it being presumed that, if neither
+bread, butter, pastry, beer, or even toast and water (which is
+charged one farthing), are entered on the buttery books in a given
+name, the party could not have been resident that day. Hence the
+phrase of 'eating one's way into the church or to a doctor's
+degree.' Supposing, for example, twenty-one days' residence is
+required between the first of May and the twenty-fourth inclusive,
+then there will be but three days to spare; consequently, should
+our names be crossed for more than three days in all in that term,
+--say for four days,--the other twenty days would not count, and
+the term would be irrecoverably lost. Having our names crossed in
+the buttery, therefore, is a punishment which suspends our
+collegiate existence while the cross remains, besides putting an
+embargo on our pudding, beer, bread and cheese, milk, and butter;
+for these articles come out of the buttery."--p. 157.
+
+These remarks apply both to the Universities of Oxford and
+Cambridge; but in the latter the phrase _to be put out of commons_
+is used instead of the one given above, yet with the same meaning.
+See _Gradus ad Cantabrigiam_, p. 32.
+
+The following extract from the laws of Harvard College, passed in
+1734, shows that this term was formerly used in that institution:
+"No scholar shall be _put in or out of Commons_, but on Tuesdays
+or Fridays, and no Bachelor or Undergraduate, but by a note from
+the President, or one of the Tutors (if an Undergraduate, from his
+own Tutor, if in town); and when any Bachelors or Undergraduates
+have been out of Commons, the waiters, at their respective tables,
+shall, on the first Tuesday or Friday after they become obliged by
+the preceding law to be in Commons, _put them into Commons_ again,
+by note, after the manner above directed. And if any Master
+neglects to put himself into Commons, when, by the preceding law,
+he is obliged to be in Commons, the waiters on the Masters' table
+shall apply to the President or one of the Tutors for a note to
+put him into Commons, and inform him of it."
+
+  Be mine each morn, with eager appetite
+  And hunger undissembled, to repair
+  To friendly _Buttery_; there on smoking Crust
+  And foaming Ale to banquet unrestrained,
+  Material breakfast!
+    _The Student_, 1750, Vol. I. p. 107.
+
+
+BUTTERY-BOOK. In colleges, a book kept at the _buttery_, in which
+was charged the prices of such articles as were sold to the
+students. There was also kept a list of the fines imposed by the
+president and professors, and an account of the times when the
+students were present and absent, together with a register of the
+names of all the members of the college.
+
+  My name in sure recording page
+    Shall time itself o'erpower,
+  If no rude mice with envious rage
+    The _buttery-books_ devour.
+    _The Student_, Vol. I. p. 348.
+
+
+BUTTERY-HATCH. A half-door between the buttery or kitchen and the
+hall, in colleges and old mansions. Also called a
+_buttery-bar_.--_Halliwell's Arch. and Prov. Words_.
+
+If any scholar or scholars at any time take away or detain any
+vessel of the colleges, great or small, from the hall out of the
+doors from the sight of the _buttery-hatch_ without the butler's
+or servitor's knowledge, or against their will, he or they shall
+be punished three pence.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Coll._, Vol. I. p.
+584.
+
+He (the college butler) domineers over Freshmen, when they first
+come to the _hatch_.--_Earle's Micro-cosmographie_, 1628, Char.
+17.
+
+There was a small ledging or bar on this hatch to rest the
+tankards on.
+
+I pray you, bring your hand to the _buttery-bar_, and let it
+drink.--_Twelfth Night_, Act I. Sc. 3.
+
+
+BYE-FELLOW. In England, a name given in certain cases to a fellow
+in an inferior college. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+bye-fellow can be elected to one of the regular fellowships when a
+vacancy occurs.
+
+
+BYE-FELLOWSHIP. An inferior establishment in a college for the
+nominal maintenance of what is called a _bye-fellow_, or a fellow
+out of the regular course.
+
+The emoluments of the fellowships vary from a merely nominal
+income, in the case of what are called _Bye-fellowships_, to
+$2,000 per annum.--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+BYE-FOUNDATION. In the English universities, a foundation from
+which an insignificant income and an inferior maintenance are
+derived.
+
+
+BYE-TERM. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., students who take
+the degree of B.A. at any other time save January, are said to
+"_go out in a bye-term_."
+
+Bristed uses this word, as follows: "I had a double
+disqualification exclusive of illness. First, as a Fellow
+Commoner.... Secondly, as a _bye-term man_, or one between two
+years. Although I had entered into residence at the same time with
+those men who were to go out in 1844, my name had not been placed
+on the College Books, like theirs, previously to the commencement
+of 1840. I had therefore lost a term, and for most purposes was
+considered a Freshman, though I had been in residence as long as
+any of the Junior Sophs. In fact, I was _between two
+years_."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 97, 98.
+
+
+
+_C_.
+
+
+CAD. A low fellow, nearly equivalent to _snob_. Used among
+students in the University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+CAHOOLE. At the University of North Carolina, this word in its
+application is almost universal, but generally signifies to
+cajole, to wheedle, to deceive, to procure.
+
+
+CALENDAR. At the English universities the information which in
+American colleges is published in a catalogue, is contained in a
+similar but far more comprehensive work, called a _calendar_.
+Conversation based on the topics of which such a volume treats is
+in some localities denominated _calendar_.
+
+"Shop," or, as it is sometimes here called, "_Calendar_,"
+necessarily enters to a large extent into the conversation of the
+Cantabs.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 82.
+
+I would lounge about into the rooms of those whom I knew for
+general literary conversation,--even to talk _Calendar_ if there
+was nothing else to do.--_Ibid._, p. 120.
+
+
+CALVIN'S FOLLY. At the University of Vermont, "this name," writes
+a correspondent, "is given to a door, four inches thick and
+closely studded with spike-nails, dividing the chapel hall from
+the staircase leading to the belfry. It is called _Calvin's
+Folly_, because it was planned by a professor of that (Christian)
+name, in order to keep the students out of the belfry, which
+dignified scheme it has utterly failed to accomplish. It is one of
+the celebrities of the Old Brick Mill,[04] and strangers always
+see it and hear its history."
+
+
+CAMEL. In Germany, a student on entering the university becomes a
+_Kameel_,--a camel.
+
+
+CAMPUS. At the College of New Jersey, the college yard is
+denominated the _Campus_. _Back Campus_, the privies.
+
+
+CANTAB. Abridged for CANTABRIGIAN.
+
+It was transmitted to me by a respectable _Cantab_ for insertion.
+--_Hone's Every-day Book_, Vol. I. p. 697.
+
+Should all this be a mystery to our uncollegiate friends, or even
+to many matriculated _Cantabs_, we advise them not to attempt to
+unriddle it.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 39.
+
+
+CANTABRIGIAN. A student or graduate of the University of
+Cambridge, Eng. Used also at Cambridge, Mass., of the students and
+inhabitants.
+
+
+CANTABRIGICALLY. According to Cambridge.
+
+To speak _Cantabrigically_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 28.
+
+
+CAP. The cap worn by students at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., is described by Bristed in the following passage: "You must
+superadd the academical costume. This consists of a gown, varying
+in color and ornament according to the wearer's college and rank,
+but generally black, not unlike an ordinary clerical gown, and a
+square-topped cap, which fits close to the head like a truncated
+helmet, while the covered board which forms the crown measures
+about a foot diagonally across."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 4.
+
+A similar cap is worn at Oxford and at some American colleges on
+particular occasions.
+
+See OXFORD.
+
+
+CAP. To uncover the head in reverence or civility.
+
+The youth, ignorant who they were, had omitted to _cap_
+them.--_Gent. Mag._, Vol. XXIV. p. 567.
+
+I could not help smiling, when, among the dignitaries whom I was
+bound to make obeisance to by _capping_ whenever I met them, Mr.
+Jackson's catalogue included his all-important self in the number.
+--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 217.
+
+The obsequious attention of college servants, and the more
+unwilling "_capping_" of the undergraduates, to such a man are
+real luxuries.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LVI. p. 572.
+
+Used in the English universities.
+
+
+CAPTAIN OF THE POLL. The first of the Polloi.
+
+He had moreover been _Captain_ (Head) _of the Poll_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 96.
+
+
+CAPUT SENATUS. Latin; literally, _the head of the Senate_. In
+Cambridge, Eng., a council of the University by which every grace
+must be approved, before it can be submitted to the senate. The
+Caput Senatus is formed of the vice-chancellor, a doctor in each
+of the faculties of divinity, law, and medicine, and one regent
+M.A., and one non-regent M.A. The vice-chancellor's five
+assistants are elected annually by the heads of houses and the
+doctors of the three faculties, out of fifteen persons nominated
+by the vice-chancellor and the proctors.--_Webster. Cam. Cal. Lit.
+World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+See GRACE.
+
+
+CARCER. Latin. In German schools and universities, a
+prison.--_Adler's Germ, and Eng. Dict._
+
+  Wollten ihn drauf die Nürnberger Herren
+  Mir nichts, dir nichts ins _Carcer_ sperren.
+    _Wallenstein's Lager_.
+
+  And their Nur'mberg worships swore he should go
+  To _jail_ for his pains,--if he liked it, or no.
+    _Trans. Wallenstein's Camp, in Bohn's Stand. Lib._, p. 155.
+
+
+CASTLE END. At Cambridge, Eng., a noted resort for Cyprians.
+
+
+CATHARINE PURITANS. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+members of St. Catharine's Hall are thus designated, from the
+implied derivation of the word Catharine from the Greek [Greek:
+katharos], pure.
+
+
+CAUTION MONEY. In the English universities, a deposit in the hands
+of the tutor at entrance, by way of security.
+
+With reference to Oxford, De Quincey says of _caution money_:
+"This is a small sum, properly enough demanded of every student,
+when matriculated, as a pledge for meeting any loss from unsettled
+arrears, such as his sudden death or his unannounced departure
+might else continually be inflicting upon his college. In most
+colleges it amounts to £25; in one only it was considerably less."
+--_Life and Manners_, p. 249.
+
+In American colleges, a bond is usually given by a student upon
+entering college, in order to secure the payment of all his
+college dues.
+
+
+CENSOR. In the University of Oxford, Eng., a college officer whose
+duties are similar to those of the Dean.
+
+
+CEREVIS. From Latin _cerevisia_, beer. Among German students, a
+small, round, embroidered cap, otherwise called a beer-cap.
+
+Better authorities ... have lately noted in the solitary student
+that wends his way--_cerevis_ on head, note-book in hand--to the
+professor's class-room,... a vast improvement on the _Bursche_ of
+twenty years ago.--_Lond. Quart. Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. LXXIII. p.
+59.
+
+
+CHAMBER. The apartment of a student at a college or university.
+This word, although formerly used in American colleges, has been
+of late almost entirely supplanted by the word _room_, and it is
+for this reason that it is here noticed.
+
+If any of them choose to provide themselves with breakfasts in
+their own _chambers_, they are allowed so to do, but not to
+breakfast in one another's _chambers_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. II. p. 116.
+
+Some ringleaders gave up their _chambers_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p.
+116.
+
+
+CHAMBER-MATE. One who inhabits the same room or chamber with
+another. Formerly used at our colleges. The word CHUM is now very
+generally used in its place; sometimes _room-mate_ is substituted.
+
+If any one shall refuse to find his proportion of furniture, wood,
+and candles, the President and Tutors shall charge such
+delinquent, in his quarter bills, his full proportion, which sum
+shall be paid to his _chamber-mate_.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+35.
+
+
+CHANCELLOR. The chancellor of a university is an officer who seals
+the diplomas, or letters of degree, &c. The Chancellor of Oxford
+is usually one of the prime nobility, elected by the students in
+convocation; and he holds the office for life. He is the chief
+magistrate in the government of the University. The Chancellor of
+Cambridge is also elected from among the prime nobility. The
+office is biennial, or tenable for such a length of time beyond
+two years as the tacit consent of the University may choose to
+allow.--_Webster. Cam. Guide_.
+
+"The Chancellor," says the Oxford Guide, "is elected by
+convocation, and his office is for life; but he never, according
+to usage, is allowed to set foot in this University, excepting on
+the occasion of his installation, or when he is called upon to
+accompany any royal visitors."--Ed. 1847, p. xi.
+
+At Cambridge, the office of Chancellor is, except on rare
+occasions, purely honorary, and the Chancellor himself seldom
+appears at Cambridge. He is elected by the Senate.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Chancellor_ is the Bishop of
+the Diocese of Connecticut, and is also the Visitor of the
+College. He is _ex officio_ the President of the
+Corporation.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+CHAPEL. A house for public worship, erected separate from a
+church. In England, chapels in the universities are places of
+worship belonging to particular colleges. The chapels connected
+with the colleges in the United States are used for the same
+purpose. Religious exercises are usually held in them twice a day,
+morning and evening, besides the services on the Sabbath.
+
+
+CHAPEL. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the attendance at
+daily religious services in the chapel of each college at morning
+and evening is thus denominated.
+
+Some time ago, upon an endeavor to compel the students of one
+college to increase their number of "_chapels_," as the attendance
+is called, there was a violent outcry, and several squibs were
+written by various hands.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV.
+p. 235.
+
+It is rather surprising that there should be so much shirking of
+_chapel_, when the very moderate amount of attendance required is
+considered.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+16.
+
+To _keep chapel_, is to be present at the daily religious services
+of college.
+
+The Undergraduate is expected to go to chapel eight times, or, in
+academic parlance, to _keep eight chapels_ a week, two on Sunday,
+and one on every week-day, attending morning or evening _chapel_
+on week-days at his option. Nor is even this indulgent standard
+rigidly enforced. I believe if a Pensioner keeps six chapels, or a
+Fellow-Commoner four, and is quite regular in all other respects,
+he will never be troubled by the Dean. It certainly is an argument
+in favor of severe discipline, that there is more grumbling and
+hanging back, and unwillingness to conform to these extremely
+moderate requisitions, than is exhibited by the sufferers at a New
+England college, who have to keep sixteen chapels a week, seven of
+them at unreasonable hours. Even the scholars, who are literally
+paid for going, every chapel being directly worth two shillings
+sterling to them, are by no means invariable in attending the
+proper number of times.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 16, 17.
+
+
+CHAPEL CLERK. At Cambridge, Eng., in some colleges, it is the duty
+of this officer to _mark_ the students as they enter chapel; in
+others, he merely sees that the proper lessons are read, by the
+students appointed by the Dean for that purpose.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+The _chapel clerk_ is sent to various parties by the deans, with
+orders to attend them after chapel and be reprimanded, but the
+_chapel clerk_ almost always goes to the wrong
+person.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 235.
+
+
+CHAPLAIN. In universities and colleges, the clergyman who performs
+divine service, morning and evening.
+
+
+CHAW. A deception or trick.
+
+To say, "It's all a gum," or "a regular _chaw_" is the same thing.
+--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+CHAW. To use up.
+
+Yesterday a Junior cracked a joke on me, when all standing round
+shouted in great glee, "Chawed! Freshman chawed! Ha! ha! ha!" "No
+I a'n't _chawed_," said I, "I'm as whole as ever." But I didn't
+understand, when a fellow is _used up_, he is said to be _chawed_;
+if very much used up, he is said to be _essentially chawed_.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+The verb _to chaw up_ is used with nearly the same meaning in some
+of the Western States.
+
+Miss Patience said she was gratified to hear Mr. Cash was a
+musician; she admired people who had a musical taste. Whereupon
+Cash fell into a chair, as he afterwards observed, _chawed
+up_.--_Thorpe's Backwoods_, p. 28.
+
+
+CHIP DAY. At Williams College a day near the beginning of spring
+is thus designated, and is explained in the following passage.
+"They give us, near the close of the second term, what is called
+'_chip day_,' when we put the grounds in order, and remove the
+ruins caused by a winter's siege on the woodpiles."--_Sketches of
+Williams College_, 1847, p. 79.
+
+Another writer refers to the day, in a newspaper paragraph.
+"'_Chip day_,' at the close of the spring term, is still observed
+in the old-fashioned way. Parties of students go off to the hills,
+and return with brush, and branches of evergreen, with which the
+chips, which have accumulated during the winter, are brushed
+together, and afterwards burnt."--_Boston Daily Evening
+Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+About college there had been, in early spring, the customary
+cleaning up of "_chip day_."--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p.
+186.
+
+
+CHOPPING AT THE TREE. At University College in the University of
+Oxford, "a curious and ancient custom, called '_chopping at the
+tree_,' still prevails. On Easter Sunday, every member, as he
+leaves the hall after dinner, chops with a cleaver at a small tree
+dressed up for the occasion with evergreens and flowers, and
+placed on a turf close to the buttery. The cook stands by for his
+accustomed largess."--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 144, note.
+
+
+CHORE. In the German universities, a club or society of the
+students is thus designated.
+
+Duels between members of different _chores_ were once
+frequent;--sometimes one man was obliged to fight the members of a
+whole _chore_ in succession.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 5.
+
+
+CHRISTIAN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of
+Christ's College.
+
+
+CHUM. Armenian, _chomm_, or _chommein_, or _ham_, to dwell, stay,
+or lodge; French, _chômer_, to rest; Saxon, _ham_, home. A
+chamber-fellow; one who lodges or resides in the same
+room.--_Webster_.
+
+This word is used at the universities and colleges, both in
+England and the United States.
+
+A young student laid a wager with his _chum_, that the Dean was at
+that instant smoking his pipe.--_Philip's Life and Poems_, p. 13.
+
+          But his _chum_
+  Had wielded, in his just defence,
+  A bowl of vast circumference.--_Rebelliad_, p. 17.
+
+Every set of chambers was possessed by two co-occupants; they had
+generally the same bedroom, and a common study; and they were
+called _chums_.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 251.
+
+I am again your petitioner in behalf of that great _chum_ of
+literature, Samuel Johnson.--_Smollett, in Boswell_.
+
+In this last instance, the word _chum_ is used either with the
+more extended meaning of companion, friend, or, as the sovereign
+prince of Tartary is called the _Cham_ or _Khan_, so Johnson is
+called the _chum_ (cham) or prince of literature.
+
+
+CHUM. To occupy a chamber with another.
+
+
+CHUMMING. Occupying a room with another.
+
+Such is one of the evils of _chumming_.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. I. p.
+324.
+
+
+CHUMSHIP. The state of occupying a room in company with another;
+chumming.
+
+In the seventeenth century, in Milton's time, for example, (about
+1624,) and for more than sixty years after that era, the practice
+of _chumship_ prevailed.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 251.
+
+
+CIVILIAN. A student of the civil law at the university.--_Graves.
+Webster_.
+
+
+CLARIAN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of Clare
+Hall.
+
+
+CLASS. A number of students in a college or school, of the same
+standing, or pursuing the same studies. In colleges, the students
+entering or becoming members the same year, and pursuing the same
+studies.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Oxford, _class_ is the division of the
+candidates who are examined for their degrees according to their
+rate of merit. Those who are entitled to this distinction are
+denominated _Classmen_, answering to the _optimes_ and _wranglers_
+in the University of Cambridge.--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+See an interesting account of "reading for a first class," in the
+Collegian's Guide, Chap. XII.
+
+
+CLASS. To place in ranks or divisions students that are pursuing
+the same studies; to form into a class or classes.--_Webster_.
+
+
+CLASS BOOK. Within the last thirty or forty years, a custom has
+arisen at Harvard College of no small importance in an historical
+point of view, but which is principally deserving of notice from
+the many pleasing associations to which its observance cannot fail
+to give rise. Every graduating class procures a beautiful and
+substantial folio of many hundred pages, called the _Class Book_,
+and lettered with the year of the graduation of the class. In this
+a certain number of pages is allotted to each individual of the
+class, in which he inscribes a brief autobiography, paying
+particular attention to names and dates. The book is then
+deposited in the hands of the _Class Secretary_, whose duty it is
+to keep a faithful record of the marriage, birth of children, and
+death of each of his classmates, together with their various
+places of residence, and the offices and honors to which each may
+have attained. This information is communicated to him by letter
+by his classmates, and he is in consequence prepared to answer any
+inquiries relative to any member of the class. At his death, the
+book passes into the hands of one of the _Class Committee_, and at
+their death, into those of some surviving member of the class; and
+when the class has at length become extinct, it is deposited on
+the shelves of the College Library.
+
+The Class Book also contains a full list of all persons who have
+at any time been members of the class, together with such
+information as can be gathered in reference to them; and an
+account of the prizes, deturs, parts at Exhibitions and
+Commencement, degrees, etc., of all its members. Into it are also
+copied the Class Oration, Poem, and Ode, and the Secretary's
+report of the class meeting, at which the officers were elected.
+It is also intended to contain the records of all future class
+meetings, and the accounts of the Class Secretary, who is _ex
+officio_ Class Treasurer and Chairman of the Class Committee. By
+virtue of his office of Class Treasurer, he procures the _Cradle_
+for the successful candidate, and keeps in his possession the
+Class Fund, which is sometimes raised to defray the accruing
+expenses of the Class in future times.
+
+In the Harvardiana, Vol. IV., is an extract from the Class Book of
+1838, which is very curious and unique. To this is appended the
+following note:--"It may be necessary to inform many of our
+readers, that the _Class Book_ is a large volume, in which
+autobiographical sketches of the members of each graduating class
+are recorded, and which is left in the hands of the Class
+Secretary."
+
+
+CLASS CANE. At Union College, as a mark of distinction, a _class
+cane_ was for a time carried by the members of the Junior Class.
+
+The Juniors, although on the whole a clever set of fellows, lean
+perhaps with too nonchalant an air on their _class
+canes_.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+They will refer to their _class cane_, that mark of decrepitude
+and imbecility, for old men use canes.--_Ibid._
+
+
+CLASS CAP. At Hamilton College, it is customary for the Sophomores
+to appear in a _class cap_ on the Junior Exhibition day, which is
+worn generally during part of the third term.
+
+In American colleges, students frequently endeavor to adopt
+distinctive dresses, but the attempt is usually followed by
+failure. One of these attempts is pleasantly alluded to in the
+Williams Monthly Miscellany. "In a late number, the ambition for
+whiskers was made the subject of a remark. The ambition of college
+has since taken a somewhat different turn. We allude to the class
+caps, which have been introduced in one or two of the classes. The
+Freshmen were the first to appear in this species of uniform, a
+few days since at evening prayers; the cap which they have adopted
+is quite tasteful. The Sophomores, not to be outdone, have voted
+to adopt the tarpaulin, having, no doubt, become proficients in
+navigation, as lucidly explained in one of their text-books. The
+Juniors we understand, will follow suit soon. We hardly know what
+is left for the Seniors, unless it be to go bare-headed."--1845,
+p. 464.
+
+
+CLASS COMMITTEE. At Harvard College a committee of two persons,
+joined with the _Class Secretary_, who is _ex officio_ its
+chairman, whose duty it is, after the class has graduated, during
+their lives to call class meetings, whenever they deem it
+advisable, and to attend to all other business relating to the
+class.
+
+See under CLASS BOOK.
+
+
+CLASS CRADLE. For some years it has been customary at Harvard
+College for the Senior Class, at the meeting for the election of
+the officers of Class Day, &c., to appropriate a certain sum of
+money, usually not exceeding fifty dollars, for the purchase of a
+cradle, to be given to the first member of the class to whom a
+child is born in lawful wedlock at a suitable time after marriage.
+This sum is intrusted to the hands of the _Class Secretary_, who
+is expected to transmit the present to the successful candidate
+upon the receipt of the requisite information. In one instance a
+_Baby-jumper_ was voted by the class, to be given to the second
+member who should be blessed as above stated.
+
+
+CLASS CUP. It is a theory at Yale College, that each class
+appropriates at graduating a certain amount of money for the
+purchase of a silver cup, to be given, in the name of the class,
+to the first member to whom a child shall be born in lawful
+wedlock at a suitable time after marriage. Although the
+presentation of the _class cup_ is often alluded to, yet it is
+believed that the gift has in no instance been bestowed. It is to
+be regretted that a custom so agreeable in theory could not be
+reduced to practice.
+
+  Each man's mind was made up
+  To obtain the "_Class Cup_."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+See SILVER CUP.
+
+
+CLASS DAY. The custom at Harvard College of observing with
+appropriate exercises the day on which the Senior Class finish
+their studies, is of a very early date. The first notice which
+appears in reference to this subject is contained in an account of
+the disorders which began to prevail among the students about the
+year 1760. Among the evils to be remedied are mentioned the
+"disorders upon the day of the Senior Sophisters meeting to choose
+the officers of the class," when "it was usual for each scholar to
+bring a bottle of wine with him, which practice the committee
+(that reported upon it) apprehend has a natural tendency to
+produce disorders." But the disturbances were not wholly confined
+to the _meeting_ when the officers of Class Day were chosen; they
+occurred also on Class Day, and it was for this reason that
+frequent attempts were made at this period, by the College
+government, to suppress its observance. How far their efforts
+succeeded is not known, but it is safe to conclude that greater
+interruptions were occasioned by the war of the Revolution, than
+by the attempts to abolish what it would have been wiser to have
+reformed.
+
+In a MS. Journal, under date of June 21st, 1791, is the following
+entry: "Neither the valedictory oration by Ward, nor poem by
+Walton, was delivered, on account of a division in the class, and
+also because several were gone home." How long previous to this
+the 21st of June had been the day chosen for the exercises of the
+class, is uncertain; but for many years after, unless for special
+reasons, this period was regularly selected for that purpose.
+Another extract from the MS. above mentioned, under date of June
+21st, 1792, reads: "A valedictory poem was delivered by Paine 1st,
+and a valedictory Latin oration by Abiel Abbott."
+
+The biographer of Mr. Robert Treat Paine, referring to the poem
+noticed in the above memorandum, says: "The 21st of every June,
+till of late years, has been the day on which the members of the
+Senior Class closed their collegiate studies, and retired to make
+preparations for the ensuing Commencement. On this day it was
+usual for one member to deliver an oration, and another a poem;
+such members being appointed by their classmates. The Valedictory
+Poem of Mr. Paine, a tender, correct, and beautiful effusion of
+feeling and taste, was received by the audience with applause and
+tears." In another place he speaks on the same subject, as
+follows: "The solemnity which produced this poem is extremely
+interesting; and, being of ancient date, it is to be hoped that it
+may never fall into disuse. His affection for the University Mr.
+Paine cherished as one of his most sacred principles. Of this
+poem, Mr. Paine always spoke as one of his happiest efforts.
+Coming from so young a man, it is certainly very creditable, and
+promises more, I fear, than the untoward circumstances of his
+after life would permit him to perform."--_Paine's Works_, Ed.
+1812, pp. xxvii., 439.
+
+It was always customary, near the close of the last century, for
+those who bore the honors of Class Day, to treat their friends
+according to the style of the time, and there was scarcely a
+graduate who did not provide an entertainment of such sort as he
+could afford. An account of the exercises of the day at this
+period may not be uninteresting. It is from the Diary which is
+above referred to.
+
+"20th (Thursday). This day for special reasons the valedictory
+poem and oration were performed. The order of the day was this. At
+ten, the class walked in procession to the President's, and
+escorted him, the Professors, and Tutors, to the Chapel, preceded
+by the band playing solemn music.
+
+"The President began with a short prayer. He then read a chapter
+in the Bible; after this he prayed again; Cutler then delivered
+his poem. Then the singing club, accompanied by the band,
+performed Williams's _Friendship_. This was succeeded by a
+valedictory Latin Oration by Jackson. We then formed, and waited
+on the government to the President's, where we were very
+respectably treated with wine, &c.
+
+"We then marched in procession to Jackson's room, where we drank
+punch. At one we went to Mr. Moore's tavern and partook of an
+elegant entertainment, which cost 6/4 a piece. Marching then to
+Cutler's room, we shook hands, and parted with expressing the
+sincerest tokens of friendship." June, 1793.
+
+The incidents of Class Day, five years subsequent to the last
+date, are detailed by Professor Sidney Willard, and may not be
+omitted in this connection.
+
+"On the 21st of June, 1798, the day of the dismission of the
+Senior Class from all academic exercises, the class met in the
+College chapel to attend the accustomed ceremonies of the
+occasion, and afterwards to enjoy the usual festivities of the
+day, since called, for the sake of a name, and for brevity's sake,
+Class Day. There had been a want of perfect harmony in the
+previous proceedings, which in some degree marred the social
+enjoyments of the day; but with the day all dissension closed,
+awaiting the dawn of another day, the harbinger of the brighter
+recollections of four years spent in pleasant and peaceful
+intercourse. There lingered no lasting alienations of feeling.
+Whatever were the occasions of the discontent, it soon expired,
+was buried in the darkest recesses of discarded memories, and
+there lay lost and forgotten.
+
+"After the exercises of the chapel, and visiting the President,
+Professors, and Tutors at the President's house, according to the
+custom still existing, we marched in procession round the College
+halls, to another hall in Porter's tavern, (which some dozen or
+fifteen of the oldest living graduates may perhaps remember as
+Bradish's tavern, of ancient celebrity,) where we dined. After
+dining, we assembled at the Liberty Tree, (according to another
+custom still existing,) and in due time, having taken leave of
+each other, we departed, some of us to our family homes, and
+others to their rooms to make preparations for their
+departure."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. pp. 1, 3.
+
+Referring to the same event, he observes in another place: "In
+speaking of the leave-taking of the College by my class, on the
+21st of June, 1798,--Class Day, as it is now called,--I
+inadvertently forgot to mention, that according to custom, at that
+period, [Samuel P.P.] Fay delivered a Latin Valedictory Oration in
+the Chapel, in the presence of the Immediate Government, and of
+the students of other classes who chose to be present. Speaking to
+him on the subject some time since, he told me that he believed
+[Judge Joseph] Story delivered a Poem on the same occasion....
+There was no poetical performance in the celebration of the day in
+the class before ours, on the same occasion; Dr. John C. Warren's
+Latin oration being the only performance, and his class counting
+as many reputed poets as ours did."--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 320.
+
+Alterations were continually made in the observances of Class Day,
+and in twenty years after the period last mentioned, its character
+had in many particulars changed. Instead of the Latin, an English
+oration of a somewhat sportive nature had been introduced; the
+Poem was either serious or comic, at the writer's option; usually,
+however, the former. After the exercises in the Chapel, the class
+commonly repaired to Porter's Hall, and there partook of a dinner,
+not always observing with perfect strictness the rules of
+temperance either in eating or drinking. This "cenobitical
+symposium" concluded, they again returned to the college yard,
+where, scattered in groups under the trees, the rest of the day
+was spent in singing, smoking, and drinking, or pretending to
+drink, punch; for the negroes who supplied it in pails usually
+contrived to take two or more glasses to every one glass that was
+drank by those for whom it was provided. The dance around the
+Liberty Tree,
+  "Each hand in comrade's hand,"
+closed the regular ceremonies of the day; but generally the
+greater part of the succeeding night was spent in feasting and
+hilarity.
+
+The punch-drinking in the yard increased to such an extent, that
+it was considered by the government of the college as a matter
+which demanded their interference; and in the year 1842, on one of
+these occasions, an instructor having joined with the students in
+their revellings in the yard, the Faculty proposed that, instead
+of spending the afternoon in this manner, dancing should be
+introduced, which was accordingly done, with the approbation of
+both parties.
+
+The observances of the day, which in a small way may be considered
+as a rival of Commencement, are at present as follows. The Orator,
+Poet, Odist, Chaplain, and Marshals having been previously chosen,
+on the morning of Class Day the Seniors assemble in the yard, and,
+preceded by the band, walk in procession to one of the halls of
+the College, where a prayer is offered by the Class Chaplain. They
+then proceed to the President's house, and escort him to the
+Chapel where the following order is observed. A prayer by one of
+the College officers is succeeded by the Oration, in which the
+transactions of the class from their entrance into College to the
+present time are reviewed with witty and appropriate remarks. The
+Poem is then pronounced, followed by the Ode, which is sung by the
+whole class to the tune of "Fair Harvard." Music is performed at
+intervals by the band. The class then withdraw to Harvard Hall,
+accompanied by their friends and invited guests, where a rich
+collation is provided.
+
+After an interval of from one to two hours, the dancing commences
+in the yard. Cotillons and the easier dances are here performed,
+but the sport closes in the hall with the Polka and other
+fashionable steps. The Seniors again form, and make the circuit of
+the yard, cheering the buildings, great and small. They then
+assemble under the Liberty Tree, around which with hands joined
+they run and dance, after singing the student's adopted song,
+"Auld Lang Syne." At parting, each member takes a sprig or a
+flower from the beautiful "Wreath" which surrounds the "farewell
+tree," which is sacredly treasured as a last memento of college
+scenes and enjoyments. Thus close the exercises of the day, after
+which the class separate until Commencement.
+
+The more marked events in the observance of Class Day have been
+graphically described by Grace Greenwood, in the accompanying
+paragraphs.
+
+"The exercises on this occasion were to me most novel and
+interesting. The graduating class of 1848 are a fine-looking set
+of young men certainly, and seem to promise that their country
+shall yet be greater and better for the manly energies, the talent
+and learning, with which they are just entering upon life.
+
+"The spectators were assembled in the College Chapel, whither the
+class escorted the Faculty, headed by President Everett, in his
+Oxford hat and gown.
+
+"The President is a man of most imperial presence; his figure has
+great dignity, and his head is grand in form and expression. But
+to me he looks the governor, the foreign minister and the
+President, more than the orator or the poet.
+
+"After a prayer from the Chaplain, we listened to an eloquent
+oration from the class orator, Mr. Tiffany, of Baltimore and to a
+very elegant and witty poem from the class poet Mr. Clarke, of
+Boston. The 'Fair Harvard' having been sung by the class, all
+adjourned to the College green, where such as were so disposed
+danced to the music of a fine band. From the green we repaired to
+Harvard Hall, where an excellent collation was served, succeeded
+by dancing. From the hall the students of 1848 marched and cheered
+successively every College building, then formed a circle round a
+magnificent elm, whose trunk was beautifully garlanded will
+flowers, and, with hands joined in a peculiar manner, sung 'Auld
+Lang Syne.' The scene was in the highest degree touching and
+impressive, so much of the beauty and glory of life was there, so
+much of the energy, enthusiasm, and proud unbroken strength of
+manhood. With throbbing hearts and glowing lips, linked for a few
+moments with strong, fraternal grasps, they stood, with one deep,
+common feeling, thrilling like one pulse through all. An
+involuntary prayer sprang to my lips, that they might ever prove
+true to _Alma Mater_, to one another, to their country, and to
+Heaven.
+
+"As the singing ceased, the students began running swiftly around
+the tree, and at the cry, 'Harvard!' a second circle was formed by
+the other students, which gave a tumultuous excitement to the
+scene. It broke up at last with a perfect storm of cheers, and a
+hasty division among the class of the garland which encircled the
+elm, each taking a flower in remembrance of the day."--_Greenwood
+Leaves_, Ed. 3d, 1851, pp. 350, 351.
+
+In the poem which was read before the class of 1851, by William C.
+Bradley, the comparisons of those about to graduate with the youth
+who is attaining to his majority, and with the traveller who has
+stopped a little for rest and refreshment, are so genial and
+suggestive, that their insertion in this connection will not be
+deemed out of place.
+
+ "'T is a good custom, long maintained,
+  When the young heir has manhood gained,
+  To solemnize the welcome date,
+  Accession to the man's estate,
+  With open house and rousing game,
+  And friends to wish him joy and fame:
+  So Harvard, following thus the ways
+  Of careful sires of older days,
+  Directs her children till they grow
+  The strength of ripened years to know,
+  And bids their friends and kindred, then,
+  To come and hail her striplings--men.
+
+ "And as, about the table set,
+  Or on the shady grass-plat met,
+  They give the youngster leave to speak
+  Of vacant sport, and boyish freak,
+  So now would we (such tales have power
+  At noon-tide to abridge the hour)
+  Turn to the past, and mourn or praise
+  The joys and pains of boyhood's days.
+
+ "Like travellers with their hearts intent
+  Upon a distant journey bent,
+  We rest upon the earliest stage
+  Of life's laborious pilgrimage;
+  But like the band of pilgrims gay
+  (Whom Chaucer sings) at close of day,
+  That turned with mirth, and cheerful din,
+  To pass their evening at the inn,
+  Hot from the ride and dusty, we,
+  But yet untired and stout and free,
+  And like the travellers by the door,
+  Sit down and talk the journey o'er."
+
+As a specimen of the character of the Ode which is always sung on
+Class Day to the tune "Fair Harvard,"--which is the name by which
+the melody "Believe me, if all those endearing young charms" has
+been adopted at Cambridge,--that which was written by Joshua
+Danforth Robinson for the class of 1851 is here inserted.
+
+ "The days of thy tenderly nurture are done,
+    We call for the lance and the shield;
+  There's a battle to fight and a crown to be won,
+    And onward we press to the field!
+  But yet, Alma Mater, before we depart,
+    Shall the song of our farewell be sung,
+  And the grasp of the hand shall express for the heart
+    Emotions too deep for the tongue.
+
+ "This group of thy sons, Alma Mater, no more
+    May gladden thine ear with their song,
+  For soon we shall stand upon Time's crowded shore,
+    And mix in humanity's throng.
+  O, glad be the voices that ring through thy halls
+    When the echo of ours shall have flown,
+  And the footsteps that sound when no longer thy walls
+    Shall answer the tread of our own!
+
+ "Alas! our dear Mother, we see on thy face
+    A shadow of sorrow to-day;
+  For while we are clasped in thy farewell embrace,
+    And pass from thy bosom away,
+  To part with the living, we know, must recall
+    The lost whom thy love still embalms,
+  That one sigh must escape and one tear-drop must fall
+    For the children that died in thy arms.
+
+ "But the flowers of affection, bedewed by the tears
+    In the twilight of Memory distilled,
+  And sunned by the love of our earlier years,
+    When the soul with their beauty was thrilled,
+  Untouched by the frost of life's winter, shall blow,
+    And breathe the same odor they gave
+  When the vision of youth was entranced by their glow,
+    Till, fadeless, they bloom o'er the grave."
+
+A most genial account of the exercises of the Class Day of the
+graduates of the year 1854 may be found in Harper's Magazine, Vol.
+IX. pp. 554, 555.
+
+
+CLASSIC. One learned in classical literature; a student of the
+ancient Greek and Roman authors of the first rank.
+
+These men, averaging about twenty-three years of age, the best
+_Classics_ and Mathematicians of their years, were reading for
+Fellowships.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+35.
+
+A quiet Scotchman irreproachable as a _classic_ and a
+whist-player.--_Ibid._, p. 57.
+
+The mathematical examination was very difficult, and made great
+havoc among the _classics_.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+
+CLASSIC SHADES. A poetical appellation given to colleges and
+universities.
+
+  He prepares for his departure,--but he must, ere he repair
+  To the "_classic shades_," et cetera,--visit his "ladye fayre."
+    _Poem before Iadma_, Harv. Coll., 1850.
+
+I exchanged the farm-house of my father for the "_classic shades_"
+of Union.--_The Parthenon_, Union Coll., 1851, p. 18.
+
+
+CLASSIS. Same meaning as Class. The Latin for the English.
+
+[They shall] observe the generall hours appointed for all the
+students, and the speciall houres for their own _classis_.--_New
+England's First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 243.
+
+
+CLASS LIST. In the University of Oxford, a list in which are
+entered the names of those who are examined for their degrees,
+according to their rate of merit.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the names of those who are
+examined at stated periods are placed alphabetically in the class
+lists, but the first eight or ten individual places are generally
+known.
+
+There are some men who read for honors in that covetous and
+contracted spirit, and so bent upon securing the name of
+scholarship, even at the sacrifice of the reality, that, for the
+pleasure of reading their names at the top of the _class list_,
+they would make the examiners a present of all their Latin and
+Greek the moment they left the schools.--_Collegian's Guide_, p.
+327.
+
+
+CLASSMAN. See CLASS.
+
+
+CLASS MARSHAL. In many colleges in the United States, a _class
+marshal_ is chosen by the Senior Class from their own number, for
+the purpose of regulating the procession on the day of
+Commencement, and, as at Harvard College, on Class Day also.
+
+"At Union College," writes a correspondent, "the class marshal is
+elected by the Senior Class during the third term. He attends to
+the order of the procession on Commencement Day, and walks into
+the church by the side of the President. He chooses several
+assistants, who attend to the accommodation of the audience. He is
+chosen from among the best-looking and most popular men of the
+class, and the honor of his office is considered next to that of
+the Vice-President of the Senate for the third term."
+
+
+CLASSMATE. A member of the same class with another.
+
+The day is wound up with a scene of careless laughter and
+merriment, among a dozen of joke-loving _classmates_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 202.
+
+
+CLASS MEETING. A meeting where all the class are assembled for the
+purpose of carrying out some measure, appointing class officers,
+or transacting business of interest to the whole class.
+
+In Harvard College, no class, or general, or other meeting of
+students can be called without an application in writing of three
+students, and no more, expressing the purpose of such meeting, nor
+otherwise than by a printed notice, signed by the President,
+expressing the time, the object, and place of such meeting, and
+the three students applying for such meeting are held responsible
+for any proceedings at it contrary to the laws of the
+College.--_Laws Univ. Cam., Mass._, 1848, Appendix.
+
+Similar regulations are in force at all other American colleges.
+At Union College the statute on this subject was formerly in these
+words: "No class meetings shall be held without special license
+from the President; and for such purposes only as shall be
+expressed in the license; nor shall any class meeting be continued
+by adjournment or otherwise, without permission; and all class
+meetings held without license shall be considered as unlawful
+combinations, and punished accordingly."--_Laws Union Coll._,
+1807, pp. 37, 38.
+
+  While one, on fame alone intent,
+  Seek to be chosen President
+    Of clubs, or a _class meeting_.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 247.
+
+
+CLASSOLOGY. That science which treats of the members of the
+classes of a college. This word is used in the title of a pleasant
+_jeu d'esprit_ by Mr. William Biglow, on the class which graduated
+at Harvard College in 1792. It is called, "_Classology_: an
+Anacreontic Ode, in Imitation of 'Heathen Mythology.'"
+
+See under HIGH GO.
+
+
+CLASS SECRETARY. For an account of this officer, see under CLASS
+BOOK.
+
+
+CLASS SUPPER. In American colleges, a supper attended only by the
+members of a collegiate class. Class suppers are given in some
+colleges at the close of each year; in others, only at the close
+of the Sophomore and Senior years, or at one of these periods.
+
+
+CLASS TREES. At Bowdoin College, "immediately after the annual
+examination of each class," says a correspondent, "the members
+that compose it are accustomed to form a ring round a tree, and
+then, not dance, but run around it. So quickly do they revolve,
+that every individual runner has a tendency 'to go off in a
+tangent,' which it is difficult to resist for any length of time.
+The three lower classes have a tree by themselves in front of
+Massachusetts Hall. The Seniors have one of their own in front of
+King Chapel."
+
+For an account of a similar and much older custom, prevalent at
+Harvard College, see under CLASS DAY and LIBERTY TREE.
+
+
+CLIMBING. In reference to this word, a correspondent from
+Dartmouth College writes: "At the commencement of this century,
+the Greek, Latin, and Philosophical Orations were assigned by the
+Faculty to the best scholars, while the Valedictorian was chosen
+from the remainder by his classmates. It was customary for each
+one of these four to treat his classmates, which was called
+'_Climbing_,' from the effect which the liquor would have in
+elevating the class to an equality with the first scholars."
+
+
+CLIOSOPHIC. A word compounded from _Clio_, the Muse who presided
+over history, and [Greek: sophos], intelligent. At Yale College,
+this word was formerly used to designate an oration on the arts
+and sciences, which was delivered annually at the examination in
+July.
+
+Having finished his academic course, by the appointment of the
+President he delivered the _cliosophic_ oration in the College
+Hall.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 13.
+
+
+COACH. In the English universities, this term is variously
+applied, as will be seen by a reference to the annexed examples.
+It is generally used to designate a private tutor.
+
+Everything is (or used to be) called a "_coach_" at Oxford: a
+lecture-class, or a club of men meeting to take wine, luncheon, or
+breakfast alternately, were severally called a "wine, luncheon, or
+breakfast _coach_"; so a private tutor was called a "private
+_coach_"; and one, like Hilton of Worcester, very famed for
+getting his men safe through, was termed "a Patent Safety."--_The
+Collegian's Guide_, p. 103.
+
+It is to his private tutors, or "_coaches_," that he looks for
+instruction.--_Household Words_, Vol. II. p. 160.
+
+He applies to Mr. Crammer. Mr. Crammer is a celebrated "_coach_"
+for lazy and stupid men, and has a system of his own which has met
+with decided success.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 162.
+
+
+COACH. To prepare a student to pass an examination; to make use of
+the aid of a private tutor.
+
+He is putting on all steam, and "_coaching_" violently for the
+Classical Tripos.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d. p. 10.
+
+It is not every man who can get a Travis to _coach_ him.--_Ibid._,
+p. 69.
+
+
+COACHING. A cant term, in the British universities, for preparing
+a student, by the assistance of a private tutor, to pass an
+examination.
+
+Whether a man shall throw away every opportunity which a
+university is so eminently calculated to afford, and come away
+with a mere testamur gained rather by the trickery of private
+_coaching_ (tutoring) than by mental improvement, depends,
+&c.--_The Collegian's Guide_, p. 15.
+
+
+COAX. This word was formerly used at Yale College in the same
+sense as the word _fish_ at Harvard, viz. to seek or gain the
+favor of a teacher by flattery. One of the Proverbs of Solomon was
+often changed by the students to read as follows: "Surely the
+churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the
+nose bringeth forth blood; so the _coaxing_ of tutors bringeth
+forth parts."--_Prov._ xxx. 33.
+
+
+COCHLEAUREATUS, _pl._ COCHLEAUREATI. Latin, _cochlear_, a spoon,
+and _laureatus_, laurelled. A free translation would be, _one
+honored with a spoon_.
+
+At Yale College, the wooden spoon is given to the one whose name
+comes last on the list of appointees for the Junior Exhibition.
+The recipient of this honor is designated _cochleaureatus_.
+
+  Now give in honor of the spoon
+    Three cheers, long, loud, and hearty,
+  And three for every honored June
+    In _coch-le-au-re-a-ti_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 37.
+
+See WOODEN SPOON.
+
+
+COFFIN. At the University of Vermont, a boot, especially a large
+one. A companion to the word HUMMEL, q.v.
+
+
+COLLAR. At Yale College, "to come up with; to seize; to lay hold
+on; to appropriate."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p. 144.
+
+By that means the oration marks will be effectually _collared_,
+with scarce an effort.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+
+COLLECTION. In the University of Oxford, a college examination,
+which takes place at the end of every term before the Warden and
+Tutor.
+
+Read some Herodotus for _Collections_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+348.
+
+The College examinations, called _collections_, are strictly
+private.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 139.
+
+
+COLLECTOR. A Bachelor of Arts in the University of Oxford, who is
+appointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in
+Lent.--_Todd_.
+
+The Collectors, who are two in number, Bachelors of Arts, are
+appointed to collect the names of _determining_ bachelors, during
+Lent. Their office begins and ends with that season.--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+
+COLLECTORSHIP. The office of a _collector_ in the University of
+Oxford.--_Todd_.
+
+This Lent the _collectors_ ceased from entertaining the Bachelors
+by advice and command of the proctors; so that now they got by
+their _collectorships_, whereas before they spent about 100_l._,
+besides their gains, on clothes or needless entertainments.--_Life
+of A. Wood_, p. 286.
+
+
+COLLEGE. Latin, _collegium_; _con_ and _lego_, to gather. In its
+primary sense, a collection or assembly; hence, in a general
+sense, a collection, assemblage, or society of men, invested with
+certain powers and rights, performing certain duties, or engaged
+in some common employment or pursuit.
+
+1. An establishment or edifice appropriated to the use of students
+who are acquiring the languages and sciences.
+
+2. The society of persons engaged in the pursuits of literature,
+including the officers and students. Societies of this kind are
+incorporated, and endowed with revenues.
+
+"A college, in the modern sense of that word, was an institution
+which arose within a university, probably within that of Paris or
+of Oxford first, being intended either as a kind of
+boarding-school, or for the support of scholars destitute of
+means, who were here to live under particular supervision. By
+degrees it became more and more the custom that teachers should be
+attached to these establishments. And as they grew in favor, they
+were resorted to by persons of means, who paid for their board;
+and this to such a degree, that at one time the colleges included
+nearly all the members of the University of Paris. In the English
+universities the colleges may have been first established by a
+master who gathered pupils around him, for whose board and
+instruction he provided. He exercised them perhaps in logic and
+the other liberal arts, and repeated the university lectures, as
+well as superintended their morals. As his scholars grew in
+number, he associated with himself other teachers, who thus
+acquired the name of _fellows_. Thus it naturally happened that
+the government of colleges, even of those which were founded by
+the benevolence of pious persons, was in the hands of a principal
+called by various names, such as rector, president, provost, or
+master, and of fellows, all of whom were resident within the walls
+of the same edifices where the students lived. Where charitable
+munificence went so far as to provide for the support of a greater
+number of fellows than were needed, some of them were intrusted,
+as tutors, with the instruction of the undergraduates, while
+others performed various services within their college, or passed
+a life of learned leisure."--_Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, New
+Haven, Aug. 14, 1850, p. 8.
+
+3. In _foreign universities_, a public lecture.--_Webster_.
+
+
+COLLEGE BIBLE. The laws of a college are sometimes significantly
+called _the College Bible_.
+
+  He cons _the College Bible_ with eager, longing eyes,
+  And wonders how poor students at six o'clock can rise.
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+COLLEGER. A member of a college.
+
+We stood like veteran _Collegers_ the next day's
+screw.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 9. [_Little used_.]
+
+2. The name by which a member of a certain class of the pupils of
+Eton is known. "The _Collegers_ are educated gratuitously, and
+such of them as have nearly but not quite reached the age of
+nineteen, when a vacancy in King's College, Cambridge, occurs, are
+elected scholars there forthwith and provided for during life--or
+until marriage."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+pp. 262, 263.
+
+They have nothing in lieu of our seventy _Collegers_.--_Ibid._, p.
+270.
+
+The whole number of scholars or "_Collegers_" at Eton is seventy.
+--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+COLLEGE YARD. The enclosure on or within which the buildings of a
+college are situated. Although college enclosures are usually open
+for others to pass through than those connected with the college,
+yet by law the grounds are as private as those connected with
+private dwellings, and are kept so, by refusing entrance, for a
+certain period, to all who are not members of the college, at
+least once in twenty years, although the time differs in different
+States.
+
+  But when they got to _College yard_,
+  With one accord they all huzza'd.--_Rebelliad_, p. 33.
+
+  Not ye, whom science never taught to roam
+  Far as a _College yard_ or student's home.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 232.
+
+
+COLLEGIAN. A member of a college, particularly of a literary
+institution so called; an inhabitant of a college.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+COLLEGIATE. Pertaining to a college; as, _collegiate_ studies.
+
+2. Containing a college; instituted after the manner of a college;
+as, a _collegiate_ society.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+COLLEGIATE. A member of a college.
+
+
+COMBINATION. An agreement, for effecting some object by joint
+operation; in _an ill sense_, when the purpose is illegal or
+iniquitous. An agreement entered into by students to resist or
+disobey the Faculty of the College, or to do any unlawful act, is
+a _combination_. When the number concerned is so great as to
+render it inexpedient to punish all, those most culpable are
+usually selected, or as many as are deemed necessary to satisfy
+the demands of justice.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 27. _Laws
+Univ. Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 23.
+
+
+COMBINATION ROOM. In the University of Cambridge Eng., a room into
+which the fellows, and others in authority withdraw after dinner,
+for wine, dessert, and conversation.--_Webster_.
+
+In popular phrase, the word _room_ is omitted.
+
+"There will be some quiet Bachelors there, I suppose," thought I,
+"and a Junior Fellow or two, some of those I have met in
+_combination_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 52.
+
+
+COMITAT. In the German universities, a procession formed to
+accompany a departing fellow-student with public honor out of the
+city.--_Howitt_.
+
+
+COMMEMORATION DAY. At the University of Oxford, Eng., this day is
+an annual solemnity in honor of the benefactors of the University,
+when orations are delivered, and prize compositions are read in
+the theatre. It is the great day of festivity for the
+year.--_Huber_.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., there is always a sermon on
+this day. The lesson which is read in the course of the service is
+from Ecclus. xliv.: "Let us now praise famous men," &c. It is "a
+day," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "devoted to prayers, and
+good living." It was formerly called _Anniversary Day_.
+
+
+COMMENCE. To take a degree, or the first degree, in a university
+or college.--_Bailey_.
+
+Nine Bachelors _commenced_ at Cambridge; they were young men of
+good hope, and performed their acts so as to give good proof of
+their proficiency in the tongues and arts.--_Winthrop's Journal,
+by Mr. Savage_, Vol. II. p. 87.
+
+Four Senior Sophisters came from Saybrook, and received the Degree
+of Bachelor of Arts, and several others _commenced_
+Masters.--_Clap's Hist. Yale Coll._, p. 20.
+
+  A scholar see him now _commence_,
+  Without the aid of books or sense.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, 1794, p. 12.
+
+Charles Chauncy ... was afterwards, when qualified, sent to the
+University of Cambridge, where he _commenced_ Bachelor of
+Divinity.--_Hist. Sketch of First Ch. in Boston_, 1812, p. 211.
+
+
+COMMENCEMENT. The time when students in colleges _commence_
+Bachelors; a day in which degrees are publicly conferred in the
+English and American universities.--_Webster_.
+
+At Harvard College, in its earliest days, Commencements were
+attended, as at present, by the highest officers in the State. At
+the first Commencement, on the second Tuesday of August, 1642, we
+are told that "the Governour, Magistrates, and the Ministers, from
+all parts, with all sorts of schollars, and others in great
+numbers, were present."--_New England's First Fruits_, in _Mass.
+Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 246.
+
+In the MS. Diary of Judge Sewall, under date of July 1, 1685,
+Commencement Day, is this remark: "Gov'r there, whom I accompanied
+to Charlestown"; and again, under date of July 2, 1690, is the
+following entry respecting the Commencement of that year: "Go to
+Cambridge by water in ye Barge wherein the Gov'r, Maj. Gen'l,
+Capt. Blackwell, and others." In the Private Journal of Cotton
+Mather, under the dates of 1708 and 1717, there are notices of the
+Boston troops waiting on the Governor to Cambridge on Commencement
+Day. During the presidency of Wadsworth, which continued from 1725
+to 1737, "it was the custom," says Quincy, "on Commencement Day,
+for the Governor of the Province to come from Boston through
+Roxbury, often by the way of Watertown, attended by his body
+guards, and to arrive at the College about ten or eleven o'clock
+in the morning. A procession was then formed of the Corporation,
+Overseers, magistrates, ministers, and invited gentlemen, and
+immediately moved from Harvard Hall to the Congregational church."
+After the exercises of the day were over, the students escorted
+the Governor, Corporation, and Overseers, in procession, to the
+President's house. This description would answer very well for the
+present day, by adding the graduating class to the procession, and
+substituting the Boston Lancers as an escort, instead of the "body
+guards."
+
+The exercises of the first Commencement are stated in New
+England's First Fruits, above referred to, as follows:--"Latine
+and Greeke Orations, and Declamations, and Hebrew Analysis,
+Grammaticall, Logicall, and Rhetoricall of the Psalms: And their
+answers and disputations in Logicall, Ethicall, Physicall, and
+Metaphysicall questions." At Commencement in 1685, the exercises
+were, besides Disputes, four Orations, one Latin, two Greek, and
+one Hebrew In the presidency of Wadsworth, above referred to, "the
+exercises of the day," says Quincy, "began with a short prayer by
+the President; a salutatory oration in Latin, by one of the
+graduating class, succeeded; then disputations on theses or
+questions in Logic, Ethics, and Natural Philosophy commenced. When
+the disputation terminated, one of the candidates pronounced a
+Latin 'gratulatory oration.' The graduating class were then
+called, and, after asking leave of the Governor and Overseers, the
+President conferred the Bachelor's degree, by delivering a book to
+the candidates (who came forward successively in parties of four),
+and pronouncing a form of words in Latin. An adjournment then took
+place to dinner, in Harvard Hall; thence the procession returned
+to the church, and, after the Masters' disputations, usually three
+in number, were finished, their degrees were conferred, with the
+same general forms as those of the Bachelors. An occasional
+address was then made by the President. A Latin valedictory
+oration by one of the Masters succeeded, and the exercises
+concluded with a prayer by the President."
+
+Similar to this is the account given by the Hon. Paine Wingate, a
+graduate of the class of 1759, of the exercises of Commencement as
+conducted while he was in College. "I do not recollect now," he
+says, "any part of the public exercises on Commencement Day to be
+in English, excepting the President's prayers at opening and
+closing the services. Next after the prayer followed the
+Salutatory Oration in Latin, by one of the candidates for the
+first degree. This office was assigned by the President, and was
+supposed to be given to him who was the best orator in the class.
+Then followed a Syllogistic Disputation in Latin, in which four or
+five or more of those who were distinguished as good scholars in
+the class were appointed by the President as Respondents, to whom
+were assigned certain questions, which the Respondents maintained,
+and the rest of the class severally opposed, and endeavored to
+invalidate. This was conducted wholly in Latin, and in the form of
+Syllogisms and Theses. At the close of the Disputation, the
+President usually added some remarks in Latin. After these
+exercises the President conferred the degrees. This, I think, may
+be considered as the summary of the public performances on a
+Commencement Day. I do not recollect any Forensic Disputation, or
+a Poem or Oration spoken in English, whilst I was in
+College."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, pp. 307, 308.
+
+As far back as the year 1685, it was customary for the President
+to deliver an address near the close of the exercises. Under this
+date, in the MS. Diary of Judge Sewall, are these words: "Mr.
+President after giving ye Degrees made an Oration in Praise of
+Academical Studies and Degrees, Hebrew tongue." In 1688, at the
+Commencement, according to the same gentleman, Mr. William
+Hubbard, then acting as President under the appointment of Sir
+Edmund Andros, "made an oration."
+
+The disputations were always in Latin, and continued to be a part
+of the exercises of Commencement until the year 1820. The orations
+were in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and sometimes French; in 1818 a
+Spanish oration was delivered at the Commencement for that year by
+Mr. George Osborne. The first English oration was made by Mr.
+Jedidiah Huntington, in the year 1763, and the first English poem
+by Mr. John Davis, in 1781. The last Latin syllogisms were in
+1792, on the subjects, "Materia cogitare non potest," and "Nil
+nisi ignis naturâ est fluidum." The first year in which the
+performers spoke without a prompter was 1837. There were no
+Master's exercises for the first time in 1844. To prevent
+improprieties, in the year 1760, "the duty of inspecting the
+performances on the day," says Quincy, "and expunging all
+exceptionable parts, was assigned to the President; on whom it was
+particularly enjoined 'to put an end to the practice of addressing
+the female sex.'" At a later period, in 1792, by referring to the
+"Order of the Exercises of Commencement," we find that in the
+concluding oration "honorable notice is taken, from year to year,
+of those who have been the principal Benefactors of the
+University." The practice is now discontinued.
+
+At the first Commencement, all the magistrates, elders, and
+invited guests who were present "dined," says Winthrop in his
+Journal, Vol. II. pp. 87, 88, "at the College with the scholars'
+ordinary commons, which was done on purpose for the students'
+encouragement, &c., and it gave good content to all." After
+dinner, a Psalm was usually sung. In 1685, at Commencement, Sewall
+says: "After dinner ye 3d part of ye 103d Ps. was sung in ye
+Hall." The seventy-eighth Psalm was the one usually sung, an
+account of which will be found under that title. The Senior Class
+usually waited on the table on Commencement Day. After dinner,
+they were allowed to take what provisions were left, and eat them
+at their rooms, or in the hall. This custom was not discontinued
+until the year 1812.
+
+In 1754, owing to the expensive habits worn on Commencement Day, a
+law was passed, ordering that on that day "every candidate for his
+degree appear in black, or dark blue, or gray clothes; and that no
+one wear any silk night-gowns; and that any candidate, who shall
+appear dressed contrary to such regulations, may not expect his
+degree." At present, on Commencement Day, every candidate for a
+first degree wears, according to the law, "a black dress and the
+usual black gown."
+
+It was formerly customary, on this day, for the students to
+provide entertainment in their rooms. But great care was taken, as
+far as statutory enactments were concerned, that all excess should
+be avoided. During the presidency of Increase Mather was developed
+among the students a singular phase of gastronomy, which was
+noticed by the Corporation in their records, under the date of
+June 22, 1693, in these words: "The Corporation, having been
+informed that the custom taken up in the College, not used in any
+other Universities, for the commencers [graduating class] to have
+plumb-cake, is dishonorable to the College, not grateful to wise
+men, and chargeable to the parents of the commencers, do therefore
+put an end to that custom, and do hereby order that no commencer,
+or other scholar, shall have any such cakes in their studies or
+chambers; and that, if any scholar shall offend therein, the cakes
+shall be taken from him, and he shall moreover pay to the College
+twenty shillings for each such offence." This stringent regulation
+was, no doubt, all-sufficient for many years; but in the lapse of
+time the taste for the forbidden delicacy, which was probably
+concocted with a skill unknown to the moderns, was again revived,
+accompanied with confessions to a fondness for several kinds of
+expensive preparations, the recipes for which preparations, it is
+to be feared, are inevitably lost. In 1722, in the latter part of
+President Leverett's administration, an act was passed "for
+reforming the Extravagancys of Commencements," and providing "that
+henceforth no preparation nor provision of either Plumb Cake, or
+Roasted, Boyled, or Baked Meates or Pyes of any kind shal be made
+by any Commencer," and that no "such have any distilled Lyquours
+in his Chamber or any composition therewith," under penalty of
+being "punished twenty shillings, to be paid to the use of the
+College," and of forfeiture of the provisions and liquors, "_to be
+seized by the tutors_." The President and Corporation were
+accustomed to visit the rooms of the Commencers, "to see if the
+laws prohibiting certain meats and drinks were not violated."
+These restrictions not being sufficient, a vote passed the
+Corporation in 1727, declaring, that "if any, who now doe, or
+hereafter shall, stand for their degrees, presume to doe any thing
+contrary to the act of 11th June, 1722, or _go about to evade it
+by plain cake_, they shall not be admitted to their degree, and if
+any, after they have received their degree, shall presume to make
+any forbidden provisions, their names shall be left or rased out
+of the Catalogue of the Graduates."
+
+In 1749, the Corporation strongly recommended to the parents and
+guardians of such as were to take degrees that year, "considering
+the awful judgments of God upon the land," to "retrench
+Commencement expenses, so as may best correspond with the frowns
+of Divine Providence, and that they take effectual care to have
+their sons' chambers cleared of company, and their entertainments
+finished, on the evening of said Commencement Day, or, at
+furthest, by next morning." In 1755, attempts were made to prevent
+those "who proceeded Bachelors of Arts from having entertainments
+of any kind, either in the College or any house in Cambridge,
+after the Commencement Day." This and several other propositions
+of the Overseers failing to meet with the approbation of the
+Corporation, a vote finally passed both boards in 1757, by which
+it was ordered, that, on account of the "distressing drought upon
+the land," and "in consideration of the dark state of Providence
+with respect to the war we are engaged in, which Providences call
+for humiliation and fasting rather than festival entertainments,"
+the "first and second degrees be given to the several candidates
+without their personal attendance"; a general diploma was
+accordingly given, and Commencement was omitted for that year.
+Three years after, "all unnecessary expenses were forbidden," and
+also "dancing in any part of Commencement week, in the Hall, or in
+any College building; nor was any undergraduate allowed to give
+any entertainment, after dinner, on Thursday of that week, under
+severe penalties." But the laws were not always so strict, for we
+find that, on account of a proposition made by the Overseers to
+the Corporation in 1759, recommending a "repeal of the law
+prohibiting the drinking of _punch_," the latter board voted, that
+"it shall be no offence if any scholar shall, at Commencement,
+make and entertain guests at his chamber with _punch_," which they
+afterwards declare, "as it is now usually made, is no intoxicating
+liquor."
+
+To prevent the disturbances incident to the day, an attempt was
+made in 1727 to have the "Commencements for time to come more
+private than has been usual," and for several years after, the
+time of Commencement was concealed; "only a short notice," says
+Quincy, "being given to the public of the day on which it was to
+be held." Friday was the day agreed on, for the reason, says
+President Wadsworth in his Diary, "that there might be a less
+remaining time of the week spent in frolicking." This was very ill
+received by the people of Boston and the vicinity, to whom
+Commencement was a season of hilarity and festivity; the ministers
+were also dissatisfied, not knowing the day in some cases, and in
+others being subjected to great inconvenience on account of their
+living at a distance from Cambridge. The practice was accordingly
+abandoned in 1736, and Commencement, as formerly, was held on
+Wednesday, to general satisfaction. In 1749, "three gentlemen,"
+says Quincy, "who had sons about to be graduated, offered to give
+the College a thousand pounds old tenor, provided 'a trial was
+made of Commencements this year, in a more private manner.'" The
+proposition, after much debate, was rejected, and "public
+Commencements were continued without interruption, except during
+the period of the Revolutionary war, and occasionally, from
+temporary causes, during the remainder of the century,
+notwithstanding their evils, anomalies, and inconsistencies."[05]
+
+The following poetical account of Commencement at Harvard College
+is supposed to have been written by Dr. Mather Byles, in the year
+1742 or thereabouts. Of its merits, this is no place to speak. As
+a picture of the times it is valuable, and for this reason, and to
+show the high rank which Commencement Day formerly held among
+other days, it is here presented.
+
+ "COMMENCEMENT.
+
+ "I sing the day, bright with peculiar charms,
+  Whose rising radiance ev'ry bosom warms;
+  The day when _Cambridge_ empties all the towns,
+  And youths commencing, take their laurel crowns:
+  When smiling joys, and gay delights appear,
+  And shine distinguish'd, in the rolling year.
+
+ "While the glad theme I labour to rehearse,
+  In flowing numbers, and melodious verse,
+  Descend, immortal nine, my soul inspire,
+  Amid my bosom lavish all your fire,
+  While smiling _Phoebus_, owns the heavenly layes
+  And shades the poet with surrounding bayes.
+  But chief ye blooming nymphs of heavenly frame,
+  Who make the day with double glory flame,
+  In whose fair persons, art and nature vie,
+  On the young muse cast an auspicious eye:
+  Secure of fame, then shall the goddess sing,
+  And rise triumphant with a tow'ring wing,
+  Her tuneful notes wide-spreading all around,
+  The hills shall echo, and the vales resound.
+
+ "Soon as the morn in crimson robes array'd
+  With chearful beams dispels the flying shade,
+  While fragrant odours waft the air along,
+  And birds melodious chant their heavenly song,
+  And all the waste of heav'n with glory spread,
+  Wakes up the world, in sleep's embraces dead.
+  Then those whose dreams were on th' approaching day,
+  Prepare in splendid garbs to make their way
+  To that admired solemnity, whose date,
+  Tho' late begun, will last as long as fate.
+  And now the sprightly Fair approach the glass
+  To heighten every feature of the face.
+  They view the roses flush their glowing cheeks,
+  The snowy lillies towering round their necks,
+  Their rustling manteaus huddled on in haste,
+  They clasp with shining girdles round their waist.
+  Nor less the speed and care of every beau,
+  To shine in dress and swell the solemn show.
+  Thus clad, in careless order mixed by chance,
+  In haste they both along the streets advance:
+  'Till near the brink of _Charles's_ beauteous stream,
+  They stop, and think the lingering boat to blame.
+  Soon as the empty skiff salutes the shore,
+  In with impetuous haste they clustering pour,
+  The men the head, the stern the ladies grace,
+  And neighing horses fill the middle space.
+  Sunk deep, the boat floats slow the waves along,
+  And scarce contains the thickly crowded throng;
+  A gen'ral horror seizes on the fair,
+  While white-look'd cowards only not despair.
+  'Till rowed with care they reach th' opposing side,
+  Leap on the shore, and leave the threat'ning tide.
+  While to receive the pay the boatman stands,
+  And chinking pennys jingle in his hands.
+  Eager the sparks assault the waiting cars,
+  Fops meet with fops, and clash in civil wars.
+  Off fly the wigs, as mount their kicking heels,
+  The rudely bouncing head with anguish swells,
+  A crimson torrent gushes from the nose,
+  Adown the cheeks, and wanders o'er the cloaths.
+  Taunting, the victor's strait the chariots leap,
+  While the poor batter'd beau's for madness weep.
+
+ "Now in calashes shine the blooming maids,
+  Bright'ning the day which blazes o'er their heads;
+  The seats with nimble steps they swift ascend,
+  And moving on the crowd, their waste of beauties spend.
+  So bearing thro' the boundless breadth of heav'n,
+  The twinkling lamps of light are graceful driv'n;
+  While on the world they shed their glorious rays,
+  And set the face of nature in a blaze.
+
+ "Now smoak the burning wheels along the ground,
+  While rapid hoofs of flying steeds resound,
+  The drivers by no vulgar flame inspir'd,
+  But with the sparks of love and glory fir'd,
+  With furious swiftness sweep along the way,
+  And from the foremost chariot snatch the day.
+  So at Olympick games when heros strove,
+  In rapid cars to gain the goal of love.
+  If on her fav'rite youth the goddess shone
+  He left his rival and the winds out-run.
+
+ "And now thy town, _O Cambridge_! strikes the sight
+  Of the beholders with confus'd delight;
+  Thy green campaigns wide open to the view,
+  And buildings where bright youth their fame pursue.
+  Blest village! on whose plains united glows,
+  A vast, confus'd magnificence of shows.
+  Where num'rous crowds of different colours blend,
+  Thick as the trees which from the hills ascend:
+  Or as the grass which shoots in verdant spires,
+  Or stars which dart thro' natures realms their fires.
+
+ "How am I fir'd with a profuse delight,
+  When round the yard I roll my ravish'd sight!
+  From the high casements how the ladies show!
+  And scatter glory on the crowds below.
+  From sash to sash the lovely lightening plays
+  And blends their beauties in a radiant blaze.
+  So when the noon of night the earth invades
+  And o'er the landskip spreads her silent shades.
+  In heavens high vault the twinkling stars appear,
+  And with gay glory's light the gleemy sphere.
+  From their bright orbs a flame of splendors shows,
+  And all around th' enlighten'd ether glows.
+
+ "Soon as huge heaps have delug'd all the plains,
+  Of tawny damsels, mixt with simple swains,
+  Gay city beau's, grave matrons and coquats,
+  Bully's and cully's, clergymen and wits.
+  The thing which first the num'rous crowd employs,
+  Is by a breakfast to begin their joys.
+  While wine, which blushes in a crystal glass,
+  Streams down in floods, and paints their glowing face.
+  And now the time approaches when the bell,
+  With dull continuance tolls a solemn knell.
+  Numbers of blooming youth in black array
+  Adorn the yard, and gladden all the day.
+  In two strait lines they instantly divide,
+  While each beholds his partner on th' opposing side,
+  Then slow, majestick, walks the learned _head_,
+  The _senate_ follow with a solemn tread,
+  Next _Levi's_ tribe in reverend order move,
+  Whilst the uniting youth the show improve.
+  They glow in long procession till they come,
+  Near to the portals of the sacred dome;
+  Then on a sudden open fly the doors,
+  The leader enters, then the croud thick pours.
+  The temple in a moment feels its freight,
+  And cracks beneath its vast unwieldy weight,
+  So when the threatning Ocean roars around
+  A place encompass'd with a lofty mound,
+  If some weak part admits the raging waves,
+  It flows resistless, and the city laves;
+  Till underneath the waters ly the tow'rs,
+  Which menac'd with their height the heav'nly pow'rs.
+
+ "The work begun with pray'r, with modest pace,
+  A youth advancing mounts the desk with grace,
+  To all the audience sweeps a circling bow,
+  Then from his lips ten thousand graces flow.
+  The next that comes, a learned thesis reads,
+  The question states, and then a war succeeds.
+  Loud major, minor, and the consequence,
+  Amuse the crowd, wide-gaping at their fence.
+  Who speaks the loudest is with them the best,
+  And impudence for learning is confest.
+
+  "The battle o'er, the sable youth descend,
+  And to the awful chief, their footsteps bend.
+  With a small book, the laurel wreath he gives
+  Join'd with a pow'r to use it all their lives.
+  Obsequious, they return what they receive,
+  With decent rev'rence, they his presence leave.
+  Dismiss'd, they strait repeat their back ward way
+  And with white napkins grace the sumptuous day.[06]
+
+  "Now plates unnumber'd on the tables shine,
+  And dishes fill'd invite the guests to dine.
+  The grace perform'd, each as it suits him best,
+  Divides the sav'ry honours of the feast,
+  The glasses with bright sparkling wines abound
+  And flowing bowls repeat the jolly round.
+  Thanks said, the multitude unite their voice,
+  In sweetly mingled and melodious noise.
+  The warbling musick floats along the air,
+  And softly winds the mazes of the ear;
+  Ravish'd the crowd promiscuously retires,
+  And each pursues the pleasure he admires.
+
+ "Behold my muse far distant on the plains,
+  Amidst a wrestling ring two jolly swains;
+  Eager for fame, they tug and haul for blood,
+  One nam'd _Jack Luby_, t' other _Robin Clod_,
+  Panting they strain, and labouring hard they sweat,
+  Mix legs, kick shins, tear cloaths, and ply their feet.
+  Now nimbly trip, now stiffly stand their ground,
+  And now they twirl, around, around, around;
+  Till overcome by greater art or strength,
+  _Jack Luby_ lays along his lubber length.
+  A fall! a fall! the loud spectators cry,
+  A fall! a fall! the echoing hills reply.
+
+ "O'er yonder field in wild confusion runs,
+  A clam'rous troop of _Affric's_ sable sons,
+  Behind the victors shout, with barbarous roar,
+  The vanquish'd fly with hideous yells before,
+  The gloomy squadron thro' the valley speeds
+  Whilst clatt'ring cudgels rattle o'er their heads.
+
+ "Again to church the learned tribe repair,
+  Where syllogisms battle in the air,
+  And then the elder youth their second laurels wear.
+  Hail! Happy laurels! who our hopes inspire,
+  And set our ardent wishes all on fire.
+  By you the pulpit and the bar will shine
+  In future annals; while the ravish'd nine
+  Will in your bosom breathe cælestial flames,
+  And stamp _Eternity_ upon your names.
+  Accept my infant muse, whose feeble wings
+  Can scarce sustain her flight, while you she sings.
+  With candour view my rude unfinish'd praise
+  And see my _Ivy_ twist around your _bayes_.
+  So _Phidias_ by immortal _Jove_ inspir'd,
+  His statue carv'd, by all mankind admir'd.
+  Nor thus content, by his approving nod,
+  He cut himself upon the shining god.
+  That shaded by the umbrage of his name,
+  Eternal honours might attend his fame."
+
+In his almanacs, Nathaniel Ames was wont to insert, opposite the
+days of Commencement week, remarks which he deemed appropriate to
+that period. His notes for the year 1764 were these:--
+
+"Much talk and nothing said."
+
+"The loquacious more talkative than ever, and fine Harangues
+preparing."
+
+ "Much Money sunk,
+  Much Liquor drunk."
+
+His only note for the year 1765 was this:--
+
+ "Many Crapulæ to Day
+  Give the Head-ach to the Gay."
+
+Commencement Day was generally considered a holiday throughout the
+Province, and in the metropolis the shops were usually closed, and
+little or no business was done. About ten days before this period,
+a body of Indians from Natick--men, women, and pappooses--commonly
+made their appearance at Cambridge, and took up their station
+around the Episcopal Church, in the cellar of which they were
+accustomed to sleep, if the weather was unpleasant. The women sold
+baskets and moccasons; the boys gained money by shooting at it,
+while the men wandered about and spent the little that was earned
+by their squaws in rum and tobacco. Then there would come along a
+body of itinerant negro fiddlers, whose scraping never intermitted
+during the time of their abode.
+
+The Common, on Commencement week, was covered with booths, erected
+in lines, like streets, intended to accommodate the populace from
+Boston and the vicinity with the amusements of a fair. In these
+were carried on all sorts of dissipation. Here was a knot of
+gamblers, gathered around a wheel of fortune, or watching the
+whirl of the ball on a roulette-table. Further along, the jolly
+hucksters displayed their tempting wares in the shape of cooling
+beverages and palate-tickling confections. There was dancing on
+this side, auction-selling on the other; here a pantomimic show,
+there a blind man, led by a dog, soliciting alms; organ-grinders
+and hurdy-gurdy grinders, bears and monkeys, jugglers and
+sword-swallowers, all mingled in inextricable confusion.
+
+In a neighboring field, a countryman had, perchance, let loose a
+fox, which the dogs were worrying to death, while the surrounding
+crowd testified their pleasure at the scene by shouts of
+approbation. Nor was there any want of the spirituous; pails of
+punch, guarded by stout negroes, bore witness to their own subtle
+contents, now by the man who lay curled up under the adjoining
+hedge, "forgetting and forgot," and again by the drunkard,
+reeling, cursing, and fighting among his comrades.
+
+The following observations from the pen of Professor Sidney
+Willard, afford an accurate description of the outward
+manifestations of Commencement Day at Harvard College, during the
+latter part of the last century. "Commencement Day at that time
+was a widely noted day, not only among men and women of all
+characters and conditions, but also among boys. It was the great
+literary and mob anniversary of Massachusetts, surpassed only in
+its celebrities by the great civil and mob anniversary, namely,
+the Fourth of July, and the last Wednesday of May, Election day,
+so called, the anniversary of the organization of the government
+of the State for the civil year. But Commencement, perhaps most of
+all, exhibited an incongruous mixture of men and things. Besides
+the academic exercises within the sanctuary of learning and
+religion, followed by the festivities in the College dining-hall,
+and under temporary tents and awnings erected for the
+entertainments given to the numerous guests of wealthy parents of
+young men who had come out successful competitors for prizes in
+the academic race, the large common was decked with tents filled
+with various refreshments for the hungry and thirsty multitudes,
+and the intermediate spaces crowded with men, women, and boys,
+white and black, many of them gambling, drinking, swearing,
+dancing, and fighting from morning to midnight. Here and there the
+scene was varied by some show of curiosities, or of monkeys or
+less common wild animals, and the gambols of mountebanks, who by
+their ridiculous tricks drew a greater crowd than the abandoned
+group at the gaming-tables, or than the fooleries, distortions,
+and mad pranks of the inebriates. If my revered uncle[07] took a
+glimpse at these scenes, he did not see there any of our red
+brethren, as Mr. Jefferson kindly called them, who formed a
+considerable part of the gathering at the time of his graduation,
+forty-two years before; but he must have seen exhibitions of
+depravity which would disgust the most untutored savage. Near the
+close of the last century these outrages began to disappear, and
+lessened from year to year, until by public opinion, enforced by
+an efficient police, they were many years ago wholly suppressed,
+and the vicinity of the College halls has become, as it should be,
+a classic ground."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp.
+251, 252.
+
+It is to such scenes as these that Mr. William Biglow refers, in
+his poem recited before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, in their
+dining-hall, August 29th, 1811.
+
+ "All hail, Commencement! when all classes free
+  Throng learning's fount, from interest, taste, or glee;
+  When sutlers plain in tents, like Jacob, dwell,
+  Their goods distribute, and their purses swell;
+  When tipplers cease on wretchedness to think,
+  Those born to sell, as well as these to drink;
+  When every day each merry Andrew clears
+  More cash than useful men in many years;
+  When men to business come, or come to rake,
+  And modest women spurn at Pope's mistake.[08]
+
+ "All hail, Commencement! when all colors join,
+  To gamble, riot, quarrel, and purloin;
+  When Afric's sooty sons, a race forlorn,
+  Play, swear, and fight, like Christians freely born;
+  And Indians bless our civilizing merit,
+  And get dead drunk with truly _Christian spirit_;
+  When heroes, skilled in pocket-picking sleights,
+  Of equal property and equal rights,
+  Of rights of man and woman, boldest friends,
+  Believing means are sanctioned by their ends,
+  Sequester part of Gripus' boundless store,
+  While Gripus thanks god Plutus he has more;
+  And needy poet, from this ill secure,
+  Feeling his fob, cries, 'Blessed are the poor.'"
+
+On the same subject, the writer of Our Chronicle of '26, a
+satirical poem, versifies in the following manner:--
+
+ "Then comes Commencement Day, and Discord dire
+  Strikes her confusion-string, and dust and noise
+  Climb up the skies; ladies in thin attire,
+  For 't is in August, and both men and boys,
+  Are all abroad, in sunshine and in glee
+  Making all heaven rattle with their revelry!
+
+ "Ah! what a classic sight it is to see
+  The black gowns flaunting in the sultry air,
+  Boys big with literary sympathy,
+  And all the glories of this great affair!
+  More classic sounds!--within, the plaudit shout,
+  While Punchinello's rabble echoes it without."
+
+To this the author appends a note, as follows:--
+
+"The holiday extends to thousands of those who have no particular
+classical pretensions, further than can be recognized in a certain
+_penchant_ for such jubilees, contracted by attending them for
+years as hangers-on. On this devoted day these noisy do-nothings
+collect with mummers, monkeys, bears, and rope-dancers, and hold
+their revels just beneath the windows of the tabernacle where the
+literary triumph is enacting.
+
+                             'Tum sæva sonare
+  Verbera, tum stridor ferri tractæque catenæ.'"
+
+A writer in Buckingham's New England Magazine, Vol. III., 1832, in
+an article entitled "Harvard College Forty Years ago," thus
+describes the customs which then prevailed:--
+
+"As I entered Cambridge, what were my 'first impressions'? The
+College buildings 'heaving in sight and looming up,' as the
+sailors say. Pyramids of Egypt! can ye surpass these enormous
+piles? The Common covered with tents and wigwams, and people of
+all sorts, colors, conditions, nations, and tongues. A country
+muster or ordination dwindles into nothing in comparison. It was a
+second edition of Babel. The Governor's life-guard, in splendid
+uniform, prancing to and fro,
+ 'Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.'
+Horny-hoofed, galloping quadrupeds make all the common to tremble.
+
+"I soon steered for the meeting-house, and obtained a seat, or
+rather standing, in the gallery, determined to be an eyewitness of
+all the sport of the day. Presently music was heard approaching,
+such as I had never heard before. It must be 'the music of the
+spheres.' Anon, three enormous white wigs, supported by three
+stately, venerable men, yclad in black, flowing robes, were
+located in the pulpit. A platform of wigs was formed in the body
+pews, on which one might apparently walk as securely as on the
+stage. The _candidates_ for degrees seemed to have made a mistake
+in dressing themselves in _black togas_ instead of _white_ ones,
+_pro more Romanorum_. The musicians jammed into their pew in the
+gallery, very near to me, with enormous fiddles and fifes and
+ramshorns. _Terribile visu_! They sounded. I stopped my ears, and
+with open mouth and staring eyes stood aghast with wonderment. The
+music ceased. The performances commenced. English, Latin, Greek,
+Hebrew, French! These scholars knew everything."
+
+More particular is the account of the observances, at this period,
+of the day, at Harvard College, as given by Professor Sidney
+Willard:--
+
+"Commencement Day, in the year 1798, was a day bereft, in some
+respects, of its wonted cheerfulness. Instead of the serene
+summer's dawn, and the clear rising of the sun,
+ 'The dawn was overcast, the morning lowered,
+  And heavily in clouds brought on the day.'
+In the evening, from the time that the public exercises closed
+until twilight, the rain descended in torrents. The President[09]
+lay prostrate on his bed from the effects of a violent disease,
+from which it was feared he could not recover.[10] His house,
+which on all occasions was the abode of hospitality, and on
+Commencement Day especially so, (being the great College
+anniversary,) was now a house of stillness, anxiety, and watching.
+For seventeen successive years it had been thronged on this
+anniversary from morn till night, by welcome visitors, cheerfully
+greeted and cared for, and now it was like a house of mourning for
+the dead.
+
+"After the literary exercises of the day were closed, the officers
+in the different branches of the College government and
+instruction, Masters of Arts, and invited guests, repaired to the
+College dining-hall without the ceremony of a procession formed
+according to dignity or priority of right. This the elements
+forbade. Each one ran the short race as he best could. But as the
+Alumni arrived, they naturally avoided taking possession of the
+seats usually occupied by the government of the College. The
+Governor, Increase Sumner, I suppose, was present, and no doubt
+all possible respect was paid to the Overseers as well as to the
+Corporation. I was not present, but dined at my father's house
+with a few friends, of whom the late Hon. Moses Brown of Beverly
+was one. We went together to the College hall after dinner; but
+the honorable and reverend Corporation and Overseers had retired,
+and I do not remember whether there was any person presiding. If
+there were, a statue would have been as well. The age of wine and
+wassail, those potent aids to patriotism, mirth, and song, had not
+wholly passed away. The merry glee was at that time outrivalled by
+_Adams and Liberty_, the national patriotic song, so often and on
+so many occasions sung, and everywhere so familiarly known that
+all could join in grand chorus."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+Vol. II. pp. 4, 5.
+
+The irregularities of Commencement week seem at a very early
+period to have attracted the attention of the College government;
+for we find that in 1728, to prevent disorder, a formal request
+was made by the President, at the suggestion of the immediate
+government, to Lieutenant-Governor Dummer, praying him to direct
+the sheriff of Middlesex to prohibit the setting up of booths and
+tents on those public days. Some years after, in 1732, "an
+interview took place between the Corporation and three justices of
+the peace in Cambridge, to concert measures to keep order at
+Commencement, and under their warrant to establish a constable
+with six men, who, by watching and walking towards the evening on
+these days, and also the night following, and in and about the
+entry at the College Hall at dinner-time, should prevent
+disorders." At the beginning of the present century, it was
+customary for two special justices to give their attendance at
+this period, in order to try offences, and a guard of twenty
+constables was usually present to preserve order and attend on the
+justices. Among the writings of one, who for fifty years was a
+constant attendant on these occasions, are the following
+memoranda, which are in themselves an explanation of the customs
+of early years. "Commencement, 1828; no tents on the Common for
+the first time." "Commencement, 1836; no persons intoxicated in
+the hall or out of it; the first time."
+
+The following extract from the works of a French traveller will be
+read with interest by some, as an instance of the manner in which
+our institutions are sometimes regarded by foreigners. "In a free
+country, everything ought to bear the stamp of patriotism. This
+patriotism appears every year in a solemn feast celebrated at
+Cambridge in honor of the sciences. This feast, which takes place
+once a year in all the colleges of America, is called
+_Commencement_. It resembles the exercises and distribution of
+prizes in our colleges. It is a day of joy for Boston; almost all
+its inhabitants assemble in Cambridge. The most distinguished of
+the students display their talents in the presence of the public;
+and these exercises, which are generally on patriotic subjects,
+are terminated by a feast, where reign the freest gayety and the
+most cordial fraternity."--_Brissot's Travels in U.S._, 1788.
+London, 1794, Vol. I. pp. 85, 86.
+
+For an account of the _chair_ from which the President delivers
+diplomas on Commencement Day, see PRESIDENT'S CHAIR.
+
+At Yale College, the first Commencement was held September 13th,
+1702, while that institution was located at Saybrook, at which
+four young men who had before graduated at Harvard College, and
+one whose education had been private, received the degree of
+Master of Arts. This and several Commencements following were held
+privately, according to an act which had been passed by the
+Trustees, in order to avoid unnecessary expense and other
+inconveniences. In 1718, the year in which the first College
+edifice was completed, was held at New Haven the first public
+Commencement. The following account of the exercises on this
+occasion was written at the time by one of the College officers,
+and is cited by President Woolsey in his Discourse before the
+Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850. "[We were] favored
+and honored with the presence of his Honor, Governor Saltonstall,
+and his lady, and the Hon. Col. Taylor of Boston, and the
+Lieutenant-Governor, and the whole Superior Court, at our
+Commencement, September 10th, 1718, where the Trustees
+present,--those gentlemen being present,--in the hall of our new
+College, first most solemnly named our College by the name of Yale
+College, to perpetuate the memory of the honorable Gov. Elihu
+Yale, Esq., of London, who had granted so liberal and bountiful a
+donation for the perfecting and adorning of it. Upon which the
+honorable Colonel Taylor represented Governor Yale in a speech
+expressing his great satisfaction; which ended, we passed to the
+church, and there the Commencement was carried on. In which
+affair, in the first place, after prayer an oration was had by the
+saluting orator, James Pierpont, and then the disputations as
+usual; which concluded, the Rev. Mr. Davenport [one of the
+Trustees and minister of Stamford] offered an excellent oration in
+Latin, expressing their thanks to Almighty God, and Mr. Yale under
+him, for so public a favor and so great regard to our languishing
+school. After which were graduated ten young men, whereupon the
+Hon. Gov. Saltonstall, in a Latin speech, congratulated the
+Trustees in their success and in the comfortable appearance of
+things with relation to their school. All which ended, the
+gentlemen returned to the College Hall, where they were
+entertained with a splendid dinner, and the ladies, at the same
+time, were also entertained in the Library; after which they sung
+the four first verses in the 65th Psalm, and so the day
+ended."--p. 24.
+
+The following excellent and interesting account of the exercises
+and customs of Commencement at Yale College, in former times, is
+taken from the entertaining address referred to
+above:--"Commencements were not to be public, according to the
+wishes of the first Trustees, through fear of the attendant
+expense; but another practice soon prevailed, and continued with
+three or four exceptions until the breaking out of the war in
+1775. They were then private for five years, on account of the
+times. The early exercises of the candidates for the first degree
+were a 'saluting' oration in Latin, succeeded by syllogistic
+disputations in the same language; and the day was closed by the
+Masters' exercises,--disputations and a valedictory. According to
+an ancient academical practice, theses were printed and
+distributed upon this occasion, indicating what the candidates for
+a degree had studied, and were prepared to defend; yet, contrary
+to the usage still prevailing at universities which have adhered
+to the old method of testing proficiency, it does not appear that
+these theses were ever defended in public. They related to a
+variety of subjects in Technology, Logic, Grammar, Rhetoric,
+Mathematics, Physics, Metaphysics, Ethics, and afterwards
+Theology. The candidates for a Master's degree also published
+theses at this time, which were called _Quæstiones magistrales_.
+The syllogistic disputes were held between an affirmant and
+respondent, who stood in the side galleries of the church opposite
+to one another, and shot the weapons of their logic over the heads
+of the audience. The saluting Bachelor and the Master who
+delivered the valedictory stood in the front gallery, and the
+audience huddled around below them to catch their Latin eloquence
+as it fell. It seems also to have been usual for the President to
+pronounce an oration in some foreign tongue upon the same
+occasion.[11]
+
+"At the first public Commencement under President Stiles, in 1781,
+we find from a particular description which has been handed down,
+that the original plan, as above described, was subjected for the
+time to considerable modifications. The scheme, in brief, was as
+follows. The salutatory oration was delivered by a member of the
+graduating class, who is now our aged and honored townsman, Judge
+Baldwin. This was succeeded by the syllogistic disputations, and
+these by a Greek oration, next to which came an English colloquy.
+Then followed a forensic disputation, in which James Kent was one
+of the speakers. Then President Stiles delivered an oration in
+Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Arabic,--it being an extraordinary occasion.
+After which the morning was closed with an English oration by one
+of the graduating class. In the afternoon, the candidates for the
+second degree had the time, as usual, to themselves, after a Latin
+discourse by President Stiles. The exhibiters appeared in
+syllogistic disputes, a dissertation, a poem, and an English
+oration. Among these performers we find the names of Noah Webster,
+Joel Barlow, and Oliver Wolcott. Besides the Commencements there
+were exhibitions upon quarter-days, as they were called, in
+December and March, as well as at the end of the third term, when
+the younger classes performed; and an exhibition of the Seniors in
+July, at the time of their examination for degrees, when the
+valedictory orator was one of their own choice. This oration was
+transferred to the Commencement about the year 1798, when the
+Masters' valedictories had fallen into disuse; and being in
+English, gave a new interest to the exercises of the day.
+
+"Commencements were long occasions of noisy mirth, and even of
+riot. The older records are full of attempts, on the part of the
+Corporation, to put a stop to disorder and extravagance at this
+anniversary. From a document of 1731, it appears that cannons had
+been fired in honor of the day, and students were now forbidden to
+have a share in this on pain of degradation. The same prohibition
+was found necessary again in 1755, at which time the practice had
+grown up of illuminating the College buildings upon Commencement
+eve. But the habit of drinking spirituous liquor, and of
+furnishing it to friends, on this public occasion, grew up into
+more serious evils. In the year 1737, the Trustees, having found
+that there was a great expense in spirituous distilled liquors
+upon Commencement occasions, ordered that for the future no
+candidate for a degree, or other student, should provide or allow
+any such liquors to be drunk in his chamber during Commencement
+week. And again, it was ordered in 1746, with the view of
+preventing several extravagant and expensive customs, that there
+should be 'no kind of public treat but on Commencement,
+quarter-days, and the day on which the valedictory oration was
+pronounced; and on that day the Seniors may provide and give away
+a barrel of metheglin, and nothing more.' But the evil continued a
+long time. In 1760, it appears that it was usual for the
+graduating class to provide a pipe of wine, in the payment of
+which each one was forced to join. The Corporation now attempted
+by very stringent law to break up this practice; but the Senior
+Class having united in bringing large quantities of rum into
+College, the Commencement exercises were suspended, and degrees
+were withheld until after a public confession of the class. In the
+two next years degrees were given at the July examination, with a
+view to prevent such disorders, and no public Commencement was
+celebrated. Similar scenes are not known to have occurred
+afterwards, although for a long time that anniversary wore as much
+the aspect of a training-day as of a literary festival.
+
+"The Commencement Day in the modern sense of the term--that is, a
+gathering of graduated members and of others drawn together by a
+common interest in the College, and in its young members who are
+leaving its walls--has no counterpart that I know of in the older
+institutions of Europe. It arose by degrees out of the former
+exercises upon this occasion, with the addition of such as had
+been usual before upon quarter-days, or at the presentation in
+July. For a time several of the commencing Masters appeared on the
+stage to pronounce orations, as they had done before. In process
+of time, when they had nearly ceased to exhibit, this anniversary
+began to assume a somewhat new feature; the peculiarity of which
+consists in this, that the graduates have a literary festival more
+peculiarly their own, in the shape of discourses delivered before
+their assembled body, or before some literary
+society."--_Woolsey's Historical Discourse_, pp. 65-68.
+
+Further remarks concerning the observance of Commencement at Yale
+College may be found in Ebenezer Baldwin's "Annals" of that
+institution, pp. 189-197.
+
+An article "On the Date of the First Public Commencement at Yale
+College, in New Haven," will be read with pleasure by those who
+are interested in the deductions of antiquarian research. It is
+contained in the "Yale Literary Magazine," Vol. XX. pp. 199, 200.
+
+The following account of Commencement at Dartmouth College, on
+Wednesday, August 24th, 1774, written by Dr. Belknap, may not
+prove uninteresting.
+
+"About eleven o'clock, the Commencement began in a large tent
+erected on the east side of the College, and covered with boards;
+scaffolds and seats being prepared.
+
+"The President began with a prayer in the usual _strain_. Then an
+English oration was spoken by one of the Bachelors, complimenting
+the Trustees, &c. A syllogistic disputation on this question:
+_Amicitia vera non est absque amore divina_. Then a cliosophic
+oration. Then an anthem, 'The voice of my beloved sounds,' &c.
+Then a forensic dispute, _Whether Christ died for all men_? which
+was well supported on both sides. Then an anthem, 'Lift up your
+heads, O ye gates,' &c.
+
+"The company were invited to dine at the President's and the hall.
+The Connecticut lads and lasses, I observed, walked about hand in
+hand in procession, as 't is said they go to a wedding.
+
+"Afternoon. The exercises began with a Latin oration on the state
+of society by Mr. Kipley. Then an English _Oration on the
+Imitative Arts_, by Mr. J. Wheelock. The degrees were then
+conferred, and, in addition to the usual ceremony of the book,
+diplomas were delivered to the candidates, with this form of
+words: 'Admitto vos ad primum (vel secundum) gradum in artibus pro
+more Academiarum in Anglia, vobisque trado hunc librum, una cum
+potestate publice prelegendi ubicumque ad hoc munus avocati
+fueritis (to the masters was added, fuistis vel fueritis), cujus
+rei hæc diploma membrana scripta est testimonium.' Mr. Woodward
+stood by the President, and held the book and parchments,
+delivering and exchanging them as need required. Rev. Mr. Benjamin
+Pomeroy, of Hebron, was admitted to the degree of Doctor in
+Divinity.
+
+"After this, McGregore and Sweetland, two Bachelors, spoke a
+dialogue of Lord Lyttleton's between Apicius and Darteneuf, upon
+good eating and drinking. The Mercury (who comes in at the close
+of the piece) performed his part but clumsily; but the two
+epicures did well, and the President laughed as heartily as the
+rest of the audience; though considering the circumstances, it
+might admit of some doubt, whether the dialogue were really a
+burlesque, or a compliment to the College.
+
+"An anthem and prayer concluded the public exercises. Much decency
+and regularity were observable through the day, in the numerous
+attending concourse of people."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._,
+pp. 69-71.
+
+At Shelby College, Ky., it is customary at Commencement to perform
+plays, with appropriate costumes, at stated intervals during the
+exercises.
+
+An account of the manner in which Commencement has been observed
+at other colleges would only be a repetition of what has been
+stated above, in reference to Harvard and Yale. These being, the
+former the first, and the latter the third institution founded in
+our country, the colleges which were established at a later period
+grounded, not only their laws, but to a great extent their
+customs, on the laws and customs which prevailed at Cambridge and
+New Haven.
+
+
+COMMENCEMENT CARD. At Union College, there is issued annually at
+Commencement a card containing a programme of the exercises of the
+day, signed with the names of twelve of the Senior Class, who are
+members of the four principal college societies. These cards are
+worded in the form of invitations, and are to be sent to the
+friends of the students. To be "_on the Commencement card_" is
+esteemed an honor, and is eagerly sought for. At other colleges,
+invitations are often issued at this period, usually signed by the
+President.
+
+
+COMMENCER. In American colleges, a member of the Senior Class,
+after the examination for degrees; generally, one who _commences_.
+
+These exercises were, besides an oration usually made by the
+President, orations both salutatory and valedictory, made by some
+or other of the _commencers_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The Corporation with the Tutors shall visit the chambers of the
+_commencers_ to see that this law be well observed.--_Peirce's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 137.
+
+Thirty _commencers_, besides Mr. Rogers, &c.--_Ibid._, App., p.
+150.
+
+
+COMMERS. In the German universities, a party of students assembled
+for the purpose of making an excursion to some place in the
+country for a day's jollification. On such an occasion, the
+students usually go "in a long train of carriages with outriders";
+generally, a festive gathering of the students.--_Howitt's Student
+Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 56; see also Chap. XVI.
+
+
+COMMISSARY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., an officer under
+the Chancellor, and appointed by him, who holds a court of record
+for all privileged persons and scholars under the degree of M.A.
+In this court, all causes are tried and determined by the civil
+and statute law, and by the custom of the University.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+COMMON. To board together; to eat at a table in common.
+
+
+COMMONER. A student of the second rank in the University of
+Oxford, Eng., who is not dependent on the foundation for support,
+but pays for his board or _commons_, together with all other
+charges. Corresponds to a PENSIONER at Cambridge. See GENTLEMAN
+COMMONER.
+
+2. One who boards in commons.
+
+In all cases where those who do damage to the table furniture, or
+in the steward's kitchen, cannot be detected, the amount shall be
+charged to the _commoners_.--_Laws Union Coll._, 1807, p. 34.
+
+The steward shall keep an accurate list of the
+_commoners_.--_Ibid._, 1807, p. 34.
+
+
+COMMON ROOM. The room to which all the members of the college have
+access. There is sometimes one _common room_ for graduates, and
+another for undergraduates.--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+  Oh, could the days once more but come,
+  When calm I smoak'd in _common room_.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., 1750, Vol. I. p. 237.
+
+
+COMMONS. Food provided at a common table, as in colleges, where
+many persons eat at the same table, or in the same
+hall.--_Webster_.
+
+Commons were introduced into Harvard College at its first
+establishment, in the year 1636, in imitation of the English
+universities, and from that time until the year 1849, when they
+were abolished, seem to have been a never-failing source of
+uneasiness and disturbance. While the infant College with the
+title only of "school," was under the superintendence of Mr.
+Nathaniel Eaton, its first "master," the badness of commons was
+one of the principal causes of complaint. "At no subsequent period
+of the College history," says Mr. Quincy, "has discontent with
+commons been more just and well founded, than under the huswifery
+of Mrs. Eaton." "It is perhaps owing," Mr. Winthrop observes in
+his History of New England, "to the gallantry of our fathers, that
+she was not enjoined in the perpetual malediction they bestowed on
+her husband." A few years after, we read, in the "Information
+given by the Corporation and Overseers to the General Court," a
+proposition either to make "the scholars' charges less, or their
+commons better." For a long period after this we have no account
+of the state of commons, "but it is not probable," says Mr.
+Peirce, "they were materially different from what they have been
+since."
+
+During the administration of President Holyoke, from 1737 to 1769,
+commons were the constant cause of disorders among the students.
+There appears to have been a very general permission to board in
+private families before the year 1737: an attempt was then made to
+compel the undergraduates to board in commons. After many
+resolutions, a law was finally passed, in 1760, prohibiting them
+"from dining or supping in any house in town, except on an
+invitation to dine or sup _gratis_." "The law," says Quincy, "was
+probably not very strictly enforced. It was limited to one year,
+and was not renewed."
+
+An idea of the quality of commons may be formed from the following
+accounts furnished by Dr. Holyoke and Judge Wingate. According to
+the former of these gentlemen, who graduated in 1746, the
+"breakfast was two sizings of bread and a cue of beer"; and
+"evening commons were a pye." The latter, who graduated thirteen
+years after, says: "As to the commons, there were in the morning
+none while I was in College. At dinner, we had, of rather ordinary
+quality, a sufficiency of meat of some kind, either baked or
+boiled; and at supper, we had either a pint of milk and half a
+biscuit, or a meat pye of some other kind. Such were the commons
+in the hall in my day. They were rather ordinary; but I was young
+and hearty, and could live comfortably upon them. I had some
+classmates who paid for their commons and never entered the hall
+while they belonged to the College. We were allowed at dinner a
+cue of beer, which was a half-pint, and a sizing of bread, which I
+cannot describe to you. It was quite sufficient for one dinner."
+By a vote of the Corporation in 1750, a law was passed, declaring
+"that the quantity of commons be as hath been usual, viz. two
+sizes of bread in the morning; one pound of meat at dinner, with
+sufficient sauce" (vegetables), "and a half a pint of beer; and at
+night that a part pie be of the same quantity as usual, and also
+half a pint of beer; and that the supper messes be but of four
+parts, though the dinner messes be of six." This agrees in
+substance with the accounts given above. The consequence of such
+diet was, "that the sons of the rich," says Mr. Quincy,
+"accustomed to better fare, paid for commons, which they would not
+eat, and never entered the hall; while the students whose
+resources did not admit of such an evasion were perpetually
+dissatisfied."
+
+About ten years after, another law was made, "to restrain scholars
+from breakfasting in the houses of town's people," and provision
+was made "for their being accommodated with breakfast in the hall,
+either milk, chocolate, tea, or coffee, as they should
+respectively choose." They were allowed, however, to provide
+themselves with breakfasts in their own chambers, but not to
+breakfast in one another's chambers. From this period breakfast
+was as regularly provided in commons as dinner, but it was not
+until about the year 1807 that an evening meal was also regularly
+provided.
+
+In the year 1765, after the erection of Hollis Hall, the
+accommodations for students within the walls were greatly
+enlarged; and the inconvenience being thus removed which those had
+experienced who, living out of the College buildings, were
+compelled to eat in commons, a system of laws was passed, by which
+all who occupied rooms within the College walls were compelled to
+board constantly in common, "the officers to be exempted only by
+the Corporation, with the consent of the Overseers; the students
+by the President only when they were about to be absent for at
+least one week." Scarcely a year had passed under this new
+_régime_ "before," says Quincy, "an open revolt of the students
+took place on account of the provisions, which it took more than a
+month to quell." "Although," he continues, "their proceedings were
+violent, illegal, and insulting, yet the records of the immediate
+government show unquestionably, that the disturbances, in their
+origin, were not wholly without cause, and that they were
+aggravated by want of early attention to very natural and
+reasonable complaints."
+
+During the war of the American Revolution, the difficulty of
+providing satisfactory commons was extreme, as may be seen from
+the following vote of the Corporation, passed Aug. 11th, 1777.
+
+"Whereas by law 9th of Chap. VI. it is provided, 'that there shall
+always be chocolate, tea, coffee, and milk for breakfast, with
+bread and biscuit and butter,' and whereas the foreign articles
+above mentioned are now not to be procured without great
+difficulty, and at a very exorbitant price; therefore, that the
+charge of commons may be kept as low as possible,--
+
+"_Voted_, That the Steward shall provide at the common charge only
+bread or biscuit and milk for breakfast; and, if any of the
+scholars choose tea, coffee, or chocolate for breakfast, they
+shall procure those articles for themselves, and likewise the
+sugar and butter to be used with them; and if any scholars choose
+to have their milk boiled, or thickened with flour, if it may be
+had, or with meal, the Steward, having reasonable notice, shall
+provide it; and further, as salt fish alone is appointed by the
+aforesaid law for the dinner on Saturdays, and this article is now
+risen to a very high price, and through the scarcity of salt will
+probably be higher, the Steward shall not be obliged to provide
+salt fish, but shall procure fresh fish as often as he
+can."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 541.
+
+Many of the facts in the following account of commons prior to,
+and immediately succeeding, the year 1800, have been furnished by
+Mr. Royal Morse of Cambridge.
+
+The hall where the students took their meals was usually provided
+with ten tables; at each table were placed two messes, and each
+mess consisted of eight persons. The tables where the Tutors and
+Seniors sat were raised eighteen or twenty inches, so as to
+overlook the rest. It was the duty of one of the Tutors or of the
+Librarian to "ask a blessing and return thanks," and in their
+absence, the duty devolved on "the senior graduate or
+undergraduate." The waiters were students, chosen from the
+different classes, and receiving for their services suitable
+compensation. Each table was waited on by members of the class
+which occupied it, with the exception of the Tutor's table, at
+which members of the Senior Class served. Unlike the _sizars_ and
+_servitors_ at the English universities, the waiters were usually
+much respected, and were in many cases the best scholars in their
+respective classes.
+
+The breakfast consisted of a specified quantity of coffee, a
+_size_ of baker's biscuit, which was one biscuit, and a _size_ of
+butter, which was about an ounce. If any one wished for more than
+was provided, he was obliged to _size_ it, i.e. order from the
+kitchen or buttery, and this was charged as extra commons or
+_sizings_ in the quarter-bill.
+
+At dinner, every mess was served with eight pounds of meat,
+allowing a pound to each person. On Monday and Thursday the meat
+was boiled; these days were on this account commonly called
+"boiling days." On the other days the meat was roasted; these were
+accordingly named "roasting days." Two potatoes were allowed to
+each person, which he was obliged to pare for himself. On _boiling
+days_, pudding and cabbage were added to the bill of fare, and in
+their season, greens, either dandelion or the wild pea. Of bread,
+a _size_ was the usual quantity apiece, at dinner. Cider was the
+common beverage, of which there was no stated allowance, but each
+could drink as much as he chose. It was brought, on in pewter
+quart cans, two to a mess, out of which they drank, passing them
+from mouth to mouth like the English wassail-bowl. The waiters
+replenished them as soon as they were emptied.
+
+No regular supper was provided, but a bowl of milk, and a size of
+bread procured at the kitchen, supplied the place of the evening
+meal.
+
+Respecting the arrangement of the students at table, before
+referred to, Professor Sidney Willard remarks: "The intercourse
+among students at meals was not casual or promiscuous. Generally,
+the students of the same class formed themselves into messes, as
+they were called, consisting each of eight members; and the length
+of one table was sufficient to seat two messes. A mess was a
+voluntary association of those who liked each other's company; and
+each member had his own place. This arrangement was favorable for
+good order; and, where the members conducted themselves with
+propriety, their cheerful conversation, and even exuberant spirits
+and hilarity, if not too boisterous, were not unpleasant to that
+portion of the government who presided at the head table. But the
+arrangement afforded opportunities also for combining in factious
+plans and organizations, tending to disorders, which became
+infectious, and terminated unhappily for all
+concerned."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. pp. 192,
+193.
+
+A writer in the New England Magazine, referring to the same
+period, says: "In commons, we fared as well as one half of us had
+been accustomed to at home. Our breakfast consisted of a
+good-sized biscuit of wheaten flour, with butter and coffee,
+chocolate, or milk, at our option. Our dinner was served up on
+dishes of pewter, and our drink, which was cider, in cans of the
+same material. For our suppers, we went with our bowls to the
+kitchen, and received our rations of milk, or chocolate, and
+bread, and returned with them to our rooms."--Vol. III. p. 239.
+
+Although much can be said in favor of the commons system, on
+account of its economy and its suitableness to health and study,
+yet these very circumstances which were its chief recommendation
+were the occasion also of all the odium which it had to encounter.
+"That simplicity," says Peirce, "which makes the fare cheap, and
+wholesome, and philosophical, renders it also unsatisfactory to
+dainty palates; and the occasional appearance of some unlucky
+meat, or other food, is a signal for a general outcry against the
+provisions." In the plain but emphatic words of one who was
+acquainted with the state of commons, as they once were at Harvard
+College, "the butter was sometimes so bad, that a farmer would not
+take it to grease his cart-wheels with." It was the usual practice
+of the Steward, when veal was cheap, to furnish it to the students
+three, four, and sometimes five times in the week; the same with
+reference to other meats when they could be bought at a low price,
+and especially with lamb. The students, after eating this latter
+kind of meat for five or six successive weeks would often assemble
+before the Steward's house, and, as if their natures had been
+changed by their diet, would bleat and blatter until he was fain
+to promise them a change of food, upon which they would separate
+until a recurrence of the same evil compelled them to the same
+measures.
+
+The annexed account of commons at Yale College, in former times,
+is given by President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse,
+pronounced at New Haven, August 14th, 1850.
+
+"At first, a college without common meals was hardly conceived of;
+and, indeed, if we trace back the history of college as they grew
+up at Paris, nothing is more of their essence than that students
+lived and ate together in a kind of conventual system. No doubt,
+also, when the town of New Haven was smaller, it was far more
+difficult to find desirable places for boarding than at present.
+But however necessary, the Steward's department was always beset
+with difficulties and exposed to complaints which most gentlemen
+present can readily understand. The following rations of commons,
+voted by the Trustees in 1742, will show the state of college fare
+at that time. 'Ordered, that the Steward shall provide the commons
+for the scholars as follows, viz.: For breakfast, one loaf of
+bread for four, which [the dough] shall weigh one pound. For
+dinner for four, one loaf of bread as aforesaid, two and a half
+pounds beef, veal, or mutton, or one and three quarter pounds salt
+pork about twice a week in the summer time, one quart of beer, two
+pennyworth of sauce [vegetables]. For supper for four, two quarts
+of milk and one loaf of bread, when milk can conveniently be had,
+and when it cannot, then apple-pie, which shall be made of one and
+three fourth pounds dough, one quarter pound hog's fat, two ounces
+sugar, and half a peck apples.' In 1759 we find, from a vote
+prohibiting the practice, that beer had become one of the articles
+allowed for the evening meal. Soon after this, the evening meal
+was discontinued, and, as is now the case in the English colleges,
+the students had supper in their own rooms, which led to
+extravagance and disorder. In the Revolutionary war the Steward
+was quite unable once or twice to provide food for the College,
+and this, as has already appeared, led to the dispersion of the
+students in 1776 and 1777, and once again in 1779 delayed the
+beginning of the winter term several weeks. Since that time,
+nothing peculiar has occurred with regard to commons, and they
+continued with all their evils of coarse manners and wastefulness
+for sixty years. The conviction, meanwhile, was increasing, that
+they were no essential part of the College, that on the score of
+economy they could claim no advantage, that they degraded the
+manners of students and fomented disorder. The experiment of
+suppressing them has hitherto been only a successful one. No one,
+who can retain a lively remembrance of the commons and the manners
+as they were both before and since the building of the new hall in
+1819, will wonder that this resolution was adopted by the
+authorities of the College."--pp. 70-72.
+
+The regulations which obtained at meal-time in commons were at one
+period in these words: "The waiters in the hall, appointed by the
+President, are to put the victuals on the tables spread with
+decent linen cloths, which are to be washed every week by the
+Steward's procurement, and the Tutors, or some of the senior
+scholars present, are to ask a blessing on the food, and to return
+thanks. All the scholars at mealtime are required to behave
+themselves decently and gravely, and abstain from loud talking. No
+victuals, platters, cups, &c. may be carried out of the hall,
+unless in case of sickness, and with liberty from one of the
+Tutors. Nor may any scholar go out before thanks are returned. And
+when dinner is over, the waiters are to carry the platters and
+cloths back into the kitchen. And if any one shall offend in
+either of these things, or carry away anything belonging to the
+hall without leave, he shall be fined sixpence."--_Laws of Yale
+Coll._, 1774, p. 19.
+
+From a little work by a graduate at Yale College of the class of
+1821, the accompanying remarks, referring to the system of commons
+as generally understood, are extracted.
+
+"The practice of boarding the students in commons was adopted by
+our colleges, naturally, and perhaps without reflection, from the
+old universities of Europe, and particularly from those of
+England. At first those universities were without buildings,
+either for board or lodging; being merely rendezvous for such as
+wished to pursue study. The students lodged at inns, or at private
+houses, defraying out of their own pockets, and in their own way,
+all charges for board and education. After a while, in consequence
+of the exorbitant demands of landlords, _halls_ were built, and
+common tables furnished, to relieve them from such exactions.
+Colleges, with chambers for study and lodging, were erected for a
+like reason. Being founded, in many cases, by private munificence,
+for the benefit of indigent students, they naturally included in
+their economy both lodging-rooms and board. There was also a
+_police_ reason for the measure. It was thought that the students
+could be better regulated as to their manners and behavior, being
+brought together under the eye of supervisors."
+
+Omitting a few paragraphs, we come to a more particular account of
+some of the jocose scenes which resulted from the commons system
+as once developed at Yale College.
+
+"The Tutors, who were seated at raised tables, could not, with all
+their vigilance, see all that passed, and they winked at much they
+did see. Boiled potatoes, pieces of bread, whole loaves, balls of
+butter, dishes, would be flung back and forth, especially between
+Sophomores and Freshmen; and you were never sure, in raising a cup
+to your lips, that it would not be dashed out of your hands, and
+the contents spilt upon your clothes, by one of these flying
+articles slyly sent at random. Whatever damage was done was
+averaged on our term-bills; and I remember a charge of six hundred
+tumblers, thirty coffee-pots, and I know not how many other
+articles of table furniture, destroyed or carried off in a single
+term. Speaking of tumblers, it may be mentioned as an instance of
+the progress of luxury, even there, that down to about 1815 such a
+thing was not known, the drinking-vessels at dinner being
+capacious pewter mugs, each table being furnished with two. We
+were at one time a good deal incommoded by the diminutive size of
+the milk-pitchers, which were all the while empty and gone for
+more. A waiter mentioned, for our patience, that, when these were
+used up, a larger size would be provided. 'O, if that's the case,
+the remedy is easy.' Accordingly the hint was passed through the
+room, the offending pitchers were slyly placed upon the floor,
+and, as we rose from the tables, were crushed under foot. The next
+morning the new set appeared. One of the classes being tired of
+_lamb, lamb, lamb_, wretchedly cooked, during the season of it,
+expressed their dissatisfaction by entering the hall bleating; no
+notice of which being taken, a day or two after they entered in
+advance of the Tutors, and cleared the tables of it, throwing it
+out of the windows, platters and all, and immediately retired.
+
+"In truth, not much could be said in commendation of our Alma
+Mater's table. A worse diet for sedentary men than that we had
+during the last days of the _old_ hall, now the laboratory, cannot
+be imagined. I will not go into particulars, for I hate to talk
+about food. It was absolutely destructive of health. I know it to
+have ruined, permanently, the health of some, and I have not the
+least doubt of its having occasioned, in certain instances which I
+could specify, incurable debility and premature death."--_Scenes
+and Characters in College_, New Haven, 1847, pp. 113-117.
+
+See INVALID'S TABLE. SLUM.
+
+That the commons at Dartmouth College were at times of a quality
+which would not be called the best, appears from the annexed
+paragraph, written in the year 1774. "He [Eleazer Wheelock,
+President of the College] has had the mortification to lose two
+cows, and the rest were greatly hurt by a contagious distemper, so
+that they _could not have a full supply of milk_; and once the
+pickle leaked out of the beef-barrel, so that the _meat was not
+sweet_. He had also been ill-used with respect to the purchase of
+some wheat, so that they had smutty bread for a while, &c. The
+scholars, on the other hand, say they scarce ever have anything
+but pork and greens, without vinegar, and pork and potatoes; that
+fresh meat comes but very seldom, and that the victuals are very
+badly dressed."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._, pp. 68, 69.
+
+The above account of commons applies generally to the system as it
+was carried out in the other colleges in the United States. In
+almost every college, commons have been abolished, and with them
+have departed the discords, dissatisfactions, and open revolts, of
+which they were so often the cause.
+
+See BEVER.
+
+
+COMMORANTES IN VILLA. Latin; literally, _those abiding in town_.
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the designation of Masters
+of Arts, and others of higher degree, who, residing within the
+precincts of the University, enjoy the privilege of being members
+of the Senate, without keeping their names on the college boards.
+--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+To have a vote in the Senate, the graduate must keep his name on
+the books of some college, or on the list of the _commorantes in
+villâ_.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+
+COMPOSITION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., translating
+English into Greek or Latin is called _composition_.--_Bristed_.
+
+In _composition_ and cram I was yet untried.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+You will have to turn English prose into Greek and Latin prose,
+English verse into Greek Iambic Trimeters, and part of some chorus
+in the Agamemnon into Latin, and possibly also into English verse.
+This is the "_composition_," and is to be done, remember, without
+the help of books or any other assistance.--_Ibid._, p. 68.
+
+The term _Composition_ seems in itself to imply that the
+translation is something more than a translation.--_Ibid._, p.
+185.
+
+Writing a Latin Theme, or original Latin verses, is designated
+_Original Composition_.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+COMPOSUIST. A writer; composer. "This extraordinary word," says
+Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "has been much used at some of
+our colleges, but very seldom elsewhere. It is now rarely heard
+among us. A correspondent observes, that 'it is used in England
+among _musicians_.' I have never met with it in any English
+publications upon the subject of music."
+
+The word is not found, I believe, in any dictionary of the English
+tongue.
+
+
+COMPOUNDER. One at a university who pays extraordinary fees,
+according to his means, for the degree he is to take. A _Grand
+Compounder_ pays double fees. See the _Customs and Laws of Univ.
+of Cam., Eng._, p. 297.
+
+
+CONCIO AD CLERUM. A sermon to the clergy. In the English
+universities, an exercise or Latin sermon, which is required of
+every candidate for the degree of D.D. Used sometimes in America.
+
+In the evening the "_concio ad clerum_" will be preached.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 426.
+
+
+CONDITION. A student on being examined for admission to college,
+if found deficient in certain studies, is admitted on _condition_
+he will make up the deficiency, if it is believed on the whole
+that he is capable of pursuing the studies of the class for which
+he is offered. The branches in which he is deficient are called
+_conditions_.
+
+  Talks of Bacchus and tobacco, short sixes, sines, transitions,
+  And Alma Mater takes him in on ten or twelve _conditions_.
+    _Poem before Y.H. Soc., Harv. Coll._
+
+                          Praying his guardian powers
+  To assist a poor Sub Fresh at the dread Examination,
+  And free from all _conditions_ to insure his first vacation.
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._
+
+
+CONDITION. To admit a student as member of a college, who on being
+examined has been found deficient in some particular, the
+provision of his admission being that he will make up the
+deficiency.
+
+A young man shall come down to college from New Hampshire, with no
+preparation save that of a country winter-school, shall be
+examined and "_conditioned_" in everything, and yet he shall come
+out far ahead of his city Latin-school classmate.--_A Letter to a
+Young Man who has just entered College_, 1849, p. 8.
+
+They find themselves _conditioned_ on the studies of the term, and
+not very generally respected.--_Harvard Mag._, Vol. I. p. 415.
+
+
+CONDUCT. The title of two clergymen appointed to read prayers at
+Eton College, in England.--_Mason. Webster_.
+
+
+CONFESSION. It was formerly the custom in the older American
+colleges, when a student had rendered himself obnoxious to
+punishment, provided the crime was not of an aggravated nature, to
+pardon and restore him to his place in the class, on his
+presenting a confession of his fault, to be read publicly in the
+hall. The Diary of President Leverett, of Harvard College, under
+date of the 20th of March, 1714, contains an interesting account
+of the confession of Larnel, an Indian student belonging to the
+Junior Sophister class, who had been guilty of some offence for
+which he had been dismissed from college.
+
+"He remained," says Mr. Leverett, "a considerable time at Boston,
+in a state of penance. He presented his confession to Mr.
+Pemberton, who thereupon became his intercessor, and in his letter
+to the President expresses himself thus: 'This comes by Larnel,
+who brings a confession as good as Austin's, and I am charitably
+disposed to hope it flows from a like spirit of penitence.' In the
+public reading of his confession, the flowing of his passions was
+extraordinarily timed, and his expressions accented, and most
+peculiarly and emphatically those of the grace of God to him;
+which indeed did give a peculiar grace to the performance itself,
+and raised, I believe, a charity in some that had very little I am
+sure, and ratified wonderfully that which I had conceived of him.
+Having made his public confession, he was restored to his standing
+in the College."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 443,
+444.
+
+
+CONGREGATION. At Oxford, the house of _congregation_ is one of the
+two assemblies in which the business of the University, as such,
+is carried on. In this house the Chancellor, or his vicar the
+Vice-Chancellor, or in his absence one of his four deputies,
+termed Pro-Vice-Chancellors, and the two Proctors, either by
+themselves or their deputies, always preside. The members of this
+body are regents, "either regents '_necessary_' or '_ad
+placitum_,' that is, on the one hand, all doctors and masters of
+arts, during the first year of their degree; and on the other, all
+those who have gone through the year of their necessary regency,
+and which includes all resident doctors, heads of colleges and
+halls, professors and public lecturers, public examiners, masters
+of the schools, or examiners for responsions or 'little go,' deans
+and censors of colleges, and all other M.A.'s during the second
+year of their regency." The business of the house of congregation,
+which may be regarded as the oligarchical body, is chiefly to
+grant degrees, and pass graces and dispensations.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+CONSERVATOR. An officer who has the charge of preserving the
+rights and privileges of a city, corporation, or community, as in
+Roman Catholic universities.--_Webster_.
+
+
+CONSILIUM ABEUNDI. Latin; freely, _the decree of departure_. In
+German universities, the _consilium abeundi_ "consists in
+expulsion out of the district of the court of justice within which
+the university is situated. This punishment lasts a year; after
+the expiration of which, the banished student can renew his
+matriculation."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+33.
+
+
+CONSISTORY COURT. In the University of Cambridge, England, there
+is a _consistory court_ of the Chancellor and of the Commissary.
+"For the former," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "the
+Chancellor, and in his absence the Vice-Chancellor, assisted by
+some of the heads of houses, and one or more doctors of the civil
+law, administers justice desired by any member of the University,
+&c. In the latter, the Commissary acts by authority given him
+under the seal of the Chancellor, as well in the University as at
+Stourbridge and Midsummer fairs, and takes cognizance of all
+offences, &c. The proceedings are the same in both courts."
+
+
+CONSTITUTIONAL. Among students at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., a walk for exercise.
+
+The gallop over Bullington, and the "_constitutional_" up
+Headington.--_Lond. Quart. Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. LXXIII. p. 53.
+
+Instead of boots he [the Cantab] wears easy low-heeled shoes, for
+greater convenience in fence and ditch jumping, and other feats of
+extempore gymnastics which diversify his
+"_constitutionals_".--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 4.
+
+Even the mild walks which are dignified with the name of exercise
+there, how unlike the Cantab's _constitutional_ of eight miles in
+less than two hours.--_Ibid._, p. 45.
+
+Lucky is the man who lives a mile off from his private tutor, or
+has rooms ten minutes' walk from chapel: he is sure of that much
+_constitutional_ daily.--_Ibid._, p. 224.
+
+"_Constitutionals_" of eight miles in less than two hours, varied
+with jumping hedges, ditches, and gates; "pulling" on the river,
+cricket, football, riding twelve miles without drawing bridle,...
+are what he understands by his two hours' exercise.--_Ibid._, p.
+328.
+
+
+CONSTITUTIONALIZING. Walking.
+
+The most usual mode of exercise is walking,--_constitutionalizing_
+is the Cantab for it.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 19.
+
+
+CONVENTION. In the University of Cambridge, England, a court
+consisting of the Master and Fellows of a college, who sit in the
+_Combination Room_, and pass sentence on any young offender
+against the laws of soberness and chastity.--_Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam_.
+
+
+CONVICTOR. Latin, _a familiar acquaintance_. In the University of
+Oxford, those are called _convictores_ who, although not belonging
+to the foundation of any college or hall, have at any time been
+regents, and have constantly kept their names on the books of some
+college or hall, from the time of their admission to the degree of
+M.A., or Doctors in either of the three faculties.--_Oxf. Cal._
+
+
+CONVOCATION. At Oxford, the house of _convocation_ is one of the
+two assemblies in which the business of the University, as such,
+is transacted. It consists both of regents and non-regents, "that
+is, in brief, all masters of arts not 'honorary,' or 'ad eundems'
+from Cambridge or Dublin, and of course graduates of a higher
+order." In this house, the Chancellor, or his vicar the
+Vice-Chancellor, or in his absence one of his four deputies,
+termed Pro-Vice-Chancellors, and the two Proctors, either by
+themselves or their deputies, always preside. The business of this
+assembly--which may be considered as the house of commons,
+excepting that the lords have a vote here equally as in their own
+upper house, i.e. the house of congregation--is unlimited,
+extending to all subjects connected with the well-being of the
+University, including the election of Chancellor, members of
+Parliament, and many of the officers of the University, the
+conferring of extraordinary degrees, and the disposal of the
+University ecclesiastical patronage. It has no initiative power,
+this resting solely with the hebdomadal board, but it can debate,
+and accept or refuse, the measures which originate in that
+board.--_Oxford Guide. Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 223.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, England, an assembly of the Senate
+out of term time is called a _convocation_. In such a case a grace
+is immediately passed to convert the convocation into a
+congregation, after which the business proceeds as usual.--_Cam.
+Cal._
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the house of _convocation_
+consists of the Fellows and Professors, with all persons who have
+received any academic degree whatever in the same, except such as
+may be lawfully deprived of their privileges. Its business is such
+as may from time to time be delegated by the Corporation, from
+which it derives its existence; and is, at present, limited to
+consulting and advising for the good of the College, nominating
+the Junior Fellows, and all candidates for admissions _ad eundem_;
+making laws for its own regulation; proposing plans, measures, or
+counsel to the Corporation; and to instituting, endowing, and
+naming with concurrence of the same, professorships, scholarships,
+prizes, medals, and the like. This and the _Corporation_ compose
+the _Senatus Academicus_.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+COPE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the ermined robe worn
+by a Doctor in the Senate House, on Congregation Day, is called a
+_cope_.
+
+
+COPUS. "Of mighty ale, a large quarte."--_Chaucer_.
+
+The word _copus_ and the beverage itself are both extensively used
+among the _men_ of the University of Cambridge, England. "The
+conjecture," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "is surely
+ridiculous and senseless, that _Copus_ is contracted from
+_Epis_copus, a bishop, 'a mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar.' A
+copus of ale is a common fine at the student's table in hall for
+speaking Latin, or for some similar impropriety."
+
+
+COPY. At Cambridge, Eng., this word is applied exclusively to
+papers of verse composition. It is a public-school term
+transplanted to the University.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+CORK, CALK. In some of the Southern colleges, this word, with a
+derived meaning, signifies a _complete stopper_. Used in the sense
+of an entire failure in reciting; an utter inability to answer an
+instructor's interrogatories.
+
+
+CORPORAL PUNISHMENT. In the older American colleges, corporal
+punishment was formerly sanctioned by law, and several instances
+remain on record which show that its infliction was not of rare
+occurrence.
+
+Among the laws, rules, and scholastic forms established between
+the years 1642 and 1646, by Mr. Dunster, the first President of
+Harvard College, occurs the following: "Siquis scholarium ullam
+Dei et hujus Collegii legem, sive animo perverso, seu ex supinâ
+negligentiâ, violârit, postquam fuerit bis admonitus, si non
+adultus, _virgis coërceatur_, sin adultus, ad Inspectores Collegii
+deferendus erit, ut publicè in eum pro merítis animadversio fiat."
+In the year 1656, this law was strengthened by another, recorded
+by Quincy, in these words: "It is hereby ordered that the
+President and Fellows of Harvard College, for the time being, or
+the major part of them, are hereby empowered, according to their
+best discretion, to punish all misdemeanors of the youth in their
+society, either by fine, or _whipping in the Hall openly_, as the
+nature of the offence shall require, not exceeding ten shillings
+or _ten stripes_ for one offence; and this law to continue in
+force until this Court or the Overseers of the College provide
+some other order to punish such offences."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 578, 513.
+
+A knowledge of the existence of such laws as the above is in some
+measure a preparation for the following relation given by Mr.
+Peirce in his History of Harvard University.
+
+"At the period when Harvard College was founded," says that
+gentleman, "one of the modes of punishment in the great schools of
+England and other parts of Europe was corporal chastisement. It
+was accordingly introduced here, and was, no doubt, frequently put
+in practice. An instance of its infliction, as part of the
+sentence upon an offender, is presented in Judge Sewall's MS.
+Diary, with the particulars of a ceremonial, which was reserved
+probably for special occasions. His account will afford some idea
+of the manners and spirit of the age:--
+
+"'June 15, 1674, Thomas Sargeant was examined by the Corporation
+finally. The advice of Mr. Danforth, Mr. Stoughton, Mr. Thacher,
+Mr. Mather (the present), was taken. This was his sentence:
+
+"'That being convicted of speaking blasphemous words concerning
+the H.G., he should be therefore publickly whipped before all the
+scholars.
+
+"'2. That he should be suspended as to taking his degree of
+Bachelor. (This sentence read before him twice at the President's
+before the Committee and in the Library, before execution.)
+
+"'3. Sit alone by himself in the Hall uncovered at meals, during
+the pleasure of the President and Fellows, and be in all things
+obedient, doing what exercise was appointed him by the President,
+or else be finally expelled the College. The first was presently
+put in execution in the Library (Mr. Danforth, Jr. being present)
+before the scholars. He kneeled down, and the instrument, Goodman
+Hely, attended the President's word as to the performance of his
+part in the work. Prayer was had before and after by the
+President, July 1, 1674.'"
+
+"Men's ideas," continues Mr. Peirce, "must have been very
+different from those of the present day, to have tolerated a law
+authorizing so degrading a treatment of the members of such a
+society. It may easily be imagined what complaints and uneasiness
+its execution must frequently have occasioned among the friends
+and connections of those who were the subjects of it. In one
+instance, it even occasioned the prosecution of a Tutor; but this
+was as late as 1733, when old rudeness had lost much of the
+people's reverence. The law, however, was suffered, with some
+modification, to continue more than a century. In the revised body
+of Laws made in the year 1734, we find this article:
+'Notwithstanding the preceding pecuniary mulcts, it shall be
+lawful for the President, Tutors, and Professors, to punish
+Undergraduates by Boxing, when they shall judge the nature or
+circumstances of the offence call for it.' This relic of
+barbarism, however, was growing more and more repugnant to the
+general taste and sentiment. The late venerable Dr. Holyoke, who
+was of the class of 1746, observed, that in his day 'corporal
+punishment was going out of use'; and at length it was expunged
+from the code, never, we trust, to be recalled from the rubbish of
+past absurdities."--pp. 227, 228.
+
+The last movements which were made in reference to corporal
+punishment are thus stated by President Quincy, in his History of
+Harvard University. "In July, 1755, the Overseers voted, that it
+[the right of boxing] should be 'taken away.' The Corporation,
+however, probably regarded it as too important an instrument of
+authority to be for ever abandoned, and voted, 'that it should be
+suspended, as to the execution of it, for one year.' When this
+vote came before the Overseers for their sanction, the board
+hesitated, and appointed a large committee 'to consider and make
+report what punishments they apprehend proper to be substituted
+instead of boxing, in case it be thought expedient to repeal or
+suspend the law which allows or establishes the same.' From this
+period the law disappeared, and the practice was
+discontinued."--Vol. II. p. 134.
+
+The manner in which corporal punishment was formerly inflicted at
+Yale College is stated by President Woolsey, in his Historical
+Discourse, delivered at New Haven, August, 1850. After speaking of
+the methods of punishing by fines and degradation, he thus
+proceeds to this topic: "There was a still more remarkable
+punishment, as it must strike the men of our times, and which,
+although for some reason or other no traces of it exist in any of
+our laws so far as I have discovered, was in accordance with the
+'good old plan,' pursued probably ever since the origin of
+universities. I refer--'horresco referens'--to the punishment of
+boxing or cuffing. It was applied before the Faculty to the
+luckless offender by the President, towards whom the culprit, in a
+standing position, inclined his head, while blows fell in quick
+succession upon either ear. No one seems to have been served in
+this way except Freshmen and commencing 'Sophimores.'[12] I do not
+find evidence that this usage much survived the first jubilee of
+the College. One of the few known instances of it, which is on
+other accounts remarkable, was as follows. A student in the first
+quarter of his Sophomore year, having committed an offence for
+which he had been boxed when a Freshman, was ordered to be boxed
+again, and to have the additional penalty of acting as butler's
+waiter for one week. On presenting himself, _more academico_, for
+the purpose of having his ears boxed, and while the blow was
+falling, he dodged and fled from the room and the College. The
+beadle was thereupon ordered to try to find him, and to command
+him to keep himself out of College and out of the yard, and to
+appear at prayers the next evening, there to receive further
+orders. He was then publicly admonished and suspended; but in four
+days after submitted to the punishment adjudged, which was
+accordingly inflicted, and upon his public confession his
+suspension was taken off. Such public confessions, now unknown,
+were then exceedingly common."
+
+After referring to the instance mentioned above, in which corporal
+punishment was inflicted at Harvard College, the author speaks as
+follows, in reference to the same subject, as connected with the
+English universities. "The excerpts from the body of Oxford
+statutes, printed in the very year when this College was founded,
+threaten corporal punishment to persons of the proper age,--that
+is, below the age of eighteen,--for a variety of offences; and
+among the rest for disrespect to Seniors, for frequenting places
+where 'vinum aut quivis alius potus aut herba Nicotiana ordinarie
+venditur,' for coming home to their rooms after the great Tom or
+bell of Christ's Church had sounded, and for playing football
+within the University precincts or in the city streets. But the
+statutes of Trinity College, Cambridge, contain more remarkable
+rules, which are in theory still valid, although obsolete in fact.
+All the scholars, it is there said, who are absent from
+prayers,--Bachelors excepted,--if over eighteen years of age,
+'shall be fined a half-penny, but if they have not completed the
+year of their age above mentioned, they shall be chastised with
+rods in the hall on Friday.' At this chastisement all
+undergraduates were required to be lookers on, the Dean having the
+rod of punishment in his hand; and it was provided also, that
+whosoever should not answer to his name on this occasion, if a
+boy, should be flogged on Saturday. No doubt this rigor towards
+the younger members of the society was handed down from the
+monastic forms which education took in the earlier schools of the
+Middle Ages. And an advance in the age of admission, as well as a
+change in the tone of treatment of the young, may account for this
+system being laid aside at the universities; although, as is well
+known, it continues to flourish at the great public schools of
+England."--pp. 49-51.
+
+
+CORPORATION. The general government of colleges and universities
+is usually vested in a corporation aggregate, which is preserved
+by a succession of members. "The President and Fellows of Harvard
+College," says Mr. Quincy in his History of Harvard University,
+"being the only Corporation in the Province, and so continuing
+during the whole of the seventeenth century, they early assumed,
+and had by common usage conceded to them, the name of "_The
+Corporation_," by which they designate themselves in all the early
+records. Their proceedings are recorded as being done 'at a
+meeting of _the Corporation_,' or introduced by the formula, 'It
+is ordered by _the Corporation_,' without stating the number or
+the names of the members present, until April 19th, 1675, when,
+under President Oakes, the names of those present were first
+entered on the records, and afterwards they were frequently,
+though not uniformly, inserted."--Vol. I. p. 274.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Corporation_, on which the
+_House of Convocation_ is wholly dependent, and to which, by law,
+belongs the supreme control of the College, consists of not more
+than twenty-four Trustees, resident within the State of
+Connecticut; the Chancellor and President of the College being _ex
+officio_ members, and the Chancellor being _ex officio_ President
+of the same. They have authority to fill their own vacancies; to
+appoint to offices and professorships; to direct and manage the
+funds for the good of the College; and, in general, to exercise
+the powers of a collegiate society, according to the provisions of
+the charter.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 6.
+
+
+COSTUME. At the English universities there are few objects that
+attract the attention of the stranger more than the various
+academical dresses worn by the members of those institutions. The
+following description of the various costumes assumed in the
+University of Cambridge is taken from "The Cambridge Guide," Ed.
+1845.
+
+"A _Doctor in Divinity_ has three robes: the _first_, a gown made
+of scarlet cloth, with ample sleeves terminating in a point, and
+lined with rose-colored silk, which is worn in public processions,
+and on all state and festival days;--the _second_ is the cope,
+worn at Great St. Mary's during the service on Litany-days, in the
+Divinity Schools during an Act, and at Conciones ad Clerum; it is
+made of scarlet cloth, and completely envelops the person, being
+closed down the front, which is trimmed with an edging of ermine;
+at the back of it is affixed a hood of the same costly fur;--the
+_third_ is a gown made of black silk or poplin, with full, round
+sleeves, and is the habit commonly worn in public by a D.D.;
+Doctors, however, sometimes wear a Master of Arts' gown, with a
+silk scarf. These several dresses are put over a black silk
+cassock, which covers the entire body, around which it is fastened
+by a broad sash, and has sleeves coming down to the wrists, like a
+coat. A handsome scarf of the same materials, which hangs over the
+shoulders, and extends to the feet, is always worn with the
+scarlet and black gowns. A square black cloth cap, with silk
+tassel, completes the costume.
+
+"_Doctors in the Civil Law and in Physic_ have two robes: the
+_first_ is the scarlet gown, as just described, and the _second_,
+or ordinary dress of a D.C.L., is a black silk gown, with a plain
+square collar, the sleeves hanging down square to the feet;--the
+ordinary gown of an M.D. is of the same shape, but trimmed at the
+collar, sleeves, and front with rich black silk lace.
+
+"A _Doctor in Music_ commonly wears the same dress as a D.C.L.;
+but on festival and scarlet-days is arrayed in a gown made of rich
+white damask silk, with sleeves and facings of rose-color, a hood
+of the same, and a round black velvet cap with gold tassel.
+
+"_Bachelors in Divinity_ and _Masters of Arts_ wear a black gown,
+made of bombazine, poplin, or silk. It has sleeves extending to
+the feet, with apertures for the arms just above the elbow, and
+may be distinguished by the shape of the sleeves, which hang down
+square, and are cut out at the bottom like the section of a
+horseshoe.
+
+"_Bachelors in the Civil Law and in Physic_ wear a gown of the
+same shape as that of a Master of Arts.
+
+"All Graduates of the above ranks are entitled to wear a hat,
+instead of the square black cloth cap, with their gowns, and the
+custom of doing so is generally adopted, except by the HEADS,
+_Tutors_, and _University_ and _College Officers_, who consider it
+more correct to appear in the full academical costume.
+
+"A _Bachelor of Arts'_ gown is made of bombazine or poplin, with
+large sleeves terminating in a point, with apertures for the arms,
+just below the shoulder-joint.[13] _Bachelor Fellow-Commoners_
+usually wear silk gowns, and square velvet caps. The caps of other
+Bachelors are of cloth.
+
+"All the above, being _Graduates_, when they use surplices in
+chapel wear over them their _hoods_, which are peculiar to the
+several degrees. The hoods of _Doctors_ are made of scarlet cloth,
+lined with rose-colored silk; those of _Bachelors in Divinity_,
+and _Non-Regent Masters of Arts_, are of black silk; those of
+_Regent Masters of Arts_ and _Bachelors in the Civil Law and in
+Physic_, of black silk lined with white; and those of _Bachelors
+of Arts_, of black serge, trimmed with a border of white
+lamb's-wool.
+
+"The dresses of the _Undergraduates_ are the following:--
+
+"A _Nobleman_ has two gowns: the _first_ in shape like that of the
+Fellow-Commoners, is made of purple Ducape, very richly
+embroidered with gold lace, and is worn in public processions, and
+on festival-days: a square black velvet cap with a very large gold
+tassel is worn with it;--the _second_, or ordinary gown, is made
+of black silk, with full round sleeves, and a hat is worn with it.
+The latter dress is worn also by the Bachelor Fellows of King's
+College.
+
+"A _Fellow-Commoner_ wears a black prince's stuff gown, with a
+square collar, and straight hanging sleeves, which are decorated
+with gold lace; and a square black velvet cap with a gold tassel.
+
+"The Fellow-Commoners of Emmanuel College wear a similar gown,
+with the addition of several gold-lace buttons attached to the
+trimmings on the sleeves;--those of Trinity College have a purple
+prince's stuff gown, adorned with silver lace,[14] and a silver
+tassel is attached to the cap;--at Downing the gown is made of
+black silk, of the same shape, ornamented with tufts and silk
+lace; and a square cap of velvet with a gold tassel is worn. At
+Jesus College, a Bachelor's silk gown is worn, plaited up at the
+sleeve, and with a gold lace from the shoulder to the bend of the
+arm. At Queen's a Bachelor's silk gown, with a velvet cap and gold
+tassel, is worn: the same at Corpus and Magdalene; at the latter
+it is gathered and looped up at the sleeve,--at the former
+(Corpus) it has velvet facings. Married Fellow-Commoners usually
+wear a black silk gown, with full, round sleeves, and a square
+velvet cap with silk tassel.[15]
+
+"The _Pensioner's_ gown and cap are mostly of the same material
+and shape as those of the Bachelor's: the gown differs only in the
+mode of trimming. At Trinity and Caius Colleges the gown is
+purple, with large sleeves, terminating in a point. At St. Peter's
+and Queen's, the gown is precisely the same as that of a Bachelor;
+and at King's, the same, but made of fine black woollen cloth. At
+Corpus Christi is worn a B.A. gown, with black velvet facings. At
+Downing and Trinity Hall the gown is made of black bombazine, with
+large sleeves, looped up at the elbows.[16]
+
+"_Students in the Civil Law and in Physic_, who have kept their
+Acts, wear a full-sleeved gown, and are entitled to use a B.A.
+hood.
+
+"Bachelors of Arts and Undergraduates are obliged by the statutes
+to wear their academical costume constantly in public, under a
+penalty of 6s. 8d. for every omission.[17]
+
+"Very few of the _University Officers_ have distinctive dresses.
+
+"The _Chancellor's_ gown is of black damask silk, very richly
+embroidered with gold. It is worn with a broad, rich lace band,
+and square velvet cap with large gold tassel.
+
+"The _Vice-Chancellor_ dresses merely as a Doctor, except at
+Congregations in the Senate-House, when he wears a cope. When
+proceeding to St. Mary's, or elsewhere, in his official capacity,
+he is preceded by the three Esquire-Bedells with their silver
+maces, which were the gift of Queen Elizabeth.
+
+"The _Regius Professors of the Civil Law and of Physic_, when they
+preside at Acts in the Schools, wear copes, and round black velvet
+caps with gold tassels.
+
+"The _Proctors_ are not distinguishable from other Masters of
+Arts, except at St. Mary's Church and at Congregations, when they
+wear cassocks and black silk ruffs, and carry the Statutes of the
+University, being attended by two servants, dressed in large blue
+cloaks, ornamented with gold-lace buttons.
+
+"The _Yeoman-Bedell_, in processions, precedes the
+Esquire-Bedells, carrying an ebony mace, tipped with silver; his
+gown, as well as those of the _Marshal_ and _School-Keeper_, is
+made of black prince's stuff, with square collar, and square
+hanging sleeves."--pp. 28-33.
+
+At the University of Oxford, Eng., the costume of the Graduates is
+as follows:--
+
+"The Doctor in Divinity has three dresses: the first consists of a
+gown of scarlet cloth, with black velvet sleeves and facings, a
+cassock, sash, and scarf. This dress is worn on all public
+occasions in the Theatre, in public processions, and on those
+Sundays and holidays marked (*) in the _Oxford Calendar_. The
+second is a habit of scarlet cloth, and a hood of the same color
+lined with black, and a black silk scarf: the Master of Arts' gown
+is worn under this dress, the sleeves appearing through the
+arm-holes of the habit. This is the dress of business; it is used
+in Convocation, Congregation, at Morning Sermons at St. Mary's
+during the term, and at Afternoon Sermons at St. Peter's during
+Lent, with the exception of the Morning Sermon on Quinquagesima
+Sunday, and the Morning Sermons in Lent. The third, which is the
+usual dress in which a Doctor of Divinity appears, is a Master of
+Arts' gown, with cassock, sash, and scarf. The Vice-Chancellor and
+Heads of Colleges and Halls have no distinguishing dress, but
+appear on all occasions as Doctors in the faculty to which they
+belong.
+
+"The dresses worn by Graduates in Law and Physic are nearly the
+same. The Doctor has three. The first is a gown of scarlet cloth,
+with sleeves and facings of pink silk, and a round black velvet
+cap. This is the dress of state. The second consists of a habit
+and hood of scarlet cloth, the habit faced and the hood lined with
+pink silk. This habit, which is perfectly analogous to the second
+dress of the Doctor in Divinity, has lately grown into disuse; it
+is, however, retained by the Professors, and is always used in
+presenting to Degrees. The third or common dress of a Doctor in
+Law or Physic nearly resembles that of the Bachelor in these
+faculties; it is a black silk gown richly ornamented with black
+lace; the hood of the Bachelor of Laws (worn as a dress) is of
+purple silk, lined with white fur.
+
+"The dress worn by the Doctor of Music on public occasions is a
+rich white damask silk gown, with sleeves and facings of crimson
+satin, a hood of the same material, and a round black velvet cap.
+The usual dresses of the Doctor and of the Bachelor in Music are
+nearly the same as those of Law and Physic.
+
+"The Master of Arts wears a black gown, usually made of prince's
+stuff or crape, with long sleeves which are remarkable for the
+circular cut at the bottom. The arm comes through an aperture in
+the sleeve, which hangs down. The hood of a Master of Arts is
+black silk lined with crimson.
+
+"The gown of a Bachelor of Arts is also usually made of prince's
+stuff or crape. It has a full sleeve, looped up at the elbow, and
+terminating in a point; the dress hood is black, trimmed with
+white fur. In Lent, at the time of _determining_ in the Schools, a
+strip of lamb's-wool is worn in addition to the hood. Noblemen and
+Gentlemen-Commoners, who take the Degrees of Bachelor and Master
+of Arts, wear their gowns of silk."
+
+The costume of the Undergraduates is thus described:--
+
+"The Nobleman has two dresses; the first, which is worn in the
+Theatre, in processions, and on all public occasions, is a gown of
+purple damask silk, richly ornamented with gold lace. The second
+is a black silk gown, with full sleeves; it has a tippet attached
+to the shoulders. With both these dresses is worn a square cap of
+black velvet, with a gold tassel.
+
+"The Gentleman-Commoner has two gowns, _both of black silk_; the
+first, which is considered as a dress gown, although worn on all
+occasions, at pleasure, is richly ornamented with tassels. The
+second, or undress gown, is ornamented with plaits at the sleeves.
+A square black velvet cap with a silk tassel, is worn with both.
+
+"The dress of Commoners is a gown of black prince's stuff, without
+sleeves; from each shoulder is appended a broad strip, which
+reaches to the bottom of the dress, and towards the top is
+gathered into plaits. Square cap of black cloth and silk tassel.
+
+"The student in Civil Law, or Civilian, wears a plain black silk
+gown, and square cloth cap, with silk tassel.
+
+"Scholars and Demies of Magdalene, and students of Christ Church
+who have not taken a degree, wear a plain black gown of prince's
+stuff, with round, full sleeves half the length of the gown, and a
+square black cap, with silk tassel.
+
+"The dress of the Servitor is the same as that of the Commoner,
+but it has no plaits at the shoulder, and the cap is without a
+tassel."
+
+The costume of those among the University Officers who are
+distinguished by their dress, may be thus noted:--
+
+"The dress of the Chancellor is of black damask silk, richly
+ornamented with gold embroidery, a rich lace band, and square
+velvet cap, with a large gold tassel.
+
+"The Proctors wear gowns of prince's stuff, the sleeves and
+facings of black velvet; to the left shoulder is affixed a small
+tippet. To this is added, as a dress, a large ermine hood.
+
+"The Pro-Proctor wears a Master of Arts' gown, faced with velvet,
+with a tippet attached to the left shoulder."
+
+The Collectors wear the same dress as the Proctors, with the
+exception of the hood and tippet.
+
+The Esquire Bedels wear silk gowns, similar to those of Bachelors
+of Law, and round velvet caps. The Yeoman Bedels have black stuff
+gowns, and round silk caps.
+
+The dress of the Verger is nearly the same as that of the Yeoman
+Bedel.
+
+"Bands at the neck are considered as necessary appendages to the
+academic dress, particularly on all public occasions."--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+See DRESS.
+
+
+COURTS. At the English universities, the squares or acres into
+which each college is divided. Called also quadrangles,
+abbreviated quads.
+
+All the colleges are constructed in quadrangles or _courts_; and,
+as in course of years the population of every college, except
+one,[18] has outgrown the original quadrangle, new courts have
+been added, so that the larger foundations have three, and one[19]
+has four courts.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 2.
+
+
+CRACKLING. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., in common
+parlance, the three stripes of velvet which a member of St. John's
+College wears on his sleeve, are designated by this name.
+
+Various other gowns are to be discerned, the Pembroke looped at
+the sleeve, the Christ's and Catherine curiously crimped in front,
+and the Johnian with its unmistakable "_Crackling_"--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 73.
+
+
+CRAM. To prepare a student to pass an examination; to study in
+view of examination. In the latter sense used in American
+colleges.
+
+In the latter [Euclid] it is hardly possible, at least not near so
+easy as in Logic, to present the semblance of preparation by
+learning questions and answers by rote:--in the cant phrase of
+undergraduates, by getting _crammed_.--_Whalely's Logic, Preface_.
+
+  For many weeks he "_crams_" him,--daily does he rehearse.
+    _Poem before the Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+A class of men arose whose business was to _cram_ the candidates.
+--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 246.
+
+In a wider sense, to prepare another, or one's self, by study, for
+any occasion.
+
+The members of the bar were lounging about that tabooed precinct,
+some smoking, some talking and laughing, some poring over long,
+ill-written papers or large calf-bound books, and all big with the
+ponderous interests depending upon them, and the eloquence and
+learning with which they were "_crammed_" for the
+occasion.--_Talbot and Vernon_.
+
+When he was to write, it was necessary to _cram_ him with the
+facts and points.--_F.K. Hunt's Fourth Estate_, 1850.
+
+
+CRAM. All miscellaneous information about Ancient History,
+Geography, Antiquities, Law, &c.; all classical matter not
+included under the heads of TRANSLATION and COMPOSITION, which can
+be learned by CRAMMING. Peculiar to the English
+Universities.--_Bristed_.
+
+2. The same as CRAMMING, which see.
+
+I have made him promise to give me four or five evenings of about
+half an hour's _cram_ each.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 240.
+
+It is not necessary to practise "_cram_" so outrageously as at
+some of the college examinations.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed.,
+Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+3. A paper on which is written something necessary to be learned,
+previous to an examination.
+
+"Take care what you light your cigars with," said Belton, "you'll
+be burning some of Tufton's _crams_: they are stuck all about the
+pictures."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 223.
+
+He puzzled himself with his _crams_ he had in his pocket, and
+copied what he did not understand.--_Ibid._, p. 279.
+
+
+CRAMBAMBULI. A favorite drink among the students in the German
+universities, composed of burnt rum and sugar.
+
+  _Crambambuli_, das ist der Titel
+    Des Tranks, der sich bei uns bewährt.
+    _Drinking song_.
+
+To the next! let's have the _crambambuli_ first, however.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 117.
+
+
+CRAM BOOK. A book in which are laid down such topics as constitute
+an examination, together with the requisite answers to the
+questions proposed on that occasion.
+
+He in consequence engages a private tutor, and buys all the _cram
+books_ published for the occasion.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 128.
+
+
+CRAMINATION. A farcical word, signifying the same as _cramming_;
+the termination _tion_ being suffixed for the sake of mock
+dignity.
+
+The ---- scholarship is awarded to the student in each Senior
+Class who attends most to _cramination_ on the College
+course.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+CRAM MAN. One who is cramming for an examination.
+
+He has read all the black-lettered divinity in the Bodleian, and
+says that none of the _cram men_ shall have a chance with
+him.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 274.
+
+
+CRAMMER. One who prepares another for an examination.
+
+The qualifications of a _crammer_ are given in the following
+extract from the Collegian's Guide.
+
+"The first point, therefore, in which a crammer differs from other
+tutors, is in the selection of subjects. While another tutor would
+teach every part of the books given up, he virtually reduces their
+quantity, dwelling chiefly on the 'likely parts.'
+
+"The second point in which a crammer excels is in fixing the
+attention, and reducing subjects to the comprehension of
+ill-formed and undisciplined minds.
+
+"The third qualification of a crammer is a happy manner and
+address, to encourage the desponding, to animate the idle, and to
+make the exertions of the pupil continually increase in such a
+ratio, that he shall be wound up to concert pitch by the day of
+entering the schools."--pp. 231, 232.
+
+
+CRAMMING. A cant term, in the British universities, for the act of
+preparing a student to pass an examination, by going over the
+topics with him beforehand, and furnishing him with the requisite
+answers.--_Webster_.
+
+The author of the Collegian's Guide, speaking of examinations,
+says: "First, we must observe that all examinations imply the
+existence of examiners, and examiners, like other mortal beings,
+lie open to the frauds of designing men, through the uniformity
+and sameness of their proceedings. This uniformity inventive men
+have analyzed and reduced to a system, founding thereon a certain
+science, and corresponding art, called _Cramming_."--p. 229.
+
+The power of "_cramming_"--of filling the mind with knowledge
+hastily acquired for a particular occasion, and to be forgotten
+when that occasion is past--is a power not to be despised, and of
+much use in the world, especially at the bar.--_Westminster Rev._,
+Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+I shall never forget the torment I suffered in _cramming_ long
+lessons in Greek Grammar.--_Dickens's Household Words_, Vol. I. p.
+192.
+
+
+CRAM PAPER. A paper in which are inserted such questions as are
+generally asked at an examination. The manner in which these
+questions are obtained is explained in the following extract.
+"Every pupil, after his examination, comes to thank him as a
+matter of course; and as every man, you know, is loquacious enough
+on such occasions, Tufton gets out of him all the questions he was
+asked in the schools; and according to these questions, he has
+moulded his _cram papers_."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 239.
+
+We should be puzzled to find any questions more absurd and
+unreasonable than those in the _cram papers_ in the college
+examination.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+
+CRIB. Probably a translation; a pony.
+
+Of the "Odes and Epodes of Horace, translated literally and
+rhythmically" by W. Sewell, of Oxford, the editor of the Literary
+World remarks: "Useful as a '_crib_,' it is also poetical."--Vol.
+VIII. p. 28.
+
+
+CROW'S-FOOT. At Harvard College a badge formerly worn on the
+sleeve, resembling a crow's foot, to denote the class to which a
+student belongs. In the regulations passed April 29, 1822, for
+establishing the style of dress among the students at Harvard
+College, we find the following. A part of the dress shall be
+"three crow's-feet, made of black silk cord, on the lower part of
+the sleeve of a Senior, two on that of a Junior, and one on that
+of a Sophomore." The Freshmen were not allowed to wear the
+crow's-foot, and the custom is now discontinued, although an
+unsuccessful attempt was made to revive it a few years ago.
+
+The Freshman scampers off at the first bell for the chapel, where,
+finding no brother student of a higher class to encourage his
+punctuality, he crawls back to watch the starting of some one
+blessed with a _crow's-foot_, to act as vanguard.--_Harv. Reg._,
+p. 377.
+
+  The corded _crow's-feet_, and the collar square,
+  The change and chance of earthly lot must share.
+    _Class Poem at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 18.
+
+  What if the creature should arise,--
+    For he was stout and tall,--
+  And swallow down a Sophomore,
+    Coat, _crow's-foot_, cap, and all.
+    _Holmes's Poems_, 1850, p. 109.
+
+
+CUE, KUE, Q. A small portion of bread or beer; a term formerly
+current in both the English universities, the letter q being the
+mark in the buttery books to denote such a piece. Q would seem to
+stand for _quadrans_, a farthing; but Minsheu says it was only
+half that sum, and thus particularly explains it: "Because they
+set down in the battling or butterie bookes in Oxford and
+Cambridge, the letter q for half a farthing; and in Oxford when
+they make that cue or q a farthing, they say, _cap my q_, and make
+it a farthing, thus, [Symbol: small q with a line over]. But in
+Cambridge they use this letter, a little f; thus, f, or thus, s,
+for a farthing." He translates it in Latin _calculus panis_. Coles
+has, "A _cue_ [half a farthing] minutum."--_Nares's Glossary_.
+
+"A cue of bread," says Halliwell, "is the fourth part of a
+half-penny crust. A cue of beer, one draught."
+
+J. Woods, under-butler of Christ Church, Oxon, said he would never
+sitt capping of _cues_.--_Urry's MS._ add. to Ray.
+
+You are still at Cambridge with size _kue_.--_Orig. of Dr._, III.
+p. 271.
+
+He never drank above size _q_ of Helicon.--_Eachard, Contempt of
+Cl._, p. 26.
+
+"_Cues_ and _cees_," says Nares, "are generally mentioned
+together, the _cee_ meaning a small measure of beer; but why, is
+not equally explained." From certain passages in which they are
+used interchangeably, the terms do not seem to have been well
+defined.
+
+Hee [the college butler] domineers over freshmen, when they first
+come to the hatch, and puzzles them with strange language of
+_cues_ and _cees_, and some broken Latin, which he has learnt at
+his bin.--_Earle's Micro-cosmographie_, (1628,) Char. 17.
+
+The word _cue_ was formerly used at Harvard College. Dr. Holyoke,
+who graduated in 1746, says, the "breakfast was two sizings of
+bread and a _cue_ of beer." Judge Wingate, who graduated thirteen
+years after, says: "We were allowed at dinner a _cue_ of beer,
+which was a half-pint."
+
+It is amusing to see, term after term, and year after year, the
+formal votes, passed by this venerable body of seven ruling and
+teaching elders, regulating the price at which a _cue_ (a
+half-pint) of cider, or a _sizing_ (ration) of bread, or beef,
+might be sold to the student by the butler.--_Eliot's Sketch of
+Hist. Harv. Coll._, p. 70.
+
+
+CUP. Among the English Cantabs, "an odious mixture ... compounded
+of spice and cider."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+239.
+
+
+CURL. In the University of Virginia, to make a perfect recitation;
+to overwhelm a Professor with student learning.
+
+
+CUT. To be absent from; to neglect. Thus, a person is said to
+"_cut_ prayers," to "_cut_ lecture," &c. Also, to "_cut_ Greek" or
+"Latin"; i.e. to be absent from the Greek or Latin recitation.
+Another use of the word is, when one says, "I _cut_ Dr. B----, or
+Prof. C----, this morning," meaning that he was absent from their
+exercises.
+
+Prepare to _cut_ recitations, _cut_ prayers, _cut_ lectures,--ay,
+to _cut_ even the President himself.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O.
+of O.F._ 1848.
+
+Next morn he _cuts_ his maiden prayer, to his last night's text
+abiding.--_Poem before Y.H. of Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+  As soon as we were Seniors,
+    We _cut_ the morning prayers,
+  We showed the Freshmen to the door,
+    And helped them down the stairs.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 15, 1854.
+
+We speak not of individuals but of majorities, not of him whose
+ambition is to "_cut_" prayers and recitations so far as possible.
+--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 15.
+
+The two rudimentary lectures which he was at first forced to
+attend, are now pressed less earnestly upon his notice. In fact,
+he can almost entirely "_cut_" them, if he likes, and does _cut_
+them accordingly, as a waste of time,--_Household Words_, Vol. II.
+p. 160.
+
+_To cut dead_, in student use, to neglect entirely.
+
+I _cut_ the Algebra and Trigonometry papers _dead_ my first year,
+and came out seventh.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 51.
+
+This word is much used in the University of Cambridge, England, as
+appears from the following extract from a letter in the
+Gentleman's Magazine, written with reference to some of the
+customs there observed:--"I remarked, also, that they frequently
+used the words _to cut_, and to sport, in senses to me totally
+unintelligible. A man had been cut in chapel, cut at afternoon
+lectures, cut in his tutor's rooms, cut at a concert, cut at a
+ball, &c. Soon, however, I was told of men, _vice versa_, who cut
+a figure, _cut_ chapel, _cut_ gates, _cut_ lectures, _cut_ hall,
+_cut_ examinations, cut particular connections; nay, more, I was
+informed of some who _cut_ their tutors!"--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p.
+1085.
+
+The instances in which the verb _to cut_ is used in the above
+extract without Italics, are now very common both in England and
+America.
+
+_To cut Gates_. To enter college after ten o'clock,--the hour of
+shutting them.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 40.
+
+
+CUT. An omission of a recitation. This phrase is frequently heard:
+"We had a cut to-day in Greek," i.e. no recitation in Greek.
+Again, "Prof. D---- gave us a cut," i.e. he had no recitation. A
+correspondent from Bowdoin College gives, in the following
+sentence, the manner in which this word is there used:--"_Cuts_.
+When a class for any reason become dissatisfied with one of the
+Faculty, they absent themselves from his recitation, as an
+expression of their feelings"
+
+
+
+_D_.
+
+
+D.C.L. An abbreviation for _Doctor Civilis Legis_, Doctor in Civil
+Law. At the University of Oxford, England, this degree is
+conferred four years after receiving the degree of B.C.L. The
+exercises are three lectures. In the University of Cambridge,
+England, a D.C.L. must be a B.C.L. of five years' standing, or an
+M.A. of seven years' standing, and must have kept two acts.
+
+
+D.D. An abbreviation of _Divinitatis Doctor_, Doctor in Divinity.
+At the University of Cambridge, England, this degree is conferred
+on a B.D. of five, or an M.A. of twelve years' standing. The
+exercises are one act, two opponencies, a clerum, and an English
+sermon. At Oxford it is given to a B.D. of four, or a regent M.A.
+of eleven years' standing. The exercises are three lectures. In
+American colleges this degree is honorary, and is conferred _pro
+meritis_ on those who are distinguished as theologians.
+
+
+DEAD. To be unable to recite; to be ignorant of the lesson; to
+declare one's self unprepared to recite.
+
+Be ready, in fine, to cut, to drink, to smoke, to
+_dead_.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+I see our whole lodge desperately striving to _dead_, by doing
+that hardest of all work, nothing.--_Ibid._, 1849.
+
+_Transitively_; to cause one to fail in reciting. Said of a
+teacher who puzzles a scholar with difficult questions, and
+thereby causes him to fail.
+
+  Have I been screwed, yea, _deaded_ morn and eve,
+  Some dozen moons of this collegiate life,
+  And not yet taught me to philosophize?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 255.
+
+
+DEAD. A complete failure; a declaration that one is not prepared
+to recite.
+
+One must stand up in the singleness of his ignorance to understand
+all the mysterious feelings connected with a _dead_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 378.
+
+  And fearful of the morrow's screw or _dead_,
+  Takes book and candle underneath his bed.
+    _Class Poem, by B.D. Winslow, at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 10.
+
+  He, unmoved by Freshman's curses,
+  Loves the _deads_ which Freshmen make.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+  But oh! what aching heads had they!
+  What _deads_ they perpetrated the succeeding day.--_Ibid._
+
+It was formerly customary in many colleges, and is now in a few,
+to talk about "taking a dead."
+
+  I have a most instinctive dread
+  Of getting up to _take a dead_,
+    Unworthy degradation!--_Harv. Reg._, p. 312.
+
+
+DEAD-SET. The same as a DEAD, which see.
+
+  Now's the day and now's the hour;
+  See approach Old Sikes's power;
+  See the front of Logic lower;
+    Screws, _dead-sets_, and fines.--_Rebelliad_, p. 52.
+
+Grose has this word in his Slang Dictionary, and defines it "a
+concerted scheme to defraud a person by gaming." "This phrase,"
+says Bartlett, in his Dictionary of Americanisms, "seems to be
+taken from the lifeless attitude of a pointer in marking his
+game."
+
+"The lifeless attitude" seems to be the only point of resemblance
+between the above definitions, and the appearance of one who is
+_taking a dead set_. The word has of late years been displaced by
+the more general use of the word _dead_, with the same meaning.
+
+The phrase _to be at a dead-set_, implying a fixed state or
+condition which precludes further progress, is in general use.
+
+
+DEAN. An officer in each college of the universities in England,
+whose duties consist in the due preservation of the college
+discipline.
+
+"Old Holingshed," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "in his
+Chronicles, describing Cambridge, speaks of 'certain censors, or
+_deanes_, appointed to looke to the behaviour and manner of the
+Students there, whom they punish _very severely_, if they make any
+default, according to the quantitye and qualitye of their
+trespasses.' When _flagellation_ was enforced at the universities,
+the Deans were the ministers of vengeance."
+
+At the present time, a person applying for admission to a college
+in the University of Cambridge, Eng., is examined by the Dean and
+the Head Lecturer. "The Dean is the presiding officer in chapel,
+and the only one whose presence there is indispensable. He
+oversees the markers' lists, pulls up the absentees, and receives
+their excuses. This office is no sinecure in a large college." At
+Oxford "the discipline of a college is administered by its head,
+and by an officer usually called Dean, though, in some colleges,
+known by other names."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 12, 16. _Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 223.
+
+In the older American colleges, whipping and cuffing were
+inflicted by a tutor, professor, or president; the latter,
+however, usually employed an agent for this purpose.
+
+See under CORPORAL PUNISHMENT.
+
+2. In the United States, a registrar of the faculty in some
+colleges, and especially in medical institutions.--_Webster_.
+
+A _dean_ may also be appointed by the Faculty of each Professional
+School, if deemed expedient by the Corporation.--_Laws Univ. at
+Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 8.
+
+3. The head or president of a college.
+
+You rarely find yourself in a shop, or other place of public
+resort, with a Christ-Church-man, but he takes occasion, if young
+and frivolous, to talk loudly of the _Dean_, as an indirect
+expression of his own connection with this splendid college; the
+title of _Dean_ being exclusively attached to the headship of
+Christ Church.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 245.
+
+
+DEAN OF CONVOCATION. At Trinity College, Hartford, this officer
+presides in the _House of Convocation_, and is elected by the
+same, biennially.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 7.
+
+
+DEAN'S BOUNTY. In 1730, the Rev. Dr. George Berkeley, then Dean of
+Derry, in Ireland, came to America, and resided a year or two at
+Newport, Rhode Island, "where," says Clap, in his History of Yale
+College, "he purchased a country seat, with about ninety-six acres
+of land." On his return to London, in 1733, he sent a deed of his
+farm in Rhode Island to Yale College, in which it was ordered,
+"that the rents of the farm should be appropriated to the
+maintenance of the three best scholars in Greek and Latin, who
+should reside at College at least nine months in a year, in each
+of the three years between their first and second degrees."
+President Clap further remarks, that "this premium has been a
+great incitement to a laudable ambition to excel in the knowledge
+of the classics." It was commonly known as the _Dean's
+bounty_.--_Clap's Hist. of Yale Coll._, pp. 37, 38.
+
+The Dean afterwards conveyed to it [Yale College], by a deed
+transmitted to Dr. Johnson, his Rhode Island farm, for the
+establishment of that _Dean's bounty_, to which sound classical
+learning in Connecticut has been much indebted.--_Hist. Sketch of
+Columbia Coll._, p. 19.
+
+
+DEAN SCHOLAR. The person who received the money appropriated by
+Dean Berkeley was called the _Dean scholar_.
+
+This premium was formerly called the Dean's bounty, and the person
+who received it the _Dean scholar_.--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p.
+87.
+
+
+DECENT. Tolerable; pretty good. He is a _decent_ scholar; a
+_decent_ writer; he is nothing more than _decent_. "This word,"
+says Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "has been in common use at
+some of our colleges, but only in the language of conversation.
+The adverb _decently_ (and possibly the adjective also) is
+sometimes used in a similar manner in some parts of Great
+Britain."
+
+The greater part of the pieces it contains may be said to be very
+_decently_ written.--_Edinb. Rev._, Vol. I. p. 426.
+
+
+DECLAMATION. The word is applied especially to the public speaking
+and speeches of students in colleges, practised for exercises in
+oratory.--_Webster_.
+
+It would appear by the following extract from the old laws of
+Harvard College, that original declamations were formerly required
+of the students. "The Undergraduates shall in their course declaim
+publicly in the hall, in one of the three learned languages; and
+in no other without leave or direction from the President, and
+immediately give up their declamations fairly written to the
+President. And he that neglects this exercise shall be punished by
+the President or Tutor that calls over the weekly bill, not
+exceeding five shillings. And such delinquent shall within one
+week after give in to the President a written declamation
+subscribed by himself."--_Laws 1734, in Peirce's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, App., p. 129.
+
+2. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an essay upon a given
+subject, written in view of a prize, and publicly recited in the
+chapel of the college to which the writer belongs.
+
+
+DECLAMATION BOARDS. At Bowdoin College, small establishments in
+the rear of each building, for urinary purposes.
+
+
+DEDUCTION. In some of the American colleges, one of the minor
+punishments for non-conformity with laws and regulations is
+deducting from the marks which a student receives for recitations
+and other exercises, and by which his standing in the class is
+determined.
+
+Soften down the intense feeling with which he relates heroic
+Rapid's _deductions_.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 267.
+
+2. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an original proposition
+in geometry.
+
+"How much Euclid did you do? Fifteen?"
+
+"No, fourteen; one of them was a _deduction_."--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 75.
+
+With a mathematical tutor, the hour of tuition is a sort of
+familiar examination, working out examples, _deductions_,
+&c.--_Ibid._, pp. 18, 19.
+
+
+DEGRADATION. In the older American colleges, it was formerly
+customary to arrange the members of each class in an order
+determined by the rank of the parent. "Degradation consisted in
+placing a student on the list, in consequence of some offence,
+below the level to which his father's condition would assign him;
+and thus declared that he had disgraced his family."
+
+In the Immediate Government Book, No. IV., of Harvard College,
+date July 20th, 1776, is the following entry: "Voted, that
+Trumbal, a Middle Bachelor, who was degraded to the bottom of his
+class for his misdemeanors when an undergraduate, having presented
+an humble confession of his faults, with a petition to be restored
+to his place in the class in the Catalogue now printing, be
+restored agreeable to his request." The Triennial Catalogue for
+that year was the first in which the names of the students
+appeared in an alphabetical order. The class of 1773 was the first
+in which the change was made.
+
+"The punishment of degradation," says President Woolsey, in his
+Historical Discourse before the Graduates of Yale College, "laid
+aside not very long before the beginning of the Revolutionary war,
+was still more characteristic of the times. It was a method of
+acting upon the aristocratic feelings of family; and we at this
+day can hardly conceive to what extent the social distinctions
+were then acknowledged and cherished. In the manuscript laws of
+the infant College, we find the following regulation, which was
+borrowed from an early ordinance of Harvard under President
+Dunster. 'Every student shall be called by his surname, except he
+be the son of a nobleman, or a knight's eldest son.' I know not
+whether such a 'rara avis in terris' ever received the honors of
+the College; but a kind of colonial, untitled aristocracy grew up,
+composed of the families of chief magistrates, and of other
+civilians and ministers. In the second year of college life,
+precedency according to the aristocratic scale was determined, and
+the arrangement of names on the class roll was in accordance. This
+appears on our Triennial Catalogue until 1768, when the minds of
+men began to be imbued with the notion of equality. Thus, for
+instance, Gurdon Saltonstall, son of the Governor of that name,
+and descendant of Sir Richard, the first emigrant of the family,
+heads the class of 1725, and names of the same stock begin the
+lists of 1752 and 1756. It must have been a pretty delicate matter
+to decide precedence in a multitude of cases, as in that of the
+sons of members of the Council or of ministers, to which class
+many of the scholars belonged. The story used to circulate, as I
+dare say many of the older graduates remember, that a shoemaker's
+son, being questioned as to the quality of his father, replied,
+that _he was upon the bench_, which gave him, of course, a high
+place."--pp. 48, 49.
+
+See under PLACE.
+
+
+DEGRADE. At the English universities to go back a year.
+
+"'_Degrading_,' or going back a year," says Bristed, "is not
+allowed except in case of illness (proved by a doctor's
+certificate). A man _degrading_ for any other reason cannot go out
+afterwards in honors."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+98.
+
+I could choose the year below without formally
+_degrading_.--_Ibid._, p. 157.
+
+
+DEGREE. A mark of distinction conferred on students, as a
+testimony of their proficiency in arts and sciences; giving them a
+kind of rank, and entitling them to certain privileges. This is
+usually evidenced by a diploma. Degrees are conferred _pro
+meritis_ on the alumni of a college; or they are honorary tokens
+of respect, conferred on strangers of distinguished reputation.
+The _first degree_ is that of _Bachelor of Arts_; the _second_,
+that _of Master of Arts_. Honorary degrees are those of _Doctor of
+Divinity_, _Doctor of Laws_, &c. Physicians, also, receive the
+degree of _Doctor of Medicine_.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DEGREE EXAMINATION. At the English universities, the final
+university examination, which must be passed before the B.A.
+degree is conferred.
+
+The Classical Tripos is generally spoken of as _the_ Tripos, the
+Mathematical one as _the Degree Examination_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 170.
+
+
+DELTA. A piece of land in Cambridge, which belongs to Harvard
+College, where the students kick football, and play at cricket,
+and other games. The shape of the land is that of the Greek
+Delta, whence its name.
+
+What was unmeetest of all, timid strangers as we were, it was
+expected on the first Monday eventide after our arrival, that we
+should assemble on a neighboring green, the _Delta_, since devoted
+to the purposes of a gymnasium, there to engage in a furious
+contest with those enemies, the Sophs, at kicking football and
+shins.--_A Tour through College_, 1823-1827, p. 13.
+
+Where are the royal cricket-matches of old, the great games of
+football, when the obtaining of victory was a point of honor, and
+crowds assembled on the _Delta_ to witness the all-absorbing
+contest?--_Harvardiana_, Vol. I. p. 107.
+
+I must have another pair of pantaloons soon, for I have burst the
+knees of two, in kicking football on the _Delta_.--_Ibid._, Vol.
+III. p. 77.
+
+  The _Delta_ can tell of the deeds we've done,
+  The fierce-fought fields we've lost and won,
+    The shins we've cracked,
+    And noses we've whacked,
+  The eyes we've blacked, and all in fun.
+    _Class Poem, 1849, Harv. Coll._
+
+A plat at Bowdoin College, of this shape, and used for similar
+purposes, is known by the same name.
+
+
+DEMI, DEMY. The name of a scholar at Magdalene College, Oxford,
+where there are thirty _demies_ or half-fellows, as it were, who,
+like scholars in other colleges, succeed to
+fellowships.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+DEN. One of the buildings formerly attached to Harvard College,
+which was taken down in the year 1846, was for more than a
+half-century known by the name of the _Den_. It was occupied by
+students during the greater part of that period, although it was
+originally built for private use. In later years, from its
+appearance, both externally and internally, it fully merited its
+cognomen; but this is supposed to have originated from the
+following incident, which occurred within its walls about the year
+1770, the time when it was built. The north portion of the house
+was occupied by Mr. Wiswal (to whom it belonged) and his family.
+His wife, who was then ill, and, as it afterwards proved, fatally,
+was attended by a woman who did not bear a very good character, to
+whom Mr. Wiswal seemed to be more attentive than was consistent
+with the character of a true and loving husband. About six weeks
+after Mrs. Wiswal's death, Mr. Wiswal espoused the nurse, which,
+circumstance gave great offence to the good people of Cambridge,
+and was the cause of much scandal among the gossips. One Sunday,
+not long after this second marriage, Mr. Wiswal having gone to
+church, his wife, who did not accompany him, began an examination
+of her predecessor's wardrobe and possessions, with the intention,
+as was supposed, of appropriating to herself whatever had been
+left by the former Mrs. Wiswal to her children. On his return from
+church, Mr. Wiswal, missing his wife, after searching for some
+time, found her at last in the kitchen, convulsively clutching the
+dresser, her eyes staring wildly, she herself being unable to
+speak. In this state of insensibility she remained until her
+decease, which occurred shortly after. Although it was evident
+that she had been seized with convulsions, and that these were the
+cause of her death, the old women were careful to promulgate, and
+their daughters to transmit the story, that the Devil had appeared
+to her _in propria persona_, and shaken her in pieces, as a
+punishment for her crimes. The building was purchased by Harvard
+College in the year 1774.
+
+In the Federal Orrery, March 26, 1795, is an article dated
+_Wiswal-Den_, Cambridge, which title it also bore, from the name
+of its former occupant.
+
+In his address spoken at the Harvard Alumni Festival, July 22,
+1852, Hon. Edward Everett, with reference to this mysterious
+building as it appeared in the year 1807, said:--
+
+"A little further to the north, and just at the corner of Church
+Street (which was not then opened), stood what was dignified in
+the annual College Catalogue--(which was printed on one side of a
+sheet of paper, and was a novelty)--as 'the College House.' The
+cellar is still visible. By the students, this edifice was
+disrespectfully called 'Wiswal's Den,' or, for brevity, 'the Den.'
+I lived in it in my Freshman year. Whence the name of 'Wiswal's
+Den' I hardly dare say: there was something worse than 'old fogy'
+about it. There was a dismal tradition that, at some former
+period, it had been the scene of a murder. A brutal husband had
+dragged his wife by the hair up and down the stairs, and then
+killed her. On the anniversary of the murder,--and what day that
+was no one knew,--there were sights and sounds,--flitting garments
+daggled in blood, plaintive screams,--_stridor ferri tractæque
+catenæ_,--enough to appall the stoutest Sophomore. But for
+myself, I can truly say, that I got through my Freshman year
+without having seen the ghost of Mr. Wiswal or his lamented lady.
+I was not, however, sorry when the twelvemonth was up, and I was
+transferred to that light, airy, well-ventilated room, No. 20
+Hollis; being the inner room, ground floor, north entry of that
+ancient and respectable edifice."--_To-Day_, Boston, Saturday,
+July 31, 1852, p. 66.
+
+Many years ago there emigrated to this University, from the wilds
+of New Hampshire, an odd genius, by the name of Jedediah Croak,
+who took up his abode as a student in the old _Den_.--_Harvard
+Register_, 1827-28, _A Legend of the Den_, pp. 82-86.
+
+
+DEPOSITION. During the first half of the seventeenth century, in
+the majority of the German universities, Catholic as well as
+Protestant, the matriculation of a student was preceded by a
+ceremony called the _deposition_. See _Howitt's Student Life in
+Germany_, Am. ed., pp. 119-121.
+
+
+DESCENDAS. Latin; literally, _you may descend_. At the University
+of Cambridge, Eng., when a student who has been appointed to
+declaim in chapel fails in eloquence, memory, or taste, his
+harangue is usually cut short "by a testy _descendas_."--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+DETERMINING. In the University of Oxford, a Bachelor is entitled
+to his degree of M.A. twelve terms after the regular time for
+taking his first degree, having previously gone through the
+ceremony of _determining_, which exercise consists in reading two
+dissertations in Latin prose, or one in prose and a copy of Latin
+verses. As this takes place in Lent, it is commonly called
+_determining in Lent_.--_Oxf. Guide_.
+
+
+DETUR. Latin; literally, _let it be given_.
+
+In 1657, the Hon. Edward Hopkins, dying, left, among other
+donations to Harvard College, one "to be applied to the purchase
+of books for presents to meritorious undergraduates." The
+distribution of these books is made, at the commencement of each
+academic year, to students of the Sophomore Class who have made
+meritorious progress in their studies during their Freshman year;
+also, as far as the state of the funds admits, to those members of
+the Junior Class who entered as Sophomores, and have made
+meritorious progress in their studies during the Sophomore year,
+and to such Juniors as, having failed to receive a _detur_ at the
+commencement of the Sophomore year, have, during that year, made
+decided improvement in scholarship.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam.,
+Mass._, 1848, p. 18.
+
+"From the first word in the short Latin label," Peirce says,
+"which is signed by the President, and attached to the inside of
+the cover, a book presented from this fund is familiarly called a
+_Detur_."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 103.
+
+  Now for my books; first Bunyan's Pilgrim,
+  (As he with thankful pleasure will grin,)
+  Tho' dogleaved, torn, in bad type set in,
+  'T will do quite well for classmate B----,
+  And thus with complaisance to treat her,
+  'T will answer for another _Detur_.
+    _The Will of Charles Prentiss_.
+
+Be not, then, painfully anxious about the Greek particles, and sit
+not up all night lest you should miss prayers, only that you may
+have a "_Detur_," and be chosen into the Phi Beta Kappa among the
+first eight. Get a "_Detur_" by all means, and the square medal
+with its cabalistic signs, the sooner the better; but do not
+"stoop and lie in wait" for them.--_A Letter to a Young Man who
+has just entered College_, 1849, p. 36.
+
+  Or yet,--though 't were incredible,
+        --say hast obtained a _detur_!
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850.
+
+
+DIG. To study hard; to spend much time in studying.
+
+  Another, in his study chair,
+  _Digs_ up Greek roots with learned care,--
+    Unpalatable eating.--_Harv. Reg._, 1827-28, p. 247.
+
+Here the sunken eye and sallow countenance bespoke the man who
+_dug_ sixteen hours "per diem."--_Ibid._, p. 303.
+
+Some have gone to lounge away an hour in the libraries,--some to
+ditto in the grove,--some to _dig_ upon the afternoon
+lesson.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 77.
+
+
+DIG. A diligent student; one who learns his lessons by hard and
+long-continued exertion.
+
+  A clever soul is one, I say,
+  Who wears a laughing face all day,
+  Who never misses declamation,
+  Nor cuts a stupid recitation,
+  And yet is no elaborate _dig_,
+  Nor for rank systems cares a fig.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 283.
+
+I could see, in the long vista of the past, the many honest _digs_
+who had in this room consumed the midnight oil.--_Collegian_, p.
+231.
+
+And, truly, the picture of a college "_dig_" taking a walk--no, I
+say not so, for he never "takes a walk," but "walking for
+exercise"--justifies the contemptuous estimate.--_A Letter to a
+Young Man who has just entered College_, 1849, p. 14.
+
+He is just the character to enjoy the treadmill, which perhaps
+might be a useful appendage to a college, not as a punishment, but
+as a recreation for "_digs_."--_Ibid._, p. 14.
+
+  Resolves that he will be, in spite of toil or of fatigue,
+  That humbug of all humbugs, the staid, inveterate "_dig_."
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+          There goes the _dig_, just look!
+  How like a parson he eyes his book!
+    _The Jobsiad_, in _Lit. World_, Oct. 11, 1851.
+
+The fact that I am thus getting the character of a man of no
+talent, and a mere "_dig_," does, I confess, weigh down my
+spirits.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 224.
+
+  By this 't is that we get ahead of the _Dig_,
+  'T is not we that prevail, but the wine that we swig.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 252.
+
+
+DIGGING. The act of studying hard; diligent application.
+
+  I find my eyes in doleful case,
+    By _digging_ until midnight.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 312.
+
+I've had an easy time in College, and enjoyed well the "otium cum
+dignitate,"--the learned leisure of a scholar's life,--always
+despised _digging_, you know.--_Ibid._, p. 194.
+
+How often after his day of _digging_, when he comes to lay his
+weary head to rest, he finds the cruel sheets giving him no
+admittance.--_Ibid._, p. 377.
+
+        Hopes to hit the mark
+  By _digging_ nightly into matters dark.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1835.
+
+  He "makes up" for past "_digging_."
+    _Iadma Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+DIGNITY. At Bowdoin College, "_Dignity_," says a correspondent,
+"is the name applied to the regular holidays, varying from one
+half-day per week, during the Freshman year, up to four in the
+Senior."
+
+
+DIKED. At the University of Virginia, one who is dressed with more
+than ordinary elegance is said to be _diked out_. Probably
+corrupted from the word _decked_, or the nearly obsolete
+_dighted_.
+
+
+DIPLOMA. Greek, [Greek: diploma], from [Greek: diploo], to
+_double_ or fold. Anciently, a letter or other composition written
+on paper or parchment, and folded; afterward, any letter, literary
+monument, or public document. A letter or writing conferring some
+power, authority, privilege, or honor. Diplomas are given to
+graduates of colleges on their receiving the usual degrees; to
+clergymen who are licensed to exercise the ministerial functions;
+to physicians who are licensed to practise their profession; and
+to agents who are authorized to transact business for their
+principals. A diploma, then, is a writing or instrument, usually
+under seal, and signed by the proper person or officer, conferring
+merely honor, as in the case of graduates, or authority, as in the
+case of physicians, agents, &c.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DISCIPLINE. The punishments which are at present generally adopted
+in American colleges are warning, admonition, the letter home,
+suspension, rustication, and expulsion. Formerly they were more
+numerous, and their execution was attended with great solemnity.
+"The discipline of the College," says President Quincy, in his
+History of Harvard University, "was enforced and sanctioned by
+daily visits of the tutors to the chambers of the students, fines,
+admonitions, confession in the hall, publicly asking pardon,
+degradation to the bottom of the class, striking the name from the
+College list, and expulsion, according to the nature and
+aggravation of the offence."--Vol. I. p. 442.
+
+Of Yale College, President Woolsey in his Historical Discourse
+says: "The old system of discipline may be described in general as
+consisting of a series of minor punishments for various petty
+offences, while the more extreme measure of separating a student
+from College seems not to have been usually adopted until long
+forbearance had been found fruitless, even in cases which would
+now be visited in all American colleges with speedy dismission.
+The chief of these punishments named in the laws are imposition of
+school exercises,--of which we find little notice after the first
+foundation of the College, but which we believe yet exists in the
+colleges of England;[20] deprivation of the privilege of sending
+Freshmen upon errands, or extension of the period during which
+this servitude should be required beyond the end of the Freshman
+year; fines either specified, of which there are a very great
+number in the earlier laws, or arbitrarily imposed by the
+officers; admonition and degradation. For the offence of
+mischievously ringing the bell, which was very common whilst the
+bell was in an exposed situation over an entry of a college
+building, students were sometimes required to act as the butler's
+waiters in ringing the bell for a certain time."--pp. 46, 47.
+
+See under titles ADMONITION, CONFESSION, CORPORAL PUNISHMENT,
+DEGRADATION, FINES, LETTER HOME, SUSPENSION, &c.
+
+
+DISCOMMUNE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., to prohibit an
+undergraduate from dealing with any tradesman or inhabitant of the
+town who has violated the University privileges or regulations.
+The right to exercise this power is vested in the Vice-Chancellor.
+
+Any tradesman who allows a student to run in debt with him to an
+amount exceeding $25, without informing his college tutor, or to
+incur any debt for wine or spirituous liquors without giving
+notice of it to the same functionary during the current quarter,
+or who shall take any promissory note from a student without his
+tutor's knowledge, is liable to be _discommuned_.--_Lit. World_,
+Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+In the following extracts, this word appears under a different
+orthography.
+
+There is always a great demand for the rooms in college. Those at
+lodging-houses are not so good, while the rules are equally
+strict, the owners being solemnly bound to report all their
+lodgers who stay out at night, under pain of being
+"_discommonsed_," a species of college
+excommunication.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 81.
+
+Any tradesman bringing a suit against an Undergraduate shall be
+"_discommonsed_"; i.e. all the Undergraduates are forbidden to
+deal with him.--_Ibid._, p. 83.
+
+This word is allied to the law term "discommon," to deprive of the
+privileges of a place.
+
+
+DISMISS. To separate from college, for an indefinite or limited
+time.
+
+
+DISMISSION. In college government, dismission is the separation of
+a student from a college, for an indefinite or for a limited time,
+at the discretion of the Faculty. It is required of the dismissed
+student, on applying for readmittance to his own or any other
+class, to furnish satisfactory testimonials of good conduct during
+his separation, and to appear, on examination, to be well
+qualified for such readmission.--_College Laws_.
+
+In England, a student, although precluded from returning to the
+university whence he has been dismissed, is not hindered from
+taking a degree at some other university.
+
+
+DISPENSATION. In universities and colleges, the granting of a
+license, or the license itself, to do what is forbidden by law, or
+to omit something which is commanded. Also, an exemption from
+attending a college exercise.
+
+The business of the first of these houses, or the oligarchal
+portion of the constitution [the House of Congregation], is
+chiefly to grant degrees, and pass graces and
+_dispensations_.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xi.
+
+All the students who are under twenty-one years of age may be
+excused from attending the private Hebrew lectures of the
+Professor, upon their producing to the President a certificate
+from their parents or guardians, desiring a _dispensation_.--_Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 12.
+
+
+DISPERSE. A favorite word with tutors and proctors; used when
+speaking to a number of students unlawfully collected. This
+technical use of the word is burlesqued in the following passages.
+
+Minerva conveys the Freshman to his room, where his cries make
+such a disturbance, that a proctor enters and commands the
+blue-eyed goddess "_to disperse_." This order she reluctantly
+obeys.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 23.
+
+  And often grouping on the chains, he hums his own sweet verse,
+  Till Tutor ----, coming up, commands him to _disperse_.
+    _Poem before Y.H. Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+
+DISPUTATION. An exercise in colleges, in which parties reason in
+opposition to each other, on some question proposed.--_Webster_.
+
+Disputations were formerly, in American colleges, a part of the
+exercises on Commencement and Exhibition days.
+
+
+DISPUTE. To contend in argument; to reason or argue in opposition.
+--_Webster_.
+
+The two Senior classes shall _dispute_ once or twice a week before
+the President, a Professor, or the Tutor.--_Laws Yale Coll._,
+1837, p. 15.
+
+
+DIVINITY. A member of a theological school is often familiarly
+called a _Divinity_, abbreviated for a Divinity student.
+
+      One of the young _Divinities_ passed
+  Straight through the College yard.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 40.
+
+
+DIVISION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., each of the three
+terms is divided into two parts. _Division_ is the time when this
+partition is made.
+
+After "_division_" in the Michaelmas and Lent terms, a student,
+who can assign a good plea for absence to the college authorities,
+may go down and take holiday for the rest of the time.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 63.
+
+
+DOCTOR. One who has passed all the degrees of a faculty, and is
+empowered to practise and teach it; as, a _doctor_ in divinity, in
+physic, in law; or, according to modern usage, a person who has
+received the highest degree in a faculty. The degree of _doctor_
+is conferred by universities and colleges, as an honorary mark of
+literary distinction. It is also conferred on physicians as a
+professional degree.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DOCTORATE. The degree of a doctor.--_Webster_.
+
+The first diploma for a doctorate in divinity given in America was
+presented under the seal of Harvard College to Mr. Increase
+Mather, the President of that institution, in the year
+1692.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 68.
+
+
+DODGE. A trick; an artifice or stratagem for the purpose of
+deception. Used often with _come_; as, "_to come a dodge_ over
+him."
+
+  No artful _dodge_ to leave my school could I just then prepare.
+    _Poem before Iadma, Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+Agreed; but I have another _dodge_ as good as yours.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 240.
+
+We may well admire the cleverness displayed by this would-be
+Chatterton, in his attempt to sell the unwary with an Ossian
+_dodge_.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 191.
+
+
+DOMINUS. A title bestowed on Bachelors of Arts, in England.
+_Dominus_ Nokes; _Dominus_ Stiles.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+DON. In the English universities, a short generic term for a
+Fellow or any college authority.
+
+He had already told a lie to the _Dons_, by protesting against the
+justice of his sentence.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 169.
+
+Never to order in any wine from an Oxford merchant, at least not
+till I am a _Don_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 288.
+
+  Nor hint how _Dons_, their untasked hours to pass,
+  Like Cato, warm their virtues with the glass.[21]
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+DONKEY. At Washington College, Penn., students of a religious
+character are vulgarly called _donkeys_.
+
+See LAP-EAR.
+
+
+DORMIAT. Latin; literally, _let him sleep_. To take out a
+_dormiat_, i.e. a license to sleep. The licensed person is excused
+from attending early prayers in the Chapel, from a plea of being
+indisposed. Used in the English universities.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+DOUBLE FIRST. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student who
+attains high honors in both the classical and the mathematical
+tripos.
+
+The Calendar does not show an average of two "_Double Firsts_"
+annually for the last ten years out of one hundred and
+thirty-eight graduates in Honors.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 91.
+
+The reported saying of a distinguished judge,... "that the
+standard of a _Double First_ was getting to be something beyond
+human ability," seems hardly an exaggeration.--_Ibid._, p. 224.
+
+
+DOUBLE MAN. In the English universities, a student who is a
+proficient in both classics and mathematics.
+
+"_Double men_," as proficients in both classics and mathematics
+are termed, are very rare.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 91.
+
+It not unfrequently happens that he now drops the intention of
+being a "_double man_," and concentrates himself upon mathematics.
+--_Ibid._, p. 104.
+
+To one danger mathematicians are more exposed than either
+classical or _double men_,--disgust and satiety arising from
+exclusive devotion to their unattractive studies.--_Ibid._, p.
+225.
+
+
+DOUBLE MARKS. It was formerly the custom in Harvard College with
+the Professors in Rhetoric, when they had examined and corrected
+the _themes_ of the students, to draw a straight line on the back
+of each one of them, under the name of the writer. Under the names
+of those whose themes were of more than ordinary correctness or
+elegance, _two_ lines were drawn, which were called _double
+marks_.
+
+They would take particular pains for securing the _double mark_ of
+the English Professor to their poetical compositions.--_Monthly
+Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 104.
+
+Many, if not the greater part of Paine's themes, were written in
+verse; and his vanity was gratified, and his emulation roused, by
+the honor of constant _double marks_.--_Works of R.T. Paine,
+Biography_, p. xxii., Ed. 1812.
+
+See THEME.
+
+
+DOUBLE SECOND. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., one who
+obtains a high place in the second rank, in both mathematical and
+classical honors.
+
+A good _double second_ will make, by his college scholarship, two
+fifths or three fifths of his expenses during two thirds of the
+time he passes at the University.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 427.
+
+
+DOUGH-BALL. At the Anderson Collegiate Institute, Indiana, a name
+given by the town's people to a student.
+
+
+DRESS. A uniformity in dress has never been so prevalent in
+American colleges as in the English and other universities. About
+the middle of the last century, however, the habit among the
+students of Harvard College of wearing gold lace attracted the
+attention of the Overseers, and a law was passed "requiring that
+on no occasion any of the scholars wear any gold or silver lace,
+or any gold or silver brocades, in the College or town of
+Cambridge," and "that no one wear any silk night-gowns." "In
+1786," says Quincy, "in order to lessen the expense of dress, a
+uniform was prescribed, the color and form of which were minutely
+set forth, with a distinction of the classes by means of frogs on
+the cuffs and button-holes; silk was prohibited, and home
+manufactures were recommended." This system of uniform is fully
+described in the laws of 1790, and is as follows:--
+
+"All the Undergraduates shall be clothed in coats of blue-gray,
+and with waistcoats and breeches of the same color, or of a black,
+a nankeen, or an olive color. The coats of the Freshmen shall have
+plain button-holes. The cuffs shall be without buttons. The coats
+of the Sophomores shall have plain button-holes like those of the
+Freshmen, but the cuffs shall have buttons. The coats of the
+Juniors shall have cheap frogs to the button-holes, except the
+button-holes of the cuffs. The coats of the Seniors shall have
+frogs to the button-holes of the cuffs. The buttons upon the coats
+of all the classes shall be as near the color of the coats as they
+can be procured, or of a black color. And no student shall appear
+within the limits of the College, or town of Cambridge, in any
+other dress than in the uniform belonging to his respective class,
+unless he shall have on a night-gown or such an outside garment as
+may be necessary over a coat, except only that the Seniors and
+Juniors are permitted to wear black gowns, and it is recommended
+that they appear in them on all public occasions. Nor shall any
+part of their garments be of silk; nor shall they wear gold or
+silver lace, cord, or edging upon their hats, waistcoats, or any
+other parts of their clothing. And whosoever shall violate these
+regulations shall be fined a sum not exceeding ten shillings for
+each offence."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1790, pp. 36, 37.
+
+It is to this dress that the poet alludes in these lines:--
+
+ "In blue-gray coat, with buttons on the cuffs,
+  First Modern Pride your ear with fustian stuffs;
+ 'Welcome, blest age, by holy seers foretold,
+  By ancient bards proclaimed the age of gold,'" &c.[22]
+
+But it was by the would-be reformers of that day alone that such
+sentiments were held, and it was only by the severity of the
+punishment attending non-conformity with these regulations that
+they were ever enforced. In 1796, "the sumptuary law relative to
+dress had fallen into neglect," and in the next year "it was found
+so obnoxious and difficult to enforce," says Quincy, "that a law
+was passed abrogating the whole system of distinction by 'frogs on
+the cuffs and button-holes,' and the law respecting dress was
+limited to prescribing a blue-gray or dark-blue coat, with
+permission to wear a black gown, and a prohibition of wearing gold
+or silver lace, cord, or edging."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. II. p. 277.
+
+A writer in the New England Magazine, in an article relating to
+the customs of Harvard College at the close of the last century,
+gives the following description of the uniform ordered by the
+Corporation to be worn by the students:--
+
+"Each head supported a three-cornered cocket hat. Yes, gentle
+reader, no man or boy was considered in full dress, in those days,
+unless his pericranium was thus surmounted, with the forward peak
+directly over the right eye. Had a clergyman, especially, appeared
+with a hat of any other form, it would have been deemed as great a
+heresy as Unitarianism is at the present day. Whether or not the
+three-cornered hat was considered as an emblem of Trinitarianism,
+I am not able to determine. Our hair was worn in a _queue_, bound
+with black ribbon, and reached to the small of the back, in the
+shape of the tail of that motherly animal which furnishes
+ungrateful bipeds of the human race with milk, butter, and cheese.
+Where nature had not bestowed a sufficiency of this ornamental
+appendage, the living and the dead contributed of their
+superfluity to supply the deficiency. Our ear-locks,--_horresco
+referens_!--my ears tingle and my countenance is distorted at the
+recollection of the tortures inflicted on them by the heated
+curling-tongs and crimping-irons.
+
+"The bosoms of our shirts were ruffled with lawn or cambric, and
+ 'Our fingers' ends were seen to peep
+  From ruffles, full five inches deep.'
+Our coats were double-breasted, and of a black or priest-gray
+color. The directions were not so particular respecting our
+waistcoats, breeches,--I beg pardon,--small clothes, and
+stockings. Our shoes ran to a point at the distance of two or
+three inches from the extremity of the foot, and turned upward,
+like the curve of a skate. Our dress was ornamented with shining
+stock, knee, and shoe buckles, the last embracing at least one
+half of the foot of ordinary dimensions. If any wore boots, they
+were made to set as closely to the leg as its skin; for a handsome
+calf and ankle were esteemed as great beauties as any portion of
+the frame, or point in the physiognomy."--Vol. III. pp. 238, 239.
+
+In his late work, entitled, "Memories of Youth and Manhood,"
+Professor Sidney Willard has given an entertaining description of
+the style of dress which was in vogue at Harvard College near the
+close of the last century, in the following words:--
+
+"Except on special occasions, which required more than ordinary
+attention to dress, the students, when I was an undergraduate,
+were generally very careless in this particular. They were obliged
+by the College laws to wear coats of blue-gray; but as a
+substitute in warm weather, they were allowed to wear gowns,
+except on public occasions; and on these occasions they were
+permitted to wear black gowns. Seldom, however, did any one avail
+himself of this permission. In summer long gowns of calico or
+gingham were the covering that distinguished the collegian, not
+only about the College grounds, but in all parts of the village.
+Still worse, when the season no longer tolerated this thin outer
+garment, many adopted one much in the same shape, made of
+colorless woollen stuff called lambskin. These were worn by many
+without any under-coat in temperate weather, and in some cases for
+a length of time in which they had become sadly soiled. In other
+respects there was nothing peculiar in the common dress of the
+young men and boys of College to distinguish it from that of
+others of the same age. Breeches were generally worn, buttoned at
+the knees, and tied or buckled a little below; not so convenient a
+garment for a person dressing in haste as trousers or pantaloons.
+Often did I see a fellow-student hurrying to the Chapel to escape
+tardiness at morning prayers, with this garment unbuttoned at the
+knees, the ribbons dangling over his legs, the hose refusing to
+keep their elevation, and the calico or woollen gown wrapped about
+him, ill concealing his dishabille.
+
+"Not all at once did pantaloons gain the supremacy as the nether
+garment. About the beginning of the present century they grew
+rapidly in favor with the young; but men past middle age were more
+slow to adopt the change. Then, last, the aged very gradually were
+converted to the fashion by the plea of convenience and comfort;
+so that about the close of the first quarter of the present
+century it became almost universal. In another particular, more
+than half a century ago, the sons adopted a custom of their wiser
+fathers. The young men had for several years worn shoes and boots
+shaped in the toe part to a point, called peaked toes, while the
+aged adhered to the shape similar to the present fashion; so that
+the shoemaker, in a doubtful case, would ask his customer whether
+he would have square-toed or peaked-toed. The distinction between
+young and old in this fashion was so general, that sometimes a
+graceless youth, who had been crossed by his father or guardian in
+some of his unreasonable humors, would speak of him with the title
+of _Old Square-toes_.
+
+"Boots with yellow tops inverted, and coming up to the knee-band,
+were commonly worn by men somewhat advanced in years; but the
+younger portion more generally wore half-boots, as they were
+called, made of elastic leather, cordovan. These, when worn, left
+a space of two or three inches between the top of the boot and the
+knee-band. The great beauty of this fashion, as it was deemed by
+many, consisted in restoring the boots, which were stretched by
+drawing them on, to shape, and bringing them as nearly as possible
+into contact with the legs; and he who prided himself most on the
+form of his lower limbs would work the hardest in pressure on the
+leather from the ankle upward in order to do this most
+effectually."--Vol. I. pp. 318-320.
+
+In 1822 was passed the "Law of Harvard University, regulating the
+dress of the students." The established uniform was as follows.
+"The coat of black-mixed, single-breasted, with a rolling cape,
+square at the end, and with pocket flaps; waist reaching to the
+natural waist, with lapels of the same length; skirts reaching to
+the bend of the knee; three crow's-feet, made of black-silk cord,
+on the lower part of the sleeve of a Senior, two on that of a
+Junior, and one on that of a Sophomore. The waistcoat of
+black-mixed or of black; or when of cotton or linen fabric, of
+white, single-breasted, with a standing collar. The pantaloons of
+black-mixed or of black bombazette, or when of cotton or linen
+fabric, of white. The surtout or great coat of black-mixed, with
+not more than two capes. The buttons of the above dress must be
+flat, covered with the same cloth as that of the garments, not
+more than eight nor less than six on the front of the coat, and
+four behind. A surtout or outside garment is not to be substituted
+for the coat. But the students are permitted to wear black gowns,
+in which they may appear on all public occasions. Night-gowns, of
+cotton or linen or silk fabric, made in the usual form, or in that
+of a frock coat, may be worn, except on the Sabbath, on exhibition
+and other occasions when an undress would be improper. The
+neckcloths must be plain black or plain white."
+
+No student, while in the State of Massachusetts, was allowed,
+either in vacation or term time, to wear any different dress or
+ornament from those above named, except in case of mourning, when
+he could wear the customary badges. Although dismission was the
+punishment for persisting in the violation of these regulations,
+they do not appear to have been very well observed, and gradually,
+like the other laws of an earlier date on this subject, fell into
+disuse. The night-gowns or dressing-gowns continued to be worn at
+prayers and in public until within a few years. The black-mixed,
+otherwise called OXFORD MIXED cloth, is explained under the latter
+title.
+
+The only law which now obtains at Harvard College on the subject
+of dress is this: "On Sabbath, Exhibition, Examination, and
+Commencement days, and on all other public occasions, each
+student, in public, shall wear a black coat, with buttons of the
+same color, and a black hat or cap."--_Orders and Regulations of
+the Faculty of Harv. Coll._, July, 1853, p. 5.
+
+At one period in the history of Yale College, a passion for
+expensive dress having become manifest among the students, the
+Faculty endeavored to curb it by a direct appeal to the different
+classes. The result was the establishment of the Lycurgan Society,
+whose object was the encouragement of plainness in apparel. The
+benefits which might have resulted from this organization were
+contravened by the rashness of some of its members. The shape
+which this rashness assumed is described in a work entitled
+"Scenes and Characters in College," written by a Yale graduate of
+the class of 1821.
+
+"Some members were seized with the notion of a _distinctive
+dress_. It was strongly objected to; but the measure was carried
+by a stroke of policy. The dress proposed was somewhat like that
+of the Quakers, but less respectable,--a rustic cousin to it, or
+rather a caricature; namely, a close coatee, with stand-up collar,
+and _very_ short skirts,--_skirtees_, they might be called,--the
+color gray; pantaloons and vest the same;--making the wearer a
+monotonous gray man throughout, invisible at twilight. The
+proposers of this metamorphosis, to make it go, selected an
+individual of small and agreeable figure, and procuring a suit of
+fine material, and a good fit, placed him on a platform as a
+specimen. On _him_ it appeared very well, as a belted blouse does
+on a graceful child; and all the more so, as he was a favorite
+with the class, and lent to it the additional effect of agreeable
+association. But it is bad logic to derive a general conclusion
+from a single fact: it did not follow that the dress would be
+universally becoming because it was so on him. However, majorities
+govern; the dress was voted. The tailors were glad to hear of it,
+expecting a fine run of business.
+
+"But when a tall son of Anak appeared in the little bodice of a
+coat, stuck upon the hips; and still worse, when some very clumsy
+forms assumed the dress, and one in particular, that I remember,
+who was equally huge in person and coarse in manners, whose taste,
+or economy, or both,--the one as probably as the other,--had led
+him to the choice of an ugly pepper-and-salt, instead of the true
+Oxford mix, or whatever the standard gray was called, and whose
+tailor, or tailoress, probably a tailoress, had contrived to
+aggravate his natural disproportions by the most awkward fit
+imaginable,--then indeed you might have said that 'some of
+nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well, they
+imitated humanity so abominably.' They looked like David's
+messengers, maltreated and sent back by Hanun.[23]
+
+"The consequence was, the dress was unpopular; very few adopted
+it; and the society itself went quietly into oblivion.
+Nevertheless it had done some good; it had had a visible effect in
+checking extravagance; and had accomplished all it would have
+done, I imagine, had it continued longer.
+
+"There was a time, some three or four years previous to this, when
+a rakish fashion began to be introduced of wearing white-topped
+boots. It was a mere conceit of the wearers, such a fashion not
+existing beyond College,--except as it appeared in here and there
+an antiquated gentleman, a venerable remnant of the olden time, in
+whom the boots were matched with buckles at the knee, and a
+powdered queue. A practical satire quickly put an end to it. Some
+humorists proposed to the waiters about College to furnish them
+with such boots on condition of their wearing them. The offer was
+accepted; a lot of them was ordered at a boot-and-shoe shop, and,
+all at once, sweepers, sawyers, and the rest, appeared in
+white-topped boots. I will not repeat the profaneness of a
+Southerner when he first observed a pair of them upon a tall and
+gawky shoe-black striding across the yard. He cursed the 'negro,'
+and the boots; and, pulling off his own, flung them from him.
+After this the servants had the fashion to themselves, and could
+buy the article at any discount."--pp. 127-129.
+
+At Union College, soon after its foundation, there was enacted a
+law, "forbidding any student to appear at chapel without the
+College badge,--a piece of blue ribbon, tied in the button-hole of
+the coat."--_Account of the First Semi-Centennial Anniversary of
+the Philomathean Society, Union College_, 1847.
+
+Such laws as the above have often been passed in American
+colleges, but have generally fallen into disuse in a very few
+years, owing to the predominancy of the feeling of democratic
+equality, the tendency of which is to narrow, in as great a degree
+as possible, the intervals between different ages and conditions.
+
+See COSTUME.
+
+
+DUDLEIAN LECTURE. An anniversary sermon which is preached at
+Harvard College before the students; supported by the yearly
+interest of one hundred pounds sterling, the gift of Paul Dudley,
+from whom the lecture derives its name. The following topics were
+chosen by him as subjects for this lecture. First, for "the
+proving, explaining, and proper use and improvement of the
+principles of Natural Religion." Second, "for the confirmation,
+illustration, and improvement of the great articles of the
+Christian Religion." Third, "for the detecting, convicting, and
+exposing the idolatry, errors, and superstitions of the Romish
+Church." Fourth, "for maintaining, explaining, and proving the
+validity of the ordination of ministers or pastors of the
+churches, and so their administration of the sacraments or
+ordinances of religion, as the same hath been practised in New
+England from the first beginning of it, and so continued to this
+day."
+
+"The instrument proceeds to declare," says Quincy, "that he does
+not intend to invalidate Episcopal ordination, or that practised
+in Scotland, at Geneva, and among the Dissenters in England and in
+this country, all which 'I esteem very safe, Scriptural, and
+valid.' He directed these subjects to be discussed in rotation,
+one every year, and appointed the President of the College, the
+Professor of Divinity, the pastor of the First Church in
+Cambridge, the Senior Tutor of the College, and the pastor of the
+First Church in Roxbury, trustees of these lectures, which
+commenced in 1755, and have since been annually continued without
+intermission."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 139,
+140.
+
+
+DULCE DECUS. Latin; literally, _sweet honor_. At Williams College
+a name given by a certain class of students to the game of whist;
+the reason for which is evident. Whether Mæcenas would have
+considered it an _honor_ to have had the compliment of Horace,
+ "O et præsidium et dulce decus meum,"
+transferred as a title for a game at cards, we leave for others to
+decide.
+
+
+DUMMER JUNGE,--literally, _stupid youth_,--among German students
+"is the highest and most cutting insult, since it implies a denial
+of sound, manly understanding and strength of capacity to him to
+whom it is applied."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed.,
+p. 127.
+
+
+DUN. An importunate creditor who urges for payment. A character
+not wholly unknown to collegians.
+
+  Thanks heaven, flings by his cap and gown, and shuns
+  A place made odious by remorseless _duns_.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+
+_E_.
+
+
+EGRESSES. At the older American colleges, when charges were made
+and excuses rendered in Latin, the student who had left before the
+conclusion of any of the religious services was accused of the
+misdemeanor by the proper officer, who made use of the word
+_egresses_, a kind of barbarous second person singular of some
+imaginary verb, signifying, it is supposed, "you went out."
+
+  Much absence, tardes and _egresses_,
+  The college-evil on him seizes.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+EIGHT. On the scale of merit, at Harvard College, eight is the
+highest mark which a student can receive for a recitation.
+Students speak of "_getting an eight_," which is equivalent to
+saying, that they have made a perfect recitation.
+
+  But since the Fates will not grant all _eights_,
+    Save to some disgusting fellow
+  Who'll fish and dig, I care not a fig,
+    We'll be hard boys and mellow.
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen.
+
+  Numberless the _eights_ he showers
+    Full on my devoted head.--_MS. Ibid._
+
+At the same college, when there were three exhibitions in the
+year, it was customary for the first eight scholars in the Junior
+Class to have "parts" at the first exhibition, the second eight at
+the second exhibition, and the third eight at the third
+exhibition. Eight Seniors performed with them at each of these
+three exhibitions, but they were taken promiscuously from the
+first twenty-four in their class. Although there are now but two
+exhibitions in the year, twelve performing from each of the two
+upper classes, yet the students still retain the old phraseology,
+and you will often hear the question, "Is he in the first or
+second _eight_?"
+
+  The bell for morning prayers had long been sounding!
+    She says, "What makes you look so very pale?"--
+  "I've had a dream."--"Spring to 't, or you'll be late!"--
+  "Don't care! 'T was worth a part among the _Second Eight_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 121.
+
+
+ELECTIONEERING. In many colleges in the United States, where there
+are rival societies, it is customary, on the admission of a
+student to college, for the partisans of the different societies
+to wait upon him, and endeavor to secure him as a member. An
+account of this _Society Electioneering_, as it is called, is
+given in _Sketches of Yale College_, at page 162.
+
+Society _electioneering_ has mostly gone by.--_Williams
+Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 285.
+
+
+ELEGANT EXTRACTS. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a cant
+title applied to some fifteen or twenty men who have just
+succeeded in passing their final examination, and who are
+bracketed together, at the foot of the Polloi list.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 250.
+
+
+EMERITUS, _pl._ EMERITI. Latin; literally, _obtained by service_.
+One who has been honorably discharged from public service, as, in
+colleges and universities, a _Professor Emeritus_.
+
+
+EMIGRANT. In the English universities, one who migrates, or
+removes from one college to another.
+
+At Christ's, for three years successively,... the first man was an
+_emigrant_ from John's.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 100.
+
+See MIGRATION.
+
+
+EMPTY BOTTLE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the sobriquet
+of a fellow-commoner.
+
+Indeed they [fellow-commoners] are popularly denominated "_empty
+bottles_," the first word of the appellation being an adjective,
+though were it taken as a verb there would be no untruth in
+it.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+
+ENCENIA, _pl._ Greek [Greek: enkainia], _a feast of dedication_.
+Festivals anciently kept on the days on which cities were built or
+churches consecrated; and, in later times, ceremonies renewed at
+certain periods, as at Oxford, at the celebration of founders and
+benefactors.--_Hook_.
+
+
+END WOMAN. At Bowdoin College, "end women," says a correspondent,
+"are the venerable females who officiate as chambermaids in the
+different entries." They are so called from the entries being
+placed at the _ends_ of the buildings.
+
+
+ENGAGEMENT. At Yale College, the student, on entering, signs an
+_engagement_, as it is called, in the words following: "I, A.B.,
+on condition of being admitted as a member of Yale College,
+promise, on my faith and honor, to observe all the laws and
+regulations of this College; particularly that I will faithfully
+avoid using profane language, gaming, and all indecent, disorderly
+behavior, and disrespectful conduct to the Faculty, and all
+combinations to resist their authority; as witness my hand. A.B."
+--_Yale Coll. Cat._, 1837, p. 10.
+
+Nearly the same formula is used at Williams College.
+
+
+ENGINE. At Harvard College, for many years before and succeeding
+the year 1800, a fire-engine was owned by the government, and was
+under the management of the students. In a MS. Journal, under date
+of Oct. 29, 1792, is this note: "This day I turned out to exercise
+the engine. P.M." The company were accustomed to attend all the
+fires in the neighboring towns, and were noted for their skill and
+efficiency. But they often mingled enjoyment with their labor, nor
+were they always as scrupulous as they might have been in the
+means used to advance it. In 1810, the engine having been newly
+repaired, they agreed to try its power on an old house, which was
+to be fired at a given time. By some mistake, the alarm was given
+before the house was fairly burning. Many of the town's people
+endeavored to save it, but the company, dragging the engine into a
+pond near by, threw the dirty water on them in such quantities
+that they were glad to desist from their laudable endeavors.
+
+It was about this time that the Engine Society was organized,
+before which so many pleasant poems and orations were annually
+delivered. Of these, that most noted is the "Rebelliad," which was
+spoken in the year 1819, and was first published in the year 1842.
+Of it the editor has well remarked: "It still remains the
+text-book of the jocose, and is still regarded by all, even the
+melancholy, as a most happy production of humorous taste." Its
+author was Dr. Augustus Pierce, who died at Tyngsborough, May 20,
+1849.
+
+The favorite beverage at fires was rum and molasses, commonly
+called _black-strap_, which is referred to in the following lines,
+commemorative of the engine company in its palmier days.
+
+ "But oh! let _black-strap's_ sable god deplore
+  Those _engine-heroes_ so renowned of yore!
+  Gone is that spirit, which, in ancient time,
+  Inspired more deeds than ever shone in rhyme!
+  Ye, who remember the superb array,
+  The deafening cry, the engine's 'maddening play,'
+  The broken windows, and the floating floor,
+  Wherewith those masters of hydraulic lore
+  Were wont to make us tremble as we gazed,
+  Can tell how many a false alarm was raised,
+  How many a room by their o'erflowings drenched,
+  And how few fires by their assistance quenched?"
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 235.
+
+The habit of attending fires in Boston, as it had a tendency to
+draw the attention of the students from their college duties, was
+in part the cause of the dissolution of the company. Their
+presence was always welcomed in the neighboring city, and although
+they often left their engine behind them on returning to
+Cambridge, it was usually sent out to them soon after. The company
+would often parade through the streets of Cambridge in masquerade
+dresses, headed by a chaplain, presenting a most ludicrous
+appearance. In passing through the College yard, it was the custom
+to throw water into any window that chanced to be open. Their
+fellow-students, knowing when they were to appear, usually kept
+their windows closed; but the officers were not always so
+fortunate. About the year 1822, having discharged water into the
+room of the College regent, thereby damaging a very valuable
+library of books, the government disbanded the company, and
+shortly after sold the engine to the then town of Cambridge, on
+condition that it should never be taken out of the place. A few
+years ago it was again sold to some young men of West Cambridge,
+in whose hands it still remains. One of the brakes of the engine,
+a relic of its former glory, was lately discovered in the cellar
+of one of the College buildings, and that perchance has by this
+time been used to kindle the element which it once assisted to
+extinguish.
+
+
+ESQUIRE BEDELL. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., three
+_Esquire Bedells_ are appointed, whose office is to attend the
+Vice-Chancellor, whom they precede with their silver maces upon
+all public occasions.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+At the University of Oxford, the Esquire Bedells are three in
+number. They walk before the Vice-Chancellor in processions, and
+carry golden staves as the insignia of their office.--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+See BEADLE.
+
+
+EVANGELICAL. In student phrase, a religious, orthodox man, one who
+is sound in the doctrines of the Gospel, or one who is reading
+theology, is called an _Evangelical_.
+
+He was a King's College, London, man, an
+_Evangelical_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 265.
+
+It has been said by some of the _Evangelicals_, that nothing can
+be done to improve the state of morality in the Universities so
+long as the present Church system continues.--_Ibid._, p. 348.
+
+
+EXAMINATION. An inquiry into the acquisitions of the students, in
+_colleges_ and _seminaries of learning_, by questioning them in
+literature and the sciences, and by hearing their
+recitals.--_Webster_.
+
+In all colleges candidates for entrance are required to be able to
+pass an examination in certain branches of study before they can
+be admitted. The students are generally examined, in most
+colleges, at the close of each term.
+
+In the revised laws of Harvard College, printed in the year 1790,
+was one for the purpose of introducing examinations, the first
+part of which is as follows: "To animate the students in the
+pursuit of literary merit and fame, and to excite in their breasts
+a noble spirit of emulation, there shall be annually a public
+examination, in the presence of a joint committee of the
+Corporation and Overseers, and such other gentlemen as may be
+inclined to attend it." It then proceeds to enumerate the times
+and text-books for each class, and closes by stating, that,
+"should any student neglect or refuse to attend such examination,
+he shall be liable to be fined a sum not exceeding twenty
+shillings, or to be admonished or suspended." Great discontent was
+immediately evinced by the students at this regulation, and as it
+was not with this understanding that they entered college, they
+considered it as an _ex post facto_ law, and therefore not binding
+upon them. With these views, in the year 1791, the Senior and
+Junior Classes petitioned for exemption from the examination, but
+their application was rejected by the Overseers. When this was
+declared, some of the students determined to stop the exercises
+for that year, if possible. For this purpose they obtained six
+hundred grains of tartar emetic, and early on the morning of April
+12th, the day on which the examination was to begin, emptied it
+into the great cooking boilers in the kitchen. At breakfast, 150
+or more students and officers being present, the coffee was
+brought on, made with the water from the boilers. Its effects were
+soon visible. One after another left the hall, some in a slow,
+others in a hurried manner, but all plainly showing that their
+situation was by no means a pleasant one. Out of the whole number
+there assembled, only four or five escaped without being made
+unwell. Those who put the drug in the coffee had drank the most,
+in order to escape detection, and were consequently the most
+severely affected. Unluckily, one of them was seen putting
+something into the boilers, and the names of the others were soon
+after discovered. Their punishment is stated in the following
+memoranda from a manuscript journal.
+
+"Exhibition, 1791. April 20th. This morning Trapier was rusticated
+and Sullivan suspended to Groton for nine months, for mingling
+tartar emetic with our commons on ye morning of April 12th."
+
+"May 21st. Ely was suspended to Amherst for five months, for
+assisting Sullivan and Trapier in mingling tartar emetic with our
+commons."
+
+Another student, who threw a stone into the examination-room,
+which struck the chair in which Governor Hancock sat, was more
+severely punished. The circumstance is mentioned in the manuscript
+referred to above as follows:--
+
+"April 14th, 1791. Henry W. Jones of H---- was expelled from
+College upon evidence of a little boy that he sent a stone into ye
+Philosopher's room while a committee of ye Corporation and
+Overseers, and all ye Immediate Government, were engaged in
+examination of ye Freshman Class."
+
+Although the examination was delayed for a day or two on account
+of these occurrences, it was again renewed and carried on during
+that year, although many attempts were made to stop it. For
+several years after, whenever these periods occurred, disturbances
+came with them, and it was not until the year 1797 that the
+differences between the officers and the students were
+satisfactorily adjusted, and examinations established on a sure
+basis.
+
+
+EXAMINE. To inquire into the improvements or qualifications of
+students, by interrogatories, proposing problems, or by hearing
+their recitals; as, to _examine_ the classes in college; to
+_examine_ the candidates for a degree, or for a license to preach
+or to practise in a profession.--_Webster_.
+
+
+EXAMINEE. One who is examined; one who undergoes at examination.
+
+What loads of cold beef and lobster vanish before the _examinees_.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 72.
+
+
+EXAMINER. One who examines. In colleges and seminaries of
+learning, the person who interrogates the students, proposes
+questions for them to answer, and problems to solve.
+
+Coming forward with assumed carelessness, he threw towards us the
+formal reply of his _examiners_.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 9.
+
+
+EXEAT. Latin; literally, _let him depart_. Leave of absence given
+to a student in the English universities.--_Webster_.
+
+The students who wish to go home apply for an "_Exeat_," which is
+a paper signed by the Tutor, Master, and Dean.--_Alma Mater_, Vol.
+I. p. 162.
+
+[At King's College], _exeats_, or permission to go down during
+term, were never granted but in cases of life and
+death.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 140.
+
+
+EXERCISE. A task or lesson; that which is appointed for one to
+perform. In colleges, all the literary duties are called
+_exercises_.
+
+It may be inquired, whether a great part of the _exercises_ be not
+at best but serious follies.--_Cotton Mather's Suggestions_, in
+_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 558.
+
+In the English universities, certain exercises, as acts,
+opponencies, &c., are required to be performed for particular
+degrees.
+
+
+EXHIBIT. To take part in an exhibition; to speak in public at an
+exhibition or commencement.
+
+No student who shall receive any appointment to _exhibit_ before
+the class, the College, or the public, shall give any treat or
+entertainment to his class, or any part thereof, for or on account
+of those appointments.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 29.
+
+If any student shall fail to perform the exercise assigned him, or
+shall _exhibit_ anything not allowed by the Faculty, he may be
+sent home.--_Ibid._, 1837, p. 16.
+
+2. To provide for poor students by an exhibition. (See EXHIBITION,
+second meaning.) An instance of this use is given in the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, where one Antony Wood says of Bishop Longland, "He
+was a special friend to the University, in maintaining its
+privileges and in _exhibiting_ to the wants of certain scholars."
+In Mr. Peirce's History of Harvard University occurs this passage,
+in an account of the will of the Hon. William Stoughton: "He
+bequeathed a pasture in Dorchester, containing twenty-three acres
+and four acres of marsh, 'the income of both to be _exhibited_, in
+the first place, to a scholar of the town of Dorchester, and if
+there be none such, to one of the town of Milton, and in want of
+such, then to any other well deserving that shall be most needy.'"
+--p. 77.
+
+
+EXHIBITION. In colleges, a public literary and oratorical display.
+The exercises at _exhibitions_ are original compositions, prose
+translations from the English into Greek and Latin, and from other
+languages into the English, metrical versions, dialogues, &c.
+
+At Harvard College, in the year 1760, it was voted, "that twice in
+a year, in the spring and fall, each class should recite to their
+Tutors, in the presence of the President, Professors, and Tutors,
+in the several books in which they are reciting to their
+respective Tutors, and that publicly in the College Hall or
+Chapel." The next year, the Overseers being informed "that the
+students are not required to translate English into Latin nor
+Latin into English," their committee "thought it would be
+convenient that specimens of such translations and other
+performances in classical and polite literature should be from
+time to time laid before" their board. A vote passed the Board of
+Overseers recommending to the Corporation a conformity to these
+suggestions; but it was not until the year 1766 that a law was
+formally enacted in both boards, "that twice in the year, viz. at
+the semiannual visitation of the committee of the Overseers, some
+of the scholars, at the direction of the President and Tutors,
+shall publicly exhibit specimens of their proficiency, by
+pronouncing orations and delivering dialogues, either in English
+or in one of the learned languages, or hearing a forensic
+disputation, or such other exercises as the President and Tutors
+shall direct."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp.
+128-132.
+
+A few years after this, two more exhibitions were added, and were
+so arranged as to fall one in each quarter of the College year.
+The last year in which there were four exhibitions was 1789. After
+this time there were three exhibitions during the year until 1849,
+when one was omitted, since which time the original plan has been
+adopted.
+
+In the journal of a member of the class which graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1793, under the date of December 23d, 1789,
+Exhibition, is the following memorandum: "Music was intermingled
+with elocution, which (we read) has charms to soothe even a savage
+breast." Again, on a similar occasion, April 13th, 1790, an
+account of the exercises of the day closes with this note: "Tender
+music being interspersed to enliven the audience." Vocal music was
+sometimes introduced. In the same Journal, date October 1st, 1790,
+Exhibition, the writer says: "The performances were enlivened with
+an excellent piece of music, sung by Harvard Singing Club,
+accompanied with a band of music." From this time to the present
+day, music, either vocal or instrumental, has formed a very
+entertaining part of the Exhibition performances.[24]
+
+The exercises for exhibitions are assigned by the Faculty to
+meritorious students, usually of the two higher classes. The
+exhibitions are held under the direction of the President, and a
+refusal to perform the part assigned is regarded as a high
+offence.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 19. _Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1837, p. 16.
+
+2. Allowance of meat and drink; pension; benefaction settled for
+the maintenance of scholars in the English Universities, not
+depending on the foundation.--_Encyc._
+
+  What maintenance he from his friends receives,
+  Like _exhibition_ thou shalt have from me.
+    _Two Gent. Verona_, Act. I. Sc. 3.
+
+This word was formerly used in American colleges.
+
+I order and appoint ... ten pounds a year for one _exhibition_, to
+assist one pious young man.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I.
+p. 530.
+
+As to the extending the time of his _exhibitions_, we agree to it.
+--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 532.
+
+In the yearly "Statement of the Treasurer" of Harvard College, the
+word is still retained.
+
+"A _school exhibition_," says a writer in the Literary World, with
+reference to England, "is a stipend given to the head boys of a
+school, conditional on their proceeding to some particular college
+in one of the universities."--Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+EXHIBITIONER. One who has a pension or allowance, granted for the
+encouragement of learning; one who enjoys an exhibition. Used
+principally in the English universities.
+
+2. One who performs a part at an exhibition in American colleges
+is sometimes called an _exhibitioner_.
+
+
+EXPEL. In college government, to command to leave; to dissolve the
+connection of a student; to interdict him from further connection.
+--_Webster_.
+
+
+EXPULSION. In college government, expulsion is the highest
+censure, and is a final separation from the college or university.
+--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+In the Diary of Mr. Leverett, who was President of Harvard College
+from 1707 to 1724, is an account of the manner in which the
+punishment of expulsion was then inflicted. It is as follows:--"In
+the College Hall the President, after morning prayers, the
+Fellows, Masters of Art, and the several classes of Undergraduates
+being present, after a full opening of the crimes of the
+delinquents, a pathetic admonition of them, and solemn obtestation
+and caution to the scholars, pronounced the sentence of expulsion,
+ordered their names to be rent off the tables, and them to depart
+the Hall."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 442.
+
+In England, "an expelled man," says Bristed, "is shut out from the
+learned professions, as well as from all Colleges at either
+University."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 131.
+
+
+
+_F_.
+
+
+FACILITIES. The means by which the performance of anything is
+rendered easy.--_Webster_.
+
+Among students, a general name for what are technically called
+_ponies_ or translations.
+
+All such subsidiary helps in learning lessons, he classed ...
+under the opprobrious name of "_facilities_," and never scrupled
+to seize them as contraband goods.--_Memorial of John S. Popkin,
+D.D._, p. lxxvii.
+
+
+FACULTY. In colleges, the masters and professors of the several
+sciences.--_Johnson_.
+
+In America, the _faculty_ of a college or university consists of
+the president, professors, and tutors.--_Webster_.
+
+The duties of the faculty are very extended. They have the general
+control and direction of the studies pursued in the college. They
+have cognizance of all offences committed by undergraduates, and
+it is their special duty to enforce the observance of all the laws
+and regulations for maintaining discipline, and promoting good
+order, virtue, piety, and good learning in the institution with
+which they are connected. The faculty hold meetings to communicate
+and compare their opinions and information, respecting the conduct
+and character of the students and the state of the college; to
+decide upon the petitions or requests which may be offered them by
+the members of college, and to consider and suggest such measures
+as may tend to the advancement of learning, and the improvement of
+the college. This assembly is called a _Faculty-meeting_, a word
+very often in the mouths of students.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+2. One of the members or departments of a university.
+
+"In the origin of the University of Paris," says Brande, "the
+seven liberal arts (grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic,
+geometry, astronomy, and music) seem to have been the subjects of
+academic instruction. These constituted what was afterwards
+designated the Faculty of Arts. Three other faculties--those of
+divinity, law, and medicine--were subsequently added. In all these
+four, lectures were given, and degrees conferred by the
+University. The four Faculties were transplanted to Oxford and
+Cambridge, where they are still retained; although, in point of
+fact, the faculty of arts is the only one in which substantial
+instruction is communicated in the academical course."--_Brande's
+Dict._, Art. FACULTY.
+
+In some American colleges, these four departments are established,
+and sometimes a fifth, the Scientific, is added.
+
+
+FAG. Scotch, _faik_, to fail, to languish. Ancient Swedish,
+_wik-a_, cedere. To drudge; to labor to weariness; to become
+weary.
+
+2. To study hard; to persevere in study.
+
+  Place me 'midst every toil and care,
+  A hapless undergraduate still,
+  To _fag_ at mathematics dire, &c.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 8.
+
+Dee, the famous mathematician, appears to have _fagged_ as
+intensely as any man at Cambridge. For three years, he declares,
+he only slept four hours a night, and allowed two hours for
+refreshment. The remaining eighteen hours were spent in
+study.--_Ibid._, p. 48.
+
+  How did ye toil, and _fagg_, and fume, and fret,
+    And--what the bashful muse would blush to say.
+    But, now, your painful tremors are all o'er,
+      Cloath'd in the glories of a full-sleev'd gown,
+      Ye strut majestically up and down,
+    And now ye _fagg_, and now ye fear, no more!
+    _Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 20.
+
+
+FAG. A laborious drudge; a drudge for another. In colleges and
+schools, this term is applied to a boy of a lower form who is
+forced to do menial services for another boy of a higher form or
+class.
+
+But who are those three by-standers, that have such an air of
+submission and awe in their countenances? They are
+_fags_,--Freshmen, poor fellows, called out of their beds, and
+shivering with fear in the apprehension of missing morning
+prayers, to wait upon their lords the Sophomores in their midnight
+revellings.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. II. p. 106.
+
+  His _fag_ he had well-nigh killed by a blow.
+    _Wallenstein in Bohn's Stand. Lib._, p. 155.
+
+A sixth-form schoolboy is not a little astonished to find his
+_fags_ becoming his masters.--_Lond. Quar. Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol.
+LXXIII, p. 53.
+
+Under the title FRESHMAN SERVITUDE will be found as account of the
+manner in which members of that class were formerly treated in the
+older American colleges.
+
+2. A diligent student, i.e. a _dig_.
+
+
+FAG. Time spent in, or period of, studying.
+
+The afternoon's _fag_ is a pretty considerable one, lasting from
+three till dark.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 248.
+
+After another _hard fag_ of a week or two, a land excursion would
+be proposed.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 56.
+
+
+FAGGING. Laborious drudgery; the acting as a drudge for another at
+a college or school.
+
+2. Studying hard, equivalent to _digging, grubbing, &c._
+
+  Thrice happy ye, through toil and dangers past,
+    Who rest upon that peaceful shore,
+    Where all your _fagging_ is no more,
+  And gain the long-expected port at last.
+    _Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+To _fagging_ I set to, therefore, with as keen a relish as ever
+alderman sat down to turtle.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 123.
+
+See what I pay for liberty to leave school early, and to figure in
+every ball-room in the country, and see the world, instead of
+_fagging_ at college.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 307.
+
+
+FAIR HARVARD. At the celebration of the era of the second century
+from the origin of Harvard College, which was held at Cambridge,
+September 8th, 1836, the following Ode, written by the Rev. Samuel
+Gilman, D.D., of Charleston, S.C., was sung to the air, "Believe
+me, if all those endearing young charms."
+
+ "FAIR HARVARD! thy sons to thy Jubilee throng,
+    And with blessings surrender thee o'er,
+  By these festival-rites, from the Age that is past,
+    To the Age that is waiting before.
+  O Relic and Type of our ancestors' worth,
+    That hast long kept their memory warm!
+  First flower of their wilderness! Star of their night,
+    Calm rising through change and through storm!
+
+ "To thy bowers we were led in the bloom of our youth,
+    From the home of our free-roving years,
+  When our fathers had warned, and our mothers had prayed,
+    And our sisters had blest, through their tears.
+  _Thou_ then wert our parent,--the nurse of our souls,--
+    We were moulded to manhood by thee,
+  Till, freighted with treasure-thoughts, friendships, and hopes,
+    Thou didst launch us on Destiny's sea.
+
+ "When, as pilgrims, we come to revisit thy halls,
+    To what kindlings the season gives birth!
+  Thy shades are more soothing, thy sunlight more dear,
+    Than descend on less privileged earth:
+  For the Good and the Great, in their beautiful prime,
+    Through thy precincts have musingly trod,
+  As they girded their spirits, or deepened the streams
+    That make glad the fair City of God.
+
+ "Farewell! be thy destinies onward and bright!
+    To thy children the lesson still give,
+  With freedom to think, and with patience to bear,
+    And for right ever bravely to live.
+  Let not moss-covered Error moor _thee_ at its side,
+    As the world on Truth's current glides by;
+  Be the herald of Light, and the bearer of Love,
+    Till the stock of the Puritans die."
+
+Since the occasion on which this ode was sung, it has been the
+practice with the odists of Class Day at Harvard College to write
+the farewell class song to the tune of "Fair Harvard," the name by
+which the Irish air "Believe me" has been adopted. The deep pathos
+of this melody renders it peculiarly appropriate to the
+circumstances with which it has been so happily connected, and
+from which it is to be hoped it may never be severed.
+
+See CLASS DAY.
+
+
+FAIR LICK. In the game of football, when the ball is fairly caught
+or kicked beyond the bounds, the cry usually heard, is _Fair lick!
+Fair lick!_
+
+  "_Fair lick_!" he cried, and raised his dreadful foot,
+  Armed at all points with the ancestral boot.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 22.
+
+See FOOTBALL.
+
+
+FANTASTICS. At Princeton College, an exhibition on Commencement
+evening, of a number of students on horseback, fantastically
+dressed in masks, &c.
+
+
+FAST. An epithet of one who is showy in dress, expensive or
+apparently so in his mode of living, and inclined to spree.
+Formerly used exclusively among students; now of more general
+application.
+
+Speaking of the student signification of the word, Bristed
+remarks: "A _fast man_ is not necessarily (like the London fast
+man) a _rowing_ man, though the two attributes are often combined
+in the same person; he is one who dresses flashily, talks big, and
+spends, or affects to spend, money very freely."--_Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 23.
+
+  The _Fast_ Man comes, with reeling tread,
+  Cigar in mouth, and swimming head.
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton.
+
+
+FAT. At Princeton College, a letter with money or a draft is thus
+denominated.
+
+
+FATHER or PRÆLECTOR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., one of
+the fellows of a college, who attends all the examinations for the
+Bachelor's degree, to see that justice is done to the candidates
+from his own college, who are at that time called his
+_sons_.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+The _Fathers_ of the respective colleges, zealous for the credit
+of the societies of which they are the guardians, are incessantly
+employed in examining those students who appear most likely to
+contest the palm of glory with their _sons_.--_Gent. Mag._, 1773,
+p. 435.
+
+
+FEBRUARY TWENTY-SECOND. At Shelby, Centre, and Bacon Colleges, in
+Kentucky, it is customary to select the best orators and speakers
+from the different literary societies to deliver addresses on the
+twenty-second of February, in commemoration of the birthday of
+Washington. At Bethany College, in Virginia, this day is observed
+in a similar manner.
+
+
+FEEZE. Usually spelled PHEEZE, q.v.
+
+Under FLOP, another, but probably a wrong or obsolete,
+signification is given.
+
+
+FELLOW. A member of a corporation; a trustee. In the English
+universities, a residence at the college, engagement in
+instruction, and receiving therefor a stipend, are essential
+requisites to the character of a _fellow_. In American colleges,
+it is not necessary that a _fellow_ should be a resident, a
+stipendiary, or an instructor. In most cases the greater number of
+the _Fellows of the Corporation_ are non-residents, and have no
+part in the instruction at the college.
+
+With reference to the University of Cambridge, Eng., Bristed
+remarks: "The Fellows, who form the general body from which the
+other college officers are chosen, consist of those four or five
+Bachelor Scholars in each year who pass the best examination in
+classics, mathematics, and metaphysics. This examination being a
+severe one, and only the last of many trials which they have gone
+through, the inference is allowable that they are the most learned
+of the College graduates. They have a handsome income, whether
+resident or not; but if resident, enjoy the additional advantages
+of a well-spread table for nothing, and good rooms at a very low
+price. The only conditions of retaining their Fellowships are,
+that they take orders after a certain time and remain unmarried.
+Of those who do not fill college offices, some occupy themselves
+with private pupils; others, who have property of their own,
+prefer to live a life of literary leisure, like some of their
+predecessors, the monks of old. The eight oldest Fellows at any
+time in residence, together with the Master, have the government
+of the college vested in them."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 16.
+
+For some remarks on the word Fellow, see under the title COLLEGE.
+
+
+FELLOW-COMMONER. In the University of Cambridge, England,
+_Fellow-Commoners_ are generally the younger sons of the nobility,
+or young men of fortune, and have the privilege of dining at the
+Fellows' table, whence the appellation originated.
+
+"Fellow-Commoners," says Bristed, "are 'young men of fortune,' as
+the _Cambridge Calendar_ and _Cambridge Guide_ have it, who, in
+consideration of their paying twice as much for everything as
+anybody else, are allowed the privilege of sitting at the Fellows'
+table in hall, and in their seats at chapel; of wearing a gown
+with gold or silver lace, and a velvet cap with a metallic tassel;
+of having the first choice of rooms; and as is generally believed,
+and believed not without reason, of getting off with a less number
+of chapels per week. Among them are included the Honorables _not_
+eldest sons,--only these wear a hat instead of the velvet cap, and
+are thence popularly known as _Hat_ Fellow-Commoners."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 13.
+
+A _Fellow-Commoner_ at Cambridge is equivalent to an Oxford
+_Gentleman-Commoner_, and is in all respects similar to what in
+private schools and seminaries is called a _parlor boarder_. A
+fuller account of this, the first rank at the University, will be
+found in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 20, and in the Gradus
+ad Cantabrigiam, p. 50.
+
+"Fellow-Commoners have been nicknamed '_Empty Bottles_'! They have
+been called, likewise, 'Useless Members'! 'The licensed Sons of
+Ignorance.'"--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+The Fellow-Commoners, alias _empty bottles_, (not so called
+because they've let out anything during the examination,) are then
+presented.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 101.
+
+In the old laws of Harvard College we find the following: "None
+shall be admitted a _Fellow-Commoner_ unless he first pay thirteen
+pounds six and eight pence to the college. And every
+_Fellow-Commoner_ shall pay double tuition money. They shall have
+the privilege of dining and supping with the Fellows at their
+table in the hall; they shall be excused from going on errands,
+and shall have the title of Masters, and have the privilege of
+wearing their hats as the Masters do; but shall attend all duties
+and exercises with the rest of their class, and be alike subject
+to the laws and government of the College," &c. The Hon. Paine
+Wingate, a graduate of the class of 1759, says in reference to
+this subject: "I never heard anything about _Fellow-Commoners_ in
+college excepting in this paragraph. I am satisfied there has been
+no such description of scholars at Cambridge since I have known
+anything about the place."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Coll._, p. 314.
+
+In the Appendix to "A Sketch of the History of Harvard College,"
+by Samuel A. Eliot, is a memorandum, in the list of donations to
+that institution, under the date 1683, to this effect. "Mr. Joseph
+Brown, Mr. Edward Page, Mr. Francis Wainwright,
+_fellow-commoners_, gave each a silver goblet." Mr. Wainwright
+graduated in 1686. The other two do not appear to have received a
+degree. All things considered, it is probable that this order,
+although introduced from the University of Cambridge, England,
+into Harvard College, received but few members, on account of the
+evil influence which such distinctions usually exert.
+
+
+FELLOW OF THE HOUSE. See under HOUSE.
+
+
+FELLOW, RESIDENT. At Harvard College, the tutors were formerly
+called _resident fellows_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I.
+p. 278.
+
+The _resident fellows_ were tutors to the classes, and instructed
+them in Hebrew, "and led them through all the liberal arts before
+the four years were expired."--_Harv. Reg._, p. 249.
+
+
+FELLOWSHIP. An establishment in colleges, for the maintenance of a
+fellow.--_Webster_.
+
+In Harvard College, tutors were formerly called Fellows of the
+House or College, and their office, _fellowships_. In this sense
+that word is used in the following passage.
+
+Joseph Stevens was chosen "Fellow of the College, or House," and
+as such was approved by that board [the Corporation], in the
+language of the records, "to supply a vacancy in one of the
+_Fellowships_ of the House."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol.
+I. p. 279.
+
+
+FELLOWS' ORCHARD. See TUTORS' PASTURE.
+
+
+FEMUR. Latin; _a thigh-bone_. At Yale College, a _femur_ was
+formerly the badge of a medical bully.
+
+  When hand in hand all joined in band,
+    With clubs, umbrellas, _femurs_,
+  Declaring death and broken teeth
+    'Gainst blacksmiths, cobblers, seamers.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 14.
+
+ "One hundred valiant warriors, who
+    (My Captain bid me say)
+  Three _femurs_ wield, with one to fight,
+    With two to run away,
+
+ "Wait in Scull Castle, to receive,
+    With open gates, your men;
+  Their right arms nerved, their _femurs_ clenched,
+    Safe to protect ye then!"--_Ibid._, p. 23.
+
+
+FERG. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become less
+angry, ardent; to cool. A correspondent from the University of
+Vermont, where this word is used, says: "If a man gets angry, we
+'let him _ferg_,' and he feels better."
+
+
+FESS. Probably abbreviated for CONFESS. In some of the Southern
+Colleges, to fail in reciting; to silently request the teacher not
+to put farther queries.
+
+This word is in use among the cadets at West Point, with the same
+meaning.
+
+  And when you and I, and Benny, and General Jackson too,
+    Are brought before a final board our course of life to view,
+  May we never "_fess_" on any "point," but then be told to go
+    To join the army of the blest, with Benny Havens, O!
+    _Song, Benny Havens, O!_
+
+
+FINES. In many of the colleges in the United States it was
+formerly customary to impose fines upon the students as a
+punishment for non-compliance with the laws. The practice is now
+very generally abolished.
+
+About the middle of the eighteenth century, the custom of
+punishing by pecuniary mulets began, at Harvard College, to be
+considered objectionable. "Although," says Quincy, "little
+regarded by the students, they were very annoying to their
+parents." A list of the fines which were imposed on students at
+that period presents a curious aggregate of offences and
+punishments.
+
+                                                         £  s. d.
+Absence from prayers,                                    0  0  2
+Tardiness at prayers,                                    0  0  1
+Absence from Professor's public lecture,                 0  0  4
+Tardiness at            do.                              0  0  2
+Profanation of Lord's day, not exceeding                 0  3  0
+Absence from public worship,                             0  0  9
+Tardiness at      do.                                    0  0  3
+Ill behavior at   do.      not exceeding                 0  1  6
+Going to meeting before bell-ringing,                    0  0  6
+Neglecting to repeat the sermon,                         0  0  9
+Irreverent behavior at prayers, or public divinity
+    lectures,                                            0  1  6
+Absence from chambers, &c., not exceeding                0  0  6
+Not declaiming, not exceeding                            0  1  6
+Not giving up a declamation, not exceeding               0  1  6
+Absence from recitation, not exceeding                   0  1  6
+Neglecting analyzing, not exceeding                      0  3  0
+Bachelors neglecting disputations, not exceeding         0  1  6
+Respondents neglecting do. from 1s. 6d. to               0  3  0
+Undergraduates out of town without leave, not exceeding  0  2  6
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town without leave, not
+    exceeding _per diem_,                                0  1  3
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town one week without
+    leave, not exceeding                                 0 10  0
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town one month without
+    leave, not exceeding                                 2 10  0
+Lodging strangers without leave, not exceeding           0  1  6
+Entertaining persons of ill character, not exceeding     0  1  6
+Going out of College without proper garb, not exceeding  0  0  6
+Frequenting taverns, not exceeding                       0  1  6
+Profane cursing, not exceeding                           0  2  6
+Graduates playing cards, not exceeding                   0  5  0
+Undergraduates playing cards, not exceeding              0  2  6
+Undergraduates playing any game for money, not exceeding 0  1  6
+Selling and exchanging without leave, not exceeding      0  1  6
+Lying, not exceeding                                     0  1  6
+Opening door by pick-locks, not exceeding                0  5  0
+Drunkenness, not exceeding                               0  1  6
+Liquors prohibited under penalty, not exceeding          0  1  6
+Second offence, not exceeding                            0  3  0
+Keeping prohibited liquors, not exceeding                0  1  6
+Sending for      do.                                     0  0  6
+Fetching         do.                                     0  1  6
+Going upon the top of the College,                       0  1  6
+Cutting off the lead,                                    0  1  6
+Concealing the transgression of the 19th Law,[25]        0  1  6
+Tumultuous noises,                                       0  1  6
+Second offence,                                          0  3  0
+Refusing to give evidence,                               0  3  0
+Rudeness at meals,                                       0  1  0
+Butler and cook to keep utensils clean, not
+    exceeding                                            0  5  0
+Not lodging at their chambers, not exceeding             0  1  6
+Sending Freshmen in studying time,                       0  0  9
+Keeping guns, and going on skating,                      0  1  0
+Firing guns or pistols in College yard,                  0  2  6
+Fighting or hurting any person, not exceeding            0  1  6
+
+In 1761, a committee, of which Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson was
+a member, was appointed to consider of some other method of
+punishing offenders. Although they did not altogether abolish
+mulets, yet "they proposed that, in lieu of an increase of mulcts,
+absences without justifiable cause from any exercise of the
+College should subject the delinquent to warning, private
+admonition, exhortation to duty, and public admonition, with a
+notification to parents; when recitations had been omitted,
+performance of them should be exacted at some other time; and, by
+way of punishment for disorders, confinement, and the performance
+of exercises during its continuance, should be
+enjoined."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 135, 136.
+
+By the laws of 1798, fines not exceeding one dollar were imposed
+by a Professor or Tutor, or the Librarian; not exceeding two
+dollars, by the President; all above two dollars, by the
+President, Professors, and Tutors, at a meeting.
+
+Upon this subject, with reference to Harvard College, Professor
+Sidney Willard remarks: "For a long period fines constituted the
+punishment of undergraduates for negligence in attendance at the
+exercises and in the performance of the lessons assigned to them.
+A fine was the lowest degree in the gradation of punishment. This
+mode of punishment or disapprobation was liable to objections, as
+a tax on the father rather than a rebuke of the son, (except it
+might be, in some cases, for the indirect moral influence produced
+upon the latter, operating on his filial feeling,) and as a
+mercenary exaction, since the money went into the treasury of the
+College. It was a good day for the College when this punishment
+through the purse was abandoned as a part of the system of
+punishments; which, not confined to neglect of study, had been
+extended also to a variety of misdemeanors more or less aggravated
+and aggravating."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. p.
+304.
+
+"Of fines," says President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse
+relating to Yale College, "the laws are full, and other documents
+show that the laws did not sleep. Thus there was in 1748 a fine of
+a penny for the absence of an undergraduate from prayers, and of a
+half-penny for tardiness or coming in after the introductory
+collect; of fourpence for absence from public worship; of from two
+to six pence for absence from one's chamber during the time of
+study; of one shilling for picking open a lock the first time, and
+two shillings the second; of two and sixpence for playing at cards
+or dice, or for bringing strong liquor into College; of one
+shilling for doing damage to the College, or jumping out of the
+windows,--and so in many other cases.
+
+"In the year 1759, a somewhat unfair pamphlet was written, which
+gave occasion to several others in quick succession, wherein,
+amidst other complaints of President Clap's administration,
+mention is made of the large amount of fines imposed upon
+students. The author, after mentioning that in three years' time
+over one hundred and seventy-two pounds of lawful money was
+collected in this way, goes on to add, that 'such an exorbitant
+collection by fines tempts one to suspect that they have got
+together a most disorderly set of young men training up for the
+service of the churches, or that they are governed and corrected
+chiefly by pecuniary punishments;--that almost all sins in that
+society are purged and atoned for by money.' He adds, with
+justice, that these fines do not fall on the persons of the
+offenders,--most of the students being minors,--but upon their
+parents; and that the practice takes place chiefly where there is
+the least prospect of working a reformation, since the thoughtless
+and extravagant, being the principal offenders against College
+law, would not lay it to heart if their frolics should cost them a
+little more by way of fine. He further expresses his opinion, that
+this way of punishing the children of the College has but little
+tendency to better their hearts and reform their manners; that
+pecuniary impositions act only by touching the shame or
+covetousness or necessities of those upon whom they are levied;
+and that fines had ceased to become dishonorable at College, while
+to appeal to the love of money was expelling one devil by another,
+and to restrain the necessitous by fear of fine would be extremely
+cruel and unequal. These and other considerations are very
+properly urged, and the same feeling is manifested in the laws by
+the gradual abolition of nearly all pecuniary mulcts. The
+practice, it ought to be added, was by no means peculiar to Yale
+College, but was transferred, even in a milder form, from the
+colleges of England."--pp. 47, 48.
+
+In connection with this subject, it may not be inappropriate to
+mention the following occurrence, which is said to have taken
+place at Harvard College.
+
+Dr. ----, _in propria persona_, called upon a Southern student one
+morning in the recitation-room to define logic. The question was
+something in this form. "Mr. ----, what is logic?" Ans. "Logic,
+Sir, is the art of reasoning." "Ay; but I wish you to give the
+definition in the exact words of the _learned author_." "O, Sir,
+he gives a very long, intricate, confused definition, with which I
+did not think proper to burden my memory." "Are you aware who the
+learned author is?" "O, yes! your honor, Sir." "Well, then, I fine
+you one dollar for disrespect." Taking out a two-dollar note, the
+student said, with the utmost _sang froid_, "If you will change
+this, I will pay you on the spot." "I fine you another dollar,"
+said the Professor, emphatically, "for repeated disrespect." "Then
+'tis just the change, Sir," said the student, coolly.
+
+
+FIRST-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, England, the title
+of _First-Year Men_, or _Freshmen_, is given to students during
+the first year of their residence at the University.
+
+
+FISH. At Harvard College, to seek or gain the good-will of an
+instructor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious
+civilities; to curry favor. The German word _fischen_ has a
+secondary meaning, to get by cunning, which is similar to the
+English word _fish_. Students speak of fishing for parts,
+appointments, ranks, marks, &c.
+
+  I give to those that _fish for parts_,
+  Long, sleepless nights, and aching hearts,
+  A little soul, a fawning spirit,
+  With half a grain of plodding merit,
+  Which is, as Heaven I hope will say,
+  Giving what's not my own away.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss, in Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+  Who would let a Tutor knave
+  Screw him like a Guinea slave!
+  Who would _fish_ a fine to save!
+    Let him turn and flee.--_Rebelliad_, p. 35.
+
+  Did I not promise those who _fished_
+  And pimped most, any part they wished?--_Ibid._, p. 33.
+
+  'T is all well here; though 't were a grand mistake
+  To write so, should one "_fish_" for a "forty-eight!"
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 33.
+
+  Still achieving, still intriguing,
+  Learn to labor and to _fish_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849.
+
+The following passage explains more clearly, perhaps, the meaning
+of this word. "Any attempt to raise your standing by ingratiating
+yourself with the instructors, will not only be useless, but
+dishonorable. Of course, in your intercourse with the Professors
+and Tutors, you will not be wanting in that respect and courtesy
+which is due to them, both as your superiors and as
+gentlemen."--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 79.
+
+Washington Allston, who graduated at Harvard College in the year
+1800, left a painting of a fishing scene, to be transmitted from
+class to class. It was in existence in the year 1828, but has
+disappeared of late.
+
+
+FISH, FISHER. One who attempts to ingratiate himself with his
+instructor, thereby to obtain favor or advantage; one who curries
+favor.
+
+You besought me to respect my teachers, and to be attentive to my
+studies, though it shall procure me the odious title of a
+"_fisher_."--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 153.
+
+
+FISHING. The act performed by a _fisher_. The full force of this
+word is set forth in a letter from Dr. Popkin, a Professor at
+Harvard College, to his brother William, dated Boston, October
+17th, 1800.
+
+"I am sensible that the good conduct which I have advised you, and
+which, I doubt not, you are inclined to preserve, may expose you
+to the opprobrious epithet, _fishing_. You undoubtedly understand,
+by this time, the meaning of that frightful term, which has done
+more damage in college than all the bad wine, and roasted pigs,
+that have ever fired the frenzy of Genius! The meaning of it, in
+short, is nothing less than this, that every one who acts as a
+reasonable being in the various relations and duties of a scholar
+is using the basest means to ingratiate himself with the
+government, and seeking by mean compliances to purchase their
+honors and favors. At least, I thought this to be true when I was
+in the government. If times and manners are altered, I am heartily
+glad of it; but it will not injure you to hear the tales of former
+times. If a scholar appeared to perform his exercises to his best
+ability, if there were not a marked contempt and indifference in
+his manner, I would hear the whisper run round the class,
+_fishing_. If one appeared firm enough to perform an unpopular
+duty, or showed common civility to his instructors, who certainly
+wished him well, he was _fishing_. If he refused to join in some
+general disorder, he was insulted with _fishing_. If he did not
+appear to despise the esteem and approbation of his instructors,
+and to disclaim all the rewards of diligence and virtue, he was
+suspected of _fishing_. The fear of this suspicion or imputation
+has, I believe, perverted many minds which, from good and
+honorable motives, were better disposed."--_Memorial of John S.
+Popkin, D.D._, pp. xxvi., xxvii.
+
+  To those who've parts at exhibition,
+  Obtained by long, unwearied _fishing_,
+  I say, to such unlucky wretches,
+  I give, for wear, a brace of breeches.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss, in Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+  And, since his _fishing_ on the land was vain,
+  To try his luck upon the azure main.--_Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+Whenever I needed advice or assistance, I did not hesitate,
+through any fear of the charge of what, in the College cant, was
+called "_fishing_," to ask it of Dr. Popkin.--_Memorial of John S.
+Popkin, D.D._, p. ix.
+
+At Dartmouth College, the electioneering for members of the secret
+societies was formerly called _fishing_. At the same institution,
+individuals in the Senior Class were said to be _fishing for
+appointments_, if they tried to gain the good-will of the Faculty
+by any special means.
+
+
+FIVES. A kind of play with a ball against the side of a building,
+resembling tennis; so named, because three _fives_ or _fifteen_
+are counted to the game.--_Smart_.
+
+A correspondent, writing of Centre College, Ky., says: "Fives was
+a game very much in vogue, at which the President would often take
+a hand, and while the students would play for ice-cream or some
+other refreshment, he would never fail to come in for his share."
+
+
+FIZZLE. Halliwell says: "The half-hiss, half-sigh of an animal."
+In many colleges in the United States, this word is applied to a
+bad recitation, probably from the want of distinct articulation
+which usually attends such performances. It is further explained
+in the Yale Banger, November 10, 1846: "This figure of a wounded
+snake is intended to represent what in technical language is
+termed a _fizzle_. The best judges have decided, that to get just
+one third of the meaning right constitutes a _perfect fizzle_."
+
+With a mind and body so nearly at rest, that naught interrupted my
+inmost repose save cloudy reminiscences of a morning "_fizzle_"
+and an afternoon "flunk," my tranquillity was sufficiently
+enviable.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 114.
+
+  Here he could _fizzles_ mark without a sigh,
+  And see orations unregarded die.
+    _The Tomahawk_, Nov., 1849.
+
+  Not a wail was heard, or a "_fizzle's_" mild sigh,
+  As his corpse o'er the pavement we hurried.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec., 1849.
+
+At Princeton College, the word _blue_ is used with _fizzle_, to
+render it intensive; as, he made a _blue fizzle_, he _fizzled
+blue_.
+
+
+FIZZLE. To fail in reciting; to recite badly. A correspondent from
+Williams College says: "Flunk is the common word when some
+unfortunate man makes an utter failure in recitation. He _fizzles_
+when he stumbles through at last." Another from Union writes: "If
+you have been lazy, you will probably _fizzle_." A writer in the
+Yale Literary Magazine thus humorously defines this word:
+"_Fizzle_. To rise with modest reluctance, to hesitate often, to
+decline finally; generally, to misunderstand the question."--Vol.
+XIV. p. 144.
+
+My dignity is outraged at beholding those who _fizzle_ and flunk
+in my presence tower above me.--_The Yale Banger_, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+  I "skinned," and "_fizzled_" through.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+The verb _to fizzle out_, which is used at the West, has a little
+stronger signification, viz. to be quenched, extinguished; to
+prove a failure.--_Bartlett's Dict. Americanisms_.
+
+The factious and revolutionary action of the fifteen has
+interrupted the regular business of the Senate, disgraced the
+actors, and _fizzled out_.--_Cincinnati Gazette_.
+
+2. To cause one to fail in reciting. Said of an instructor.
+
+  _Fizzle_ him tenderly,
+    Bore him with care,
+  Fitted so slenderly,
+    Tutor, beware.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 321.
+
+
+FIZZLING. Reciting badly; the act of making a poor recitation.
+
+Of this word, a writer jocosely remarks: "_Fizzling_ is a somewhat
+_free_ translation of an intricate sentence; proving a proposition
+in geometry from a wrong figure. Fizzling is caused sometimes by a
+too hasty perusal of the pony, and generally by a total loss of
+memory when called upon to recite."--_Sophomore Independent_,
+Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+  Weather drizzling,
+  Freshmen _fizzling_.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 212.
+
+
+FLAM. At the University of Vermont, in student phrase, to _flam_
+is to be attentive, at any time, to any lady or company of ladies.
+E.g. "He spends half his time _flamming_" i.e. in the society of
+the other sex.
+
+
+FLASH-IN-THE-PAN. A student is said to make a _flash-in-the-pan_
+when he commences to recite brilliantly, and suddenly fails; the
+latter part of such a recitation is a FIZZLE. The metaphor is
+borrowed from a gun, which, after being primed, loaded, and ready
+to be discharged, _flashes in the pan_.
+
+
+FLOOR. Among collegians, to answer such questions as may be
+propounded concerning a given subject.
+
+  Then Olmsted took hold, but he couldn't make it go,
+  For we _floored_ the Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+To _floor a paper_, is to answer every question in it.--_Bristed_.
+
+Somehow I nearly _floored the paper_, and came out feeling much
+more comfortable than when I went in.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 12.
+
+Our best classic had not time to _floor_ the _paper_.--_Ibid._, p.
+135.
+
+
+FLOP. A correspondent from the University of Vermont writes: "Any
+'cute' performance by which a man is sold [deceived] is a _good
+flop_, and, by a phrase borrowed from the ball ground, is 'rightly
+played.' The discomfited individual declares that they 'are all on
+a side,' and gives up, or 'rolls over' by giving his opponent
+'gowdy.'" "A man writes cards during examination to 'feeze the
+profs'; said cards are 'gumming cards,' and he _flops_ the
+examination if he gets a good mark by the means." One usually
+_flops_ his marks by feigning sickness.
+
+
+FLOP A TWENTY. At the University of Vermont, to _flop a twenty_ is
+to make a perfect recitation, twenty being the maximum mark for
+scholarship.
+
+
+FLUMMUX. Any failure is called a _flummux_. In some colleges the
+word is particularly applied to a poor recitation. At Williams
+College, a failure on the play-ground is called a _flummux_.
+
+
+FLUMMUX. To fail; to recite badly. Mr. Bartlett, in his Dictionary
+of Americanisms, has the word _flummix_, to be overcome; to be
+frightened; to give way to.
+
+Perhaps Parson Hyme didn't put it into Pokerville for two mortal
+hours; and perhaps Pokerville didn't mizzle, wince, and finally
+_flummix_ right beneath him.--_Field, Drama in Pokerville_.
+
+
+FLUNK. This word is used in some American colleges to denote a
+complete failure in recitation.
+
+This, O, [signifying neither beginning nor end,] Tutor H---- said
+meant a perfect _flunk_.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+I've made some twelve or fourteen _flunks_.--_The Gallinipper_,
+Dec. 1849.
+
+  And that bold man must bear a _flunk_, or die,
+  Who, when John pleased be captious, dared reply.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+The Sabbath dawns upon the poor student burdened with the thought
+of the lesson, or _flunk_ of the morrow morning.--_Ibid._, Feb.
+1851.
+
+    He thought ...
+  First of his distant home and parents, tunc,
+  Of tutors' note-books, and the morrow's _flunk_.
+    _Ibid._, Feb. 1851.
+
+  In moody meditation sunk,
+  Reflecting on my future _flunk_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 54.
+
+  And so, in spite of scrapes and _flunks_,
+    I'll have a sheep-skin too.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+Some amusing anecdotes are told, such as the well-known one about
+the lofty dignitary's macaronic injunction, "Exclude canem, et
+shut the door"; and another of a tutor's dismal _flunk_ on
+faba.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 263.
+
+
+FLUNK. To make a complete failure when called on to recite. A
+writer in the Yale Literary Magazine defines it, "to decline
+peremptorily, and then to whisper, 'I had it all, except that
+confounded little place.'"--Vol. XIV. p. 144.
+
+They know that a man who has _flunked_, because too much of a
+genius to get his lesson, is not in a state to appreciate joking.
+--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 253.
+
+Nestor was appointed to deliver a poem, but most ingloriously
+_flunked_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 256.
+
+The phrase _to flunk out_, which Bartlett, in his Dictionary of
+Americanisms, defines, "to retire through fear, to back out," is
+of the same nature as the above word.
+
+Why, little one, you must be cracked, if you _flunk out_ before we
+begin.--_J.C. Neal_.
+
+It was formerly used in some American colleges as is now the word
+_flunk_.
+
+We must have, at least, as many subscribers as there are students
+in College, or "_flunk out."--The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 3.
+
+
+FLUNKEY. In college parlance, one who makes a complete failure at
+recitation; one who _flunks_.
+
+  I bore him safe through Horace,
+    Saved him from the _flunkey's_ doom.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 76.
+
+
+FLUNKING. Failing completely in reciting.
+
+  _Flunking_ so gloomily,
+  Crushed by contumely.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 322.
+
+
+We made our earliest call while the man first called up in the
+division-room was deliberately and gracefully
+"_flunking_."--_Ibid._, Vol. XIV. p. 190.
+
+  See what a spot a _flunking_ Soph'more made!
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+
+FLUNKOLOGY. A farcical word, designed to express the science _of
+flunking_.
+
+The ---- scholarship, is awarded to the student in each Freshman
+Class who passes the poorest examination in
+_Flunkology_.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+FOOTBALL. For many years, the game of football has been the
+favorite amusement at some of the American colleges, during
+certain seasons of the year. At Harvard and Yale, it is customary
+for the Sophomore Class to challenge the Freshmen to a trial game,
+soon after their entrance into College. The interest excited on
+this occasion is always very great, the Seniors usually siding
+with the former, and the Juniors with the latter class. The result
+is generally in favor of the Sophomores. College poets and
+prose-writers have often chosen the game of football as a topic on
+which to exercise their descriptive powers. One invokes his muse,
+in imitation of a great poet, as follows:--
+
+ "The Freshmen's wrath, to Sophs the direful spring
+  Of shins unnumbered bruised, great goddess, sing!"
+
+Another, speaking of the size of the ball in ancient times
+compared with what it is at present, says:--
+
+ "A ball like this, so monstrous and so hard,
+  Six eager Freshmen scarce could kick a yard!"
+
+Further compositions on this subject are to be found in the
+Harvard Register, Harvardiana, Yale Banger, &c.
+
+See WRESTLING-MATCH.
+
+
+FORENSIC. A written argument, maintaining either the affirmative
+or the negative side of a question.
+
+In Harvard College, the two senior classes are required to write
+_forensics_ once in every four weeks, on a subject assigned by the
+Professor of Moral Philosophy; these they read before him and the
+division of the class to which they belong, on appointed days. It
+was formerly customary for the teacher to name those who were to
+write on the affirmative and those on the negative, but it is now
+left optional with the student which side he will take. This word
+was originally used as an adjective, and it was usual to speak of
+a forensic dispute, which has now been shortened into _forensic_.
+
+For every unexcused omission of a _forensic_, or of reading a
+_forensic_, a deduction shall be made of the highest number of
+marks to which that exercise is entitled. Seventy-two is the
+highest mark for _forensics_.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._,
+1848.
+
+What with themes, _forensics_, letters, memoranda, notes on
+lectures, verses, and articles, I find myself considerably
+hurried.--_Collegian_, 1830, p. 241.
+
+                                  When
+  I call to mind _Forensics_ numberless,
+  With arguments so grave and erudite,
+  I never understood their force myself,
+  But trusted that my sage instructor would.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 403.
+
+
+FORK ON. At Hamilton College, _to fork on_, to appropriate to
+one's self.
+
+
+FORTS. At Jefferson and at Washington Colleges in Pennsylvania,
+the boarding-houses for the students are called _forts_.
+
+
+FOUNDATION. A donation or legacy appropriated to support an
+institution, and constituting a permanent fund, usually for a
+charitable purpose.--_Webster_.
+
+In America it is also applied to a donation or legacy appropriated
+especially to maintain poor and deserving, or other students, at a
+college.
+
+In the selection of candidates for the various beneficiary
+_foundations_, the preference will be given to those who are of
+exemplary conduct and scholarship.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam.,
+Mass._, 1848, p. 19.
+
+Scholars on this _foundation_ are to be called "scholars of the
+house."--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p. 86.
+
+
+FOUNDATIONER. One who derives support from the funds or foundation
+of a college or a great school.--_Jackson_.
+
+This word is not in use in the _United States_.
+
+See BENEFICIARY.
+
+
+FOUNDATION SCHOLAR. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+scholar who enjoys certain privileges, and who is of that class
+whence Fellows are taken.
+
+Of the scholars of this name, Bristed remarks: "The table nearer
+the door is filled by students in the ordinary Undergraduate blue
+gown; but from the better service of their table, and perhaps some
+little consequential air of their own, it is plain that they have
+something peculiar to boast of. They are the Foundation Scholars,
+from whom the future Fellows are to be chosen, in the proportion
+of about one out of three. Their Scholarships are gained by
+examination in the second or third year, and entitle them to a
+pecuniary allowance from the college, and also to their commons
+gratis (these latter subject to certain attendance at and service
+in chapel), a first choice of rooms, and some other little
+privileges, of which they are somewhat proud, and occasionally
+they look as if conscious that some Don may be saying to a chance
+visitor at the high table, 'Those over yonder are the scholars,
+the best men of their year.'"--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 20.
+
+
+FOX. In the German universities, a student during the first
+half-year is called a Fox (Fuchs), the same as Freshman. To this
+the epithet _nasty_ is sometimes added.
+
+On this subject, Howitt remarks: "On entering the University, he
+becomes a _Kameel_,--a Camel. This happy transition-state of a few
+weeks gone by, he comes forth finally, on entering a Chore, a
+_Fox_, and runs joyfully into the new Burschen life. During the
+first _semester_ or half-year, he is a gold fox, which means, that
+he has _foxes_, or rich gold in plenty yet; or he is a
+_Crass-fucks_, or fat fox, meaning that he yet swells or puffs
+himself up with gold."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+124.
+
+"Halloo there, Herdman, _fox_!" yelled another lusty tippler, and
+Herdman, thus appealed to, arose and emptied the contents of his
+glass.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 116.
+
+At the same moment, a door at the end of the hall was thrown open,
+and a procession of new-comers, or _Nasty Foxes_, as they are
+called in the college dialect, entered two by two, looking wild,
+and green, and foolish.--_Longfellow's Hyperion_, p. 109.
+
+See also in the last-mentioned work the Fox song.
+
+
+FREEZE. A correspondent from Williams College writes: "But by far
+the most expressive word in use among us is _Freeze_. The meaning
+of it might be felt, if, some cold morning, you would place your
+tender hand upon some frosty door-latch; it would be a striking
+specimen on the part of the door-latch of what we mean by
+_Freeze_. Thus we _freeze_ to apples in the orchards, to fellows
+whom we electioneer for in our secret societies, and alas! some
+even go so far as to _freeze_ to the ladies."
+
+"Now, boys," said Bob, "_freeze on_," and at it they went.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 111.
+
+
+FRESH. An abbreviation for Freshman or Freshmen; FRESHES is
+sometimes used for the plural.
+
+When Sophs met _Fresh_, power met opposing power. _Harv. Reg._, p.
+251.
+
+The Sophs did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+_Fresh_, as they call us.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+Listen to the low murmurings of some annihilated _Fresh_ upon the
+Delta.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+
+FRESH. Newly come; likewise, awkward, like a Freshman.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+For their behavior at table, spitting and coughing, and speaking
+loud, was counted uncivil in any but a gentleman; as we say in the
+university, that nothing is _fresh_ in a Senior, and to him it was
+a glory.--_Archæol. Atticæ_, Edit. Oxon., 1675, B. VI.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, _pl._ FRESHMEN. In England, a student during his first
+year's residence at the university. In America, one who belongs to
+the youngest of the four classes in college, called the _Freshman
+Class_.--_Webster_.
+
+
+FRESHMAN. Pertaining to a Freshman, or to the class called
+_Freshman_.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, BUTLER'S. At Harvard and Yale Colleges, a Freshman,
+formerly hired by the Butler, to perform certain duties pertaining
+to his office, was called by this name.
+
+The Butler may be allowed a Freshman, to do the foregoing duties,
+and to deliver articles to the students from the Buttery, who
+shall be appointed by the President and Tutors, and he shall be
+allowed the same provision in the Hall as the Waiters; and he
+shall not be charged in the Steward's quarter-bills under the
+heads of Steward and Instruction and Sweepers, Catalogue and
+Dinner.--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1793, p. 61.
+
+With being _butler's freshman_, and ringing the bell the first
+year, waiter the three last, and keeping school in the vacations,
+I rubbed through.--_The Algerine Captive_, Walpole, 1797, Vol. I.
+p. 54.
+
+See BUTLER, BUTTERY.
+
+
+FRESHMAN CLUB. At Hamilton College, it is customary for the new
+Sophomore Class to present to the Freshmen at the commencement of
+the first term a heavy cudgel, six feet long, of black walnut,
+brass bound, with a silver plate inscribed "_Freshman Club_." The
+club is given to the one who can hold it out at arm's length the
+longest time, and the presentation is accompanied with an address
+from one of the Sophomores in behalf of his class. He who receives
+the club is styled the "leader." The "leader" having been
+declared, after an appropriate speech from a Freshman appointed
+for that purpose, "the class," writes a correspondent, "form a
+procession, and march around the College yard, the leader carrying
+the club before them. A trial is then made by the class of the
+virtues of the club, on the Chapel door."
+
+
+FRESHMAN, COLLEGE. In Harvard University, a member of the Freshman
+Class, whose duties are enumerated below. "On Saturday, after the
+exercises, any student not specially prohibited may go out of
+town. If the students thus going out of town fail to return so as
+to be present at evening prayers, they must enter their names with
+the _College Freshman_ within the hour next preceding the evening
+study bell; and all students who shall be absent from evening
+prayers on Saturday must in like manner enter their
+names."--_Statutes and Laws of the Univ. in Cam., Mass._, 1825, p.
+42.
+
+The _College Freshman_ lived in No. 1, Massachusetts Hall, and was
+commonly called the _book-keeper_. The duties of this office are
+now performed by one of the Proctors.
+
+
+FRESHMANHOOD. The state of a _Freshman_, or the time in which one
+is a Freshman, which is in duration a year.
+
+  But yearneth not thy laboring heart, O Tom,
+  For those dear hours of simple _Freshmanhood_?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 405.
+
+  When to the college I came,
+        in the first dear day of _my freshhood_,
+  Like to the school we had left
+        I imagined the new situation.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+
+FRESHMANIC. Pertaining to a _Freshman_; resembling a _Freshman_,
+or his condition.
+
+The Junior Class had heard of our miraculous doings, and asserted
+with that peculiar dignity which should at all times excite terror
+and awe in the _Freshmanic_ breast, that they would countenance no
+such proceedings.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 316.
+
+I do not pine for those _Freshmanic_ days.--_Ibid._, Vol. III. p.
+405.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, PARIETAL. In Harvard College, the member of the Freshman
+Class who gives notice to those whom the chairman of the Parietal
+Committee wishes to see, is known by the name of the _Parietal
+Freshman_. For his services he receives about forty dollars per
+annum, and the rent of his room.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, PRESIDENT'S. A member of the Freshman Class who performs
+the official errands of the President, for which he receives the
+same compensation as the PARIETAL FRESHMAN.
+
+  Then Bibo kicked his carpet thrice,
+  Which brought his _Freshman_ in a trice.
+  "You little rascal! go and call
+  The persons mentioned in this scroll."
+  The fellow, hearing, scarcely feels
+  The ground, so quickly fly his heels.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 27.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, REGENT'S. In Harvard College, a member of the Freshman
+Class whose duties are given below.
+
+"When any student shall return to town, after having had leave of
+absence for one night or more, or after any vacation, he shall
+apply to the _Regent's Freshman_, at his room, to enter the time
+of his return; and shall tarry till he see it entered.
+
+"The _Regent's Freshman_ is not charged under the heads of
+Steward, Instruction, Sweepers, Catalogue, and Dinner."--_Laws of
+Harv. Coll._, 1816, pp. 46, 47.
+
+This office is now abolished.
+
+
+FRESHMAN'S BIBLE. Among collegians, the name by which the body of
+laws, the catalogue, or the calendar of a collegiate institution
+is often designated. The significancy of the word _Bible_ is seen,
+when the position in which the laws are intended to be regarded is
+considered. The _Freshman_ is supposed to have studied and to be
+more familiar with the laws than any one else, hence the propriety
+of using his name in this connection. A copy of the laws are
+usually presented to each student on his entrance into college.
+
+Every year there issues from the warehouse of Messrs. Deighton,
+the publishers to the University of Cambridge, an octavo volume,
+bound in white canvas, and of a very periodical and business-like
+appearance. Among the Undergraduates it is commonly known by the
+name of the "_Freshman's Bible_,"--the public usually ask for the
+"University Calendar."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+230.
+
+See COLLEGE BIBLE.
+
+
+FRESHMAN SERVITUDE. The custom which formerly prevailed in the
+older American colleges of allowing the members of all the upper
+classes to send Freshmen upon errands, and in other ways to treat
+them as inferiors, appears at the present day strange and almost
+unaccountable. That our forefathers had reasons which they deemed
+sufficient, not only for allowing, but sanctioning, this
+subjection, we cannot doubt; but what these were, we are not able
+to know from any accounts which have come down to us from the
+past.
+
+"On attending prayers the first evening," says one who graduated
+at Harvard College near the close of the last century, "no sooner
+had the President pronounced the concluding 'Amen,' than one of
+the Sophomores sung out, 'Stop, Freshmen, and hear the customs
+read.'" An account of these customs is given in President Quincy's
+History of Harvard University, Vol. II. p. 539. It is entitled,
+
+"THE ANCIENT CUSTOMS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, ESTABLISHED BY THE
+GOVERNMENT OF IT."
+
+"1. No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it
+rains, hails, or snows, provided he be on foot, and have not both
+hands full.
+
+"2. No Undergraduate shall wear his hat in the College yard when
+any of the Governors of the College are there; and no Bachelor
+shall wear his hat when the President is there.
+
+"3. Freshmen are to consider all the other classes as their
+seniors.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall speak to a Senior[26] with his hat on, or
+have it on in a Senior's chamber, or in his own, if a Senior be
+there.
+
+"5. All the Undergraduates shall treat those in the Government of
+the College with respect and deference; particularly they shall
+not be seated without leave in their presence; they shall be
+uncovered when they speak to them or are spoken to by them.
+
+"6. All Freshmen (except those employed by the Immediate
+Government of the College) shall be obliged to go on any errand
+(except such as shall be judged improper by some one in the
+Government of the College) for any of his Seniors, Graduates or
+Undergraduates, at any time, except in studying hours, or after
+nine o'clock in the evening.
+
+"7. A Senior Sophister has authority to take a Freshman from a
+Sophomore, a Middle Bachelor from a Junior Sophister, a Master
+from a Senior Sophister, and any Governor of the College from a
+Master.
+
+"8. Every Freshman before he goes for the person who takes him
+away (unless it be one in the Government of the College) shall
+return and inform the person from whom he is taken.
+
+"9. No Freshman, when sent on an errand, shall make any
+unnecessary delay, neglect to make due return, or go away till
+dismissed by the person who sent him.
+
+"10. No Freshman shall be detained by a Senior, when not actually
+employed on some suitable errand.
+
+"11. No Freshman shall be obliged to observe any order of a Senior
+to come to him, or go on any errand for him, unless he be wanted
+immediately.
+
+"12. No Freshman, when sent on an errand, shall tell who he is
+going for, unless he be asked; nor be obliged to tell what he is
+going for, unless asked by a Governor of the College.
+
+"13. When any person knocks at a Freshman's door, except in
+studying time, he shall immediately open the door, without
+inquiring who is there.
+
+"14. No scholar shall call up or down, to or from, any chamber in
+the College.
+
+"15. No scholar shall play football or any other game in the
+College yard, or throw any thing across the yard.
+
+"16. The Freshmen shall furnish bats, balls, and footballs for the
+use of the students, to be kept at the Buttery.[27]
+
+"17. Every Freshman shall pay the Butler for putting up his name
+in the Buttery.
+
+"18. Strict attention shall be paid by all the students to the
+common rules of cleanliness, decency, and politeness.
+
+"The Sophomores shall publish these customs to the Freshmen in the
+Chapel, whenever ordered by any in the Government of the College;
+at which time the Freshmen are enjoined to keep their places in
+their seats, and attend with decency to the reading."
+
+At the close of a manuscript copy of the laws of Harvard College,
+transcribed by Richard Waldron, a graduate of the class of 1738,
+when a Freshman, are recorded the following regulations, which
+differ from those already cited, not only in arrangement, but in
+other respects.
+
+COLLEGE CUSTOMS, ANNO 1734-5.
+
+"1. No Freshman shall ware his hat in the College yard except it
+rains, snows, or hails, or he be on horse back or haith both hands
+full.
+
+"2. No Freshman shall ware his hat in his Seniors Chamber, or in
+his own if his Senior be there.
+
+"3. No Freshman shall go by his Senior, without taking his hat of
+if it be on.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall intrude into his Seniors company.
+
+"5. No Freshman shall laugh in his Seniors face.
+
+"6. No Freshman shall talk saucily to his Senior, or speak to him
+with his hat on.
+
+"7. No Freshman shall ask his Senior an impertinent question.
+
+"8. Freshmen are to take notice that a Senior Sophister can take a
+Freshman from a Sophimore,[28] a Middle Batcelour from a Junior
+Sophister, a Master from a Senior Sophister, and a Fellow[29] from
+a Master.
+
+"9. Freshmen are to find the rest of the Scholars with bats,
+balls, and foot balls.
+
+"10. Freshmen must pay three shillings a peice to the Butler to
+have there names set up in the Buttery.
+
+"11. No Freshman shall loiter by the [way] when he is sent of an
+errand, but shall make hast and give a direct answer when he is
+asked who he is going [for]. No Freshman shall use lying or
+equivocation to escape going of an errand.
+
+"12. No Freshman shall tell who [he] is going [for] except he be
+asked, nor for what except he be asked by a Fellow.
+
+"13. No Freshman shall go away when he haith been sent of an
+errand before he be dismissed, which may be understood by saying,
+it is well, I thank you, you may go, or the like.
+
+"14. When a Freshman knocks at his Seniors door he shall tell
+[his] name if asked who.
+
+"15. When anybody knocks at a Freshmans door, he shall not aske
+who is there, but shall immediately open the door.
+
+"16. No Freshman shall lean at prayrs but shall stand upright.
+
+"17. No Freshman shall call his classmate by the name of Freshmen.
+
+"18. No Freshman shall call up or down to or from his Seniors
+chamber or his own.
+
+"19. No Freshman shall call or throw anything across the College
+yard.
+
+"20. No Freshman shall mingo against the College wall, nor go into
+the Fellows cus john.[30]
+
+"21. Freshmen may ware there hats at dinner and supper, except
+when they go to receive there Commons of bread and bear.
+
+"22. Freshmen are so to carry themselves to there Seniors in all
+respects so as to be in no wise saucy to them, and who soever of
+the Freshmen shall brake any of these customs shall be severely
+punished."
+
+Another manuscript copy of these singular regulations bears date
+September, 1741, and is entitled,
+
+"THE CUSTOMS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, WHICH IF THE FRESHMEN DON'T
+OBSERVE AND OBEY, THEY SHALL BE SEVERELY PUNISHED IF THEY HAVE
+HEARD THEM READ."
+
+"1. No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, except it
+rains, hails, or snows, he be on horseback, or hath both hands
+full.
+
+"2. No Freshman shall pass by his Senior, without pulling his hat
+off.
+
+"3. No Freshman shall be saucy to his Senior, or speak to him with
+his hat on.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall laugh in his Senior's face.
+
+"5. No Freshman shall ask his Senior any impertinent question.
+
+"6. No Freshman shall intrude into his Senior's company.
+
+"7. Freshmen are to take notice that a Senior Sophister can take a
+Freshman from a Sophimore, a Master from a Senior Sophister, and a
+Fellow from a Master.
+
+"8. When a Freshman is sent of an errand, he shall not loiter by
+the way, but shall make haste, and give a direct answer if asked
+who he is going for.
+
+"9. No Freshman shall tell who he is a going for (unless asked),
+or what he is a going for, unless asked by a Fellow.
+
+"10. No Freshman, when he is going of errands, shall go away,
+except he be dismissed, which is known by saying, 'It is well,'
+'You may go,' 'I thank you,' or the like.
+
+"11. Freshman are to find the rest of the scholars with bats,
+balls, and footballs.
+
+"12. Freshmen shall pay three shillings to the Butler to have
+their names set up in the Buttery.
+
+"13. No Freshman shall wear his hat in his Senior's chambers, nor
+in his own if his Senior be there.
+
+"14. When anybody knocks at a Freshman's door, he shall not ask
+who is there, but immediately open the door.
+
+"15. When a Freshman knocks at his Senior's door, he shall tell
+his name immediately.
+
+"16. No Freshman shall call his classmate by the name of Freshman.
+
+"17. No Freshman shall call up or down, to or from his Senior's
+chamber or his own.
+
+"18. No Freshman shall call or throw anything across the College
+yard, nor go into the Fellows' Cuz-John.
+
+"19. No Freshman shall mingo against the College walls.
+
+"20. Freshmen are to carry themselves, in all respects, as to be
+in no wise saucy to their Seniors.
+
+"21. Whatsoever Freshman shall break any of these customs, he
+shall be severely punished."
+
+
+A written copy of these regulations in Latin, of a very early
+date, is still extant. They appear first in English, in the fourth
+volume of the Immediate Government Books, 1781, p. 257. The two
+following laws--one of which was passed soon after the
+establishment of the College, the other in the year 1734--seem to
+have been the foundation of these rules. "Nulli ex scholaribus
+senioribus, solis tutoribus et collegii sociis exceptis, recentem
+sive juniorem, ad itinerandum, aut ad aliud quodvis faciendum,
+minis, verberibus, vel aliis modis impellere licebit. Et siquis
+non gradatus in hanc legem peccaverit, castigatione corporali,
+expulsione, vel aliter, prout præsidi cum sociis visum fuerit
+punietur."--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 133.
+
+"None belonging to the College, except the President, Fellows,
+Professors, and Tutors, shall by threats or blows compel a
+Freshman or any Undergraduate to any duty or obedience; and if any
+Undergraduate shall offend against this law, he shall be liable to
+have the privilege of sending Freshmen taken from him by the
+President and Tutors, or be degraded or expelled, according to the
+aggravation of the offence. Neither shall any Senior scholars,
+Graduates or Undergraduates, send any Freshman on errands in
+studying hours, without leave from one of the Tutors, his own
+Tutor if in College."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 141.
+
+That this privilege of sending Freshmen on errands was abused in
+some cases, we see from an account of "a meeting of the
+Corporation in Cambridge, March 27th, 1682," at which time notice
+was given that "great complaints have been made and proved against
+----, for his abusive carriage, in requiring some of the Freshmen
+to go upon his private errands, and in striking the said
+Freshmen."
+
+In the year 1772, "the Overseers having repeatedly recommended
+abolishing the custom of allowing the upper classes to send
+Freshmen on errands, and the making of a law exempting them from
+such services, the Corporation voted, that, 'after deliberate
+consideration and weighing all circumstances, they are not able to
+project any plan in the room of this long and ancient custom, that
+will not, in their opinion, be attended with equal, if not
+greater, inconveniences.'" It seems, however, to have fallen into
+disuse, for a time at least, after this period; for in June, 1786,
+"the retaining men or boys to perform the services for which
+Freshmen had been heretofore employed," was declared to be a
+growing evil, and was prohibited by the Corporation.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 515; Vol. II. pp. 274, 277.
+
+The upper classes being thus forbidden to employ persons not
+connected with the College to wait upon them, the services of
+Freshmen were again brought into requisition, and they were not
+wholly exempted from menial labor until after the year 1800.
+
+Another service which the Freshmen were called on to perform, was
+once every year to shake the carpets of the library and Philosophy
+Chamber in the Chapel.
+
+Those who refused to comply with these regulations were not
+allowed to remain in College, as appears from the following
+circumstance, which happened about the year 1790. A young man from
+the West Indies, of wealthy and highly respectable parents,
+entered Freshman, and soon after, being ordered by a member of one
+of the upper classes to go upon an errand for him, refused, at the
+same time saying, that if he had known it was the custom to
+require the lower class to wait on the other classes, he would
+have brought a slave with him to perform his share of these
+duties. In the common phrase of the day, he was _hoisted_, i.e.
+complained of to a tutor, and on being told that he could not
+remain at College if he did not comply with its regulations, he
+took up his connections and returned home.
+
+With reference to some of the observances which were in vogue at
+Harvard College in the year 1794, the recollections of Professor
+Sidney Willard are these:--
+
+"It was the practice, at the time of my entrance at College, for
+the Sophomore Class, by a member selected for the purpose, to
+communicate to the Freshmen, in the Chapel, 'the Customs,' so
+called; the Freshmen being required to 'keep their places in their
+seats, and attend with decency to the reading.' These customs had
+been handed down from remote times, with some modifications not
+essentially changing them. Not many days after our seats were
+assigned to us in the Chapel, we were directed to remain after
+evening prayers and attend to the reading of the customs; which
+direction was accordingly complied with, and they were read and
+listened to with decorum and gravity. Whether the ancient customs
+of outward respect, which forbade a Freshman 'to wear his hat in
+the College yard, unless it rains, hails, or snows, provided he be
+on foot, and have not both hands full,' as if the ground on which
+he trod and the atmosphere around him were consecrated, and the
+article which extends the same prohibition to all undergraduates,
+when any of the governors of the College are in the yard, were
+read, I cannot say; but I think they were not; for it would have
+disturbed that gravity which I am confident was preserved during
+the whole reading. These prescripts, after a long period of
+obsolescence, had become entirely obsolete.
+
+"The most degrading item in the list of customs was that which
+made Freshmen subservient to all the other classes; which obliged
+those who were not employed by the Immediate Government of the
+College to go on any errand, not judged improper by an officer of
+the government, or in study hours, for any of the other classes,
+the Senior having the prior right to the service.... The privilege
+of claiming such service, and the obligation, on the other hand,
+to perform it, doubtless gave rise to much abuse, and sometimes to
+unpleasant conflict. A Senior having a claim to the service of a
+Freshman prior to that of the classes below them, it had become a
+practice not uncommon, for a Freshman to obtain a Senior, to whom,
+as a patron and friend, he acknowledged and avowed a permanent
+service due, and whom he called _his_ Senior by way of eminence,
+thus escaping the demands that might otherwise be made upon him
+for trivial or unpleasant errands. The ancient custom was never
+abolished by authority, but died with the change of feeling; so
+that what might be demanded as a right came to be asked as a
+favor, and the right was resorted to only as a sort of defensive
+weapon, as a rebuke of a supposed impertinence, or resentment of a
+real injury."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp. 258,
+259.
+
+The following account of this system, as it formerly obtained at
+Yale College, is from President Woolsey's Historical Discourse
+before the Graduates of that Institution, Aug. 14, 1850:--
+
+"Another remarkable particular in the old system here was the
+servitude of Freshmen,--for such it really deserved to be called.
+The new-comers--as if it had been to try their patience and
+endurance in a novitiate before being received into some monastic
+order--were put into the hands of Seniors, to be reproved and
+instructed in manners, and were obliged to run upon errands for
+the members of all the upper classes. And all this was very
+gravely meant, and continued long in use. The Seniors considered
+it as a part of the system to initiate the ignorant striplings
+into the college system, and performed it with the decorum of
+dancing-masters. And, if the Freshmen felt the burden, the upper
+classes who had outlived it, and were now reaping the advantages
+of it, were not willing that the custom should die in their time.
+
+"The following paper, printed I cannot tell when, but as early as
+the year 1764, gives information to the Freshmen in regard to
+their duty of respect towards the officers, and towards the older
+students. It is entitled 'FRESHMAN LAWS,' and is perhaps part of a
+book of customs which was annually read for the instruction of
+new-comers.
+
+"'It being the duty of the Seniors to teach Freshmen the laws,
+usages, and customs of the College, to this end they are empowered
+to order the whole Freshman Class, or any particular member of it,
+to appear, in order to be instructed or reproved, at such time and
+place as they shall appoint; when and where every Freshman shall
+attend, answer all proper questions, and behave decently. The
+Seniors, however, are not to detain a Freshman more than five
+minutes after study bell, without special order from the
+President, Professor, or Tutor.
+
+"'The Freshmen, as well as all other Undergraduates, are to be
+uncovered, and are forbidden to wear their hats (unless in stormy
+weather) in the front door-yard of the President's or Professor's
+house, or within ten rods of the person of the President, eight
+rods of the Professor, and five rods of a Tutor.
+
+"'The Freshmen are forbidden to wear their hats in College yard
+(except in stormy weather, or when they are obliged to carry
+something in their hands) until May vacation; nor shall they
+afterwards wear them in College or Chapel.
+
+"'No Freshman shall wear a gown, or walk with a cane, or appear
+out of his room without being completely dressed, and with his
+hat; and whenever a Freshman either speaks to a superior or is
+spoken to by one, he shall keep his hat off until he is bidden to
+put it on. A Freshman shall not play with any members of an upper
+class, without being asked; nor is he permitted to use any acts of
+familiarity with them, even in study time.
+
+"'In case of personal insult, a Junior may call up a Freshman and
+reprehend him. A Sophomore, in like case, must obtain leave from a
+Senior, and then he may discipline a Freshman, not detaining him
+more than five minutes, after which the Freshman may retire, even
+without being dismissed, but must retire in a respectful manner.
+
+"'Freshmen are obliged to perform all reasonable errands for any
+superior, always returning an account of the same to the person
+who sent them. When called, they shall attend and give a
+respectful answer; and when attending on their superior, they are
+not to depart until regularly dismissed. They are responsible for
+all damage done to anything put into their hands by way of errand.
+They are not obliged to go for the Undergraduates in study time,
+without permission obtained from the authority; nor are they
+obliged to go for a graduate out of the yard in study time. A
+Senior may take a Freshman from a Sophimore, a Bachelor from a
+Junior, and a Master from a Senior. None may order a Freshman in
+one play time, to do an errand in another.
+
+"'When a Freshman is near a gate or door belonging to College or
+College yard, he shall look around and observe whether any of his
+superiors are coming to the same; and if any are coming within
+three rods, he shall not enter without a signal to proceed. In
+passing up or down stairs, or through an entry or any other narrow
+passage, if a Freshman meets a superior, he shall stop and give
+way, leaving the most convenient side,--if on the stairs, the
+banister side. Freshmen shall not run in College yard, or up or
+down stairs, or call to any one through a College window. When
+going into the chamber of a superior, they shall knock at the
+door, and shall leave it as they find it, whether open or shut.
+Upon entering the chamber of a superior, they shall not speak
+until spoken to; they shall reply modestly to all questions, and
+perform their messages decently and respectfully. They shall not
+tarry in a superior's room, after they are dismissed, unless asked
+to sit. They shall always rise whenever a superior enters or
+leaves the room where they are, and not sit in his presence until
+permitted.
+
+"'These rules are to be observed, not only about College, but
+everywhere else within the limits of the city of New Haven.'
+
+"This is certainly a very remarkable document, one which it
+requires some faith to look on as originating in this land of
+universal suffrage, in the same century with the Declaration of
+Independence. He who had been moulded and reduced into shape by
+such a system might soon become expert in the punctilios of the
+court of Louis the Fourteenth.
+
+"This system, however, had more tenacity of life than might be
+supposed. In 1800 we still find it laid down as the Senior's duty
+to inspect the manners and customs of the lower classes, and
+especially of the Freshmen; and as the duty of the latter to do
+any proper errand, not only for the authorities of the College,
+but also, within the limits of one mile, for Resident Graduates
+and for the two upper classes. By degrees the old usage sank down
+so far, that what the laws permitted was frequently abused for the
+purpose of playing tricks upon the inexperienced Freshmen; and
+then all evidence of its ever having been current disappeared from
+the College code. The Freshmen were formally exempted from the
+duty of running upon errands in 1804."--pp. 54-56.
+
+Among the "Laws of Yale College," published in 1774, appears the
+following regulation: "Every Freshman is obliged to do any proper
+Errand or Message, required of him by any one in an upper class,
+which if he shall refuse to do, he shall be punished. Provided
+that in Study Time no Graduate may send a Freshman out of College
+Yard, or an Undergraduate send him anywhere at all without Liberty
+first obtained of the President or Tutor."--pp. 14, 15.
+
+In a copy of the "Laws" of the above date, which formerly belonged
+to Amasa Paine, who entered the Freshman Class at Yale in 1781, is
+to be found a note in pencil appended to the above regulation, in
+these words: "This Law was annulled when Dr. [Matthew] Marvin, Dr.
+M.J. Lyman, John D. Dickinson, William Bradley, and Amasa Paine
+were classmates, and [they] claimed the Honor of abolishing it."
+The first three were graduated at Yale in the class of 1785;
+Bradley was graduated at the same college in 1784 and Paine, after
+spending three years at Yale, was graduated at Harvard College in
+the class of 1785.
+
+As a part of college discipline, the upper classes were sometimes
+deprived of the privilege of employing the services of Freshmen.
+The laws on this subject were these:--
+
+"If any Scholar shall write or publish any scandalous Libel about
+the President, a Fellow, Professor, or Tutor, or shall treat any
+one of them with any reproachful or reviling Language, or behave
+obstinately, refractorily, or contemptuously towards either of
+them, or be guilty of any Kind of Contempt, he may be punished by
+Fine, Admonition, be deprived the Liberty of sending Freshmen for
+a Time; by Suspension from all the Privileges of College; or
+Expulsion, according as the Nature and Aggravation of the Crime
+may require."
+
+"If any Freshman near the Time of Commencement shall fire the
+great Guns, or give or promise any Money, Counsel, or Assistance
+towards their being fired; or shall illuminate College with
+Candles, either on the Inside or Outside of the Windows, or
+exhibit any such Kind of Show, or dig or scrape the College Yard
+otherwise than with the Liberty and according to the Directions of
+the President in the Manner formerly practised, or run in the
+College Yard in Company, they shall be deprived the Privilege of
+sending Freshmen three Months after the End of the Year."--_Laws
+Yale Coll._, 1774, pp. 13, 25, 26.
+
+To the latter of these laws, a clause was subsequently added,
+declaring that every Freshman who should "do anything unsuitable
+for a Freshman" should be deprived of the privilege "of sending
+Freshmen on errands, or teaching them manners, during the first
+three months of _his_ Sophomore year."--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1787,
+in _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 140.
+
+In the Sketches of Yale College, p. 174, is the following
+anecdote, relating to this subject:--"A Freshman was once
+furnished with a dollar, and ordered by one of the upper classes
+to procure for him pipes and tobacco, from the farthest store on
+Long Wharf, a good mile distant. Being at that time compelled by
+College laws to obey the unreasonable demand, he proceeded
+according to orders, and returned with ninety-nine cents' worth of
+pipes and one pennyworth of tobacco. It is needless to add that he
+was not again sent on a similar errand."
+
+The custom of obliging the Freshmen to run on errands for the
+Seniors was done away with at Dartmouth College, by the class of
+1797, at the close of their Freshman year, when, having served
+their own time out, they presented a petition to the Trustees to
+have it abolished.
+
+In the old laws of Middlebury College are the two following
+regulations in regard to Freshmen, which seem to breathe the same
+spirit as those cited above. "Every Freshman shall be obliged to
+do any proper errand or message for the Authority of the College."
+--"It shall be the duty of the Senior Class to inspect the manners
+of the Freshman Class, and to instruct them in the customs of the
+College, and in that graceful and decent behavior toward
+superiors, which politeness and a just and reasonable
+subordination require."--_Laws_, 1804, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+FRESHMANSHIP. The state of a Freshman.
+
+A man who had been my fellow-pupil with him from the beginning of
+our _Freshmanship_, would meet him there.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 150.
+
+
+FRESHMAN'S LANDMARK. At Cambridge, Eng., King's College Chapel is
+thus designated. "This stupendous edifice may be seen for several
+miles on the London road, and indeed from most parts of the
+adjacent country."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+FRESHMAN, TUTOR'S. In Harvard College, the _Freshman_ who occupies
+a room under a _Tutor_. He is required to do the errands of the
+Tutor which relate to College, and in return has a high choice of
+rooms in his Sophomore year.
+
+The same remarks, _mutatis mutandis_, apply to the _Proctor's
+Freshman_.
+
+
+FRESH-SOPH. An abbreviation of _Freshman-Sophomore_. One who
+enters college in the _Sophomore_ year, having passed the time of
+the _Freshman_ year elsewhere.
+
+I was a _Fresh-Sophomore_ then, and a waiter in the commons' hall.
+--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 114.
+
+
+FROG. In Germany, a student while in the gymnasium, and before
+entering the university, is called a _Frosch_,--a frog.
+
+
+FUNK. Disgust; weariness; fright. A sensation sometimes
+experienced by students in view of an examination.
+
+In Cantab phrase I was suffering examination _funk_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 61.
+
+A singular case of _funk_ occurred at this examination. The man
+who would have been second, took fright when four of the six days
+were over, and fairly ran away, not only from the examination, but
+out of Cambridge, and was not discovered by his friends or family
+till some time after.--_Ibid._, p. 125.
+
+One of our Scholars, who stood a much better chance than myself,
+gave up from mere _funk_, and resolved to go out in the
+Poll.--_Ibid._, p. 229.
+
+2. Fear or sensibility to fear. The general application of the
+term.
+
+So my friend's first fault is timidity, which is only not
+recognized as such on account of its vast proportions. I grant,
+then, that the _funk_ is sublime, which is a true and friendly
+admission.--_A letter to the N.Y. Tribune_, in _Lit. World_, Nov.
+30, 1850.
+
+
+
+_G_.
+
+
+GAS. To impose upon another by a consequential address, or by
+detailing improbable stories or using "great swelling words"; to
+deceive; to cheat.
+
+Found that Fairspeech only wanted to "_gas_" me, which he did
+pretty effectually.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 72.
+
+
+GATE BILL. In the English universities, the record of a pupil's
+failures to be within his college at or before a specified hour of
+the night.
+
+To avoid gate-bills, he will be out at night as late as he
+pleases, and will defy any one to discover his absence; for he
+will climb over the college walls, and fee his Gyp well, when he
+is out all night--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 128.
+
+
+GATED. At the English universities, students who, for
+misdemeanors, are not permitted to be out of their college after
+ten in the evening, are said to be _gated_.
+
+"_Gated_," i.e. obliged to be within the college walls by ten
+o'clock at night; by this he is prevented from partaking in
+suppers, or other nocturnal festivities, in any other college or
+in lodgings.--Note to _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May,
+1849.
+
+The lighter college offences, such as staying out at night or
+missing chapel, are punished by what they term "_gating_"; in one
+form of which, a man is actually confined to his rooms: in a more
+mild way, he is simply restricted to the precincts of the college.
+--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 241.
+
+
+GAUDY. In the University of Oxford, a feast or festival. The days
+on which they occur are called _gaudies_ or _gaudy days_. "Blount,
+in his Glossographia," says Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary,
+"speaks of a foolish derivation of the word from a Judge _Gaudy_,
+said to have been the institutor of such days. But _such_ days
+were held in all times, and did not want a judge to invent them."
+
+                              Come,
+  Let's have one other _gaudy_ night: call to me
+  All my sad captains; fill our bowls; once more
+  Let's mock the midnight bell.
+    _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act. III. Sc. 11.
+
+            A foolish utensil of state,
+  Which like old plate upon a _gaudy day_,
+  's brought forth to make a show, and that is all.
+    _Goblins_, Old Play, X. 143.
+
+Edmund Riche, called of Pontigny, Archbishop of Canterbury. After
+his death he was canonized by Pope Innocent V., and his day in the
+calendar, 16 Nov., was formerly kept as a "_gaudy_" by the members
+of the hall.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 121.
+
+2. An entertainment; a treat; a spree.
+
+Cut lectures, go to chapel as little as possible, dine in hall
+seldom more than once a week, give _Gaudies_ and spreads.--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._, p. 122.
+
+
+GENTLEMAN-COMMONER. The highest class of Commoners at Oxford
+University. Equivalent to a Cambridge _Fellow-Commoner_.
+
+Gentlemen Commoners "are eldest sons, or only sons, or men already
+in possession of estates, or else (which is as common a case as
+all the rest put together), they are the heirs of newly acquired
+wealth,--sons of the _nouveaux riches_"; they enjoy a privilege as
+regards the choice of rooms; associate at meals with the Fellows
+and other authorities of the College; are the possessors of two
+gowns, "an undress for the morning, and a full dress-gown for the
+evening," both of which are made of silk, the latter being very
+elaborately ornamented; wear a cap, covered with velvet instead of
+cloth; pay double caution money, at entrance, viz. fifty guineas,
+and are charged twenty guineas a year for tutorage, twice the
+amount of the usual fee.--Compiled from _De Quincey's Life and
+Manners_, pp. 278-280.
+
+
+GET UP A SUBJECT. See SUBJECT.
+
+This was the fourth time I had begun Algebra, and essayed with no
+weakness of purpose to _get_ it _up_ properly.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 157.
+
+
+GILL. The projecting parts of a standing collar are, from their
+situation, sometimes denominated _gills_.
+
+  But, O, what rage his maddening bosom fills!
+  Far worse than dust-soiled coat are ruined "_gills_."
+    _Poem before the Class of 1828, Harv. Coll., by J.C.
+    Richmond_, p. 6.
+
+
+GOBBLE. At Yale College, to seize; to lay hold of; to appropriate;
+nearly the same as to _collar_, q.v.
+
+  Alas! how dearly for the fun they paid,
+  Whom the Proffs _gobbled_, and the Tutors too.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+  I never _gobbled_ one poor flat,
+  To cheer me with his soft dark eye, &c.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  I went and performed, and got through the burning,
+  But oh! and alas! I was _gobbled_ returning.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+Upon that night, in the broad street, was I by one of the
+brain-deficient men _gobbled_.--_Yale Battery_, Feb. 1850.
+
+  Then shout for the hero who _gobbles_ the prize.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 39.
+
+At Cambridge, Eng., this word is used in the phrase _gobbling
+Greek_, i.e. studying or speaking that tongue.
+
+Ambitious to "_gobble_" his Greek in the _haute monde_.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 79.
+
+It was now ten o'clock, and up stairs we therefore flew to
+_gobble_ Greek with Professor ----.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 127.
+
+You may have seen him, traversing the grass-plots, "_gobbling
+Greek_" to himself.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 210.
+
+
+GOLGOTHA. _The place of a skull_. At Cambridge, Eng., in the
+University Church, "a particular part," says the Westminster
+Review, "is appropriated to the _heads_ of the houses, and is
+called _Golgotha_ therefrom, a name which the appearance of its
+occupants renders peculiarly fitting, independent of the
+pun."--Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 236.
+
+
+GONUS. A stupid fellow.
+
+He was a _gonus_; perhaps, though, you don't know what _gonus_
+means. One day I heard a Senior call a fellow a _gonus_. "A what?"
+said I. "A great gonus," repeated he. "_Gonus_," echoed I, "what's
+that mean?" "O," said he, "you're a Freshman and don't
+understand." A stupid fellow, a dolt, a boot-jack, an ignoramus,
+is called here a _gonus_. "All Freshmen," continued he gravely,
+"are _gonuses_."--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 116.
+
+If the disquisitionist should ever reform his habits, and turn his
+really brilliant talents to some good account, then future
+_gonuses_ will swear by his name, and quote him in their daily
+maledictions of the appointment system.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol.
+I. p. 76.
+
+The word _goney_, with the same meaning, is often used.
+
+"How the _goney_ swallowed it all, didn't he?" said Mr. Slick,
+with great glee.--_Slick in England_, Chap. XXI.
+
+Some on 'em were fools enough to believe the _goney_; that's a
+fact.--_Ibid._
+
+
+GOOD FELLOW. At the University of Vermont, this term is used with
+a signification directly opposite to that which it usually has. It
+there designates a soft-brained boy; one who is lacking in
+intellect, or, as a correspondent observes, "an _epithetical_
+fool."
+
+
+GOODY. At Harvard College, a woman who has the care of the
+students' rooms. The word seems to be an abbreviated form of the
+word _goodwife_. It has long been in use, as a low term of
+civility or sport, and in some cases with the signification of a
+good old dame; but in the sense above given it is believed to be
+peculiar to Harvard College. In early times, _sweeper_ was in use
+instead of _goody_, and even now at Yale College the word _sweep_
+is retained. The words _bed-maker_ at Cambridge, Eng., and _gyp_
+at Oxford, express the same idea.
+
+The Rebelliad, an epic poem, opens with an invocation to the
+Goody, as follows.
+
+  Old _Goody_ Muse! on thee I call,
+  _Pro more_, (as do poets all,)
+  To string thy fiddle, wax thy bow,
+  And scrape a ditty, jig, or so.
+  Now don't wax wrathy, but excuse
+  My calling you old _Goody_ Muse;
+  Because "_Old Goody_" is a name
+  Applied to every college dame.
+    Aloft in pendent dignity,
+      Astride her magic broom,
+    And wrapt in dazzling majesty,
+      See! see! the _Goody_ come!--p. 11.
+
+  Go on, dear _Goody_! and recite
+  The direful mishaps of the fight.--_Ibid._, p. 20.
+
+  The _Goodies_ hearing, cease to sweep,
+  And listen; while the cook-maids weep.--_Ibid._, p. 47.
+
+  The _Goody_ entered with her broom,
+  To make his bed and sweep his room.--_Ibid._, p. 73.
+
+On opening the papers left to his care, he found a request that
+his effects might be bestowed on his friend, the _Goody_, who had
+been so attentive to him during his declining hours.--_Harvard
+Register_, 1827-28, p. 86.
+
+I was interrupted by a low knock at my door, followed by the
+entrance of our old _Goody_, with a bundle of musty papers in her
+hand, tied round with a soiled red ribbon.--_Collegian_, 1830, p.
+231.
+
+Were there any _Goodies_ when you were in college, father? Perhaps
+you did not call them by that name. They are nice old ladies (not
+so _very_ nice, either), who come in every morning, after we have
+been to prayers, and sweep the rooms, and make the beds, and do
+all that sort of work. However, they don't much like their title,
+I find; for I called one, the other day, _Mrs. Goodie_, thinking
+it was her real name, and she was as sulky as she could
+be.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+  Yet these half-emptied bottles shall I take,
+  And, having purged them of this wicked stuff,
+  Make a small present unto _Goody_ Bush.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 257.
+
+Reader! wert ever beset by a dun? ducked by the _Goody_ from thine
+own window, when "creeping like snail unwillingly" to morning
+prayers?--_Ibid._, Vol. IV. p. 274.
+
+          The crowd delighted
+  Saw them, like _Goodies_, clothed in gowns of satin,
+  Of silk or cotton.--_Childe Harvard_, p. 26, 1848.
+
+  On the wall hangs a Horse-shoe I found in the street;
+  'T is the shoe that to-day sets in motion my feet;
+  Though its charms are all vanished this many a year,
+  And not even my _Goody_ regards it with fear.
+    _The Horse-Shoe, a Poem, by J.B. Felton_, 1849, p. 4.
+
+A very clever elegy on the death of Goody Morse, who
+ "For forty years or more
+  ... contrived the while
+  No little dust to raise"
+in the rooms of the students of Harvard College, is to be found in
+Harvardiana, Vol. I. p. 233. It was written by Mr. (afterwards
+Rev.) Benjamin Davis Winslow. In the poem which he read before his
+class in the University Chapel at Cambridge, July 14, 1835, he
+referred to her in these lines:
+
+ "'New brooms sweep clean': 't was thine, dear _Goody_ Morse,
+  To prove the musty proverb hath no force,
+  Since fifty years to vanished centuries crept,
+  While thy old broom our cloisters duly swept.
+  All changed but thee! beneath thine aged eye
+  Whole generations came and flitted by,
+  Yet saw thee still in office;--e'en reform
+  Spared thee the pelting of its angry storm.
+  Rest to thy bones in yonder church-yard laid,
+  Where thy last bed the village sexton made!"--p. 19.
+
+
+GORM. From _gormandize_. At Hamilton College, to eat voraciously.
+
+
+GOT. In Princeton College, when a student or any one else has been
+cheated or taken in, it is customary to say, he was _got_.
+
+
+GOVERNMENT. In American colleges, the general government is
+usually vested in a corporation or a board of trustees, whose
+powers, rights, and duties are established by the respective
+charters of the colleges over which they are placed. The immediate
+government of the undergraduates is in the hands of the president,
+professors, and tutors, who are styled _the Government_, or _the
+College Government_, and more frequently _the Faculty_, or _the
+College Faculty_.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, pp. 7, 8.
+_Laws of Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 5.
+
+For many years he was the most conspicuous figure among those who
+constituted what was formerly called "the
+_Government_."--_Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. vii.
+
+  [Greek: Kudiste], mighty President!!!
+  [Greek: Kalomen nun] the _Government_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 27.
+
+  Did I not jaw the _Government_,
+  For cheating more than ten per cent?--_Ibid._, p. 32.
+
+  They shall receive due punishment
+  From Harvard College _Government_.--_Ibid._, p. 44.
+
+The annexed production, printed from a MS. in the author's
+handwriting, and in the possession of the editor of this work, is
+now, it is believed, for the first time presented to the public.
+The time is 1787; the scene, Harvard College. The poem was
+"written by John Q. Adams, son of the President, when an
+undergraduate."
+
+   "A DESCRIPTION OF A GOVERNMENT MEETING.
+
+ "The Government of College met,
+  And _Willard_[31] rul'd the stern debate.
+  The witty _Jennison_[32] declar'd
+  As how, he'd been completely scar'd;
+  Last night, quoth he, as I came home,
+  I heard a noise in _Prescott's_[33] room.
+  I went and listen'd at the door,
+  As I had often done before;
+  I found the Juniors in a high rant,
+  They call'd the President a tyrant;
+  And said as how I was a fool,
+  A long ear'd ass, a sottish mule,
+  Without the smallest grain of spunk;
+  So I concluded they were drunk.
+  At length I knock'd, and Prescott came:
+  I told him 't was a burning shame,
+  That he should give his classmates wine;
+  And he should pay a heavy fine.
+  Meanwhile the rest grew so outragious,
+  Altho' I boast of being couragious,
+  I could not help being in a fright,
+  For one of them put out the light.
+  I thought 't was best to come away,
+  And wait for vengeance 'till this day;
+  And he's a fool at any rate
+  Who'll fight, when he can RUSTICATE.
+  When they [had] found that I was gone,
+  They ran through College up and down;
+  And I could hear them very plain
+  Take the Lord's holy name in vain.
+  To Wier's[34] chamber they then repair'd,
+  And there the wine they freely shar'd;
+  They drank and sung till they were tir'd.
+  And then they peacefully retir'd.
+  When this Homeric speech was said,
+  With drolling tongue and hanging head,
+  The learned Doctor took his seat,
+  Thinking he'd done a noble feat.
+  Quoth Joe,[35] the crime is great I own,
+  Send for the Juniors one by one.
+  By this almighty wig I swear,
+  Which with such majesty I wear,
+  Which in its orbit vast contains
+  My dignity, my power and brains,
+  That Wier and Prescott both shall see,
+  That College boys must not be free.
+  He spake, and gave the awful nod
+  Like Homer's Didonean God,
+  The College from its centre shook,
+  And every pipe and wine-glass broke.
+
+ "_Williams_,[36] with countenance humane,
+  While scarce from laughter could refrain,
+  Thought that such youthful scenes of mirth
+  To punishment could not give birth;
+  Nor could he easily divine
+  What was the harm of drinking wine.
+
+ "But _Pearson_,[37] with an awful frown,
+  Full of his article and noun,
+  Spake thus: by all the parts of speech
+  Which I so elegantly teach,
+  By mercy I will never stain
+  The character which I sustain.
+  Pray tell me why the laws were made,
+  If they're not to be obey'd;
+  Besides, _that Wier_ I can't endure,
+  For he's a wicked rake, I'm sure.
+  But whether I am right or not,
+  I'll not recede a single jot.
+
+ "_James_[38] saw 'twould be in vain t' oppose,
+  And therefore to be silent chose.
+
+ "_Burr_,[39] who had little wit or pride,
+  Preferr'd to take the strongest side.
+  And Willard soon receiv'd commission
+  To give a publick admonition.
+  With pedant strut to prayers he came,
+  Call'd out the criminals by name;
+  Obedient to his dire command,
+  Prescott and Wier before him stand.
+  The rulers merciful and kind,
+  With equal grief and wonder find,
+  That you do drink, and play, and sing,
+  And make with noise the College ring.
+  I therefore warn you to beware
+  Of drinking more than you can bear.
+  Wine an incentive is to riot,
+  Disturbance of the publick quiet.
+  Full well your Tutors know the truth,
+  For sad experience taught their youth.
+  Take then this friendly exhortation;
+  The next offence is RUSTICATION."
+
+
+GOWN. A long, loose upper garment or robe, worn by professional
+men, as divines, lawyers, students, &c., who are called _men of
+the gown_, or _gownmen_. It is made of any kind of cloth, worn
+over ordinary clothes, and hangs down to the ankles, or nearly so.
+--_Encyc._
+
+From a letter written in the year 1766, by Mr. Holyoke, then
+President of Harvard College, it would appear that gowns were
+first worn by the members of that institution about the year 1760.
+The gown, although worn by the students in the English
+universities, is now seldom worn in American colleges except on
+Commencement, Exhibition, or other days of a similar public
+character.
+
+The students are permitted to wear black _gowns_, in which they
+may appear on all public occasions.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+37.
+
+Every candidate for a first degree shall wear a black dress and
+the usual black _gown_.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 20.
+
+The performers all wore black _gowns_ with sleeves large enough to
+hold me in, and shouted and swung their arms, till they looked
+like so many Methodist ministers just ordained.--_Harvardiana_,
+Vol. III. p. 111.
+
+  Saw them ... clothed in _gowns_ of satin,
+    Or silk or cotton, black as souls benighted.--
+  All, save the _gowns_, was startling, splendid, tragic,
+  But gowns on men have lost their wonted magic.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 26.
+
+  The door swings open--and--he comes! behold him
+    Wrapt in his mantling _gown_, that round him flows
+  Waving, as Cæsar's toga did enfold him.--_Ibid._, p. 36.
+
+On Saturday evenings, Sundays, and Saints' days, the students wear
+surplices instead of their _gowns_, and very innocent and
+exemplary they look in them.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+2. One who wears a gown.
+
+And here, I think, I may properly introduce a very singular
+gallant, a sort of mongrel between town and _gown_,--I mean a
+bibliopola, or (as the vulgar have it) a bookseller.--_The
+Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. II. p. 226.
+
+
+GOWNMAN, GOWNSMAN. One whose professional habit is a gown, as a
+divine or lawyer, and particularly a member of an English
+university.--_Webster_.
+
+  The _gownman_ learned.--_Pope_.
+
+  Oft has some fair inquirer bid me say,
+  What tasks, what sports beguile the _gownsman's_ day.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+For if townsmen by our influence are so enlightened, what must we
+_gownsmen_ be ourselves?--_The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p.
+56.
+
+Nor must it be supposed that the _gownsmen_ are thin, study-worn,
+consumptive-looking individuals.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 5.
+
+See CAP.
+
+
+GRACE. In English universities, an act, vote, or decree of the
+government of the institution.--_Webster_.
+
+"All _Graces_ (as the legislative measures proposed by the Senate
+are termed) have to be submitted first to the Caput, each member
+of which has an absolute veto on the grace. If it passes the
+Caput, it is then publicly recited in both houses, [the regent and
+non-regent,] and at a subsequent meeting voted on, first in the
+Non-Regent House, and then in the other. If it passes both, it
+becomes valid."--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+See CAPUT SENATUS.
+
+
+GRADUATE. To honor with a degree or diploma, in a college or
+university; to confer a degree on; as, to _graduate_ a master of
+arts.--_Wotton_.
+
+  _Graduated_ a doctor, and dubb'd a knight.--_Carew_.
+
+Pickering, in his Vocabulary, says of the word _graduate_:
+"Johnson has it as a verb active only. But an English friend
+observes, that 'the active sense of this word is rare in England.'
+I have met with one instance in an English publication where it is
+used in a dialogue, in the following manner: 'You, methinks, _are
+graduated_.' See a review in the British Critic, Vol. XXXIV. p.
+538."
+
+In Mr. Todd's edition of Johnson's Dictionary, this word is given
+as a verb intransitive also: "To take an academical degree; to
+become a graduate; as he _graduated_ at Oxford."
+
+In America, the use of the phrase _he was graduated_, instead of
+_he graduated_, which has been of late so common, "is merely,"
+says Mr. Bartlett in his Dictionary of Americanisms, "a return to
+former practice, the verb being originally active transitive."
+
+He _was graduated_ with the esteem of the government, and the
+regard of his contemporaries--_Works of R.T. Paine_, p. xxix. The
+latter, who _was graduated_ thirteen years after.--_Peirce's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, p. 219.
+
+In this perplexity the President had resolved "to yield to the
+torrent, and _graduate_ Hartshorn."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 398. (The quotation was written in 1737.)
+
+In May, 1749, three gentlemen who had sons about _to be
+graduated_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 92.
+
+Mr. Peirce was born in September, 1778; and, after _being
+graduated_ at Harvard College, with the highest honors of his
+class.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 390, and Chap. XXXVII. _passim_.
+
+He _was graduated_ in 1789 with distinguished honors, at the age
+of nineteen.--_Mr. Young's Discourse on the Life of President
+Kirkland_.
+
+His class when _graduated_, in 1785, consisted of thirty-two
+persons.--_Dr. Palfrey's Discourse on the Life and Character of
+Dr. Ware_.
+
+2. _Intransitively_. To receive a degree from a college or
+university.
+
+He _graduated_ at Leyden in 1691.--_London Monthly Mag._, Oct.
+1808, p. 224.
+
+Wherever Magnol _graduated_.--_Rees's Cyclopædia_, Art. MAGNOL.
+
+
+GRADUATE. One who has received a degree in a college or
+university, or from some professional incorporated
+society.--_Webster_.
+
+
+GRADUATE IN A SCHOOL. A degree given, in the University of
+Virginia, to those who have been through a course of study less
+than is required for the degree of B.A.
+
+
+GRADUATION. The act of conferring or receiving academical degrees.
+--_Charter of Dartmouth College_.
+
+After his _graduation_ at Yale College, in 1744, he continued his
+studies at Harvard University, where he took his second degree in
+1747.--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia Coll._, p. 122.
+
+Bachelors were called Senior, Middle, or Junior Bachelors
+according to the year since _graduation_, and before taking the
+degree of Master.--_Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, p. 122.
+
+
+GRAND COMPOUNDER. At the English Universities, one who pays double
+fees for his degree.
+
+"Candidates for all degrees, who possess certain property," says
+the Oxford University Calendar, "must go out, as it is termed,
+_Grand Compounders_. The property required for this purpose may
+arise from two distinct sources; either from some ecclesiastical
+benefice or benefices, or else from some other revenue, civil or
+ecclesiastical. The ratio of computation in the first case is
+expressly limited by statute to the value of the benefice or
+benefices, as _rated in the King's books_, without regard to the
+actual estimation at the present period; and the amount of that
+value must not be _less than forty pounds_. In the second
+instance, which includes all other cases, comprising
+ecclesiastical as well as civil income, (academical income alone
+excepted,) property to the extent of _three hundred pounds_ a year
+is required; nor is any difference made between property in land
+and property in money, so that a _legal_ revenue to this extent of
+any description, not arising from a benefice or benefices, and not
+being strictly academical, renders the qualification
+complete."--Ed. 1832, p. 92.
+
+At Oxford "a '_grand compounder_' is one who has income to the
+amount of $1,500, and is made to pay $150 for his degree, while
+the ordinary fee is $42." _Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 247.
+
+
+GRAND TRIBUNAL. The Grand Tribunal is an institution peculiar to
+Trinity College, Hartford. A correspondent describes it as
+follows. "The Grand Tribunal is a mock court composed of the
+Senior and Junior Classes, and has for its special object the
+regulation and discipline of Sophomores. The first officer of the
+Tribunal is the 'Grand High Chancellor,' who presides at all
+business meetings. The Tribunal has its judges, advocates,
+sheriff, and his aids. According to the laws of the Tribunal, no
+Sophomore can be tried who has three votes in his favor. This
+regulation makes a trial a difficult matter; there is rarely more
+than one trial a year, and sometimes two years elapse without
+there being a session of the court. When a selection of an
+offending and unlucky Soph has been made, he is arrested some time
+during the day of the evening on which his trial takes place. The
+court provides him with one advocate, while he has the privilege
+of choosing another. These trials are often the scenes of
+considerable wit and eloquence. One of the most famous of them was
+held in 1853. When the Tribunal is in session, it is customary for
+the Faculty of the College to act as its police, by preserving
+order amongst the Sophs, who generally assemble at the door, to
+disturb, if possible, the proceedings of the Court."
+
+
+GRANTA. The name by which the University of Cambridge, Eng., was
+formerly known. At present it is sometimes designated by this
+title in poetry, and in addresses written in other tongues than
+the vernacular.
+
+  Warm with fond hope, and Learning's sacred flame,
+  To _Granta's_ bowers the youthful Poet came.
+
+    _Lines in Memory of H.K. White, by Prof. William Smyth_, in
+    _Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+GRATULATORY. Expressing gratulation; congratulatory.
+
+At Harvard College, while Wadsworth was President, in the early
+part of the last century, it was customary to close the exercises
+of Commencement day with a _gratulatory oration_, pronounced by
+one of the candidates for a degree. This has now given place to
+what is generally called the _valedictory oration_.
+
+
+GRAVEL DAY. The following account of this day is given in a work
+entitled Sketches of Williams College. "On the second Monday of
+the first term in the year, if the weather be at all favorable, it
+has been customary from time immemorial to hold a college meeting,
+and petition the President for '_Gravel day_.' We did so this
+morning. The day was granted, and, recitations being dispensed
+with, the students turned out _en masse_ to re-gravel the college
+walks. The gravel which we obtain here is of such a nature that it
+packs down very closely, and renders the walks as hard and smooth
+as a pavement. The Faculty grant this day for the purpose of
+fostering in the students the habit of physical labor and
+exercise, so essential to vigorous mental exertion."--1847, pp.
+78, 79.
+
+The improved method of observing this day is noted in the annexed
+extract. "Nearly every college has its own peculiar customs, which
+have been transmitted from far antiquity; but Williams has perhaps
+less than any other. Among ours are '_gravel day_,' 'chip day,'
+and 'mountain day,' occurring one in each of the three terms. The
+first usually comes in the early part of the Fall term. In old
+times, when the students were few, and rather fonder of _work_
+than at the present, they turned out with spades, hoes, and other
+implements, and spread gravel over the walks, to the College
+grounds; but in later days, they have preferred to tax themselves
+to a small amount and delegate the work to others, while they
+spend the day in visiting the Cascade, the Natural Bridge, or
+others of the numerous places of interest near us."--_Boston Daily
+Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+GREAT GO. In the English universities the final and most important
+examination is called the _great go_, in contradistinction to the
+_little go_, an examination about the middle of the course.
+
+In my way back I stepped into the _Great Go_ schools.--_The
+Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 287.
+
+Read through the whole five volumes folio, Latin, previous to
+going up for his _Great Go_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 381.
+
+
+GREEN. Inexperienced, unsophisticated, verdant. Among collegians
+this term is the favorite appellation for Freshmen.
+
+When a man is called _verdant_ or _green_, it means that he is
+unsophisticated and raw. For instance, when a man rushes to chapel
+in the morning at the ringing of the first bell, it is called
+_green_. At least, we were, for it. This greenness, we would
+remark, is not, like the verdure in the vision of the poet,
+necessarily perennial.--_Williams Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol.
+I. p. 463.
+
+
+GRIND. An exaction; an oppressive action. Students speak of a very
+long lesson which they are required to learn, or of any thing
+which it is very unpleasant or difficult to perform, as a _grind_.
+This meaning is derived from the verb _to grind_, in the sense of
+to harass, to afflict; as, to _grind_ the faces of the poor
+(Isaiah iii. 15).
+
+  I must say 't is a _grind_, though
+        --(perchance I spoke too loud).
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 12.
+
+
+GRINDING. Hard study; diligent application.
+
+The successful candidate enjoys especial and excessive _grinding_
+during the four years of his college course. _Burlesque Catalogue,
+Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+GROATS. At the English universities, "nine _groats_" says Grose,
+in his Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, "are deposited in the
+hands of an academic officer by every person standing for a
+degree, which, if the depositor obtains with honor, are returned
+to him."
+
+_To save his groats_; to come off handsomely.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+GROUP. A crowd or throng; a number collected without any regular
+form or arrangement. At Harvard College, students are not allowed
+to assemble in _groups_, as is seen by the following extract from
+the laws. Three persons together are considered as a _group_.
+
+Collecting in _groups_ round the doors of the College buildings,
+or in the yard, shall be considered a violation of decorum.--_Laws
+Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, Suppl., p. 4.
+
+
+GROUPING. Collecting together.
+
+It will surely be incomprehensible to most students how so large a
+number as six could be suffered with impunity to horde themselves
+together within the limits of the college yard. In those days the
+very learned laws about _grouping_ were not in existence. A
+collection of two was not then considered a sure prognostic of
+rebellion, and spied out vigilantly by tutoric eyes. A _group_ of
+three was not reckoned a gross outrage of the college peace, and
+punished severely by the subtraction of some dozens from the
+numerical rank of the unfortunate youth engaged in so high a
+misdemeanor. A congregation of four was not esteemed an open,
+avowed contempt of the laws of decency and propriety, prophesying
+utter combustion, desolation, and destruction to all buildings and
+trees in the neighborhood; and lastly, a multitude of five, though
+watched with a little jealousy, was not called an intolerable,
+unparalleled violation of everything approaching the name of
+order, absolute, downright shamelessness, worthy capital
+mark-punishment, alias the loss of 87-3/4 digits!--_Harvardiana_,
+Vol. III. p. 314.
+
+The above passage and the following are both evidently of a
+satirical nature.
+
+  And often _grouping_ on the chains, he hums his own sweet verse,
+  Till Tutor ----, coming up, commands him to disperse!
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849, p. 14.
+
+
+GRUB. A hard student. Used at Williams College, and synonymous
+with DIG at other colleges. A correspondent says, writing from
+Williams: "Our real delvers, midnight students, are familiarly
+called _Grubs_. This is a very expressive name."
+
+A man must not be ashamed to be called a _grub_ in college, if he
+would shine in the world.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 76.
+
+Some there are who, though never known to read or study, are ever
+ready to debate,--not "_grubs_" or "reading men," only "wordy
+men."--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 246.
+
+
+GRUB. To study hard; to be what is denominated a _grub_, or hard
+student. "The primary sense," says Dr. Webster, "is probably to
+rub, to rake, scrape, or scratch, as wild animals dig by
+scratching."
+
+I can _grub out_ a lesson in Latin or mathematics as well as the
+best of them.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 223.
+
+
+GUARDING. "The custom of _guarding_ Freshmen," says a
+correspondent from Dartmouth College, "is comparatively a late
+one. Persons masked would go into another's room at night, and
+oblige him to do anything they commanded him, as to get under his
+bed, sit with his feet in a pail of water," &c.
+
+
+GULF. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., one who obtains the
+degree of B.A., but has not his name inserted in the Calendar, is
+said to be in the _gulf_.
+
+He now begins to ... be anxious about ... that classical
+acquaintance who is in danger of the _gulf_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 95.
+
+Some ten or fifteen men just on the line, not bad enough to be
+plucked or good enough to be placed, are put into the "_gulf_," as
+it is popularly called (the Examiners' phrase is "Degrees
+allowed"), and have their degrees given them, but are not printed
+in the Calendar.--_Ibid._, p. 205.
+
+
+GULFING. In the University of Cambridge, England, "those
+candidates for B.A. who, but for sickness or some other sufficient
+cause, might have obtained an honor, have their degree given them
+without examination, and thus avoid having their names inserted in
+the lists. This is called _Gulfing_." A degree taken in this
+manner is called "an Ægrotat Degree."--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. pp.
+60, 105.
+
+I discovered that my name was nowhere to be found,--that I was
+_Gulfed_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 97.
+
+
+GUM. A trick; a deception. In use at Dartmouth College.
+
+_Gum_ is another word they have here. It means something like
+chaw. To say, "It's all a _gum_," or "a regular chaw," is the same
+thing.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+GUM. At the University of Vermont, to cheat in recitation by using
+_ponies_, _interliners_, &c.; e.g. "he _gummed_ in geometry."
+
+2. To cheat; to deceive. Not confined to college.
+
+He was speaking of the "moon hoax" which "_gummed_" so many
+learned philosophers.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p. 189.
+
+
+GUMMATION. A trick; raillery.
+
+Our reception to college ground was by no means the most
+hospitable, considering our unacquaintance with the manners of the
+place, for, as poor "Fresh," we soon found ourselves subject to
+all manner of sly tricks and "_gummations_" from our predecessors,
+the Sophs.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 13.
+
+
+GYP. A cant term for a servant at Cambridge, England, at _scout_
+is used at Oxford. Said to be a sportive application of [Greek:
+gyps], a vulture.--_Smart_.
+
+The word _Gyp_ very properly characterizes them.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 56.
+
+  And many a yawning _gyp_ comes slipshod in,
+  To wake his master ere the bells begin.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+The Freshman, when once safe through his examination, is first
+inducted into his rooms by a _gyp_, usually recommended to him by
+his tutor. The gyp (from [Greek: gyps], vulture, evidently a
+nickname at first, but now the only name applied to this class of
+persons) is a college servant, who attends upon a number of
+students, sometimes as many as twenty, calls them in the morning,
+brushes their clothes, carries for them parcels and the queerly
+twisted notes they are continually writing to one another, waits
+at their parties, and so on. Cleaning their boots is not in his
+branch of the profession; there is a regular brigade of college
+shoeblacks.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+14.
+
+It is sometimes spelled _Jip_, though probably by mistake.
+
+My _Jip_ brought one in this morning; faith! and told me I was
+focussed.--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p. 1085.
+
+
+
+_H_.
+
+
+HALF-LESSON. In some American colleges on certain occasions the
+students are required to learn only one half of the amount of an
+ordinary lesson.
+
+They promote it [the value of distinctions conferred by the
+students on one another] by formally acknowledging the existence
+of the larger debating societies in such acts as giving
+"_half-lessons_" for the morning after the Wednesday night
+debates.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 386.
+
+
+HALF-YEAR. In the German universities, a collegiate term is called
+a _half-year_.
+
+The annual courses of instruction are divided into summer and
+winter _half-years_.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. Ed.,
+pp. 34, 35.
+
+
+HALL. A college or large edifice belonging to a collegiate
+institution.--_Webster_.
+
+2. A collegiate body in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
+In the former institution a hall differs from a college, in that
+halls are not incorporated; consequently, whatever estate or other
+property they possess is held in trust by the University. In the
+latter, colleges and halls are synonymous.--_Cam. and Oxf.
+Calendars_.
+
+"In Cambridge," says the author of the Collegian's Guide, "the
+halls stand on the same footing as the colleges, but at Oxford
+they did not, in my time, hold by any means so high a place in
+general estimation. Certainly those halls which admit the outcasts
+of other colleges, and of those alone I am now speaking, used to
+be precisely what one would expect to find them; indeed, I had
+rather that a son of mine should forego a university education
+altogether, than that he should have so sorry a counterfeit of
+academic advantages as one of these halls affords."--p. 172.
+
+"All the Colleges at Cambridge," says Bristed, "have equal
+privileges and rights, with the solitary exception of King's, and
+though some of them are called _Halls_, the difference is merely
+one of name. But the Halls at Oxford, of which there are five, are
+not incorporated bodies, and have no vote in University matters,
+indeed are but a sort of boarding-houses at which students may
+remain until it is time for them to take a degree. I dined at one
+of those establishments; it was very like an officers' mess. The
+men had their own wine, and did not wear their gowns, and the only
+Don belonging to the Hall was not present at table. There was a
+tradition of a chapel belonging to the concern, but no one present
+knew where it was. This Hall seemed to be a small Botany Bay of
+both Universities, its members made up of all sorts of incapables
+and incorrigibles."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp.
+140, 141.
+
+3. At Cambridge and Oxford, the public eating-room.
+
+I went into the public "_hall_" [so is called in Oxford the public
+eating-room].--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 231.
+
+Dinner is, in all colleges, a public meal, taken in the refectory
+or "_hall_" of the society.--_Ibid._, p. 273.
+
+4. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., dinner, the name of the
+place where the meal is taken being given to the meal itself.
+
+_Hall_ lasts about three quarters of an hour.--_Bristed's Five
+Year in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+After _Hall_ is emphatically lounging-time, it being the wise
+practice of Englishmen to attempt no hard exercise, physical or
+mental, immediately after a hearty meal.--_Ibid._, p. 21.
+
+It is not safe to read after _Hall_ (i.e. after dinner).--_Ibid._,
+p. 331.
+
+
+HANG-OUT. An entertainment.
+
+I remember the date from the Fourth of July occurring just
+afterwards, which I celebrated by a "_hang-out_."--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 80.
+
+He had kept me six hours at table, on the occasion of a dinner
+which he gave ... as an appendix to and a return for some of my
+"_hangings-out_."--_Ibid._, p. 198.
+
+
+HANG OUT. To treat, to live, to have or possess. Among English
+Cantabs, a verb of all-work.--_Bristed_.
+
+There were but few pensioners who "_hung out_" servants of their
+own.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 90.
+
+I had become ... a man who knew and "_hung out_ to" clever and
+pleasant people, and introduced agreeable lions to one
+another.--_Ibid._, p. 158.
+
+I had gained such a reputation for dinner-giving, that men going
+to "_hang out_" sometimes asked me to compose bills of fare for
+them.--_Ibid._, p. 195.
+
+
+HARRY SOPHS, or HENRY SOPHISTERS; in reality Harisophs, a
+corruption of Erisophs ([Greek: erisophos], _valde eruditus_). At
+Cambridge, England, students who have kept all the terms required
+for a law act, and hence are ranked as Bachelors of Law by
+courtesy.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+See, also, Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 818.
+
+
+HARVARD WASHINGTON CORPS. From a memorandum on a fly leaf of an
+old Triennial Catalogue, it would appear that a military company
+was first established among the students of Harvard College about
+the year 1769, and that its first captain was Mr. William Wetmore,
+a graduate of the Class of 1770. The motto which it then assumed,
+and continued to bear through every period of its existence, was,
+"Tam Marti quam Mercurio." It was called at that time the Marti
+Mercurian Band. The prescribed uniform was a blue coat, the skirts
+turned with white, nankeen breeches, white stockings, top-boots,
+and a cocked hat. This association continued for nearly twenty
+years from the time of its organization, but the chivalrous spirit
+which had called it into existence seems at the end of that time
+to have faded away. The last captain, it is believed, was Mr.
+Solomon Vose, a graduate of the class of 1787.
+
+Under the auspices of Governor Gerry, in December of the year
+1811, it was revived, and through his influence received a new
+loan of arms from the State, taking at the same time the name of
+the Harvard Washington Corps. In 1812, Mr. George Thacher was
+appointed its commander. The members of the company wore a blue
+coat, white vest, white pantaloons, white gaiters, a common black
+hat, and around the waist a white belt, which was always kept very
+neat, and to which were attached a bayonet and cartridge-box. The
+officers wore the same dress, with the exceptions of a sash
+instead of the belt, and a chapeau in place of the hat. Soon after
+this reorganization, in the fall of 1812, a banner, with the arms
+of the College on one side and the arms of the State on the other,
+was presented by the beautiful Miss Mellen, daughter of Judge
+Mellen of Cambridge, in the name of the ladies of that place. The
+presentation took place before the door of her father's house.
+Appropriate addresses were made, both by the fair donor and the
+captain of the company. Mr. Frisbie, a Professor in the College,
+who was at that time engaged to Miss Mellen, whom he afterwards
+married, recited on the occasion the following verses impromptu,
+which were received with great _eclat_.
+
+ "The standard's victory's leading star,
+    'T is danger to forsake it;
+  How altered are the scenes of war,
+    They're vanquished now who take it."
+
+A writer in the Harvardiana, 1836, referring to this banner, says:
+"The gilded banner now moulders away in inglorious quiet, in the
+dusty retirement of a Senior Sophister's study. What a desecration
+for that 'flag by angel hands to valor given'!"[40] Within the
+last two years it has wholly disappeared from its accustomed
+resting-place. Though departed, its memory will be ever dear to
+those who saw it in its better days, and under its shadow enjoyed
+many of the proudest moments of college life.
+
+At its second organization, the company was one of the finest and
+best drilled in the State. The members were from the Senior and
+Junior Classes. The armory was in the fifth story of Hollis Hall.
+The regular time for exercise was after the evening commons. The
+drum would often beat before the meal was finished, and the
+students could then be seen rushing forth with the half-eaten
+biscuit, and at the same time buckling on their armor for the
+accustomed drill. They usually paraded on exhibition-days, when
+the large concourse of people afforded an excellent opportunity
+for showing off their skill in military tactics and manoeuvring.
+On the arrival of the news of the peace of 1815, it appears, from
+an interleaved almanac, that "the H.W. Corps paraded and fired a
+salute; Mr. Porter treated the company." Again, on the 12th of
+May, same year, "H.W. Corps paraded in Charlestown, saluted Com.
+Bainbridge, and returned by the way of Boston." The captain for
+that year, Mr. W.H. Moulton, dying, on the 6th of July, at five
+o'clock, P.M., "the class," says the same authority, "attended the
+funeral of Br. Moulton in Boston. The H.W. Corps attended in
+uniform, without arms, the ceremony of entombing their late
+Captain."
+
+In the year 1825, it received a third loan of arms, and was again
+reorganized, admitting the members of all the classes to its
+ranks. From this period until the year 1834, very great interest
+was manifested in it; but a rebellion having broken out at that
+time among the students, and the guns of the company having been
+considerably damaged by being thrown from the windows of the
+armory, which was then in University Hall, the company was
+disbanded, and the arms were returned to the State.
+
+The feelings with which it was regarded by the students generally
+cannot be better shown than by quoting from some of the
+publications in which reference is made to it. "Many are the grave
+discussions and entry caucuses," says a writer in the Harvard
+Register, published in 1828, "to determine what favored few are to
+be graced with the sash and epaulets, and march as leaders in the
+martial band. Whilst these important canvassings are going on, it
+behooves even the humblest and meekest to beware how he buttons
+his coat, or stiffens himself to a perpendicular, lest he be more
+than suspected of aspiring to some military capacity. But the
+_Harvard Washington Corps_ must not be passed over without further
+notice. Who can tell what eagerness fills its ranks on an
+exhibition-day? with what spirit and bounding step the glorious
+phalanx wheels into the College yard? with what exultation they
+mark their banner, as it comes floating on the breeze from
+Holworthy? And ah! who cannot tell how this spirit expires, this
+exultation goes out, when the clerk calls again and again for the
+assessments."--p. 378.
+
+A college poet has thus immortalized this distinguished band:--
+
+ "But see where yonder light-armed ranks advance!--
+  Their colors gleaming in the noonday glance,
+  Their steps symphonious with the drum's deep notes,
+  While high the buoyant, breeze-borne banner floats!
+  O, let not allied hosts yon band deride!
+  'T is _Harvard Corps_, our bulwark and our pride!
+  Mark, how like one great whole, instinct with life,
+  They seem to woo the dangers of the strife!
+  Who would not brave the heat, the dust, the rain,
+  To march the leader of that valiant train?"
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 235.
+
+Another has sung its requiem in the following strain:--
+
+ "That martial band, 'neath waving stripes and stars
+  Inscribed alike to Mercury and Mars,
+  Those gallant warriors in their dread array,
+  Who shook these halls,--O where, alas! are they?
+  Gone! gone! and never to our ears shall come
+  The sounds of fife and spirit-stirring drum;
+  That war-worn banner slumbers in the dust,
+  Those bristling arms are dim with gathering rust;
+  That crested helm, that glittering sword, that plume,
+  Are laid to rest in reckless faction's tomb."
+    _Winslow's Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+
+HAT FELLOW-COMMONER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+popular name given to a baronet, the eldest son of a baronet, or
+the younger son of a nobleman. A _Hat Fellow-Commoner_ wears the
+gown of a Fellow-Commoner, with a hat instead of the velvet cap
+with metallic tassel which a Fellow-Commoner wears, and is
+admitted to the degree of M.A. after two years' residence.
+
+
+HAULED UP. In many colleges, one brought up before the Faculty is
+said to be _hauled up_.
+
+
+HAZE. To trouble; to harass; to disturb. This word is used at
+Harvard College, to express the treatment which Freshmen sometimes
+receive from the higher classes, and especially from the
+Sophomores. It is used among sailors with the meanings _to urge_,
+_to drive_, _to harass_, especially with labor. In his Dictionary
+of Americanisms, Mr. Bartlett says, "To haze round, is to go
+rioting about."
+
+Be ready, in fine, to cut, to drink, to smoke, to swear, to
+_haze_, to dead, to spree,--in one word, to be a
+Sophomore.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848, p. 11.
+
+  To him no orchard is unknown,--no grape-vine unappraised,--
+  No farmer's hen-roost yet unrobbed,--no Freshman yet _unhazed_!
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849, p. 9.
+
+  'T is the Sophomores rushing the Freshmen to _haze_.
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 22.
+
+                                Never again
+  Leave unbolted your door when to rest you retire,
+  And, _unhazed_ and unmartyred, you proudly may scorn
+  Those foes to all Freshmen who 'gainst thee conspire.
+    _Ibid._, p. 23.
+
+Freshmen have got quietly settled down to work, Sophs have given
+up their _hazing_.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 285.
+
+We are glad to be able to record, that the absurd and barbarous
+custom of _hazing_, which has long prevailed in College, is, to a
+great degree, discontinued.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 413.
+
+The various means which are made use of in _hazing_ the Freshmen
+are enumerated in part below. In the first passage, a Sophomore
+speaks in soliloquy.
+
+                      I am a man,
+  Have human feelings, though mistaken Fresh
+  Affirmed I was a savage or a brute,
+  When I did dash cold water in their necks,
+  Discharged green squashes through their window-panes,
+  And stript their beds of soft, luxurious sheets,
+  Placing instead harsh briers and rough sticks,
+  So that their sluggish bodies might not sleep,
+  Unroused by morning bell; or when perforce,
+  From leaden syringe, engine of fierce might,
+  I drave black ink upon their ruffle shirts,
+  Or drenched with showers of melancholy hue,
+  The new-fledged dickey peering o'er the stock,
+  Fit emblem of a young ambitious mind!
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 254.
+
+A Freshman writes thus on the subject:--
+
+The Sophs did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+Fresh, as they call us. They would come to our rooms with masks
+on, and frighten us dreadfully; and sometimes squirt water through
+our keyholes, or throw a whole pailful on to one of us from the
+upper windows.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+
+HEAD OF THE HOUSE. The generic name for the highest officer of a
+college in the English Universities.
+
+The Master of the College, or "_Head of the House_," is a D.D. who
+has been a Fellow.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 16.
+
+The _heads of houses_ [are] styled, according to the usage of the
+college, President, Master, Principal, Provost, Warden, or Rector.
+--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xiii.
+
+Written often simply _Head_.
+
+The "_Head_," as he is called generically, of an Oxford college,
+is a greater man than the uninitiated suppose.--_De Quincey's Life
+and Manners_, p. 244.
+
+The new _Head_ was a gentleman of most commanding personal
+appearance.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+87.
+
+
+HEADSHIP. The office and place of head or president of a college.
+
+Most of the college _Headships_ are not at the disposal of the
+Crown.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, note, p.
+89, and _errata_.
+
+The _Headships_ of the colleges are, with the exception of
+Worcester, filled by one chosen by the Fellows from among
+themselves, or one who has been a Fellow.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed.
+1847, p. xiv.
+
+
+HEADS OUT. At Princeton College, the cry when anything occurs in
+the _Campus_. Used, also, to give the alarm when a professor or
+tutor is about to interrupt a spree.
+
+See CAMPUS.
+
+
+HEBDOMADAL BOARD. At Oxford, the local governing authority of the
+University, composed of the Heads of colleges and the two
+Proctors, and expressing itself through the Vice-Chancellor. An
+institution of Charles I.'s time, it has possessed, since the year
+1631, "the sole initiative power in the legislation of the
+University, and the chief share in its administration." Its
+meetings are held weekly, whence the name.--_Oxford Guide.
+Literary World_, Vol. XII., p. 223.
+
+
+HIGH-GO. A merry frolic, usually with drinking.
+
+  Songs of Scholars in revelling roundelays,
+  Belched out with hickups at bacchanal Go,
+  Bellowed, till heaven's high concave rebound the lays,
+  Are all for college carousals too low.
+  Of dullness quite tired, with merriment fired,
+  And fully inspired with amity's glow,
+  With hate-drowning wine, boys, and punch all divine, boys,
+  The Juniors combine, boys, in friendly HIGH-GO.
+    _Glossology, by William Biglow_, inserted in _Buckingham's
+    Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp. 281-284.
+
+He it was who broached the idea of a _high-go_, as being requisite
+to give us a rank among the classes in college. _D.A. White's
+Address before Soc. of the Alumni of Harv. Univ._, Aug. 27, 1844,
+p. 35.
+
+This word is now seldom used; the words _High_ and _Go_ are,
+however, often used separately, with the same meaning; as the
+compound. The phrase _to get high_, i.e. to become intoxicated,
+is allied with the above expression.
+
+  Or men "_get high_" by drinking abstract toddies?
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 71.
+
+
+HIGH STEWARD. In the English universities, an officer who has
+special power to hear and determine capital causes, according to
+the laws of the land and the privileges of the university,
+whenever a scholar is the party offending. He also holds the
+university _court-leet_, according to the established charter and
+custom.--_Oxf. and Cam. Cals._
+
+At Cambridge, in addition to his other duties, the High Steward is
+the officer who represents the University in the House of Lords.
+
+
+HIGH TABLE. At Oxford, the table at which the Fellows and some
+other privileged persons are entitled to dine.
+
+Wine is not generally allowed in the public hall, except to the
+"_high table_."--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 278.
+
+I dine at the "_high table_" with the reverend deans, and hobnob
+with professors.--_Household Words_, Am. ed., Vol. XI. p 521.
+
+
+HIGH-TI. At Williams College, a term by which is designated a
+showy recitation. Equivalent to the word _squirt_ at Harvard
+College.
+
+
+HILLS. At Cambridge, Eng., Gogmagog Hills are commonly called _the
+Hills_.
+
+  Or to the _Hills_ on horseback strays,
+  (Unasked his tutor,) or his chaise
+  To famed Newmarket guides.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 35.
+
+
+HISS. To condemn by hissing.
+
+This is a favorite method, especially among students, of
+expressing their disapprobation of any person or measure.
+
+  I'll tell you what; your crime is this,
+  That, Touchy, you did scrape, and _hiss_.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 45.
+
+  Who will bully, scrape, and _hiss_!
+  Who, I say, will do all this!
+  Let him follow me,--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+
+HOAXING. At Princeton College, inducing new-comers to join the
+secret societies is called _hoaxing_.
+
+
+HOBBY. A translation. Hobbies are used by some students in
+translating Latin, Greek, and other languages, who from this
+reason are said to ride, in contradistinction to others who learn
+their lessons by study, who are said to _dig_ or _grub_.
+
+See PONY.
+
+
+HOBSON'S CHOICE. Thomas Hobson, during the first third of the
+seventeenth century, was the University carrier between Cambridge
+and London. He died January 1st, 1631. "He rendered himself famous
+by furnishing the students with horses; and, making it an
+unalterable rule that every horse should have an equal portion of
+rest as well as labor, he would never let one out of its turn;
+hence the celebrated saying, 'Hobson's Choice: _this_, or none.'"
+Milton has perpetuated his fame in two whimsical epitaphs, which
+may be found among his miscellaneous poems.
+
+
+HOE IN. At Hamilton College, to strive vigorously; a metaphorical
+meaning, taken from labor with the hoe.
+
+
+HOIST. It was formerly customary at Harvard College, when the
+Freshmen were used as servants, to report them to their Tutor if
+they refused to go when sent on an errand; this complaint was
+called a _hoisting_, and the delinquent was said to be _hoisted_.
+
+The refusal to perform a reasonable service required by a member
+of the class above him, subjected the Freshmen to a complaint to
+be brought before his Tutor, technically called _hoisting_ him to
+his Tutor. The threat was commonly sufficient to exact the
+service.--_Willard's Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I.
+p. 259.
+
+
+HOLD INS. At Bowdoin College, "near the commencement of each
+year," says a correspondent, "the Sophs are wont, on some
+particular evening, to attempt to '_hold in_' the Freshmen when
+coming out of prayers, generally producing quite a skirmish."
+
+
+HOLLIS. Mr. Thomas Hollis of Lincoln's Inn, to whom, with many
+others of the same name, Harvard College is so much indebted,
+among other presents to its library, gave "sixty-four volumes of
+valuable books, curiously bound." To these reference is made in
+the following extract from the Gentleman's Magazine for September,
+1781. "Mr. Hollis employed Mr. Fingo to cut a number of
+emblematical devices, such as the caduceus of Mercury, the wand of
+Æsculapius, the owl, the cap of liberty, &c.; and these devices
+were to adorn the backs and sometimes the sides of books. When
+patriotism animated a work, instead of unmeaning ornaments on the
+binding, he adorned it with caps of liberty. When wisdom filled
+the page, the owl's majestic gravity bespoke its contents. The
+caduceus pointed out the works of eloquence, and the wand of
+Æsculapius was a signal of good medicine. The different emblems
+were used on the same book, when possessed of different merits,
+and to express his disapprobation of the whole or parts of any
+work, the figure or figures were reversed. Thus each cover
+exhibited a critique on the book, and was a proof that they were
+not kept for show, as he must read before he could judge. Read
+this, ye admirers of gilded books, and imitate."
+
+
+HONORARIUM, HONORARY. A term applied, in Europe, to the recompense
+offered to professors in universities, and to medical or other
+professional gentlemen for their services. It is nearly equivalent
+to _fee_, with the additional idea of being given _honoris causa_,
+as a token of respect.--_Brande. Webster_.
+
+There are regular receivers, quæstors, appointed for the reception
+of the _honorarium_, or charge for the attendance of
+lectures.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 30.
+
+
+HONORIS CAUSA. Latin; _as an honor_. Any honorary degree given by
+a college.
+
+Degrees in the faculties of Divinity and Law are conferred, at
+present, either in course, _honoris causa_, or on admission _ad
+eundem_.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 10.
+
+
+HONORS. In American colleges, the principal honors are
+appointments as speakers at Exhibitions and Commencements. These
+are given for excellence in scholarship. The appointments for
+Exhibitions are different in different colleges. Those of
+Commencement do not vary so much. The following is a list of the
+appointments at Harvard College, in the order in which they are
+usually assigned: Valedictory Oration, called also _the_ English
+Oration, Salutatory in Latin, English Orations, Dissertations,
+Disquisitions, and Essays. The salutatorian is not always the
+second scholar in the class, but must be the best, or, in case
+this distinction is enjoyed by the valedictorian, the second-best
+Latin scholar. Latin or Greek poems or orations or English poems
+sometimes form a part of the exercises, and may be assigned, as
+are the other appointments, to persons in the first part of the
+class. At Yale College the order is as follows: Valedictory
+Oration, Salutatory in Latin, Philosophical Orations, Orations,
+Dissertations, Disputations, and Colloquies. A person who receives
+the appointment of a Colloquy can either write or speak in a
+colloquy, or write a poem. Any other appointee can also write a
+poem. Other colleges usually adopt one or the other of these
+arrangements, or combine the two.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., those who at the final
+examination in the Senate-House are classed as Wranglers, Senior
+Optimes, or Junior Optimes, are said to go out in _honors_.
+
+I very early in the Sophomore year gave up all thoughts of
+obtaining high _honors_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 6.
+
+
+HOOD. An ornamented fold that hangs down the back of a graduate,
+to mark his degree.--_Johnson_.
+
+  My head with ample square-cap crown,
+  And deck with _hood_ my shoulders.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p. 349.
+
+
+HORN-BLOWING. At Princeton College, the students often provide
+themselves at night with horns, bugles, &c., climb the trees in
+the Campus, and set up a blowing which is continued as long as
+prudence and safety allow.
+
+
+HORSE-SHEDDING. At the University of Vermont, among secret and
+literary societies, this term is used to express the idea conveyed
+by the word _electioneering_.
+
+
+HOUSE. A college. The word was formerly used with this
+signification in Harvard and Yale Colleges.
+
+If any scholar shall transgress any of the laws of God, or the
+_House_, he shall be liable, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 517.
+
+If detriment come by any out of the society, then those officers
+[the butler and cook] themselves shall be responsible to the
+_House_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 583.
+
+A member of the college was also called a _Member of the House_.
+
+The steward is to see that one third part be reserved of all the
+payments to him by the _members of the House_ quarterly
+made.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 582.
+
+A college officer was called an _Officer of the House_.
+
+The steward shall be bound to give an account of the necessary
+disbursements which have been issued out to the steward himself,
+butler, cook, or any other _officer of the House_.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 582.
+
+Neither shall the butler or cook suffer any scholar or scholars
+whatever, except the Fellows, Masters of Art, Fellow-Commoners or
+_officers of the House_, to come into the butteries, &c.--_Ibid._,
+Vol. I. p. 584.
+
+Before the year 1708, the term _Fellows of the House_ was applied,
+at Harvard College, both to the members of the Corporation, and to
+the instructors who did not belong to the Corporation. The
+equivocal meaning of this title was noticed by President Leverett,
+for, in his duplicate record of the proceedings of the Corporation
+and the Overseers, he designated certain persons to whom he refers
+as "Fellows of the House, i.e. of the Corporation." Soon after
+this, an attempt was made to distinguish between these two classes
+of Fellows, and in 1711 the distinction was settled, when one
+Whiting, "who had been for several years known as Tutor and
+'Fellow of the House,' but had never in consequence been deemed or
+pretended to be a member of the Corporation, was admitted to a
+seat in that board."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. pp.
+278, 279. See SCHOLAR OF THE HOUSE.
+
+2. An assembly for transacting business.
+
+See CONGREGATION, CONVOCATION.
+
+
+HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. At Union College, the members of the
+Junior Class compose what is called the _House of
+Representatives_, a body organized after the manner of the
+national House, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the
+forms and manner of legislation. The following account has been
+furnished by a member of that College.
+
+"At the end of the third term, Sophomore year, when the members of
+that class are looking forward to the honors awaiting them, comes
+off the initiation to the House. The Friday of the tenth week is
+the day usually selected for the occasion. On the afternoon of
+that day the Sophomores assemble in the Junior recitation-room,
+and, after organizing themselves by the appointment of a chairman,
+are waited upon by a committee of the House of Representatives of
+the Junior Class, who announce that they are ready to proceed with
+the initiation, and occasionally dilate upon the importance and
+responsibility of the future position of the Sophomores.
+
+"The invitation thus given is accepted, and the class, headed by
+the committee, proceeds to the Representatives' Hall. On their
+arrival, the members of the House retire, and the incoming
+members, under the direction of the committee, arrange themselves
+around the platform of the Speaker, all in the room at the same
+time rising in their seats. The Speaker of the House now addresses
+the Sophomores, announcing to them their election to the high
+position of Representatives, and exhorting them to discharge well
+all their duties to their constituents and their common country.
+He closes, by stating it to be their first business to elect the
+officers of the House.
+
+"The election of Speaker, Vice-Speaker, Clerk, and Treasurer by
+ballot then follows, two tellers being appointed by the Chair. The
+Speaker is elected for one year, and must be one of the Faculty;
+the other officers hold only during the ensuing term. The Speaker,
+however, is never expected to be present at the meetings of the
+House, with the exception of that at the beginning of each term
+session, so that the whole duty of presiding falls on the
+Vice-Speaker. This is the only meeting of the _new_ House during
+that term.
+
+"On the second Friday afternoon of the fall term, the Speaker
+usually delivers an inaugural address, and soon after leaves the
+chair to the Vice-Speaker, who then announces the representation
+from the different States, and also the list of committees. The
+members are apportioned by him according to population, each State
+having at least one, and some two or three, as the number of the
+Junior Class may allow. The committees are constituted in the
+manner common to the National House, the number of each, however,
+being less. Business then follows, as described in Jefferson's
+Manual; petitions, remonstrances, resolutions, reports, debates,
+and all the 'toggery' of legislation, come on in regular, or
+rather irregular succession. The exercises, as may be well
+conceived, furnish an excellent opportunity for improvement in
+parliamentary tactics and political oratory."
+
+The House of Representatives was founded by Professor John Austin
+Tates. It is not constituted by every Junior Class, and may be
+regarded as intermittent in its character.
+
+See SENATE.
+
+
+HUMANIST. One who pursues the study of the _humanities (literæ
+humaniores)_, or polite literature; a term used in various
+European universities, especially the Scotch.--_Brandt_.
+
+
+HUMANITY, _pl._ HUMANITIES. In the plural signifying grammar,
+rhetoric, the Latin and Greek languages, and poetry; for teaching
+which there are professors in the English and Scotch universities.
+--_Encyc._
+
+
+HUMMEL. At the University of Vermont, a foot, especially a large
+one.
+
+
+HYPHENUTE. At Princeton College, the aristocratic or would-be
+aristocratic in dress, manners, &c., are called _Hyphenutes_. Used
+both as a noun and adjective. Same as [Greek: Oi Aristoi] q.v.
+
+
+
+_I_.
+
+
+ILLUMINATE. To interline with a translation. Students _illuminate_
+a book when they write between the printed lines a translation of
+the text. _Illuminated_ books are preferred by good judges to
+ponies or hobbies, as the text and translation in them are brought
+nearer to one another. The idea of calling books thus prepared
+_illuminated_, is taken partly from the meaning of the word
+_illuminate_, to adorn with ornamental letters, substituting,
+however, in this case, useful for ornamental, and partly from one
+of its other meanings, to throw light on, as on obscure subjects.
+
+
+ILLUSTRATION. That which elucidates a subject. A word used with a
+peculiar application by undergraduates in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng.
+
+I went back,... and did a few more bits of _illustration_, such as
+noting down the relative resources of Athens and Sparta when the
+Peloponnesian war broke out, and the sources of the Athenian
+revenue.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 51.
+
+IMPOSITION. In the English universities, a supernumerary exercise
+enjoined on students as a punishment.
+
+Minor offences are punished by rustication, and those of a more
+trivial nature by fines, or by literary tasks, here termed
+_Impositions_.--_Oxford Guide_, p. 149.
+
+Literary tasks called _impositions_, or frequent compulsive
+attendances on tedious and unimproving exercises in a college
+hall.--_T. Warton, Minor Poems of Milton_, p. 432.
+
+_Impositions_ are of various lengths. For missing chapel, about
+one hundred lines to copy; for missing a lecture, the lecture to
+translate. This is the measure for an occasional offence.... For
+coming in late at night repeatedly, or for any offence nearly
+deserving rustication, I have known a whole book of Thucydides
+given to translate, or the Ethics of Aristotle to analyze, when
+the offender has been a good scholar, while others, who could only
+do mechanical work, have had a book of Euclid to write out.
+
+Long _impositions_ are very rarely _barberized_. When college
+tutors intend to be severe, which is very seldom, they are not to
+be trifled with.
+
+At Cambridge, _impositions_ are not always in writing, but
+sometimes two or three hundred lines to repeat by heart. This is
+ruin to the barber.--_Collegian's Guide_, pp. 159, 160.
+
+In an abbreviated form, _impos._
+
+He is obliged to stomach the _impos._, and retire.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._, p. 125.
+
+He satisfies the Proctor and the Dean by saying a part of each
+_impos._--_Ibid._, p. 128.
+
+See BARBER.
+
+
+INCEPT. To take the degree of Master of Arts.
+
+They may nevertheless take the degree of M.A. at the usual period,
+by putting their names on the _College boards_ a few days previous
+to _incepting_.--_Cambridge Calendar_.
+
+The M.A. _incepts_ in about three years and two months from the
+time of taking his first degree.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 285.
+
+
+INCEPTOR. One who has proceeded to the degree of M.A., but who,
+not enjoying all the privileges of an M.A. until the Commencement,
+is in the mean time termed an Inceptor.
+
+Used in the English universities, and formerly at Harvard College.
+
+And, in case any of the Sophisters, Questionists, or _Inceptors_
+fail in the premises required at their hands ... they shall be
+deferred to the following year.--_Laws of 1650, in Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+The Admissio _Inceptorum_ was as follows: "Admitto te ad secundum
+gradum in artibus pro more Academiarum in Angliâ: tibique trado
+hunc librum unâ cum potestate publice profitendi, ubicunque ad hoc
+munus publicè evocatus fueris."--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 580.
+
+
+INDIAN SOCIETY. At the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a society
+of smokers was established, in the year 1837, by an Indian named
+Zachary Colbert, and called the Indian Society. The members and
+those who have been invited to join the society, to the number of
+sixty or eighty, are accustomed to meet in a small room, ten feet
+by eighteen; all are obliged to smoke, and he who first desists is
+required to pay for the cigars smoked at that meeting.
+
+
+INDIGO. At Dartmouth College, a member of the party called the
+Blues. The same as a BLUE, which see.
+
+The Howes, years ago, used to room in Dartmouth Hall, though none
+room there now, and so they made up some verses. Here is one:--
+
+ "Hurrah for Dartmouth Hall!
+  Success to every student
+  That rooms in Dartmouth Hall,
+  Unless he be an _Indigo_,
+  Then, no success at all."
+    _The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+INITIATION. Secret societies exist in almost all the colleges in
+the United States, which require those who are admitted to pass
+through certain ceremonies called the initiation. This fact is
+often made use of to deceive Freshmen, upon their entrance into
+college, who are sometimes initiated into societies which have no
+existence, and again into societies where initiation is not
+necessary for membership.
+
+A correspondent from Dartmouth College writes as follows: "I
+believe several of the colleges have various exercises of
+_initiating_ Freshmen. Ours is done by the 'United Fraternity,'
+one of our library societies (they are neither of them secret),
+which gives out word that the _initiation_ is a fearful ceremony.
+It is simply every kind of operation that can be contrived to
+terrify, and annoy, and make fun of Freshmen, who do not find out
+for some time that it is not the necessary and serious ceremony of
+making them members of the society."
+
+In the University of Virginia, students on entering are sometimes
+initiated into the ways of college life by very novel and unique
+ceremonies, an account of which has been furnished by a graduate
+of that institution. "The first thing, by way of admitting the
+novitiate to all the mysteries of college life, is to require of
+him in an official communication, under apparent signature of one
+of the professors, a written list, tested under oath, of the
+entire number of his shirts and other necessary articles in his
+wardrobe. The list he is requested to commit to memory, and be
+prepared for an examination on it, before the Faculty, at some
+specified hour. This the new-comer usually passes with due
+satisfaction, and no little trepidation, in the presence of an
+august assemblage of his student professors. He is now remanded to
+his room to take his bed, and to rise about midnight bell for
+breakfast. The 'Callithumpians' (in this Institution a regularly
+organized company), 'Squallinaders,' or 'Masquers,' perform their
+part during the livelong night with instruments 'harsh thunder
+grating,' to insure to the poor youth a sleepless night, and give
+him full time to con over and curse in his heart the miseries of a
+college existence. Our fellow-comrade is now up, dressed, and
+washed, perhaps two hours in advance of the first light of dawn,
+and, under the guidance of a _posse comitatus_ of older students,
+is kindly conducted to his morning meal. A long alley, technically
+'Green Alley,' terminating with a brick wall, informing all, 'Thus
+far shalt thou go, and no farther,' is pointed out to him, with
+directions 'to follow his nose and keep straight ahead.' Of course
+the unsophisticated finds himself completely nonplused, and gropes
+his way back, amidst the loud vociferations of 'Go it, green un!'
+With due apologies for the treatment he has received, and violent
+denunciations against the former _posse_ for their unheard-of
+insolence towards the gentleman, he is now placed under different
+guides, who volunteer their services 'to see him through.' Suffice
+it to be said, that he is again egregiously 'taken in,' being
+deposited in the Rotunda or Lecture-room, and told to ring for
+whatever he wants, either coffee or hot biscuit, but particularly
+enjoined not to leave without special permission from one of the
+Faculty. The length of his sojourn in this place, where he is
+finally left, is of course in proportion to his state of
+verdancy."
+
+
+INSPECTOR OF THE COLLEGE. At Yale College, a person appointed to
+ascertain, inspect, and estimate all damages done to the College
+buildings and appurtenances, whenever required by the President.
+All repairs, additions, and alterations are made under his
+inspection, and he is also authorized to determine whether the
+College chambers are fit for the reception of the students.
+Formerly the inspectorship in Harvard College was held by one of
+the members of the College government. His duty was to examine the
+state of the College public buildings, and also at stated times to
+examine the exterior and interior of the buildings occupied by the
+students, and to cause such repairs to be made as were in his
+opinion proper. The same duties are now performed by the
+_Superintendent of Public Buildings_.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837,
+p. 22. _Laws Harv. Coll._, 1814, p. 58, and 1848, p 29.
+
+The duties of the _Inspector of the College Buildings_, at
+Middlebury, are similar to those required of the inspector at
+Yale.--_Laws Md. Coll._, 1839, pp. 15, 16.
+
+IN STATU PUPILLARI. Latin; literally, _in a state of pupilage_. In
+the English universities, one who is subject to collegiate laws,
+discipline, and officers is said to be _in statu pupillari_.
+
+  And the short space that here we tarry,
+  At least "_in statu pupillari_,"
+  Forbids our growing hopes to germ,
+  Alas! beyond the appointed term.
+    _Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 109.
+
+
+INTERLINEAR. A printed book, with a written translation between
+the lines. The same as an _illuminated_ book; for an account of
+which, see under ILLUMINATE.
+
+  Then devotes himself to study, with a steady, earnest zeal,
+  And scorns an _Interlinear_, or a Pony's meek appeal.
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 20.
+
+
+INTERLINER. Same as INTERLINEAR.
+
+In the "Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," a Professor at Harvard
+College, Professor Felton observes: "He was a mortal enemy to
+translations, '_interliners_,' and all such subsidiary helps in
+learning lessons; he classed them all under the opprobrious name
+of 'facilities,' and never scrupled to seize them as contraband
+goods. When he withdrew from College, he had a large and valuable
+collection of this species of literature. In one of the notes to
+his Three Lectures he says: 'I have on hand a goodly number of
+these confiscated wares, full of manuscript innotations, which I
+seized in the way of duty, and would now restore to the owners on
+demand, without their proving property or paying charges.'"--p.
+lxxvii.
+
+Ponies, _Interliners_, Ticks, Screws, and Deads (these are all
+college verbalities) were all put under contribution.--_A Tour
+through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 25.
+
+
+INTONITANS BOLUS. Greek, [Greek: bolos], a lump. Latin, _bolus_, a
+bit, a morsel. English, _bolus_, a mass of anything made into a
+large pill. It may be translated _a thundering pill_. At Harvard
+College, the _Intonitans Bolus_ was a great cane or club which was
+given nominally to the strongest fellow in the graduating class;
+"but really," says a correspondent, "to the greatest bully," and
+thus was transmitted, as an entailed estate, to the Samsons of
+College. If any one felt that he had been wronged in not receiving
+this emblem of valor, he was permitted to take it from its
+possessor if he could. In later years the club presented a very
+curious appearance; being almost entirely covered with the names
+of those who had held it, carved on its surface in letters of all
+imaginable shapes and descriptions. At one period, it was in the
+possession of Richard Jeffrey Cleveland, a member of the class of
+1827, and was by him transmitted to Jonathan Saunderson of the
+class of 1828. It has disappeared within the last fifteen or
+twenty years, and its hiding-place, even if it is in existence, is
+not known.
+
+See BULLY CLUB.
+
+
+INVALID'S TABLE. At Yale College, in former times, a table at
+which those who were not in health could obtain more nutritious
+food than was supplied at the common board. A graduate at that
+institution has referred to the subject in the annexed extract.
+"It was extremely difficult to obtain permission to board out, and
+indeed impossible except in extreme cases: the beginning of such
+permits would have been like the letting out of water. To take
+away all pretext for it, an '_invalid's table_' was provided,
+where, if one chose to avail himself of it, having a doctor's
+certificate that his health required it, he might have a somewhat
+different diet."--_Scenes and Characters in College, New Haven_,
+1847, pp. 117, 118.
+
+
+
+_J_.
+
+
+JACK-KNIFE. At Harvard College it has long been the custom for the
+ugliest member of the Senior Class to receive from his classmates
+a _Jack-knife_, as a reward or consolation for the plainness of
+his features. In former times, it was transmitted from class to
+class, its possessor in the graduating class presenting it to the
+one who was deemed the ugliest in the class next below.
+
+Mr. William Biglow, a member of the class of 1794, the recipient
+for that year of the Jack-knife,--in an article under the head of
+"Omnium Gatherum," published in the Federal Orrery, April 27,
+1795, entitled, "A Will: Being the last words of CHARLES
+CHATTERBOX, Esq., late worthy and much lamented member of the
+Laughing Club of Harvard University, who departed college life,
+June 21, 1794, in the twenty-first year of his age,"--presents
+this _transmittendum_ to his successor, with the following
+words:--
+
+ "_Item_. C---- P----s[41] has my knife,
+   During his natural college life;
+   That knife, which ugliness inherits,
+   And due to his superior merits,
+   And when from Harvard he shall steer,
+   I order him to leave it here,
+   That't may from class to class descend,
+   Till time and ugliness shall end."
+
+Mr. Prentiss, in the autumn of 1795, soon after graduating,
+commenced the publication of the Rural Repository, at Leominster,
+Mass. In one of the earliest numbers of this paper, following the
+example of Mr. Biglow, he published his will, which Mr. Paine, the
+editor of the Federal Orrery, immediately transferred to his
+columns with this introductory note:--"Having, in the second
+number of 'Omnium Gatherum' presented to our readers the last will
+and testament of Charles Chatterbox, Esq., of witty memory,
+wherein the said Charles, now deceased, did lawfully bequeath to
+Ch----s Pr----s the celebrated 'Ugly Knife,' to be by him
+transmitted, at his college demise, to the next succeeding
+candidate; -------- and whereas the said Ch----s Pr----s, on the
+21st of June last, departed his aforesaid college life, thereby
+leaving to the inheritance of his successor the valuable legacy
+which his illustrious friend had bequeathed, as an entailed
+estate, to the poets of the university,--we have thought proper to
+insert a full, true, and attested copy of the will of the last
+deceased heir, in order that the world may be furnished with a
+correct genealogy of this renowned _Jack-knife_, whose pedigree
+will become as illustrious in after time as the family of the
+'ROLLES,' and which will be celebrated by future wits as the most
+formidable _weapon_ of modern genius."
+
+That part of the will only is here inserted which refers
+particularly to the Knife. It is as follows:--
+
+ "I--I say I, now make this will;
+  Let those whom I assign fulfil.
+  I give, grant, render, and convey
+  My goods and chattels thus away;
+  That _honor of a college life,
+  That celebrated_ UGLY KNIFE,
+  Which predecessor SAWNEY[42] orders,
+  Descending to time's utmost borders,
+  To _noblest bard_ of _homeliest phiz_,
+  To have and hold and use, as his,
+  I now present C----s P----y S----r,[43]
+  To keep with his poetic lumber,
+  To scrape his quid, and make a split,
+  To point his pen for sharpening wit;
+  And order that he ne'er abuse
+  Said ugly knife, in dirtier use,
+  And let said CHARLES, that best of writers,
+  In prose satiric skilled to bite us,
+  And equally in verse delight us,
+  Take special care to keep it clean
+  From unpoetic hands,--I ween.
+  And when those walls, the muses' seat,
+  Said S----r is obliged to quit,
+  Let some one of APOLLO'S firing,
+  To such heroic joys aspiring,
+  Who long has borne a poet's name,
+  With said Knife cut his way to fame."
+    See _Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp. 281, 270.
+
+Tradition asserts that the original Jack-knife was terminated at
+one end of the handle by a large blade, and at the other by a
+projecting piece of iron, to which a chain of the same metal was
+attached, and that it was customary to carry it in the pocket
+fastened by this chain to some part of the person. When this was
+lost, and the custom of transmitting the Knife went out of
+fashion, the class, guided by no rule but that of their own fancy,
+were accustomed to present any thing in the shape of a knife,
+whether oyster or case, it made no difference. In one instance a
+wooden one was given, and was immediately burned by the person who
+received it. At present the Jack-knife is voted to the ugliest
+member of the Senior Class, at the meeting for the election of
+officers for Class Day, and the sum appropriated for its purchase
+varies in different years from fifty cents to twenty dollars. The
+custom of presenting the Jack-knife is one of the most amusing of
+those which have come down to us from the past, and if any
+conclusion may be drawn from the interest which is now manifested
+in its observance, it is safe to infer, in the words of the poet,
+that it will continue
+ "Till time and ugliness shall end."
+
+In the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a Jack-knife is given to
+the greatest liar, as a reward of merit.
+
+See WILL.
+
+
+JAPANNED. A cant term in use at the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+explained in the following passage. "Many ... step ... into the
+Church, without any pretence of other change than in the attire of
+their outward man,--the being '_japanned_,' as assuming the black
+dress and white cravat is called in University slang."--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 344.
+
+
+JESUIT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of Jesus
+College.
+
+
+JOBATION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a sharp reprimand
+from the Dean for some offence, not eminently heinous.
+
+Thus dismissed the august presence, he recounts this _jobation_ to
+his friends, and enters into a discourse on masters, deans,
+tutors, and proctors.--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 124.
+
+
+JOBE. To reprove; to reprimand. "In the University of Cambridge,
+[Eng.,] the young scholars are wont to call chiding,
+_jobing_."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+I heard a lively young man assert, that, in consequence of an
+intimation from the tutor relative to his irregularities, his
+father came from the country to _jobe_ him.--_Gent. Mag._, Dec.
+1794.
+
+
+JOE. A name given at several American colleges to a privy. It is
+said that when Joseph Penney was President of Hamilton College, a
+request from the students that the privies might be cleansed was
+met by him with a denial. In consequence of this refusal, the
+offices were purified by fire on the night of November 5th. The
+derivation of the word, allowing the truth of this story, is
+apparent.
+
+The following account of _Joe-Burning_ is by a correspondent from
+Hamilton College:--"On the night of the 5th of November, every
+year, the Sophomore Class burn 'Joe.' A large pile is made of
+rails, logs, and light wood, in the form of a triangle. The space
+within is filled level to the top, with all manner of
+combustibles. A 'Joe' is then sought for by the class, carried
+from its foundations on a rude bier, and placed on this pile. The
+interior is filled with wood and straw, surrounding a barrel of
+tar placed in the middle, over all of which gallons of turpentine
+are thrown, and then set fire to. From the top of the lofty hill
+on which the College buildings are situated, this fire can be seen
+for twenty miles around. The Sophomores are all disguised in the
+most odd and grotesque dresses. A ring is formed around the
+burning 'Joe,' and a chant is sung. Horses of the neighbors are
+obtained and ridden indiscriminately, without saddle or bridle.
+The burning continues usually until daylight."
+
+  Ponamus Convivium
+  _Josephi_ in locum
+    Et id uremus.
+    _Convivii Exsequiæ, Hamilton Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+JOHNIAN. A member of St. John's College in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng.
+
+The _Johnians_ are always known by the name of pigs; they put up a
+new organ the other day, which was immediately christened "Baconi
+Novum Organum."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV., p 236.
+
+
+JUN. Abbreviated for Junior.
+
+The target for all the venomed darts of rowdy Sophs, magnificent
+_Juns_, and lazy Senes.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+
+JUNE. An abbreviation of Junior.
+
+  I once to Yale a Fresh did come,
+    But now a jolly _June_,
+  Returning to my distant home,
+    I bear the wooden spoon.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 36.
+
+  But now, when no longer a Fresh or a Soph,
+    Each blade is a gentleman _June_.
+    _Ibid._, p. 39.
+
+
+JUNE TRAINING. The following interesting and entertaining account
+of one of the distinguishing customs of the University of Vermont,
+is from the pen of one of her graduates, to whom the editor of
+this work is under many obligations for the valuable assistance he
+has rendered in effecting the completeness of this Collection.
+
+"In the old time when militia trainings were in fashion, the
+authorities of Burlington decided that, whereas the students of
+the University of Vermont claimed and were allowed the right of
+suffrage, they were to be considered citizens, and consequently
+subject to military duty. The students having refused to appear on
+parade, were threatened with prosecution; and at last they
+determined to make their appearance. This they did on a certain
+'training day,' (the year I do not recollect,) to the full
+satisfaction of the authorities, who did not expect _such_ a
+parade, and had no desire to see it repeated. But the students
+being unwilling to expose themselves to 'the rigor of the law,'
+paraded annually; and when at last the statute was repealed and
+militia musters abolished, they continued the practice for the
+sake of old association. Thus it passed into a custom, and the
+first Wednesday of June is as eagerly anticipated by the citizens
+of Burlington and the youth of the surrounding country for its
+'training,' as is the first Wednesday of August for its annual
+Commencement. The Faculty always smile propitiously, and in the
+afternoon the performance commences. The army, or more
+euphoniously the 'UNIVERSITY INVINCIBLES,' take up 'their line of
+march' from the College campus, and proceed through all the
+principal streets to the great square, where, in the presence of
+an immense audience, a speech is delivered by the
+Commander-in-chief, and a sermon by the Chaplain, the roll is
+called, and the annual health report is read by the surgeon. These
+productions are noted for their patriotism and fervid eloquence
+rather than high literary merit. Formerly the music to which they
+marched consisted solely of the good old-fashioned drum and fife;
+but of late years the Invincibles have added to these a brass
+band, composed of as many obsolete instruments as can be procured,
+in the hands of inexperienced performers. None who have ever
+handled a musical instrument before are allowed to become members
+of the band, lest the music should be too sweet and regular to
+comport with the general order of the parade. The uniform (or
+rather the _multiform_) of the company varies from year to year,
+owing to the regulation that each soldier shall consult his own
+taste,--provided that no two are to have the same taste in their
+equipments. The artillery consists of divers joints of rusty
+stove-pipe, in each of which is inserted a toy cannon of about one
+quarter of an inch calibre, mounted on an old dray, and drawn by
+as many horse-apologies as can be conveniently attached to it.
+When these guns are discharged, the effect--as might be
+expected--is terrific. The banners, built of cotton sheeting and
+mounted on a rake-handle, although they do not always exhibit
+great artistic genius, often display vast originality of design.
+For instance, one contained on the face a diagram (done in ink
+with the wrong end of a quill) of the _pons asinorum_, with the
+rather belligerent inscription, 'REMEMBER NAPOLEON AT LODI.' On
+the reverse was the head of an extremely doubtful-looking
+individual viewing 'his natural face in a glass.'
+Inscription,--'O wad some pow'r the giftie gie us To see oursel's
+as others see us.'
+
+"The surgeon's equipment is an ox-cart containing jars of drugs
+(most of them marked 'N.E.R.' and 'O.B.J.'), boxes of homoeopathic
+pills (about the size of a child's head), immense saws and knives,
+skeletons of animals, &c.; over which preside the surgeon and his
+assistant in appropriate dresses, with tin spectacles. This
+surgeon is generally the chief feature of the parade, and his
+reports are astonishing additions to the surgical lore of our
+country. He is the wit of the College,--the one who above all
+others is celebrated for the loudest laugh, the deepest bumper,
+the best joke, and the poorest song. How well he sustains his
+reputation may be known by listening to his annual reading, or by
+reference to the reports of 'Trotwood,' 'Gubbins,' or 'Deppity
+Sawbones,' who at different times have immortalized themselves by
+their contributions to science. The cavalcade is preceded by the
+'pioneers,' who clear the way for the advancing troops; which is
+generally effected by the panic among the boys, occasioned by the
+savage aspect of the pioneers,--their faces being hideously
+painted, and their dress consisting of gleanings from every
+costume, Christian, Pagan, and Turkish, known among men. As the
+body passes through the different streets, the martial men receive
+sundry testimonials of regard and approval in the shape of boquets
+and wreaths from the fair 'Peruvians,' who of course bestow them
+on those who, in their opinion, have best succeeded in the object
+of the day,--uncouth appearance. After the ceremonies, the
+students quietly congregate in some room in college to _count_
+these favors and to ascertain who is to be considered the hero of
+the day, as having rendered himself pre-eminently ridiculous. This
+honor generally falls to the lot of the surgeon. As the sun sinks
+behind the Adirondacs over the lake, the parade ends; the many
+lookers-on having nothing to see but the bright visions of the
+next year's training, retire to their homes; while the now weary
+students, gathered in knots in the windows of the upper stories,
+lazily and comfortably puff their black pipes, and watch the
+lessening forms of the retreating countrymen."
+
+Further to elucidate the peculiarities of the June Training, the
+annexed account of the custom, as it was observed on the first
+Wednesday in June of the current year, is here inserted, taken
+from the "Daily Free Press," published at Burlington, June 8th,
+1855.
+
+"The annual parade of the principal military body in Vermont is an
+event of importance. The first Wednesday in June, the day assigned
+to it, is becoming the great day of the year in Burlington.
+Already it rivals, if it does not exceed, Commencement day in
+glory and honor. The people crowd in from the adjoining towns, the
+steamboats bring numbers from across the lake, and the inhabitants
+of the town turn out in full force. The yearly recurrence of such
+scenes shows the fondness of the people for a hearty laugh, and
+the general acceptableness of the entertainment provided.
+
+"The day of the parade this year was a very favorable
+one,--without dust, and neither too hot nor too cold for comfort
+The performances properly--or rather _im_properly--commenced in
+the small hours of the night previous by the discharge of a cannon
+in front of the college buildings, which, as the cannon was
+stupidly or wantonly pointed _towards_ the college buildings, blew
+in several hundred panes of glass. We have not heard that anybody
+laughed at this piece of heavy wit.
+
+"At four o'clock in the afternoon, the Invincibles took up their
+line of march, with scream of fife and roll of drum, down Pearl
+Street to the Square, where the flying artillery discharged a
+grand national salute of one gun; thence to the Exchange, where a
+halt was made and a refreshment of water partaken of by the
+company, and then to the Square in front of the American, where
+they were duly paraded, reviewed, exhorted, and reported upon, in
+presence of two or three thousand people.
+
+"The scene presented was worth seeing. The windows of the American
+and Wheeler's Block had all been taken out, and were filled with
+bright female faces; the roofs of the same buildings were lined
+with spectators, and the top of the portico of the American was a
+condensed mass of loveliness and bright colors. The Town Hall
+windows, steps, doors, &c. were also filled. Every good look-out
+anywhere near the spot was occupied, and a dense mass of
+by-standers and lookers-on in carriages crowded the southern part
+of the Square.
+
+"Of the cortege itself, the pencil of a Hogarth only could give an
+adequate idea. The valorous Colonel Brick was of course the centre
+of all eyes. He was fitly supported by his two aids. The three
+were in elegant uniforms, were handsomely mounted, rode well and
+with gallant bearing, and presented a particularly attractive
+appearance.
+
+"Behind them appeared a scarlet robe, surmounted by a white wig of
+Brobdinagian dimensions and spectacles to match, which it is
+supposed contained in the interior the physical system of the
+Reverendissimus Boanerges Diogenes Lanternarius, Chaplain, the
+whole mounted upon the vertebræ of a solemn-looking donkey.
+
+"The representative of the Church Militant was properly backed up
+by the Flying Artillery. Their banner announced that they were
+'for the reduction of Sebastopol,' and it is safe to say that they
+will certainly take that fortress, if they get a chance. If the
+Russians hold out against those four ghostly steeds, tandem, with
+their bandy-legged and kettle-stomached riders,--that gun, so
+strikingly like a joint of old stove-pipe in its exterior, but
+which upon occasion could vomit forth your real smoke and sound
+and smell of unmistakable brimstone,--and those slashed and
+blood-stained artillerymen,--they will do more than anybody did on
+Wednesday.
+
+"The T.L.N. Horn-et Band, with Sackbut, Psaltery, Dulcimer, and
+Shawm, Tanglang, Locofodeon, and Hugag, marched next. They
+reserved their efforts for special occasions, when they woke the
+echoes with strains of altogether unearthly music, composed for
+them expressly by Saufylur, the eminent self-taught New Zealand
+composer.
+
+"Barnum's Baby-Show, on four wheels, in charge of the great
+showman himself, aided by that experienced nurse, Mrs. Gamp, in
+somewhat dilapidated attire, followed. The babies, from a span
+long to an indefinite length, of all shapes and sizes, black,
+white, and snuff-colored, twins, triplets, quartettes, and
+quincunxes, in calico and sackcloth, and in a state of nature,
+filled the vehicle, and were hung about it by the leg or neck or
+middle. A half-starved quadruped of osseous and slightly equine
+appearance drew the concern, and the shrieking axles drowned the
+cries of the innocents.
+
+"Mr. Joseph Hiss and Mrs. Patterson of Massachusetts were not
+absent. Joseph's rubicund complexion, brassy and distinctly
+Know-Nothing look, and nasal organ well developed by his
+experience on the olfactory committee, were just what might have
+been expected. The 'make up' of Mrs. P., a bright brunette, was
+capital, and she looked the woman, if not the lady, to perfection.
+The two appeared in a handsome livery buggy, paid for, we suppose,
+by the State of Massachusetts.
+
+"A wagon-load of two or three tattered and desperate looking
+individuals, labelled 'Recruits for the Crimea,' with a generous
+supply of old iron and brick-bats as material of war, was dragged
+along by the frame and most of the skin of what was once a horse.
+
+"Towards the rear, but by no means least in consequence or in the
+amount of attention attracted, was the army hospital, drawn by two
+staid and well-fed oxen. In front appeared the snowy locks and
+'fair round belly, with good _cotton_ lined' of the worthy Dr.
+Esculapius Liverwort Tarand Cantchuget-urlegawa Opodeldoc, while
+by his side his assistant sawbones brayed in a huge iron mortar,
+with a weighty pestle, much noise, and indefatigable zeal, the
+drugs and dye-stuffs. Thigh-bones, shoulder-blades, vertebræ, and
+even skulls, hanging round the establishment, testified to the
+numerous and successful amputations performed by the skilful
+surgeon.
+
+"Noticeable among the cavalry were Don Quixote de la U.V.M.,
+Knight of the patent-leather gaiters, terrible in his bright
+rectangular cuirass of tin (once a tea-chest), and his glittering
+harpoon; his doughty squire, Sancho Panza; and a dashing young
+lady, whose tasteful riding-dress of black cambric, wealth of
+embroidered skirts and undersleeves, and bold riding, took not a
+little attention.
+
+"Of the rank and file on foot it is useless to attempt a
+description. Beards of awful size, moustaches of every shade and
+length under a foot, phizzes of all colors and contortions,
+four-story hats with sky-scraping feathers, costumes
+ring-streaked, speckled, monstrous, and incredible, made up the
+motley crew. There was a Northern emigrant just returned from
+Kansas, with garments torn and water-soaked, and but half cleaned
+of the adhesive tar and feathers, watched closely by a burly
+Missourian, with any quantity of hair and fire-arms and
+bowie-knives. There were Rev. Antoinette Brown, and Neal Dow;
+there was a darky whose banner proclaimed his faith in Stowe and
+Seward and Parker, an aboriginal from the prairies, an ancient
+minstrel with a modern fiddle, and a modern minstrel with an
+ancient hurdy- gurdy. All these and more. Each man was a study in
+himself, and to all, Falstaff's description of his recruits would
+apply:--
+
+"'My whole charge consists of corporals, lieutenants, gentlemen of
+companies, slaves as ragged as Lazarus in the painted cloth, where
+the glutton's dogs licked his sores; the cankers of a calm world
+and a long peace; ten times more dishonorable ragged than an
+old-faced ancient: and such have I, that you would think I had a
+hundred and fifty tattered prodigals lately come from
+swine-keeping, from eating draff and husks. A mad fellow met me on
+the way and told me I had unloaded all the gibbets and pressed the
+dead bodies. No eye hath seen such scarecrows.'
+
+"The proceedings on the review were exciting. After the calling of
+the roll, the idol of his regiment, Col. Martin Van Buren Brick,
+discharged an eloquent and touching speech.
+
+"From the report of Dr. Opodeldoc, which was thirty-six feet in
+length, we can of course give but a few extracts. He commenced by
+informing the Invincibles that his cures the year past had been
+more astounding than ever, and that his fame would continue to
+grow brighter and brighter, until eclipsed by the advent of some
+younger Dr. Esculapius Liverwort Tar Cant-ye-get-your-leg-away
+Opodeldoc, who in after years would shoot up like a meteor and
+reproduce his father's greatness; and went on as follows:--
+
+"'The first academic that appeared after the last report was the
+_desideratum graduatere_, or graduating fever. Twenty-seven were
+taken down. Symptoms, morality in the head,--dignity in the walk,
+--hints about graduating,--remarkable tendency to
+swell,--literary movement of the superior and inferior maxillary
+bones, &c., &c. Strictures on bleeding were first applied; then
+treating homoeopathically _similis similibus_, applied roots
+extracted, roots Latin and Greek, infinitesimal extracts of
+calculus, mathematical formulas, psychological inductions, &c.,
+&c. No avail. Finally applied huge sheep-skin plasters under the
+axilla, with a composition of printers' ink, paste, paper,
+ribbons, and writing-ink besmeared thereon, and all were
+despatched in one short day.
+
+"'Sophomore Exhibition furnished many cases. One man hit by a
+Soph-bug, drove eye down into stomach, carrying with it brains and
+all inside of the head. In order to draw them back to their proper
+place, your Surgeon caused a leaf from Barnum's Autobiography to
+be placed on patient's head, thinking that to contain more true,
+genuine _suction_ than anything yet discovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"'Nebraska _cancers_ have appeared in our ranks, especially in
+Missouri division. Surgeon recommends 385 eighty-pounders be
+loaded to the muzzle, first with blank cartridges,--to wit, Frank
+Pierce and Stephen A. Douglas, Free-Soil sermons, Fern Leaves, Hot
+Corn, together with all the fancy literature of the day,--and
+cause the same to be fired upon the disputed territory; this would
+cause all the breakings out to be removed, and drive off
+everybody.'
+
+"The close of the report was as follows. It affected many even to
+tears.
+
+"'May you all remember your Surgeon, and may your thoracic duck
+ever continue to sail peacefully down the common carrotted
+arteries, under the keystone of the arch of the aorta, and not
+rush madly into the abominable cavity and eclipse the semi-lunar
+dandelions, nor, still worse, play the dickens with the
+pneumogastric nerve and auxiliary artery, reverse the doododen,
+upset the flamingo, irritate the _high-old-glossus_, and be for
+ever lost in the receptaculum chyli. No, no, but, &c. Yours
+feelingly,
+
+'Dr. E.L.T.C.O., M.D.'
+
+"Dr. O., we notice, has added a new branch, that of dentistry, to
+his former accomplishments. By his new system, his customers are
+not obliged to undergo the pain of the operations in person, but,
+by merely sending their heads to him, can have everything done
+with a great decrease of trouble. From a calf's head thus sent in,
+the Doctor, after cutting the gums with a hay-cutter, and filing
+between the teeth with a wood-saw, skilfully extracted with a pair
+of blacksmith tongs a very great number of molars and incisors.
+
+"Miss Lucy Amazonia Crura Longa Lignea, thirteen feet high, and
+Mr. Rattleshanks Don Skyphax, a swain a foot taller, advanced from
+the ranks, and were made one by the chaplain. The bride promised
+to own the groom, but _protested_ formally against his custody of
+her person, property, and progeny. The groom pledged himself to
+mend the unmentionables of his spouse, or to resign his own when
+required to rock the cradle, and spank the babies. He placed no
+ring upon her finger, but instead transferred his whiskers to her
+face, when the chaplain pronounced them 'wife and man,' and the
+happy pair stalked off, their heads on a level with the
+second-story windows.
+
+"Music from the Keeseville Band who were present followed; the
+flying artillery fired another salute; the fife and drums struck
+up; and the Invincibles took their winding way to the University,
+where they were disbanded in good season."
+
+
+JUNIOR. One in the third year of his collegiate course in an
+American college, formerly called JUNIOR SOPHISTER.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+2. One in the first year of his course at a theological seminary.
+--_Webster_.
+
+
+JUNIOR. Noting the third year of the collegiate course in American
+colleges, or the first year in the theological
+seminaries.--_Webster_.
+
+
+JUNIOR APPOINTMENTS. At Yale College, there appears yearly, in the
+papers conducted by the students, a burlesque imitation of the
+regular appointments of the Junior exhibition. These mock
+appointments are generally of a satirical nature, referring to
+peculiarities of habits, character, or manners. The following,
+taken from some of the Yale newspapers, may be considered as
+specimens of the subjects usually assigned. Philosophical Oration,
+given to one distinguished for a certain peculiarity, subject,
+"The Advantage of a Great Breadth of Base." Latin Oration, to a
+vain person, subject, "Amor Sui." Dissertations: to a meddling
+person, subject, "The Busybody"; to a poor punster, subject,
+"Diseased Razors"; to a poor scholar, subject, "Flunk on,--flunk
+ever." Colloquy, to a joker whose wit was not estimated, subject,
+"Unappreciated Facetiousness." When a play upon names is
+attempted, the subject "Perfect Looseness" is assigned to Mr.
+Slack; Mr. Barnes discourses upon "_Stability_ of character, or
+pull down and build greater"; Mr. Todd treats upon "The Student's
+Manual," and incentives to action are presented, based on the line
+ "Lives of great men all remind us,"
+by students who rejoice in the Christian names, George Washington,
+Patrick Henry, Martin Van Buren, Andrew Jackson, Charles James
+Fox, and Henry Clay.
+
+See MOCK PART.
+
+
+JUNIOR BACHELOR. One who is in his first year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts.
+
+No _Junior Bachelor_ shall continue in the College after the
+commencement in the Summer vacation.--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1798,
+p. 19.
+
+
+JUNIOR FELLOW. At Oxford, one who stands upon the foundation of
+the college to which he belongs, and is an aspirant for academic
+emoluments.--_De Quincey_.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, a Junior Fellow is one chosen by
+the House of Convocation to be a member of the examining committee
+for three years. Junior Fellows must have attained the M.A.
+degree, and can only be voted for by Masters in Arts. Six Junior
+Fellows are elected every three years.
+
+
+JUNIOR FRESHMAN. The name of the first of the four classes into
+which undergraduates are divided at Trinity College, Dublin.
+
+
+JUNIOR OPTIME. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., those who
+occupy the third rank in honors, at the close of the final
+examination in the Senate-House, are called _Junior Optimes_.
+
+The third class, or that of _Junior Optimes_, is usually about at
+numerous as the first [that of the Wranglers], but its limits are
+more extensive, varying from twenty-five to sixty. A majority of
+the Classical men are in it; the rest of its contents are those
+who have broken down before the examination from ill-health or
+laziness, and choose the Junior Optime as an easier pass degree
+under their circumstances than the Poll, and those who break down
+in the examination; among these last may be sometimes found an
+expectant Wrangler.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d p. 228.
+
+The word is frequently abbreviated.
+
+Two years ago he got up enough of his low subjects to go on among
+the _Junior Ops._--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+There are only two mathematical papers, and these consist almost
+entirely of high questions; what a _Junior Op._ or low Senior Op.
+can do in them amounts to nothing.--_Ibid._, p. 286.
+
+
+JUNIOR SOPHISTER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student
+in the second year of his residence is called Junior Soph or
+Sophister.
+
+2. In some American colleges, a member of the Junior Class, i.e.
+of the third year, was formerly designated a Junior Sophister.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+
+_K_.
+
+
+KEEP. To lodge, live, dwell, or inhabit. To _keep_ in such a
+place, is to have rooms there. This word, though formerly used
+extensively, is now confined to colleges and universities.
+
+Inquire of anybody you meet in the court of a college at Cambridge
+your way to Mr. A----'s room, you will be told that he _keeps_ on
+such a staircase, up so many pair of stairs, door to the right or
+left.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, Vol. II. p. 178.
+
+He said I ought to have asked for his rooms, or inquired where he
+_kept_.--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 118.
+
+Dr. Johnson, in his Dictionary, cites this very apposite passage
+from Shakespeare: "Knock at the study where they say he keeps."
+Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, says of the word: "This is noted
+as an Americanism in the Monthly Anthology, Vol. V. p. 428. It is
+less used now than formerly."
+
+_To keep an act_, in the English universities, "to perform an
+exercise in the public schools preparatory to the proceeding in
+degrees." The phrase was formerly in use in Harvard College. In an
+account in the Mass. Hist. Coll., Vol. I. p. 245, entitled New
+England's First Fruits, is the following in reference to that
+institution: "The students of the first classis that have beene
+these foure yeeres trained up in University learning, and are
+approved for their manners, as they have _kept their publick Acts_
+in former yeeres, ourselves being present at them; so have they
+lately _kept two solemn Acts_ for their Commencement."
+
+_To keep chapel_, in colleges, to attend Divine services, which
+are there performed daily.
+
+"As you have failed to _make up your number_ of chapels the last
+two weeks," such are the very words of the Dean, "you will, if you
+please, _keep every chapel_ till the end of the term."--_Household
+Words_, Vol. II. p. 161.
+
+_To keep a term_, in universities, is to reside during a
+term.--_Webster_.
+
+
+KEYS. Caius, the name of one of the colleges in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., is familiarly pronounced _Keys_.
+
+
+KINGSMAN. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of King's
+College.
+
+He came out the winner, with the _Kingsman_ and one of our three
+close at his heels.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 127.
+
+
+KITCHEN-HATCH. A half-door between the kitchen and the hall in
+colleges and old mansions. At Harvard College, the students in
+former times received at the _kitchen-hatch_ their food for the
+evening meal, which they were allowed to eat in the yard or at
+their rooms. At the same place the waiters also took the food
+which they carried to the tables.
+
+The waiters when the bell rings at meal-time shall take the
+victuals at the _kitchen-hatch_, and carry the Same to the several
+tables for which they are designed.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+41.
+
+See BUTTERY-HATCH.
+
+
+KNOCK IN. A phrase used at Oxford, and thus explained in the
+Collegian's Guide: "_Knocking in_ late, or coming into college
+after eleven or twelve o'clock, is punished frequently with being
+'confined to gates,' or being forbidden to '_knock in_' or come in
+after nine o'clock for a week or more, sometimes all the
+term."--p. 161.
+
+
+KNOCKS. From KNUCKLES. At some of the Southern colleges, a game at
+marbles called _Knucks_ is a common diversion among the students.
+
+
+[Greek: Kudos]. Greek; literally, _glory, fame_. Used among
+students, with the meaning _credit, reputation_.
+
+I was actuated not merely by a desire after the promotion of my
+own [Greek: kudos], but by an honest wish to represent my country
+well.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 27,
+28.
+
+
+
+_L_.
+
+
+LANDSMANNSCHAFT. German. The name of an association of students in
+German universities.
+
+
+LAP-EAR. At Washington College, Penn., students of a religious
+character are called _lap-ears_ or _donkeys_. The opposite class
+are known by the common name of _bloods_.
+
+
+LATIN SPOKEN AT COLLEGES. At our older American colleges, students
+were formerly required to be able to speak and write Latin before
+admission, and to continue the use of it after they had become
+members. In his History of Harvard University, Quincy remarks on
+this subject:--
+
+"At a period when Latin was the common instrument of communication
+among the learned, and the official language of statesmen, great
+attention was naturally paid to this branch of education.
+Accordingly, 'to speak true Latin, both in prose and verse,' was
+made an essential requisite for admission. Among the 'Laws and
+Liberties' of the College we also find the following: 'The
+scholars _shall never use their mother tongue_, except that, in
+public exercises of oratory or such like, they be called to make
+them in English.' This law appears upon the records of the College
+in the Latin as well as in the English language. The terms in the
+former are indeed less restrictive and more practical: 'Scholares
+vernaculâ linguâ, _intra Collegii limites_, nullo pretextu
+utentur.' There is reason to believe that those educated at the
+College, and destined for the learned professions, acquired an
+adequate acquaintance with the Latin, and those destined to become
+divines, with the Greek and Hebrew. In other respects, although
+the sphere of instruction was limited, it was sufficient for the
+age and country, and amply supplied all their purposes and wants."
+--Vol. I. pp. 193, 194.
+
+By the laws of 1734, the undergraduates were required to "declaim
+publicly in the hall, in one of the three learned languages; and
+in no other without leave or direction from the President." The
+observance of this rule seems to have been first laid aside, when,
+"at an Overseers' meeting at the College, April 27th, 1756, John
+Vassall, Jonathan Allen, Tristram Gilman, Thomas Toppan, Edward
+Walker, Samuel Barrett, presented themselves before the Board, and
+pronounced, in the respective characters assigned them, a dialogue
+in _the English tongue_, translated from Castalio, and then
+withdrew,"--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 240.
+
+The first English Oration was spoken by Mr. Jedediah Huntington in
+the year 1763, and the first English Poem by Mr. John Davis in
+1781.
+
+In reference to this subject, as connected with Yale College,
+President Wholsey remarks, in his Historical Discourse:--
+
+"With regard to practice in the learned languages, particularly
+the Latin, it is prescribed that 'no scholar shall use the English
+tongue in the College with his fellow-scholars, unless he be
+called to a public exercise proper to be attended in the English
+tongue, but scholars in their chambers, and when they are
+together, shall talk Latin.'"--p. 59.
+
+"The fluent use of Latin was acquired by the great body of the
+students; nay, certain phrases were caught up by the very cooks in
+the kitchen. Yet it cannot be said that elegant Latin was either
+spoken or written. There was not, it would appear, much practice
+in writing this language, except on the part of those who were
+candidates for Berkeleian prizes. And the extant specimens of
+Latin discourses written by the officers of the College in the
+past century are not eminently Ciceronian in their style. The
+speaking of Latin, which was kept up as the College dialect in
+rendering excuses for absences, in syllogistic disputes, and in
+much of the intercourse between the officers and students, became
+nearly extinct about the time of Dr. Dwight's accession. And at
+the same period syllogistic disputes as distinguished from
+forensic seem to have entirely ceased."--p. 62.
+
+The following story is from the Sketches of Yale College. "In
+former times, the students were accustomed to assemble together to
+render excuses for absence in Latin. One of the Presidents was in
+the habit of answering to almost every excuse presented, 'Ratio
+non sufficit' (The reason is not sufficient). On one occasion, a
+young man who had died a short time previous was called upon for
+an excuse. Some one answered, 'Mortuus est' (He is dead). 'Ratio
+non sufficit,' repeated the grave President, to the infinite
+merriment of his auditors."--p. 182.
+
+The story is current of one of the old Presidents of Harvard
+College, that, wishing to have a dog that had strayed in at
+evening prayers driven out of the Chapel, he exclaimed, half in
+Latin and half in English, "Exclude canem, et shut the door." It
+is also related that a Freshman who had been shut up in the
+buttery by some Sophomores, and had on that account been absent
+from a recitation, when called upon with a number of others to
+render an excuse, not knowing how to express his ideas in Latin,
+replied in as learned a manner as possible, hoping that his answer
+would pass as Latin, "Shut m' up in t' Buttery."
+
+A very pleasant story, entitled "The Tutor's Ghost," in which are
+narrated the misfortunes which befell a tutor in the olden time,
+on account of his inability to remember the Latin for the word
+"beans," while engaged in conversation, may be found in the "Yale
+Literary Magazine," Vol. XX. pp. 190-195.
+
+See NON PARAVI and NON VALUI.
+
+
+LAUREATE. To honor with a degree in the university, and a present
+of a wreath of laurel.--_Warton_.
+
+
+LAUREATION. The act of conferring a degree in the university,
+together with a wreath of laurel; an honor bestowed on those who
+excelled in writing verse. This was an ancient practice at Oxford,
+from which, probably, originated the denomination of _poet
+laureate_.--_Warton_.
+
+The laurel crown, according to Brande, "was customarily given at
+the universities in the Middle Ages to such persons as took
+degrees in grammar and rhetoric, of which poetry formed a branch;
+whence, according to some authors, the term Baccalaureatus has
+been derived. The academical custom of bestowing the laurel, and
+the court custom, were distinct, until the former was abolished.
+The last instance in which the laurel was bestowed in the
+universities, was in the reign of Henry the Eighth."
+
+
+LAWS. In early times, the laws in the oldest colleges in the
+United States were as often in Latin as in English. They were
+usually in manuscript, and the students were required to make
+copies for themselves on entering college. The Rev. Henry Dunster,
+who was the first President of Harvard College, formed the first
+code of laws for the College. They were styled, "The Laws,
+Liberties, and Orders of Harvard College, confirmed by the
+Overseers and President of the College in the years 1642, 1643,
+1644, 1645, and 1646, and published to the scholars for the
+perpetual preservation of their welfare and government." Referring
+to him, Quincy says: "Under his administration, the first code of
+laws was formed; rules of admission, and the principles on which
+degrees should be granted, were established; and scholastic forms,
+similar to those customary in the English universities, were
+adopted; many of which continue, with little variation, to be used
+at the present time."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 15.
+
+In 1732, the laws were revised, and it was voted that they should
+all be in Latin, and that each student should have a copy, which
+he was to write out for himself and subscribe. In 1790, they were
+again revised and printed in English, since which time many
+editions have been issued.
+
+Of the laws of Yale College, President Woolsey gives the following
+account, in his Historical Discourse before the Graduates of that
+institution, Aug. 14, 1850:--
+
+"In the very first year of the legal existence of the College, we
+find the Trustees ordaining, that, 'until they should provide
+further, the Rector or Tutors should make use of the orders and
+institutions of Harvard College, for the instructing and ruling of
+the collegiate school, so far as they should judge them suitable,
+and wherein the Trustees had not at that meeting made provision.'
+The regulations then made by the Trustees went no further than to
+provide for the religious education of the College, and to give to
+the College officers the power of imposing extraordinary school
+exercises or degradation in the class. The earliest known laws of
+the College belong to the years 1720 and 1726, and are in
+manuscript; which is explained by the custom that every Freshman,
+on his admission, was required to write off a copy of them for
+himself, to which the admittatur of the officers was subscribed.
+In the year 1745 a new revision of the laws was completed, which
+exists in manuscript; but the first printed code was in Latin, and
+issued from the press of T. Green at New London, in 1748. Various
+editions, with sundry changes in them, appeared between that time
+and the year 1774, when the first edition in English saw the
+light.
+
+"It is said of this edition, that it was printed by particular
+order of the Legislature. That honorable body, being importuned to
+extend aid to the College, not long after the time when President
+Clap's measures had excited no inconsiderable ill-will, demanded
+to see the laws; and accordingly a bundle of the Latin laws--the
+only ones in existence--were sent over to the State-House. Not
+admiring legislation in a dead language, and being desirous to pry
+into the mysteries which it sealed up from some of the members,
+they ordered the code to be translated. From that time the
+numberless editions of the laws have all been in the English
+tongue."--pp. 45, 46.
+
+The College of William and Mary, which was founded in 1693,
+imitated in its laws and customs the English universities, but
+especially the University of Oxford. The other colleges which were
+founded before the Revolution, viz. New Jersey College, Columbia
+College, Pennsylvania University, Brown University, Dartmouth, and
+Rutgers College, "generally imitated Harvard in the order of
+classes, the course of studies, the use of text-books, and the
+manner of instruction."--_Am. Quart. Reg._, Vol. XV. 1843, p. 426.
+
+The colleges which were founded after the Revolution compiled
+their laws, in a great measure, from those of the above-named
+colleges.
+
+
+LEATHER MEDAL. At Harvard College, the _leather Medal_ was
+formerly bestowed upon the _laziest_ fellow in College. He was to
+be last at recitation, last at commons, seldom at morning prayers,
+and always asleep in church.
+
+
+LECTURE. A discourse _read_, as the derivation of the word
+implies, by a professor to his pupils; more generally, it is
+applied to every species of instruction communicated _vivâ voce_.
+--_Brande_.
+
+In American colleges, lectures form a part of the collegiate
+instruction, especially during the last two years, in the latter
+part of which, in some colleges, they divide the time nearly
+equally with recitations.
+
+2. A rehearsal of a lesson.--_Eng. Univ._
+
+Of this word, De Quincey says: "But what is the meaning of a
+lecture in Oxford and elsewhere? Elsewhere, it means a solemn
+dissertation, read, or sometimes histrionically declaimed, by the
+professor. In Oxford, it means an exercise performed orally by the
+students, occasionally assisted by the tutor, and subject, in its
+whole course, to his corrections, and what may be called his
+_scholia_, or collateral suggestions and improvements."--_Life and
+Manners_, p. 253.
+
+
+LECTURER. At the University of Cambridge, England, the _lecturers_
+assist in tuition, and especially attend to the exercises of the
+students in Greek and Latin composition, themes, declamations,
+verses, &c.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+LEM. At Williams College, a privy.
+
+Night had thrown its mantle over earth. Sol had gone to lay his
+weary head in the lap of Thetis, as friend Hudibras has it; The
+horned moon, and the sweet pale stars, were looking serenely! upon
+the darkened earth, when the denizens of this little village were
+disturbed by the cry of fire. The engines would have been rattling
+through the streets with considerable alacrity, if the fathers of
+the town had not neglected to provide them; but the energetic
+citizens were soon on hand. There was much difficulty in finding
+where the fire was, and heads and feet were turned in various
+directions, till at length some wight of superior optical powers
+discovered a faint, ruddy light in the rear of West College. It
+was an ancient building,--a time-honored structure,--an edifice
+erected by our forefathers, and by them christened LEMUEL, which
+in the vernacular tongue is called _Lem_ "for short." The
+dimensions of the edifice were about 120 by 62 inches. The loss is
+almost irreparable, estimated at not less than 2,000 pounds,
+avoirdupois. May it rise like a Phoenix from its ashes!--_Williams
+Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol. I. p. 464, 465.
+
+
+LETTER HOME. A writer in the American Literary Magazine thus
+explains and remarks upon the custom of punishing students by
+sending a letter to their parents:--"In some institutions, there
+is what is called the '_letter home_,'--which, however, in justice
+to professors and tutors in general, we ought to say, is a
+punishment inflicted upon parents for sending their sons to
+college, rather than upon delinquent students. A certain number of
+absences from matins or vespers, or from recitations, entitles the
+culprit to a heartrending epistle, addressed, not to himself, but
+to his anxious father or guardian at home. The document is always
+conceived in a spirit of severity, in order to make it likely to
+take effect. It is meant to be impressive, less by the heinousness
+of the offence upon which it is predicated, than by the pregnant
+terms in which it is couched. It often creates a misery and
+anxiety far away from the place wherein it is indited, not because
+it is understood, but because it is misunderstood and exaggerated
+by the recipient. While the student considers it a farcical
+proceeding, it is a leaf of tragedy to fathers and mothers. Then
+the thing is explained. The offence is sifted. The father finds
+out that less than a dozen morning naps are all that is necessary
+to bring about this stupendous correspondence. The moral effect of
+the act of discipline is neutralized, and the parent is perhaps
+too glad, at finding his anxiety all but groundless, to denounce
+the puerile, infant-school system, which he has been made to
+comprehend by so painful a process."--Vol. IV. p. 402.
+
+Avaunt, ye terrific dreams of "failures," "conditions," "_letters
+home_," and "admonitions."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 407.
+
+The birch twig sprouts into--_letters home_ and
+dismissions.--_Ibid._, Vol. XIII. p. 869.
+
+But if they, capricious through long indulgence, did not choose to
+get up, what then? Why, absent marks and _letters home_.--_Yale
+Banger_, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+He thinks it very hard that the faculty write "_letters
+home_."--_Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+  And threats of "_Letters home_, young man,"
+    Now cause us no alarm.
+    _Presentation Day Song_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+LIBERTY TREE. At Harvard College, a tree which formerly stood
+between Massachusetts and Harvard Halls received, about the year
+1760, the name of the Liberty Tree, on an occasion which is
+mentioned in Hutchinson's posthumous volume of the History of
+Massachusetts Bay. "The spirit of liberty," says he, "spread where
+it was not intended. The Undergraduates of Harvard College had
+been long used to make excuses for absence from prayers and
+college exercises; pretending detention at their chambers by their
+parents, or friends, who come to visit them. The tutors came into
+an agreement not to admit such excuses, unless the scholar came to
+the tutor, before prayers or college exercises, and obtained leave
+to be absent. This gave such offence, that the scholars met in a
+body, under and about a great tree, to which they gave the name of
+the _tree of liberty_! There they came into several resolves in
+favor of liberty; one of them, that the rule or order of the
+tutors was _unconstitutional_. The windows of some of the tutors
+were broken soon after, by persons unknown. Several of the
+scholars were suspected, and examined. One of them falsely
+reported that he had been confined without victuals or drink, in
+order to compel him to a confession; and another declared, that he
+had seen him under this confinement. This caused an attack upon
+the tutors, and brickbats were thrown into the room, where they
+had met together in the evening, through the windows. Three or
+four of the rioters were discovered and expelled. The three junior
+classes went to the President, and desired to give up their
+chambers, and to leave the college. The fourth class, which was to
+remain but about three months, and then to be admitted to their
+degrees, applied to the President for a recommendation to the
+college in Connecticut, that they might be admitted there. The
+Overseers of the College met on the occasion, and, by a vigorous
+exertion of the powers with which they were intrusted,
+strengthened the hands of the President and tutors, by confirming
+the expulsions, and declaring their resolution to support the
+subordinate government of the College; and the scholars were
+brought to a sense and acknowledgment of their fault, and a stop
+was put to the revolt."--Vol. III. p. 187.
+
+Some years after, this tree was either blown or cut down, and the
+name was transferred to another. A few of the old inhabitants of
+Cambridge remember the stump of the former Liberty Tree, but all
+traces of it seem to have been removed before the year 1800. The
+present Liberty Tree stands between Holden Chapel and Harvard
+Hall, to the west of Hollis. As early as the year 1815 there were
+gatherings under its branches on Class Day, and it is probable
+that this was the case even at an earlier date. At present it is
+customary for the members of the Senior Class, at the close of the
+exercises incident to Class Day, (the day on which the members of
+that class finish their collegiate studies, and retire to make
+preparations for the ensuing Commencement,) after cheering the
+buildings, to encircle this tree, and, with hands joined, to sing
+their favorite ballad, "Auld Lang Syne." They then run and dance
+around it, and afterwards cheer their own class, the other
+classes, and many of the College professors. At parting, each
+takes a sprig or a flower from the beautiful wreath which is hung
+around the tree, and this is sacredly preserved as a last memento
+of the scenes and enjoyments of college life.
+
+In the poem delivered before the Class of 1849, on their Class
+Day, occur the following beautiful stanzas in memory of departed
+classmates, in which reference is made to some of the customs
+mentioned above:--
+
+ "They are listening now to our parting prayers;
+    And the farewell song that we pour
+  Their distant voices will echo
+    From the far-off spirit shore;
+
+ "And the wreath that we break with our scattered band,
+    As it twines round the aged elm,--
+  Its fragments we'll keep with a sacred hand,
+    But the fragrance shall rise to them.
+
+ "So to-day we will dance right merrily,
+    An unbroken band, round the old elm-tree;
+  And they shall not ask for a greener shrine
+    Than the hearts of the class of '49."
+
+Its grateful shade has in later times been used for purposes
+similar to those which Hutchinson records, as the accompanying
+lines will show, written in commemoration of the Rebellion of
+1819.
+
+ "Wreaths to the chiefs who our rights have defended;
+    Hallowed and blessed be the Liberty Tree:
+  Where Lenox[44] his pies 'neath its shelter hath vended,
+    We Sophs have assembled, and sworn to be free."
+    _The Rebelliad_, p. 54.
+
+The poet imagines the spirits of the different trees in the
+College yard assembled under the Liberty Tree to utter their
+sorrows.
+
+ "It was not many centuries since,
+    When, gathered on the moonlit green,
+  Beneath the Tree of Liberty,
+    A ring of weeping sprites was seen."
+    _Meeting of the Dryads,[45] Holmes's Poems_, p. 102.
+
+It is sometimes called "the Farewell Tree," for obvious reasons.
+
+ "Just fifty years ago, good friends,
+        a young and gallant band
+  Were dancing round the Farewell Tree,
+        --each hand in comrade's hand."
+    _Song, at Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Class of 1798_.
+
+See CLASS DAY.
+
+
+LICEAT MIGRARE. Latin; literally, _let it be permitted him to
+remove_.
+
+At Oxford, a form of modified dismissal from College. This
+punishment "is usually the consequence of mental inefficiency
+rather than moral obliquity, and does not hinder the student so
+dismissed from entering at another college or at
+Cambridge."--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 224.
+
+Same as LICET MIGRARI.
+
+
+LICET MIGRARI. Latin; literally, _it is permitted him to be
+removed_. In the University of Cambridge, England, a permission to
+leave one's college. This differs from the Bene Discessit, for
+although you may leave with consent, it by no means follows in
+this case that you have the approbation of the Master and Fellows
+so to do.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+LIKE A BRICK OR A BEAN, LIKE A HOUSE ON FIRE, LIKE BRICKS. Among
+the students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., intensive
+phrases, to express the most energetic way of doing anything.
+"These phrases," observes Bristed, "are sometimes in very odd
+contexts. You hear men talk of a balloon going up _like bricks_,
+and rain coming down _like a house on fire_."--_Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 24.
+
+Still it was not in human nature for a classical man, living among
+classical men, and knowing that there were a dozen and more close
+to him reading away "_like bricks_," to be long entirely separated
+from his Greek and Latin books.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 218.
+
+"_Like bricks_," is the commonest of their expressions, or used to
+be. There was an old landlady at Huntingdon who said she always
+charged Cambridge men twice as much as any one else. Then, "How do
+you know them?" asked somebody. "O sir, they always tell us to get
+the beer _like bricks_."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV.
+p. 231.
+
+
+LITERÆ HUMANIORES. Latin; freely, _the humanities; classical
+literature_. At Oxford "the _Literæ Humaniores_ now include Latin
+and Greek Translation and Composition, Ancient History and
+Rhetoric, Political and Moral Philosophy, and Logic."--_Lit.
+World_, Vol. XII. p. 245.
+
+See HUMANITY.
+
+
+LITERARY CONTESTS. At Jefferson College, in Pennsylvania, "there
+is," says a correspondent, "an unusual interest taken in the two
+literary societies, and once a year a challenge is passed between
+them, to meet in an open literary contest upon an appointed
+evening, usually that preceding the close of the second session.
+The _contestors_ are a Debater, an Orator, an Essayist, and a
+Declaimer, elected from each society by the majority, some time
+previous to their public appearance. An umpire and two associate
+judges, selected either by the societies or by the _contestors_
+themselves, preside over the performances, and award the honors to
+those whom they deem most worthy of them. The greatest excitement
+prevails upon this occasion, and an honor thus conferred is
+preferable to any given in the institution."
+
+At Washington College, in Pennsylvania, the contest performances
+are conducted upon the same principle as at Jefferson.
+
+
+LITTLE-GO. In the English universities, a cant name for a public
+examination about the middle of the course, which, being less
+strict and less important in its consequences than the final one,
+has received this appellation.--_Lyell_.
+
+Whether a regular attendance on the lecture of the college would
+secure me a qualification against my first public examination;
+which is here called _the Little-go_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+283.
+
+Also called at Oxford _Smalls_, or _Small-go_.
+
+You must be prepared with your list of books, your testamur for
+Responsions (by Undergraduates called "_Little-go_" or
+"_Smalls_"), and also your certificate of
+matriculation.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 241.
+
+See RESPONSION.
+
+
+LL.B. An abbreviation for _Legum Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of Laws.
+In American colleges, this degree is conferred on students who
+fulfil the conditions of the statutes of the law school to which
+they belong. The law schools in the different colleges are
+regulated on this point by different rules, but in many the degree
+of LL.B. is given to a B.A. who has been a member of a law school
+for a year and a half.
+
+See B.C.L.
+
+
+LL.D. An abbreviation for _Legum Doctor_, Doctor of Laws.
+
+In American colleges, an honorary degree, conferred _pro meritis_
+on those who are distinguished as lawyers, statesmen, &c.
+
+See D.C.L.
+
+
+L.M. An abbreviation for the words _Licentiate in Medicine_. At
+the University of Cambridge, Eng., an L.M. must be an M.A. or M.B.
+of two years' standing. No exercise, but examination by the
+Professor and another Doctor in the Faculty.
+
+
+LOAF. At Princeton College, to borrow anything, whether returning
+it or not; usually in the latter sense.
+
+
+LODGE. At the University of Cambridge, England, the technical name
+given to the house occupied by the master of a
+college.--_Bristed_.
+
+When Undergraduates were invited to the _conversaziones_ at the
+_Lodge_, they were expected never to sit down in the Master's
+presence.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 90.
+
+
+LONG. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the long vacation, or,
+as it is more familiarly called, "The Long," commences according
+to statute in July, at the close of the Easter term, but
+practically early in June, and ends October 20th, at the beginning
+of the Michaelmas term.
+
+For a month or six weeks in the "_Long_," they rambled off to see
+the sights of Paris.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 37.
+
+In the vacations, particularly the _Long_, there is every facility
+for reading.--_Ibid._, p. 78.
+
+So attractive is the Vacation-College-life that the great trouble
+of the Dons is to keep the men from staying up during the _Long_.
+--_Ibid._, p. 79.
+
+Some were going on reading parties, some taking a holiday before
+settling down to their work in the "_Long_."--_Ibid._, p. 104.
+
+See VACATION.
+
+
+LONG-EAR. At Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, a student of a sober
+or religious character is denominated a _long-ear_. The opposite
+is _short-ear_.
+
+
+LOTTERY. The method of obtaining money by lottery has at different
+times been adopted in several of our American colleges. In 1747, a
+new building being wanted at Yale College, the "Liberty of a
+Lottery" was obtained from the General Assembly, "by which," says
+Clap, "Five Hundred Pounds Sterling was raised, clear of all
+Charge and Deductions."--_Hist. of Yale Coll._, p. 55.
+
+This sum defrayed one third of the expense of building what was
+then called Connecticut Hall, and is known now by the name of "the
+South Middle College."
+
+In 1772, Harvard College being in an embarrassed condition, the
+Legislature granted it the benefit of a lottery; in 1794 this
+grant was renewed, and for the purpose of enabling the College to
+erect an additional building. The proceeds of the lottery amounted
+to $18,400, which, with $5,300 from the general funds of the
+College, were applied to the erection of Stoughton Hall, which was
+completed in 1805. In 1806 the Legislature again authorized a
+lottery, which enabled the Corporation in 1813 to erect a new
+building, called Holworthy Hall, at an expense of about $24,500,
+the lottery having produced about $29,000.--_Quincy's Hist. of
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 162, 273, 292.
+
+
+LOUNGE. A treat, a comfort. A word introduced into the vocabulary
+of the English Cantabs, from Eton.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+LOW. The term applied to the questions, subjects, papers, &c.,
+pertaining to a LOW MAN.
+
+The "_low_" questions were chiefly confined to the first day's
+papers.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 205.
+
+The "_low_ subjects," as got up to pass men among the Junior
+Optimes, comprise, etc.--_Ibid._, p. 205.
+
+The _low_ papers were longer.--_Ibid._, p. 206.
+
+
+LOWER HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+LOW MAN. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the name given to a
+Junior Optime as compared with a Senior Optime or with a Wrangler.
+
+I was fortunate enough to find a place in the team of a capital
+tutor,... who had but six pupils, all going out this time, and
+five of them "_low men_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 204.
+
+
+
+_M_.
+
+
+M.A. An abbreviation of _Magister Artium_, Master of Arts. The
+second degree given by universities and colleges. Sometimes
+written A.M., which, is in accordance with the proper Latin
+arrangement.
+
+In the English universities, every B.A. of three years' standing
+may proceed to this degree on payment of certain fees. In America,
+this degree is conferred, without examination, on Bachelors of
+three years' standing. At Harvard, this degree was formerly
+conferred only upon examination, as will be seen by the following
+extract. "Every schollar that giveth up in writing a System, or
+Synopsis, or summe of Logick, naturall and morall Philosophy,
+Arithmetick, Geometry and Astronomy: And is ready to defend his
+Theses or positions: Withall skilled in the originalls as
+above-said; And of godly life and conversation; And so approved by
+the Overseers and Master of the Colledge, at any publique Act, is
+fit to be dignified with his 2d degree."--_New England's First
+Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 246.
+
+Until the year 1792, it was customary for those who applied for
+the degree of M.A. to defend what were called _Master's
+questions_; after this time an oration was substituted in place of
+these, which continued until 1844, when for the first time there
+were no Master's exercises. The degree is now given to any
+graduate of three or more years' standing, on the payment of a
+certain sum of money.
+
+The degree is also presented by special vote to individuals wholly
+unconnected with any college, but who are distinguished for their
+literary attainments. In this case, where the honor is given, no
+fee is required.
+
+
+MAKE UP. To recite a lesson which was not recited with the class
+at the regular recitation. It is properly used as a transitive
+verb, but in conversation is very often used intransitively. The
+following passage explains the meaning of the phrase more fully.
+
+A student may be permitted, on petition to the Faculty, to _make
+up_ a recitation or other exercise from which he was absent and
+has been excused, provided his application to this effect be made
+within the term in-which the absence occurred.--_Laws of Univ. at
+Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 16.
+
+... sleeping,--a luxury, however, which is sadly diminished by the
+anticipated necessity of _making up_ back lessons.--_Harv. Reg._,
+p. 202.
+
+
+MAN. An undergraduate in a university or college.
+
+At Cambridge and eke at Oxford, every stripling is accounted a
+_Man_ from the moment of his putting on the gown and cap.--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._, p. 75.
+
+Sweet are the slumbers, indeed, of a Freshman, who, just escaped
+the trammels of "home, sweet home," and the pedagogue's tyrannical
+birch, for the first time in his life, with the academical gown,
+assumes the _toga virilis_, and feels himself a _Man_.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+In College all are "_men_" from the hirsute Senior to the tender
+Freshman who carries off a pound of candy and paper of raisins
+from the maternal domicile weekly.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 264.
+
+
+MANCIPLE. Latin, _manceps_; _manu capio_, to take with the hand.
+
+In the English universities, the person who purchases the
+provisions; the college victualler. The office is now obsolete.
+
+  Our _Manciple_ I lately met,
+    Of visage wise and prudent.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p. 115.
+
+
+MANDAMUS. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a special mandate
+under the great seal, which enables a candidate to proceed to his
+degree before the regular period.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+MANNERS. The outward observances of respect which were formerly
+required of the students by college officers seem very strange to
+us of the present time, and we cannot but notice the omissions
+which have been made in college laws during the present century in
+reference to this subject. Among the laws of Harvard College,
+passed in 1734, is one declaring, that "all scholars shall show
+due respect and honor in speech and behavior, as to their natural
+parents, so to magistrates, elders, the President and Fellows of
+the Corporation, and to all others concerned in the instruction or
+government of the College, and to all superiors, keeping due
+silence in their presence, and not disorderly gainsaying them; but
+showing all laudable expressions of honor and reverence that are
+in use; such as uncovering the head, rising up in their presence,
+and the like. And particularly undergraduates shall be uncovered
+in the College yard when any of the Overseers, the President or
+Fellows of the Corporation, or any other concerned in the
+government or instruction of the College, are therein, and
+Bachelors of Arts shall be uncovered when the President is there."
+This law was still further enforced by some of the regulations
+contained in a list of "The Ancient Customs of Harvard College."
+Those which refer particularly to this point are the following:--
+
+"No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it
+rains, hails, or snows, provided he be on foot, and have not both
+hands full.
+
+"No Undergraduate shall wear his hat in the College yard, when any
+of the Governors of the College are there; and no Bachelor shall
+wear his hat when the President is there.
+
+"No Freshman shall speak to a Senior with his hat on; or have it
+on in a Senior's chamber, or in his own, if a Senior be there.
+
+"All the Undergraduates shall treat those in the government of the
+College with respect and deference; particularly, they shall not
+be seated without leave in their presence; they shall be uncovered
+when they speak to them, or are spoken to by them."
+
+Such were the laws of the last century, and their observance was
+enforced with the greatest strictness. After the Revolution, the
+spirit of the people had become more republican, and about the
+year 1796, "considering the spirit of the times and the extreme
+difficulty the executive must encounter in attempting to enforce
+the law prohibiting students from wearing hats in the College
+yard," a vote passed repealing it.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. II. p. 278.
+
+On this subject, Professor Sidney Willard, with reference to the
+time of the presidency of Joseph Willard at Harvard College,
+during the latter part of the last century, remarks: "Outward
+tokens of respect required to be paid to the immediate government,
+and particularly to the President, were attended with formalities
+that seemed to be somewhat excessive; such, for instance, as made
+it an offence for a student to wear his hat in the College yard,
+or enclosure, when the President was within it. This, indeed, in
+the fulness of the letter, gradually died out, and was compromised
+by the observance only when the student was so near, or in such a
+position, that he was likely to be recognized. Still, when the
+students assembled for morning and evening prayer, which was
+performed with great constancy by the President, they were careful
+to avoid a close proximity to the outer steps of the Chapel, until
+the President had reached and passed within the threshold. This
+was a point of decorum which it was pleasing to witness, and I
+never saw it violated."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, 1855,
+Vol. I. p. 132.
+
+"In connection with the subject of discipline," says President
+Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse before the Graduates of Yale
+College, "we may aptly introduce that of the respect required by
+the officers of the College, and of the subordination which
+younger classes were to observe towards older. The germ, and
+perhaps the details, of this system of college manners, are to be
+referred back to the English universities. Thus the Oxford laws
+require that juniors shall show all due and befitting reverence to
+seniors, that is, Undergraduates to Bachelors, they to Masters,
+Masters to Doctors, as well in private as in public, by giving
+them the better place when they are together, by withdrawing out
+of their way when they meet, by uncovering the head at the proper
+distance, and by reverently saluting and addressing them."
+
+After citing the law of Harvard College passed in 1734, which is
+given above, he remarks as follows. "Our laws of 1745 contain the
+same identical provisions. These regulations were not a dead
+letter, nor do they seem to have been more irksome than many other
+college restraints. They presupposed originally that the college
+rank of the individual towards whom respect is to be shown could
+be discovered at a distance by peculiarities of dress; the gown
+and the wig of the President could be seen far beyond the point
+where features and gait would cease to mark the person."--pp. 52,
+53.
+
+As an illustration of the severity with which the laws on this
+subject were enforced, it may not be inappropriate to insert the
+annexed account from the Sketches of Yale College:--"The servile
+requisition of making obeisance to the officers of College within
+a prescribed distance was common, not only to Yale, but to all
+kindred institutions throughout the United States. Some young men
+were found whose high spirit would not brook the degrading law
+imposed upon them without some opposition, which, however, was
+always ineffectual. The following anecdote, related by Hon.
+Ezekiel Bacon, in his Recollections of Fifty Years Since, although
+the scene of its occurrence was in another college, yet is thought
+proper to be inserted here, as a fair sample of the
+insubordination caused in every institution by an enactment so
+absurd and degrading. In order to escape from the requirements of
+striking his colors and doffing his chapeau when within the
+prescribed striking distance from the venerable President or the
+dignified tutors, young Ellsworth, who afterwards rose to the
+honorable rank of Chief Justice of the United States, and to many
+other elevated stations in this country, and who was then a
+student there, cut off entirely the brim portion of his hat,
+leaving of it nothing but the crown, which he wore in the form of
+a skull-cap on his head, putting it under his arm when he
+approached their reverences. Being reproved for his perversity,
+and told that this was not a hat within the meaning and intent of
+the law, which he was required to do his obeisance with by
+removing it from his head, he then made bold to wear his skull-cap
+into the Chapel and recitation-room, in presence of the authority.
+Being also then again reproved for wearing his hat in those
+forbidden and sacred places, he replied that he had once supposed
+that it was in truth a veritable hat, but having been informed by
+his superiors that it was _no hat_ at all, he had ventured to come
+into their presence as he supposed with his head uncovered by that
+proscribed garment. But the dilemma was, as in his former
+position, decided against him; and no other alternative remained
+to him but to resume his full-brimmed beaver, and to comply
+literally with the enactments of the collegiate pandect."--pp.
+179, 180.
+
+
+MAN WHO IS JUST GOING OUT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+the popular name of a student who is in the last term of his
+collegiate course.
+
+
+MARK. The figure given to denote the quality of a recitation. In
+most colleges, the merit of each performance is expressed by some
+number of a series, in which a certain fixed number indicates the
+highest value.
+
+In Harvard College the highest mark is eight. Four is considered
+as the average, and a student not receiving this average in all
+the studies of a term is not allowed to remain as a member of
+college. At Yale the marks range from zero to four. Two is the
+average, and a student not receiving this is obliged to leave
+college, not to return until he can pass an examination in all the
+branches which his class has pursued.
+
+In Harvard College, where the system of marks is most strictly
+followed, the merit of each individual is ascertained by adding
+together the term aggregates of each instructor, these "term
+aggregates being the sum of all the marks given during the term,
+for the current work of each month, and for omitted lessons made
+up by permission, and of the marks given for examination by the
+instructor and the examining committee at the close of the term."
+From the aggregate of these numbers deductions are made for
+delinquencies unexcused, and the result is the rank of the
+student, according to which his appointment (if he receives one)
+is given.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848.
+
+  That's the way to stand in college,
+  High in "_marks_" and want of knowledge!
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 154.
+
+If he does not understand his lesson, he swallows it whole,
+without understanding it; his object being, not the lesson, but
+the "_mark_," which he is frequently at the President's office to
+inquire about.--_A Letter to a Young Man who has Just entered
+College_, 1849, p. 21.
+
+I have spoken slightingly, too, of certain parts of college
+machinery, and particularly of the system of "_marks_." I do
+confess that I hold them in small reverence, reckoning them as
+rather belonging to a college in embryo than to one fully grown. I
+suppose it is "dangerous" advice; but I would be so intent upon my
+studies as not to inquire or think about my "_marks_."--_Ibid._ p.
+36.
+
+Then he makes mistakes in examinations also, and "loses _marks_."
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 388.
+
+
+MARKER. In the University of Cambridge, England, three or four
+persons called _markers_ are employed to walk up and down chapel
+during a considerable part of the service, with lists of the names
+of the members in their hands; they an required to run a pin
+through the names of those present.
+
+As to the method adopted by the markers, Bristed says: "The
+students, as they enter, are _marked_ with pins on long
+alphabetical lists, by two college servants, who are so
+experienced and clever at their business that they never have to
+ask the name of a new-comer more than once."--_Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 15.
+
+  His name pricked off upon the _marker's_ roll,
+  No twinge of conscience racks his easy soul.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+MARSHAL. In the University of Oxford, an officer who is usually in
+attendance on one of the proctors.--_Collegian's Guide_.
+
+
+MARSHAL'S TREAT. An account of the manner in which this
+observance, peculiar to Williams College, is annually kept, is
+given in the annexed passage from the columns of a newspaper.
+
+"Another custom here is the Marshal's Treat. The two gentlemen who
+are elected to act as Marshals during Commencement week are
+expected to _treat_ the class, and this year it was done in fine
+style. The Seniors assembled at about seven o'clock in their
+recitation-room, and, with Marshals Whiting and Taft at their
+head, marched down to a grove, rather more than half a mile from
+the Chapel, where tables had been set, and various luxuries
+provided for the occasion. The Philharmonia Musical Society
+discoursed sweet strains during the entertainment, and speeches,
+songs, and toasts were kept up till a late hour in the evening,
+when after giving cheers for the three lower classes, and three
+times three for '54, they marched back to the President's. A song
+written for the occasion was there performed, to which he replied
+in a few words, speaking of his attachment to the class, and his
+regret at the parting which must soon take place. The class then
+returned to East College, and after joining hands and singing Auld
+Lang Syne, separated."--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12,
+1854.
+
+
+MASQUERADE. It was formerly the custom at Harvard College for the
+Tutors, on leaving their office, to invite their friends to a
+masquerade ball, which was held at some time during the vacation,
+usually in the rooms which they occupied in the College buildings.
+One of the most splendid entertainments of this kind was given by
+Mr. Kirkland, afterwards President of the College, in the year
+1794. The same custom also prevailed to a certain extent among the
+students, and these balls were not wholly discontinued until the
+year 1811. After this period, members of societies would often
+appear in masquerade dresses in the streets, and would sometimes
+in this garb enter houses, with the occupants of which they were
+not acquainted, thereby causing much sport, and not unfrequently
+much mischief.
+
+
+MASTER. The head of a college. This word is used in the English
+Universities, and was formerly in use in this country, in this
+sense.
+
+The _Master_ of the College, or "Head of the House," is a D.D.,
+who has been a Fellow. He is the supreme ruler within the college
+Trails, and moves about like an Undergraduate's deity, keeping at
+an awful distance from the students, and not letting himself be
+seen too frequently even at chapel. Besides his fat salary and
+house, he enjoys many perquisites and privileges, not the least of
+which is that of committing matrimony.--_Bristed's Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 16.
+
+Every schollar, that on proofe is found able to read the originals
+of the Old and New Testament into the Latine tongue, &c. and at
+any publick act hath the approbation of the Overseers and _Master_
+of the Colledge, is fit to be dignified with his first
+degree.--_New England's First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._,
+Vol. I. pp. 245, 246.
+
+2. A title of dignity in colleges and universities; as, _Master_
+of Arts.--_Webster_.
+
+They, likewise, which peruse the questiones published by the
+_Masters_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. pp. 131, 132.
+
+
+MASTER OF THE KITCHEN. In Harvard College, a person who formerly
+made all the contracts, and performed all the duties necessary for
+the providing of commons, under the direction of the Steward. He
+was required to be "discreet and capable."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._,
+1814, p. 42.
+
+
+MASTER'S QUESTION. A proposition advanced by a candidate for the
+degree of Master of Arts.
+
+In the older American colleges it seems to have been the
+established custom, at a very early period, for those who
+proceeded Masters, to maintain in public _questions_ or
+propositions on scientific or moral topics. Dr. Cotton Mather, in
+his _Magnalia_, p. 132, referring to Harvard College, speaks of
+"the _questiones_ published by the Masters," and remarks that they
+"now and then presume to fly as high as divinity." These questions
+were in Latin, and the discussions upon them were carried on in
+the same language. The earliest list of Masters' questions extant
+was published at Harvard College in the year 1655. It was
+entitled, "Quæstiones in Philosophia Discutiendæ ... in comitiis
+per Inceptores in artib[us]." In 1669 the title was changed to
+"Quæstiones pro Modulo Discutiendæ ... per Inceptores." The last
+Masters' questions were presented at the Commencement in 1789. The
+next year Masters' exercises were substituted, which usually
+consisted of an English Oration, a Poem, and a Valedictory Latin
+Oration, delivered by three out of the number of candidates for
+the second degree. A few years after, the Poem was omitted. The
+last Masters' exercises were performed in the year 1843. At Yale
+College, from 1787 onwards, there were no Masters' valedictories,
+nor syllogistic disputes in Latin, and in 1793 there were no
+Master's exercises at all.
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL SLATE. At Harvard College, the best mathematician
+received in former times a large slate, which, on leaving college,
+he gave to the best mathematician in the next class, and thus
+transmitted it from class to class. The slate disappeared a few
+years since, and the custom is no longer observed.
+
+
+MATRICULA. A roll or register, from _matrix_. In _colleges_
+the register or record which contains the names of the students,
+times of entering into college, remarks on their character,
+&c.
+
+The remarks made in the _Matricula_ of the College respecting
+those who entered the Freshman Class together with him are, of
+one, that he "in his third year went to Philadelphia
+College."--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia College_, p. 42.
+
+Similar brief remarks are found throughout the _Matricula_ of
+King's College.--_Ibid._, p. 42.
+
+We find in its _Matricula_ the names of William Walton,
+&c.--_Ibid._, p. 64.
+
+
+MATRICULATE. Latin, _Matricula_, a roll or register, from
+_matrix_. To enter or admit to membership in a body or society,
+particularly in a college or university, by enrolling the name in
+a register.--_Wotton_.
+
+In July, 1778, he was examined at that university, and
+_matriculated_.--_Works of R.T. Paine, Biography_, p. xviii.
+
+In 1787, he _matriculated_ at St. John's College,
+Cambridge.--_Household Words_, Vol. I. p. 210.
+
+
+MATRICULATE. One enrolled in a register, and thus admitted to
+membership in a society.--_Arbuthnot_.
+
+The number of _Matriculates_ has in every instance been greater
+than that stated in the table.--_Cat. Univ. of North Carolina_,
+1848-49.
+
+
+MATRICULATION. The act of registering a name and admitting to
+membership.--_Ayliffe_.
+
+In American colleges, students who are found qualified on
+examination to enter usually join the class to which they are
+admitted, on probation, and are matriculated as members of the
+college in full standing, either at the close of their first or
+second term. The time of probation seldom exceeds one year; and if
+at the end of this time, or of a shorter, as the case may be, the
+conduct of a student has not been such as is deemed satisfactory
+by the Faculty, his connection with the college ceases. As a
+punishment, the _matriculation certificate_ of a student is
+sometimes taken from him, and during the time in which he is
+unmatriculated, he is under especial probation, and disobedience
+to college laws is then punished with more severity than at other
+times.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 12. _Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1837, p. 9.
+
+MAUDLIN. The name by which Magdalen College, Cambridge, Eng., is
+always known and spoken of by Englishmen.
+
+The "_Maudlin Men_" were at one time so famous for tea-drinking,
+that the Cam, which licks the very walls of the college, is said
+to have been absolutely rendered unnavigable with
+tea-leaves.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 202.
+
+MAX. Abbreviated for _maximum_, greatest. At Union College, he who
+receives the highest possible number of marks, which is one
+hundred, in each study, for a term, is said to _take Max_ (or
+maximum); to be a _Max scholar_. On the Merit Roll all the _Maxs_
+are clustered at the top.
+
+A writer remarks jocosely of this word. It is "that indication of
+perfect scholarship to which none but Freshmen aspire, and which
+is never attained except by accident."--_Sophomore Independent_,
+Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+Probably not less than one third of all who enter each new class
+confidently expect to "mark _max_," during their whole course, and
+to have the Valedictory at Commencement.--_Ibid._
+
+See MERIT ROLL.
+
+
+MAY. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the college Easter term
+examination is familiarly spoken of as _the May_.
+
+The "_May_" is one of the features which distinguishes Cambridge
+from Oxford; at the latter there are no public College
+examinations.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 64.
+
+As the "_May_" approached, I began to feel nervous.--_Ibid._, p.
+70.
+
+
+MAY TRAINING. A correspondent from Bowdoin College where the
+farcical custom of May Training is observed writes as follows in
+reference to its origin: "In 1836, a law passed the Legislature
+requiring students to perform military duty, and they were
+summoned to appear at muster equipped as the law directs, to be
+inspected and drilled with the common militia. Great excitement
+prevailed in consequence, but they finally concluded to _train_.
+At the appointed time and place, they made their appearance armed
+_cap-à-pie_ for grotesque deeds, some on foot, some on horse, with
+banners and music appropriate, and altogether presenting as
+ludicrous a spectacle as could easily be conceived of. They
+paraded pretty much 'on their own hook,' threw the whole field
+into disorder by their evolutions, and were finally ordered off
+the ground by the commanding officer. They were never called upon
+again, but the day is still commemorated."
+
+
+M.B. An abbreviation for _Medicinæ Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of
+Physic. At Cambridge, Eng., the candidate for this degree must
+have had his name five years on the boards of some college, have
+resided three years, and attended medical lectures and hospital
+practice during the other two; also have attended the lectures of
+the Professors of Anatomy, Chemistry, and Botany, and the Downing
+Professor of Medicine, and passed an examination to their
+satisfaction. At Oxford, Eng., the degree is given to an M.A. of
+one year's standing, who is also a regent of the same length of
+time. The exercises are disputations upon two distinct days before
+the Professors of the Faculty of Medicine. The degree was formerly
+given in American colleges before that of M.D., but has of late
+years been laid aside.
+
+
+M.D. An abbreviation for _Medicines Doctor_, Doctor of Physic. At
+Cambridge, Eng., the candidate for this degree must be a Bachelor
+of Physic of five years' standing, must have attended hospital
+practice for three years, and passed an examination satisfactory
+to the Medical Professors of the University,
+
+At Oxford, an M.D. must be an M.B. of three years' standing. The
+exercises are three distinct lectures, to be read on three
+different days. In American colleges the degree is usually given
+to those who have pursued their studies in a medical school for
+three years; but the regulations differ in different institutions.
+
+
+MED, MEDIC. A name sometimes given to a student in medicine.
+
+  ---- who sent
+  The _Medic_ to our aid.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 23.
+
+ "The Council are among ye, Yale!"
+  Some roaring _Medic_ cries.
+    _Ibid._, p. 24.
+
+  The slain, the _Medics_ stowed away.
+    _Ibid._, p. 24.
+
+    Seniors, Juniors, Freshmen blue,
+  And _Medics_ sing the anthem too.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+  Take ...
+  Sixteen interesting "_Meds_,"
+  With dirty hands and towzeled heads.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 16.
+
+
+MEDALIST. In universities, colleges, &c., one who has gained a
+medal as the reward of merit.--_Ed. Rev. Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+These _Medalists_ then are the best scholars among the men who
+have taken a certain mathematical standing; but as out of the
+University these niceties of discrimination are apt to be dropped
+they usually pass at home for absolutely the first and second
+scholars of the year, and sometimes they are so.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 62.
+
+
+MEDICAL FACULTY. Usually abbreviated Med. Fac. The Medical Faculty
+Society was established one evening after commons, in the year
+1818, by four students of Harvard College, James F. Deering,
+Charles Butterfield, David P. Hall, and Joseph Palmer, members of
+the class of 1820. Like many other societies, it originated in
+sport, and, as in after history shows, was carried on in the same
+spirit. The young men above named happening to be assembled in
+Hollis Hall, No. 13, a proposition was started that Deering should
+deliver a mock lecture, which having been done, to the great
+amusement of the rest, he in his turn proposed that they should at
+some future time initiate members by solemn rites, in order that
+others might enjoy their edifying exercises. From this small
+beginning sprang the renowned Med. Fac. Society. Deering, a
+"fellow of infinite jest," was chosen its first President; he was
+much esteemed for his talents, but died early, the victim of
+melancholy madness.
+
+The following entertaining account of the early history of this
+Society has been kindly furnished, in a letter to the editor, by a
+distinguished gentleman who was its President in the year 1820,
+and a graduate of the class of 1822.
+
+"With regard to the Medical Faculty," he writes, "I suppose that
+you are aware that its object was mere fun. That object was
+pursued with great diligence during the earlier period of its
+history, and probably through its whole existence. I do not
+remember that it ever had a constitution, or any stated meetings,
+except the annual one for the choice of officers. Frequent
+meetings, however, were called by the President to carry out the
+object of the institution. They were held always in some student's
+room in the afternoon. The room was made as dark as possible, and
+brilliantly lighted. The Faculty sat round a long table, in some
+singular and antique costume, almost all in large wigs, and
+breeches with knee-buckles. This practice was adopted to make a
+strong impression on students who were invited in for examination.
+Members were always examined for admission. The strangest
+questions were asked by the venerable board, and often strange
+answers elicited,--no matter how remote from the purpose, provided
+there was wit or drollery. Sometimes a singularly slow person
+would be invited, on purpose to puzzle and tease him with
+questions that he could make nothing of; and he would stand in
+helpless imbecility, without being able to cover his retreat with
+even the faintest suspicion of a joke. He would then be gravely
+admonished of the necessity of diligent study, reminded of the
+anxiety of his parents on his account, and his duty to them, and
+at length a month or two would be allowed him to prepare himself
+for another examination, or he would be set aside altogether. But
+if he appeared again for another trial, he was sure to fare no
+better. He would be set aside at last. I remember an instance in
+which a member was expelled for a reason purely fictitious,--droll
+enough to be worth telling, if I could remember it,--and the
+secretary directed 'to write to his father, and break the matter
+gently to him, that it might not bring down the gray hairs of the
+old man with sorrow to the grave.'
+
+"I have a pleasant recollection of the mock gravity, the broad
+humor, and often exquisite wit of those meetings, but it is
+impossible to give you any adequate idea of them. Burlesque
+lectures on all conceivable and inconceivable subjects were
+frequently read or improvised by members _ad libitum_. I remember
+something of a remarkable one from Dr. Alden, upon part of a
+skeleton of a superannuated horse, which he made to do duty for
+the remains of a great German Professor with an unspeakable name.
+
+"Degrees were conferred upon all the members,--M.D. or D.M.[46]
+according to their rank, which is explained in the Catalogue.
+Honorary degrees were liberally conferred upon conspicuous persons
+at home and abroad. It is said that one gentleman, at the South, I
+believe, considered himself insulted by the honor, and complained
+of it to the College government, who forthwith broke up the
+Society. But this was long after my time, and I cannot answer for
+the truth of the tradition. Diplomas were given to the M.D.'s and
+D.M.'s in ludicrous Latin, with a great seal appended by a green
+ribbon. I have one, somewhere. My name is rendered _Filius
+Steti_."
+
+A graduate of the class of 1828 writes: "I well remember that my
+invitation to attend the meeting of the Med. Fac. Soc. was written
+in barbarous Latin, commencing 'Domine Crux,' and I think I passed
+so good an examination that I was made _Professor longis
+extremitatibus_, or Professor with long shanks. It was a society
+for purposes of mere fun and burlesque, meeting secretly, and
+always foiling the government in their attempts to break it up."
+
+The members of the Society were accustomed to array themselves in
+masquerade dresses, and in the evening would enter the houses of
+the inhabitants of Cambridge, unbidden, though not always
+unwelcome guests. This practice, however, and that of conferring
+degrees on public characters, brought the Society, as is above
+stated, into great disrepute with the College Faculty, by whom it
+was abolished in the year 1834.
+
+The Catalogue of the Society was a burlesque on the Triennial of
+the College. The first was printed in the year 1821, the others
+followed in the years 1824, 1827, 1830, and 1833. The title on the
+cover of the Catalogue of 1833, the last issued, similar to the
+titles borne by the others, was, "Catalogus Senatus Facultatis, et
+eorum qui munera et officia gesserunt, quique alicujus gradus
+laurea donati sunt in Facultate Medicinæ in Universitate
+Harvardiana constituta, Cantabrigiæ in Republica Massachusettensi.
+Cantabrigiæ: Sumptibus Societatis. MDCCCXXXIII. Sanguinis
+circulationis post patefactionem Anno CCV."
+
+The Prefaces to the Catalogues were written in Latin, the
+character of which might well be denominated _piggish_. In the
+following translations by an esteemed friend, the beauty and force
+of the originals are well preserved.
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of 1824_.
+
+"To many, the first edition of the Medical Faculty Catalogue was a
+wonderful and extraordinary thing. Those who boasted that they
+could comprehend it, found themselves at length terribly and
+widely in error. Those who did not deny their inability to get the
+idea of it, were astonished and struck with amazement. To certain
+individuals, it seemed to possess somewhat of wit and humor, and
+these laughed immoderately; to others, the thing seemed so absurd
+and foolish, that they preserved a grave and serious countenance.
+
+"Now, a new edition is necessary, in which it is proposed to state
+briefly in order the rise and progress of the Medical Faculty. It
+is an undoubted matter of history, that the Medical Faculty is the
+most ancient of all societies in the whole world. In fact, its
+archives contain documents and annals of the Society, written on
+birch-bark, which are so ancient that they cannot be read at all;
+and, moreover, other writings belong to the Society, legible it is
+true, but, by ill-luck, in the words of an unknown and long-buried
+language, and therefore unintelligible. Nearly all the documents
+of the Society have been reduced to ashes at some time amid the
+rolling years since the creation of man. On this account the
+Medical Faculty cannot pride itself on an uninterrupted series of
+records. But many oral traditions in regard to it have reached us
+from our ancestors, from which it may be inferred that this
+society formerly flourished under the name of the 'Society of
+Wits' (Societas Jocosorum); and you might often gain an idea of it
+from many shrewd remarks that have found their way to various
+parts of the world.
+
+"The Society, after various changes, has at length been brought to
+its present form, and its present name has been given it. It is,
+by the way, worthy of note, that this name is of peculiar
+signification, the word 'medical' having the same force as
+'sanative' (sanans), as far as relates to the mind, and not to the
+body, as in the vulgar signification. To be brief, the meaning of
+'medical' is 'diverting' (divertens), that is, _turning_ the mind
+from misery, evil, and grief. Under this interpretation, the
+Medical Faculty signifies neither more nor less than the 'Faculty
+of Recreation.' The thing proposed by the Society is, to _divert_
+its immediate and honorary members from unbecoming and foolish
+thoughts, and is twofold, namely, relating both to manners and to
+letters. Professors in the departments appropriated to letters
+read lectures; and the alumni, as the case requires, are sometimes
+publicly examined and questioned. The Library at present contains
+a single book, but this _one_ is called for more and more every
+day. A collection of medical apparatus belongs to the Society,
+beyond doubt the most grand and extensive in the whole world,
+intended to sharpen the _faculties_ of all the members.
+
+"Honorary degrees have been conferred on illustrious and
+remarkable men of all countries.
+
+"A certain part of the members go into all academies and literary
+'gymnasia,' to act as nuclei, around which branches of this
+Society may be enabled to form."
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of 1830_.
+
+"As the members of the Medical Faculty have increased, as many
+members have been distinguished by honorary degrees, and as the
+former Catalogues have all been sold, the Senate orders a new
+Catalogue to be printed.
+
+"It seemed good to the editors of the former Catalogue briefly to
+state the nature and to defend the antiquity of this Faculty.
+Nevertheless, some have refused their assent to the statements,
+and demand some reasons for what is asserted. We therefore, once
+for all, declare that, of all societies, this is the most ancient,
+the most extensive, the most learned, and the most divine. We
+establish its antiquity by two arguments: firstly, because
+everywhere in the world there are found many monuments of our
+ancestors; secondly, because all other societies derive their
+origin from this. It appears from our annals, that different
+curators have laid their bones beneath the Pyramids, Naples, Rome,
+and Paris. These, as described by a faithful secretary, are found
+at this day.
+
+"The obelisks of Egypt contain in hieroglyphic characters many
+secrets of our Faculty. The Chinese Wall, and the Colossus at
+Rhodes, were erected by our ancestors in sport. We could cite many
+other examples, were it necessary.
+
+"All societies to whom belong either wonderful art, or nothing
+except secrecy, have been founded on our pattern. It appears that
+the Society of Free-Masons was founded by eleven disciples of the
+Med. Fac. expelled A.D. 1425. But these ignorant fellows were
+never able to raise their brotherhood to our standard of
+perfection: in this respect alone they agree with us, in admitting
+only the _masculine_ gender ('masc. gen.').[47]
+
+"Therefore we have always been Antimason. No one who has ever
+gained admittance to our assembly has the slightest doubt that we
+have extended our power to the farthest regions of the earth, for
+we have embassies from every part of the world, and Satan himself
+has learned many particulars from our Senate in regard to the
+administration of affairs and the means of torture.
+
+"We pride ourselves in being the most learned society on earth,
+for men versed in all literature and erudition, when hurried into
+our presence for examination, quail and stand in silent amazement.
+'Placid Death' alone is coeval with this Society, and resembles
+it, for in its own Catalogue it equalizes rich and poor, great and
+small, white and black, old and young.
+
+"Since these things are so, and you, kind reader, have been
+instructed on these points, I will not longer detain you from the
+book and the picture.[48] Farewell."
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of_ 1833.
+
+"It was much less than three years since the third edition of this
+Catalogue saw the light, when the most learned Med. Fac. began to
+be reminded that the time had arrived for preparing to polish up
+and publish a new one. Accordingly, special curators were selected
+to bring this work to perfection. These curators would not neglect
+the opportunity of saying a few words on matters of great moment.
+
+"We have carefully revised the whole text, and, as far as we
+could, we have taken pains to remove typographical errors. The
+duty is not light. But the number of medical men in the world has
+increased, and it is becoming that the whole world should know the
+true authors of its greatest blessing. Therefore we have inserted
+their names and titles in their proper places.
+
+"Among other changes, we would not forget the creation of a new
+office. Many healing remedies, foreign, rare, and wonderful, have
+been brought for the use of the Faculty from Egypt and Arabia
+Felix. It was proper that some worthy, capable man, of quick
+discernment, should have charge of these most precious remedies.
+Accordingly, the Faculty has chosen a curator to be called the
+'Apothecarius.' Many quacks and cheats have desired to hold the
+new office; but the present occupant has thrown all others into
+the shade. The names, surnames, and titles of this excellent man
+will be found in the following pages.[49]
+
+"We have done well, not only towards others, but also towards
+ourselves. Our library contains quite a number of books; among
+others, ten thousand obtained through the munificence and
+liberality of great societies in the almost unknown regions of
+Kamtschatka and the North Pole, and especially also through the
+munificence of the Emperor of all the Russias. It has become so
+immense, that, at the request of the Librarian, the Faculty have
+prohibited any further donations.
+
+"In the next session of the General Court of Massachusetts, the
+Senate of the Faculty (assisted by the President of Harvard
+University) will petition for forty thousand sesterces, for the
+purpose of erecting a large building to contain the immense
+accumulation of books. From the well-known liberality of the
+Legislature, no doubts are felt of obtaining it.
+
+"To say more would make a long story. And this, kind reader, is
+what we have to communicate to you at the outset. The fruit will
+show with how much fidelity we have performed the task imposed
+upon us by the most illustrious men. Farewell."
+
+As a specimen of the character of the honorary degrees conferred
+by the Society, the following are taken from the list given in the
+Catalogues. They embrace, as will be seen, the names of
+distinguished personages only, from the King and President to Day
+and Martin, Sam Patch, and the world-renowned Sea-Serpent.
+
+"Henricus Christophe, Rex Haytiæ quondam, M.D. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."[50]
+
+"Gulielmus Cobbett, qui ad Angliam ossa Thomæ Paine ferebat, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[51]
+
+"Johannes-Cleaves Symmes, qui in terræ ilia penetravissit, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[52]
+
+"ALEXANDER I. Russ. Imp. Illust. et Sanct. Foed. et Mass. Pac.
+Soc. Socius, qui per Legat. American. claro Med. Fac.,
+'_curiositatem raram et archaicam_,' regie transmisit, 1825, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[53]
+
+"ANDREAS JACKSON, Major-General in bello ultimo Americano, et
+_Nov. Orleans Heros_ fortissimus; et _ergo_ nunc Præsidis
+Rerumpub. Foed, muneris _candidatus_ et 'Old Hickory,' M.D. et
+M.U.D. 1827, Med. Fac. honorarius, et 1829 Præses Rerumpub.
+Foed., et LL.D. 1833."
+
+"Gulielmus Emmons, prænominatus Pickleïus, qui orator
+eloquentissimus nostræ ætatis; poma, nuces, _panem-zingiberis_,
+suas orationes, '_Egg-popque_' vendit, D.M. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."[54]
+
+"Day et Martin, Angli, qui per quinquaginta annos toto Christiano
+Orbi et præcipue _Univ. Harv._ optimum _Real Japan Atramentum_ ab
+'XCVII. Altâ Holborniâ' subministrârunt, M.D. et M.U.D. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."
+
+"Samuel Patch, socius multum deploratus, qui multa experimenta, de
+gravitate et 'faciles descensus' suo corpore fecit; qui gradum,
+M.D. _per saltum_ consecutus est. Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Cheng et Heng, Siamesi juvenes, invicem _a mans_ et intime
+attacti, Med. Fac. que honorarii."
+
+"Gulielmus Grimke, et quadraginta sodales qui 'omnes in uno' Conic
+Sections sine Tabulis aspernati sunt, et contra Facultatem, Col.
+Yal. rebellaverunt, posteaque expulsi et 'obumbrati' sunt et Med.
+Fac. honorarii."
+
+"MARTIN VAN BUREN, _Armig._, Civitatis Scriba Reipub. Foed. apud
+Aul. Brit. Legat. Extraord. sibi constitutus. Reip. Nov. Ebor.
+Gub. 'Don Whiskerandos'; 'Little Dutchman'; atque 'Great
+Rejected.' Nunc (1832), Rerumpub. Foed. Vice-Præses et 'Kitchen
+Cabinet' Moderator, M.D. et Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Magnus Serpens Maris, suppositus, aut porpoises aut
+horse-mackerel, grex; 'very like a whale' (Shak.); M.D. et
+peculiariter M.U.D. Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Timotheus Tibbets et Gulielmus J. Snelling 'par nobile sed
+hostile fratrum'; 'victor et victus,' unus buster et rake, alter
+lupinarum cockpitsque purgator, et nuper Edit. Nov. Ang. Galax.
+Med. Fac. honorarii."[55]
+
+"Capt. Basil Hall, Tabitha Trollope, atque _Isaacus Fiddler_
+Reverendus; semi-pay centurio, famelica transfuga, et semicoctus
+grammaticaster, qui scriptitant solum ut prandere possint. Tres in
+uno Mend. Munch. Prof. M.D., M.U.D. et Med. Fac. Honorarium."
+
+A college poet thus laments the fall of this respected society:--
+
+ "Gone, too, for aye, that merry masquerade,
+  Which danced so gayly in the evening shade,
+  And Learning weeps, and Science hangs her head,
+  To mourn--vain toil!--their cherished offspring dead.
+  What though she sped her honors wide and far,
+  Hailing as son Muscovia's haughty Czar,
+  Who in his palace humbly knelt to greet,
+  And laid his costly presents at her feet?[56]
+  Relentless fate her sudden fall decreed,
+  Dooming each votary's tender heart to bleed,
+  And yet, as if in mercy to atone,
+  That fate hushed sighs, and silenced many a _groan_."
+    _Winslow's Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+
+MERIT ROLL. At Union College, "the _Merit Rolls_ of the several
+classes," says a correspondent, "are sheets of paper put up in the
+College post-office, at the opening of each term, containing a
+list of all students present in the different classes during the
+previous term, with a statement of the conduct, attendance, and
+scholarship of each member of the class. The names are numbered
+according to the standing of the student, all the best scholars
+being clustered at the head, and the poorer following in a
+melancholy train. To be at the head, or 'to head the roll,' is an
+object of ambition, while 'to foot the roll' is anything but
+desirable."
+
+
+MIDDLE BACHELOR. One who is in his second year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts.
+
+A Senior Sophister has authority to take a Freshman from a
+Sophomore, a _Middle Bachelor_ from a Junior Sophister.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 540.
+
+
+MIGRATE. In the English universities, to remove from one college
+to another.
+
+One of the unsuccessful candidates _migrated_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 100.
+
+
+MIGRATION. In the English universities, a removal from one college
+to another.
+
+"_A migration_," remarks Bristed, "is generally tantamount to a
+confession of inferiority, and an acknowledgment that the migrator
+is not likely to become a Fellow in his own College, and therefore
+takes refuge in another, where a more moderate Degree will insure
+him a Fellowship. A great deal of this _migration_ goes on from
+John's to the Small Colleges."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 100.
+
+
+MIGRATOR. In the English universities, one who removes from one
+college to another.
+
+
+MILD. A student epithet of depreciation, answering nearly to the
+phrases, "no great shakes," and "small potatoes."--_Bristed_.
+
+Some of us were very heavy men to all appearance, and our first
+attempts _mild_ enough.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 169.
+
+
+MINGO. Latin. At Harvard College, this word was formerly used to
+designate a chamber-pot.
+
+  To him that occupies my study,
+  I give for use of making toddy,
+  A bottle full of _white-face Stingo_,
+  Another, handy, called a _mingo_.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss_, in _Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+Many years ago, some of the students of Harvard College wishing to
+make a present to their Tutor, Mr. Flynt, called on him, informed
+him of their intention, and requested him to select a gift which
+would be acceptable to him. He replied that he was a single man,
+that he already had a well-filled library, and in reality wanted
+nothing. The students, not all satisfied with this answer,
+determined to present him with a silver chamber-pot. One was
+accordingly made, of the appropriate dimensions, and inscribed
+with these words:
+ "Mingere cum bombis
+  Res est saluberrima lumbis."
+
+On the morning of Commencement Day, this was borne in procession,
+in a morocco case, and presented to the Tutor. Tradition does not
+say with what feelings he received it, but it remained for many
+years at a room in Quincy, where he was accustomed to spend his
+Saturdays and Sundays, and finally disappeared, about the
+beginning of the Revolutionary War. It is supposed to have been
+carried to England.
+
+
+MINOR. A privy. From the Latin _minor_, smaller; the word _house_
+being understood. Other derivations are given, but this seems to
+be the most classical. This word is peculiar to Harvard College.
+
+
+MISS. An omission of a recitation, or any college exercise. An
+instructor is said _to give a miss_, when he omits a recitation.
+
+A quaint Professor of Harvard College, being once asked by his
+class to omit the recitation for that day, is said to have replied
+in the words of Scripture: "Ye ask and receive not, for ye ask
+a-_miss_."
+
+In the "Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," Professor Felton has
+referred to this story, and has appended to it the contradiction
+of the worthy Doctor. "Amusing anecdotes, some true and many
+apocryphal, were handed down in College from class to class, and,
+so far from being yet forgotten, they are rather on the increase.
+One of these mythical stories was, that on a certain occasion one
+of the classes applied to the Doctor for what used to be called,
+in College jargon, a _miss_, i.e. an omission of recitation. The
+Doctor replied, as the legend run, 'Ye ask, and ye receive not,
+because ye ask a-_miss_.' Many years later, this was told to him.
+'It is not true,' he exclaimed, energetically. 'In the first
+place, I have not wit enough; in the next place, I have too much
+wit, for I mortally hate a pun. Besides, _I never allude
+irreverently to the Scriptures_.'"--p. lxxvii.
+
+  Or are there some who scrape and hiss
+  Because you never give a _miss_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 62.
+
+  ---- is good to all his subjects,
+  _Misses_ gives he every hour.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+
+MISS. To be absent from a recitation or any college exercise. Said
+of a student. See CUT.
+
+  Who will recitations _miss_!--_Rebelliad_, p. 53.
+
+  At every corner let us hiss 'em;
+  And as for recitations,--_miss_ 'em.--_Ibid._, p. 58.
+
+  Who never _misses_ declamation,
+  Nor cuts a stupid recitation.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 283.
+
+_Missing_ chambers will be visited with consequences more to be
+dreaded than the penalties of _missing_ lecture.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 304.
+
+
+MITTEN. At the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a student who is
+expelled is said _to get the mitten_.
+
+
+MOCK-PART. At Harvard College, it is customary, when the parts for
+the first exhibition in the Junior year have been read, as
+described under PART, for the part-reader to announce what are
+called the _mock-parts_. These mock-parts which are burlesques on
+the regular appointments, are also satires on the habits,
+character, or manners of those to whom they are assigned. They are
+never given to any but members of the Junior Class. It was
+formerly customary for the Sophomore Class to read them in the
+last term of that year when the parts were given out for the
+Sophomore exhibition but as there is now no exhibition for that
+class, they are read only in the Junior year. The following may do
+as specimens of the subjects usually assigned:--The difference
+between alluvial and original soils; a discussion between two
+persons not noted for personal cleanliness. The last term of a
+decreasing series; a subject for an insignificant but conceited
+fellow. An essay on the Humbug, by a dabbler in natural history. A
+conference on the three dimensions, length, breadth, and
+thickness, between three persons, one very tall, another very
+broad, and the third very fat.
+
+
+MODERATE. In colleges and universities, to superintend the
+exercises and disputations in philosophy, and the Commencements
+when degrees are conferred.
+
+They had their weekly declamations on Friday, in the Colledge
+Hall, besides publick disputations, which either the Præsident or
+the Fellows _moderated_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 127.
+
+Mr. Mather _moderated_ at the Masters'
+disputations.--_Hutchinson's Hist. of Mass._, Vol. I. p. 175,
+note.
+
+Mr. Andrew _moderated_ at the Commencements.--_Clap's Hist. of
+Yale Coll._, p. 15.
+
+President Holyoke was of a noble, commanding presence. He was
+perfectly acquainted with academic matters, and _moderated_ at
+Commencements with great dignity.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_,
+p. 26.
+
+Mr. Woodbridge _moderated_ at Commencement, 1723.--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Disc._, p. 103.
+
+
+MODERATOR. In the English universities, one who superintends the
+exercises and disputations in philosophy, and the examination for
+the degree of B.A.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+The disputations at which the _Moderators_ presided in the English
+universities "are now reduced," says Brande, "to little more than
+matters of form."
+
+The word was formerly in use in American colleges.
+
+Five scholars performed public exercises; the Rev. Mr. Woodbridge
+acted as _Moderator_.--_Clap's Hist. of Yale Coll._, p. 27.
+
+He [the President] was occasionally present at the weekly
+declamations and public disputations, and then acted as
+_Moderator_; an office which, in his absence, was filled by one of
+the Tutors.--_Quincy's Hist. of Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 440.
+
+
+MONITOR. In schools or universities, a pupil selected to look to
+the scholars in the absence of the instructor, or to notice the
+absence or faults of the scholars, or to instruct a division or
+class.--_Webster_.
+
+In American colleges, the monitors are usually appointed by the
+President, their duty being to keep bills of absence from, and
+tardiness at, devotional and other exercises. See _Laws of Harv.
+and Yale Colls._, &c.
+
+  Let _monitors_ scratch as they please,
+  We'll lie in bed and take our ease.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+MOONLIGHT. At Williams College, the prize rhetorical exercise is
+called by this name; the reason is not given. The students speak
+of "making a rush for _moonlight_," i.e. of attempting to gain the
+prize for elocution.
+
+In the evening comes _Moonlight_ Exhibition, when three men from
+each of the three lower classes exhibit their oratorical powers,
+and are followed by an oration before the Adelphic Union, by Ralph
+Waldo Emerson.--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+MOONLIGHT RANGERS. At Jefferson College, in Pennsylvania, a title
+applied to a band composed of the most noisy and turbulent
+students, commanded by a captain and sub-officer, who, in the most
+fantastic disguises, or in any dress to which the moonlight will
+give most effect, appear on certain nights designated, prepared to
+obey any command in the way of engaging in any sport of a pleasant
+nature. They are all required to have instruments which will make
+the loudest noise and create the greatest excitement.
+
+
+MOSS-COVERED HEAD. In the German universities, students during the
+sixth and last term, or _semester_, are called _Moss-covered
+Heads_, or, in an abbreviated form, _Mossy Heads_.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN DAY. The manner in which this day is observed at Williams
+College is described in the accompanying extracts.
+
+"Greylock is to the student in his rambles, what Mecca is to the
+Mahometan; and a pilgrimage to the summit is considered necessary,
+at least once during the collegiate course. There is an ancient
+and time-honored custom, which has existed from the establishment
+of the College, of granting to the students, once a year, a
+certain day of relaxation and amusement, known by the name of
+'_Mountain Day_.' It usually occurs about the middle of June, when
+the weather is most favorable for excursions to the mountains and
+other places of interest in the vicinity. It is customary, on this
+and other occasions during the summer, for parties to pass the
+night upon the summit, both for the novelty of the thing, and also
+to enjoy the unrivalled prospect at sunrise next
+morning."--_Sketches of Will. Coll._, 1847, pp. 85-89.
+
+"It so happens that Greylock, in our immediate vicinity, is the
+highest mountain in the Commonwealth, and gives a view from its
+summit 'that for vastness and sublimity is equalled by nothing in
+New England except the White Hills.' And it is an ancient
+observance to go up from this valley once in the year to 'see the
+world.' We were not of the number who availed themselves of this
+_lex non scripta_, forasmuch as more than one visit in time past
+hath somewhat worn off the novelty of the thing. But a goodly
+number 'went aloft,' some in wagons, some on horseback, and some,
+of a sturdier make, on foot. Some, not content with a mountain
+_day_, carried their knapsacks and blankets to encamp till morning
+on the summit and see the sun rise. Not in the open air, however,
+for a magnificent timber observatory has been set up,--a
+rough-hewn, sober, substantial 'light-house in the skies,' under
+whose roof is a limited portion of infinite space shielded from
+the winds."--_Williams Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol. I. p. 555.
+
+"'_Mountain day_,' the date to which most of the imaginary _rows_
+have been assigned, comes at the beginning of the summer term, and
+the various classes then ascend Greylock, the highest peak in the
+State, from which may be had a very fine view. Frequently they
+pass the night there, and beds are made of leaves in the old
+tower, bonfires are built, and they get through it quite
+comfortable."--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+MOUTH. To recite in an affected manner, as if one knew the lesson,
+when in reality he does not.
+
+Never shall you allow yourself to think of going into the
+recitation-room, and there trust to "skinning," as it is called in
+some colleges, or "phrasing," as in others, or "_mouthing_ it," as
+in others.--_Todd's Student's Manual_, p. 115.
+
+
+MRS. GOFF. Formerly a cant phrase for any woman.
+
+  But cease the touching chords to sweep,
+  For _Mrs. Goff_ has deigned to weep.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 21.
+
+
+MUFF. A foolish fellow.
+
+Many affected to sneer at him, as a "_muff_" who would have been
+exceedingly flattered by his personal acquaintance.--_Blackwood's
+Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 147.
+
+
+MULE. In Germany, a student during the vacation between the time
+of his quitting the gymnasium and entering the university, is
+known as a mule.
+
+
+MUS.B. An abbreviation for _Musicæ Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of
+Music. In the English universities, a Bachelor of Music must enter
+his name at some college, and compose and perform a solemn piece
+of music, as an exercise before the University.
+
+
+MUS.D. An abbreviation for _Musicæ Doctor_, Doctor of Music. A
+Mus.D. is generally a Mus.B., and his exercise is the same.
+
+
+MUSES. A college or university is often designated the _Temple,
+Retreat, Seat_, &c. _of the Muses_.
+
+Having passed this outer court of the _Temple of the Muses_, you
+are ushered into the Sanctum Sanctorum itself.--_Alma Mater_, Vol.
+I. p. 87.
+
+Inviting ... such distinguished visitors as happen then to be on a
+tour to this attractive _retreat of the Muses_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I,
+p. 156.
+
+My instructor ventured to offer me as a candidate for admission
+into that renowned _seat of the Muses_, Harvard College.--_New
+England Mag._, Vol. III. p. 237.
+
+A student at a college or university is sometimes called a _Son of
+the Muses_.
+
+It might perhaps suit some inveterate idlers, smokers, and
+drinkers, but no true _son of the Muses_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol.
+XV. p. 3.
+
+While it was his earnest desire that the beloved _sons of the
+Muses_ might leave the institutions enriched with the erudition,
+&c.--_Judge Kent's Address before [Greek: Phi Beta Kappa] of Yale
+Coll._, p. 39, 1831.
+
+
+
+_N_.
+
+
+NAVY CLUB. The Navy Club, or the Navy, as it was formerly called,
+originated among the students of Harvard College about the year
+1796, but did not reach its full perfection until several years
+after. What the primary design of the association was is not
+known, nor can the causes be ascertained which led to its
+formation. At a later period its object seems to have been to
+imitate, as far as possible, the customs and discipline peculiar
+to the flag-ship of a navy, and to afford some consolation to
+those who received no appointments at Commencement, as such were
+always chosen its officers. The _Lord High Admiral_ was appointed
+by the admiral of the preceding class, but his election was not
+known to any of the members of his class until within six weeks of
+Commencement, when the parts for that occasion were assigned. It
+was generally understood that this officer was to be one of the
+poorest in point of scholarship, yet the jolliest of all the
+"Jolly Blades." At the time designated, he broke the seal of a
+package which had been given him by his predecessor in office, the
+contents of which were known only to himself; but these were
+supposed to be the insignia of his office, and the instructions
+pertaining to the admiralty. He then appointed his assistant
+officers, a vice-admiral, rear-admiral, captain, sailing-master,
+boatswain, &c. To the boatswain a whistle was given, transmitted,
+like the admiral's package, from class to class.
+
+The Flag-ship for the year 1815 was a large marquee, called "The
+Good Ship Harvard," which was moored in the woods, near the place
+where the residence of the Hon. John G. Palfrey now stands. The
+floor was arranged like the deck of a man-of-war, being divided
+into the main and quarter decks. The latter was occupied by the
+admiral, and no one was allowed to be there with him without
+special order or permission. In his sway he was very despotic, and
+on board ship might often have been seen reclining on his couch,
+attended by two of his subordinates (classmates), who made his
+slumbers pleasant by guarding his sacred person from the visits of
+any stray mosquito, and kept him cool by the vibrations of a fan.
+The marquee stood for several weeks, during which time meetings
+were frequently held in it. At the command of the admiral, the
+boatswain would sound his whistle in front of Holworthy Hall, the
+building where the Seniors then, as now, resided, and the student
+sailors, issuing forth, would form in procession, and march to the
+place of meeting, there to await further orders. If the members of
+the Navy remained on board ship over night, those who had received
+appointments at Commencement, then called the "Marines," were
+obliged to keep guard while the members slept or caroused.
+
+The operations of the Navy were usually closed with an excursion
+down the harbor. A vessel well stocked with certain kinds of
+provisions afforded, with some assistance from the stores of old
+Ocean, the requisites for a grand clam-bake or a mammoth chowder.
+The spot usually selected for this entertainment was the shores of
+Cape Cod. On the third day the party usually returned from their
+voyage, and their entry into Cambridge was generally accompanied
+with no little noise and disorder. The Admiral then appointed
+privately his successor, and the Navy was disbanded for the year.
+
+The exercises of the association varied from year to year. Many of
+the old customs gradually went out of fashion, until finally but
+little of the original Navy remained. The officers were, as usual,
+appointed yearly, but the power of appointing them was transferred
+to the class, and a public parade was substituted for the forms
+and ceremonies once peculiar to the society. The excursion down
+the harbor was omitted for the first time the present year,[57]
+and the last procession made its appearance in the year 1846.
+
+At present the Navy Club is organized after the parts for the last
+Senior Exhibition have been assigned. It is composed of three
+classes of persons; namely, the true NAVY, which consists of those
+who have _never_ had parts; the MARINES, those who have had a
+_major_ or _second_ part in the Senior year, but no _minor_ or
+_first_ part in the Junior; and the HORSE-MARINES, those who have
+had a _minor_ or _first_ part in the Junior year, but have
+subsequently fallen off, so as not to get a _major_ or _second_
+part in the Senior. Of the Navy officers, the Lord High Admiral is
+usually he who has been sent from College the greatest number of
+times; the Vice-Admiral is the poorest scholar in the class; the
+Rear-Admiral the laziest fellow in the class; the Commodore, one
+addicted to boating; the Captain, a jolly blade; the Lieutenant
+and Midshipman, fellows of the same description; the Chaplain, the
+most profane; the Surgeon, a dabbler in surgery, or in medicine,
+or anything else; the Ensign, the tallest member of the class; the
+Boatswain, one most inclined to obscenity; the Drum Major, the
+most aristocratic, and his assistants, fellows of the same
+character. These constitute the Band. Such are the general rules
+of choice, but they are not always followed. The remainder of the
+class who have had no parts and are not officers of the Navy Club
+are members, under the name of Privates. On the morning when the
+parts for Commencement are assigned, the members who receive
+appointments resign the stations which they have held in the Navy
+Club. This resignation takes place immediately after the parts
+have been read to the class. The door-way of the middle entry of
+Holworthy Hall is the place usually chosen for this affecting
+scene. The performance is carried on in the mock-oratorical style,
+a person concealed under a white sheet being placed behind the
+speaker to make the gestures for him. The names of those members
+who, having received Commencement appointments, have refused to
+resign their trusts in the Navy Club, are then read by the Lord
+High Admiral, and by his authority they are expelled from the
+society. This closes the exercises of the Club.
+
+The following entertaining account of the last procession, in
+1846, has been furnished by a graduate of that year:--
+
+"The class had nearly all assembled, and the procession, which
+extended through the rooms of the Natural History Society, began
+to move. The principal officers, as also the whole band, were
+dressed in full uniform. The Rear-Admiral brought up the rear, as
+was fitting. He was borne in a sort of triumphal car, composed of
+something like a couch, elevated upon wheels, and drawn by a white
+horse. On this his excellency, dressed in uniform, and enveloped
+in his cloak, reclined at full length. One of the Marines played
+the part of driver. Behind the car walked a colored man, with a
+most fantastic head-dress, whose duty it was to carry his Honor
+the Rear-Admiral's pipe. Immediately before the car walked the
+other two Marines, with guns on their shoulders. The 'Digs'[58]
+came immediately before the Marines, preceded by the tallest of
+their number, carrying a white satin banner, bearing on it, in
+gold letters, the word 'HARVARD,' with a _spade_ of gold paper
+fastened beneath. The Digs were all dressed in black, with Oxford
+caps on their heads, and small iron spades over their shoulders.
+They walked two and two, except in one instance, namely, that of
+the first three scholars, who walked together, the last of their
+brethren, immediately preceding the Marines. The second and third
+scholars did not carry spades, but pointed shovels, much larger
+and heavier; while the first scholar, who walked between the other
+two, carried an enormously great square shovel,--such as is often
+seen hung out at hardware-stores for a sign,--with 'SPADES AND
+SHOVELS,' or some such thing, painted on one side, and 'ALL SIZES'
+on the other. This shovel was about two feet square. The idea of
+carrying real, _bonâ fide_ spades and shovels originated wholly in
+our class. It has always been the custom before to wear a spade,
+cut out of white paper, on the lapel of the coat. The Navy
+Privates were dressed in blue shirts, monkey-jackets, &c., and
+presented a very sailor-like appearance. Two of them carried small
+kedges over their shoulders. The Ensign bore an old and tattered
+flag, the same which was originally presented by Miss Mellen of
+Cambridge to the Harvard Washington Corps. The Chaplain was
+dressed in a black gown, with an old-fashioned curly white wig on
+his head, which, with a powdered face, gave him a very
+sanctimonious look. He carried a large French Bible, which by much
+use had lost its covers. The Surgeon rode a beast which might well
+have been taken for the Rosinante of the world-renowned Don
+Quixote. This worthy Æsculapius had an infinite number of
+brown-paper bags attached to his person. He was enveloped in an
+old plaid cloak, with a huge sign for _pills_ fastened upon his
+shoulders, and carried before him a skull on a staff. His nag was
+very spirited, so much so as to leap over the chains, posts, &c.,
+and put to flight the crowd assembled to see the fun. The
+procession, after having cheered all the College buildings, and
+the houses of the Professors, separated about seven o'clock, P.M."
+
+  At first like a badger the Freshman dug,
+  Fed on Latin and Greek, in his room kept snug;
+  And he fondly hoped that on _Navy Club_ day
+  The highest spade he might bear away.
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton, Harv. Coll.
+
+
+NECK. To _run one's neck_, at Williams College, to trust to luck
+for the success of any undertaking.
+
+
+NESCIO. Latin; literally, _I do not know_. At the University of
+Cambridge, England, _to sport a nescio_, to shake the head, a
+signal that one does not understand or is ignorant of the subject.
+"After the Senate-House examination for degrees," says Grose, in
+his Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, "the students
+proceed to the schools, to be questioned by the proctor. According
+to custom immemorial, the answers _must_ be _Nescio_. The
+following is a translated specimen:--
+
+"_Ques._ What is your, name? _Ans._ I do not know.
+
+"_Ques._ What is the name of this University? _Ans._ I do not
+know.
+
+"_Ques._ Who was your father? _Ans._ I do not know.
+
+"The last is probably the only true answer of the three!"
+
+
+NEWLING. In the German universities, a Freshman; one in his first
+half-year.
+
+
+NEWY. At Princeton College, a fresh arrival.
+
+
+NIGHTGOWN. A dressing-gown; a _deshabille_.
+
+No student shall appear within the limits of the College, or town
+of Cambridge, in any other dress than in the uniform belonging to
+his respective class, unless he shall have on a _nightgown_, or
+such an outside garment as may be necessary over a coat.--_Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1790.
+
+
+NOBLEMAN. In the English universities, among the Undergraduates,
+the nobleman enjoys privileges and exemptions not accorded to
+others. At Oxford he wears a black-silk gown with full sleeves
+"couped" at the elbows, and a velvet cap with gold tassel, except
+on full-dress occasions, when his habit is of violet-figured
+damask silk, richly bedight with gold lace. At Cambridge he wears
+the plain black-silk gown and the hat of an M.A., except on feast
+days and state occasions, when he appears in a gown still more
+gorgeous than that of a Fellow-Commoner.--_Oxford Guide. Bristed_.
+
+
+NO END OF. Bristed records this phrase as an intensive peculiar to
+the English Cantabs. Its import is obvious "They have _no end of_
+tin; i.e. a great deal of money. He is _no end of_ a fool; i.e.
+the greatest fool possible."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 24.
+
+The use of this expression, with a similar signification, is
+common in some portions of the United States.
+
+
+NON ENS. Latin; literally _not being_. At the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., one who has not been matriculated, though he has
+resided some time at the University; consequently is not
+considered as having any being. A Freshman in embryo.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+NON PARAVI. Latin; literally, _I have not prepared_. When Latin
+was spoken in the American colleges, this excuse was commonly
+given by scholars not prepared for recitation.
+
+  With sleepy eyes and countenance heavy,
+  With much excuse of _non paravi_.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, 1794, p. 8.
+
+The same excuse is now frequently given in English.
+
+The same individuals were also observed to be "_not prepared_" for
+the morning's recitation.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. II. p. 261.
+
+I hear you whispering, with white lips, "_Not prepared_,
+sir."--_Burial of Euclid_, 1850, p. 9.
+
+
+NON PLACET. Latin; literally, _It is not pleasing_. In the
+University of Cambridge, Eng., the term in which a _negative_ vote
+is given in the Senate-House.
+
+To _non-placet_, with the meaning of the verb _to reject_, is
+sometimes used in familiar language.
+
+A classical examiner, having marked two candidates belonging to
+his own College much higher than the other three examiners did,
+was suspected of partiality to them, and _non-placeted_ (rejected)
+next year when he came up for approval.--_Bristed's Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 231.
+
+
+NON-READING MAN. See READING MAN.
+
+The result of the May decides whether he will go out in honors or
+not,--that is, whether he will be a reading or a _non-reading
+man_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 85.
+
+
+NON-REGENT. In the English universities, a term applied to those
+Masters of Arts whose regency has ceased.--_Webster_.
+
+See REGENT. SENATE.
+
+
+NON-TERM. "When any member of the Senate," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "dies within the University during term, on
+application to the Vice-Chancellor, the University bell rings an
+hour; from which period _Non-Term_, as to public lectures and
+disputations, commences for three days."
+
+
+NON VALUI. Latin; literally, _I was sick_. At Harvard College,
+when the students were obliged to speak Latin, it was usual for
+them to give the excuse _non valui_ for almost every absence or
+omission. The President called upon delinquents for their excuses
+in the chapel, after morning prayers, and these words were often
+pronounced so broadly as to sound like _non volui_, I did not wish
+[to go]. The quibble was not perceived for a long time, and was
+heartily enjoyed, as may be well supposed, by those who made use
+of it.
+
+
+[Greek: Nous]. Greek; _sense_. A word adopted by, and in use
+among, students.
+
+He is a lad of more [Greek: nous], and keeps better
+company.--_Pref. to Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Getting the better of them in anything which required the smallest
+exertion of [Greek: nous], was like being first in a donkey-race.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 30.
+
+
+NUMBER FIFTY, NUMBER FORTY-NINE. At Trinity College, Hartford, the
+privies are known by these names. Jarvis Hall contains forty-eight
+rooms, and the numbers forty-nine and fifty follow in numerical
+continuation, but with a different application.
+
+
+NUMBER TEN. At the Wesleyan University, the names "No. 10, and, as
+a sort of derivative, No. 1001, are applied to the privy." The
+former title is used also at the University of Vermont, and at
+Dartmouth College.
+
+
+NUTS. A correspondent from Williams College says, "We speak of a
+person whom we despise as being a _nuts_." This word is used in
+the Yorkshire dialect with the meaning of a "silly fellow." Mr.
+Halliwell, in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,
+remarks: "It is not applied to an idiot, but to one who has been
+doing a foolish action."
+
+
+
+_O_.
+
+
+OAK. In the English universities, the outer door of a student's
+room.
+
+No man has a right to attack the rooms of one with whom he is not
+in the habit of intimacy. From ignorance of this axiom I had near
+got a horse-whipping, and was kicked down stairs for going to a
+wrong _oak_, whose tenant was not in the habit of taking jokes of
+this kind.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 287.
+
+A pecker, I must explain, is a heavy pointed hammer for splitting
+large coals; an instrument often put into requisition to force
+open an _oak_ (an outer door), when the key of the spring latch
+happens to be left inside, and the scout has gone away.--_The
+Collegian's Guide_, p. 119.
+
+Every set of rooms is provided with an _oak_ or outer door, with a
+spring lock, of which the master has one latch-key, and the
+servant another.--_Ibid._, p. 141.
+
+"To _sport oak_, or a door," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "is,
+in the modern phrase, to exclude duns, or other unpleasant
+intruders." It generally signifies, however, nothing more than
+locking or fastening one's door for safety or convenience.
+
+I always "_sported my oak_" whenever I went out; and if ever I
+found any article removed from its usual place, I inquired for it;
+and thus showed I knew where everything was last
+placed.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 141.
+
+If you persist, and say you cannot join them, you must _sport your
+oak_, and shut yourself into your room, and all intruders
+out.--_Ibid._, p. 340.
+
+Used also in some American colleges.
+
+And little did they dream who knocked hard and often at his _oak_
+in vain, &c.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. X. p. 47.
+
+
+OATHS. At Yale College, those who were engaged in the government
+were formerly required to take the oaths of allegiance and
+abjuration appointed by the Parliament of England. In his
+Discourse before the Graduates of Yale College, President Woolsey
+gives the following account of this obligation:--
+
+"The charter of 1745 imposed another test in the form of a
+political oath upon all governing officers in the College. They
+were required before they undertook the execution of their trusts,
+or within three months after, 'publicly in the College hall [to]
+take the oaths, and subscribe the declaration, appointed by an act
+of Parliament made in the first year of George the First,
+entitled, An Act for the further security of his Majesty's person
+and government, and the succession of the Crown in the heirs of
+the late Princess Sophia, being Protestants, and for extinguishing
+the hopes of the pretended Prince of Wales, and his open and
+secret abettors.' We cannot find the motive for prescribing this
+oath of allegiance and abjuration in the Protestant zeal which was
+enkindled by the second Pretender's movements in England,--for,
+although belonging to this same year 1745, these movements were
+subsequent to the charter,--but rather in the desire of removing
+suspicion of disloyalty, and conforming the practice in the
+College to that required by the law in the English universities.
+This oath was taken until it became an unlawful one, when the
+State assumed complete sovereignty at the Revolution. For some
+years afterwards, the officers took the oath of fidelity to the
+State of Connecticut, and I believe that the last instance of this
+occurred at the very end of the eighteenth century."--p. 40.
+
+In the Diary of President Stiles, under the date of July 8, 1778,
+is the annexed entry, in which is given the formula of the oath
+required by the State:--
+
+"The oath of fidelity administered to me by the Hon. Col. Hamlin,
+one of the Council of the State of Connecticut, at my
+inauguration.
+
+"'You, Ezra Stiles, do swear by the name of the ever-living God,
+that you will be true and faithful to the State of Connecticut, as
+a free and independent State, and in all things do your duty as a
+good and faithful subject of the said State, in supporting the
+rights, liberties, and privileges of the same. So help you God.'
+
+"This oath, substituted instead of that of allegiance to the King
+by the Assembly of Connecticut, May, 1777, to be taken by all in
+this State; and so it comes into use in Yale College."--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Discourse_, Appendix, p. 117.
+
+
+[Greek: Hoi Aristoi.] Greek; literally, _the bravest_. At
+Princeton College, the aristocrats, or would-be aristocrats, are
+so called.
+
+
+[Greek: Hoi Polloi.] Greek; literally, _the many_.
+
+See POLLOI.
+
+
+OLD BURSCH. A name given in the German universities to a student
+during his fourth term. Students of this term are also designated
+_Old Ones_.
+
+As they came forward, they were obliged to pass under a pair of
+naked swords, held crosswise by two _Old Ones_.--_Longfellow's
+Hyperion_, p. 110.
+
+
+OLD HOUSE. A name given in the German universities to a student
+during his fifth term.
+
+
+OPPONENCY. The opening of an academical disputation; the
+proposition of objections to a tenet; an exercise for a
+degree.--_Todd_.
+
+Mr. Webster remarks, "I believe not used in America."
+
+In the old times, the university discharged this duty [teaching]
+by means of the public readings or lectures,... and by the keeping
+of acts and _opponencies_--being certain _vivâ voce_ disputations
+--by the students.--_The English Universities and their Reforms_,
+in _Blackwood's Magazine_, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+OPPONENT. In universities and colleges, where disputations are
+carried on, the opponent is, in technical application, the person
+who begins the dispute by raising objections to some tenet or
+doctrine.
+
+
+OPTIME. The title of those who stand in the second and third ranks
+of honors, immediately after the Wranglers, in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng. They are called respectively _Senior_ and _Junior
+Optimes_.
+
+See JUNIOR OPTIME, POLLOI, and SENIOR OPTIME.
+
+
+OPTIONAL. At some American colleges, the student is obliged to
+pursue during a part of the course such studies as are prescribed.
+During another portion of the course, he is allowed to select from
+certain branches those which he desires to follow. The latter are
+called _optional_ studies. In familiar conversation and writing,
+the word _optional_ is used alone.
+
+  For _optional_ will come our way,
+  And lectures furnish time to play,
+  'Neath elm-tree shade to smoke all day.
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, Yale Coll., 1855.
+
+
+ORIGINAL COMPOSITION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+essay or theme written by a student in Latin, Greek, or Hebrew, is
+termed _original_ composition.
+
+Composition there is of course, but more Latin than Greek, and
+some _original Composition_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 137.
+
+_Original Composition_--that is, Composition in the true sense of
+the word--in the dead languages is not much practised.--_Ibid._,
+p. 185.
+
+
+OVERSEER. The general government of the colleges in the United
+States is vested in some instances in a Corporation, in others in
+a Board of Trustees or Overseers, or, as in the case of Harvard
+College, in the two combined. The duties of the Overseers are,
+generally, to pass such orders and statutes as seem to them
+necessary for the prosperity of the college whose affairs they
+oversee, to dispose of its funds in such a manner as will be most
+advantageous, to appoint committees to visit it and examine the
+students connected with it, to ratify the appointment of
+instructors, and to hear such reports of the proceedings of the
+college government as require their concurrence.
+
+
+OXFORD. The cap worn by the members of the University of Oxford,
+England, is called an _Oxford_ or _Oxford cap_. The same is worn
+at some American colleges on Exhibition and Commencement Days. In
+shape, it is square and flat, covered with black cloth; from the
+centre depends a tassel of black cord. It is further described in
+the following passage.
+
+  My back equipped, it was not fair
+  My head should 'scape, and so, as square
+          As chessboard,
+  A _cap_ I bought, my skull to screen,
+  Of cloth without, and all within
+          Of pasteboard.
+    _Terræ-Filius_, Vol. II. p. 225.
+
+  Thunders of clapping!--As he bows, on high
+  "Præses" his "_Oxford_" doffs, and bows reply.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 36.
+
+It is sometimes called a _trencher cap_, from its shape.
+
+See CAP.
+
+
+OXFORD-MIXED. Cloth such as is worn at the University of Oxford,
+England. The students in Harvard College were formerly required to
+wear this kind of cloth as their uniform. The color is given in
+the following passage: "By black-mixed (called also
+_Oxford-mixed_) is understood, black with a mixture of not more
+than one twentieth, nor less than one twenty-fifth, part of
+white."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1826, p. 25.
+
+He generally dresses in _Oxford-mixed_ pantaloons, and a brown
+surtout.--_Collegian_, p. 240.
+
+It has disappeared along with Commons, the servility of Freshmen
+and brutality of Sophomores, the _Oxford-mixed_ uniform and
+buttons of the same color.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 263.
+
+
+OXONIAN. A student or graduate of the University of Oxford,
+England.
+
+
+
+_P_.
+
+
+PANDOWDY BAND. A correspondent writing from Bowdoin College says:
+"We use the word _pandowdy_, and we have a custom of
+_pandowdying_. The Pandowdy Band, as it is called, has no regular
+place nor time of meeting. The number of performers varies from
+half a dozen and less to fifty or more. The instruments used are
+commonly horns, drums, tin-kettles, tongs, shovels, triangles,
+pumpkin-vines, &c. The object of the band is serenading Professors
+who have rendered themselves obnoxious to students; and sometimes
+others,--frequently tutors are entertained by 'heavenly music'
+under their windows, at dead of night. This is regarded on all
+hands as an unequivocal expression of the feelings of the
+students.
+
+"The band corresponds to the _Calliathump_ of Yale. Its name is a
+burlesque on the _Pandean Band_ which formerly existed in this
+college."
+
+See HORN-BLOWING.
+
+
+PAPE. Abbreviated from PAPER, q.v.
+
+  Old Hamlen, the printer, he got out the _papes_.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+  But Soph'more "_papes_," and Soph'more scrapes,
+    Have long since passed away.--_Ibid._
+
+
+PAPER. In the English Universities, a sheet containing certain
+questions, to which answers are to be given, is called _a paper_.
+
+_To beat a paper_, is to get more than full marks for it. In
+explanation of this "apparent Hibernicism," Bristed remarks: "The
+ordinary text-books are taken as the standard of excellence, and a
+very good man will sometimes express the operations more neatly
+and cleverly than they are worded in these books, in which case he
+is entitled to extra marks for style."--_Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 238.
+
+2. This name is applied at Yale College to the printed scheme
+which is used at the Biennial Examinations. Also, at Harvard
+College, to the printed sheet by means of which the examination
+for entrance is conducted.
+
+
+PARCHMENT. A diploma, from the substance on which it is usually
+printed, is in familiar language sometimes called a _parchment_.
+
+There are some, who, relying not upon the "_parchment_ and seal"
+as a passport to favor, bear that with them which shall challenge
+notice and admiration.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 365.
+
+  The passer-by, unskilled in ancient lore,
+  Whose hands the ribboned _parchment_ never bore.
+    _Class Poem at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 7.
+
+See SHEEPSKIN.
+
+
+PARIETAL. From Latin _paries_, a wall; properly, _a
+partition-wall_, from the root of _part_ or _pare_. Pertaining to
+a wall.--_Webster_.
+
+At Harvard College the officers resident within the College walls
+constitute a permanent standing committee, called the Parietal
+Committee. They have particular cognizance of all tardinesses at
+prayers and Sabbath services, and of all offences against good
+order and decorum. They are allowed to deduct from the rank of a
+student, not exceeding one hundred for one offence. In case any
+offence seems to them to require a higher punishment than
+deduction, it is reported to the Faculty.--_Laws_, 1850, App.
+
+  Had I forgotten, alas! the stern _pariètal_ monitions?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+The chairman of the Parietal Committee is often called the
+_Parietal Tutor_.
+
+I see them shaking their fists in the face of the _parietal
+tutor_.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1849.
+
+The members of the committee are called, in common parlance,
+_Parietals_.
+
+Four rash and inconsiderate proctors, two tutors, and five
+_parietals_, each with a mug and pail in his hand, in their great
+haste to arrive at the scene of conflagration, ran over the Devil,
+and knocked him down stairs.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 124.
+
+  And at the loud laugh of thy gurgling throat,
+  The _pariètals_ would forget themselves.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 399 et passim.
+
+  Did not thy starting eyeballs think to see
+  Some goblin _pariètal_ grin at thee?
+    _Ibid._, Vol. IV. p. 197.
+
+The deductions made by the Parietal Committee are also called
+_Parietals_.
+
+  How now, ye secret, dark, and tuneless chanters,
+  What is 't ye do? Beware the _pariètals_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 44.
+
+Reckon on the fingers of your mind the reprimands, deductions,
+_parietals_, and privates in store for you.--_Orat. H.L. of I.O.
+of O.F._, 1848.
+
+The accent of this word is on the antepenult; by _poetic license_,
+in four of the passages above quoted, it is placed on the penult.
+
+
+PART. A literary appointment assigned to a student to be kept at
+an Exhibition or Commencement. In Harvard College as soon as the
+parts for an Exhibition or Commencement are assigned, the subjects
+and the names of the performers are given to some member of one of
+the higher classes, who proceeds to read them to the students from
+a window of one of the buildings, after proposing the usual "three
+cheers" for each of the classes, designating them by the years in
+which they are to graduate. As the name of each person who has a
+part assigned him is read, the students respond with cheers. This
+over, the classes are again cheered, the reader of the parts is
+applauded, and the crowd disperses except when the mock parts are
+read, or the officers of the Navy Club resign their trusts.
+
+Referring to the proceedings consequent upon the announcement of
+appointments, Professor Sidney Willard, in his late work, entitled
+"Memories of Youth and Manhood," says of Harvard College: "The
+distribution of parts to be performed at public exhibitions by the
+students was, particularly for the Commencement exhibition, more
+than fifty years ago, as it still is, one of the most exciting
+events of College life among those immediately interested, in
+which parents and near friends also deeply sympathized with them.
+These parts were communicated to the individuals appointed to
+perform them by the President, who gave to them, severally, a
+paper with the name of the person and of the part assigned, and
+the subject to be written upon. But they were not then, as in
+recent times, after being thus communicated by the President,
+proclaimed by a voluntary herald of stentorian lungs, mounted on
+the steps of one of the College halls, to the assembled crowd of
+students. Curiosity, however, was all alive. Each one's part was
+soon ascertained; the comparative merits of those who obtained the
+prizes were discussed in groups; prompt judgments were pronounced,
+that A had received a higher prize than he could rightfully claim,
+and that B was cruelly wronged; that some were unjustly passed
+over, and others raised above them through partiality. But at
+whatever length their discussion might have been prolonged, they
+would have found it difficult in solemn conclave to adjust the
+distribution to their own satisfaction, while severally they
+deemed themselves competent to measure the degree in the scale of
+merit to which each was entitled."--Vol. I. pp. 328, 329.
+
+I took but little pains with these exercises myself, lest I should
+appear to be anxious for "_parts_."--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston,
+1804, Vol. I. p. 154.
+
+Often, too, the qualifications for a _part_ ... are discussed in
+the fireside circles so peculiar to college.--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+378.
+
+The refusal of a student to perform the _part_ assigned him will
+be regarded as a high offence.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848,
+p. 19.
+
+Young men within the College walls are incited to good conduct and
+diligence, by the system of awarding _parts_, as they are called,
+at the exhibitions which take place each year, and at the annual
+Commencement.--_Eliot's Sketch of Hist. Harv. Coll._, pp. 114,
+115.
+
+It is very common to speak of _getting parts_.
+
+              Here
+    Are acres of orations, and so forth,
+    The glorious nonsense that enchants young hearts
+  With all the humdrumology of "_getting parts_."
+    _Our Chronicle of '26_, Boston, 1827, p. 28.
+
+See under MOCK-PART and NAVY CLUB.
+
+
+PASS. At Oxford, permission to receive the degree of B.A. after
+passing the necessary examinations.
+
+The good news of the _pass_ will be a set-off against the few
+small debts.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 254.
+
+
+PASS EXAMINATION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+examination which is required for the B.A. degree. Of these
+examinations there are three during a student's undergraduateship.
+
+Even the examinations which are disparagingly known as "_pass_"
+ones, the Previous, the Poll, and (since the new regulations) the
+Junior Optime, require more than half marks on their
+papers.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 319.
+
+
+PASSMAN. At Oxford, one who merely passes his examination, and
+obtains testimonials for a degree, but is not able to obtain any
+honors or distinctions. Opposed to CLASSMAN, q.v.
+
+"Have the _passmen_ done their paper work yet?" asked Whitbread.
+"However, the schools, I dare say, will not be open to the
+classmen till Monday."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 309.
+
+
+PATRON. At some of the Colleges in the United States, the patron
+is appointed to take charge of the funds, and to regulate the
+expenses, of students who reside at a distance. Formerly, students
+who came within this provision were obliged to conform to the laws
+in reference to the patron; it is now left optional.
+
+
+P.D. An abbreviation of _Philosophiæ Doctor_, Doctor of
+Philosophy. "In the German universities," says Brande, "the title
+'Doctor Philosophiæ' has long been substituted for Baccalaureus
+Artium or Literarium."
+
+
+PEACH. To inform against; to communicate facts by way of
+accusation.
+
+It being rather advisable to enter college before twelve, or to
+stay out all night, bribing the bed-maker next morning not to
+_peach_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 190.
+
+  When, by a little spying, I can reach
+  The height of my ambition, I must _peach_.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+PEMBROKER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of
+Pembroke College.
+
+The _Pembroker_ was booked to lead the Tripos.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 158.
+
+
+PENE. Latin, _almost, nearly_. A candidate for admission to the
+Freshman Class is called a _Pene_, that is, _almost_ a Freshman.
+
+
+PENNILESS BENCH. Archdeacon Nares, in his Glossary, says of this
+phrase: "A cant term for a state of poverty. There was a public
+seat so called in Oxford; but I fancy it was rather named from the
+common saying, than that derived from it."
+
+          Bid him bear up, he shall not
+  Sit long on _penniless bench_.
+    _Mass. City Mad._, IV. 1.
+
+That everie stool he sate on was _pennilesse bench_, that his
+robes were rags.--_Euphues and his Engl._, D. 3.
+
+
+PENSIONER. French, _pensionnaire_, one who pays for his board. In
+the University of Cambridge, Eng., and in that of Dublin, a
+student of the second rank, who is not dependent on the foundation
+for support, but pays for his board and other charges. Equivalent
+to COMMONER at Oxford, or OPPIDANT of Eton school.--_Brande. Gent.
+Mag._, 1795.
+
+
+PERUVIAN. At the University of Vermont, a name by which the
+students designate a lady; e.g., "There are two hundred
+_Peruvians_ at the Seminary"; or, "The _Peruvians_ are in the
+observatory." As illustrative of the use of this word, a
+correspondent observes: "If John Smith has a particular regard for
+any one of the Burlington ladies, and Tom Brown happens to meet
+the said lady in his town peregrinations, when he returns to
+College, if he meets John Smith, he (Tom) says to John, 'In yonder
+village I espied a _Peruvian_'; by which John understands that Tom
+has had the very great pleasure of meeting John's Dulcinea."
+
+
+PETTY COMPOUNDER. At Oxford, one who pays more than ordinary fees
+for his degree.
+
+"A _Petty Compounder_," says the Oxford University Calendar, "must
+possess ecclesiastical income of the annual value of five
+shillings, or property of any other description amounting in all
+to the sum of five pounds, per annum."--Ed. 1832, p. 92.
+
+
+PHEEZE, or FEEZE. At the University of Vermont, to pledge. If a
+student is pledged to join any secret society, he is said to be
+_pheezed_ or _feezed_.
+
+
+PHI BETA KAPPA. The fraternity of the [Greek: Phi Beta Kappa] "was
+imported," says Allyn in his Ritual, "into this country from
+France, in the year 1776; and, as it is said, by Thomas Jefferson,
+late President of the United States." It was originally chartered
+as a society in William and Mary College, in Virginia, and was
+organized at Yale College, Nov. 13th, 1780. By virtue of a charter
+formally executed by the president, officers, and members of the
+original society, it was established soon after at Harvard
+College, through the influence of Mr. Elisha Parmele, a graduate
+of the year 1778. The first meeting in Cambridge was held Sept.
+5th, 1781. The original Alpha of Virginia is now extinct.
+
+"Its objects," says Mr. Quincy, in his History of Harvard
+University, "were the 'promotion of literature and friendly
+intercourse among scholars'; and its name and motto indicate, that
+'philosophy, including therein religion as well as ethics, is
+worthy of cultivation as the guide of life.' This society took an
+early and a deep root in the University; its exercises became
+public, and admittance into it an object of ambition; but the
+'discrimination' which its selection of members made among
+students, became an early subject of question and discontent. In
+October, 1789, a committee of the Overseers, of which John Hancock
+was chairman, reported to that board, 'that there is an
+institution in the University, with the nature of which the
+government is not acquainted, which tends to make a discrimination
+among the students'; and submitted to the board 'the propriety of
+inquiring into its nature and designs.' The subject occasioned
+considerable debate, and a petition, of the nature of a complaint
+against the society, by a number of the members of the Senior
+Class, having been presented, its consideration was postponed, and
+it was committed; but it does not appear from the records, that
+any further notice was taken of the petition. The influence of the
+society was upon the whole deemed salutary, since literary merit
+was assumed as the principle on which its members were selected;
+and, so far, its influence harmonized with the honorable motives
+to exertion which have ever been held out to the students by the
+laws and usages of the College. In process of time, its catalogue
+included almost every member of the Immediate Government, and
+fairness in the selection of members has been in a great degree
+secured by the practice it has adopted, of ascertaining those in
+every class who stand the highest, in point of conduct and
+scholarship, according to the estimates of the Faculty of the
+College, and of generally regarding those estimates. Having
+gradually increased in numbers, popularity, and importance, the
+day after Commencement was adopted for its annual celebration.
+These occasions have uniformly attracted a highly intelligent and
+cultivated audience, having been marked by a display of learning
+and eloquence, and having enriched the literature of the country
+with some of its brightest gems."--Vol. II. p. 398.
+
+The immediate members of the society at Cambridge were formerly
+accustomed to hold semi-monthly meetings, the exercises of which
+were such as are usual in literary associations. At present,
+meetings are seldom held except for the purpose of electing
+members. Affiliated societies have been established at Dartmouth,
+Union, and Bowdoin Colleges, at Brown and the Wesleyan
+Universities, at the Western Reserve College, at the University of
+Vermont, and at Amherst College, and they number among their
+members many of the most distinguished men in our country. The
+letters which constitute the name of the society are the initials
+of its motto, [Greek: Philosophia, Biou Kubernaetaes], Philosophy,
+the Guide of Life.
+
+A further account of this society may be found in Allyn's Ritual
+of Freemasonry, ed. 1831, pp. 296-302.
+
+
+PHILISTINE. In Germany this name, or what corresponds to it in
+that country, _Philister_, is given by the students to tradesmen
+and others not belonging to the university.
+
+  Und hat der Bursch kein Geld im Beutel,
+    So pumpt er die Philister an.
+
+  And has the Bursch his cash expended?
+    To sponge the _Philistine's_ his plan.
+    _The Crambambuli Song_.
+
+Mr. Halliwell, in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,
+says of this word, "a cant term applied to bailiffs, sheriffs'
+officers, and drunkards." The idea of narrowmindedness, a
+contracted mode of thinking, and meanness, is usually connected
+with it, and in some colleges in the United States the name has
+been given to those whose characters correspond with this
+description.
+
+See SNOB.
+
+
+PHRASING. Reciting by, or giving the words or phraseology of the
+book, without understanding their meaning.
+
+Never should you allow yourself to think of going into the
+recitation-room, and there trust to "skinning it," as it is called
+in some colleges, or "_phrasing_," as in others.--_Todd's Students
+Manual_, p. 115.
+
+
+PIECE. "Be it known, at Cambridge the various Commons and other
+places open for the gymnastic games, and the like public
+amusements, are usually denominated _Pieces_."--_Alma Mater_,
+London, 1827, Vol. II. p. 49.
+
+
+PIETAS ET GRATULATIO. On the death of George the Second, and
+accession of George the Third, Mr. Bernard, Governor of
+Massachusetts, suggested to Harvard College "the expediency of
+expressing sympathy and congratulation on these events, in
+conformity with the practice of the English universities."
+Accordingly, on Saturday, March 14, 1761, there was placed in the
+Chapel of Harvard College the following "Proposal for a
+Celebration of the Death of the late King, and the Accession of
+his present Majesty, by members of Harvard College."
+
+"Six guineas are given for a prize of a guinea each to the Author
+of the best composition of the following several kinds:--1. A
+Latin Oration. 2. A Latin Poem, in hexameters. 3. A Latin Elegy,
+in hexameters and pentameters. 4 A Latin Ode. 5. An English Poem,
+in long verse. 6. An English Ode.
+
+"Other Compositions, besides those that obtain the prizes, that
+are most deserving, will be taken particular notice of.
+
+"The candidates are to be, all, Gentlemen who are now members of
+said College, or have taken a degree within seven years.
+
+"Any Candidate may deliver two or more compositions of different
+kinds, but not more than one of the same kind.
+
+"That Gentlemen may be more encouraged to try their talents upon
+this occasion, it is proposed that the names of the Candidates
+shall be kept secret, except those who shall be adjudged to
+deserve the prizes, or to have particular notice taken of their
+Compositions, and even these shall be kept secret if desired.
+
+"For this purpose, each Candidate is desired to send his
+Composition to the President, on or before the first day of July
+next, subscribed at the bottom with, a feigned name or motto, and,
+in a distinct paper, to write his own name and seal it up, writing
+the feigned name or motto on the outside. None of the sealed
+papers containing the real names will be opened, except those that
+are adjudged to obtain the prizes or to deserve particular notice;
+the rest will be burned sealed."
+
+This proposal resulted in a work entitled, "Pietas et Gratulatio
+Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos." In January, 1762, the
+Corporation passed a vote, "that the collections in prose and
+verse in several languages composed by some of the members of the
+College, on the motion of his Excellency our Governor, Francis
+Bernard, Esq., on occasion of the death of his late Majesty, and
+the accession of his present Majesty, be printed; and that his
+Excellency be desired to send, if he shall judge it proper, a copy
+of the same to Great Britain, to be presented to his Majesty, in
+the name of the Corporation."
+
+Quincy thus speaks of the collection:--"Governor Bernard not only
+suggested the work, but contributed to it. Five of the thirty-one
+compositions, of which it consists, were from his pen. The Address
+to the King is stated to have been written by him, or by
+Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson. Its style and turn of thought
+indicate the politician rather than the student, and savor of the
+senate-chamber more than of the academy. The classical and poetic
+merits of the work bear a fair comparison with those of European
+universities on similar occasions, allowance being made for the
+difference in the state of science and literature in the
+respective countries; and it is the most creditable specimen
+extant of the art of printing, at that period, in the Colonies.
+The work is respectfully noticed by the 'Critical' and 'Monthly'
+Reviews, and an Ode of the President is pronounced by both to be
+written in a style truly Horatian. In the address prefixed, the
+hope is expressed, that, as 'English colleges have had kings for
+their nursing fathers, and queens for their nursing mothers, this
+of North America might experience the royal munificence, and look
+up to the throne for favor and patronage.' In May, 1763, letters
+were received from Jasper Mauduit, agent of the Province,
+mentioning 'the presentation to his Majesty of the book of verses
+from the College,' but the records give no indication of the
+manner in which it was received. The thoughts of George the Third
+were occupied, not with patronizing learning in the Colonies, but
+with deriving revenue from them, and Harvard College was indebted
+to him for no act of acknowledgment or munificence."--_Quincy's
+Hist. of Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 103-105.
+
+The Charleston Courier, in an article entitled "Literary
+Sparring," says of this production:--"When, as late as 1761,
+Harvard University sent forth, in Greek, Latin, and English, its
+congratulations on the accession of George the Third to the
+throne, it was called, in England, a curiosity."--_Buckingham's
+Miscellanies from the Public Journals_, Vol. I. p. 103.
+
+Mr. Kendall, an English traveller, who visited Cambridge in the
+year 1807-8, notices this work as follows:--"In the year 1761, on
+the death of George the Second and the accession of his present
+Majesty, Harvard College, or, as on this occasion it styles
+itself, Cambridge College, produced a volume of tributary verses,
+in English, Latin, and Greek, entitled, Pietas et Gratulatio
+Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos; and this collection, the
+first received, and, as it has since appeared, the last to be
+received, from this seminary, by an English king, was cordially
+welcomed by the critical journals of the time."--_Kendall's
+Travels_, Vol. III. p. 12.
+
+For further remarks, consult the Monthly Review, Vol. XXIX. p. 22;
+Critical Review, Vol. X. p. 284; and the Monthly Anthology, Vol.
+VI. pp. 422-427; Vol. VII. p. 67.
+
+
+PILL. In English Cantab parlance, twaddle, platitude.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+PIMP. To do little, mean actions for the purpose of gaining favor
+with a superior, as, in college, with an instructor. The verb with
+this meaning is derived from the adjective _pimping_, which
+signifies _little, petty_.
+
+  Did I not promise those who fished
+  And _pimped_ most, any part they wished.
+    _The Rebelliad_, p. 33.
+
+
+PISCATORIAN. From the Latin _piscator_, a fisherman. One who seeks
+or gains favor with a teacher by being officious toward him.
+
+This word was much used at Harvard College in the year 1822, and
+for a few years after; it is now very seldom heard.
+
+See under FISH.
+
+
+PIT. In the University of Cambridge, the place in St. Mary's
+Church reserved for the accommodation of Masters of Arts and
+Fellow-Commoners is jocularly styled the _pit_.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+PLACE. In the older American colleges, the situation of a student
+in the class of which he was a member was formerly decided, in a
+measure, by the rank and circumstances of his family; this was
+called _placing_. The Hon. Paine Wingate, who graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1759, says, in one of his letters to Mr.
+Peirce:--
+
+"You inquire of me whether any regard was paid to a student on
+account of the rank of his parent, otherwise than his being
+arranged or _placed_ in the order of his class?
+
+"The right of precedence on every occasion is an object of
+importance in the state of society. And there is scarce anything
+which more sensibly affects the feelings of ambition than the rank
+which a man is allowed to hold. This excitement was generally
+called up whenever a class in college was _placed_. The parents
+were not wholly free from influence; but the scholars were often
+enraged beyond bounds for their disappointment in their _place_,
+and it was some time before a class could be settled down to an
+acquiescence in their allotment. The highest and the lowest in the
+class was often ascertained more easily (though not without some
+difficulty) than the intermediate members of the class, where
+there was room for uncertainty whose claim was best, and where
+partiality, no doubt, was sometimes indulged. But I must add,
+that, although the honor of a _place_ in the class was chiefly
+ideal, yet there were some substantial advantages. The higher part
+of the class had generally the most influential friends, and they
+commonly had the best chambers in College assigned to them. They
+had also a right to help themselves first at table in Commons, and
+I believe generally, wherever there was occasional precedence
+allowed, it was very freely yielded to the higher of the class by
+those who were below.
+
+"The Freshman Class was, in my day at college, usually _placed_
+(as it was termed) within six or nine months after their
+admission. The official notice of this was given by having their
+names written in a large German text, in a handsome style, and
+placed in a conspicuous part of the College _Buttery_, where the
+names of the four classes of undergraduates were kept suspended
+until they left College. If a scholar was expelled, his name was
+taken from its place; or if he was degraded (which was considered
+the next highest punishment to expulsion), it was moved
+accordingly. As soon as the Freshmen were apprised of their
+places, each one took his station according to the new arrangement
+at recitation, and at Commons, and in the Chapel, and on all other
+occasions. And this arrangement was never afterward altered,
+either in College or in the Catalogue, however the rank of their
+parents might be varied. Considering how much dissatisfaction was
+often excited by placing the classes (and I believe all other
+colleges had laid aside the practice), I think that it was a
+judicious expedient in Harvard to conform to the custom of putting
+the names in _alphabetical_ order, and they have accordingly so
+remained since the year 1772."--_Peirce's Hist. of Harv. Univ._,
+pp. 308-811.
+
+In his "Annals of Yale College," Ebenezer Baldwin observes on the
+subject: "Doctor Dwight, soon after his election to the Presidency
+[1795], effected various important alterations in the collegiate
+laws. The statutes of the institution had been chiefly adopted
+from those of European universities, where the footsteps of
+monarchical regulation were discerned even in the walks of
+science. So difficult was it to divest the minds of wise men of
+the influence of venerable follies, that the printed catalogues of
+students, until the year 1768, were arranged according to
+respectability of parentage."--p. 147.
+
+See DEGRADATION.
+
+
+PLACET. Latin; literally, _it is pleasing_. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., the term in which an _affirmative_ vote is given
+in the Senate-House.
+
+
+PLUCK. In the English universities, a refusal of testimonials for
+a degree.
+
+The origin of this word is thus stated in the Collegian's Guide:
+"At the time of conferring a degree, just as the name of each man
+to be presented to the Vice-Chancellor is read out, a proctor
+walks once up and down, to give any person who can object to the
+degree an opportunity of signifying his dissent, which is done by
+plucking or pulling the proctor's gown. Hence another and more
+common mode of stopping a degree, by refusing the testamur, or
+certificate of proficiency, is also called plucking."--p. 203.
+
+On the same word, the author in another place remarks as follows:
+"As long back as my memory will carry me, down to the present day,
+there has been scarcely a monosyllable in our language which
+seemed to convey so stinging a reproach, or to let a man down in
+the general estimation half as much, as this one word PLUCK."--p.
+288.
+
+
+PLUCKED. A cant term at the English universities, applied to those
+who, for want of scholarship, are refused their testimonials for a
+degree.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+Who had at length scrambled through the pales and discipline of
+the Senate-House without being _plucked_, and miraculously
+obtained the title of A.B.--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+O what a misery is it to be _plucked_! Not long since, an
+undergraduate was driven mad by it, and committed suicide.--The
+term itself is contemptible: it is associated with the meanest,
+the most stupid and spiritless animals of creation. When we hear
+of a man being _plucked_, we think he is necessarily a
+goose.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 288.
+
+  Poor Lentulus, twice _plucked_, some happy day
+  Just shuffles through, and dubs himself B.A.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+POKER. At Oxford, Eng., a cant name for a _bedel_.
+
+If the visitor see an unusual "state" walking about, in shape of
+an individual preceded by a quantity of _pokers_, or, which is the
+same thing, men, that is bedels, carrying maces, jocularly called
+_pokers_, he may be sure that that individual is the
+Vice-Chancellor. _Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xii.
+
+
+POLE. At Princeton and Union Colleges, to study hard, e.g. to
+_pole_ out the lesson. To _pole_ on a composition, to take pains
+with it.
+
+
+POLER. One who studies hard; a close student. As a boat is
+impelled with _poles_, so is the student by _poling_, and it is
+perhaps from this analogy that the word _poler_ is applied to a
+diligent student.
+
+
+POLING. Close application to study; diligent attention to the
+specified pursuits of college.
+
+A writer defines poling, "wasting the midnight oil in company with
+a wine-bottle, box of cigars, a 'deck of eucre,' and three kindred
+spirits," thus leaving its real meaning to be deduced from its
+opposite.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov., 1854.
+
+
+POLL. Abbreviated from POLLOI.
+
+Several declared that they would go out in "the _Poll_" (among the
+[Greek: polloi], those not candidates for honors).--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 62.
+
+At Cambridge, those candidates for a degree who do not aspire to
+honors are said to go out in the _poll_; this being the
+abbreviated term to denote those who were classically designated
+[Greek: hoi polloi].--_The English Universities and their
+Reforms_, in _Blackwood's Magazine_, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+POLLOI. [Greek: Hoi Polloi], the many. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., those who take their degree without any honor.
+After residing something more than three years at this University,
+at the conclusion of the tenth term comes off the final
+examination in the Senate-House. He who passes this examination in
+the best manner is called Senior Wrangler. "Then follow about
+twenty, all called Wranglers, arranged in the order of merit. Two
+other ranks of honors are there,--Senior Optimes and Junior
+Optimes, each containing about twenty. The last Junior Optime is
+termed the Wooden Spoon. Then comes the list of the large
+majority, called the _Hoy Polloi_, the first of whom is named the
+_Captain of the Poll_, and the twelve last, the Apostles."--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 3.
+
+2. Used by students to denote the rabble.
+
+  On Learning's sea, his hopes of safety buoy,
+  He sinks for ever lost among the [Greek: hoi polloi].
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 21.
+
+
+PONS ASINORUM. Vide ASSES' BRIDGE.
+
+
+PONY. A translation. So called, it may be, from the fleetness and
+ease with which a skilful rider is enabled to pass over places
+which to a common plodder present many obstacles.
+
+One writer jocosely defines this literary nag as "the animal that
+ambulates so delightfully through all the pleasant paths of
+knowledge, from whose back the student may look down on the weary
+pedestrian, and 'thank his stars' that 'he who runs may
+read.'"--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854
+
+And stick to the law, Tom, without a _Pony_.--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+194.
+
+  And when leaving, leave behind us
+    _Ponies_ for a lower class;
+  _Ponies_, which perhaps another,
+    Toiling up the College hill,
+  A forlorn, a "younger brother,"
+    "Riding," may rise higher still.
+    _Poem before the Y.H. Soc._, 1849, p. 12.
+
+Their lexicons, _ponies_, and text-books were strewed round their
+lamps on the table.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p.
+30.
+
+In the way of "_pony_," or translation, to the Greek of Father
+Griesbach, the New Testament was wonderfully convenient.--_New
+England Magazine_, Vol. III. p. 208.
+
+The notes are just what notes should be; they are not a _pony_,
+but a guide.--_Southern Lit. Mess._
+
+Instead of plodding on foot along the dusty, well-worn McAdam of
+learning, why will you take nigh cuts on _ponies_?--_Yale Lit.
+Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 281.
+
+The "board" requests that all who present themselves will bring
+along the _ponies_ they have used since their first entrance into
+College.--_The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+  The tutors with _ponies_ their lessons were learning.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+We do think, that, with such a team of "_ponies_" and load of
+commentators, his instruction might evince more accuracy.--_Yale
+Tomahawk_, Feb. 1851.
+
+  In knowledge's road ye are but asses,
+    While we on _ponies_ ride before.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 7.
+
+
+PONY. To use a translation.
+
+We learn that they do not _pony_ their lessons.--_Yale Tomahawk_,
+May, 1852.
+
+  If you _pony_, he will see,
+  And before the Faculty
+  You will surely summoned be.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 23.
+
+
+POPPING. At William and Mary College, getting the advantage over
+another in argument is called _popping_ him.
+
+
+POPULARITY. In the college _use_, favor of one's classmates, or of
+the members of all the classes, generally. Nowhere is this term
+employed so often, and with so much significance, as among
+collegians. The first wish of the Freshman is to be popular, and
+the desire does not leave him during all his college life. For
+remarks on this subject, see the Literary Miscellany, Vol. II. p.
+56; Amherst Indicator, Vol. II. p. 123, _et passim_.
+
+
+PORTIONIST. One who has a certain academical allowance or portion.
+--_Webster_.
+
+See POSTMASTER.
+
+
+POSTED. Rejected in a college examination. Term used at the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+Fifty marks will prevent one from being "_posted_" but there are
+always two or three too stupid as well as idle to save their
+"_Post_." These drones are _posted_ separately, as "not worthy to
+be classed," and privately slanged afterwards by the Master and
+Seniors. Should a man be _posted_ twice in succession, he is
+generally recommended to try the air of some Small College, or
+devote his energies to some other walk of life.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 74.
+
+
+POSTMASTER. In Merton College, Oxford, the scholars who are
+supported on the foundation are called Postmasters, or Portionists
+(_Portionistæ_).--_Oxf. Guide_.
+
+The _postmasters_ anciently performed the duties of choristers,
+and their payment for this duty was six shillings and fourpence
+per annum.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 36.
+
+
+POW-WOW. At Yale College on the evening of Presentation Day, the
+Seniors being excused from further attendance at prayers, the
+classes who remain change their seats in the chapel. It was
+formerly customary for the Freshmen, on taking the Sophomore
+seats, to signalize the event by appearing at chapel in grotesque
+dresses. The impropriety of such conduct has abolished this
+custom, but on the recurrence of the day, a uniformity is
+sometimes observable in the paper collars or white neck-cloths of
+the in-coming Sophomores, as they file in at vespers. During the
+evening, the Freshmen are accustomed to assemble on the steps of
+the State-House, and celebrate the occasion by speeches, a
+torch-light procession, and the accompaniment of a band of music.
+
+The students are forbidden to occupy the State-House steps on the
+evening of Presentation Day, since the Faculty design hereafter to
+have a _Pow-wow_ there, as on the last.--_Burlesque Catalogue_,
+Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 35.
+
+
+PRÆSES. The Latin for President.
+
+  "_Præses_" his "Oxford" doffs, and bows reply.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 36.
+
+  Did not the _Præses_ himself most kindly and oft reprimand me?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+    --the good old _Præses_ cries,
+  While the tears stand in his eyes,
+  "You have passed and are classed
+  With the boys of 'Twenty-Nine.'"
+    _Knick. Mag._, Vol. XLV. p. 195.
+
+
+PRAYERS. In colleges and universities, the religious exercises
+performed in the chapel at morning and evening, at which all the
+students are required to attend.
+
+These exercises in some institutions were formerly much more
+extended than at present, and must on some occasions have been
+very onerous. Mr. Quincy, in his History of Harvard University,
+writing in relation to the customs which were prevalent in the
+College at the beginning of the last century, says on this
+subject: "Previous to the accession of Leverett to the Presidency,
+the practice of obliging the undergraduates to read portions of
+the Scripture from Latin or English into Greek, at morning and
+evening service, had been discontinued. But in January and May,
+1708, this 'ancient and laudable practice was revived' by the
+Corporation. At morning prayers all the undergraduates were
+ordered, beginning with the youngest, to read a verse out of the
+Old Testament from the Hebrew into Greek, except the Freshmen, who
+were permitted to use their English Bibles in this exercise; and
+at evening service, to read from the New Testament out of the
+English or Latin translation into Greek, whenever the President
+performed this service in the Hall." In less than twenty years
+after the revival of these exercises, they were again
+discontinued. The following was then established as the order of
+morning and evening worship: "The morning service began with a
+short prayer; then a chapter of the Old Testament was read, which
+the President expounded, and concluded with prayer. The evening
+service was the same, except that the chapter read was from the
+New Testament, and on Saturday a psalm was sung in the Hall. On
+Sunday, exposition was omitted; a psalm was sung morning and
+evening; and one of the scholars, in course, was called upon to
+repeat, in the evening, the sermons preached on that day."--Vol.
+I. pp. 439, 440.
+
+The custom of singing at prayers on Sunday evening continued for
+many years. In a manuscript journal kept during the year 1793,
+notices to the following effect frequently occur. "Feb. 24th,
+Sunday. The singing club performed Man's Victory, at evening
+prayers." "Sund. April 14th, P.M. At prayers the club performed
+Brandon." "May 19th, Sabbath, P.M. At prayers the club performed
+Holden's Descend ye nine, etc." Soon after this, prayers were
+discontinued on Sunday evenings.
+
+The President was required to officiate at prayers, but when
+unable to attend, the office devolved on one of the Tutors, "they
+taking their turns by course weekly." Whenever they performed this
+duty "for any considerable time," they were "suitably rewarded for
+their service." In one instance, in 1794, all the officers being
+absent, Mr., afterwards Prof. McKean, then an undergraduate,
+performed the duties of chaplain. In the journal above referred
+to, under date of Feb. 22, 1793, is this note: "At prayers, I
+declaimed in Latin"; which would seem to show, that this season
+was sometimes made the occasion for exercises of a literary as
+well as religious character.
+
+In a late work by Professor Sidney Willard, he says of his father,
+who was President of Harvard College: "In the early period of his
+Presidency, Mr. Willard not unfrequently delivered a sermon at
+evening prayers on Sunday. In the year 1794, I remember he
+preached once or twice on that evening, but in the next year and
+onward he discontinued the service. His predecessor used to
+expound passages of Scripture as a part of the religious service.
+These expositions are frequently spoken of in the diary of Mr.
+Caleb Gannett when he was a Tutor. On Saturday evening and Sunday
+morning and evening, generally the College choir sang a hymn or an
+anthem. When these Sunday services were observed in the Chapel,
+the Faculty and students worshipped on Lord's day, at the stated
+hours of meeting, in the Congregational or the Episcopal Church."
+--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp. 137, 138.
+
+At Yale College, one of the earliest laws ordains that "all
+undergraduates shall publicly repeat sermons in the hall in their
+course, and also bachelors; and be constantly examined on Sabbaths
+[at] evening prayer."--_Pres. Woolsey's Discourse_, p. 59.
+
+Prayers at this institution were at one period regulated by the
+following rule. "The President, or in his Absence, one of the
+Tutors in their Turn, shall constantly pray in the Chapel every
+Morning and Evening, and read a Chapter, or some suitable Portion
+of Scripture, unless a Sermon, or some Theological Discourse shall
+then be delivered. And every Member of College is obliged to
+attend, upon the Penalty of one Penny for every Instance of
+Absence, without a sufficient Reason, and a half Penny for being
+tardy, i.e. when any one shall come in after the President, or go
+out before him."--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 5.
+
+A writer in the American Literary Magazine, in noticing some of
+the evils connected with the American college system, describes
+very truthfully, in the following question, a scene not at all
+novel in student life. "But when the young man is compelled to
+rise at an unusually early hour to attend public prayers, under
+all kinds of disagreeable circumstances; when he rushes into the
+chapel breathless, with wet feet, half dressed, and with the
+prospect of a recitation immediately to succeed the devotions,--is
+it not natural that he should be listless, or drowsy, or excited
+about his recitation, during the whole sacred exercise?"--Vol. IV.
+p. 517.
+
+This season formerly afforded an excellent opportunity, for those
+who were so disposed, to play off practical jokes on the person
+officiating. On one occasion, at one of our colleges, a goose was
+tied to the desk by some of the students, intended as emblematic
+of the person who was accustomed to occupy that place. But the
+laugh was artfully turned upon them by the minister, who, seeing
+the bird with his head directed to the audience, remarked, that he
+perceived the young gentlemen were for once provided with a parson
+admirably suited to their capacities, and with these words left
+them to swallow his well-timed sarcasm. On another occasion, a ram
+was placed in the pulpit, with his head turned to the door by
+which the minister usually entered. On opening the door, the
+animal, diving between the legs of the fat shepherd, bolted down
+the pulpit stairs, carrying on his back the sacred load, and with
+it rushed out of the chapel, leaving the assemblage to indulge in
+the reflections excited by the expressive looks of the astonished
+beast, and of his more astonished rider.
+
+The Bible was often kept covered, when not in use, with a cloth.
+It was formerly a very common trick to place under this cloth a
+pewter plate obtained from the commons hall, which the minister,
+on uncovering, would, if he were a shrewd man, quietly slide under
+the desk, and proceed as usual with the exercises.
+
+At Harvard College, about the year 1785, two Indian images were
+missing from their accustomed place on the top of the gate-posts
+which stood in front of the dwelling of a gentleman of Cambridge.
+At the same time the Bible was taken from the Chapel, and another,
+which was purchased to supply its place, soon followed it, no one
+knew where. One day, as a tutor was passing by the room of a
+student, hearing within an uncommonly loud noise, he entered, as
+was his right and office. There stood the occupant,[59] holding in
+his hands one of the Chapel Bibles, while before him on the table
+were placed the images, to which he appeared to be reading, but in
+reality was vociferating all kinds of senseless gibberish. "What
+is the meaning of this noise?" inquired the tutor in great anger.
+"Propagating the _Gospel_ among the _Indians_, Sir," replied the
+student calmly.
+
+While Professor Ashur Ware was a tutor in Harvard College, he in
+his turn, when the President was absent, officiated at prayers.
+Inclined to be longer in his devotions than was thought necessary
+by the students, they were often on such occasions seized with
+violent fits of sneezing, which generally made themselves audible
+in the word "A-a-shur," "A-a-shur."
+
+The following lines, written by William C. Bradley when an
+undergraduate at Harvard College, cannot fail to be appreciated by
+those who have been cognizant of similar scenes and sentiments in
+their own experience of student life.
+
+ "Hark! the morning Bell is pealing
+    Faintly on the drowsy ear,
+  Far abroad the tidings dealing,
+    Now the hour of prayer is near.
+  To the pious Sons of Harvard,
+    Starting from the land of Nod,
+  Loudly comes the rousing summons,
+    Let us run and worship God.
+
+ "'T is the hour for deep contrition,
+    'T is the hour for peaceful thought,
+  'T is the hour to win the blessing
+    In the early stillness sought;
+  Kneeling in the quiet chamber,
+    On the deck, or on the sod,
+  In the still and early morning,
+    'T is the hour to worship God.
+
+  "But don't _you_ stop to pray in secret,
+    No time for _you_ to worship there,
+  The hour approaches, 'Tempus fugit,'
+    Tear your shirt or miss a prayer.
+  Don't stop to wash, don't stop to button,
+    Go the ways your fathers trod;
+  Leg it, put it, rush it, streak it,
+    _Run_ and worship God.
+
+  "On the staircase, stamping, tramping,
+    Bounding, sounding, down you go;
+  Jumping, bumping, crashing, smashing,
+    Jarring, bruising, heel and toe.
+  See your comrades far before you
+    Through the open door-way jam,
+  Heaven and earth! the bell is stopping!
+    Now it dies in silence--d**n!"
+
+
+PRELECTION. Latin, _prælectio_. A lecture or discourse read in
+public or to a select company.
+
+Further explained by Dr. Popkin: "In the introductory schools, I
+think, _Prelections_ were given by the teachers to the learners.
+According to the meaning of the word, the Preceptor went before,
+as I suppose, and explained and probably interpreted the lesson or
+lection; and the scholar was required to receive it in memory, or
+in notes, and in due time to render it in recitation."--_Memorial
+of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. 19.
+
+
+PRELECTOR. Latin, _prælector_. One who reads an author to others
+and adds explanations; a reader; a lecturer.
+
+Their so famous a _prelectour_ doth teach.--_Sheldon, Mir. of
+Anti-Christ_, p. 38.
+
+If his reproof be private, or with the cathedrated authority of a
+_prælector_ or public reader.--_Whitlock, Mann. of the English_,
+p. 385.
+
+2. Same as FATHER, which see.
+
+
+PREPOSITOR. Latin. A scholar appointed by the master to overlook
+the rest.
+
+And when requested for the salt-cellar, I handed it with as much
+trepidation as a _præposter_ gives the Doctor a list, when he is
+conscious of a mistake in the excuses.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+281.
+
+
+PRESENTATION DAY. At Yale College, Presentation Day is the time
+when the Senior Class, having finished the prescribed course of
+study, and passed a satisfactory examination, are _presented_ by
+the examiners to the President, as properly qualified to be
+admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. A distinguished
+professor of the institution where this day is observed has kindly
+furnished the following interesting historical account of this
+observance.
+
+"This presentation," he writes, "is a ceremony of long standing.
+It has certainly existed for more than a century. It is very early
+alluded to, not as a _novelty_, but as an established custom.
+There is now less formality on such occasions, but the substantial
+parts of the exercises are retained. The examination is now begun
+on Saturday and finished on Tuesday, and the day after, Wednesday,
+six weeks before the public Commencement, is the day of
+Presentation. There have sometimes been literary exercises on that
+day by one or more of the candidates, and sometimes they have been
+omitted. I have in my possession a Latin Oration, what, I suppose,
+was called a _Cliosophic Oration_, pronounced by William Samuel
+Johnson in 1744, at the presentation of his class. Sometimes a
+member of the class exhibited an English Oration, which was
+responded to by some one of the College Faculty, generally by one
+who had been the principal instructor of the class presented. A
+case of this kind occurred in 1776, when Mr., afterwards President
+Dwight, responded to the class orator in an address, which, being
+delivered the same July in which Independence was declared, drew,
+from its patriotic allusions, as well as for other reasons,
+unusual attention. It was published,--a rare thing at that period.
+Another response was delivered in 1796, by J. Stebbins, Tutor,
+which was likewise published. There has been no exhibition of the
+kind since. For a few years past, there have been an oration and a
+poem exhibited by members of the graduating class, at the time of
+presentation. The appointments for these exercises are made by the
+class.
+
+"So much of an exhibition as there was at the presentation in 1778
+has not been usual. More was then done, probably, from the fact,
+that for several years, during the Revolutionary war, there was no
+public Commencement. Perhaps it should be added, that, so far back
+as my information extends, after the literary exercises of
+Presentation Day, there has always been a dinner, or collation, at
+which the College Faculty, graduates, invited guests, and the
+Senior Class have been present."
+
+A graduate of the present year[60] writes more particularly in
+relation to the observances of the day at the present time. "In
+the morning the Senior Class are met in one of the lecture-rooms
+by the chairman of the Faculty and the senior Tutor. The latter
+reads the names of those who have passed a satisfactory
+examination, and are to be recommended for degrees. The Class then
+adjourn to the College Chapel, where the President and some of the
+Professors are waiting to receive them. The senior Tutor reads the
+names as before, after which Professor Kingsley recommends the
+Class to the President and Faculty for the degree of B.A., in a
+Latin discourse. The President then responds in the same tongue,
+and addresses a few words of counsel to the Class.
+
+"These exercises are followed by the Poem and Oration, delivered
+by members of the Class chosen for these offices by the Class.
+Then comes the dinner, given in one of the lecture-rooms. After
+this the Class meet in the College yard, and spend the afternoon
+in smoking (the old clay pipe is used, but no cigars) and singing.
+Thus ends the active life of our college days."
+
+"Presentation Day," says the writer of the preface to the "Songs
+of Yale," "is the sixth Wednesday of the Summer Term, when the
+graduating Class, after having passed their second 'Biennial,' are
+presented to the President as qualified for the first degree, or
+the B.A. After this 'presentation,' a farewell oration and poem
+are pronounced by members of the Class, previously elected by
+their classmates for the purpose. After a public dinner, they seat
+themselves under the elms before the College, and smoke and sing
+for the last time together. Each has his pipe, and 'they who
+never' smoked 'before' now smoke, or seem to. The exercises are
+closed with a procession about the buildings, bidding each
+farewell." 1853, p. 4.
+
+This last smoke is referred to in the following lines:--
+
+ "Green elms are waving o'er us,
+    Green grass beneath our feet,
+  The ring is round, and on the ground
+    We sit a class complete."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+ "It is a very jolly thing,
+  Our sitting down in this great ring,
+  To smoke our pipes and loudly sing."--_Ibid._
+
+Pleasant reference is had to some of the more modern features of
+Presentation Day, in the annexed extract from the "Yale Literary
+Magazine":--
+
+"There is one spot where the elms stretch their long arms, not 'in
+quest of thought,' but as though they would afford their friendly
+shade to make pleasant the last scene of the academic life. Seated
+in a circle in this place, which has been so often trampled by the
+'stag-dance' of preceding classes, and made hallowed by
+associations which will cling around such places, are the present
+graduates. They have met together for the last time as a body, for
+they will not all be present at the closing ceremony of
+Commencement, nor all answer to the muster in the future Class
+reunions. It is hard to tell whether such a ceremony should be sad
+or joyous, for, despite the boisterous merriment and exuberance
+which arises from the prospect of freedom, there is something
+tender in the thought of meeting for the last time, to break
+strong ties, and lose individuality as a Class for ever.
+
+"In the centre of the circle are the Class band, with horns,
+flutes, and violins, braying, piping, or saw-filing, at the option
+of the owners,--toot,--toot,--bum,--bang,--boo-o-o,--in a most
+melodious discord. Songs are distributed, pipes filled, and the
+smoke cloud rises, trembles as the chorus of a hundred voices
+rings out in a merry cadence, and then, breaking, soars off,--a
+fit emblem of the separation of those at whose parting it received
+its birth.
+
+"'Braxton on the history of the Class!'
+
+"'The Class history!--Braxton!--Braxton!'
+
+"'In a moment, gentlemen,'--and our hero mounts upon a cask, and
+proceeds to give in burlesque a description of Class exploits and
+the wonderful success of its _early_ graduates. Speeches follow,
+and the joke, and song, till the lengthening shadows bring a
+warning, and a preparation for the final ceremony. The ring is
+spread out, the last pipes smoked in College laid down, and the
+'stag-dance,' with its rush, and their destruction ended. Again
+the ring forms, and each classmate moves around it to grasp each
+hand for the last time, and exchange a parting blessing.
+
+"The band strike up, and the long procession march around the
+College, plant their ivy, and return to cheer the
+buildings."--Vol. XX. p. 228.
+
+The following song was written by Francis Miles Finch of the class
+of 1849, for the Presentation Day of that year.
+
+ "Gather ye smiles from the ocean isles,
+    Warm hearts from river and fountain,
+  A playful chime from the palm-tree clime,
+    From the land of rock and mountain:
+      And roll the song in waves along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And grand and hale are the elms of Yale,
+        Like fathers, bending o'er us.
+
+ "Summon our band from the prairie land,
+    From the granite hills, dark frowning,
+  From the lakelet blue, and the black bayou,
+    From the snows our pine peaks crowning;
+      And pour the song in joy along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And grand and hale are the towers of Yale,
+        Like giants, watching o'er us.
+
+ "Count not the tears of the long-gone years,
+    With their moments of pain and sorrow,
+  But laugh in the light of their memories bright,
+    And treasure them all for the morrow;
+      Then roll the song in waves along,
+        While the hours are bright before us,
+      And high and hale are the spires of Yale,
+        Like guardians, towering o'er us.
+
+ "Dream of the days when the rainbow rays
+    Of Hope on our hearts fell lightly,
+  And each fair hour some cheerful flower
+    In our pathway blossomed brightly;
+      And pour the song in joy along,
+       Ere the moments fly before us,
+     While portly and hale the sires of Yale
+        Are kindly gazing o'er us.
+
+ "Linger again in memory's glen,
+    'Mid the tendrilled vines of feeling,
+  Till a voice or a sigh floats softly by,
+    Once more to the glad heart stealing;
+      And roll the song on waves along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And in cottage and vale are the brides of Yale,
+        Like angels, watching o'er us.
+
+ "Clasp ye the hand 'neath the arches grand
+    That with garlands span our greeting,
+  With a silent prayer that an hour as fair
+    May smile on each after meeting;
+      And long may the song, the joyous song,
+    Roll on in the hours before us,
+      And grand and hale may the elms of Yale,
+        For many a year, bend o'er us."
+
+In the Appendix to President Woolsey's Historical Discourse
+delivered before the Graduates of Yale College, is the following
+account of Presentation Day, in 1778.
+
+"The Professor of Divinity, two ministers of the town, and another
+minister, having accompanied me to the Library about 1, P.M., the
+middle Tutor waited upon me there, and informed me that the
+examination was finished, and they were ready for the
+presentation. I gave leave, being seated in the Library between
+the above ministers. Hereupon the examiners, preceded by the
+Professor of Mathematics, entered the Library, and introduced
+thirty candidates, a beautiful sight! The Diploma Examinatorium,
+with the return and minutes inscribed upon it, was delivered to
+the President, who gave it to the Vice-Bedellus, directing him to
+read it. He read it and returned it to the President, to be
+deposited among the College archives _in perpetuam rei memoriam_.
+The senior Tutor thereupon made a very eloquent Latin speech, and
+presented the candidates for the honors of the College. This
+presentation the President in a Latin speech accepted, and
+addressed the gentlemen examiners and the candidates, and gave the
+latter liberty to return home till Commencement. Then dismissed.
+
+"At about 3, P.M., the afternoon exercises were appointed to
+begin. At 3-1/2, the bell tolled, and the assembly convened in the
+chapel, ladies and gentlemen. The President introduced the
+exercises in a Latin speech, and then delivered the Diploma
+Examinatorium to the Vice-Bedellus, who, standing on the pulpit
+stairs, read it publicly. Then succeeded,--
+
+  Cliosophic Oration in Latin, by Sir Meigs.
+  Poetical Composition in English, by Sir Barlow.
+  Dialogue, English, by Sir Miller, Sir Chaplin, Sir Ely.
+  Cliosophic Oration, English, by Sir Webster.
+  Disputation, English, by Sir Wolcott, Sir Swift, Sir Smith.
+  Valedictory Oration, English, by Sir Tracy.
+  An Anthem. Exercises two hours."--p. 121.
+
+
+PRESIDENT. In the United States, the chief officer of a college or
+university. His duties are, to preside at the meetings of the
+Faculty, at Exhibitions and Commencements, to sign the diplomas or
+letters of degree, to carry on the official correspondence, to
+address counsel and instruction to the students, and to exercise a
+general superintendence in the affairs of the college over which
+he presides.
+
+At Harvard College it was formerly the duty of the President "to
+inspect the manners of the students, and unto his morning and
+evening prayers to join some exposition of the chapters which they
+read from Hebrew into Greek, from the Old Testament, in the
+morning, and out of English into Greek, from the New Testament, in
+the evening." At the same College, in the early part of the last
+century, Mr. Wadsworth, the President, states, "that he expounded
+the Scriptures, once eleven, and sometimes eight or nine times in
+the course of a week."--_Harv. Reg._, p. 249, and _Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 440.
+
+Similar duties were formerly required of the President at other
+American colleges. In some, at the present day, he performs the
+duties of a professor in connection with those of his own office,
+and presides at the daily religious exercises in the Chapel.
+
+The title of President is given to the chief officer in some of
+the colleges of the English universities.
+
+
+PRESIDENT'S CHAIR. At Harvard College, there is in the Library an
+antique chair, venerable by age and association, which is used
+only on Commencement Day, when it is occupied by the President
+while engaged in delivering the diplomas for degrees. "Vague
+report," says Quincy, "represents it to have been brought to the
+College during the presidency of Holyoke, as the gift of the Rev.
+Ebenezer Turell of Medford (the author of the Life of Dr. Colman).
+Turell was connected by marriage with the Mathers, by some of whom
+it is said to have been brought from England." Holyoke was
+President from 1737 to 1769. The round knobs on the chair were
+turned by President Holyoke, and attached to it by his own hands.
+In the picture of this honored gentleman, belonging to the
+College, he is painted in the old chair, which seems peculiarly
+adapted by its strength to support the weight which fills it.
+
+Before the erection of Gore Hall, the present library building,
+the books of the College were kept in Harvard Hall. In the same
+building, also, was the Philosophy Chamber, where the chair
+usually stood for the inspection of the curious. Over this domain,
+from the year 1793 to 1800, presided Mr. Samuel Shapleigh, the
+Librarian. He was a dapper little bachelor, very active and
+remarkably attentive to the ladies who visited the Library,
+especially the younger portion of them. When ushered into the room
+where stood the old chair, he would watch them with eager eyes,
+and, as soon as one, prompted by a desire of being able to say, "I
+have sat in the President's Chair," took this seat, rubbing his
+hands together, he would exclaim, in great glee, "A forfeit! a
+forfeit!" and demand from the fair occupant a kiss, a fee which,
+whether refused or not, he very seldom failed to obtain.[61]
+
+This custom, which seems now-a-days to be going out of fashion, is
+mentioned by Mr. William Biglow, in a poem before the Phi Beta
+Kappa Society, recited in their dining-hall, August 29, 1811.
+Speaking of Commencement Day and its observances, he says:--
+
+ "Now young gallants allure their favorite fair
+  To take a seat in Presidential chair;
+  Then seize the long-accustomed fee, the bliss
+  Of the half ravished, half free-granted kiss."
+
+The editor of Mr. Peirce's History of Harvard University publishes
+the following curious extracts from Horace Walpole's Private
+Correspondence, giving a description of some antique chairs found
+in England, exactly of the same construction with the College
+chair; a circumstance which corroborates the supposition that this
+also was brought from England.
+
+HORACE WALPOLE TO GEORGE MONTAGU, ESQ.
+
+"_Strawberry Hill, August_ 20, 1761.
+
+"Dickey Bateman has picked up a whole cloister full of old chairs
+in Herefordshire. He bought them one by one, here and there in
+farm-houses, for three and sixpence and a crown apiece. They are
+of wood, the seats triangular, the backs, arms, and legs loaded
+with turnery. A thousand to one but there are plenty up and down
+Cheshire, too. If Mr. and Mrs. Wetenhall, as they ride or drive
+out, would now and then pick up such a chair, it would oblige me
+greatly. Take notice, no two need be of the same
+pattern."--_Private Correspondence of Horace Walpole, Earl of
+Orford_, Vol. II. p. 279.
+
+HORACE WALPOLE TO THE REV. MR. COLE.
+
+"_Strawberry Hill, March_ 9, 1765.
+
+"When you go into Cheshire, and upon your ramble, may I trouble
+you with a commission? but about which you must promise me not to
+go a step out of your way. Mr. Bateman has got a cloister at old
+Windsor furnished with ancient wooden chairs, most of them
+triangular, but all of various patterns, and carved and turned in
+the most uncouth and whimsical forms. He picked them up one by
+one, for two, three, five, or six shillings apiece, from different
+farm-houses in Herefordshire. I have long envied and coveted them.
+There may be such in poor cottages in so neighboring a county as
+Cheshire. I should not grudge any expense for purchase or
+carriage, and should be glad even of a couple such for my cloister
+here. When you are copying inscriptions in a churchyard in any
+Village, think of me, and step into the first cottage you see, but
+don't take further trouble than that."--_Ibid._, Vol. III. pp. 23,
+24, from _Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 312.
+
+An engraving of the chair is to be found in President Quincy's
+History of Harvard University, Vol. I. p. 288.
+
+
+PREVARICATOR. A sort of an occasional orator; an academical phrase
+in the University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Johnson_.
+
+He should not need have pursued me through the various shapes of a
+divine, a doctor, a head of a college, a professor, a
+_prevaricator_, a mathematician.--_Bp. Wren, Monarchy Asserted_,
+Pref.
+
+It would have made you smile to hear the _prevaricator_, in his
+jocular way, give him his title and character to face.--_A.
+Philips, Life of Abp. Williams_, p. 34.
+
+See TERRÆ-FILIUS.
+
+
+PREVIOUS EXAMINATION. In the English universities, the University
+examination in the second year.
+
+Called also the LITTLE-GO.
+
+The only practical connection that the Undergraduate usually has
+with the University, in its corporate capacity, consists in his
+_previous examination_, _alias_ the "Little-Go," and his final
+examination for a degree, with or without honors.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 10.
+
+
+PREX. A cant term for President.
+
+After examination, I went to the old _Prex_, and was admitted.
+_Prex_, by the way, is the same as President.--_The Dartmouth_,
+Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+But take a peep with us, dear reader, into that _sanctum
+sanctorum_, that skull and bones of college mysteries, the
+_Prex's_ room.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+Good old _Prex_ used to get the students together and advise them
+on keeping their faces clean, and blacking their boots,
+&c.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. III. p. 228.
+
+
+PRINCE'S STUFF. In the English universities, the fabric of which
+the gowns of the undergraduates are usually made.
+
+[Their] every-day habit differs nothing as far as the gown is
+concerned, it being _prince's stuff_, or other convenient
+material.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xv.
+
+See COSTUME.
+
+
+PRINCIPAL. At Oxford, the president of a college or hall is
+sometimes styled the Principal.--_Oxf. Cal._
+
+
+PRIVAT DOCENT. In German universities, a _private teacher_. "The
+so-called _Privat Docenten_," remarks Howitt, "are gentlemen who
+devote themselves to an academical career, who have taken the
+degree of Doctor, and through a public disputation have acquired
+the right to deliver lectures on subjects connected with their
+particular department of science. They receive no salary, but
+depend upon the remuneration derived from their
+classes."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 29.
+
+
+PRIVATE. At Harvard College, one of the milder punishments is what
+is called _private admonition_, by which a deduction of thirty-two
+marks is made from the rank of the offender. So called in
+contradistinction to _public admonition_, when a deduction is
+made, and with it a letter is sent to the parent. Often
+abbreviated into _private_.
+
+"Reckon on the fingers of your mind the reprimands, deductions,
+parietals, and _privates_ in store for you."--_Oration before H.L.
+of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+  What are parietals, parts, _privates_ now,
+  To the still calmness of that placid brow?
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+
+PRIVATISSIMUM, _pl._ PRIVATISSIMI. Literally, _most private_. In
+the German universities, an especially private lecture.
+
+To these _Privatissimi_, as they are called, or especially private
+lectures, being once agreed upon, no other auditors can be
+admitted.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 35.
+
+  Then my _Privatissimum_--(I've been thinking on it
+  For a long time--and in fact begun it)--
+    Will cost me 20 Rix-dollars more,
+    Please send with the ducats I mentioned before.
+    _The Jobsiad_, in _Lit. World_, Vol. IX. p. 281.
+
+  The use of a _Privatissimum_ I can't conjecture,
+  When one is already ten hours at lecture.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. IX. p. 448.
+
+
+PRIZEMAN. In universities and colleges, one who takes a prize.
+
+  The Wrangler's glory in his well-earned fame,
+  The _prizeman's_ triumph, and the plucked man's shame.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, _May_, 1849.
+
+
+PROBATION. In colleges and universities, the examination of a
+student as to his qualifications for a degree.
+
+2. The time which a student passes in college from the period of
+entering until he is matriculated and received as a member in full
+standing. In American colleges, this is usually six months, but
+can be prolonged at discretion.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+
+PROCEED. To take a degree. Mr. Halliwell, in his Dictionary of
+Archaic and Provincial Words, says, "This term is still used at
+the English universities." It is sometimes used in American
+colleges.
+
+In 1605 he _proceeded_ Master of Arts, and became celebrated as a
+wit and a poet.--_Poems of Bishop Corbet_, p. ix.
+
+They that expect to _proceed_ Bachelors that year, to be examined
+of their sufficiency,... and such that expect to _proceed_ Masters
+of Arts, to exhibit their synopsis of acts.
+
+They, that are approved sufficient for their degrees, shall
+_proceed_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+The Overseers ... recommended to the Corporation "to take
+effectual measures to prevent those who _proceeded_ Bachelors of
+Arts, from having entertainments of any kind."--_Ibid._, Vol. II.
+p. 93.
+
+When he _proceeded_ Bachelor of Arts, he was esteemed one of the
+most perfect scholars that had ever received the honors of this
+seminary.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 14.
+
+Masters may _proceed_ Bachelors in either of the Faculties, at the
+end of seven years, &c.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 10.
+
+Of the surviving graduates, the oldest _proceeded_ Bachelor of
+Arts the very Commencement at which Dr. Stiles was elected to the
+Presidency.--_Woolsey's Discourse, Yale Coll._, Aug. 14, 1850, p.
+38.
+
+
+PROCTOR. Contracted from the Latin _procurator_, from _procuro_;
+_pro_ and _curo_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., two proctors are annually
+elected, who are peace-officers. It is their especial duty to
+attend to the discipline and behavior of all persons _in statu
+pupillari_, to search houses of ill-fame, and to take into custody
+women of loose and abandoned character, and even those _de malo
+suspectcæ_. Their other duties are not so menial in their
+character, and are different in different universities.--_Cam.
+Cal._
+
+At Oxford, "the proctors act as university magistrates; they are
+appointed from each college in rotation, and remain in office two
+years. They nominate four pro-proctors to assist them. Their chief
+duty, in which they are known to undergraduates, is to preserve
+order, and keep the town free from improper characters. When they
+go out in the evening, they are usually attended by two servants,
+called by the gownsmen bull-dogs.... The marshal, a chief officer,
+is usually in attendance on one of the proctors.... It is also the
+proctor's duty to take care that the cap and gown are worn in the
+University."--_The Collegian's Guide_, Oxford, pp. 176, 177.
+
+At Oxford, the proctors "jointly have, as has the Vice-Chancellor
+singly, the power of interposing their _veto_ or _non placet_,
+upon all questions in congregation and convocation, which puts a
+stop at once to all further proceedings in the matter. These are
+the 'censores morum' of the University, and their business is to
+see that the undergraduate members, when no longer under the ken
+of the head or tutors of their own college, behave seemly when
+mixing with the townsmen and restrict themselves, as far as may
+be, to lawful or constitutional and harmless amusements. Their
+powers extend over a circumference of three miles round the walls
+of the city. The proctors are easily recognized by their full
+dress gown of velvet sleeves, and bands-encircled neck."--_Oxford
+Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xiii.
+
+At Oxford, "the two proctors were formerly nearly equal in
+importance to the Vice-Chancellor. Their powers, though
+diminished, are still considerable, as they administer the police
+of the University, appoint the Examiners, and have a joint veto on
+all measures brought before Convocation."--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII.
+p. 223.
+
+The class of officers called Proctors was instituted at Harvard
+College in the year 1805, their duty being "to reside constantly
+and preserve order within the walls," to preserve order among the
+students, to see that the laws of the College are enforced, "and
+to exercise the same inspection and authority in their particular
+district, and throughout College, which it is the duty of a
+parietal Tutor to exercise therein."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. II. p. 292.
+
+I believe this is the only college in the United States where this
+class of academical police officers is established.
+
+
+PROF, PROFF. Abbreviated for _Professor_.
+
+The _Proff_ thought he knew too much to stay here, and so he went
+his way, and I saw him no more.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 116.
+
+  For _Proffs_ and Tutors too,
+  Who steer our big canoe,
+    Prepare their lays.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 144.
+
+
+PROFESSOR. One that publicly teaches any science or branch of
+learning; particularly, an officer in a university, college, or
+other seminary, whose business is to read lectures or instruct
+students in a particular branch of learning; as a _professor_ of
+theology or mathematics.--_Webster_.
+
+
+PROFESSORIATE. The office or employment of a professor.
+
+It is desirable to restore the _professoriate_.--_Lit. World_,
+Vol. XII. p. 246.
+
+
+PROFESSOR OF DUST AND ASHES. A title sometimes jocosely given by
+students to the person who has the care of their rooms.
+
+Was interrupted a moment just now, by the entrance of Mr. C------,
+the gentleman who makes the beds, sweeps, takes up the ashes, and
+supports the dignity of the title, "_Professor of Dust and
+Ashes_."--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 77.
+
+The South College _Prof. of Dust and Ashes_ has a huge bill
+against the Society.--_Yale Tomahawk_, Feb. 1851.
+
+
+PROFICIENT. The degree of Proficient is conferred in the
+University of Virginia, in a certificate of proficiency, on those
+who have studied only in certain branches taught in some of the
+schools connected with that institution.
+
+
+PRO MERITIS. Latin; literally, _for his merits_. A phrase
+customarily used in American collegiate diplomas.
+
+  Then, every crime atoned with ease,
+  _Pro meritis_, received degrees.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+PRO-PROCTOR. In the English universities, an officer appointed to
+assist the proctors in that part of their duty only which relates
+to the discipline and behavior of those persons who are _in statu
+pupillari_.--_Cam. and Oxf. Cals._
+
+More familiarly, these officers are called _pro's_.
+
+They [the proctors] are assisted in their duties by four
+pro-proctors, each principal being allowed to nominate his two
+"_pro's_."--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xiii.
+
+The _pro's_ have also a strip of velvet on each side of the
+gown-front, and wear bands.--_Ibid._, p. xiii.
+
+
+PRO-VICE-CHANCELLOR. In the English universities a deputy
+appointed by the Vice-Chancellor, who exercises his power in case
+of his illness or necessary absence.
+
+
+PROVOST. The President of a college.
+
+Dr. Jay, on his arrival in England, found there Dr. Smith,
+_Provost_ of the College in Philadelphia, soliciting aid for that
+institution.--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia Coll._, p. 36.
+
+At Columbia College, in 1811, an officer was appointed, styled
+_Provost_, who, in absence of the President, was to supply his
+place, and who, "besides exercising the like general
+superintendence with the President," was to conduct the classical
+studies of the Senior Class. The office of Provost continued until
+1816, when the Trustees determined that its powers and duties
+should devolve upon the President.--_Ibid._, p. 81.
+
+At Oxford, the chief officer of some of the colleges bears this
+title. At Cambridge, it is appropriated solely to the President of
+King's College. "On the choice of a Provost," says the author of a
+History of the University of Cambridge, 1753, "the Fellows are all
+shut into the ante-chapel, and out of which they are not permitted
+to stir on any account, nor none permitted to enter, till they
+have all agreed on their man; which agreement sometimes takes up
+several days; and, if I remember right, they were three days and
+nights confined in choosing the present Provost, and had their
+beds, close-stools, &c. with them, and their commons, &c. given
+them in at the windows."--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 85.
+
+
+PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE. In Yale College, a committee to whom the
+discretionary concerns of the College are intrusted. They order
+such repairs of the College buildings as are necessary, audit the
+accounts of the Treasurer and Steward, make the annual report of
+the state of the College, superintend the investment of the
+College funds, institute suits for the recovery and preservation
+of the College property, and perform various other duties which
+are enumerated in the laws of Yale College.
+
+At Middlebury College, similar powers are given to a body bearing
+the same name.--_Laws Mid. Coll._, 1839, pp. 4, 5.
+
+
+PUBLIC. At Harvard College, the punishment next higher in order to
+a _private admonition_ is called a _public admonition_, and
+consists in a deduction of sixty-four marks from the rank of the
+offender, accompanied by a letter to the parent or guardian. It is
+often called _a public_.
+
+See ADMONITION, and PRIVATE.
+
+
+PUBLIC DAY. In the University of Virginia, the day on which "the
+certificates and diplomas are awarded to the successful
+candidates, the results of the examinations are announced, and
+addresses are delivered by one or more of the Bachelors and
+Masters of Arts, and by the Orator appointed by the Society of the
+Alumni."--_Cat. of Univ. of Virginia_.
+
+This occurs on the closing day of the session, the 29th of June.
+
+PUBLIC ORATOR. In the English universities, an officer who is the
+voice of the university on all public occasions, who writes,
+reads, and records all letters of a public nature, and presents,
+with an appropriate address, those on whom honorary degrees are
+conferred. At Cambridge, this it esteemed one of the most
+honorable offices in the gift of the university.--_Cam. and Oxf.
+Cals._
+
+
+PUMP. Among German students, to obtain or take on credit; to
+sponge.
+
+  Und hat der Bursch kein Geld im Beutel,
+  So _pumpt_ er die Philister an.
+    _Crambambuli Song_.
+
+
+PUNY. A young, inexperienced person; a novice.
+
+Freshmen at Oxford were called _punies of the first
+year_.--_Halliwell's Dict. Arch. and Prov. Words_.
+
+
+PUT THROUGH. A phrase very general in its application. When a
+student treats, introduces, or assists another, or masters a hard
+lesson, he is said to _put_ him or it _through_. In a discourse by
+the Rev. Dr. Orville Dewey, on the Law of Progress, referring to
+these words, he said "he had heard a teacher use the
+characteristic expression that his pupils should be '_put
+through_' such and such studies. This, he said, is a modern
+practice. We put children through philosophy,--put them through
+history,--put them through Euclid. He had no faith in this plan,
+and wished to see the school teachers set themselves against this
+forcing process."
+
+2. To examine thoroughly and with despatch.
+
+  First Thatcher, then Hadley, then Larned and Prex,
+    Each _put_ our class _through_ in succession.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+
+_Q_.
+
+
+Q. See CUE.
+
+
+QUAD. An abbreviation of QUADRANGLE, q.v.
+
+How silently did all come down the staircases into the chapel
+_quad_, that evening!--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 88.
+
+His mother had been in Oxford only the week before, and had been
+seen crossing the _quad_ in tears.--_Ibid._, p. 144.
+
+
+QUADRANGLE. At Oxford and Cambridge, Eng., the rectangular courts
+in which the colleges are constructed.
+
+  Soon as the clouds divide, and dawning day
+  Tints the _quadrangle_ with its earliest ray.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+QUARTER-DAY. The day when quarterly payments are made. The day
+that completes three months.
+
+At Harvard and Yale Colleges, quarter-day, when the officers and
+instructors receive their quarterly salaries, was formerly
+observed as a holiday. One of the evils which prevailed among the
+students of the former institution, about the middle of the last
+century, was the "riotous disorders frequently committed on the
+_quarter-days_ and evenings," on one of which, in 1764, "the
+windows of all the Tutors and divers other windows were broken,"
+so that, in consequence, a vote was passed that "the observation
+of _quarter-days_, in distinction from other days, be wholly laid
+aside, and that the undergraduates be obliged to observe the
+studying hours, and to perform the college exercises, on
+quarter-day, and the day following, as at other times."--_Peirce's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 216.
+
+
+QUESTIONIST. In the English universities, a name given to those
+who are in the last term of their college course, and are soon to
+be examined for honors or degrees.--_Webster_.
+
+In the "Orders agreed upon by the Overseers, at a meeting in
+Harvard College, May 6th, 1650," this word is used in the
+following sentence: "And, in case any of the Sophisters,
+_Questionists_, or Inceptors fail in the premises required at
+their hands,... they shall be deferred to the following year"; but
+it does not seem to have gained any prevalence in the College, and
+is used, it is believed, only in this passage.
+
+
+QUILLWHEEL. At the Wesleyan University, "when a student," says a
+correspondent, "'knocks under,' or yields a point, he says he
+_quillwheels_, that is, he acknowledges he is wrong."
+
+
+
+_R_.
+
+
+RAG. This word is used at Union College, and is thus explained by
+a correspondent: "To _rag_ and _ragging_, you will find of very
+extensive application, they being employed primarily as expressive
+of what is called by the vulgar thieving and stealing, but in a
+more extended sense as meaning superiority. Thus, if one declaims
+or composes much better than his classmates, he is said to _rag_
+all his competitors."
+
+The common phrase, "_to take the rag off_," i.e. to excel, seems
+to be the form from which this word has been abbreviated.
+
+
+RAKE. At Williams and at Bowdoin Colleges, used in the phrase "to
+_rake_ an X," i.e. to recite perfectly, ten being the number of
+marks given for the best recitation.
+
+
+RAM. A practical joke.
+
+  ---- in season to be just too late
+  A successful _ram_ to perpetrate.
+    _Sophomore Independent_, Union Coll., Nov. 1854.
+
+
+RAM ON THE CLERGY. At Middlebury College, a synonyme of the slang
+noun, "sell."
+
+
+RANTERS. At Bethany College, in Virginia, there is "a band," says
+a correspondent, "calling themselves '_Ranters_,' formed for the
+purpose of perpetrating all kinds of rascality and
+mischievousness, both on their fellow-students and the neighboring
+people. The band is commanded by one selected from the party,
+called the _Grand Ranter_, whose orders are to be obeyed under
+penalty of expulsion of the person offending. Among the tricks
+commonly indulged in are those of robbing hen and turkey roosts,
+and feasting upon the fruits of their labor, of stealing from the
+neighbors their horses, to enjoy the pleasure of a midnight ride,
+and to facilitate their nocturnal perambulations. If detected, and
+any complaint is made, or if the Faculty are informed of their
+movements, they seek revenge by shaving the tails and manes of the
+favorite horses belonging to the person informing, or by some
+similar trick."
+
+
+RAZOR. A writer in the Yale Literary Magazine defines this word in
+the following sentence: "Many of the members of this time-honored
+institution, from whom we ought to expect better things, not only
+do their own shaving, but actually _make their own razors_. But I
+must explain for the benefit of the uninitiated. A pun, in the
+elegant college dialect, is called a razor, while an attempt at a
+pun is styled a _sick razor_. The _sick_ ones are by far the most
+numerous; however, once in a while you meet with one in quite
+respectable health."--Vol. XIII. p. 283.
+
+The meeting will be opened with _razors_ by the Society's jester.
+--_Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  Behold how Duncia leads her chosen sons,
+  All armed with squibs, stale jokes, _dull razors_, puns.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+READ. To be studious; to practise much reading; e.g. at Oxford, to
+_read_ for a first class; at Cambridge, to _read_ for an honor. In
+America it is common to speak of "reading law, medicine," &c.
+
+  We seven stayed at Christmas up to _read_;
+  We seven took one tutor.
+    _Tennyson, Prologue to Princess_.
+
+In England the vacations are the very times when you _read_ most.
+_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 78.
+
+This system takes for granted that the students have "_read_," as
+it is termed, with a private practitioner of medicine.--_Cat.
+Univ. of Virginia_, 1851, p. 25.
+
+
+READER. In the University of Oxford, one who reads lectures on
+scientific subjects.--_Lyell_.
+
+2. At the English universities, a hard student, nearly equivalent
+to READING MAN.
+
+Most of the Cantabs are late _readers_, so that, supposing one of
+them to begin at seven, he will not leave off before half past
+eleven.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+READERSHIP. In the University of Oxford, the office of a reader or
+lecturer on scientific subjects.--_Lyell_.
+
+
+READING. In the academic sense, studying.
+
+One would hardly suspect them to be students at all, did not the
+number of glasses hint that those who carried them had impaired
+their sight by late _reading_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 5.
+
+
+READING MAN. In the English universities, a _reading man_ is a
+hard student, or one who is entirely devoted to his collegiate
+studies.--_Webster_.
+
+The distinction between "_reading men_" and "_non-reading men_"
+began to manifest itself.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 169.
+
+We might wonder, perhaps, if in England the "[Greek: oi polloi]"
+should be "_reading men_," but with us we should wonder were they
+not.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 15.
+
+
+READING PARTY. In England, a number of students who in vacation
+time, and at a distance from the university, pursue their studies
+together under the direction of a coach, or private tutor.
+
+Of this method of studying, Bristed remarks: "It is not
+_impossible_ to read on a reading-party; there is only a great
+chance against your being able to do so. As a very general rule, a
+man works best in his accustomed place of business, where he has
+not only his ordinary appliances and helps, but his familiar
+associations about him. The time lost in settling down and making
+one's self comfortable and ready for work in a new place is not
+inconsiderable, and is all clear loss. Moreover, the very idea of
+a reading-party involves a combination of two things incompatible,
+--amusement and relaxation beyond the proper and necessary
+quantity of daily exercise, and hard work at books.
+
+"Reading-parties do not confine themselves to England or the
+island of Great Britain. Sometimes they have been known to go as
+far as Dresden. Sometimes a party is of considerable size; when a
+crack Tutor goes on one, which is not often, he takes his whole
+team with him, and not unfrequently a Classical and Mathematical
+Bachelor join their pupils."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, pp. 199-201.
+
+
+READ UP. Students often speak of _reading up_, i.e. preparing
+themselves to write on a subject, by reading the works of authors
+who have treated of it.
+
+
+REBELLION TREE. At Harvard College, a large elm-tree, which stands
+to the east of the south entry of Hollis Hall, has long been known
+by this name. It is supposed to have been planted at the request
+of Dr. Thaddeus M. Harris. His son, Dr. Thaddeus W. Harris, the
+present Librarian of the College, says that his father has often
+told him, that when he held the office of Librarian, in the year
+1792, a number of trees were set out in the College yard, and that
+one was planted opposite his room, No. 7 Hollis Hall, under which
+he buried a pewter plate, taken from the commons hall. On this
+plate was inscribed his name, the day of the month, the year, &c.
+From its situation and appearance, the Rebellion Tree would seem
+to be the one thus described; but it did not receive its name
+until the year 1807, when the famous rebellion occurred among the
+students, and perhaps not until within a few years antecedent to
+the year 1819. At that time, however, this name seems to have been
+the one by which it was commonly known, from the reference which
+is made to it in the Rebelliad, a poem written to commemorate the
+deeds of the rebellion of that year.
+
+  And roared as loud as he could yell,
+  "Come on, my lads, let us rebel!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  With one accord they all agree
+  To dance around _Rebellion Tree_.
+  _Rebelliad_, p. 46.
+
+  But they, rebellious rascals! flee
+  For shelter to _Rebellion Tree_.
+    _Ibid._, p. 60.
+
+  Stands a tree in front of Hollis,
+    Dear to Harvard over all;
+  But than ---- desert us,
+    Rather let _Rebellion_ fall.
+    _MS. Poem_.
+
+Other scenes are sometimes enacted under its branches, as the
+following verses show:--
+
+  When the old year was drawing towards its close,
+  And in its place the gladsome new one rose,
+  Then members of each class, with spirits free,
+  Went forth to greet her round _Rebellion Tree_.
+  Round that old tree, sacred to students' rights,
+  And witness, too, of many wondrous sights,
+  In solemn circle all the students passed;
+  They danced with spirit, until, tired, at last
+  A pause they make, and some a song propose.
+  Then "Auld Lang Syne" from many voices rose.
+  Now, as the lamp of the old year dies out,
+  They greet the new one with exulting shout;
+  They groan for ----, and each class they cheer,
+  And thus they usher in the fair new year.
+    _Poem before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, p. 19, 1849.
+
+
+RECENTES. Latin for the English FRESHMEN. Consult Clap's History
+of Yale College, 1766, p. 124.
+
+
+RECITATION. In American colleges and schools, the rehearsal of a
+lesson by pupils before their instructor.--_Webster_.
+
+
+RECITATION-ROOM. The room where lessons are rehearsed by pupils
+before their instructor.
+
+In the older American colleges, the rooms of the Tutors were
+formerly the recitation-rooms of the classes. At Harvard College,
+the benches on which the students sat when reciting were, when not
+in use, kept in piles, outside of the Tutors' rooms. When the hour
+of recitation arrived, they would carry them into the room, and
+again return them to their places when the exercise was finished.
+One of the favorite amusements of the students was to burn these
+benches; the spot selected for the bonfire being usually the green
+in front of the old meeting-house, or the common.
+
+
+RECITE. Transitively, to rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor.
+
+2. Intransitively, to rehearse a lesson. The class will _recite_
+at eleven o'clock.--_Webster_.
+
+This word is used in both forms in American seminaries.
+
+
+RECORD OF MERIT. At Middlebury College "a class-book is kept by
+each instructor, in which the character of each student's
+recitation is noted by numbers, and all absences from college
+exercises are minuted. Demerit for absences and other
+irregularities is also marked in like manner, and made the basis
+of discipline. At the close of each term, the average of these
+marks is recorded, and, when desired, communicated to parents and
+guardians." This book is called the _record of merit_.--_Cat.
+Middlebury Coll._, 1850-51, p. 17.
+
+
+RECTOR. The chief elective officer of some universities, as in
+France and Scotland. The same title was formerly given to the
+president of a college in New England, but it is not now in
+use.--_Webster_.
+
+The title of _Rector_ was given to the chief officer of Yale
+College at the time of its foundation, and was continued until the
+year 1745, when, by "An Act for the more full and complete
+establishment of Yale College in New Haven," it was changed, among
+other alterations, to that of _President_.--_Clap's Annals of Yale
+College_, p. 47.
+
+The chief officer of Harvard College at the time of its foundation
+was styled _Master_ or _Professor_. Mr. Dunster was chosen the
+first _President_, in 1640, and those who succeeded him bore this
+title until the year 1686, when Mr. Joseph Dudley, having received
+the commission of President of the Colony, changed for the sake of
+distinction the title of _President of the College_ to that of
+_Rector_. A few years after, the title of _President_ was resumed.
+--_Peirce's Hist. of Harv. Univ._, p. 63.
+
+
+REDEAT. Latin; literally, _he may return_. "It is the custom in
+some colleges," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "on coming into
+residence, to wait on the Dean, and sign your name in a book, kept
+for that purpose, which is called signing your _Redeat_."--p. 92.
+
+
+REFECTORY. At Oxford, Eng., the place where the members of each
+college or hall dine. This word was originally applied to an
+apartment in convents and monasteries, where a moderate repast was
+taken.--_Brande_.
+
+In Oxford there are nineteen colleges and five halls, containing
+dwelling-rooms for the students, and a distinct _refectory_ or
+dining-hall, library, and chapel to each college and hall.--_Oxf.
+Guide_, 1847, p. xvi.
+
+At Princeton College, this name is given to the hall where the
+students eat together in common.--Abbreviated REFEC.
+
+
+REGENT. In the English universities, the regents, or _regentes_,
+are members of the university who have certain peculiar duties of
+instruction or government. At Cambridge, all resident Masters of
+Arts of less than four years' standing and all Doctors of less
+than two, are Regents. At Oxford, the period of regency is
+shorter. At both universities, those of a more advanced standing,
+who keep their names on the college books, are called
+_non-regents_. At Cambridge, the regents compose the upper house,
+and the non-regents the lower house of the Senate, or governing
+body. At Oxford, the regents compose the _Congregation_, which
+confers degrees, and does the ordinary business of the University.
+The regents and non-regents, collectively, compose the
+_Convocation_, which is the governing body in the last
+resort.--_Webster_.
+
+See SENATE.
+
+2. In the State of New York, the member of a corporate body which
+is invested with the superintendence of all the colleges,
+academies, and schools in the State. This board consists of
+twenty-one members, who are called _the Regents of the University
+of the State of New York_. They are appointed and removable by the
+legislature. They have power to grant acts of incorporation for
+colleges, to visit and inspect all colleges, academies, and
+schools, and to make regulations for governing the
+same.--_Statutes of New York_.
+
+3. At Harvard College, an officer chosen from the _Faculty_, whose
+duties are under the immediate direction of the President. All
+weekly lists of absences, monitor's bills, petitions to the
+Faculty for excuse of absences from the regular exercises and for
+making up lessons, all petitions for elective studies, the returns
+of the scale of merit, and returns of delinquencies and deductions
+by the tutors and proctors, are left with the Regent, or deposited
+in his office. The Regent also informs those who petition for
+excuses, and for elective studies, of the decision of the Faculty
+in regard to their petitions. Formerly, the Regent assisted in
+making out the quarter or term bills, of which he kept a record,
+and when students were punished by fining, he was obliged to keep
+an account of the fines, and the offences for which they were
+imposed. Some of his duties were performed by a Freshman, who was
+appointed by the Faculty.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1814, and
+_Regulations_, 1850.
+
+The creation of the office of Regent at Harvard College is noticed
+by Professor Sidney Willard. In the year 1800 "an officer was
+appointed to occupy a room in one of the halls to supply the place
+of a Tutor, for preserving order in the rooms in his entry, and to
+perform the duties that had been discharged by the Butler, so far
+as it regarded the keeping of certain records. He was allowed the
+service of a Freshman, and the offices of Butler and of Butler's
+Freshman were abolished. The title of this new officer was
+Regent."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 107.
+
+See FRESHMAN, REGENT'S.
+
+
+REGISTER. In Union College, an officer whose duties are similar to
+those enumerated under REGISTRAR. He also acts, without charge, as
+fiscal guardian for all students who deposit funds in his hands.
+
+
+REGISTRAR, REGISTRARY. In the English universities, an officer who
+has the keeping of all the public records.--_Encyc._
+
+At Harvard College, the Corporation appoint one of the Faculty to
+the office of _Registrar_. He keeps a record of the votes and
+orders passed by the latter body, gives certified copies of the
+same when requisite, and performs other like duties.--_Laws Univ.
+at Cam., Mass._, 1848.
+
+
+REGIUS PROFESSOR. A name given in the British universities to the
+incumbents of those professorships which have been founded by
+_royal_ bounty.
+
+
+REGULATORS. At Hamilton College, "a Junior Class affair," writes a
+correspondent, "consisting of fifteen or twenty members, whose
+object is to regulate college laws and customs according to their
+own way. They are known only by their deeds. Who the members are,
+no one out of the band knows. Their time for action is in the
+night."
+
+
+RELEGATION. In German universities, the _relegation_ is the
+punishment next in severity to the _consilium abeundi_. Howitt
+explains the term in these words: "It has two degrees. First, the
+simple relegation. This consists in expulsion [out of the district
+of the court of justice within which the university is situated],
+for a period of from two to three years; after which the offender
+may indeed return, but can no more be received as an academical
+burger. Secondly, the sharper relegation, which adds to the simple
+relegation an announcement of the fact to the magistracy of the
+place of abode of the offender; and, according to the discretion
+of the court, a confinement in an ordinary prison, previous to the
+banishment, is added; and also the sharper relegation can be
+extended to more than four years, the ordinary term,--yes, even to
+perpetual expulsion."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 33.
+
+
+RELIG. At Princeton College, an abbreviated name for a professor
+of religion.
+
+
+RENOWN. German, _renommiren_, to hector, to bully. Among the
+students in German universities, to _renown_ is, in English
+popular phrase, "to cut a swell."--_Howitt_.
+
+The spare hours of the forenoon and afternoon are spent in
+fencing, in _renowning_,--that is, in doing things-which make
+people stare at them, and in providing duels for the
+morrow.--_Russell's Tour in Germany_, Edinburgh ed., 1825, Vol.
+II. pp. 156, 157.
+
+We cannot be deaf to the testimony of respectable eyewitnesses,
+who, in proof of these defects, tell us ... of "_renowning_," or
+wild irregularities, in which "the spare hours" of the day are
+spent.--_D.A. White's Address before Soc. of the Alumni of Harv.
+Univ._, Aug. 27, 1844, p. 24.
+
+
+REPLICATOR. "The first discussions of the Society, called
+Forensic, were in writing, and conducted by only two members,
+styled the Respondent and the Opponent. Subsequently, a third was
+added, called a _Replicator_, who reviewed the arguments of the
+other two, and decided upon their comparative
+merits."--_Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Philomathean
+Society, Union Coll._, p. 9.
+
+
+REPORT. A word much in use among the students of universities and
+colleges, in the common sense of _to inform against_, but usually
+spoken in reference to the Faculty.
+
+  Thanks to the friendly proctor who spared to _report_ me.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 79.
+
+          If I hear again
+  Of such fell outrage to the college laws,
+  Of such loud tumult after eight o'clock,
+  Thou'lt be _reported_ to the Faculty.--_Ibid._, p. 257.
+
+
+RESIDENCE. At the English universities, to be "in residence" is to
+occupy rooms as a member of a college, either in the college
+itself, or in the town where the college is situated.
+
+Trinity ... usually numbers four hundred undergraduates in
+_residence_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+11.
+
+At Oxford, an examination, not always a very easy one, must be
+passed before the student can be admitted to
+_residence_.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 232.
+
+
+RESIDENT GRADUATE. In the United States, graduates who are
+desirous of pursuing their studies in a place where a college is
+situated, without joining any of its departments, can do so in the
+capacity of _residents_ or _resident graduates_. They are allowed
+to attend the public lectures given in the institution, and enjoy
+the use of its library. Like other students, they give bonds for
+the payment of college dues.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+
+RESPONDENT. In the schools, one who maintains a thesis in reply,
+and whose province is to refute objections, or overthrow
+arguments.--_Watts_.
+
+This word, with its companion, _affirmant_, was formerly used in
+American colleges, and was applied to those who engaged in the
+syllogistic discussions then incident to Commencement.
+
+But the main exercises were disputations upon questions, wherein
+the _respondents_ first made their theses.--_Mather's Magnalia_,
+B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The syllogistic disputes were held between an _affirmant_ and
+_respondent_, who stood in the side galleries of the church
+opposite to one another, and shot the weapons of their logic over
+the heads of the audience.--_Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc., Yale
+Coll._, p. 65.
+
+In the public exercises at Commencement, I was somewhat remarked
+as a _respondent_.--_Life and Works of John Adams_, Vol. II. p. 3.
+
+
+RESPONSION. In the University of Oxford, an examination about the
+middle of the college course, also called the
+_Little-go_.--_Lyell_.
+
+See LITTLE-GO.
+
+
+RETRO. Latin; literally, _back_. Among the students of the
+University of Cambridge, Eng., used to designate a _behind_-hand
+account. "A cook's bill of extraordinaries not settled by the
+Tutor."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+REVIEW. A second or repeated examination of a lesson, or the
+lesson itself thus re-examined.
+
+  He cannot get the "advance," forgets "the _review_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 13.
+
+
+RIDER. The meaning of this word, used at Cambridge, Eng., is given
+in the annexed sentence. "His ambition is generally limited to
+doing '_riders_,' which are a sort of scholia, or easy deductions
+from the book-work propositions, like a link between them and
+problems; indeed, the rider being, as its name imports, attached
+to a question, the question is not fully answered until the rider
+is answered also."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 222.
+
+
+ROLL A WHEEL. At the University of Vermont, in student parlance,
+to devise a scheme or lay a plot for an election or a college
+spree, is to _roll a wheel_. E.g. "John was always _rolling a big
+wheel_," i.e. incessantly concocting some plot.
+
+
+ROOM. To occupy an apartment; to lodge; _an academic use of the
+word_.--_Webster_.
+
+Inquire of any student at our colleges where Mr. B. lodges, and
+you will be told he _rooms_ in such a building, such a story, or
+up so many flights of stairs, No. --, to the right or left.
+
+The Rowes, years ago, used to _room_ in Dartmouth Hall.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+_Rooming_ in college, it is convenient that they should have the
+more immediate oversight of the deportment of the
+students.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 133.
+
+Seven years ago, I _roomed_ in this room where we are now.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 114.
+
+When Christmas came again I came back to this room, but the man
+who _roomed_ here was frightened and ran away.--_Ibid._, Vol. XII.
+p. 114.
+
+Rent for these apartments is exacted from Sophomores, about sixty
+_rooming_ out of college.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll.,
+1852-53, p. 26.
+
+
+ROOT. A word first used in the sense given below by Dr. Paley. "He
+[Paley] held, indeed, all those little arts of underhand address,
+by which patronage and preferment are so frequently pursued, in
+supreme contempt. He was not of a nature to _root_; for that was
+his own expressive term, afterwards much used in the University to
+denote the sort of practice alluded to. He one day humorously
+proposed, at some social meeting, that a certain contemporary
+Fellow of his College [Christ's College, Cambridge, Eng.], at that
+time distinguished for his elegant and engaging manners, and who
+has since attained no small eminence in the Church of England,
+should be appointed _Professor of Rooting_."--_Memoirs of Paley_.
+
+2. To study hard; to DIG, q.v.
+
+Ill-favored men, eager for his old boots and diseased raiment,
+torment him while _rooting_ at his Greek.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 267.
+
+
+ROT. Twaddle, platitude. In use among the students at the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+ROWES. The name of a party which formerly existed at Dartmouth
+College. They are thus described in The Dartmouth, Vol. IV. p.
+117: "The _Rowes_ are very liberal in their notions. The Rowes
+don't pretend to say anything worse of a fellow than to call him a
+_Blue_, and _vice versâ_."
+
+See BLUES.
+
+
+ROWING. The making of loud and noisy disturbance; acting like a
+_rowdy_.
+
+  Flushed with the juice of the grape,
+        all prime and ready for _rowing_.
+  When from the ground I raised
+        the fragments of ponderous brickbat.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+The Fellow-Commoners generally being more disposed to _rowing_
+than reading.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d. p.
+34.
+
+
+ROWING-MAN. One who is more inclined to fast living than hard
+study. Among English students used in contradistinction to
+READING-MAN, q.v.
+
+When they go out to sup, as a reading-man does perhaps once a
+term, and a _rowing-man_ twice a week, they eat very moderately,
+though their potations are sometimes of the deepest.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+ROWL, ROWEL. At Princeton, Union, and Hamilton Colleges, this word
+is used to signify a good recitation. Used in the phrase, "to make
+a _rowl_." From the second of these colleges, a correspondent
+writes: "Also of the word _rowl_; if a public speaker presents a
+telling appeal or passage, he would _make a perfect rowl_, in the
+language of all students at least."
+
+
+ROWL. To recite well. A correspondent from Princeton College
+defines this word, "to perform any exercise well, recitation,
+speech, or composition; to succeed in any branch or pursuit."
+
+
+RUSH. At Yale College, a perfect recitation is denominated a
+_rush_.
+
+I got my lesson perfectly, and what is more, made a perfect
+_rush_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 134.
+
+  Every _rush_ and fizzle made
+  Every body frigid laid.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. XX. p. 186.
+
+This mark [that of a hammer with a note, "hit the nail on the
+head"] signifies that the student makes a capital hit; in other
+words, a decided _rush_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  In dreams his many _rushes_ heard.
+    _Ibid._, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+This word is much used among students with the common meaning;
+thus, they speak of "a _rush_ into prayers," "a _rush_ into the
+recitation-room," &c. A correspondent from Dartmouth College says:
+"_Rushing_ the Freshmen is putting them out of the chapel."
+Another from Williams writes: "Such a man is making a _rush_, and
+to this we often add--for the Valedictory."
+
+  The gay regatta where the Oneida led,
+  The glorious _rushes_, Seniors at the head.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+One of the Trinity men ... was making a tremendous _rush_ for a
+Fellowship.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+158.
+
+
+RUSH. To recite well; to make a perfect recitation.
+
+It was purchased by the man,--who 'really did not look' at the
+lesson on which he '_rushed_.'--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p.
+411.
+
+Then for the students mark flunks, even though the young men may
+be _rushing_.--_Yale Banger_, Oct., 1848.
+
+  So they pulled off their coats, and rolled up their sleeves,
+    And _rushed_ in Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs, Yale Coll._, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+RUSTICATE. To send a student for a time from a college or
+university, to reside in the country, by way of punishment for
+some offence.
+
+See a more complete definition under RUSTICATION.
+
+  And those whose crimes are very great,
+  Let us suspend or _rusticate_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 24.
+
+  The "scope" of what I have to state
+  Is to suspend and _rusticate_.--_Ibid._, p. 28.
+
+The same meaning is thus paraphrastically conveyed:--
+
+  By my official power, I swear,
+  That you shall _smell the country air_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 45.
+
+
+RUSTICATION. In universities and colleges, the punishment of a
+student for some offence, by compelling him to leave the
+institution, and reside for a time in the country, where he is
+obliged to pursue with a private instructor the studies with which
+his class are engaged during his term of separation, and in which
+he is obliged to pass a satisfactory examination before he can be
+reinstated in his class.
+
+It seems plain from his own verses to Diodati, that Milton had
+incurred _rustication_,--a temporary dismission into the country,
+with, perhaps, the loss of a term.--_Johnson_.
+
+  Take then this friendly exhortation.
+  The next offence is _Rustication_.
+    _MS. Poem_, by John Q. Adams.
+
+
+RUST-RINGING. At Hamilton College, "the Freshmen," writes a
+correspondent, "are supposed to lose some of their verdancy at the
+end of the last term of that year, and the 'ringing off their
+rust' consists in ringing the chapel bell--commencing at midnight
+--until the rope wears out. During the ringing, the upper classes
+are diverted by the display of numerous fire-works, and enlivened
+by most beautifully discordant sounds, called 'music,' made to
+issue from tin kettle-drums, horse-fiddles, trumpets, horns, &c.,
+&c."
+
+
+
+_S_.
+
+
+SACK. To expel. Used at Hamilton College.
+
+
+SAIL. At Bowdoin College, a _sail_ is a perfect recitation. To
+_sail_ is to recite perfectly.
+
+
+SAINT. A name among students for one who pretends to particular
+sanctity of manners.
+
+Or if he had been a hard-reading man from choice,--or a stupid
+man,--or a "_saint_,"--no one would have troubled themselves about
+him.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 148.
+
+
+SALTING THE FRESHMEN. In reference to this custom, which belongs
+to Dartmouth College, a correspondent from that institution
+writes: "There is an annual trick of '_salting the Freshmen_,'
+which is putting salt and water on their seats, so that their
+clothes are injured when they sit down." The idea of preservation,
+cleanliness, and health is no doubt intended to be conveyed by the
+use of the wholesome articles salt and water.
+
+
+SALUTATORIAN. The student of a college who pronounces the
+salutatory oration at the annual Commencement.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SALUTATORY. An epithet applied to the oration which introduces the
+exercises of the Commencements in American colleges.--_Webster_.
+
+The oration is often called, simply, _The Salutatory_.
+
+And we ask our friends "out in the world," whenever they meet an
+educated man of the class of '49, not to ask if he had the
+Valedictory or _Salutatory_, but if he takes the
+Indicator.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. II. p. 96.
+
+
+SATIS. Latin; literally, _enough_. In the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., the lowest honor in the schools. The manner in which this
+word is used is explained in the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, as
+follows: "_Satis disputasti_; which is at much as to say, in the
+colloquial style, 'Bad enough.' _Satis et bene disputasti_,
+'Pretty fair,--tolerable.' _Satis et optime disputasti_, 'Go thy
+ways, thou flower and quintessence of Wranglers.' Such are the
+compliments to be expected from the Moderator, after the _act is
+kept_."--p. 95.
+
+
+S.B. An abbreviation for _Scientiæ Baccalaureus_, Bachelor in
+Science. At Harvard College, this degree is conferred on those who
+have pursued a prescribed course of study for at least one year in
+the Scientific School, and at the end of that period passed a
+satisfactory examination. The different degrees of excellence are
+expressed in the diploma by the words, _cum laude_, _cum magna
+laude_, _cum summa laude_.
+
+
+SCARLET DAY. In the Church of England, certain festival days are
+styled _scarlet days_. On these occasions, the doctors in the
+three learned professions appear in their scarlet robes, and the
+noblemen residing in the universities wear their full
+dresses.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+SCHEME. The printed papers which are given to the students at Yale
+College at the Biennial Examination, and which contain the
+questions that are to be answered, are denominated _schemes_. They
+are also called, simply, _papers_.
+
+  See the down-cast air, and the blank despair,
+  That sits on each Soph'more feature,
+  As his bleared eyes gleam o'er that horrid _scheme_!
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 22.
+
+  Olmsted served an apprenticeship setting up types,
+    For the _schemes_ of Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+  Here's health to the tutors who gave us good _schemes_,
+          Vive la compagnie!
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, 1855.
+
+
+SCHOLAR. Any member of a college, academy, or school.
+
+2. An undergraduate in English universities, who belongs to the
+foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its
+revenues.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SCHOLAR OF THE HOUSE. At Yale College, those are called _Scholars
+of the House_ who, by superiority in scholarship, become entitled
+to receive the income arising from certain foundations established
+for the purpose of promoting learning and literature. In some
+cases the recipient is required to remain at New Haven for a
+specified time, and pursue a course of studies under the direction
+of the Faculty of the College.--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p. 86.
+_Laws of Yale Coll._
+
+2. "The _scholar of the house_," says President Woolsey, in his
+Historical Discourse,--"_scholaris ædilitus_ of the Latin
+laws,--before the institution of Berkeley's scholarships which had
+the same title, was a kind of ædile appointed by the President and
+Tutors to inspect the public buildings, and answered in a degree
+to the Inspector known to our present laws and practice. He was
+not to leave town until the Friday after Commencement, because in
+that week more than usual damage was done to the buildings."--p.
+43.
+
+The duties of this officer are enumerated in the annexed passage.
+"The Scholar of the House, appointed by the President, shall
+diligently observe and set down the glass broken in College
+windows, and every other damage done in College, together with the
+time when, and the person by whom, it was done; and every quarter
+he shall make up a bill of such damages, charged against every
+scholar according to the laws of College, and deliver the same to
+the President or the Steward, and the Scholar of the House shall
+tarry at College until Friday noon after the public Commencement,
+and in that time shall be obliged to view any damage done in any
+chamber upon the information of him to whom the chamber is
+assigned."--_Laws of Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 22.
+
+
+SCHOLARSHIP. Exhibition or maintenance for a scholar; foundation
+for the support of a student--_Ainsworth_.
+
+
+SCHOOL. THE SCHOOLS, _pl._; the seminaries for teaching logic,
+metaphysics, and theology, which were formed in the Middle Ages,
+and which were characterized by academical disputations and
+subtilties of reasoning; or the learned men who were engaged in
+discussing nice points in metaphysics or theology.--_Webster_.
+
+2. In some American colleges, the different departments for
+teaching law, medicine, divinity, &c. are denominated _schools_.
+
+3. The name given at the University of Oxford to the place of
+examination. The principal exercises consist of disputations in
+philosophy, divinity, and law, and are always conducted in a sort
+of barbarous Latin.
+
+I attended the _Schools_ several times, with the view of acquiring
+the tact and self-possession so requisite in these public
+contests.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 39.
+
+There were only two sets of men there, one who fagged
+unremittingly for the _Schools_, and another devoted to frivolity
+and dissipation.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 141.
+
+
+S.C.L. At the English universities, one who is pursuing law
+studies and has not yet received the degree of B.C.L. or D.C.L.,
+is designated S.C.L., _Student_ in or of _Civil Law_.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., persons in this rank who
+have kept their acts wear a full-sleeved gown, and are entitled to
+use a B.A. hood.
+
+
+SCONCE. To mulct; to fine. Used at the University of Oxford.
+
+A young fellow of Baliol College, having, upon some discontent cut
+his throat very dangerously, the Master of the College sent his
+servitor to the buttery-book to _sconce_ (i.e. fine) him 5s.; and,
+says the Doctor, tell him the next time he cuts his throat I'll
+_sconce_ him ten.--_Terræ-Filius_, No. 39.
+
+Was _sconced_ in a quart of ale for quoting Latin, a passage from
+Juvenal; murmured, and the fine was doubled.--_The Etonian_, Vol.
+II. p. 391.
+
+
+SCOUT. A cant term at Oxford for a college servant or
+waiter.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+My _scout_, indeed, is a very learned fellow, and has an excellent
+knack at using hard words. One morning he told me the gentleman in
+the next room _contagious_ to mine desired to speak to me. I once
+overheard him give a fellow-servant very sober advice not to go
+astray, but be true to his own wife; for _idolatry_ would surely
+bring a man to _instruction_ at last.--_The Student_, Oxf. and
+Cam., 1750, Vol. I. p. 55.
+
+An anteroom, or vestibule, which serves the purpose of a _scout's_
+pantry.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 280.
+
+_Scouts_ are usually pretty communicative of all they
+know.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 147.
+
+Sometimes used in American colleges.
+
+In order to quiet him, we had to send for his factotum or _scout_,
+an old black fellow.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XI. p. 282.
+
+
+SCRAPE. To insult by drawing the feet over the floor.--_Grose_.
+
+  But in a manner quite uncivil,
+  They hissed and _scraped_ him like the devil.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 37.
+
+                             "I do insist,"
+  Quoth he, "that two, who _scraped_ and hissed,
+  Shall be condemned without a jury
+  To pass the winter months _in rure_."--_Ibid._, p. 41.
+
+They not unfrequently rose to open outrage or some personal
+molestation, as casting missiles through his windows at night, or
+"_scraping him_" by day.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832,
+p. 25.
+
+
+SCRAPING. A drawing of, or the act of drawing, the feet over the
+floor, as an insult to some one, or merely to cause disturbance; a
+shuffling of the feet.
+
+New lustre was added to the dignity of their feelings by the
+pathetic and impressive manner in which they expressed them, which
+was by stamping and _scraping_ majestically with their feet, when
+in the presence of the detested tutors.--_Don Quixotes at
+College_, 1807.
+
+The morning and evening daily prayers were, on the next day
+(Thursday), interrupted by _scraping_, whistling, groaning, and
+other disgraceful noises.--_Circular, Harvard College_, 1834, p.
+9.
+
+This word is used in the universities and colleges of both England
+and America.
+
+
+SCREW. In some American colleges, an excessive, unnecessarily
+minute, and annoying examination of a student by an instructor is
+called a _screw_. The instructor is often designated by the same
+name.
+
+  Haunted by day with fearful _screw_.
+    _Harvard Lyceum_, p. 102.
+
+  _Screws_, duns, and other such like evils.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 77.
+
+One must experience all the stammering and stuttering, the
+unending doubtings and guessings, to understand fully the power of
+a mathematical _screw_.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 378.
+
+The consequence was, a patient submission to the _screw_, and a
+loss of college honors and patronage.--_A Tour through College_,
+Boston, 1832, p. 26.
+
+I'll tell him a whopper next time, and astonish him so that he'll
+forget his _screws_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XI. p. 336.
+
+What a darned _screw_ our tutor is.--_Ibid._
+
+Apprehension of the severity of the examination, or what in after
+times, by an academic figure of speech, was called screwing, or a
+_screw_, was what excited the chief dread.--_Willard's Memories of
+Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. p. 256.
+
+Passing such an examination is often denominated _taking a screw_.
+
+  And sad it is to _take a screw_.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 287.
+
+2. At Bowdoin College, an imperfect recitation is called a
+_screw_.
+
+  You never should look blue, sir,
+  If you chance to take a "_screw_," sir,
+  To us it's nothing new, sir,
+    To drive dull care away.
+    _The Bowdoin Creed_.
+
+  We've felt the cruel, torturing _screw_,
+    And oft its driver's ire.
+    _Song, Sophomore Supper, Bowdoin Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+SCREW. To press with an excessive and unnecessarily minute
+examination.
+
+  Who would let a tutor knave
+  _Screw _him like a Guinea slave!
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 53.
+
+  Have I been _screwed_, yea, deaded morn and eve,
+  Some dozen moons of this collegiate life?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 255.
+
+  O, I do well remember when in college,
+  How we fought reason,--battles all in play,--
+  Under a most portentous man of knowledge,
+  The captain-general in the bloodless fray;
+  He was a wise man, and a good man, too,
+  And robed himself in green whene'er he came to _screw_.
+    _Our Chronicle of '26_, Boston, 1827.
+
+In a note to the last quotation, the author says of the word
+_screw_: "For the information of the inexperienced, we explain
+this as a term quite rife in the universities, and, taken
+substantively, signifying an intellectual nonplus."
+
+  At last the day is ended,
+    The tutor _screws_ no more.
+    _Knick. Mag._, Vol. XLV. p. 195.
+
+
+SCREWING UP. The meaning of this phrase, as understood by English
+Cantabs, may be gathered from the following extract. "A
+magnificent sofa will be lying close to a door ... bored through
+from top to bottom from the _screwing up_ of some former unpopular
+tenant; "_screwing up_" being the process of fastening on the
+outside, with nails and screws, every door of the hapless wight's
+apartments. This is done at night, and in the morning the
+gentleman is leaning three-fourths out of his window, bawling for
+rescue."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 239.
+
+
+SCRIBBLING-PAPER. A kind of writing-paper, rather inferior in
+quality, a trifle larger than foolscap, and used at the English
+universities by mathematicians and in the lecture-room.--_Bristed.
+Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Cards are commonly sold at Cambridge as
+"_scribbling-paper_."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+238.
+
+The summer apartment contained only a big standing-desk, the
+eternal "_scribbling-paper_," and the half-dozen mathematical
+works required.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 218.
+
+
+SCROUGE. An exaction. A very long lesson, or any hard or
+unpleasant task, is usually among students denominated a
+_scrouge_.
+
+
+SCROUGE. To exact; to extort; said of an instructor who imposes
+difficult tasks on his pupils.
+
+It is used provincially in England, and in America in some of the
+Northern and Southern States, with the meaning _to crowd, to
+squeeze_.--_Bartlett's Dict. of Americanisms_.
+
+
+SCRUB. At Columbia College, a servant.
+
+2. One who is disliked for his meanness, ill-breeding, or
+vulgarity. Nearly equivalent to SPOON, q.v.
+
+
+SCRUBBY. Possessing the qualities of a scrub. Partially synonymous
+with the adjective SPOONY, q.v.
+
+
+SCRUTATOR. In the University of Cambridge, England, an officer
+whose duty it is to attend all _Congregations_, to read the
+_graces_ to the lower house of the Senate, to gather the votes
+secretly, or to take them openly in scrutiny, and publicly to
+pronounce the assent or dissent of that house.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+SECOND-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the title
+of _Second-Year Men_, or _Junior Sophs_ or _Sophisters_, is given
+to students during the second year of their residence at the
+University.
+
+
+SECTION COURT. At Union College, the college buildings are divided
+into sections, a section comprising about fifteen rooms. Within
+each section is established a court, which is composed of a judge,
+an advocate, and a secretary, who are chosen by the students
+resident therein from their own number, and hold their offices
+during one college term. Each section court claims the power to
+summon for trial any inhabitant within the bounds of its
+jurisdiction who may be charged with improper conduct. The accused
+may either defend himself, or select some person to plead for him,
+such residents of the section as choose to do so acting as jurors.
+The prisoner, if found guilty, is sentenced at the discretion of
+the court,--generally, to treat the company to some specified
+drink or dainty. These courts often give occasion for a great deal
+of fun, and sometimes call out real wit and eloquence.
+
+At one of our "_section courts_," which those who expected to
+enter upon the study of the law used to hold, &c.--_The Parthenon,
+Union Coll._, 1851, p. 19.
+
+
+SECTION OFFICER. At Union College, each section of the college
+buildings, containing about fifteen rooms, is under the
+supervision of a professor or tutor, who is styled the _section
+officer_. This officer is required to see that there be no
+improper noise in the rooms or corridors, and to report the
+absence of students from chapel and recitation, and from their
+rooms during study hours.
+
+
+SEED. In Yale College this word is used to designate what is
+understood by the common cant terms, "a youth"; "case"; "bird";
+"b'hoy"; "one of 'em."
+
+  While tutors, every sport defeating,
+  And under feet-worn stairs secreting,
+  And each dark lane and alley beating,
+  Hunt up the _seeds_ in vain retreating.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  The wretch had dared to flunk a gory _seed_!
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  One tells his jokes, the other tells his beads,
+  One talks of saints, the other sings of _seeds_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  But we are "_seeds_," whose rowdy deeds
+    Make up the drunken tale.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  First Greek he enters; and with reckless speed
+  He drags o'er stumps and roots each hapless _seed_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  Each one a bold _seed_, well fit for the deed,
+    But of course a little bit flurried.
+    _Ibid._, May, 1852.
+
+
+SEEDY. At Yale College, rowdy, riotous, turbulent.
+
+  And snowballs, falling thick and fast
+    As oaths from _seedy_ Senior crowd.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+  A _seedy_ Soph beneath a tree.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+2. Among English Cantabs, not well, out of sorts, done up; the
+sort of feeling that a reading man has after an examination, or a
+rowing man after a dinner with the Beefsteak Club. Also, silly,
+easy to perform.--_Bristed_.
+
+The owner of the apartment attired in a very old dressing-gown and
+slippers, half buried in an arm-chair, and looking what some young
+ladies call interesting, i.e. pale and _seedy_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 151.
+
+You will seldom find anything very _seedy_ set for
+Iambics.--_Ibid._, p. 182.
+
+
+SELL. An unexpected reply; a deception or trick.
+
+In the Literary World, March 15, 1851, is the following
+explanation of this word: "Mr. Phillips's first introduction to
+Curran was made the occasion of a mystification, or practical
+joke, in which Irish wits have excelled since the time of Dean
+Swift, who was wont (_vide_ his letters to Stella) to call these
+jocose tricks 'a _sell_,' from selling a bargain." The word
+_bargain_, however, which Johnson, in his Dictionary, defines "an
+unexpected reply tending to obscenity," was formerly used more
+generally among the English wits. The noun _sell_ has of late been
+revived in this country, and is used to a certain extent in New
+York and Boston, and especially among the students at Cambridge.
+
+  I sought some hope to borrow, by thinking it a "_sell_"
+  By fancying it a fiction, my anguish to dispel.
+    _Poem before the Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850, p. 8.
+
+
+SELL. To give an unexpected answer; to deceive; to cheat.
+
+For the love you bear me, never tell how badly I was
+_sold_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 94.
+
+The use of this verb is much more common in the United States than
+that of the noun of the same spelling, which is derived from it;
+for instance, we frequently read in the newspapers that the Whigs
+or Democrats have been _sold_, i.e. defeated in an election, or
+cheated in some political affair. The phrase _to sell a bargain_,
+which Bailey defines "to put a sham upon one," is now scarcely
+ever heard. It was once a favorite expression with certain English
+writers.
+
+  Where _sold he bargains_, Whipstitch?--_Dryden_.
+
+  No maid at court is less ashamed,
+  Howe'er for _selling bargains_ famed.--_Swift_.
+
+Dr. Sheridan, famous for punning, intending _to sell a bargain_,
+said, he had made a very good pun.--_Swift, Bons Mots de Stella_.
+
+
+SEMESTER. Latin, _semestris_, _sex_, six, and _mensis_, month. In
+the German universities, a period or term of six months. The
+course of instruction occupies six _semesters_. Class distinctions
+depend upon the number of _semesters_, not of years. During the
+first _semester_, the student is called _Fox_, in the second
+_Burnt Fox_, and then, successively, _Young Bursch_, _Old Bursch_,
+_Old House_, and _Moss-covered Head_.
+
+
+SENATE. In the University of Cambridge, England, the legislative
+body of the University. It is divided into two houses, called
+REGENT and NON-REGENT. The former consists of the vice-chancellor,
+proctors, taxors, moderators, and esquire-beadles, all masters of
+arts of less than five years' standing, and all doctors of
+divinity, civil law, and physic, of less than two, and is called
+the UPPER HOUSE, or WHITE-HOOD HOUSE, from its members wearing
+hoods lined with white silk. The latter is composed of masters of
+arts of five years' standing, bachelors of divinity, and doctors
+in the three faculties of two years' standing, and is known as the
+LOWER HOUSE, or BLACK-HOOD HOUSE, its members wearing black silk
+hoods. To have a vote in the Senate, the graduate must keep his
+name on the books of some college (which involves a small annual
+payment), or in the list of the _commorantes in villâ_.--_Webster.
+Cam. Cal. Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+2. At Union College, the members of the Senior Class form what is
+called the Senate, a body organized after the manner of the Senate
+of the United States, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with
+the forms and practice of legislation. The members of the Junior
+Class compose the House of Representatives. The following account,
+showing in what manner the Senate is conducted, has been furnished
+by a member of Union College.
+
+"On the last Friday of the third term, the House of
+Representatives meet in their hall, and await their initiation to
+the Upper House. There soon appears a committee of three, who
+inform them by their chairman of the readiness of the Senate to
+receive them, and perhaps enlarge upon the importance of the
+coming trust, and the ability of the House to fill it.
+
+"When this has been done, the House, headed by the committee,
+proceed to the Senate Chamber (Senior Chapel), and are arranged by
+the committee around the President, the Senators (Seniors)
+meanwhile having taken the second floor. The President of the
+Senate then rises and delivers an appropriate address, informing
+them of their new dignities and the grave responsibilities of
+their station. At the conclusion of this they take their seats,
+and proceed to the election of officers, viz. a President, a
+Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer. The President must be a
+member of the Faculty, and is chosen for a term; the other
+officers are selected from the House, and continue in office but
+half a term. The first Vice-Presidency of the Senate is considered
+one of the highest honors conferred by the class, and great is the
+strife to obtain it.
+
+"The Senate meet again on the second Friday of the next term, when
+they receive the inaugural message of the President. He then
+divides them into seven districts, each district including the
+students residing in a Section, or Hall of College, except the
+seventh, which is filled by the students lodging in town. The
+Senate is also divided into a number of standing committees, as
+Law, Ethics, Political Economy. Business is referred to these
+committees, and reported on by them in the usual manner. The time
+of the Senate is principally occupied with the discussion of
+resolutions, in committee of the whole; and these discussions take
+the place of the usual Friday afternoon recitation. At
+Commencement the Senate have an orator of their own election, who
+must, however, have been a past or honorary member of their body.
+They also have a committee on the 'Commencement Card.'"
+
+On the same subject, another correspondent writes as follows:--
+
+"The Senate is composed of the Senior Class, and is intended as a
+school of parliamentary usages. The officers are a President,
+Vice-President, and Secretary, who are chosen once a term. At the
+close of the second term, the Junior Class are admitted into the
+Senate. They are introduced by a committee of Senators, and are
+expected to remain standing and uncovered during the ceremony, the
+President and Senators being seated and covered. After a short
+address by the President, the old Senators leave the house, and
+the Juniors proceed to elect their officers for the third term.
+Dr. Thomas C. Reed who was the founder of the Senate, was always
+elected President during his connection with the College, but
+rarely took his place in the chamber except at the introduction of
+the Juniors. The Vice-President for the third term, who takes a
+part in the ceremonies of commencement, is considered to hold the
+highest honor of the class, and his election is attended with more
+excitement than any other in the College."
+
+See COMMENCEMENT CARD; HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
+
+
+SENATE-HOUSE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the building
+in which the public business of the University, such as
+examinations, the passing of graces, and admission to degrees, is
+carried on.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+SENATUS ACADEMICUS. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Senatus
+Academicus_ consists of two houses, known as the CORPORATION and
+the HOUSE OF CONVOCATION, q.v.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p.
+6.
+
+SENE. An abbreviation for Senior.
+
+  Magnificent Juns, and lazy _Senes_.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  A rare young blade is the gallant _Sene_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1850.
+
+
+SENIOR. One in the fourth year of his collegiate course at an
+American college; originally called _Senior Sophister_. Also one
+in the third year of his course at a theological
+seminary.--_Webster_.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+SENIOR. Noting the fourth year of the collegiate course in
+American colleges, or the third year in theological
+seminaries.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SENIOR BACHELOR. One who is in his third year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts. It is further explained by President
+Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse: "Bachelors were called
+Senior, Middle, or Junior Bachelors, according to the year since
+graduation and before taking the degree of Master."--p. 122.
+
+
+SENIOR CLASSIC. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the student
+who passes best in the voluntary examination in classics, which
+follows the last required examination in the Senate-House.
+
+No one stands a chance for _Senior Classic_ alongside of
+him.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 55.
+
+Two men who had been rivals all the way through school and through
+college were racing for _Senior Classic_.--_Ibid._, p. 253.
+
+
+SENIOR FELLOW. At Trinity College, Hartford, the Senior Fellow is
+a person chosen to attend the college examinations during the
+year.
+
+
+SENIOR FRESHMAN. The name of the second of the four classes into
+which undergraduates are divided at Trinity College, Dublin.
+
+
+SENIORITY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the eight Senior
+Fellows and the Master of a college compose what is called the
+_Seniority_. Their decisions in all matters are generally
+conclusive.
+
+My duty now obliges me, however reluctantly, to bring you before
+the _Seniority_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 75.
+
+
+SENIOR OPTIME. Those who occupy the second rank in honors at the
+close of the final examination at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., are denominated _Senior Optimes_.
+
+The Second Class, or that of _Senior Optimes_, is larger in number
+[than that of the Wranglers], usually exceeding forty, and
+sometimes reaching above sixty. This class contains a number of
+disappointments, many who expect to be Wranglers, and some who are
+generally expected to be.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 228.
+
+The word is frequently abbreviated.
+
+The Pembroker ... had the pleasant prospect of getting up all his
+mathematics for a place among the _Senior Ops._--_Ibid._, p. 158.
+
+He would get just questions enough to make him a low _Senior Op._
+--_Ibid._, p. 222.
+
+
+SENIOR ORATION. "The custom of delivering _Senior Orations_," says
+a correspondent, "is, I think, confined to Washington and
+Jefferson Colleges in Pennsylvania. Each member of the Senior
+Class, taking them in alphabetical order, is required to deliver
+an oration before graduating, and on such nights as the Faculty
+may decide. The public are invited to attend, and the speaking is
+continued at appointed times, until each member of the Class has
+spoken."
+
+
+SENIOR SOPHISTER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student
+in the third year of his residence is called a Senior Soph or
+Sophister.
+
+2. In some American colleges, a member of the Senior Class, i.e.
+of the fourth year, was formerly designated a Senior Sophister.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+SENIOR WRANGLER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the Senior
+Wrangler is the student who passes the best examination in the
+Senate-House, and by consequence holds the first place on the
+Mathematical Tripos.
+
+The only road to classical honors and their accompanying
+emoluments in the University, and virtually in all the Colleges,
+except Trinity, is through mathematical honors, all candidates for
+the Classical Tripos being obliged as a preliminary to obtain a
+place in that mathematical list which is headed by the _Senior
+Wrangler_ and tailed by the Wooden Spoon.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+
+SEQUESTER. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity. In the
+following passage it is used in the collegiate sense of _suspend_
+or _rusticate_.
+
+Though they were adulti, they were corrected in the College, and
+_sequestered_, &c. for a time.--_Winthrop's Journal, by Savage_,
+Vol. II. p. 88.
+
+
+SERVITOR. In the University of Oxford, an undergraduate who is
+partly supported by the college funds. _Servitors_ formerly waited
+at table, but this is now dispensed with. The order similar to
+that of the _servitor_ was at Cambridge styled the order of
+_Sub-sizars_. This has been long extinct. The _sizar_ at Cambridge
+is at present nearly equivalent to the Oxford _servitor_.--_Gent.
+Mag._, 1787, p. 1146. _Brande_.
+
+"It ought to be known," observes De Quincey, "that the class of
+'_servitors_,' once a large body in Oxford, have gradually become
+practically extinct under the growing liberality of the age. They
+carried in their academic dress a mark of their inferiority; they
+waited at dinner on those of higher rank, and performed other
+menial services, humiliating to themselves, and latterly felt as
+no less humiliating to the general name and interests of
+learning."--_Life and Manners_, p. 272.
+
+A reference to the cruel custom of "hunting the servitor" is to be
+found in Sir John Hawkins's Life of Dr. Johnson, p. 12.
+
+
+SESSION. At some of the Southern and Western colleges of the
+United States, the time during which instruction is regularly
+given to the students; a term.
+
+The _session_ commences on the 1st of October, and continues
+without interruption until the 29th of June.--_Cat. of Univ. of
+Virginia_, 1851, p. 15.
+
+
+SEVENTY-EIGHTH PSALM. The recollections which cluster around this
+Psalm, so well known to all the Alumni of Harvard, are of the most
+pleasant nature. For more than a hundred years, it has been sung
+at the dinner given on Commencement day at Cambridge, and for more
+than a half-century to the tune of St. Martin's. Mr. Samuel
+Shapleigh, who graduated at Harvard College in the year 1789, and
+who was afterwards its Librarian, on the leaf of a hymn-book makes
+a memorandum in reference to this Psalm, to the effect that it has
+been sung at Cambridge on Commencement day "from _time
+immemorial_." The late Rev. Dr. John Pierce, a graduate of the
+class of 1793, referring to the same subject, remarks: "The
+Seventy-eighth Psalm, it is supposed, has, _from the foundation of
+the College_, been sung in the common version of the day." In a
+poem, entitled Education, delivered at Cambridge before the Phi
+Beta Kappa Society, by Mr. William Biglow, July 18th, 1799,
+speaking of the conduct and manners of the students, the author
+says:--
+
+ "Like pigs they eat, they drink an ocean dry,
+  They steal like France, like Jacobins they lie,
+  They raise the very Devil, when called to prayers,
+  'To sons transmit the same, and they again to theirs'";
+
+and, in explanation of the last line, adds this note: "Alluding to
+the Psalm which is _always_ sung in Harvard Hall on Commencement
+day." In his account of some of the exercises attendant upon the
+Commencement at Harvard College in 1848, Professor Sidney Willard
+observes: "At the Commencement dinner the sitting is not of long
+duration; and we retired from table soon after the singing of the
+Psalm, which, with some variation in the version, has been sung on
+the same occasion from time immemorial."--_Memoirs of Youth and
+Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 65.
+
+But that we cannot take these accounts as correct in their full
+extent, appears from an entry in the MS. Diary of Chief Justice
+Sewall relating to a Commencement in 1685, which he closes with
+these words: "After Dinner ye 3d part of ye 103d Ps. was sung in
+ye Hall."
+
+In the year 1793, at the dinner on Commencement Day, the Rev.
+Joseph Willard, then President of the College, requested Mr.
+afterwards Dr. John Pierce, to set the tune to the Psalm; with
+which request having complied to the satisfaction of all present,
+he from that period until the time of his death, in 1849,
+performed this service, being absent only on one occasion. Those
+who have attended Commencement dinners during the latter part of
+this period cannot but associate with this hallowed Psalm the
+venerable appearance and the benevolent countenance of this
+excellent man.
+
+In presenting a list of the different versions in which this Psalm
+has been sung, it must not be supposed that entire correctness has
+been reached; the very scanty accounts which remain render this
+almost impossible, but from these, which on a question of greater
+importance might be considered hardly sufficient, it would appear
+that the following are the versions in which the sons of Harvard
+have been accustomed to sing the Psalm of the son of Jesse.
+
+1.--_The New England Version_.
+
+"In 1639 there was an agreement amo. ye Magistrates and Ministers
+to set aside ye Psalms then printed at ye end of their Bibles, and
+sing one more congenial to their ideas of religion." Rev. Mr.
+Richard Mather of Dorchester, and Rev. Mr. Thomas Weld and Rev.
+Mr. John Eliot of Roxbury, were selected to make a metrical
+translation, to whom the Rev. Thomas Shepard of Cambridge gives
+the following metrical caution:--
+
+ "Ye Roxbury poets, keep clear of ye crime
+  Of missing to give us very good rhyme,
+  And you of Dorchester, your verses lengthen,
+  But with the texts own words you will y'm strengthen."
+
+The version of this ministerial trio was printed in the year 1640,
+at Cambridge, and has the honor of being the first production of
+the North American press that rises to the dignity of _a book_. It
+was entitled, "The Psalms newly turned into Metre." A second
+edition was printed in 1647. "It was more to be commended,
+however," says Mr. Peirce, in his History of Harvard University,
+"for its fidelity to the text, than for the elegance of its
+versification, which, having been executed by persons of different
+tastes and talents, was not only very uncouth, but deficient in
+uniformity. President Dunster, who was an excellent Oriental
+scholar, and possessed the other requisite qualifications for the
+task, was employed to revise and polish it; and in two or three
+years, with the assistance of Mr. Richard Lyon, a young gentleman
+who was sent from England by Sir Henry Mildmay to attend his son,
+then a student in Harvard College, he produced a work, which,
+under the appellation of the 'Bay Psalm-Book,' was, for a long
+time, the received version in the New England congregations, was
+also used in many societies in England and Scotland, and passed
+through a great number of editions, both at home and abroad."--p.
+14.
+
+The Seventy-eighth Psalm is thus rendered in the first edition:--
+
+  Give listning eare unto my law,
+    Yee people that are mine,
+  Unto the sayings of my mouth
+    Doe yee your eare incline.
+
+  My mouth I'le ope in parables,
+    I'le speak hid things of old:
+  Which we have heard, and knowne: and which
+    Our fathers have us told.
+
+  Them from their children wee'l not hide,
+    To th' after age shewing
+  The Lords prayses; his strength, and works
+    Of his wondrous doing.
+
+  In Jacob he a witnesse set,
+    And put in Israell
+  A law, which he our fathers charg'd
+    They should their children tell:
+
+  That th' age to come, and children which
+    Are to be borne might know;
+  That they might rise up and the same
+    Unto their children show.
+
+  That they upon the mighty God
+    Their confidence might set:
+  And Gods works and his commandment
+    Might keep and not forget,
+
+  And might not like their fathers be,
+    A stiffe, stout race; a race
+  That set not right their hearts: nor firme
+    With God their spirit was.
+
+The Bay Psalm-Book underwent many changes in the various editions
+through which it passed, nor was this psalm left untouched, as
+will be seen by referring to the twenty-sixth edition, published
+in 1744, and to the edition of 1758, revised and corrected, with
+additions, by Mr. Thomas Prince.
+
+2.--_Watts's Version_.
+
+The Psalms and Hymns of Dr. Isaac Watts were first published in
+this country by Dr. Franklin, in the year 1741. His version is as
+follows:--
+
+  Let children hear the mighty deeds
+    Which God performed of old;
+  Which in our younger years we saw,
+    And which our fathers told.
+
+  He bids us make his glories known,
+    His works of power and grace,
+  And we'll convey his wonders down
+    Through every rising race.
+
+  Our lips shall tell them to our sons,
+    And they again to theirs,
+  That generations yet unborn
+    May teach them to their heirs.
+
+  Thus shall they learn in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands,
+  That they may ne'er forget his works,
+    But practise his commands;
+
+3.--_Brady and Tate's Version_.
+
+In the year 1803, the Seventy-eighth Psalm was first printed on a
+small sheet and placed under every plate, which practice has since
+been always adopted. The version of that year was from Brady and
+Tate's collection, first published in London in 1698, and in this
+country about the year 1739. It was sung to the tune of St.
+Martin's in 1805, as appears from a memorandum in ink on the back
+of one of the sheets for that year, which reads, "Sung in the
+hall, Commencement Day, tune St. Martin's, 1805." From the
+statements of graduates of the last century, it seems that this
+had been the customary tune for some time previous to this year,
+and it is still retained as a precious legacy of the past. St.
+Martin's was composed by William Tans'ur in the year 1735. The
+following is the version of Brady and Tate:--
+
+  Hear, O my people; to my law
+    Devout attention lend;
+  Let the instruction of my mouth
+    Deep in your hearts descend.
+
+  My tongue, by inspiration taught,
+    Shall parables unfold,
+  Dark oracles, but understood,
+    And owned for truths of old;
+
+  Which we from sacred registers
+    Of ancient times have known,
+  And our forefathers' pious care
+    To us has handed down.
+
+  We will not hide them from our sons;
+    Our offspring shall be taught
+  The praises of the Lord, whose strength
+    Has works of wonders wrought.
+
+  For Jacob he this law ordained,
+    This league with Israel made;
+  With charge, to be from age to age,
+    From race to race, conveyed,
+
+  That generations yet to come
+    Should to their unborn heirs
+  Religiously transmit the same,
+    And they again to theirs.
+
+  To teach them that in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands;
+  That they should ne'er his works forget,
+    But keep his just commands.
+
+4.--_From Belknap's Collection_.
+
+This collection was first published by the Rev. Dr. Jeremy
+Belknap, at Boston, in 1795. The version of the Seventy-eighth
+Psalm is partly from that of Brady and Tate, and partly from Dr.
+Watts's, with a few slight variations. It succeeded the version of
+Brady and Tate about the year 1820, and is the one which is now
+used. The first three stanzas were written by Brady and Tate; the
+last three by Dr. Watts. It has of late been customary to omit the
+last stanza in singing and in printing.
+
+  Give ear, ye children;[62] to my law
+    Devout attention lend;
+  Let the instructions[63] of my mouth
+    Deep in your hearts descend.
+
+  My tongue, by inspiration taught,
+    Shall parables unfold;
+  Dark oracles, but understood,
+    And owned for truths of old;
+
+  Which we from sacred registers
+    Of ancient times have known,
+  And our forefathers' pious care
+    To us has handed down.
+
+  Let children learn[64] the mighty deeds
+    Which God performed of old;
+  Which, in our younger years we saw,
+    And which our fathers told.
+
+  Our lips shall tell them to our sons,
+    And they again to theirs;
+  That generations yet unborn
+    May teach them to their heirs.
+
+  Thus shall they learn in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands;
+  That they may ne'er forget his works,
+    But practise his commands.
+
+It has been supposed by some that the version of the
+Seventy-eighth Psalm by Sternhold and Hopkins, whose spiritual
+songs were usually printed, as appears above, "at ye end of their
+Bibles," was the first which was sung at Commencement dinners; but
+this does not seem at all probable, since the first Commencement
+at Cambridge did not take place until 1642, at which time the "Bay
+Psalm-Book," written by three of the most popular ministers of the
+day, had already been published two years.
+
+
+SHADY. Among students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+epithet of depreciation, equivalent to MILD and SLOW.--_Bristed_.
+
+Some ... are rather _shady_ in Greek and Latin.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 147.
+
+My performances on the Latin verse paper were very
+_shady_.--_Ibid._, p. 191.
+
+
+SHARK. In student language, an absence from a recitation, a
+lecture, or from prayers, prompted by recklessness rather than by
+necessity, is called a _shark_. He who is absent under these
+circumstances is also known as a shark.
+
+  The Monitors' task is now quite done,
+    They 've pencilled all their marks,
+  "Othello's occupation's gone,"--
+    No more look out for _sharks_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 45.
+
+
+SHEEPSKIN. The parchment diploma received by students on taking
+their degree at college. "In the back settlements are many
+clergymen who have not had the advantages of a liberal education,
+and who consequently have no diplomas. Some of these look upon
+their more favored brethren with a little envy. A clergyman is
+said to have a _sheepskin_, or to be a _sheepskin_, when educated
+at college."--_Bartlett's Dict. of Americanisms_.
+
+This apostle of ourn never rubbed his back agin a college, nor
+toted about no _sheepskins_,--no, never!... How you'd a perished
+in your sins, if the first preachers had stayed till they got
+_sheepskins_.--_Carlton's New Purchase_.
+
+I can say as well as the best on them _sheepskins_, if you don't
+get religion and be saved, you'll be lost, teetotally and for
+ever.--(_Sermon of an Itinerant Preacher at a Camp
+Meeting_.)--_Ibid._
+
+As for John Prescot, he not only lost the valedictory, but barely
+escaped with his "_sheepskin_."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. X. p. 74.
+
+That handsome Senior ... receives his _sheepskin_ from the
+dispensing hand of our worthy Prex.--_Ibid._, Vol. XIX. p. 355.
+
+  When first I saw a "_Sheepskin_,"
+    In Prex's hand I spied it.
+    _Yale Coll. Song_.
+
+  We came to college fresh and green,--
+  We go back home with a huge _sheepskin_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 43.
+
+
+SHIN. To tease or hector a person by kicking his shins. In some
+colleges this is one of the means which the Sophomores adopt to
+torment the Freshmen, especially when playing at football, or
+other similar games.
+
+We have been _shinned_, smoked, ducked, and accelerated by the
+encouraging shouts of our generous friends.--_Yale Banger_, Nov.
+10, 1846.
+
+
+SHINE. At Harvard College this word was formerly used to designate
+a good recitation. Used in the phrase, "_to make a shine_."
+
+
+SHINNY. At Princeton College, the game of _Shinny_, known also by
+the names of _Hawky_ and _Hurly_, is as great a favorite with the
+students as is football at other colleges. "The players," says a
+correspondent, "are each furnished with a stick four or five feet
+in length and one and a half or two inches in diameter, curved at
+one end, the object of which is to give the ball a surer blow. The
+ball is about three inches in diameter, bound with thick leather.
+The players are divided into two parties, arranged along from one
+goal to the other. The ball is then '_bucked_' by two players, one
+from each side, which is done by one of these two taking the ball
+and asking his opponent which he will have, 'high or low'; if he
+says 'high,' the ball is thrown up midway between them; if he says
+'low,' the ball is thrown on the ground. The game is opened by a
+scuffle between these two for the ball. The other players then
+join in, one party knocking towards North College, which is one
+'home' (as it is termed), and the other towards the fence bounding
+the south side of the _Campus_, the other home. Whichever party
+first gets the ball home wins the game. A grand contest takes
+place annually between the Juniors and Sophomores, in this game."
+
+
+SHIP. Among collegians, one expelled from college is said to be
+_shipped_.
+
+  For I, you know, am but a college minion,
+  But still, you'll all be _shipped_, in my opinion,
+    When brought before Conventus Facultatis.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+He may be overhauled, warned, admonished, dismissed, _shipped_,
+rusticated, sent off, suspended.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, _Yale
+Coll._, 1852-53, p. 25.
+
+
+SHIPWRECK. Among students, a total failure.
+
+His university course has been a _shipwreck_, and he will probably
+end by going out unnoticed among the [Greek:
+_polloi_].--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+56.
+
+
+SHORT-EAR. At Jefferson College, Penn., a soubriquet for a
+roistering, noisy fellow; a rowdy. Opposed to _long-ear_.
+
+
+SHORT TERM. At Oxford, Eng., the extreme duration of residence in
+any college is under thirty weeks. "It is possible to keep '_short
+terms_,' as the phrase is, by residence of thirteen weeks, or
+ninety-one days."--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 274.
+
+
+SIDE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the set of pupils
+belonging to any one particular tutor is called his _side_.
+
+A longer discourse he will perhaps have to listen to with the rest
+of his _side_.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 281.
+
+A large college has usually two tutors,--Trinity has three,--and
+the students are equally divided among them,--_on their sides_ the
+phrase is.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+11.
+
+
+SILVER CUP. At Trinity College, Hartford, this is a testimonial
+voted by each graduating class to the first legitimate boy whose
+father is a member of the class.
+
+At Yale College, a theory of this kind prevails, but it has never
+yet been carried into practice.
+
+  I tell you what, my classmates,
+    My mind it is made up,
+  I'm coming back three years from this,
+    To take that _silver cup_.
+  I'll bring along the "requisite,"
+    A little white-haired lad,
+  With "bib" and fixings all complete,
+    And I shall be his "dad."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+See CLASS CUP.
+
+
+SIM. Abbreviated from _Simeonite_. A nickname given by the rowing
+men at the University of Cambridge, Eng., to evangelicals, and to
+all religious men, or even quiet men generally.
+
+While passing for a terribly hard reading man, and a "_Sim_" of
+the straitest kind with the "empty bottles,"... I was fast lapsing
+into a state of literary sensualism.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 39, 40.
+
+
+SIR. It was formerly the fashion in the older American colleges to
+call a Bachelor of Arts, Sir; this was sometimes done at the time
+when the Seniors were accepted for that degree.
+
+Voted, Sept. 5th, 1763, "that _Sir_ Sewall, B.A., be the
+Instructor in the Hebrew and other learned languages for three
+years."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 234.
+
+December, 1790. Some time in this month, _Sir_ Adams resigned the
+berth of Butler, and _Sir_ Samuel Shapleigh was chosen in his
+stead.--_MS. Journal, Harv. Coll._
+
+Then succeeded Cliosophic Oration in Latin, by _Sir_ Meigs.
+Poetical Composition in English, by _Sir_ Barlow.--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Disc._, p. 121.
+
+The author resided in Cambridge after he graduated. In common with
+all who had received the degree of Bachelor of Arts and not that
+of Master of Arts, he was called "_Sir_," and known as "_Sir_
+Seccomb."
+
+Some of the "_Sirs_" as well as undergraduates were arraigned
+before the college government.--_Father Abbey's Will_, Cambridge,
+Mass., 1854, p. 7.
+
+
+SITTING OF THE SOLSTICES. It was customary, in the early days of
+Harvard College, for the graduates of the year to attend in the
+recitation-room on Mondays and Tuesdays, for three weeks, during
+the month of June, subject to the examination of all who chose to
+visit them. This was called the _Sitting of the Solstices_,
+because it happened in midsummer, or at the time of the summer
+solstice. The time was also known as the _Weeks of Visitation_.
+
+
+SIZAR, SISAR, SIZER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+student of the third rank, or that next below that of a pensioner,
+who eats at the public table after the fellows, free of expense.
+It was formerly customary for _every fellow-commoner_ to have his
+_sizar_, to whom he allowed a certain portion of commons, or
+victuals and drink, weekly, but no money; and for this the sizar
+was obliged to do him certain services daily.
+
+A lower order of students were called _sub-sizars_. In reference
+to this class, we take the following from the Gentleman's
+Magazine, 1787, p. 1146. "At King's College, they were styled
+_hounds_. The situation of a sub-sizar being looked upon in so
+degrading a light probably occasioned the extinction of the order.
+But as the sub-sizars had certain assistances in return for their
+humiliating services, and as the poverty of parents stood in need
+of such assistances for their sons, some of the sizars undertook
+the same offices for the same advantages. The master's sizar,
+therefore, waited upon him for the sake of his commons, etc., as
+the sub-sizar had done; and the other sizars did the same office
+to the fellows for the advantage of the remains of their commons.
+Thus the term sub-sizar became forgotten, and the sizar was
+supposed to be the same as the _servitor_. But if a sizar did not
+choose to accept of these assistances upon such degrading terms,
+he dined in his own room, and was called a _proper sizar_. He wore
+the same gown as the others, and his tutorage, etc. was no higher;
+but there was nothing servile in his situation."--"Now, indeed,
+all (or almost all) the colleges in Cambridge have allowed the
+sizars every advantage of the remains of the fellows' commons,
+etc., though they have very liberally exempted them from every
+servile office."
+
+Another writer in the same periodical, 1795, p. 21, says: The
+sizar "is very much like the _scholars_ at Westminster, Eton, &c.,
+who are on the _foundation_; and is, in a manner, the
+_half-boarder_ in private academies. The name was derived from the
+menial services in which he was occasionally engaged; being in
+former days compelled to transport the plates, dishes, _sizes_,
+and platters, to and from the tables of his superiors."
+
+A writer in the Encyclopædia Britannica, at the close of the
+article SIZAR, says of this class: "But though their education is
+thus obtained at a less expense, they are not now considered as a
+menial order; for sizars, pensioner-scholars, and even sometimes
+fellow-commoners, mix together with the utmost cordiality."
+
+"Sizars," says Bristed, "answer to the beneficiaries of American
+colleges. They receive pecuniary assistance from the college, and
+dine gratis after the fellows on the remains of their table. These
+'remains' are very liberally construed, the sizar always having
+fresh vegetables, and frequently fresh tarts and puddings."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 14.
+
+
+SIZE. Food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular
+dinner at commons.
+
+"A _size_" says Minsheu, "is a portion of bread or drinke, it is a
+farthing which schollers in Cambridge have at the buttery; it is
+noted with the letter S. as in Oxford with the letter Q. for halfe
+a farthing; and whereas they say in Oxford, to battle in the
+Buttery Booke, i.e. to set downe on their names what they take in
+bread, drinke, butter, cheese, &c.; so, in Cambridge, they say, to
+_size_, i.e. to set downe their quantum, i.e. how much they take
+on their name in the Buttery Booke."
+
+In the Poems of the Rev. Dr. Dodd, a _size_ of bread is described
+as "half a half-penny 'roll.'" Grose, also, in the Provincial
+Glossary, says "it signifies the half part of a halfpenny loaf,
+and comes from _scindo_, I cut."
+
+In the Encyclopædia Britannica is the following explanation of
+this term. "A _size_ of anything is the smallest quantity of that
+thing which can be thus bought" [i.e. by students in addition to
+their commons in the hall]; "two _sizes_, or a part of beef, being
+nearly equal to what a young person will eat of that dish to his
+dinner, and a _size_ of ale or beer being equal to half an English
+pint." It would seem, then, that formerly a _size_ was a small
+plateful of any eatable; the word now means anything had by
+students at dinner over and above the usual commons.
+
+Of its derivation Webster remarks, "Either contracted from
+_assize_, or from the Latin _scissus_. I take it to be from the
+former, and from the sense of setting, as we apply the word to the
+_assize_ of bread."
+
+This word was introduced into the older American colleges from
+Cambridge, England, and was used for many years, as was also the
+word _sizing_, with the same meaning. In 1750, the Corporation of
+Harvard College voted, "that the quantity of commons be as hath
+been usual, viz. two _sizes_ of bread in the morning; one pound of
+meat at dinner, with sufficient sauce [vegetables], and a
+half-pint of beer; and at night that a part pie be of the same
+quantity as usual, and also half a pint of beer; and that the
+supper messes be but of four parts, though the dinner messes be of
+six."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Coll._, Vol. II. p. 97.
+
+The students of that day, if we may judge from the accounts which
+we have of their poor commons, would have used far different
+words, in addressing the Faculty, from King Lear, who, speaking to
+his daughter Regan, says:--
+
+       "'T is not in thee
+  To grudge my pleasures,...
+    ... to scant my _sizes_."
+
+
+SIZE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., to _size_ is to order
+any sort of victuals from the kitchens which the students may want
+in their rooms, or in addition to their commons in the hall, and
+for which they pay the cooks or butchers at the end of each
+quarter; a word corresponding to BATTEL at Oxford.--_Encyc. Brit._
+
+In the Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 21, a writer says: "At
+dinner, to _size_ is to order for yourself any little luxury that
+may chance to tempt you in addition to the general fare, for which
+you are expected to pay the cook at the end of the term."
+
+This word was formerly used in the older American colleges with
+the meaning given above, as will be seen by the following extracts
+from the laws of Harvard and Yale.
+
+"When they come into town after commons, they may be allowed to
+_size_ a meal at the kitchen."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+39.
+
+"At the close of each quarter, the Butler shall make up his bill
+against each student, in which every article _sized_ or taken up
+by him at the Buttery shall be particularly charged."--_Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1811, p. 31.
+
+"As a college term," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "it is of
+very considerable antiquity. In the comedy called 'The Return from
+Parnassus,' 1606, one of the character says, 'You that are one of
+the Devil's Fellow-Commoners; one that _sizeth_ the Devil's
+butteries,' &c. Again, in the same: 'Fidlers, I use to _size_ my
+music, or go on the score for it.'"
+
+_For_ is often used after the verb _size_, without changing the
+meaning of the expression.
+
+The tables of the Undergraduates, arranged according to their
+respective years, are supplied with abundance of plain joints, and
+vegetables, and beer and ale _ad libitum_, besides which, soup,
+pastry, and cheese can be "_sized for_," that is, brought in
+portions to individuals at an extra charge.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 19.
+
+_To size upon another_. To order extra food, and without
+permission charge it to another's account.
+
+If any one shall _size upon another_, he shall be fined a
+Shilling, and pay the Damage; and every Freshman sent [for
+victuals] must declare that he who sends him is the only Person to
+be charged.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 10.
+
+
+SIZING. Extra food or drink ordered from the buttery; the act of
+ordering extra food or drink from the buttery.
+
+Dr. Holyoke, who graduated at Harvard College in 1746, says: "The
+breakfast was two _sizings_ of bread and a cue of beer." Judge
+Wingate, who graduated a little later, says: "We were allowed at
+dinner a cue of beer, which was a half-pint, and a _sizing_ of
+bread, which I cannot describe to you. It was quite sufficient for
+one dinner."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 219.
+
+From more definite accounts it would seem that a sizing of biscuit
+was one biscuit, and a sizing of cracker, two crackers. A certain
+amount of food was allowed to each mess, and if any person wanted
+more than the allowance, it was the custom to tell the waiter to
+bring a sizing of whatever was wished, provided it was obtained
+from the commons kitchen; for this payment was made at the close
+of the term. A sizing of cheese was nearly an ounce, and a sizing
+of cider varied from a half-pint to a pint and a half.
+
+The Steward shall, at the close of every quarter, immediately fill
+up the columns of commons and _sizings_, and shall deliver the
+bill, &c.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 58.
+
+The Butler shall frequently inspect his book of
+_sizings_.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+Whereas young scholars, to the dishonor of God, hinderance of
+their studies, and damage of their friends' estate,
+inconsiderately and intemperately are ready to abuse their liberty
+of _sizing_ besides their commons; therefore the Steward shall in
+no case permit any students whatever, under the degree of Masters
+of Arts, or Fellows, to expend or be provided for themselves or
+any townsmen any extraordinary commons, unless by the allowance of
+the President, &c., or in case of sickness.--Orders written 28th
+March, 1650.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 583.
+
+This term, together with the verb and noun _size_, which had been
+in use at Harvard and Yale Colleges since their foundation, has of
+late been little heard, and with the extinction of commons has,
+with the others, fallen wholly, and probably for ever, into
+disuse.
+
+The use of this word and its collaterals is still retained in the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.
+
+Along the wall you see two tables, which, though less carefully
+provided than the Fellows', are still served with tolerable
+decency, and go through a regular second course instead of the
+"_sizings_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+20.
+
+
+SIZING PARTY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., where this
+term is used, a "_sizing party_" says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam,
+"differs from a supper in this; viz. at a sizing party every one
+of the guests contributes his _part_, i.e. orders what he pleases,
+at his own expense, to his friend's rooms,--'a _part_ of fowl' or
+duck; a roasted pigeon; 'a _part_ of apple pie.' A sober beaker of
+brandy, or rum, or hollands and water, concludes the
+entertainment. In our days, a bowl of bishop, or milk punch, with
+a chant, generally winds up the carousal."
+
+
+SKIN. At Yale College, to obtain a knowledge of a lesson by
+hearing it read by another; also, to borrow another's ideas and
+present them as one's own; to plagiarize; to become possessed of
+information in an examination or a recitation by unfair or secret
+means. "In our examinations," says a correspondent, "many of the
+fellows cover the palms of their hands with dates, and when called
+upon for a given date, they read it off directly from their hands.
+Such persons _skin_."
+
+The tutor employs the crescent when it is evident that the lesson
+has been _skinned_, according to the college vocabulary, in which
+case he usually puts a minus sign after it, with the mark which he
+in all probability would have used had not the lesson been
+_skinned_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1846.
+
+Never _skin_ a lesson which it requires any ability to
+learn.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 81.
+
+He has passively admitted what he has _skinned_ from other
+grammarians.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1846.
+
+Perhaps the youth who so barefacedly _skinned_ the song referred
+to, fondly fancied, &c.--_The Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+He uttered that remarkable prophecy which Horace has so boldly
+_skinned_ and called his own.--_Burial of Euclid_, Nov. 1850.
+
+A Pewter medal is awarded in the Senior Class, for the most
+remarkable example of _skinned_ Composition.--_Burlesque
+Catalogue, Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 29.
+
+Classical men were continually tempted to "_skin_" (copy) the
+solutions of these examples.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 381.
+
+_To skin ahead_; at Hamilton College, to read a lesson over in the
+class immediately before reciting.
+
+
+SKIN. A lesson learned by hearing it read by another; borrowed
+ideas; anything plagiarized.
+
+  'T was plenty of _skin_ with a good deal of Bohn.[65]
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee, Yale Coll._, 1855.
+
+
+SKINNING. Learning, or the act of learning, a lesson by hearing it
+read by another; plagiarizing.
+
+Alas for our beloved orations! acquired by _skinning_, looking on,
+and ponies.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+Barefaced copying from books and reviews in their compositions is
+familiar to our students, as much so as "_skinning_" their
+mathematical examples.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 394.
+
+
+SKUNK. At Princeton College, to fail to pay a debt; used actively;
+e.g. to _skunk_ a tailor, i.e. not to pay him.
+
+
+SLANG. To scold, chide, rebuke. The use of this word as a verb is
+in a measure peculiar to students.
+
+These drones are posted separately as "not worthy to be classed,"
+and privately _slanged_ afterwards by the Master and
+Seniors.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 74.
+
+"I am afraid of going to T------," you may hear it said; "he don't
+_slang_ his men enough."--_Ibid._, p. 148.
+
+His vanity is sure to be speedily checked, and first of all by his
+private tutor, who "_slangs_" him for a mistake here or an
+inelegancy there.--_Ibid._, p. 388.
+
+
+SLANGING. Abusing, chiding, blaming.
+
+As he was not backward in _slanging_,--one of the requisites of a
+good coach,--he would give it to my unfortunate composition right
+and left.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+166.
+
+
+SLEEPING OVER. A phrase equivalent to being absent from prayers.
+
+You may see some who have just arisen from their beds, where they
+have enjoyed the luxury of "_sleeping over_."--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+202.
+
+
+SLOW. An epithet of depreciation, especially among students.
+
+Its equivalent slang is to be found in the phrases, "no great
+shakes," and "small potatoes."--_Bristed_.
+
+One very well disposed and very tipsy man who was great upon
+boats, but very _slow_ at books, endeavored to pacify
+me.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 82.
+
+  The Juniors vainly attempted to show
+  That Sophs and Seniors were somewhat _slow_
+  In talent and ability.
+    _Sophomore Independent, Union College_, Nov. 1854.
+
+
+SLOW-COACH. A dull, stupid fellow.
+
+
+SLUM. A word once in use at Yale College, of which a graduate of
+the year 1821 has given the annexed explanation. "That noted dish
+to which our predecessors, of I know not what date, gave the name
+of _slum_, which was our ordinary breakfast, consisting of the
+remains of yesterday's boiled salt-beef and potatoes, hashed up,
+and indurated in a frying-pan, was of itself enough to have
+produced any amount of dyspepsia. There are stomachs, it may be,
+which can put up with any sort of food, and any mode of cookery;
+but they are not those of students. I remember an anecdote which
+President Day gave us (as an instance of hasty generalization),
+which would not be inappropriate here: 'A young physician,
+commencing practice, determined to keep an account of each case he
+had to do with, stating the mode of treatment and the result. His
+first patient was a blacksmith, sick of a fever. After the crisis
+of the disease had passed, the man expressed a hankering for pork
+and cabbage. The doctor humored him in this, and it seemed to do
+him good; which was duly noted in the record. Next a tailor sent
+for him, whom he found suffering from the same malady. To him he
+_prescribed_ pork and cabbage; and the patient died. Whereupon, he
+wrote it down as a general law in such cases, that pork and
+cabbage will cure a blacksmith, but will kill a tailor.' Now,
+though the son of Vulcan found the pork and cabbage harmless, I am
+sure that _slum_ would have been a match for him."--_Scenes and
+Characters at College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 117.
+
+
+SLUMP. German _schlump_; Danish and Swedish _slump_, a hap or
+chance, an accident; that is, a fall.
+
+At Harvard College, a poor recitation.
+
+
+SLUMP. At Harvard College, to recite badly; to make a poor
+recitation.
+
+  In fact, he'd rather dead than dig;
+        he'd rather _slump_ than squirt.
+    _Poem before the Y.H. of Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+  _Slumping_ is his usual custom,
+    Deading is his road to fame.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+  At recitations, unprepared, he _slumps_,
+  Then cuts a week, and feigns he has the mumps.
+    _MS. Poem_, by F.E. Felton.
+
+The usual signification of this word is given by Webster, as
+follows: "To fall or sink suddenly into water or mud, when walking
+on a hard surface, as on ice or frozen ground, not strong enough
+to bear the person." To which he adds: "This legitimate word is in
+common and respectable use in New England, and its signification
+is so appropriate, that no other word will supply its place."
+
+From this meaning, the transfer is, by analogy, very easy and
+natural, and the application very correct, to a poor recitation.
+
+
+SMALL-COLLEGE. The name by which an inferior college in the
+English universities is known.
+
+A "_Small-College_" man was Senior Wrangler.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 61.
+
+
+SMALL-COLLEGER. A member of a Small-College.
+
+The two Latin prizes and the English poem [were carried off] by a
+_Small-Colleger_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 113.
+
+The idea of a _Small-Colleger_ beating all Trinity was deemed
+preposterous.--_Ibid._, p. 127.
+
+
+SMALLS, or SMALL-GO. At the University of Oxford, an examination
+in the second year. See LITTLE-GO; PREVIOUS EXAMINATION.
+
+At the _Smalls_, as the previous Examination is here called, each
+examiner sends in his Greek and Latin book.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 139.
+
+It follows that the _Smalls_ is a more formidable examination than
+the Little-Go.--_Ibid._, p. 139.
+
+
+SMASH. At the Wesleyan University, a total failure in reciting is
+called a _smash_.
+
+
+SMILE. A small quantity of any spirituous liquor, or enough to
+give one a pleasant feeling.
+
+  Hast ta'en a "_smile_" at Brigham's.
+    _Poem before the Iadma_, 1850, p. 7.
+
+
+SMOKE. In some colleges, one of the means made use of by the
+Sophomores to trouble the Freshmen is to blow smoke into their
+rooms until they are compelled to leave, or, in other words, until
+they are _smoked out_. When assafoetida is mingled with the
+tobacco, the sensation which ensues, as the foul effluvium is
+gently wafted through the keyhole, is anything but pleasing to the
+olfactory nerves.
+
+  Or when, in conclave met, the unpitying wights
+  _Smoke_ the young trembler into "College rights":
+  O spare my tender youth! he, suppliant, cries,
+  In vain, in vain; redoubled clouds arise,
+  While the big tears adown his visage roll,
+  Caused by the smoke, and sorrow of his soul.
+    _College Life, by J.C. Richmond_, p. 4.
+
+They would lock me in if I left my key outside, _smoke me out_,
+duck me, &c.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 74.
+
+I would not have you sacrifice all these advantages for the sake
+_of smoking_ future Freshmen.--_Burial of Euclid_, 1850, p. 10.
+
+A correspondent from the University of Vermont gives the following
+account of a practical joke, which we do not suppose is very often
+played in all its parts. "They 'train' Freshmen in various ways;
+the most _classic_ is to take a pumpkin, cut a piece from the top,
+clean it, put in two pounds of 'fine cut,' put it on the
+Freshman's table, and then, all standing round with long
+pipe-stems, blow into it the fire placed in the _tobac_, and so
+fill the room with smoke, then put the Freshman to bed, with the
+pumpkin for a nightcap."
+
+
+SMOUGE. At Hamilton College, to obtain without leave.
+
+
+SMUT. Vulgar, obscene conversation. Language which obtains
+
+ "Where Bacchus ruleth all that's done,
+  And Venus all that's said."
+
+
+SMUTTY. Possessing the qualities of obscene conversation. Applied
+also to the person who uses such conversation.
+
+
+SNOB. In the English universities, a townsman, as opposed to a
+student; or a blackguard, as opposed to a gentleman; a loafer
+generally.--_Bristed_.
+
+  They charged the _Snobs_ against their will,
+    And shouted clear and lustily.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab_, p. 69.
+
+Used in the same sense at some American colleges.
+
+2. A mean or vulgar person; particularly, one who apes gentility.
+--_Halliwell_.
+
+Used both in England and the United States, "and recently," says
+Webster, "introduced into books as a term of derision."
+
+
+SNOBBESS. In the English universities, a female _snob_.
+
+Effeminacies like these, induced, no doubt, by the flattering
+admiration of the fair _snobbesses_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p.
+116.
+
+
+SNOBBISH. Belonging to or resembling a _snob_.
+
+
+SNOBBY. Low; vulgar; resembling or pertaining to a _snob_.
+
+
+SNUB. To reprimand; check; rebuke. Used among students, more
+frequently than by any other class of persons.
+
+
+SOPH. In the University of Cambridge, England, an abbreviation of
+SOPHISTER.--_Webster_.
+
+On this word, Crabb, in his _Technological Dictionary_, says: "A
+certain distinction or title which undergraduates in the
+University at Oxford assume, previous to their examination for a
+degree. It took its rise in the exercises which students formerly
+had to go through, but which are now out of use."
+
+  Three College _Sophs_, and three pert Templars came,
+  The same their talents, and their tastes the same.
+    _Pope's Dunciad_, B. II. v. 389, 390.
+
+2. In the American colleges, an abbreviation of Sophomore.
+
+  _Sophs_ wha ha' in Commons fed!
+  _Sophs_ wha ha' in Commons bled!
+  _Sophs_ wha ne'er from Commons fled!
+    Puddings, steaks, or wines!
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 52.
+
+The _Sophs_ did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+Fresh, as they call us.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+The _Sophs_ were victorious at every point.--_Yale Banger_, Nov.
+10, 1846.
+
+My Chum, a _Soph_, says he committed himself too soon.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 118.
+
+
+SOPHIC. A contraction of sophomoric.
+
+  So then the _Sophic_ army
+    Came on in warlike glee.
+    _The Battle of the Ball_, 1853.
+
+
+SOPHIMORE. The old manner of spelling what is now known as
+SOPHOMORE.
+
+The President may give Leave for the _Sophimores_ to take out some
+particular Books.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 23.
+
+His favorite researches, however, are discernible in his
+observations on a comet, which appeared in the beginning of his
+_Sophimore_ year.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 13.
+
+I aver thou hast never been a corporal in the militia, or a
+_sophimore_ at college.--_The Algerine Captive_, Walpole, 1797,
+Vol. I. p. 68.
+
+
+SOPHISH GOWN. Among certain gownsmen, a gown that bears the marks
+of much service; "a thing of shreds and patches."--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+SOPHIST. A name given to the undergraduates at Cambridge, England.
+--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+
+SOPHISTER. Greek, [Greek: sophistaes]. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., the title of students who are advanced beyond the
+first year of their residence. The entire course at the University
+consists of three years and one term, during which the students
+have the titles of First-Year Men, or Freshmen; Second-Year Men,
+or Junior Sophs or Sophisters; Third-Year Men, or Senior Sophs or
+Sophisters; and, in the last term, Questionists, with reference to
+the approaching examination. In the older American colleges, the
+Junior and Senior Classes were originally called Junior Sophisters
+and Senior Sophisters. The term is also used at Oxford and Dublin.
+--_Webster_.
+
+And in case any of the _Sophisters_ fail in the premises required
+at their hands, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+
+SOPHOMORE. One belonging to the second of the four classes in an
+American college.
+
+Professor Goodrich, in his unabridged edition of Dr. Webster's
+Dictionary, gives the following interesting account of this word.
+"This word has generally been considered as an 'American
+barbarism,' but was probably introduced into our country, at a
+very early period, from the University of Cambridge, Eng. Among
+the cant terms at that University, as given in the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, we find _Soph-Mor_ as 'the next distinctive
+appellation to Freshman.' It is added, that 'a writer in the
+Gentlemen's Magazine thinks _mor_ an abbreviation of the Greek
+[Greek: moria], introduced at a time when the _Encomium Moriæ_,
+the Praise of Folly, by Erasmus, was so generally used.' The
+ordinary derivation of the word, from [Greek: sofos] and [Greek:
+moros] would seem, therefore, to be incorrect. The younger Sophs
+at Cambridge appear, formerly, to have received the adjunct _mor_
+([Greek: moros]) to their names, either as one which they courted
+for the reason mentioned above, or as one given them in sport, for
+the supposed exhibition of inflated feeling in entering on their
+new honors. The term, thus applied, seems to have passed, at a
+very early period, from Cambridge in England to Cambridge in
+America, as 'the next distinctive appellation to Freshman,' and
+thus to have been attached to the second of the four classes in
+our American colleges; while it has now almost ceased to be known,
+even as a cant word, at the parent institution in England whence
+it came. This derivation of the word is rendered more probable by
+the fact, that the early spelling was, to a great extent at least,
+Soph_i_more, as appears from the manuscripts of President Stiles
+of Yale College, and the records of Harvard College down to the
+period of the American Revolution. This would be perfectly natural
+if _Soph_ or _Sophister_ was considered as the basis of the word,
+but can hardly be explained if the ordinary derivation had then
+been regarded as the true one."
+
+Some further remarks on this word may be found in the Gentleman's
+Magazine, above referred to, 1795, Vol. LXV. p. 818.
+
+
+SOPHOMORE COMMENCEMENT. At Princeton College, it has long been the
+custom for the Sophomore Class, near the time of the Commencement
+at the close of the Senior year, to hold a Commencement in
+imitation of it, at which burlesque and other exercises,
+appropriate to the occasion, are performed. The speakers chosen
+are a Salutatorian, a Poet, an Historian, who reads an account of
+the doings of the Class up to that period, a Valedictorian, &c.,
+&c. A band of music is always in attendance. After the addresses,
+the Class partake of a supper, which is usually prolonged to a
+very late hour. In imitation of the Sophomore Commencement,
+_Burlesque Bills_, as they are called, are prepared and published
+by the Juniors, in which, in a long and formal programme, such
+subjects and speeches are attributed to the members of the
+Sophomore Class as are calculated to expose their weak points.
+
+
+SOPHOMORIC, SOPHOMORICAL. Pertaining to or like a Sophomore.
+
+  Better to face the prowling panther's path,
+  Than meet the storm of _Sophomoric_ wrath.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 22.
+
+We trust he will add by his example no significancy to that pithy
+word, "_Sophomoric_."--_Sketches of Williams Coll._, p. 63.
+
+Another meaning, derived, it would appear, from the
+characteristics of the Sophomore, yet not very creditable to him,
+is _bombastic, inflated in style or manner_.--_J.C. Calhoun_.
+
+Students are looked upon as being necessarily _Sophomorical_ in
+literary matters.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 84.
+
+The Professor told me it was rather _Sophomorical_.--_Sketches of
+Williams Coll._, p. 74.
+
+
+SOPHRONISCUS. At Yale College, this name is given to Arnold's
+Greek Prose Composition, from the fact of its repeated occurrence
+in that work.
+
+  _Sophroniscum_ relinquemus;
+  Et Euclidem comburemus,
+  Ejus vi soluti.
+    _Pow-wow of Class of '58, Yale Coll._
+
+See BALBUS.
+
+
+SPIRT. Among the students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+extraordinary effort of mind or body for a short time. A boat's
+crew _make a spirt_, when they pull fifty yards with all the
+strength they have left. A reading-man _makes_ _a spirt_ when he
+crams twelve hours daily the week before examination.--_Bristed_.
+
+As my ... health was decidedly improving, I now attempted a
+"_spirt_," or what was one for me.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 223.
+
+My amateur Mathematical coach, who was now making his last _spirt_
+for a Fellowship, used to accompany me.--_Ibid._, p. 288.
+
+He reads nine hours a day on a "_spirt_" the fortnight before
+examination.--_Ibid._, p. 327.
+
+
+SPIRTING. Making an extraordinary effort of mind or body for a
+short time.--_Bristed_.
+
+Ants, bees, boat-crews _spirting_ at the Willows,... are but faint
+types of their activity.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 224.
+
+
+SPLURGE. In many colleges, when one is either dashy, or dressed
+more than ordinarily, he is said to _cut a splurge_. A showy
+recitation is often called by the same name. In his Dictionary of
+Americanisms, Mr. Bartlett defines it, "a great effort, a
+demonstration," which is the signification in which this word is
+generally used.
+
+
+SPLURGY. Showy; of greater surface than depth. Applied to a lesson
+which is well rehearsed but little appreciated. Also to literary
+efforts of a certain nature, to character, persons, &c.
+
+They even pronounce his speeches _splurgy_.--_Yale Tomahawk_, May,
+1852.
+
+
+SPOON. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the last of each
+class of the honors is humorously denominated _The Spoon_. Thus,
+the last Wrangler is called the Golden Spoon; the last Senior
+Optime, the Silver Spoon; and the last Junior Optime, the Wooden
+Spoon. The Wooden Spoon, however, is _par excellence_, "The
+Spoon."--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+See WOODEN SPOON.
+
+
+SPOON, SPOONY, SPOONEY. A man who has been drinking till he
+becomes disgusting by his very ridiculous behavior, is said to be
+_spoony_ drunk; and hence it is usual to call a very prating,
+shallow fellow a rank _spoon_.--_Grose_.
+
+Mr. Bartlett, in his Dictionary of Americanisms, says:--"We use
+the word only in the latter sense. The Hon. Mr. Preston, in his
+remarks on the Mexican war, thus quotes from Tom Crib's
+remonstrance against the meanness of a transaction, similar to our
+cries for more vigorous blows on Mexico when she is prostrate:
+
+"'Look down upon Ben,--see him, _dunghill_ all o'er,
+  Insult the fallen foe that can harm him no more.
+  Out, cowardly _spooney_! Again and again,
+  By the fist of my father, I blush for thee, Ben.'
+
+"Ay, you will see all the _spooneys_ that ran, like so many
+_dunghill_ champions, from 54 40, stand by the President for the
+vigorous prosecution of the war upon the body of a prostrate foe."
+--_N.Y. Tribune_, 1847.
+
+Now that year it so happened that the spoon was no
+_spooney_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 218.
+
+Not a few of this party were deluded into a belief, that all
+studious and quiet men were slow, all men of proper self-respect
+exclusives, and all men of courtesy and good-breeding _spoonies_.
+--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 118.
+
+Suppose that rustication was the fate of a few others of our
+acquaintance, whom you cannot call slow, or _spoonies_ either,
+would it be deemed no disgrace by them?--_Ibid._, p. 196.
+
+  When _spoonys_ on two knees, implore the aid of sorcery,
+  To suit their wicked purposes they quickly put the laws awry.
+    _Rejected Addresses_, Am. ed., p. 154.
+
+They belong to the class of elderly "_spoons_," with some few
+exceptions, and are nettled that the world should not go at their
+rate of progression.--_Boston Daily Times_, May 8, 1851.
+
+
+SPOONY, SPOONEY. Like a _spoon_; possessing the qualities of a
+silly or stupid fellow.
+
+I shall escape from this beautiful critter, for I'm gettin'
+_spooney_, and shall talk silly presently.--_Sam Slick_.
+
+Both the adjective and the noun _spooney_ are in constant and
+frequent use at some of the American colleges, and are generally
+applied to one who is disliked either for his bad qualities or for
+his ill-breeding, usually accompanied with the idea of weakness.
+
+He sprees, is caught, rusticates, returns next year, mingles with
+feminines, and is consequently degraded into the _spooney_ Junior.
+_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 208.
+
+A "bowl" was the happy conveyance. Perhaps this was chosen because
+the voyagers were _spooney_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1849.
+
+
+SPOOPS, SPOOPSY. At Harvard College, a weak, silly fellow, or one
+who is disliked on account of his foolish actions, is called a
+_spoops_, or _spoopsy_. The meaning is nearly the same as that of
+_spoony_.
+
+
+SPOOPSY. Foolish; silly. Applied either to a person or thing.
+
+Seniors always try to be dignified. The term "_spoopsey_" in its
+widest signification applies admirably to them.--_Yale Tomahawk_,
+May, 1852.
+
+
+SPORT. To exhibit or bring out in public; as, to _sport_ a new
+equipage.--_Grose_.
+
+This word was in great vogue in England in the year 1783 and 1784;
+but is now sacred to men of _fashion_, both in England and
+America.
+
+With regard to the word _sport_, they [the Cantabrigians]
+_sported_ knowing, and they _sported_ ignorant,--they _sported_ an
+Ægrotat, and they _sported_ a new coat,--they _sported_ an Exeat,
+they _sported_ a Dormiat, &c.--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p. 1085.
+
+  I'm going to serve my country,
+    And _sport_ a pretty wife.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854, Yale Coll.
+
+To _sport oak_, or a door, is to fasten a door for safety or
+convenience.
+
+If you call on a man and his door is _sported_, signifying that he
+is out or busy, it is customary to pop your card through the
+little slit made for that purpose.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 336.
+
+Some few constantly turn the keys of their churlish doors, and
+others, from time to time, "_sport oak_."--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 268.
+
+
+SPORTING-DOOR. At the English universities, the name given to the
+outer door of a student's room, which can be _sported_ or fastened
+to prevent intrusion.
+
+Their impregnable _sporting-doors_, that defy alike the hostile
+dun and the too friendly "fast man."--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 3.
+
+
+SPREAD. A feast of a more humble description than a GAUDY. Used at
+Cambridge, England.
+
+This puts him in high spirits again, and he gives a large
+_spread_, and gets drunk on the strength of it.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 129.
+
+He sits down with all of them, about forty or fifty, to a most
+glorious _spread_, ordered from the college cook, to be served up
+in the most swell style possible.--_Ibid._, p. 129.
+
+
+SPROUT. Any _branch_ of education is in student phrase a _sprout_.
+This peculiar use of the word is said to have originated at Yale.
+
+
+SPRUNG. The positive, of which _tight_ is the comparative, and
+_drunk_ the superlative.
+
+  "One swallow makes not spring," the poet sung,
+  But many swallows make the fast man _sprung_.
+    _MS. Poem_, by F.E. Felton.
+
+See TIGHT.
+
+
+SPY. In some of the American colleges, it is a prevailing opinion
+among the students, that certain members of the different classes
+are encouraged by the Faculty to report what they have seen or
+ascertained in the conduct of their classmates, contrary to the
+laws of the college. Many are stigmatized as _spies_ very
+unjustly, and seldom with any sufficient reason.
+
+
+SQUIRT. At Harvard College, a showy recitation is denominated a
+_squirt_; the ease and quickness with which the words flow from
+the mouth being analogous to the ease and quickness which attend
+the sudden ejection of a stream of water from a pipe. Such a
+recitation being generally perfect, the word _squirt_ is very
+often used to convey that idea. Perhaps there is not, in the whole
+vocabulary of college cant terms, one more expressive than this,
+or that so easily conveys its meaning merely by its sound. It is
+mostly used colloquially.
+
+2. A foppish young fellow; a whipper-snapper.--_Bartlett_.
+
+If they won't keep company with _squirts_ and dandies, who's going
+to make a monkey of himself?--_Maj. Jones's Courtship_, p. 160.
+
+
+SQUIRT. To make a showy recitation.
+
+  He'd rather slump than _squirt_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, p. 9.
+
+Webster has this word with the meaning, "to throw out words, to
+let fly," and marks it as out of use.
+
+
+SQUIRTINESS. The quality of being showy.
+
+
+SQUIRTISH. Showy; dandified.
+
+It's my opinion that these slicked up _squirtish_ kind a fellars
+ain't particular hard baked, and they always goes in for
+aristocracy notions.--_Robb, Squatter Life_, p. 73.
+
+
+SQUIRTY. Showy; fond of display; gaudy.
+
+Applied to an oration which is full of bombast and grandiloquence;
+to a foppish fellow; to an apartment gayly adorned, &c.
+
+  And should they "scrape" in prayers, because they are long
+  And rather "_squirty_" at times.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 58.
+
+
+STAMMBOOK. German. A remembrance-book; an album. Among the German
+students stammbooks were kept formerly, as commonly as
+autograph-books now are among American students.
+
+But do procure me the favor of thy Rapunzel writing something in
+my _Stammbook_.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+242.
+
+
+STANDING. Academical age, or rank.
+
+Of what _standing_ are you? I am a Senior Soph.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+  Her mother told me all about your love,
+  And asked me of your prospects and your _standing_.
+    _Collegian_, 1830, p. 267.
+
+_To stand for an honor_; i.e. to offer one's self as a candidate
+for an honor.
+
+
+STAR. In triennial catalogues a star designates those who have
+died. This sign was first used with this signification by Mather,
+in his Magnalia, in a list prepared by him of the graduates of
+Harvard College, with a fanciful allusion, it is supposed, to the
+abode of those thus marked.
+
+    Our tale shall be told by a silent _star_,
+  On the page of some future Triennial.
+    _Poem before Class of 1849, Harv. Coll._, p. 4.
+
+We had only to look still further back to find the _stars_
+clustering more closely, indicating the rapid flight of the
+spirits of short-lived tenants of earth to another
+sphere.--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 66.
+
+
+STAR. To mark a star opposite the name of a person, signifying
+that he is dead.
+
+Six of the sixteen Presidents of our University have been
+inaugurated in this place; and the oldest living graduate, the
+Hon. Paine Wingate of Stratham, New Hampshire, who stands on the
+Catalogue a lonely survivor amidst the _starred_ names of the
+dead, took his degree within these walls.--_A Sermon on leaving
+the Old Meeting-house in Cambridge_, by Rev. William Newell, Dec.
+1, 1833, p. 22.
+
+Among those fathers were the venerable remnants of classes that
+are _starred_ to the last two or three, or it may be to the last
+one.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 6.
+
+
+STATEMENT OF FACTS. At Yale College, a name given to a public
+meeting called for the purpose of setting forth the respective
+merits of the two great societies in that institution, viz.
+"Linonia" and "The Brothers in Unity." There are six orators,
+three from Linonia and three from the Brothers,--a Senior, a
+Junior, and the President of each society. The Freshmen are
+invited by handsomely printed cards to attend the meeting, and
+they also have the best seats reserved for them, and are treated
+with the most intense politeness. As now conducted, the _Statement
+of Facts_ is any thing rather than what is implied by the name. It
+is simply an opportunity for the display of speaking talent, in
+which wit and sarcasm are considered of far greater importance
+than truth. The Freshmen are rarely swayed to either side. In nine
+cases out of ten they have already chosen their society, and
+attend the statement merely from a love of novelty and fun. The
+custom grew up about the year 1830, after the practice of dividing
+the students alphabetically between the two societies had fallen
+into disuse. Like all similar customs, the Statement of Facts has
+reached its present college importance by gradual growth. At first
+the societies met in a small room of the College, and the
+statements did really consist of the facts in the case. Now the
+exercises take place in a public hall, and form a kind of
+intellectual tournament, where each society, in the presence of a
+large audience, strives to get the advantage of the other.
+
+From a newspaper account of the observance of this literary
+festival during the present year, the annexed extract is taken.
+
+"For some years, students, as they have entered College, have been
+permitted to choose the society with which they would connect
+themselves, instead of being alphabetically allotted to one of the
+two. This method has made the two societies earnest rivals, and
+the accession of each class to College creates an earnest struggle
+to see which shall secure the greater number of members. The
+electioneering campaign, as it is termed, begins when the students
+come to be examined for admission to College, that is, about the
+time of the Commencement, and continues through a week or two of
+the first term of the next year. Each society, of course, puts
+forth the most determined efforts to conquer. It selects the most
+prominent and popular men of the Senior Class as President, and
+arrangements are so made that a Freshman no sooner enters town
+than he finds himself unexpectedly surrounded by hosts of friends,
+willing to do anything for him, and especially instruct him in his
+duty with reference to the selection of societies. For the benefit
+of those who do not yield to this private electioneering, this
+Statement of Facts is made. It amounts, however, to little more
+than a 'good time,' as there are very few who wait to be
+influenced by 'facts' they know will be so distorted. The
+advocates of each society feel bound, of course, to present its
+affairs in the most favorable aspect. Disputants are selected,
+generally with regard to their ability as speakers, one from the
+Junior and one from the Senior Class. The Presidents of each
+society also take part."--_N.Y. Daily Times_, Sept. 22, 1855.
+
+As an illustration of the eloquence and ability which is often
+displayed on these occasions, the following passages have been
+selected from the address of John M. Holmes of Chicago, Ill., the
+Junior orator in behalf of the Brothers in Unity at the Statement
+of Facts held September 20th, 1855.
+
+"Time forbids me to speak at length of the illustrious alumni of
+the Brothers; of Professor Thatcher, the favorite of college,--of
+Professor Silliman, the Nestor of American literati,--of the
+revered head of this institution, President Woolsey, first
+President of the Brothers in 1820,--of Professor Andrews, the
+author of the best dictionary of the Latin language,--of such
+divines as Dwight and Murdock,--of Bacon and Bushnell, the pride
+of New England,--or of the great names of Clayton, Badger,
+Calhoun, Ellsworth, and John Davis,--all of whom were nurtured and
+disciplined in the halls of the Brothers, and there received the
+Achillean baptism that made their lives invulnerable. But perhaps
+I err in claiming such men as the peculium of the Brothers,--they
+are the common heritage of the human race.
+
+ 'Such names as theirs are pilgrim shrines,
+  Shrines to no code nor creed confined,
+  The Delphian vales, the Palestines,
+  The Meccas of the mind.'
+
+"But there are other names which to overlook would be worse than
+negligence,--it would be ingratitude unworthy of a son of Yale.
+
+"At the head of that glorious host stands the venerable form of
+Joel Barlow, who, in addition to his various civil and literary
+distinctions, was the father of American poetry. There too is the
+intellectual brow of Webster, not indeed the great defender of the
+Constitution, but that other Webster, who spent his life in the
+perpetuation of that language in which the Constitution is
+embalmed, and whose memory will be coeval with that language to
+the latest syllable of recorded time. Beside Webster on the
+historic canvas appears the form of the only Judge of the Supreme
+Court of the United States that ever graduated at this
+College,--Chief Justice Baldwin, of the class of 1797. Next to him
+is his classmate, a patriarchal old man who still lives to bless
+the associations of his youth,--who has consecrated the noblest
+talents to the noblest earthly purposes,--the pioneer of Western
+education,--the apostle of Temperance,--the life-long teacher of
+immortality,--and who is the father of an illustrious family whose
+genius has magnetized all Christendom. His classmate is Lyman
+Beecher. But a year ago in the neighboring city of Hartford there
+was a monument erected to another Brother in Unity,--the
+philanthropist who first introduced into this country the system
+of instructing deaf mutes. More than a thousand unfortunates bowed
+around his grave. And although there was no audible voice of
+eulogy or thankfulness, yet there were many tears. And grateful
+thoughts went up to heaven in silent benediction for him who had
+unchained their faculties, and given them the priceless treasures
+of intellectual and social communion. Thomas H. Gallaudet was a
+Brother in Unity.
+
+"And he who has been truly called the most learned of poets and
+the most poetical of learned men,--whose ascent to the heaven of
+song has been like the pathway of his own broad sweeping
+eagle,--J.G. Percival,--is a Brother in Unity. And what shall I
+say of Morse? Of Morse, the wonder-worker, the world-girdler, the
+space-destroyer, the author of the noblest invention whose glory
+was ever concentrated in a single man, who has realized the
+fabulous prerogative of Olympian Jove, and by the instantaneous
+intercommunication of thought has accomplished the work of ages in
+binding together the whole civilized world into one great
+Brotherhood in Unity?
+
+"Gentlemen, these are the men who wait to welcome you to the
+blessings of our society. There they stand, like the majestic
+statues that line the entrance to an eternal pyramid. And when I
+look upon one statue, and another, and another, and contemplate
+the colossal greatness of their proportions, as Canova gazed with
+rapture upon the sun-god of the Vatican, I envy not the man whose
+heart expands not with the sense of a new nobility, and whose eye
+kindles not with the heart's enthusiasm, as he thinks that he too
+is numbered among that glorious company,--that he too is sprung
+from that royal ancestry. And who asks for a richer heritage, or a
+more enduring epitaph, than that he too is a Brother in Unity?"
+
+
+S.T.B. _Sanctæ Theologiæ Baccalaureus_, Bachelor in Theology.
+
+See B.D.
+
+
+S.T.D. _Sanctæ Theologiæ Doctor_. Doctor in Theology.
+
+See D.D.
+
+
+STEWARD. In colleges, an officer who provides food for the
+students, and superintends the kitchen.--_Webster_.
+
+In American colleges, the labors of the steward are at present
+more extended, and not so servile, as set forth in the above
+definition. To him is usually assigned the duty of making out the
+term-bills and receiving the money thereon; of superintending the
+college edifices with respect to repairs, &c.; of engaging proper
+servants in the employ of the college; and of performing such
+other services as are declared by the faculty of the college to be
+within his province.
+
+
+STICK. In college phrase, _to stick_, or _to get stuck_, is to be
+unable to proceed, either in a recitation, declamation, or any
+other exercise. An instructor is said to _stick_ a student, when
+he asks a question which the student is unable to answer.
+
+But he has not yet discovered, probably, that he ... that
+"_sticks_" in Greek, and cannot tell, by demonstration of his own,
+whether the three angles of a triangle are equal to two, or four,
+... can nevertheless drawl out the word Fresh, &c.--_Scenes and
+Characters in College_, p. 30.
+
+
+S.T.P. _Sanctæ Theologiæ Professor_. Professor in Theology.
+
+A degree of similar import to S.T.D., and D.D.
+
+
+STUDENT. A person engaged in study; one who is devoted to
+learning, either in a seminary or in private; a scholar; as, the
+_students_ of an academy, of a college or university; a medical
+_student_; a law _student_.
+
+2. A man devoted to books; a bookish man; as, a hard _student_; a
+close _student_.--_Webster_.
+
+3. At Oxford, this word is used to designate one who stands upon
+the foundation of the college to which he belongs, and is an
+aspirant for academic emoluments.--_De Quincey_.
+
+4. In German universities, by _student_ is understood "one who has
+by matriculation acquired the rights of academical
+citizenship."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 27.
+
+
+STUDY. A building or an apartment devoted to study or to literary
+employment.--_Webster_.
+
+In some of the older American colleges, it was formerly the custom
+to partition off, in each chamber, two small rooms, where the
+occupants, who were always two in number, could carry on their
+literary pursuits. These rooms were called, from this
+circumstance, _studies_. Speaking of the first college edifice
+which was erected at New Haven, Mr. Clap, in his History of Yale
+College, says: "It made a handsome appearance, and contained near
+fifty _studies_ in convenient chambers"; and again he speaks of
+Connecticut Hall as containing thirty-two chambers and sixty-four
+_studies_. In the oldest buildings, some of these _studies_ remain
+at the present day.
+
+The _study_ rents, until December last, were discontinued with Mr.
+Dunster.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 463.
+
+Every Graduate and Undergraduate shall find his proportion of
+furniture, &c., during the whole time of his having a _study_
+assigned him.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 35.
+
+  To him that occupies my _study_,
+  I give, &c.--_Will of Charles Prentiss_.
+
+
+STUMP. At Princeton College, to fail in reciting; to say, "Not
+prepared," when called on to recite. A _stump_, a bad recitation;
+used in the phrase, "_to make a stump_."
+
+
+SUB-FRESH. A person previous to entering the Freshman Class is
+called a _sub-fresh_, or one below a Freshman.
+
+           Praying his guardian powers
+  To assist a poor "_Sub-Fresh_" at the dread examination.
+    _Poem before the Iadma Soc. of Harv. Coll._, 1850, p. 14.
+
+  Our "_Sub-Fresh_" has that feeling.
+    _Ibid._, p. 16.
+
+Everybody happy, except _Sub-Fresh_, and they trying hardest to
+appear so.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 103.
+
+The timid _Sub-Fresh_ had determined to construct stout
+barricades, with no lack of ammunition.--_Ibid._, p. 103.
+
+Sometimes written _Sub_.
+
+Information wanted of the "_Sub_" who didn't think it an honor to
+be electioneered.--_N.B., Yale Coll., June_ 14, 1851.
+
+See PENE.
+
+
+SUBJECT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a particular
+author, or part of an author, set for examination; or a particular
+branch of Mathematics, such as Optics, Hydrostatics,
+&c.--_Bristed_.
+
+To _get up a subject_, is to make one's self thoroughly master of
+it.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+SUB-RECTOR. A rector's deputy or substitute.--_Walton, Webster_.
+
+
+SUB-SIZAR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., formerly an order
+of students lower than the _sizars_.
+
+  Masters of all sorts, and all ages,
+  Keepers, _subcizers_, lackeys, pages.
+    _Poems of Bp. Corbet_, p. 22.
+
+           There he sits and sees
+  How lackeys and _subsizers_ press
+    And scramble for degrees.
+    _Ibid._, p. 88.
+
+See under SIZAR.
+
+
+SUCK. At Middlebury College, to cheat at recitation or examination
+by using _ponies_, _interliners_, or _helps_ of any kind.
+
+
+SUPPLICAT. Latin; literally, _he supplicates_. In the English
+universities, a petition; particularly a written application with
+a certificate that the requisite conditions have been complied
+with.--_Webster_.
+
+A _Supplicat_, says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, is "an entreaty to
+be admitted to the degree of B.A.; containing a certificate that
+the Questionist has kept his full number of terms, or explaining
+any deficiency. This document is presented to the caput by the
+father of his college."
+
+
+SURPLICE DAY. An occasion or day on which the surplice is worn by
+the members of a university.
+
+"On all Sundays and Saint-days, and the evenings preceding, every
+member of the University, except noblemen, attends chapel in his
+surplice."--_Grad. ad Cantab._, pp. 106, 107.
+
+
+SUSPEND. In colleges, to separate a student from his class, and
+place him under private instruction.
+
+  And those whose crimes are very great,
+  Let us _suspend_ or rusticate.--_Rebelliad_, p. 24.
+
+
+SUSPENSION. In universities and colleges, the punishment of a
+student for some offence, usually negligence, by separating him
+from his class, and compelling him to pursue those branches of
+study in which he is deficient under private instruction, provided
+for the purpose.
+
+
+SUSPENSION-PAPER. The paper in which the act of suspension from
+college is declared.
+
+  Come, take these three _suspension-papers_;
+  They'll teach you how to cut such capers.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 32.
+
+
+SUSPENSION TO THE ROOM. In Princeton College, one of the
+punishments for certain offences subjects a student to confinement
+to his chamber and exclusion from his class, and requires him to
+recite to a teacher privately for a certain time. This is
+technically called _suspension to the room_.
+
+
+SWEEP, SWEEPER. The name given at Yale and other colleges to the
+person whose occupation it is to sweep the students' rooms, make
+their beds, &c.
+
+Then how welcome the entrance of the _sweep_, and how cutely we
+fling jokes at each other through the dust!--_Yale Lit. Mag._,
+Vol. XIV. p. 223.
+
+Knocking down the _sweep_, in clearing the stairs, we described a
+circle to our room.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  A Freshman by the faithful _sweep_
+  Was found half buried in soft sleep.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  With fingers dirty and black,
+    From lower to upper room,
+  A College _Sweep_ went dustily round,
+    Plying his yellow broom.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 12.
+
+In the Yale Literary Magazine, Vol. III. p. 144, is "A tribute to
+certain Members of the Faculty, whose names are omitted in the
+Catalogue," in which appropriate praise is awarded to these useful
+servants.
+
+The Steward ... engages _sweepers_ for the College.--_Laws Harv.
+Coll._, 1816, p. 48.
+
+One of the _sweepers_ finding a parcel of wood,... the defendant,
+in the absence of the owner of the wood, authorizes the _sweeper_
+to carry it away.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 98.
+
+
+SWELL BLOCK. In the University of Virginia, a sobriquet applied to
+dandies and vain pretenders.
+
+
+SWING. At several American colleges, the word _swing_ is used for
+coming out with a secret society badge; 1st, of the society, to
+_swing out_ the new men; and, 2d, of the men, intransitively, to
+_swing_, or to _swing out_, i.e. to appear with the badge of a
+secret society. Generally, _to swing out_ signifies to appear in
+something new.
+
+The new members have "_swung out_," and all again is
+harmony.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+
+SYNDIC. Latin, _syndicus_; Greek, [Greek: sundikos; sun], _with_,
+and [Greek: dikae], _justice_.
+
+An officer of government, invested with different powers in
+different countries. Almost all the companies in Paris, the
+University, &c., have their _syndics_. The University of Cambridge
+has its _syndics_, who are chosen from the Senate to transact
+special business, as the regulation of fees, forming of laws,
+inspecting the library, buildings, printing, &c.--_Webster. Cam.
+Cal._
+
+
+SYNDICATE. A council or body of syndics.
+
+The state of instruction in and encouragement to the study of
+Theology were thus set forth in the report of a _syndicate_
+appointed to consider the subject in 1842.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 293.
+
+
+
+_T_.
+
+
+TADS. At Centre College, Ky., there is "a society," says a
+correspondent, "composed of the very best fellows of the College,
+calling themselves _Tads_, who are generally associated together,
+for the object of electing, by the additional votes of their
+members, any of their friends who are brought forward as
+candidates for any honor or appointment in the literary societies
+to which they belong."
+
+
+TAKE UP. To call on a student to rehearse a lesson.
+
+  Professor _took_ him _up_ on Greek;
+  He tried to talk, but couldn't speak.
+    _MS Poem_.
+
+
+TAKE UP ONE'S CONNECTIONS. In students' phrase, to leave college.
+Used in American institutions.
+
+
+TARDES. At the older American colleges, when charges were made and
+excuses rendered in Latin, the student who had come late to any
+religious service was addressed by the proper officer with the
+word _Tardes_, a kind of barbarous second person singular of some
+unknown verb, signifying, probably, "You are or were late."
+
+  Much absence, _tardes_ and egresses,
+  The college-evil on him seizes.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+TARDY. In colleges, late in attendance on a public
+exercise.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TAVERN. At Harvard College, the rooms No. 24 Massachusetts Hall,
+and No. 8 Hollis Hall, were occupied from the year 1789 to 1793 by
+Mr. Charles Angier. His table was always supplied with wine,
+brandy, crackers, etc., of which his friends were at liberty to
+partake at any time. From this circumstance his rooms were called
+_the Tavern_ for nearly twenty years after his graduation.
+
+In connection with this incident, it may not be uninteresting to
+state, that the cellars of the two buildings above mentioned were
+divided each into thirty-two compartments, corresponding with the
+number of rooms. In these the students and tutors stored their
+liquors, sometimes in no inconsiderable quantities. Frequent
+entries are met with in the records of the Faculty, in which the
+students are charged with pilfering wine, brandy, or eatables from
+the tutors' _bins_.
+
+
+TAXOR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., an officer appointed
+to regulate the assize of bread, the true gauge of weights,
+etc.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+TEAM. In the English universities, the pupils of a private tutor
+or COACH.--_Bristed_.
+
+No man who has not taken a good degree expects or pretends to take
+good men into his _team_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 69.
+
+It frequently, indeed usually happens, that a "coach" of
+reputation declines taking men into his _team_ before they have
+made time in public.--_Ibid._, p. 85.
+
+
+TEAR. At Princeton College, a _perfect tear_ is a very extra
+recitation, superior to a _rowl_.
+
+
+TEMPLE. At Bowdoin College, a privy is thus designated.
+
+
+TEN-STRIKE. At Hamilton College, a perfect recitation, ten being
+the mark given for a perfect recitation.
+
+
+TEN-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., these are
+allowed to take the degree of Bachelor in Divinity without having
+been B.A. or M.A., by the statute of 9th Queen Elizabeth, which
+permits persons, who are admitted at any college when twenty-four
+years of age and upwards, to take the degree of B.D. after their
+names have remained on the _boards_ ten years or more. After the
+first eight years, they must reside in the University the greater
+part of three several terms, and perform the exercises which are
+required by the statutes.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+TERM. In universities and colleges, the time during which
+instruction is regularly given to students, who are obliged by the
+statutes and laws of the institution to attend to the recitations,
+lectures, and other exercises.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., there are three terms during
+each year, which are fixed by invariable rules. October or
+Michaelmas term begins on the 10th of October, and ends on the
+16th of December. Lent or January term begins on the 13th of
+January, and ends on the Friday before Palm Sunday. Easter or
+Midsummer term, begins on the eleventh day (the Wednesday
+sennight) after Easter-day, and ends on the Friday after
+Commencement day. Commencement is always on the first Tuesday in
+July.
+
+At Oxford University, there are four terms in the year. Michaelmas
+term begins on the 10th of October, and ends on the 17th of
+December. Hilary term begins on the 14th of January, and ends the
+day before Palm Sunday. But if the Saturday before Palm Sunday
+should be a festival, the term does not end till the Monday
+following. Easter term begins on the tenth day after Easter
+Sunday, and ends on the day before Whitsunday. Trinity term begins
+on the Wednesday after Whitsunday, and ends the Saturday after the
+Act, which is always on the first Tuesday in July.
+
+At the Dublin University, the terms in each year are four in
+number. Hilary term begins on the Monday after Epiphany, and ends
+the day before Palm Sunday. Easter term begins on the eighth day
+after Easter Sunday, and ends on Whitsun-eve. Trinity term begins
+on Trinity Monday, and ends on the 8th of July. Michaelmas term
+begins on the 1st of October (or on the 2d, if the 1st should be
+Sunday), and ends on December 16th.
+
+
+TERRÆ FILIUS. Latin; _son of earth_.
+
+Formerly, one appointed to write a satirical Latin poem at the
+public Acts in the University of Oxford; not unlike the
+prevaricator at Cambridge, Eng.--_Webster_.
+
+Full accounts of the compositions written on these occasions may
+be found in a work in two volumes, entitled "Terræ-Filius; or the
+Secret History of the University of Oxford," printed in the year
+1726.
+
+See TRIPOS PAPER.
+
+
+TESTAMUR. Latin; literally, _we testify_. In the English
+universities, a certificate of proficiency, without which a person
+is not able to take his degree. So called from the first word in
+the formula.
+
+There is not one out of twenty of my pupils who can look forward
+with unmixed pleasure to a _testamur_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p.
+254.
+
+Every _testamur_ must be signed by three out of the four
+examiners, at least.--_Ibid._, p. 282.
+
+
+THEATRE. At Oxford, a building in which are held the annual
+commemoration of benefactors, the recitation of prize
+compositions, and the occasional ceremony of conferring degrees on
+distinguished personages.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+THEME. In college phrase, a short dissertation composed by a
+student.
+
+It is the practice at Cambridge [Mass.] for the Professor of
+Rhetoric and the English Language, commencing in the first or
+second quarter of the student's Sophomore year, to give the class
+a text; generally some brief moral quotation from some of the
+ancient or modern poets, from which the students write a short
+essay, usually denominated a _theme_.--_Works of R.T. Paine_, p.
+xxi.
+
+Far be it from me to enter into competition with students who have
+been practising the sublime art of _theme_ and forensic writing
+for two years.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 316.
+
+  But on the sleepy day of _themes_,
+  May doze away a dozen reams.
+    _Ibid._, p. 283.
+
+Nimrod holds his "first _theme_" in one hand, and is leaning his
+head on the other.--_Ibid._, p. 253.
+
+
+THEME-BEARER. At Harvard College, until within a few years, a
+student was chosen once in a term by his classmates to perform the
+duties of _theme-bearer_. He received the subjects for themes and
+forensics from the Professors of Rhetoric and of Moral Philosophy,
+and posted them up in convenient places, usually in the entries of
+the buildings and on, the bulletin-boards. He also distributed the
+corrected themes, at first giving them to the students after
+evening prayers, and, when this had been forbidden by the
+President, carrying them to their rooms. For these services he
+received seventy-five cents per term from each member of the
+class.
+
+
+THEME-PAPER. In American colleges, a kind of paper on which
+students write their themes or composition. It is of the size of
+an ordinary letter-sheet, contains eighteen or nineteen lines
+placed at wide intervals, and is ruled in red ink with a margin a
+little less than an inch in width.
+
+Shoe-strings, lucifers, omnibus-tickets, _theme-paper_,
+postage-stamps, and the nutriment of pipes.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 266.
+
+
+THEOLOGUE. A cant name among collegians for a student in theology.
+
+The hardened hearts of Freshmen and _Theologues_ burned with
+righteous indignation.--_Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+The _Theologs_ are not so wicked as the Medics.--_Burlesque
+Catalogue, Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 30.
+
+
+THESES-COLLECTOR. One who collects or prepares _theses_. The
+following extract from the laws of Harvard College will explain
+further what is meant by this term. "The President, Professors,
+and Tutors, annually, some time in the third term, shall select
+from the Junior Class a number of _Theses-Collectors_, to prepare
+theses for the next year; from which selection they shall appoint
+so many divisions as shall be equal to the number of branches they
+may assign. And each one shall, in the particular branch assigned
+him, collect so many theses as the government may judge expedient;
+and all the theses, thus collected, shall be delivered to the
+President, by the Saturday immediately succeeding the end of the
+Spring vacation in the Senior year, at furthest, from which the
+President, Professors, and Tutors shall select such as they shall
+judge proper to be published. But if the theses delivered to the
+President, in any particular branch, should not afford a
+sufficient number suitable for publication, a further number shall
+be required. The name of the student who collected any set or
+number of theses shall be annexed to the theses collected by him,
+in every publication. Should any one neglect to collect the theses
+required of him, he shall be liable to lose his degree."--1814, p.
+35.
+
+The Theses-Collectors were formerly chosen by the class, as the
+following extract from a MS. Journal will show.
+
+"March 27th, 1792. My Class assembled in the chapel to choose
+theses-collectors, a valedictory orator, and poet. Jackson was
+chosen to deliver the Latin oration, and Cutler to deliver the
+poem. Ellis was almost unanimously chosen a collector of the
+grammatical theses. Prince was chosen metaphysical
+theses-collector, with considerable opposition. Lowell was chosen
+mathematical theses-collector, though not unanimously. Chamberlain
+was chosen physical theses-collector."
+
+
+THESIS. A position or proposition which a person advances and
+offers to maintain, or which is actually maintained by argument; a
+theme; a subject; particularly, a subject or proposition for a
+school or university exercise, or the exercise itself.--_Webster_.
+
+In the older American colleges, the _theses_ held a prominent
+place in the exercises of Commencement. At Harvard College the
+earliest theses extant bear the date of the year 1687. They were
+Theses Technological, Logical, Grammatical, Rhetorical,
+Mathematical, and Physical. The last theses were presented in the
+year 1820. The earliest theses extant belonging to Yale College
+are of 1714, and the last were printed in 1797.
+
+
+THIRDING. In England, "a custom practised at the universities,
+where two _thirds_ of the original price is allowed by
+upholsterers to the students for household goods returned them
+within the year."--_Grose's Dict._
+
+On this subject De Quincey says: "The Oxford rule is, that, if you
+take the rooms (which is at your own option), in that case you
+_third_ the furniture and the embellishments; i.e. you succeed to
+the total cost diminished by one third. You pay, therefore, two
+guineas out of each three to your _immediate_ predecessor."--_Life
+and Manners_, p. 250.
+
+
+THIRD-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the title of
+Third-Year Men, or Senior Sophs or Sophisters, is given to
+students during the third year of their residence at the
+University.
+
+
+THUNDERING BOLUS. See INTONITANS BOLUS.
+
+
+TICK. A recitation made by one who does not know of what he is
+talking.
+
+_Ticks_, screws, and deads were all put under contribution.--_A
+Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 25.
+
+
+TICKER. One who recites without knowing what he is talking about;
+one entirely independent of any book-knowledge.
+
+  If any "_Ticker_" dare to look
+  A stealthy moment on his book.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+TICKING. The act of reciting without knowing anything about the
+lesson.
+
+And what with _ticking_, screwing, and deading, am candidate for a
+piece of parchment to-morrow.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 194.
+
+
+TIGHT. A common slang term among students; the comparative, of
+which _drunk_ is the superlative.
+
+  Some twenty of as jolly chaps as e'er got jolly _tight_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849.
+
+               Hast spent the livelong night
+  In smoking Esculapios,--in getting jolly _tight_?
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850.
+
+  He clenched his fist as fain for fight,
+  Sank back, and gently murmured "_tight_."
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen, 1848.
+
+  While fathers, are bursting with rage and spite,
+  And old ladies vow that the students are _tight_.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+Speaking of the word "drunk," the Burlington Sentinel remarks:
+"The last synonyme that we have observed is '_tight_,' a term, it
+strikes us, rather inappropriate, since a 'tight' man, in the cant
+use of the word, is almost always a 'loose character.' We give a
+list of a few of the various words and phrases which have been in
+use, at one time or another, to signify some stage of inebriation:
+Over the bay, half seas over, hot, high, corned, cut, cocked,
+shaved, disguised, jammed, damaged, sleepy, tired, discouraged,
+snuffy, whipped, how come ye so, breezy, smoked, top-heavy,
+fuddled, groggy, tipsy, smashed, swipy, slewed, cronk, salted
+down, how fare ye, on the lee lurch, all sails set, three sheets
+in the wind, well under way, battered, blowing, snubbed, sawed,
+boosy, bruised, screwed, soaked, comfortable, stimulated,
+jug-steamed, tangle-legged, fogmatic, blue-eyed, a passenger in
+the Cape Ann stage, striped, faint, shot in the neck, bamboozled,
+weak-jointed, got a brick in his hat, got a turkey on his back."
+
+Dr. Franklin, in speaking of the intemperate drinker, says, he
+will never, or seldom, allow that he is drunk; he may be "boosy,
+cosey, foxed, merry, mellow, fuddled, groatable, confoundedly cut,
+may see two moons, be among the Philistines, in a very good humor,
+have been in the sun, is a little feverish, pretty well entered,
+&c., but _never drunk_."
+
+A highly entertaining list of the phrases which the Germans employ
+"to clothe in a tolerable garb of decorum that dreamy condition
+into which Bacchus frequently throws his votaries," is given in
+_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., pp. 296, 297.
+
+See SPRUNG.
+
+2. At Williams College, this word is sometimes used as an
+exclamation; e.g. "O _tight_!"
+
+
+TIGHT FIT. At the University of Vermont, a good joke is
+denominated by the students a _tight fit_, and the jokee is said
+to be "hard up."
+
+
+TILE. A hat. Evidently suggested by the meaning of the word, a
+covering for the roof of buildings.
+
+  Then, taking it from off his head, began to brush his "_tile_."
+    _Poem before the Iadma_, 1850.
+
+
+TOADY. A fawning, obsequious parasite; a toad-eater. In college
+cant, one who seeks or gains favor with an instructor or
+popularity with his classmates by mean and sycophantic actions.
+
+
+TOADY. To flatter any one for gain.--_Halliwell_.
+
+
+TOM. The great bell of Christ Church, Oxford, which formerly
+belonged to Osney Abbey.
+
+"This bell," says the Oxford Guide, "was recast in 1680, its
+weight being about 17,000 pounds; more than double the weight of
+the great bell in St. Paul's, London. This bell has always been
+represented as one of the finest in England, but even at the risk
+of dispelling an illusion under which most Oxford men have
+labored, and which every member of Christ Church has indulged in
+from 1680 to the present time, touching the fancied superiority of
+mighty Tom, it must be confessed that it is neither an accurate
+nor a musical bell. The note, as we are assured by the learned in
+these matters, ought to be B flat, but is not so. On the contrary,
+the bell is imperfect and inharmonious, and requires, in the
+opinion of those best informed, and of most experience, to be
+recast. It is, however, still a great curiosity, and may be seen
+by applying to the porter at Tom-Gate lodge."--Ed. 1847, p. 5,
+note a.
+
+
+TO THE _n(-th.)_, TO THE _n + 1(-th.)_ Among English Cantabs
+these algebraic expressions are used as intensives to denote the
+most energetic way of doing anything.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+TOWNEY. The name by which a student in an American college is
+accustomed to designate any young man residing in the town in
+which the college is situated, who is not a collegian.
+
+  And _Towneys_ left when she showed fight.
+    _Pow-wow of Class of '58, Yale Coll._
+
+
+TRANSLATION. The act of turning one language into another.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., this word is applied more
+particularly to the turning of Greek or Latin into English.
+
+In composition and cram I was yet untried, and the _translations_
+in lecture-room were not difficult to acquit one's self on
+respectably.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+34.
+
+
+TRANSMITTENDUM, _pl._ TRANSMITTENDA or TRANSMITTENDUMS. Anything
+transmitted, or handed down from one to another.
+
+Students, on withdrawing from college, often leave in the room
+which they last occupied, pictures, looking-glasses, chairs, &c.,
+there to remain, and to be handed down to the latest posterity.
+Articles thus left are called _transmittenda_.
+
+The Great Mathematical Slate was a _transmittendum_ to the best
+mathematical scholar in each class.--_MS. note in Cat. Med. Fac.
+Soc._, 1833, p. 16.
+
+
+TRENCHER-CAP. A-name, sometimes given to the square head-covering
+worn by students in the English universities. Used figuratively to
+denote collegiate power.
+
+The _trencher-cap_ has claimed a right to take its part in the
+movements which make or mar the destinies of nations, by the side
+of plumed casque and priestly tiara.--_The English Universities
+and their Reforms_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+TRIANGLE. At Union College, a urinal, so called from its shape.
+
+
+TRIENNIAL, or TRIENNIAL CATALOGUE. In American colleges, a
+catalogue issued once in three years. This catalogue contains the
+names of the officers and students, arranged according to the
+years in which they were connected with the college, an account of
+the high public offices which they have filled, degrees which they
+have received, time of death, &c.[66]
+
+The _Triennial Catalogue_ becomes increasingly a mournful
+record--it should be monitory, as well as mournful--to survivors,
+looking at the stars thickening on it, from one date to
+another.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 198.
+
+  Our tale shall be told by a silent star,
+  On the page of some future _Triennial_.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849, p. 4.
+
+
+TRIMESTER. Latin _trimestris_; _tres_, three, and _mensis_, month.
+In the German universities, a term or period of three
+months.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TRINITARIAN. The popular name of a member of Trinity College in
+the University of Cambridge, Eng.
+
+
+TRIPOS, _pl._ TRIPOSES. At Cambridge, Eng., any university
+examination for honors, of questionists or men who have just taken
+their B.A. The university scholarship examinations are not called
+_triposes_.--_Bristed_.
+
+The Classical Tripos is generally spoken of as _the Tripos_, the
+Mathematical one as the Degree Examination.--_Ibid._, p. 170.
+
+2. A tripos paper.
+
+3. One who prepares a tripos paper.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TRIPOS PAPER. At the University of Cambridge, England, a printed
+list of the successful candidates for mathematical honors,
+accompanied by a piece in Latin verse. There are two of these,
+designed to commemorate the two Tripos days. The first contains
+the names of the Wranglers and Senior Optimes, and the second the
+names of the Junior Optimes. The word _tripos_ is supposed to
+refer to the three-legged stool formerly used at the examinations
+for these honors, though some derive it from the three _brackets_
+formerly printed on the back of the paper.
+
+_Classical Tripos Examination_. The final university examination
+for classical honors, optional to all who have taken the
+mathematical honors.--_C.A. Bristed_, in _Webster's Dict._
+
+The Tripos Paper is more fully described in the annexed extract.
+"The names of the Bachelors who were highest in the list
+(Wranglers and Senior Optimes, _Baccalaurei quibus sua reservatur
+senioritas Comitiis prioribus_, and Junior Optimes, _Comitiis
+posterioribus_) were written on slips of paper; and on the back of
+these papers, probably with a view of making them less fugitive
+and more entertaining, was given a copy of Latin verses. These
+verses were written by one of the new Bachelors, and the exuberant
+spirits and enlarged freedom arising from the termination of the
+Undergraduate restrictions often gave to these effusions a
+character of buffoonery and satire. The writer was termed _Terræ
+Filius_, or _Tripos_, probably from some circumstance in the mode
+of his making his appearance and delivering his verses; and took
+considerable liberties. On some occasions, we find that these went
+so far as to incur the censure of the authorities. Even now, the
+Tripos verses often aim at satire and humor. [It is customary to
+have one serious and one humorous copy of verses.] The writer does
+not now appear in person, but the Tripos Paper, the list of honors
+with its verses, still comes forth at its due season, and the list
+itself has now taken the name of the Tripos. This being the case
+with the list of mathematical honors, the same name has been
+extended to the list of classical honors, though unaccompanied by
+its classical verses."--_Whewell on Cambridge Education_, Preface
+to Part II., quoted in _Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 25.
+
+
+TRUMP. A jolly blade; a merry fellow; one who occupies among his
+companions a position similar to that which trumps hold to the
+other cards in the pack. Not confined in its use to collegians,
+but much in vogue among them.
+
+  But soon he treads this classic ground,
+  Where knowledge dwells and _trumps_ abound.
+    _MS. Poem_.
+
+
+TRUSTEE. A person to whom property is legally committed in
+_trust_, to be applied either for the benefit of specified
+individuals, or for public uses.--_Webster_.
+
+In many American colleges the general government is vested in a
+board of _trustees_, appointed differently in different colleges.
+
+See CORPORATION and OVERSEER.
+
+
+TUFT-HUNTER. A cant term, in the English universities, for a
+hanger-on to noblemen and persons of quality. So called from the
+_tuft_ in the cap of the latter.--_Halliwell_.
+
+There are few such thorough _tuft-hunters_ as your genuine Oxford
+Don.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LVI. p. 572.
+
+
+TUITION. In universities, colleges, schools, &c., the money paid
+for instruction. In American colleges, the tuition is from thirty
+to seventy dollars a year.
+
+
+TUTE. Abbreviation for Tutor.
+
+
+TUTOR. Latin; from _tueor_, to defend; French, _tuteur_.
+
+In English universities and colleges, an officer or member of some
+hall, who has the charge of hearing the lessons of the students,
+and otherwise giving them instruction in the sciences and various
+branches of learning.
+
+In the American colleges, tutors are graduates selected by the
+trustees, for the instruction of undergraduates of the first three
+years. They are usually officers of the institution, who have a
+share, with the president and professors, in the government of the
+students.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TUTORAGE. In the English universities, the guardianship exerted by
+a tutor; the care of a pupil.
+
+The next item which I shall notice is that which in college bills
+is expressed by the word _Tutorage_.--_De Quincey's Life and
+Manners_, p. 251.
+
+
+TUTOR, CLASS. At some of the colleges in the United States, each
+of the four classes is assigned to the care of a particular tutor,
+who acts as the ordinary medium of communication between the
+members of the class and the Faculty, and who may be consulted by
+the students concerning their studies, or on any other subject
+interesting to them in their relations to the college.
+
+At Harvard College, in addition to these offices, the Class Tutors
+grant leave of absence from church and from town for Sunday,
+including Saturday night, on the presentation of a satisfactory
+reason, and administer all warnings and private admonitions
+ordered by the Faculty for misconduct or neglect of duty.--_Orders
+and Regulations of the Faculty of Harv. Coll._, July, 1853, pp. 1,
+2.
+
+Of this regulation as it obtained at Harvard during the latter
+part of the last century, Professor Sidney Willard says: "Each of
+the Tutors had one class, of which he was charged with a certain
+oversight, and of which he was called the particular Tutor. The
+several Tutors in Latin successively sustained this relation to my
+class. Warnings of various kinds, private admonitions for
+negligence or minor offences, and, in general, intercommunication
+between his class and the Immediate Government, were the duties
+belonging to this relation."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+Vol. I. p. 266, note.
+
+
+TUTOR, COLLEGE. At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, an
+officer connected with a college, whose duties are described in
+the annexed extracts.
+
+With reference to Oxford, De Quincey remarks: "Each college takes
+upon itself the regular instruction of its separate inmates,--of
+these and of no others; and for this office it appoints, after
+careful selection, trial, and probation, the best qualified
+amongst those of its senior members who choose to undertake a
+trust of such heavy responsibility. These officers are called
+Tutors; and they are connected by duties and by accountability,
+not with the University at all, but with their own private
+colleges. The public tutors appointed in each college [are] on the
+scale of one to each dozen or score of students."--_Life and
+Manners_, Boston, 1851, p. 252.
+
+Bristed, writing of Cambridge, says: "When, therefore, a boy, or,
+as we should call him, a young man, leaves his school, public or
+private, at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and 'goes up' to the
+University, he necessarily goes up to some particular college, and
+the first academical authority he makes acquaintance with in the
+regular order of things is the College Tutor. This gentleman has
+usually taken high honors either in classics or mathematics, and
+one of his duties is naturally to lecture. But this by no means
+constitutes the whole, or forms the most important part, of his
+functions. He is the medium of all the students' pecuniary
+relations with the College. He sends in their accounts every term,
+and receives the money through his banker; nay, more, he takes in
+the bills of their tradesmen, and settles them also. Further, he
+has the disposal of the college rooms, and assigns them to their
+respective occupants. When I speak of the College _Tutor_, it must
+not be supposed that one man is equal to all this work in a large
+college,--Trinity, for instance, which usually numbers four
+hundred Undergraduates in residence. A large college has usually
+two Tutors,--Trinity has three,--and the students are equally
+divided among them,--_on their sides_, the phrase is,--without
+distinction of year, or, as we should call it, of _class_. The
+jurisdiction of the rooms is divided in like manner. The Tutor is
+supposed to stand _in loco parentis_; but having sometimes more
+than a hundred young men under him, he cannot discharge his duties
+in this respect very thoroughly, nor is it generally expected that
+he should."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 10, 11.
+
+
+TUTORIAL. Belonging to or exercised by a tutor or instructor.
+
+Even while he is engaged in his "_tutorial_" duties, &c.--_Am.
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. IV. p. 409.
+
+
+TUTORIC. Pertaining to a tutor.
+
+A collection of two was not then considered a sure prognostic of
+rebellion, and spied out vigilantly by _tutoric_
+eyes.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 314.
+
+
+TUTORIFIC. The same as _tutoric_.
+
+  While thus in doubt they hesitating stand,
+  Approaches near the _Tutorific_ band.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+  "Old Yale," of thee we sing, thou art our theme,
+  Of thee with all thy _Tutorific_ host.--_Ibid._
+
+
+TUTORING FRESHMEN. Of the various means used by Sophomores to
+trouble Freshmen, that of _tutoring_ them, as described in the
+following extract from the Sketches of Yale College, is not at all
+peculiar to that institution, except in so far as the name is
+concerned.
+
+"The ancient customs of subordination among the classes, though
+long since abrogated, still preserve a part of their power over
+the students, not only of this, but of almost every similar
+institution. The recently exalted Sophomore, the dignified Junior,
+and the venerable Senior, look back with equal humor at the
+'greenness' of their first year. The former of these classes,
+however, is chiefly notorious in the annals of Freshman capers. To
+them is allotted the duty of fumigating the room of the new-comer,
+and preparing him, by a due induction into the mysteries of Yale,
+for the duties of his new situation. Of these performances, the
+most systematic is commonly styled _Tutoring_, from the character
+assumed by the officiating Sophomore. Seated solemnly in his chair
+of state, arrayed in a pompous gown, with specs and powdered hair,
+he awaits the approach of the awe-struck subject, who has been
+duly warned to attend his pleasure, and fitly instructed to make a
+low reverence and stand speechless until addressed by his
+illustrious superior. A becoming impression has also been conveyed
+of the dignity, talents, and profound learning and influence into
+the congregated presence of which he is summoned. Everything, in
+short, which can increase his sufficiently reverent emotions, or
+produce a readier or more humble obedience, is carefully set
+forth, till he is prepared to approach the door with no little
+degree of that terror with which the superstitious inquirer enters
+the mystic circle of the magician. A shaded light gleams dimly out
+into the room, and pours its fuller radiance upon a ponderous
+volume of Hebrew; a huge pile of folios rests on the table, and
+the eye of the fearful Freshman half ventures to discover that
+they are tomes of the dead languages.
+
+"But first he has, in obedience to his careful monitor, bowed
+lowly before the dignified presence; and, hardly raising his eyes,
+he stands abashed at his awful situation, waiting the supreme
+pleasure of the supposed officer. A benignant smile lights up the
+tutor's grave countenance; he enters strangely enough into
+familiar talk with the recently admitted collegiate; in pathetic
+terms he describes the temptations of this _great_ city, the
+thousand dangers to which he will be exposed, the vortex of ruin
+into which, if he walks unwarily, he will be surely plunged. He
+fires the youthful ambition with glowing descriptions of the
+honors that await the successful, and opens to his eager view the
+dazzling prospect of college fame. Nor does he fail to please the
+youthful aspirant with assurances of the kindly notice of the
+Faculty; he informs him of the satisfactory examination he has
+passed, and the gratification of the President at his uncommon
+proficiency; and having thus filled the buoyant imagination of his
+dupe with the most glowing college air-castles, dismisses him from
+his august presence, after having given him especial permission to
+call on any important occasion hereafter."--pp. 159-162.
+
+
+TUTOR, PRIVATE. At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, an
+instructor, whose position and studies are set forth in the
+following extracts.
+
+"Besides the public tutors appointed in each college," says De
+Quincey, writing of Oxford, "there are also tutors strictly
+private, who attend any students in search of special and
+extraordinary aid, on terms settled privately by themselves. Of
+these persons, or their existence, the college takes no
+cognizance." "These are the working agents in the Oxford system."
+"The _Tutors_ of Oxford correspond to the _Professors_ of other
+universities."--_Life and Manners_, Boston, 1851, pp. 252, 253.
+
+Referring to Cambridge, Bristed remarks: "The private tutor at an
+English university corresponds, as has been already observed, in
+many respects, to the _professor_ at a German. The German
+professor is not _necessarily_ attached to any specific chair; he
+receives no _fixed_ stipend, and has not public lecture-rooms; he
+teaches at his own house, and the number of his pupils depends on
+his reputation. The Cambridge private tutor is also a graduate,
+who takes pupils at his rooms in numbers proportionate to his
+reputation and ability. And although while the German professor is
+regularly licensed as such by his university, and the existence of
+the private tutor _as such_ is not even officially recognized by
+his, still this difference is more apparent than real; for the
+English university has _virtually_ licensed the tutor to instruct
+in a particular branch by the standing she has given him in her
+examinations." "Students come up to the University with all
+degrees of preparation.... To make up for former deficiences, and
+to direct study so that it may not be wasted, are two _desiderata_
+which probably led to the introduction of private tutors, once a
+partial, now a general appliance."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 146-148.
+
+
+TUTORSHIP. The office of a tutor.--_Hooker_.
+
+In the following passage, this word is used as a titulary
+compellation, like the word _lordship_.
+
+  One morning, as the story goes,
+  Before his _tutorship_ arose.--_Rebelliad_, p. 73.
+
+
+TUTORS' PASTURE. In 1645, John Bulkley, the "first Master of Arts
+in Harvard College," by a deed, gave to Mr. Dunster, the President
+of that institution, two acres of land in Cambridge, during his
+life. The deed then proceeds: "If at any time he shall leave the
+Presidency, or shall decease, I then desire the College to
+appropriate the same to itself for ever, as a small gift from an
+alumnus, bearing towards it the greatest good-will." "After
+President Dunster's resignation," says Quincy, "the Corporation
+gave the income of Bulkley's donation to the tutors, who received
+it for many years, and hence the enclosure obtained the name of
+'_Tutors' Pasture_,' or '_Fellows' Orchard_.'" In the Donation
+Book of the College, the deed is introduced as "Extractum Doni
+Pomarii Sociorum per Johannem Bulkleium."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 269, 270.
+
+For further remarks on this subject, see Peirce's "History of
+Harvard University," pp. 15, 81, 113, also Chap. XIII., and
+"Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," pp. 390, 391.
+
+
+TWITCH A TWELVE. At Middlebury College, to make a perfect
+recitation; twelve being the maximum mark for scholarship.
+
+
+
+_U_.
+
+
+UGLY KNIFE. See JACK-KNIFE.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATE. A student, or member of a university or college,
+who has not taken his first degree.--_Webster_.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATE. Noting or pertaining to a student of a college who
+has not taken his first degree.
+
+The _undergraduate_ students shall be divided into four distinct
+classes.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 11.
+
+With these the _undergraduate_ course is not intended to
+interfere.--_Yale Coll. Cat._, 1850-51, p. 33.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATESHIP. The state of being an undergraduate.--_Life of
+Paley_.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY. An assemblage of colleges established in any place,
+with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other
+branches of learning, and where degrees are conferred. A
+_university_ is properly a universal school, in which are taught
+all branches of learning, or the four faculties of theology,
+medicine, law, and the sciences and arts.--_Cyclopædia_.
+
+2. At some American colleges, a name given to a university
+student. The regulation in reference to this class at Union
+College is as follows:--"Students, not regular members of college,
+are allowed, as university students, to prosecute any branches for
+which they are qualified, provided they attend three recitations
+daily, and conform in all other respects to the laws of College.
+On leaving College, they receive certificates of character and
+scholarship."--_Union Coll. Cat._, 1850.
+
+The eyes of several Freshmen and _Universities_ shone with a
+watery lustre.--_The Parthenon_, Vol. I. p. 20.
+
+
+UP. To be _up_ in a subject, is to be informed in regard to it.
+_Posted_ expresses a similar idea. The use of this word, although
+common among collegians, is by no means confined to them.
+
+In our past history, short as it is, we would hardly expect them
+to be well _up_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 28.
+
+
+He is well _up_ in metaphysics.--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+
+UPPER HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+
+_V_.
+
+
+VACATION. The intermission of the regular studies and exercises of
+a college or other seminary, when the students have a
+recess.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., there are three vacations
+during each year. Christmas vacation begins on the 16th of
+December, and ends on the 13th of January. Easter vacation begins
+on the Friday before Palm Sunday, and ends on the eleventh day
+after Easter-day. The Long vacation begins on the Friday
+succeeding the first Tuesday in July, and ends on the 10th of
+October. At the University of Oxford there are four vacations in
+each year. At Dublin University there are also four vacations,
+which correspond nearly with the vacations of Oxford.
+
+See TERM.
+
+
+VALEDICTION. A farewell; a bidding farewell. Used sometimes with
+the meaning of _valedictory_ or _valedictory oration_.
+
+Two publick Orations, by the Candidates: the one to give a
+specimen of their Knowledge, &c., and the other to give a grateful
+and pathetick _Valediction_ to all the Officers and Members of the
+Society.--_Clap's Hist. Yale Coll._, p. 87.
+
+
+VALEDICTORIAN. The student of a college who pronounces the
+valedictory oration at the annual Commencement.--_Webster_.
+
+
+VALEDICTORY. In American colleges, a farewell oration or address
+spoken at Commencement, by a member of the class which receive the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts, and take their leave of college and of
+each other.
+
+
+VARMINT. At Cambridge, England, and also among the whip gentry,
+this word signifies natty, spruce, dashing; e.g. he is quite
+_varmint_; he sports a _varmint_ hat, coat, &c.
+
+A _varmint_ man spurns a scholarship, would consider it a
+degradation to be a fellow.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 122.
+
+The handsome man, my friend and pupil, was naturally enough a bit
+of a swell, or _varmint_ man.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 118.
+
+
+VERGER. At the University of Oxford, an officer who walks first in
+processions, and carries a silver rod.
+
+
+VICE-CHANCELLOR. An officer in a university, in England, a
+distinguished member, who is annually elected to manage the
+affairs in the absence of the Chancellor. He must be the head of a
+college, and during his continuance in office he acts as a
+magistrate for the university, town, and county.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+At Oxford, the Vice-Chancellor holds a court, in which suits may
+be brought against any member of the University. He never walks
+out, without being preceded by a Yeoman-Bedel with his silver
+staff. At Cambridge, the Mayor and Bailiffs of the town are
+obliged, at their election, to take certain oaths before the
+Vice-Chancellor. The Vice-Chancellor has the sole right of
+licensing wine and ale-houses in Cambridge, and of _discommuning_
+any tradesman or inhabitant who has violated the University
+privileges or regulations. In both universities, the
+Vice-Chancellor is nominated by the Heads of Houses, from among
+themselves.
+
+
+VICE-MASTER. An officer of a college in the English universities
+who performs the duties of the Master in his absence.
+
+
+VISITATION. The act of a superior or superintending officer, who
+visits a corporation, college, church, or other house, to examine
+into the manner in which it is conducted, and see that its laws
+and regulations are duly observed and executed.--_Cyc._
+
+In July, 1766, a law was formally enacted, "that twice in the
+year, viz. at the semiannual _visitation_ of the committee of the
+Overseers, some of the scholars, at the direction of the President
+and Tutors, shall publicly exhibit specimens of their
+proficiency," &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 132.
+
+
+VIVA VOCE. Latin; literally, _with the living voice_. In the
+English universities, that part of an examination which is carried
+on orally.
+
+The examination involves a little _viva voce_, and it was said,
+that, if a man did his _viva voce_ well, none of his papers were
+looked at but the Paley.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 92.
+
+In Combination Room, where once I sat at _viva voce_, wretched,
+ignorant, the wine goes round, and wit, and pleasant
+talk.--_Household Words_, Am. ed., Vol. XI. p. 521.
+
+
+
+_W_.
+
+
+WALLING. At the University of Oxford, the punishment of _walling_,
+as it is popularly denominated, consists in confining a student to
+the walls of his college for a certain period.
+
+
+WARDEN. The master or president of a college.--_England_.
+
+
+WARNING. In many colleges, when it is ascertained that a student
+is not living in accordance with the laws of the institution, he
+is usually informed of the fact by a _warning_, as it is called,
+from one of the faculty, which consists merely of friendly caution
+and advice, thus giving him an opportunity, by correcting his
+faults, to escape punishment.
+
+  Sadly I feel I should have been saved by numerous _warnings_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+  No more shall "_warnings_" in their hearing ring,
+  Nor "admonitions" haunt their aching head.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 210.
+
+
+WEDGE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the man whose name is
+the last on the list of honors in the voluntary classical
+examination, which follows the last examination required by
+statute, is called the _wedge_. "The last man is called the
+_wedge_" says Bristed, "corresponding to the Spoon in Mathematics.
+This name originated in that of the man who was last on the first
+Tripos list (in 1824), _Wedgewood_. Some one suggested that the
+_wooden wedge_ was a good counterpart to the _wooden spoon_, and
+the appellation stuck."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+253.
+
+
+WET. To christen a new garment by treating one's friends when one
+first appears in it; e.g.:--A. "Have you _wet_ that new coat yet?"
+B. "No." A. "Well, then, I should recommend to you the propriety
+of so doing." B. "What will you drink?" This word, although much
+used among students, is by no means confined to them.
+
+
+WHINNICK. At Hamilton College, to refuse to fulfil a promise or
+engagement; to retreat from a difficulty; to back out.
+
+
+WHITE-HOOD HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+WIGS. The custom of wearing wigs was, perhaps, observed nowhere in
+America during the last century with so much particularity as at
+the older colleges. Of this the following incident is
+illustrative. Mr. Joseph Palmer, who graduated at Harvard in the
+year 1747, entered college at the age of fourteen; but, although
+so young, was required immediately after admission to cut off his
+long, flowing hair, and to cover his head with an unsightly
+bag-wig. At the beginning of the present century, wigs were not
+wholly discarded, although the fashion of wearing the hair in a
+queue was more in vogue. From a record of curious facts, it
+appears that the last wig which appeared at Commencement in
+Harvard College was worn by Mr. John Marsh, in the year 1819.
+
+See DRESS.
+
+
+WILL. At Harvard College, it was at one time the mode for the
+student to whom had been given the JACK-KNIFE in consequence of
+his ugliness, to transmit the inheritance, when he left, to some
+one of equal pretensions in the class next below him. At one
+period, this transmission was effected by a _will_, in which not
+only the knife, but other articles, were bequeathed. As the 21st
+of June was, till of late years, the day on which the members of
+the Senior Class closed their collegiate studies, and retired to
+make preparations for the ensuing Commencement, Wills were usually
+dated at that time. The first will of this nature of which mention
+is made is that of Mr. William Biglow, a member of the class of
+1794, and the recipient for that year of the knife. It appeared in
+the department entitled "Omnium Gatherum" of the Federal Orrery,
+published at Boston, April 27, 1795, in these words:--
+
+ "A WILL:
+
+BEING THE LAST WORDS OF CHARLES CHATTERBOX, ESQ., LATE WORTHY AND
+MUCH LAMENTED MEMBER OF THE LAUGHING CLUB OF HARVARD UNIVERSITT,
+WHO DEPARTED COLLEGE LIFE, JUNE 21, 1794, IN THE TWENTY-FIRST YEAR
+OF HIS AGE.
+
+ "I, CHARLEY CHATTER, sound of mind,
+  To making fun am much inclined;
+  So, having cause to apprehend
+  My college life is near its end,
+  All future quarrels to prevent,
+  I seal this will and testament.
+
+ "My soul and body, while together,
+  I send the storms of life to weather;
+  To steer as safely as they can,
+  To honor GOD, and profit man.
+
+ "_Imprimis_, then, my bed and bedding,
+  My only chattels worth the sledding,
+  Consisting of a maple stead,
+  A counterpane, and coverlet,
+  Two cases with the pillows in,
+  A blanket, cord, a winch and pin,
+  Two sheets, a feather bed and hay-tick,
+  I order sledded up to _Natick_,
+  And that with care the sledder save them
+  For those kind parents, first who gave them.
+
+ "_Item_. The Laughing Club, so blest,
+  Who think this life what 't is,--a jest,--
+  Collect its flowers from every spray,
+  And laugh its goading thorns away;
+  From whom to-morrow I dissever,
+  Take one sweet grin, and leave for ever;
+  My chest, and all that in it is,
+  I give and I bequeath them, viz.:
+  Westminster grammar, old and poor,
+  Another one, compiled by Moor;
+  A bunch of pamphlets pro and con
+  The doctrine of salva-ti-on;
+  The college laws, I'm freed from minding,
+  A Hebrew psalter, stripped from binding.
+  A Hebrew Bible, too, lies nigh it,
+  Unsold--because no one would buy it.
+
+ "My manuscripts, in prose and verse,
+  They take for better and for worse;
+  Their minds enlighten with the best,
+  And pipes and candles with the rest;
+  Provided that from them they cull
+  My college exercises dull,
+  On threadbare theme, with mind unwilling,
+  Strained out through fear of fine one shilling,
+  To teachers paid t' avert an evil,
+  Like Indian worship to the Devil.
+  The above-named manuscripts, I say.
+  To club aforesaid I convey,
+  Provided that said themes, so given,
+  Full proofs that _genius won't be driven_,
+  To our physicians be presented,
+  As the best opiates yet invented.
+
+ "_Item_. The government of college,
+  Those liberal _helluos_ of knowledge,
+  Who, e'en in these degenerate days,
+  Deserve the world's unceasing praise;
+  Who, friends of science and of men,
+  Stand forth Gomorrah's righteous ten;
+  On them I naught but thanks bestow,
+  For, like my cash, my credit's low;
+  So I can give nor clothes nor wines,
+  But bid them welcome to my fines.
+
+ "_Item_. My study desk of pine,
+  That work-bench, sacred to the nine,
+  Which oft hath groaned beneath my metre,
+  I give to pay my debts to PETER.
+
+ "_Item_. Two penknives with white handles,
+  A bunch of quills, and pound of candles,
+  A lexicon compiled by COLE,
+  A pewter spoon, and earthen bowl,
+  A hammer, and two homespun towels,
+  For which I yearn with tender bowels,
+  Since I no longer can control them,
+  I leave to those sly lads who stole them.
+
+ "_Item_. A gown much greased in Commons,
+  A hat between a man's and woman's,
+  A tattered coat of college blue,
+  A fustian waistcoat torn in two,
+  With all my rust, through college carried,
+  I give to classmate O----,[67] who's _married_.
+
+ "_Item_. C------ P------s[68] has my knife,
+  During his natural college life,--
+  That knife, which ugliness inherits,
+  And due to his superior merits;
+  And when from Harvard he shall steer,
+  I order him to leave it here,
+  That 't may from class to class descend,
+  Till time and ugliness shall end.
+
+ "The said C------ P------s, humor's son,
+  Who long shall stay when I am gone,
+  The Muses' most successful suitor,
+  I constitute my executor;
+  And for his trouble to requite him,
+  Member of Laughing Club I write him.
+
+ "Myself on life's broad sea I throw,
+  Sail with its joy, or stem its woe,
+  No other friend to take my part,
+  Than careless head and honest heart.
+  My purse is drained, my debts are paid,
+  My glass is run, my will is made,
+  To beauteous Cam. I bid adieu,
+  And with the world begin anew."
+
+Following the example of his friend Biglow, Mr. Prentiss, on
+leaving college, prepared a will, which afterwards appeared in one
+of the earliest numbers of the Rural Repository, a literary paper,
+the publication of which he commenced at Leominster, Mass., in the
+autumn of 1795. Thomas Paine, afterwards Robert Treat Paine, Jr.,
+immediately transferred it to the columns of the Federal Orrery,
+which paper he edited, with these introductory remarks: "Having,
+in the second number of 'Omnium Gatherum' presented to our readers
+the last will and testament of Charles Chatterbox, Esq., of witty
+memory, wherein the said Charles, now deceased, did lawfully
+bequeath to Ch----s Pr----s the celebrated 'Ugly Knife,' to be by
+him transmitted, at his collegiate demise, to the next succeeding
+candidate;... and whereas the said Ch-----s Pr-----s, on the 21st
+of June last, departed his aforesaid '_college life_,' thereby
+leaving to the inheritance of his successor the valuable legacy,
+which his illustrious friend had bequeathed, as an _entailed
+estate_, to the poets of the university,--we have thought proper
+to insert a full, true, and attested copy of the will of the last
+deceased heir, in order that the world may be furnished with a
+correct genealogy of this renowned _jack-knife_, whose pedigree
+will become as illustrious in after time as the family of the
+'ROLLES,' and which will be celebrated by future wits as the most
+formidable _weapon_ of modern genius."
+
+"A WILL;
+
+BEING THE LAST WORDS OP CH----S PR----S, LATE WORTHY AND MUCH
+LAMENTED MEMBER OF THE LAUGHING CLUB OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, WHO
+DEPARTED COLLEGE LIFE ON THE 21ST OF JUNE, 1795.
+
+ "I, Pr-----s Ch----s, of judgment sound,
+  In soul, in limb and wind, now found;
+  I, since my head is full of wit,
+  And must be emptied, or must split,
+  In name of _president_ APOLLO,
+  And other gentle folks, that follow:
+  Such as URANIA and CLIO,
+  To whom my fame poetic I owe;
+  With the whole drove of rhyming sisters,
+  For whom my heart with rapture blisters;
+  Who swim in HELICON uncertain
+  Whether a petticoat or shirt on,
+  From vulgar ken their charms do cover,
+  From every eye but _Muses' lover_;
+  In name of every ugly GOD;
+  Whose beauty scarce outshines a toad;
+  In name of PROSERPINE and PLUTO,
+  Who board in hell's sublimest grotto;
+  In name of CERBERUS and FURIES,
+  Those damned _aristocrats_ and tories;
+  In presence of two witnesses,
+  Who are as homely as you please,
+  Who are in truth, I'd not belie 'em,
+  Ten times as ugly, faith, as I am;
+  But being, as most people tell us,
+  A pair of jolly clever fellows,
+  And classmates likewise, at this time,
+  They sha'n't be honored in my rhyme.
+  I--I say I, now make this will;
+  Let those whom I assign fulfil.
+  I give, grant, render, and convey
+  My goods and chattels thus away:
+  That _honor of a college life_,
+  _That celebrated_ UGLY KNIFE,
+  Which predecessor SAWNEY[69] orders,
+  Descending to time's utmost borders,
+  To _noblest bard of homeliest phiz_,
+  To have and hold and use as his;
+  I now present C----s P----y S----r,[70]
+  To keep with his poetic lumber,
+  To scrape his quid, and make a split,
+  To point his pen for sharpening wit;
+  And order that he ne'er abuse
+  Said Ugly Knife, in dirtier use,
+  And let said CHARLES, that best of writers,
+  In prose satiric skilled to bite us,
+  And equally in verse delight us,
+  Take special care to keep it clean
+  From unpoetic hands,--I ween.
+  And when those walls, the Muses' seat,
+  Said S----r is obliged to quit,
+  Let some one of APOLLO'S firing,
+  To such heroic joys aspiring,
+  Who long has borne a poet's name,
+  With said knife cut his way to fame.
+
+ "I give to those that fish for parts,
+  Long sleepless nights, and aching hearts,
+  A little soul, a fawning spirit,
+  With half a grain of plodding merit,
+  Which is, as Heaven I hope will say,
+  Giving what's not my own away.
+
+ "Those _oven baked_ or _goose egg folded_,
+  Who, though so often I have told it,
+  With all my documents to show it,
+  Will scarce believe that I'm a poet,
+  I give of criticism the lens
+  With half an ounce of common sense.
+
+ "And 't would a breach be of humanity,
+  Not to bequeath D---n[71] my vanity;
+  For 'tis a rule direct from Heaven,
+  _To him that hath, more shall be given_.
+
+ "_Item_. Tom M----n,[72] COLLEGE LION,
+  Who'd ne'er spend cash enough to buy one,
+  The BOANERGES of a pun,
+  A man of science and of fun,
+  That quite uncommon witty elf,
+  Who darts his bolts and shoots himself,
+  Who oft hath bled beneath my jokes,
+  I give my old _tobacco-box_.
+
+ "My _Centinels_[73] for some years past,
+  So neatly bound with thread and paste,
+  Exposing Jacobinic tricks,
+  I give my chum _for politics_.
+
+ "My neckcloth, dirty, old, yet _strong_,
+  That round my neck has lasted long,
+  I give BIG BOY, for deed of pith,
+  Namely, to hang himself therewith.
+
+ "To those who've parts at exhibition
+  Obtained by long, unwearied fishing,
+  I say, to such unlucky wretches,
+  I give, for wear, a brace of breeches;
+  Then used; as they're but little tore,
+  I hope they'll show their tails no more.
+
+ "And ere it quite has gone to rot,
+  I, B---- give my blue great-coat,
+  With all its rags, and dirt, and tallow,
+  Because he's such a dirty fellow.
+
+ "Now for my books; first, _Bunyan's Pilgrim_,
+  (As he with thankful pleasure will grin,)
+  Though dog-leaved, torn, in bad type set in,
+  'T will do quite well for classmate B----,
+  And thus, with complaisance to treat her,
+  'T will answer for another Detur.
+
+ "To him that occupies my study,
+  I give, for use of making toddy,
+  A bottle full of _white-face_ STINGO,
+  Another, handy, called a _mingo_.
+  My wit, as I've enough to spare,
+  And many much in want there are,
+  I ne'er intend to keep at _home_,
+  But give to those that handiest come,
+  Having due caution, _where_ and _when_,
+  Never to spatter _gentlemen_.
+  The world's loud call I can't refuse,
+  The fine productions of my muse;
+  If _impudence_ to _fame_ shall waft her,
+  I'll give the public all, hereafter.
+  My love-songs, sorrowful, complaining,
+  (The recollection puts me pain in,)
+  The last sad groans of deep despair,
+  That once could all my entrails tear;
+  My farewell sermon to the ladies;
+  My satire on a woman's head-dress;
+  My epigram so full of glee,
+  Pointed as epigrams should be;
+  My sonnets soft, and sweet as lasses,
+  My GEOGRAPHY of MOUNT PARNASSUS;
+  With all the bards that round it gather,
+  And variations of the weather;
+  Containing more true humorous satire,
+  Than's oft the lot of human nature;
+  ('O dear, what can the matter be!'
+  I've given away my _vanity_;
+  The vessel can't so much contain,
+  It runs o'er and comes back again.)
+  My blank verse, poems so majestic,
+  My rhymes heroic, tales agrestic;
+  The whole, I say, I'll overhaul 'em,
+  Collect and publish in a volume.
+
+ "My heart, which thousand ladies crave,
+  That I intend my wife shall have.
+  I'd give my foibles to the wind,
+  And leave my vices all behind;
+  But much I fear they'll to me stick,
+  Where'er I go, through thin and thick.
+  On WISDOM'S _horse_, oh, might I ride,
+  Whose steps let PRUDENCE' bridle guide.
+  Thy loudest voice, O REASON, lend,
+  And thou, PHILOSOPHY, befriend.
+  May candor all my actions guide,
+  And o'er my every thought preside,
+  And in thy ear, O FORTUNE, one word,
+  Let thy swelled canvas bear me onward,
+  Thy favors let me ever see,
+  And I'll be much obliged to thee;
+  And come with blooming visage meek,
+  Come, HEALTH, and ever flush my cheek;
+  O bid me in the morning rise,
+  When tinges Sol the eastern skies;
+  At breakfast, supper-time, or dinner,
+  Let me against thee be no sinner.
+
+ "And when the glass of life is run,
+  And I behold my setting sun,
+  May conscience sound be my protection,
+  And no ungrateful recollection,
+  No gnawing cares nor tumbling woes,
+  Disturb the quiet of life's close.
+  And when Death's gentle feet shall come
+  To bear me to my endless home,
+  Oh! may my soul, should Heaven but save it,
+  Safely return to GOD who gave it."
+    _Federal Orrery_, Oct. 29, 1795. _Buckingham's Reminiscences_,
+    Vol. II. pp. 228-231, 268-273.
+
+It is probable that the idea of a "College Will" was suggested to
+Biglow by "Father Abbey's Will," portions of which, till the
+present generation, were "familiar to nearly all the good
+housewives of New England." From the history of this poetical
+production, which has been lately printed for private circulation
+by the Rev. John Langdon Sibley of Harvard College, the annexed
+transcript of the instrument itself, together with the love-letter
+which was suggested by it, has been taken. The instances in which
+the accepted text differs from a Broadside copy, in the possession
+of the editor of this work, are noted at the foot of the page.
+
+ "FATHER ABBEY'S WILL:
+
+  TO WHICH IS NOW ADDED, A LETTER OF COURTSHIP TO HIS VIRTUOUS AND
+  AMIABLE WIDOW.
+   "_Cambridge, December_, 1730.
+
+"Some time since died here Mr. Matthew Abbey, in a very advanced
+age: He had for a great number of years served the College in
+quality of Bedmaker and Sweeper: Having no child, his wife
+inherits his whole estate, which he bequeathed to her by his last
+will and testament, as follows, viz.:--
+
+ "To my dear wife
+  My joy and life,
+  I freely now do give her,
+  My whole estate,
+  With all my plate,
+  Being just about to leave her.
+
+ "My tub of soap,
+  A long cart-rope,
+  A frying pan and kettle,
+  An ashes[74] pail,
+  A threshing-flail,
+  An iron wedge and beetle.
+
+ "Two painted chairs,
+  Nine warden pears,
+  A large old dripping platter,
+  This bed of hay
+  On which I lay,
+  An old saucepan for butter.
+
+ "A little mug,
+  A two-quart jug,
+  A bottle full of brandy,
+  A looking-glass
+  To see your face,
+  You'll find it very handy.
+
+ "A musket true,
+  As ever flew,
+  A pound of shot and wallet,
+  A leather sash,
+  My calabash,
+  My powder-horn and bullet.
+
+ "An old sword-blade,
+  A garden spade,
+  A hoe, a rake, a ladder,
+  A wooden can,
+  A close-stool pan,
+  A clyster-pipe and bladder.
+
+ "A greasy hat,
+  My old ram cat,
+  A yard and half of linen,
+  A woollen fleece,
+  A pot of grease,[75]
+  In order for your spinning.
+
+ "A small tooth comb,
+  An ashen broom,
+  A candlestick and hatchet,
+  A coverlid
+  Striped down with red,
+  A bag of rags to patch it.
+
+ "A rugged mat,
+  A tub of fat,
+  A book put out by Bunyan,
+  Another book
+  By Robin Cook,[76]
+  A skein or two of spun-yarn.
+
+ "An old black muff,
+  Some garden stuff,
+  A quantity of borage,[77]
+  Some devil's weed,
+  And burdock seed,
+  To season well your porridge.
+
+ "A chafing-dish,
+  With one salt-fish.
+  If I am not mistaken,
+  A leg of pork,
+  A broken fork,
+  And half a flitch of bacon.
+
+ "A spinning-wheel,
+  One peck of meal,
+  A knife without a handle,
+  A rusty lamp,
+  Two quarts of samp,
+  And half a tallow candle.
+
+ "My pouch and pipes,
+  Two oxen tripes,
+  An oaken dish well carved,
+  My little dog,
+  And spotted hog,
+  With two young pigs just starved.
+
+ "This is my store,
+  I have no more,
+  I heartily do give it:
+  My years are spun,
+  My days are done,
+  And so I think to leave it.
+
+ "Thus Father Abbey left his spouse,
+  As rich as church or college mouse,
+  Which is sufficient invitation
+  To serve the college in his station."
+    _Newhaven, January_ 2, 1731.
+
+"Our sweeper having lately buried his spouse, and accidentally
+hearing of the death and will of his deceased Cambridge brother,
+has conceived a violent passion for the relict. As love softens
+the mind and disposes to poetry, he has eased himself in the
+following strains, which he transmits to the charming widow, as
+the first essay of his love and courtship.
+
+ "MISTRESS Abbey
+  To you I fly,
+  You only can relieve me;
+  To you I turn,
+  For you I burn,
+  If you will but believe me.
+
+ "Then, gentle dame,
+  Admit my flame,
+  And grant me my petition;
+  If you deny,
+  Alas! I die
+  In pitiful condition.
+
+ "Before the news
+  Of your dear spouse
+  Had reached us at New Haven,
+  My dear wife dy'd,
+  Who was my bride
+  In anno eighty-seven.
+
+ "Thus[78] being free,
+  Let's both agree
+  To join our hands, for I do
+  Boldly aver
+  A widower
+  Is fittest for a widow.
+
+ "You may be sure
+  'T is not your dower
+  I make this flowing verse on;
+  In these smooth lays
+  I only praise
+  The glories[79] of your person.
+
+ "For the whole that
+  Was left by[80] _Mat._
+  Fortune to me has granted
+  In equal store,
+  I've[81] one thing more
+  Which Matthew long had wanted.
+
+ "No teeth, 't is true,
+  You have to shew,
+  The young think teeth inviting;
+  But silly youths!
+  I love those mouths[82]
+  Where there's no fear of biting.
+
+ "A leaky eye,
+  That's never dry,
+  These woful times is fitting.
+  A wrinkled face
+  Adds solemn grace
+  To folks devout at meeting.
+
+ "[A furrowed brow,
+  Where corn might grow,
+  Such fertile soil is seen in 't,
+  A long hook nose,
+  Though scorned by foes,
+  For spectacles convenient.][83]
+
+ "Thus to go on
+  I would[84] put down
+  Your charms from head to foot,
+  Set all your glory
+  In verse before ye,
+  But I've no mind to do 't.[85]
+
+ "Then haste away,
+  And make no stay;
+  For soon as you come hither,
+  We'll eat and sleep,
+  Make beds and sweep.
+  And talk and smoke together.
+
+ "But if, my dear,
+  I must move there,
+  Tow'rds Cambridge straight I'll set me.[86]
+  To touse the hay
+  On which you lay,
+  If age and you will let me."[87]
+
+The authorship of Father Abbey's Will and the Letter of Courtship
+is ascribed to the Rev. John Seccombe, who graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1728. The former production was sent to
+England through the hands of Governor Belcher, and in May, 1732,
+appeared both in the Gentleman's Magazine and the London Magazine.
+The latter was also despatched to England, and was printed in the
+Gentleman's Magazine for June, and in the London Magazine for
+August, 1732. Both were republished in the Massachusetts Magazine,
+November, 1794. A most entertaining account of the author of these
+poems, and of those to whom they relate, may be found in the
+"Historical and Biographical Notes" of the pamphlet to which
+allusion has been already made, and in the "Cambridge [Mass.]
+Chronicle" of April 28, 1855.
+
+
+WINE. To drink wine.
+
+After "wining" to a certain extent, we sallied forth from his
+rooms.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 14.
+
+Hither they repair each day after dinner "_to wine_."
+
+_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 95.
+
+After dinner I had the honor of _wining_ with no less a personage
+than a fellow of the college.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 114.
+
+
+In _wining_ with a fair one opposite, a luckless piece of jelly
+adhered to the tip of his still more luckless nose.--_The Blank
+Book of a Small-Colleger_, New York, 1824, p. 75.
+
+
+WINE PARTY. Among students at the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+an entertainment after dinner, which is thus described by Bristed:
+"Many assemble at _wine parties_ to chat over a frugal dessert of
+oranges, biscuits, and cake, and sip a few glasses of not
+remarkably good wine. These wine parties are the most common
+entertainments, being rather the cheapest and very much the most
+convenient, for the preparations required for them are so slight
+as not to disturb the studies of the hardest reading man, and they
+take place at a time when no one pretends to do any work."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+WIRE. At Harvard College, a trick; an artifice; a stratagem; a
+_dodge_.
+
+
+WIRY. Trickish; artful.
+
+
+WITENAGEMOTE. Saxon, _witan_, to know, and _gemot_, a meeting, a
+council.
+
+In the University of Oxford, the weekly meeting of the heads of
+the colleges.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+WOODEN SPOON. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the scholar
+whose name stands last of all on the printed list of honors, at
+the Bachelors' Commencement in January, is scoffingly said to gain
+the _wooden spoon_. He is also very currently himself called the
+_wooden spoon_.
+
+A young academic coming into the country immediately after this
+great competition, in which he had conspicuously distinguished
+himself, was asked by a plain country gentleman, "Pray, Sir, is my
+Jack a Wrangler?" "No, Sir." Now Jack had confidently pledged
+himself to his uncle that he would take his degree with honor. "A
+Senior Optime?" "No, Sir." "Why, what was he then?" "Wooden
+Spoon!" "Best suited to his wooden head," said the mortified
+inquirer.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, Vol. II. p. 258.
+
+It may not perhaps be improper to mention one very remarkable
+personage, I mean "the _Wooden Spoon_." This luckless wight (for
+what cause I know not) is annually the universal butt and
+laughing-stock of the whole Senate-House. He is the last of those
+young men who take honors, in his year, and is called a Junior
+Optime; yet, notwithstanding his being in fact superior to them
+all, the very lowest of the [Greek: oi polloi], or gregarious
+undistinguished bachelors, think themselves entitled to shoot the
+pointless arrows of their clumsy wit against the _wooden spoon_;
+and to reiterate the stale and perennial remark, that "Wranglers
+are born with gold spoons in their mouths, Senior Optimes with
+silver, Junior Optimes with _wooden_, and the [Greek: oi polloi]
+with leaden ones."--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+  Who while he lives must wield the boasted prize,
+  Whose value all can feel, the weak, the wise;
+  Displays in triumph his distinguished boon,
+  The solid honors of the _wooden spoon_.
+    _Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 119.
+
+2. At Yale College, this title is conferred on the student who
+takes the last appointment at the Junior Exhibition. The following
+account of the ceremonies incident to the presentation of the
+Wooden Spoon has been kindly furnished by a graduate of that
+institution.
+
+"At Yale College the honors, or, as they are there termed,
+appointments, are given to a class twice during the course;--upon
+the merits of the two preceding years, at the end of the first
+term, Junior; and at the end of the second term, Senior, upon the
+merits of the whole college course. There are about eight grades
+of appointments, the lowest of which is the Third Colloquy. Each
+grade has its own standard, and if a number of students have
+attained to the same degree, they receive the same appointment. It
+is rarely the case, however, that more than one student can claim
+the distinction of a third colloquy; but when there are several,
+they draw lots to see which is entitled to be considered properly
+_the_ third colloquy man.
+
+"After the Junior appointments are awarded, the members of the
+Junior Class hold an exhibition similar to the regular Junior
+exhibition, and present a _wooden spoon_ to the man who received
+the lowest honor in the gift of the Faculty.
+
+"The exhibition takes place in the evening, at some public hall in
+town. Except to those engaged in the arrangements, nothing is
+known about it among the students at large, until the evening of
+the performances, when notices of the hour and place are quietly
+circulated at prayers, in order that it may not reach the ears of
+the Faculty, who are ever too ready to participate in the sports
+of the students, and to make the result tell unfavorably against
+the college welfare of the more prominent characters.
+
+"As the appointed hour approaches, long files of black coats may
+be seen emerging from the dark halls, and winding their way
+through the classic elms towards the Temple, the favorite scene of
+students' exhibitions and secret festivals. When they reach the
+door, each man must undergo the searching scrutiny of the
+door-keeper, usually disguised as an Indian, to avoid being
+recognized by a college officer, should one chance to be in the
+crowd, and no one is allowed to enter unless he is known.
+
+"By the time the hour of the exercises has arrived, the hall is
+densely packed with undergraduates and professional students. The
+President, who is a non-appointment man, and probably the poorest
+scholar in the class, sits on a stage with his associate
+professors. Appropriate programmes, printed in the college style,
+are scattered throughout the house. As the hour strikes, the
+President arises with becoming dignity, and, instead of the usual
+phrase, 'Musicam audeamus,' restores order among the audience by
+'Silentiam audeamus,' and then addresses the band, 'Musica
+cantetur.'
+
+"Then follow a series of burlesque orations, dissertations, and
+disputes, upon scientific and other subjects, from the wittiest
+and cleverest men in the class, and the house is kept in a
+continual roar of laughter. The highest appointment men frequently
+take part in the speeches. From time to time the band play, and
+the College choir sing pieces composed for the occasion. In one of
+the best, called AUDACIA, composed in imitation of the Crambambuli
+song, by a member of the class to which the writer belonged, the
+Wooden Spoon is referred to in the following stanza:--
+
+ 'But do not think our life is aimless;
+    O no! we crave one blessed boon,
+  It is the prize of value nameless,
+    The honored, classic WOODEN SPOON;
+  But give us this, we'll shout Hurrah!
+    O nothing like Audacia!'
+
+"After the speeches are concluded and the music has ceased, the
+President rises and calls the name of the hero of the evening, who
+ascends the stage and stands before the high dignitary. The
+President then congratulates him upon having attained to so
+eminent a position, and speaks of the pride that he and his
+associates feel in conferring upon him the highest honor in their
+gift,--the Wooden Spoon. He exhorts him to pursue through life the
+noble cruise he has commenced in College,--not seeking glory as
+one of the illiterate,--the [Greek: oi polloi],--nor exactly on
+the fence, but so near to it that he may safely be said to have
+gained the 'happy medium.'
+
+"The President then proceeds to the grand ceremony of the evening,
+--the delivery of the Wooden Spoon,--a handsomely finished spoon,
+or ladle, with a long handle, on which is carved the name of the
+Class, and the rank and honor of the recipient, and the date of
+its presentation. The President confers the honor in Latin,
+provided he and his associates are able to muster a sufficient
+number of sentences.
+
+"When the President resumes his seat, the Third Colloquy man
+thanks his eminent instructors for the honor conferred upon him,
+and thanks (often with sincerity) the class for the distinction he
+enjoys. The exercises close with music by the band, or a burlesque
+colloquy. On one occasion, the colloquy was announced upon the
+programme as 'A Practical Illustration of Humbugging,' with a long
+list of witty men as speakers, to appear in original costumes.
+Curiosity was very much excited, and expectation on the tiptoe,
+when the colloquy became due. The audience waited and waited until
+sufficiently _humbugged_, when they were allowed to retire with
+the laugh turned against them.
+
+"Many men prefer the Wooden Spoon to any other college honor or
+prize, because it comes directly from their classmates, and hence,
+perhaps, the Faculty disapprove of it, considering it as a damper
+to ambition and college distinctions."
+
+This account of the Wooden Spoon Exhibition was written in the
+year 1851. Since then its privacy has been abolished, and its
+exercises are no longer forbidden by the Faculty. Tutors are now
+not unfrequently among the spectators at the presentation, and
+even ladies lend their presence, attention, and applause, to
+beautify, temper, and enliven the occasion.
+
+The "_Wooden Spoon_," tradition says, was in ancient times
+presented to the greatest glutton in the class, by his
+appreciating classmates. It is now given to the one whose name
+comes last on the list of appointees for the Junior Exhibition,
+though this rule is not strictly followed. The presentation takes
+place during the Summer Term, and in vivacity with respect to the
+literary exercises, and brilliance in point of audience, forms a
+rather formidable rival to the regularly authorized Junior
+Exhibition.--_Songs of Tale_, Preface, 1853, p. 4.
+
+Of the songs which are sung in connection with the wooden spoon
+presentation, the following is given as a specimen.
+
+   "Air,--_Yankee Doodle_.
+
+ "Come, Juniors, join this jolly tune
+  Our fathers sang before us;
+  And praise aloud the wooden spoon
+  In one long, swelling chorus.
+    Yes! let us, Juniors, shout and sing
+      The spoon and all its glory,--
+    Until the welkin loudly ring
+      And echo back the story.
+
+ "Who would not place this precious boon
+  Above the Greek Oration?
+  Who would not choose the wooden spoon
+  Before a dissertation?
+    Then, let, &c.
+
+ "Some pore o'er classic works jejune,
+  Through all their life at College,--
+  I would not pour, but use the spoon
+  To fill my mind with knowledge.
+    So let, &c.
+
+ "And if I ever have a son
+  Upon my knee to dandle,
+  I'll feed him with a wooden spoon
+  Of elongated handle.
+    Then let, &c.
+
+ "Most college honors vanish soon,
+  Alas! returning never,
+  But such a noble wooden spoon
+  Is tangible for ever.
+    So let, &c.
+
+ "Now give, in honor of the spoon,
+  Three cheers, long, loud, and hearty,
+  And three for every honored June
+  In coch-le-au-re-a-ti.[88]
+    Yes! let us, Juniors, shout and sing
+      The spoon and all its glory,--
+    Until the welkin loudly ring
+      And echo back the story."
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 37.
+
+
+WRANGLER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., at the conclusion
+of the tenth term, the final examination in the Senate-House takes
+place. A certain number of those who pass this examination in the
+best manner are called _Wranglers_.
+
+The usual number of _Wranglers_--whatever Wrangler may have meant
+once, it now implies a First Class man in Mathematics--is
+thirty-seven or thirty-eight. Sometimes it falls to thirty-five,
+and occasionally rises above forty.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 227.
+
+See SENIOR WRANGLER.
+
+
+WRANGLERSHIP. The office of a _Wrangler_.
+
+
+He may be considered pretty safe for the highest _Wranglership_
+out of Trinity.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 103.
+
+
+WRESTLING-MATCH. At Harvard College, it was formerly the custom,
+on the first Monday of the term succeeding the Commencement
+vacation, for the Sophomores to challenge the Freshmen who had
+just entered College to a wrestling-match. A writer in the New
+England Magazine, 1832, in an article entitled "Harvard College
+Forty Years Ago," remarks as follows on this subject: "Another
+custom, not enjoined by the government, had been in vogue from
+time immemorial. That was for the Sophomores to challenge the
+Freshmen to a wrestling-match. If the Sophomores were thrown, the
+Juniors gave a similar challenge. If these were conquered, the
+Seniors entered the lists, or treated the victors to as much wine,
+punch, &c. as they chose to drink. In my class, there were few who
+had either taste, skill, or bodily strength for this exercise, so
+that we were easily laid on our backs, and the Sophomores were
+acknowledged our superiors, in so far as 'brute force' was
+concerned. Being disgusted with these customs, we held a
+class-meeting, early in our first quarter, and voted unanimously
+that we should never send a Freshman on an errand; and, with but
+one dissenting voice, that we would not challenge the next class
+that should enter to wrestle. When the latter vote was passed, our
+moderator, pointing at the dissenting individual with the finger
+of scorn, declared it to be a vote, _nemine contradicente_. We
+commenced Sophomores, another Freshman Class entered, the Juniors
+challenged them, and were thrown. The Seniors invited them to a
+treat, and these barbarous customs were soon after
+abolished."--Vol. III. p. 239.
+
+The Freshman Class above referred to, as superior to the Junior,
+was the one which graduated in 1796, of which Mr. Thomas Mason,
+surnamed "the College Lion," was a member,--"said," remarks Mr.
+Buckingham, "to be the greatest _wrestler_ that was ever in
+College. He was settled as a clergyman at Northfield, Mass.,
+resigned his office some years after, and several times
+represented that town in the Legislature of Massachusetts."
+Charles Prentiss, the wit of the Class of '95, in a will written
+on his departure from college life, addresses Mason as follows:--
+
+ "Item. Tom M----n, COLLEGE LION,
+  Who'd ne'er spend cash enough to buy one,
+  The BOANERGES of a pun,
+  A man of science and of fun,
+  That quite uncommon witty elf,
+  Who darts his bolts and shoots himself,
+  Who oft has bled beneath my jokes,
+  I give my old _tobacco-box_."
+    _Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. p. 271.
+
+The fame which Mr. Mason had acquired while in College for bodily
+strength and skill in wrestling, did not desert him after he left.
+While settled as a minister at Northfield, a party of young men
+from Vermont challenged the young men of that town to a bout at
+wrestling. The challenge was accepted, and on a given day the two
+parties assembled at Northfield. After several rounds, when it
+began to appear that the Vermonters were gaining the advantage, a
+proposal was made, by some who had heard of Mr. Mason's exploits,
+that he should be requested to take part in the contest. It had
+now grown late, and the minister, who usually retired early, had
+already betaken himself to bed. Being informed of the request of
+the wrestlers, for a long time he refused to go, alleging as
+reasons his ministerial capacity, the force of example, &c.
+Finding these excuses of no avail, he finally arose, dressed
+himself, and repaired to the scene of action. Shouts greeted him
+on his arrival, and he found himself on the wrestling-field, as he
+had stood years ago at Cambridge. The champion of the Vermonters
+came forward, flushed with his former victories. After playing
+around him for some time, Mr. Mason finally threw him. Having by
+this time collected his ideas of the game, when another antagonist
+appeared, tripping up his heels with perfect ease, he suddenly
+twitched him off his centre and laid him on his back. Victory was
+declared in favor of Northfield, and the good minister was borne
+home in triumph.
+
+Similar to these statements are those of Professor Sidney Willard
+relative to the same subject, contained in his late work entitled
+"Memories of Youth and Manhood." Speaking of the observances in
+vogue at Harvard College in the year 1794, he says:--"Next to
+being indoctrinated in the Customs, so called, by the Sophomore
+Class, there followed the usual annual exhibition of the athletic
+contest between that class and the Freshman Class, namely, the
+wrestling-match. On some day of the second week in the term, after
+evening prayers, the two classes assembled on the play-ground and
+formed an extended circle, from which a stripling of the Sophomore
+Class advanced into the area, and, in terms justifying the vulgar
+use of the derivative word Sophomorical, defied his competitors,
+in the name of his associates, to enter the lists. He was matched
+by an equal in stature, from that part of the circle formed by the
+new-comers. Beginning with these puny athletes, as one and another
+was prostrated on either side, the contest advanced through the
+intermediate gradations of strength and skill, with increasing
+excitement of the parties and spectators, until it reached its
+summit by the struggle of the champion or coryphæus in reserve on
+each of the opposite sides. I cannot now affirm with certainty the
+result of the contest; whether it was a drawn battle, whether it
+ended with the day, or was postponed for another trial. It
+probably ended in the defeat of the younger party, for there were
+more and mightier men among their opponents. Had we been
+victorious, it would have behooved us, according to established
+precedents, to challenge the Junior Class, which was not done.
+Such a result, if it had taken place, could not fade from the
+memory of the victors; while failure, on the contrary, being an
+issue to be looked for, would soon be dismissed from the thoughts
+of the vanquished. Instances had occurred of the triumph of the
+Freshman Class, and one of them recent, when a challenge in due
+form was sent to the Juniors, who, thinking the contest too
+doubtful, wisely resolved to let the victors rejoice in their
+laurels already won; and, declining to meet them in the gymnasium,
+invited them to a sumptuous feast instead.
+
+"Wrestling was, at an after period, I cannot say in what year,
+superseded by football; a grovelling and inglorious game in
+comparison. Wrestling is an art; success in the exercise depends
+not on mere bodily strength. It had, at the time of which I have
+spoken, its well-known and acknowledged technical rules, and any
+violation of them, alleged against one who had prostrated his
+adversary, became a matter of inquiry. If it was found that the
+act was not achieved _secundum artem_, it was void, and might be
+followed by another trial."--Vol. I. pp. 260, 261.
+
+Remarks on this subject are continued in another part of the work
+from which the above extract is made, and the story of Thomas
+Mason is related, with a few variations from the generally
+received version. "Wrestling," says Professor Willard, "was
+reduced to an art, which had its technical terms for the movement
+of the limbs, and the manner of using them adroitly, with the
+skill acquired by practice in applying muscular force at the right
+time and in the right degree. Success in the art, therefore,
+depended partly on skill; and a violation of the rules of the
+contest vitiated any apparent triumph gained by mere physical
+strength. There were traditionary accounts of some of our
+predecessors who were commemorated as among the coryphæi of
+wrestlers; a renown that was not then looked upon with contempt.
+The art of wrestling was not then confined to the literary
+gymnasium. It was practised in every rustic village. There were
+even migrating braves and Hectors, who, in their wanderings from
+their places of abode to villages more or less distant, defied the
+chiefest of this order of gymnasts to enter the lists. In a
+country town of Massachusetts remote from the capital, one of
+these wanderers appeared about half a century since, and issued a
+general challenge against the foremost wrestlers. The clergyman of
+the town, a son of Harvard, whose fame in this particular had
+travelled from the academic to the rustic green, was apprised of
+the challenge, and complied with the solicitation of some of his
+young parishioners to accept it in their behalf. His triumph over
+the challenger was completed without agony or delay, and having
+prostrated him often enough to convince him of his folly, he threw
+him over the stone wall, and gravely admonished him against
+repeating his visit, and disturbing the peace of his
+parish."--Vol. I. p. 315.
+
+The peculiarities of Thomas Mason were his most noticeable
+characteristics. As an orator, his eloquence was of the _ore
+rotundo_ order; as a writer, his periods were singularly
+Johnsonian. He closed his ministerial labors in Northfield,
+February 28, 1830, on which occasion he delivered a farewell
+discourse, taking for his text, the words of Paul to Timothy: "The
+time of my departure is at hand. I have fought a good fight, I
+have finished my course, I have kept the faith; henceforth there
+is laid up for me a crown of righteousness."
+
+As a specimen of his style of writing, the following passages are
+presented, taken from this discourse:--"Time, which forms the
+scene of all human enterprise, solicitude, toil, and improvement,
+and which fixes the limitations of all human pleasures and
+sufferings, has at length conducted us to the termination of our
+long-protracted alliance. An assignment of the reasons of this
+measure must open a field too extended and too diversified for our
+present survey. Nor could a development of the whole be any way
+interesting to us, to whom alone this address is now submitted.
+Suffice it to say, that in the lively exercise of mutual and
+unimpaired friendship and confidence, the contracting parties,
+after sober, continued, and unimpassioned deliberation, have
+yielded to existing circumstances, as a problematical expedient of
+social blessing."
+
+After commenting upon the declaration of Paul, he continued: "The
+Apostle proceeds, 'I have fought a good fight' Would to God I
+could say the same! Let me say, however, without the fear of
+contradiction, 'I have fought a fight!' How far it has been
+'good,' I forbear to decide." His summing up was this: "You see,
+my hearers, all I can say, in common with the Apostle in the text,
+is this: 'The time of my departure is at hand,'--and, 'I have
+finished my course.'"
+
+Referring then to the situation which he had occupied, he said:
+"The scene of our alliance and co-operation, my friends, has been
+one of no ordinary cast and character. The last half-century has
+been pregnant with novelty, project, innovation, and extreme
+excitement. The pillars of the social edifice have been shaken,
+and the whole social atmosphere has been decomposed by alchemical
+demagogues and revolutionary apes. The sickly atmosphere has
+suffused a morbid humor over the whole frame, and left the social
+body little more than 'the empty and bloody skin of an immolated
+victim.'
+
+"We pass by the ordinary incidents of alienation, which are too
+numerous, and too evanescent to admit of detail. But seasons and
+circumstances of great alarm are not readily forgotten. We have
+witnessed, and we have felt, my friends, a political convulsion,
+which seemed the harbinger of inevitable desolation. But it has
+passed by with a harmless explosion, and returning friends have
+paused in wonder, at a moment's suspension of friendship. Mingled
+with the factitious mass, there was a large spice of sincerity
+which sanctified the whole composition, and restored the social
+body to sanity, health, and increased strength and vigor.
+
+"Thrice happy must be our reflections could we stop here, and
+contemplate the ascending prosperity and increasing vigor of this
+religious community. But the one half has not yet been told,--the
+beginning has hardly been begun. Could I borrow the language of
+the spirits of wrath,--was my pen transmuted to a viper's tooth
+dipped in gore,--was my paper transformed to a vellum which no
+light could illume, and which only darkness could render legible,
+I could, and I would, record a tale of blood, of which the foulest
+miscreant must burn in ceaseless anguish only once to have been
+suspected. But I refer to imagination what description can never
+reach."
+
+What the author referred to in this last paragraph no one knew,
+nor did he ever advance any explanation of these strange words.
+
+Near the close of his discourse, he said: "Standing in the place
+of a Christian minister among you, through the whole course of my
+ministrations, it has been my great and leading aim ever to
+maintain and exhibit the character and example of a Christian man.
+With clerical foppery, grimace, craft, and hypocrisy, I have had
+no concern. In the free participation of every innocent
+entertainment and delight, I have pursued an open, unreserved
+course, equally removed from the mummery of superstition and the
+dissipation of infidelity. And though I have enjoyed my full share
+of honor from the scandal of bigotry and malice, yet I may safely
+congratulate myself in the reflection, that by this liberal and
+independent progress were men weighed in the balance of
+intellectual, social, and moral worth, I have yet never lost a
+single friend who was worth preserving."--pp. 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11.
+
+
+
+_Y_.
+
+
+YAGER FIGHTS. At Bowdoin College, "_Yager Fights_," says a
+correspondent, "are the annual conflicts which occur between the
+townsmen and the students. The Yagers (from the German _Jager_, a
+hunter, a chaser) were accustomed, when the lumbermen came down
+the river in the spring, to assemble in force, march up to the
+College yard with fife and drum, get famously drubbed, and retreat
+in confusion to their dens. The custom has become extinct within
+the past four years, in consequence of the non-appearance of the
+Yagers."
+
+
+YALENSIAN. A student at or a member of Yale College.
+
+In making this selection, we have been governed partly by poetic
+merit, but more by the associations connected with various pieces
+inserted, in the minds of the present generation of _Yalensians_.
+--_Preface to Songs of Yale_, 1853.
+
+The _Yalensian_ is off for Commencement.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol.
+XIX. p. 355.
+
+
+YANKEE. According to the account of this word as given by Dr.
+William Gordon, it appears to have been in use among the students
+of Harvard College at a very early period. A citation from his
+work will show this fact in its proper light.
+
+"You may wish to know the origin of the term _Yankee_. Take the
+best account of it which your friend can procure. It was a cant,
+favorite word with Farmer Jonathan Hastings, of Cambridge, about
+1713. Two aged ministers, who were at the College in that town,
+have told me, they remembered it to have been then in use among
+the students, but had no recollection of it before that period.
+The inventor used it to express excellency. A _Yankee_ good horse,
+or _Yankee_ cider, and the like, were an excellent good horse and
+excellent cider. The students used to hire horses of him; their
+intercourse with him, and his use of the term upon all occasions,
+led them to adopt it, and they gave him the name of Yankee Jon. He
+was a worthy, honest man, but no conjurer. This could not escape
+the notice of the collegiates. Yankee probably became a by-word
+among them to express a weak, simple, awkward person; was carried
+from the College with them when they left it, and was in that way
+circulated and established through the country, (as was the case
+in respect to Hobson's choice, by the students at Cambridge, in
+Old England,) till, from its currency in New England, it was at
+length taken up and unjustly applied to the New-Englanders in
+common, as a term of reproach."--_American War_, Ed. 1789, Vol. I.
+pp. 324, 325. _Thomas's Spy_, April, 1789, No. 834.
+
+In the Massachusetts Magazine, Vol. VII., p. 301, the editor, the
+Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D.D., of Dorchester, referring to a
+letter written by the Rev. John Seccombe, and dated "Cambridge,
+Sept. 27, 1728," observes: "It is a most humorous narrative of the
+fate of a goose roasted at 'Yankee Hastings's,' and it concludes
+with a poem on the occasion, in the mock-heroic." The fact of the
+name is further substantiated in the following remarks by the Rev.
+John Langdon Sibley, of Harvard College: "Jonathan Hastings,
+Steward of the College from 1750 to 1779,... was a son of Jonathan
+Hastings, a tanner, who was called 'Yankee Hastings,' and lived on
+the spot at the northwest corner of Holmes Place in Old Cambridge,
+where, not many years since, a house was built by the late William
+Pomeroy."--_Father Abbey's Will_, Cambridge, Mass., 1854, pp. 7,
+8.
+
+
+YEAR. At the English universities, the undergraduate course is
+three years and a third. Students of the first year are called
+Freshmen, and the other classes at Cambridge are, in popular
+phrase, designated successively Second-year Men, Third-year Men,
+and Men who are just going out. The word _year_ is often used in
+the sense of class.
+
+The lecturer stands, and the lectured sit, even when construing,
+as the Freshmen are sometimes asked to do; the other _Years_ are
+only called on to listen.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 18.
+
+Of the "_year_" that entered with me at Trinity, three men died
+before the time of graduating.--_Ibid._, p. 330.
+
+
+YEOMAN-BEDELL. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+_yeoman-bedell_ in processions precedes the esquire-bedells,
+carrying an ebony mace, tipped with silver.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+At the University of Oxford, the yeoman-bedels bear the silver
+staves in procession. The vice-chancellor never walks out without
+being preceded by a yeoman-bedel with his insignium of
+office.--_Guide to Oxford_.
+
+See BEADLE.
+
+
+YOUNG BURSCH. In the German universities, a name given to a
+student during his third term, or _semester_.
+
+The fox year is then over, and they wash the eyes of the new-baked
+_Young Bursche_, since during the fox-year he was held to be
+blind, the fox not being endued with reason.--_Howitt's Student
+Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 124.
+
+
+
+
+A LIST OF AMERICAN COLLEGES
+
+REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK, IN CONNECTION WITH PARTICULAR WORDS OR
+CUSTOMS.
+
+AMHERST COLLEGE, Amherst, Mass.,                   10 references.
+ANDERSON COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, Ind.,                3 references.
+BACON COLLEGE, Ky.,                                 1 reference.
+BETHANY COLLEGE, Bethany, Va.,                      2 references.
+BOWDOIN COLLEGE, Brunswick, Me.,                   17 references.
+BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, R.I.,                 2 references.
+CENTRE COLLEGE, Danville, Ky.,                      4 references.
+COLUMBIA [KING'S] COLLEGE, New York.,               5 references.
+COLUMBIAN COLLEGE, Washington, D.C.,                1 reference.
+DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, Hanover, N.H.,                  27 references.
+HAMILTON COLLEGE, Clinton, N.Y.,                   16 references.
+HARVARD COLLEGE, Cambridge, Mass.,                399 references.
+JEFFERSON COLLEGE, Canonsburg, Penn.,               8 references.
+KING'S COLLEGE. See COLUMBIA.
+MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE, Middlebury, Vt.,               11 references.
+NEW JERSEY, COLLEGE OF, Princeton, N.J.,           29 references.
+NEW YORK, UNIVERSITY OF, New York.,                 1 reference.
+NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF, Chapel Hill, N.C.,   3 references.
+PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Philadelphia, Penn.,   3 references.
+PRINCETON COLLEGE. See NEW JERSEY, COLLEGE OF.
+RUTGER'S COLLEGE, New Brunswick, N.J.,              2 references.
+SHELBY COLLEGE, Shelbyville, Ky.,                   2 references.
+SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, Columbia, S.C.,             3 references.
+TRINITY COLLEGE, Hartford, Conn.,                  11 references.
+UNION COLLEGE, Schenectady, N.Y.,                  41 references.
+VERMONT, UNIVERSITY OF, Burlington, Vt.,           25 references.
+VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Albemarle Co., Va.,       14 references.
+WASHINGTON COLLEGE, Washington, Penn.,              5 references.
+WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, Middletown, Conn.,             5 references.
+WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE, Hudson, Ohio.,             1 reference.
+WEST POINT, N.Y.,                                   1 reference.
+WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, Williamsburg, Va.,        3 references.
+WILLIAMS COLLEGE, Williamstown, Mass.,             43 references.
+YALE COLLEGE, New Haven, Conn.,                   264 references.
+
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[01]    Hon. Levi Woodbury, whose subject was "Progress."
+
+[02]    _Vide_ Aristophanes, _Aves_.
+
+[03]    Alcestis of Euripides.
+
+[04]    See BRICK MILL.
+
+[05]    At Harvard College, sixty-eight Commencements were held in
+        the old parish church which "occupied a portion of the
+        space between Dane Hall and the old Presidential House."
+        The period embraced was from 1758 to 1834. There was no
+        Commencement in 1764, on account of the small-pox; nor
+        from 1775 to 1781, seven years, on account of the
+        Revolutionary war. The first Commencement in the new
+        meeting-house was held in 1834. In 1835, there was rain at
+        Commencement, for the first time in thirty-five years.
+
+[06]    The graduating class usually waited on the table at dinner
+        on Commencement Day.
+
+[07]    Rev. John Willard, S.T.D., of Stafford, Conn., a graduate
+        of the class of 1751.
+
+[08]     "Men, some to pleasure, some to business, take;
+          But every woman is at heart a rake."
+
+[09]    Rev. Joseph Willard, S.T.D.
+
+[10]    The Rev. Dr. Simeon Howard, senior clergyman of the
+        Corporation, presided at the public exercises and
+        announced the degrees.
+
+[11]    See under THESIS and MASTER'S QUESTION.
+
+[12]    The old way of spelling the word SOPHOMORE, q.v.
+
+[13]    Speaking of Bachelors who are reading for fellowships,
+        Bristed says, they "wear black gowns with two strings
+        hanging loose in front."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+        Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+[14]    Bristed speaks of the "blue and silver gown" of Trinity
+        Fellow-Commoners.--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+        p. 34.
+
+[15]    "A gold-tufted cap at Cambridge designates a Johnian or
+        Small-College Fellow-Commoner."--_Ibid._, p. 136.
+
+[16]    "The picture is not complete without the 'men,' all in
+        their academicals, as it is Sunday. The blue gown of
+        Trinity has not exclusive possession of its own walks:
+        various others are to be discerned, the Pembroke looped at
+        the sleeve, the Christ's and Catherine curiously crimped
+        in front, and the Johnian with its unmistakable
+        'Crackling.'"--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+        Ed. 2d, p. 73.
+
+        "On Saturday evenings, Sundays, and Saints' days the
+        students wear surplices instead of their gowns, and very
+        innocent and exemplary they look in them."--_Ibid._, p.
+        21.
+
+[17]    "The ignorance of the popular mind has often represented
+        academicians riding, travelling, &c. in cap and gown. Any
+        one who has had experience of the academic costume can
+        tell that a sharp walk on a windy day in it is no easy
+        matter, and a ride or a row would be pretty near an
+        impossibility. Indeed, during these two hours [of hard
+        exercise] it is as rare to see a student in a gown, as it
+        is at other times to find him beyond the college walks
+        without one."--_Ibid._, p. 19.
+
+[18]    Downing College.
+
+[19]    St. John's College.
+
+[20]    See under IMPOSITION.
+
+[21]     "Narratur et prisci Catonis
+          Sæpè mero caluisse virtus."
+            Horace, Ode _Ad Amphoram_.
+
+[22]    Education: a Poem before [Greek: Phi. Beta. Kappa.] Soc.,
+        1799, by William Biglow.
+
+[23]    2 Samuel x. 4.
+
+[24]    A printed "Order of Exhibition" was issued at Harvard
+        College in 1810, for the first time.
+
+[25]    In reference to cutting lead from the old College.
+
+[26]    Senior, as here used, indicates an officer of college, or
+        a member of either of the three upper classes, agreeable
+        to Custom No. 3, above.
+
+[27]    The law in reference to footballs is still observed.
+
+[28]    See SOPHOMORE.
+
+[29]    I.e. TUTOR.
+
+[30]    Abbreviated for Cousin John, i.e. a privy.
+
+[31]    Joseph Willard, President of Harvard College from 1781 to
+        1804.
+
+[32]    Timothy Lindall Jennison, Tutor from 1785 to 1788.
+
+[33]    James Prescott, graduated in 1788.
+
+[34]    Robert Wier, graduated in 1788.
+
+[35]    Joseph Willard.
+
+[36]    Dr. Samuel Williams, Professor of Mathematics and Natural
+        Philosophy.
+
+[37]    Dr. Eliphalet Pearson, Professor of Hebrew and other
+        Oriental Languages.
+
+[38]    Eleazar James, Tutor from 1781 to 1789.
+
+[39]    Jonathan Burr, Tutor 1786, 1787.
+
+[40]     "Flag of the free heart's hope and home!
+          By angel hands to valor given."
+            _The American Flag_, by J.R. Drake.
+
+[41]    Charles Prentiss, who when this was written was a member
+        of the Junior Class. Both he and Mr. Biglow were fellows
+        of "infinite jest," and were noted for the superiority of
+        their talents and intellect.
+
+[42]    Mr. Biglow was known in college by the name of Sawney, and
+        was thus frequently addressed by his familiar friends in
+        after life.
+
+[43]    Charles Pinckney Sumner, afterwards a lawyer in Boston,
+        and for many years sheriff of the county of Suffolk.
+
+[44]    A black man who sold pies and cakes.
+
+[45]    Written after a general pruning of the trees around
+        Harvard College.
+
+[46]    Doctor of Medicine, or Student of Medicine.
+
+[47]    Referring to the masks and disguises worn by the members
+        at their meetings.
+
+[48]    A picture representing an examination and initiation into
+        the Society, fronting the title-page of the Catalogue.
+
+[49]    Leader Dam, _Armig._, M.D. et ex off L.K. et LL.D. et
+        J.U.D. et P.D. et M.U.D, etc., etc., et ASS.
+
+        He was an empiric, who had offices at Boston and
+        Philadelphia, where he sold quack medicines of various
+        descriptions.
+
+[50]    Christophe, the black Prince of Hayti.
+
+[51]    It is said he carried the bones of Tom Paine, the infidel,
+        to England, to make money by exhibiting them, but some
+        difficulty arising about the duty on them, he threw them
+        overboard.
+
+[52]    He promulgated a theory that the earth was hollow, and
+        that there was an entrance to it at the North Pole.
+
+[53]    Alexander the First of Russia was elected a member, and,
+        supposing the society to be an honorable one, forwarded to
+        it a valuable present.
+
+[54]    He made speeches on the Fourth of July at five or six
+        o'clock in the morning, and had them printed and ready for
+        sale, as soon as delivered, from his cart on Boston
+        Common, from which he sold various articles.
+
+[55]    Tibbets, a gambler, was attacked by Snelling through the
+        columns of the New England Galaxy.
+
+[56]    Referring to the degree given to the Russian Alexander,
+        and the present received in return.
+
+[57]    1851.
+
+[58]    See DIG. In this case, those who had parts at two
+        Exhibitions are thus designated.
+
+[59]    Jonathan Leonard, who afterwards graduated in the class of
+        1786.
+
+[60]    1851.
+
+[61]    William A. Barron, who was graduated in 1787, and was
+        tutor from 1793 to 1800, was "among his contemporaries in
+        office ... social and playful, fond of _bon-mots_,
+        conundrums, and puns." Walking one day with Shapleigh and
+        another gentleman, the conversation happened to turn upon
+        the birthplace of Shapleigh, who was always boasting that
+        two towns claimed him as their citizen, as the towns,
+        cities, and islands of Greece claimed Homer as a native.
+        Barron, with all the good humor imaginable, put an end to
+        the conversation by the following epigrammatic
+        impromptu:--
+
+         "Kittery and York for Shapleigh's birth contest;
+          Kittery won the prize, but York came off the best."
+
+[62]    In Brady and Tate, "Hear, O my people."
+
+[63]    In Brady and Tate, "instruction."
+
+[64]    Watts, "hear."
+
+[65]    See BOHN.
+
+[66]    The Triennial Catalogue of Harvard College was first
+        printed in a pamphlet form in the year 1778.
+
+[67]    Jesse Olds, a classmate, afterwards a clergyman in a
+        country town.
+
+[68]    Charles Prentiss, a member of the Junior Class when this
+        was written; afterwards editor of the Rural
+        Repository.--_Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp.
+        273-275.
+
+[69]    William Biglow was known in college by the name of Sawney,
+        and was frequently addressed by this sobriquet in after
+        life, by his familiar friends.
+
+[70]    Charles Pinckney Sumner,--afterwards a lawyer in Boston,
+        and for many years Sheriff of the County of Suffolk.
+
+[71]    Theodore Dehon, afterwards a clergyman of the Episcopal
+        Church, and Bishop of the Diocese of South Carolina.
+
+[72]    Thomas Mason, a member of the class after Prentiss, said
+        to be the greatest _wrestler_ that was ever in College. He
+        was settled as a clergyman at Northfield, Mass.; resigned
+        his office some years after, and several times represented
+        that town in the Legislature of Massachusetts. See under
+        WRESTLING-MATCH.
+
+[73]    The Columbian Centinel, published at Boston, of which
+        Benjamin Russell was the editor.
+
+[74]    "Ashen," on _Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[75]     "A pot of grease,
+          A woollen fleece."--_Ed's Broadside_.
+
+[76]    "Rook."--_Ed.'s Broadside_. "Hook."--_Gent. Mag._, May,
+        1732.
+
+[77]    "Burrage."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[78]    "That."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[79]    "Beauties."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[80]    "My."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[81]    "I've" omitted in _Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+            Nay, I've two more
+          What Matthew always wanted.--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[82]     "But silly youth,
+          I love the mouth."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[83]    This stanza, although found in the London Magazine, does
+        not appear in the Gentleman's Magazine, or on the Editor's
+        Broadside. It is probably an interpolation.
+
+[84]    "Cou'd."--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[85]    "Do it."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[86]    "Tow'rds Cambridge I'll get thee."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[87]    "If, madam, you will let me."--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[88]    See COCHLEAUREATUS.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Collection of College Words and
+Customs, by Benjamin Homer Hall
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12864 ***
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #12864 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12864)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Collection of College Words and Customs
+by Benjamin Homer Hall
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Collection of College Words and Customs
+
+Author: Benjamin Homer Hall
+
+Release Date: July 9, 2004 [EBook #12864]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLLEGE WORDS AND CUSTOMS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Rick Niles, John Hagerson, Tony Browne and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+COLLECTION
+
+OF
+
+COLLEGE WORDS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+BY B.H. HALL.
+
+ "Multa renascentur quæ jam cecidere, cadentque Quæ nunc sunt in
+  honore, vocabula."
+
+ "Notandi sunt tibi mores."
+    HOR. _Ars Poet._
+
+REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION.
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by
+
+B.H. HALL,
+
+in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of
+Massachusetts.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The first edition of this publication was mostly compiled during
+the leisure hours of the last half-year of a Senior's collegiate
+life, and was presented anonymously to the public with the
+following
+
+"PREFACE.
+
+"The Editor has an indistinct recollection of a sheet of foolscap
+paper, on one side of which was written, perhaps a year and a half
+ago, a list of twenty or thirty college phrases, followed by the
+euphonious titles of 'Yale Coll.,' 'Harvard Coll.' Next he calls
+to mind two blue-covered books, turned from their original use, as
+receptacles of Latin and Greek exercises, containing explanations
+of these and many other phrases. His friends heard that he was
+hunting up odd words and queer customs, and dubbed him
+'Antiquarian,' but in a kindly manner, spared his feelings, and
+did not put the vinegar 'old' before it.
+
+"Two and one half quires of paper were in time covered with a
+strange medley, an olla-podrida of student peculiarities. Thus did
+he amuse himself in his leisure hours, something like one who, as
+Dryden says, 'is for raking in Chaucer for antiquated words.' By
+and by he heard a wish here and a wish there, whether real or
+otherwise he does not know, which said something about 'type,'
+'press,' and used other cabalistic words, such as 'copy,' 'devil,'
+etc. Then there was a gathering of papers, a transcribing of
+passages from letters, an arranging in alphabetical order, a
+correcting of proofs, and the work was done,--poorly it may be,
+but with good intent.
+
+"Some things will be found in the following pages which are
+neither words nor customs peculiar to colleges, and yet they have
+been inserted, because it was thought they would serve to explain
+the character of student life, and afford a little amusement to
+the student himself. Society histories have been omitted, with the
+exception of an account of the oldest affiliated literary society
+in the United States.
+
+"To those who have aided in the compilation of this work, the
+Editor returns his warmest thanks. He has received the assistance
+of many, whose names he would here and in all places esteem it an
+honor openly to acknowlege, were he not forbidden so to do by the
+fact that he is himself anonymous. Aware that there is information
+still to be collected, in reference to the subjects here treated,
+he would deem it a favor if he could receive through the medium of
+his publisher such morsels as are yet ungathered.
+
+"Should one pleasant thought arise within the breast of any
+Alumnus, as a long-forgotten but once familiar word stares him in
+the face, like an old and early friend; or should one who is still
+guarded by his Alma Mater be led to a more summer-like
+acquaintance with those who have in years past roved, as he now
+roves, through classic shades and honored halls, the labors of
+their friend, the Editor, will have been crowned with complete
+success.
+
+"CAMBRIDGE, July 4th, 1851."
+
+Fearing lest venerable brows should frown with displeasure at the
+recital of incidents which once made those brows bright and
+joyous; dreading also those stern voices which might condemn as
+boyish, trivial, or wrong an attempt to glean a few grains of
+philological lore from the hitherto unrecognized corners of the
+fields of college life, the Editor chose to regard the brows and
+hear the voices from an innominate position. Not knowing lest he
+should at some future time regret the publication of pages which
+might be deemed heterodox, he caused a small edition of the work
+to be published, hoping, should it be judged as evil, that the
+error would be circumscribed in its effects, and the medium of the
+error buried between the dusty shelves of the second-hand
+collection of some rusty old bibliopole. By reason of this extreme
+caution, the volume has been out of print for the last four years.
+
+In the present edition, the contents of the work have been
+carefully revised, and new articles, filling about two hundred
+pages, have been interspersed throughout the volume, arranged
+under appropriate titles. Numerous additions have been made to the
+collection of technicalities peculiar to the English universities,
+and the best authorities have been consulted in the preparation of
+this department. An index has also been added, containing a list
+of the American colleges referred to in the text in connection
+with particular words or customs.
+
+The Editor is aware that many of the words here inserted are
+wanting in that refinement of sound and derivation which their use
+in classical localities might seem to imply, and that some of the
+customs here noticed and described are
+ "More honored in the breach than the observance."
+These facts are not, however, sufficient to outweigh his
+conviction that there is nothing in language or manners too
+insignificant for the attention of those who are desirous of
+studying the diversified developments of the character of man. For
+this reason, and for the gratification of his own taste and the
+tastes of many who were pleased at the inceptive step taken in the
+first edition, the present volume has been prepared and is now
+given to the public.
+
+TROY, N.Y., February 2, 1856.
+
+
+
+
+A COLLECTION OF COLLEGE WORDS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+
+_A_.
+
+
+A.B. An abbreviation for _Artium Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of Arts.
+The first degree taken by students at a college or university. It
+is usually written B.A., q.v.
+
+
+ABSIT. Latin; literally, _let him be absent_; leave of absence
+from commons, given to a student in the English
+universities.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+ACADEMIAN. A member of an academy; a student in a university or
+college.
+
+
+ACADEMIC. A student in a college or university.
+
+A young _academic_ coming into the country immediately after this
+great competition, &c.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, under _Pin-basket_.
+
+A young _academic_ shall dwell upon a journal that treats of
+trade, and be lavish in the praise of the author; while persons
+skilled in those subjects hear the tattle with contempt.--_Watts's
+Improvement of the Mind_.
+
+
+ACADEMICALS. In the English universities, the dress peculiar to
+the students and officers.
+
+I must insist on your going to your College and putting on your
+_academicals_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 382.
+
+The Proctor makes a claim of 6s. 8d. on every undergraduate whom
+he finds _inermem_, or without his _academicals_.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 8.
+
+If you say you are going for a walk, or if it appears likely, from
+the time and place, you are allowed to pass, otherwise you may be
+sent back to college to put on your _academicals_.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 177.
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT. At Harvard College, every student admitted upon
+examination, after giving a bond for the payment of all college
+dues, according to the established laws and customs, is required
+to sign the following _acknowledgment_, as it is called:--"I
+acknowledge that, having been admitted to the University at
+Cambridge, I am subject to its laws." Thereupon he receives from
+the President a copy of the laws which he has promised to
+obey.--_Laws Univ. of Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 13.
+
+
+ACT. In English universities, a thesis maintained in public by a
+candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a
+student.--_Webster_.
+
+The student proposes certain questions to the presiding officer of
+the schools, who then nominates other students to oppose him. The
+discussion is syllogistical and in Latin and terminates by the
+presiding officer questioning the respondent, or person who is
+said _to keep the act_, and his opponents, and dismissing them
+with some remarks upon their respective merits.--_Brande_.
+
+The effect of practice in such matters may be illustrated by the
+habit of conversing in Latin, which German students do much more
+readily than English, simply because the former practise it, and
+hold public disputes in Latin, while the latter have long left off
+"_keeping Acts_," as the old public discussions required of
+candidates for a degree used to be called.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 184.
+
+The word was formerly used in Harvard College. In the "Orders of
+the Overseers," May 6th, 1650, is the following: "Such that expect
+to proceed Masters of Arts [are ordered] to exhibit their synopsis
+of _acts_ required by the laws of the College."--_Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+Nine Bachelors commenced at Cambridge; they were young men of good
+hope, and performed their _acts_ so as to give good proof of their
+proficiency in the tongues and arts.--_Winthrop's Journal, by Mr.
+Savage_, Vol. I. p. 87.
+
+The students of the first classis that have beene these foure
+years trained up in University learning (for their ripening in the
+knowledge of the tongues, and arts) and are approved for their
+manners, as they have _kept_ their publick _Acts_ in former
+yeares, ourselves being present at them; so have they lately
+_kept_ two solemn _Acts_ for their Commencement.--_New England's
+First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 245.
+
+But in the succeeding _acts_ ... the Latin syllogism seemed to
+give the most content.--_Harvard Register_, 1827-28, p. 305.
+
+2. The close of the session at Oxford, when Masters and Doctors
+complete their degrees, whence the _Act Term_, or that term in
+which the _act_ falls. It is always held with great solemnity. At
+Cambridge, and in American colleges, it is called _Commencement_.
+In this sense Mather uses it.
+
+They that were to proceed Bachelors, held their _Act_ publickly in
+Cambridge.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. 4, pp. 127, 128.
+
+At some times in the universities of England they have no public
+_acts_, but give degrees privately and silently.--_Letter of
+Increase Mather, in App. to Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, p. 87.
+
+
+AD EUNDEM GRADUM. Latin, _to the same degree_. In American
+colleges, a Bachelor or Master of one institution was formerly
+allowed to take _the same_ degree at another, on payment of a
+certain fee. By this he was admitted to all the privileges of a
+graduate of his adopted Alma Mater. _Ad eundem gradum_, to the
+same degree, were the important words in the formula of admission.
+A similar custom prevails at present in the English universities.
+
+Persons who have received a degree in any other college or
+university may, upon proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_,
+upon payment of the customary fees to the President.--_Laws Union
+Coll._, 1807, p. 47.
+
+Persons who have received a degree in any other university or
+college may, upon proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_,
+upon paying five dollars to the Steward for the President.--_Laws
+of the Univ. in Cam., Mass._, 1828.
+
+Persons who have received a degree at any other college may, upon
+proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_, upon payment of the
+customary fee to the President.--_Laws Mid. Coll._, 1839, p. 24.
+
+The House of Convocation consists both of regents and non-regents,
+that is, in brief, all masters of arts not honorary, or _ad
+eundems_ from Cambridge or Dublin, and of course graduates of a
+higher order.--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xi.
+
+Fortunately some one recollected that the American Minister was a
+D.C.L. of Trinity College, Dublin, members of which are admitted
+_ad eundem gradum_ at Cambridge.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 112.
+
+
+ADJOURN. At Bowdoin College, _adjourns_ are the occasional
+holidays given when a Professor unexpectedly absents himself from
+recitation.
+
+
+ADJOURN. At the University of Vermont, this word as a verb is used
+in the same sense as is the verb BOLT at Williams College; e.g.
+the students _adjourn_ a recitation, when they leave the
+recitation-room _en masse_, despite the Professor.
+
+
+ADMISSION. The act of admitting a person as a member of a college
+or university. The requirements for admission are usually a good
+moral character on the part of the candidate, and that he shall be
+able to pass a satisfactory examination it certain studies. In
+some colleges, students are not allowed to enter until they are of
+a specified age.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 12. _Laws
+Tale Coll._, 1837, p. 8.
+
+The requisitions for entrance at Harvard College in 1650 are given
+in the following extract. "When any scholar is able to read Tully,
+or such like classical Latin author, _extempore_, and make and
+speak true Latin in verse and prose _suo (ut aiunt) Marte_, and
+decline perfectly the paradigms of nouns and verbs in the Greek
+tongue, then may he be admitted into the College, nor shall any
+claim admission before such qualifications."--_Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 515.
+
+
+ADMITTATUR. Latin; literally, _let him be admitted_. In the older
+American colleges, the certificate of admission given to a student
+upon entering was called an _admittatur_, from the word with which
+it began. At Harvard no student was allowed to occupy a room in
+the College, to receive the instruction there given, or was
+considered a member thereof, until he had been admitted according
+to this form.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798.
+
+Referring to Yale College, President Wholsey remarks on this
+point: "The earliest known laws of the College belong to the years
+1720 and 1726, and are in manuscript; which is explained by the
+custom that every Freshman, on his admission, was required to
+write off a copy of them for himself, to which the _admittatur_ of
+the officers was subscribed."--_Hist. Disc, before Grad. Yale
+Coll._, 1850, p. 45.
+
+He travels wearily over in visions the term he is to wait for his
+initiation into college ways and his _admittatur_.--_Harvard
+Register_, p. 377.
+
+I received my _admittatur_ and returned home, to pass the vacation
+and procure the college uniform.--_New England Magazine_, Vol.
+III. p. 238.
+
+It was not till six months of further trial, that we received our
+_admittatur_, so called, and became matriculated.--_A Tour through
+College_, 1832, p. 13.
+
+
+ADMITTO TE AD GRADUM. _I admit you to a degree_; the first words
+in the formula used in conferring the honors of college.
+
+  The scholar-dress that once arrayed him,
+  The charm _Admitto te ad gradum_,
+  With touch of parchment can refine,
+  And make the veriest coxcomb shine,
+  Confer the gift of tongues at once,
+  And fill with sense the vacant dunce.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Ed. 1794, Exeter, p. 12.
+
+
+ADMONISH. In collegiate affairs, to reprove a member of a college
+for a fault, either publicly or privately; the first step of
+college discipline. It is followed by _of_ or _against_; as, to
+admonish of a fault committed, or against committing a fault.
+
+
+ADMONITION. Private or public reproof; the first step of college
+discipline. In Harvard College, both private and public admonition
+subject the offender to deductions from his rank, and the latter
+is accompanied in most cases with official notice to his parents
+or guardian.--See _Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 21. _Laws
+Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 23.
+
+Mr. Flynt, for many years a tutor in Harvard College, thus records
+an instance of college punishment for stealing poultry:--"November
+4th, 1717. Three scholars were publicly admonished for thievery,
+and one degraded below five in his class, because he had been
+before publicly admonished for card-playing. They were ordered by
+the President into the middle of the Hall (while two others,
+concealers of the theft, were ordered to stand up in their places,
+and spoken to there). The crime they were charged with was first
+declared, and then laid open as against the law of God and the
+House, and they were admonished to consider the nature and
+tendency of it, with its aggravations; and all, with them, were
+warned to take heed and regulate themselves, so that they might
+not be in danger of so doing for the future; and those who
+consented to the theft were admonished to beware, lest God tear
+them in pieces, according to the text. They were then fined, and
+ordered to make restitution twofold for each theft."--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 443.
+
+
+ADOPTED SON. Said of a student in reference to the college of
+which he is or was a member, the college being styled his _alma
+mater_.
+
+There is something in the affection of our Alma Mater which
+changes the nature of her _adopted sons_; and let them come from
+wherever they may, she soon alters them and makes it evident that
+they belong to the same brood.--_Harvard Register_, p. 377.
+
+
+ADVANCE. The lesson which a student prepares for the first time is
+called _the advance_, in contradistinction to _the review_.
+
+                Even to save him from perdition,
+  He cannot get "_the advance_," forgets "_the review_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 13.
+
+
+ÆGROTAL. Latin, _ægrotus_, sick. A certificate of illness. Used
+in the Univ. of Cam., Eng.
+
+A lucky thought; he will get an "_ægrotal_," or medical
+certificate of illness.--_Household Words_, Vol. II. p. 162.
+
+
+ÆGROTAT. Latin; literally, _he is sick_. In the English
+universities, a certificate from a doctor or surgeon, to the
+effect that a student has been prevented by illness from attending
+to his college duties, "though, commonly," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "the real complaint is much more serious; viz.
+indisposition of the mind! _ægrotat_ animo magis quam corpore."
+This state is technically called _ægritude_, and the person thus
+affected is said to be _æger_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. pp. 386,
+387.
+
+To prove sickness nothing more is necessary than to send to some
+medical man for a pill and a draught, and a little bit of paper
+with _ægrotat_ on it, and the doctor's signature. Some men let
+themselves down off their horses, and send for an _ægrotat_ on
+the score of a fall.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+235.
+
+During this term I attended another course of Aristotle lectures,
+--but not with any express view to the May examination, which I
+had no intention of going in to, if it could be helped, and which
+I eventually escaped by an _ægrotat_ from my
+physician.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+198.
+
+Mr. John Trumbull well describes this state of indisposition in
+his Progress of Dullness:--
+
+ "Then every book, which ought to please,
+  Stirs up the seeds of dire disease;
+  Greek spoils his eyes, the print's so fine,
+  Grown dim with study, and with wine;
+  Of Tully's Latin much afraid,
+  Each page he calls the doctor's aid;
+  While geometry, with lines so crooked,
+  Sprains all his wits to overlook it.
+  His sickness puts on every name,
+  Its cause and uses still the same;
+  'Tis toothache, colic, gout, or stone,
+  With phases various as the moon,
+  But tho' thro' all the body spread,
+  Still makes its cap'tal seat, the head.
+  In all diseases, 'tis expected,
+  The weakest parts be most infected."
+    Ed. 1794, Part I. p. 8.
+
+
+ÆGROTAT DEGREE. One who is sick or so indisposed that he cannot
+attend the Senate-House examination, nor consequently acquire any
+honor, takes what is termed an _Ægrotat degree_.--_Alma Mater_,
+Vol. II. p. 105.
+
+
+ALMA MATER, _pl._ ALMÆ MATRES. Fostering mother; a college or
+seminary where one is educated. The title was originally given to
+Oxford and Cambridge, by such as had received their education in
+either university.
+
+It must give pleasure to the alumni of the College to hear of his
+good name, as he [Benjamin Woodbridge] was the eldest son of our
+_alma mater_.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 57.
+
+I see the truths I have uttered, in relation to our _Almæ
+Matres_, assented to by sundry of their
+children.--_Terræ-Filius_, Oxford, p. 41.
+
+
+ALUMNI, SOCIETY OF. An association composed of the graduates of a
+particular college. The object of societies of this nature is
+stated in the following extract from President Hopkins's Address
+before the Society of Alumni of Williams College, Aug. 16, 1843.
+"So far as I know, the Society of the Alumni of Williams College
+was the first association of the kind in this country, certainly
+the first which acted efficiently, and called forth literary
+addresses. It was formed September 5, 1821, and the preamble to
+the constitution then adopted was as follows: 'For the promotion
+of literature and good fellowship among ourselves, and the better
+to advance the reputation and interests of our Alma Mater, we the
+subscribers, graduates of Williams College, form ourselves into a
+Society.' The first president was Dr. Asa Burbank. The first
+orator elected was the Hon. Elijah Hunt Mills, a distinguished
+Senator of the United States. That appointment was not fulfilled.
+The first oration was delivered in 1823, by the Rev. Dr.
+Woodbridge, now of Hadley, and was well worthy of the occasion;
+and since that time the annual oration before the Alumni has
+seldom failed.... Since this Society was formed, the example has
+been followed in other institutions, and bids fair to extend to
+them all. Last year, for the first time, the voice of an Alumnus
+orator was heard at Harvard and at Yale; and one of these
+associations, I know, sprung directly from ours. It is but three
+years since a venerable man attended the meeting of our Alumni,
+one of those that have been so full of interest, and he said he
+should go directly home and have such an association formed at the
+Commencement of his Alma Mater, then about to occur. He did so.
+That association was formed, and the last year the voice of one of
+the first scholars and jurists in the nation was heard before
+them. The present year the Alumni of Dartmouth were addressed for
+the first time, and the doctrine of Progress was illustrated by
+the distinguished speaker in more senses than one.[01] Who can
+tell how great the influence of such associations may become in
+cherishing kind feeling, in fostering literature, in calling out
+talent, in leading men to act, not selfishly, but more efficiently
+for the general cause through particular institutions?"--_Pres.
+Hopkins's Miscellaneous Essays and Discourses_, pp. 275-277.
+
+To the same effect also, Mr. Chief Justice Story, who, in his
+Discourse before the Society of the Alumni of Harvard University,
+Aug. 23, 1842, says: "We meet to celebrate the first anniversary
+of the society of all the Alumni of Harvard. We meet without any
+distinction of sect or party, or of rank or profession, in church
+or in state, in literature or in science.... Our fellowship is
+designed to be--as it should be--of the most liberal and
+comprehensive character, conceived in the spirit of catholic
+benevolence, asking no creed but the love of letters, seeking no
+end but the encouragement of learning, and imposing no conditions,
+which say lead to jealousy or ambitious strife. In short, we meet
+for peace and for union; to devote one day in the year to
+academical intercourse and the amenities of scholars."--p. 4.
+
+An Alumni society was formed at Columbia College in the year 1829,
+and at Rutgers College in 1837. There are also societies of this
+nature at the College of New Jersey, Princeton; University of
+Virginia, Charlottesville; and at Columbian College, Washington.
+
+
+ALUMNUS, _pl._ ALUMNI. Latin, from _alo_, to nourish. A pupil; one
+educated at a seminary or college is called an _alumnus_ of that
+institution.
+
+
+A.M. An abbreviation for _Artium Magister_, Master of Arts. The
+second degree given by universities and colleges. It is usually
+written M.A., q.v.
+
+
+ANALYSIS. In the following passage, the word _analysis_ is used as
+a verb; the meaning being directly derived from that of the noun
+of the same orthography.
+
+If any resident Bachelor, Senior, or Junior Sophister shall
+neglect to _analysis_ in his course, he shall be punished not
+exceeding ten shillings.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p.
+129.
+
+
+ANNARUGIANS. At Centre College, Kentucky, is a society called the
+_Annarugians_, "composed," says a correspondent "of the wildest of
+the College boys, who, in the most fantastic disguises, are always
+on hand when a wedding is to take place, and join in a most
+tremendous Charivari, nor can they be forced to retreat until they
+have received a due proportion of the sumptuous feast prepared."
+
+
+APOSTLES. At Cambridge, England, the last twelve on the list of
+Bachelors of Arts; a degree lower than the [Greek: oi polloi]
+"Scape-goats of literature, who have at length scrambled through
+the pales and discipline of the Senate-House, without being
+_plucked_, and miraculously obtained the title of A.B."--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._
+
+At Columbian College, D.C., the members of the Faculty are called
+after the names of the _Apostles_.
+
+
+APPLICANT. A diligent student. "This word," says Mr. Pickering, in
+his Vocabulary, "has been much used at our colleges. The English
+have the verb _to apply_, but the noun _applicant_, in this sense,
+does not appear to be in use among them. The only Dictionary in
+which I have found it with this meaning is Entick's, in which it
+is given under the word _applier_. Mr. Todd has the term
+_applicant_, but it is only in the sense of 'he who applies for
+anything.' An American reviewer, in his remarks on Mr. Webster's
+Dictionary, takes notice of the word, observing, that it 'is a
+mean word'; and then adds, that 'Mr. Webster has not explained it
+in the most common sense, a _hard student_.'--_Monthly Anthology_,
+Vol. VII. p. 263. A correspondent observes: 'The utmost that can
+be said of this word among the English is, that perhaps it is
+occasionally used in conversation; at least, to signify one who
+asks (or applies) for something.'" At present the word _applicant_
+is never used in the sense of a diligent student, the common
+signification being that given by Mr. Webster, "One who applies;
+one who makes request; a petitioner."
+
+
+APPOINTEE. One who receives an appointment at a college exhibition
+or commencement.
+
+The _appointees_ are writing their pieces.--_Scenes and Characters
+in College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 193.
+
+To the gratified _appointee_,--if his ambition for the honor has
+the intensity it has in some bosoms,--the day is the proudest he
+will ever see.--_Ibid._, p. 194.
+
+I suspect that a man in the first class of the "Poll" has usually
+read mathematics to more profit than many of the "_appointees_,"
+even of the "oration men" at Yale.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 382.
+
+He hears it said all about him that the College _appointees_ are
+for the most part poor dull fellows.--_Ibid._, p. 389.
+
+
+APPOINTMENT. In many American colleges, students to whom are
+assigned a part in the exercises of an exhibition or commencement,
+are said to receive an _appointment_. Appointments are given as a
+reward for superiority in scholarship.
+
+As it regards college, the object of _appointments_ is to incite
+to study, and promote good scholarship.--_Scenes and Characters in
+College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 69.
+
+  If e'er ye would take an "_appointment_" young man,
+  Beware o' the "blade" and "fine fellow," young man!
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 210.
+
+  Some have crammed for _appointments_, and some for degrees.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+See JUNIOR APPOINTMENTS.
+
+
+APPROBAMUS. Latin; _we approve_. A certificate, given to a
+student, testifying of his fitness for the performance of certain
+duties.
+
+In an account of the exercises at Dartmouth College during the
+Commencement season in 1774, Dr. Belknap makes use of this word in
+the following connection: "I attended, with several others, the
+examination of Joseph Johnson, an Indian, educated in this school,
+who, with the rest of the New England Indians, are about moving up
+into the country of the Six Nations, where they have a tract of
+land fifteen miles square given them. He appeared to be an
+ingenious, sensible, serious young man; and we gave him an
+_approbamus_, of which there is a copy on the next page. After
+which, at three P.M., he preached in the college hall, and a
+collection of twenty-seven dollars and a half was made for him.
+The auditors were agreeably entertained.
+
+"The _approbamus_ is as follows."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._,
+pp. 71, 72.
+
+
+APPROBATE. To express approbation of; to manifest a liking, or
+degree of satisfaction.--_Webster_.
+
+The cause of this battle every man did allow and
+_approbate_.--_Hall, Henry VII., Richardson's Dict._
+
+"This word," says Mr. Pickering, "was formerly much used at our
+colleges instead of the old English verb _approve_. The students
+used to speak of having their performances _approbated_ by the
+instructors. It is also now in common use with our clergy as a
+sort of technical term, to denote a person who is licensed to
+preach; they would say, such a one is _approbated_, that is,
+licensed to preach. It is also common in New England to say of a
+person who is licensed by the county courts to sell spirituous
+liquors, or to keep a public house, that he is approbated; and the
+term is adopted in the law of Massachusetts on this subject." The
+word is obsolete in England, is obsolescent at our colleges, and
+is very seldom heard in the other senses given above.
+
+By the twelfth statute, a student incurs ... no penalty by
+declaiming or attempting to declaim without having his piece
+previously _approbated_.--_MS. Note to Laws of Harvard College_,
+1798.
+
+Observe their faces as they enter, and you will perceive some
+shades there, which, if they are _approbated_ and admitted, will
+be gone when they come out.--_Scenes and Characters in College_,
+New Haven, 1847, p. 18.
+
+How often does the professor whose duty it is to criticise and
+_approbate_ the pieces for this exhibition wish they were better!
+--_Ibid._, p. 195.
+
+I was _approbated_ by the Boston Association, I suspect, as a
+person well known, but known as an anomaly, and admitted in
+charity.--_Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. lxxxv.
+
+
+ASSES' BRIDGE. The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid
+is called the _Asses' Bridge_, or rather "Pons Asinorum," from the
+difficulty with which many get over it.
+
+The _Asses' Bridge_ in Euclid is not more difficult to be got
+over, nor the logarithms of Napier so hard to be unravelled, as
+many of Hoyle's Cases and Propositions.--_The Connoisseur_, No.
+LX.
+
+After Mr. Brown had passed us over the "_Asses' Bridge_," without
+any serious accident, and conducted us a few steps further into
+the first book, he dismissed us with many compliments.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 126.
+
+I don't believe he passed the _Pons Asinorum_ without many a halt
+and a stumble.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 146.
+
+
+ASSESSOR. In the English universities, an officer specially
+appointed to assist the Vice-Chancellor in his court.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+AUCTION. At Harvard College, it was until within a few years
+customary for the members of the Senior Class, previously to
+leaving college, to bring together in some convenient room all the
+books, furniture, and movables of any kind which they wished to
+dispose of, and put them up at public auction. Everything offered
+was either sold, or, if no bidders could be obtained, given away.
+
+
+AUDIT. In the University of Cambridge, England, a meeting of the
+Master and Fellows to examine or _audit_ the college accounts.
+This is succeeded by a feast, on which occasion is broached the
+very best ale, for which reason ale of this character is called
+"audit ale."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+This use of the word thirst made me drink an extra bumper of
+"_Audit_" that very day at dinner.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 3.
+
+After a few draughts of the _Audit_, the company
+disperse.--_Ibid._ Vol. I. p. 161.
+
+
+AUTHORITY. "This word," says Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "is
+used in some of the States, in speaking collectively of the
+Professors, &c. of our colleges, to whom the _government_ of these
+institutions is intrusted."
+
+Every Freshman shall be obliged to do any proper errand or message
+for the _Authority_ of the College.--_Laws Middlebury Coll._,
+1804, p. 6.
+
+
+AUTOGRAPH BOOK. It is customary at Yale College for each member of
+the Senior Class, before the close of his collegiate life, to
+obtain, in a book prepared for that purpose, the signatures of the
+President, Professors, Tutors, and of all his classmates, with
+anything else which they may choose to insert. Opposite the
+autographs of the college officers are placed engravings of them,
+so far as they are obtainable; and the whole, bound according to
+the fancy of each, forms a most valuable collection of agreeable
+mementos.
+
+When news of his death reached me. I turned to my _book of
+classmate autographs_, to see what he had written there, and to
+read a name unusually dear.--_Scenes and Characters in College_,
+New Haven, 1847, p. 201.
+
+
+AVERAGE BOOK. At Harvard College, a book in which the marks
+received by each student, for the proper performance of his
+college duties, are entered; also the deductions from his rank
+resulting from misconduct. These unequal data are then arranged in
+a mean proportion, and the result signifies the standing which the
+student has held for a given period.
+
+  In vain the Prex's grave rebuke,
+  Deductions from the _average book_.
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen, 1848.
+
+
+
+_B_.
+
+
+B.A. An abbreviation of _Baccalaureus Artium_, Bachelor of Arts.
+The first degree taken by a student at a college or university.
+Sometimes written A.B., which is in accordance with the proper
+Latin arrangement. In American colleges this degree is conferred
+in course on each member of the Senior Class in good standing. In
+the English universities, it is given to the candidate who has
+been resident at least half of each of ten terms, i.e. during a
+certain portion of a period extending over three and a third
+years, and who has passed the University examinations.
+
+The method of conferring the degree of B.A. at Trinity College,
+Hartford, is peculiar. The President takes the hands of each
+candidate in his own as he confers the degree. He also passes to
+the candidate a book containing the College Statutes, which the
+candidate holds in his right hand during the performance of a part
+of the ceremony.
+
+The initials of English academical titles always correspond to the
+_English_, not to the Latin of the titles, _B.A._, M.A., D.D.,
+D.C.L., &c.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+13.
+
+See BACHELOR.
+
+
+BACCALAUREATE. The degree of Bachelor of Arts; the first or lowest
+degree. In American colleges, this degree is conferred in course
+on each member of the Senior Class in good standing. In Oxford and
+Cambridge it is attainable in two different ways;--1. By
+examination, to which those students alone are admissible who have
+pursued the prescribed course of study for the space of three
+years. 2. By extraordinary diploma, granted to individuals wholly
+unconnected with the University. The former class are styled
+Baccalaurei Formati, the latter Baccalaurei Currentes. In France
+the degree of Baccalaureat (Baccalaureus Literarum) is conferred
+indiscriminately upon such natives or foreigners and after a
+strict examination in the classics, mathematics, and philosophy,
+are declared to be qualified. In the German universities, the
+title "Doctor Philosophiæ" has long been substituted for
+Baccalaureus Artium or Literarum. In the Middle Ages, the term
+Baccalaureus was applied to an inferior order of knights, who came
+into the field unattended by vassals; from them it was transferred
+to the lowest class of ecclesiastics; and thence again, by Pope
+Gregory the Ninth to the universities. In reference to the
+derivation of this word, the military classes maintain that it is
+either derived from the _baculus_ or staff with which knights were
+usually invested, or from _bas chevalier_, an inferior kind of
+knight; the literary classes, with more plausibility, perhaps,
+trace its origin to the custom which prevailed universally among
+the Greeks and Romans, and which was followed even in Italy till
+the thirteenth century, of crowning distinguished individuals with
+laurel; hence the recipient of this honor was style Baccalaureus,
+quasi _baccis laureis_ donatus.--_Brande's Dictionary_.
+
+The subjoined passage, although it may not place the subject in
+any clearer light, will show the difference of opinion which
+exists in reference to the derivation of this work. Speaking of
+the exercises of Commencement at Cambridge Mass., in the early
+days of Harvard College, the writer says "But the main exercises
+were disputations upon questions wherein the respondents first
+made their Theses: For according to Vossius, the very essence of
+the Baccalaureat seems to lye in the thing: Baccalaureus being but
+a name corrupted of Batualius, which Batualius (as well as the
+French Bataile [Bataille]) comes à Batuendo, a business that
+carries beating in it: So that, Batualii fuerunt vocati, quia jam
+quasi _batuissent_ cum adversario, ac manus conseruissent; hoc
+est, publice disputassent, atque ita peritiæ suæ specimen
+dedissent."--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The Seniors will be examined for the _Baccalaureate_, four weeks
+before Commencement, by a committee, in connection with the
+Faculty.--_Cal. Wesleyan Univ._, 1849, p. 22.
+
+
+BACHELOR. A person who has taken the first degree in the liberal
+arts and sciences, at a college or university. This degree, or
+honor, is called the _Baccalaureate_. This title is given also to
+such as take the first degree in divinity, law, or physic, in
+certain European universities. The word appears in various forms
+in different languages. The following are taken from _Webster's
+Unabridged Dictionary_. "French, _bachelier_; Spanish,
+_bachiller_, a bachelor of arts and a babbler; Portuguese,
+_bacharel_, id., and _bacello_, a shoot or twig of the vine;
+Italian, _baccelliere_, a bachelor of arts; _bacchio_, a staff;
+_bachetta_, a rod; Latin, _bacillus_, a stick, that is, a shoot;
+French, _bachelette_, a damsel, or young woman; Scotch, _baich_, a
+child; Welsh, _bacgen_, a boy, a child; _bacgenes_, a young girl,
+from _bac_, small. This word has its origin in the name of a
+child, or young person of either sex, whence the sense of
+_babbling_ in the Spanish. Or both senses are rather from
+shooting, protruding."
+
+Of the various etymologies ascribed to the term _Bachelor_, "the
+true one, and the most flattering," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "seems to be _bacca laurus_. Those who either are,
+or expect to be, honored with the title of _Bachelor of Arts_,
+will hear with exultation, that they are then 'considered as the
+budding flowers of the University; as the small _pillula_, or
+_bacca_, of the _laurel_ indicates the flowering of that tree,
+which is so generally used in the crowns of those who have
+deserved well, both of the military states, and of the republic of
+learning.'--_Carter's History of Cambridge, [Eng.]_, 1753."
+
+
+BACHELOR FELLOW. A Bachelor of Arts who is maintained on a
+fellowship.
+
+
+BACHELOR SCHOLAR. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a B.A. who
+remains in residence after taking his degree, for the purpose of
+reading for a fellowship or acting as private tutor. He is always
+noted for superiority in scholarship.
+
+Bristed refers to the bachelor scholars in the annexed extract.
+"Along the wall you see two tables, which, though less carefully
+provided than the Fellows', are still served with tolerable
+decency and go through a regular second course instead of the
+'sizings.' The occupants of the upper or inner table are men
+apparently from twenty-two to twenty-six years of age, and wear
+black gowns with two strings hanging loose in front. If this table
+has less state than the adjoining one of the Fellows, it has more
+mirth and brilliancy; many a good joke seems to be going the
+rounds. These are the Bachelors, most of them Scholars reading for
+Fellowships, and nearly all of them private tutors. Although
+Bachelors in Arts, they are considered, both as respects the
+College and the University, to be _in statu pupillari_ until they
+become M.A.'s. They pay a small sum in fees nominally for tuition,
+and are liable to the authority of that mighty man, the Proctor."
+--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+
+BACHELORSHIP. The state of one who has taken his first degree in a
+university or college.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BACK-LESSON. A lesson which has not been learned or recited; a
+lesson which has been omitted.
+
+In a moment you may see the yard covered with hurrying groups,
+some just released from metaphysics or the blackboard, and some
+just arisen from their beds where they have indulged in the luxury
+of sleeping over,--a luxury, however, which is sadly diminished by
+the anticipated necessity of making up _back-lessons_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 202.
+
+
+BALBUS. At Yale College, this term is applied to Arnold's Latin
+Prose Composition, from the fact of its so frequent occurrence in
+that work. If a student wishes to inform his fellow-student that
+he is engaged on Latin Prose Composition, he says he is studying
+_Balbus_. In the first example of this book, the first sentence
+reads, "I and Balbus lifted up our hands," and the name Balbus
+appears in almost every exercise.
+
+
+BALL UP. At Middlebury College, to fail at recitation or
+examination.
+
+
+BANDS. Linen ornaments, worn by professors and clergymen when
+officiating; also by judges, barristers, &c., in court. They form
+a distinguishing mark in the costume of the proctors of the
+English universities, and at Cambridge, the questionists, on
+admission to their degrees, are by the statutes obliged to appear
+in them.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+BANGER. A club-like cane or stick; a bludgeon. This word is one of
+the Yale vocables.
+
+  The Freshman reluctantly turned the key,
+  Expecting a Sophomore gang to see,
+  Who, with faces masked and _bangers_ stout,
+  Had come resolved to smoke him out.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 75.
+
+
+BARBER. In the English universities, the college barber is often
+employed by the students to write out or translate the impositions
+incurred by them. Those who by this means get rid of their
+impositions are said to _barberize_ them.
+
+So bad was the hand which poor Jenkinson wrote, that the many
+impositions which he incurred would have kept him hard at work all
+day long; so he _barberized_ them, that is, handed them over to
+the college barber, who had always some poor scholars in his pay.
+This practice of barberizing is not uncommon among a certain class
+of men.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 155.
+
+
+BARNEY. At Harvard College, about the year 1810, this word was
+used to designate a bad recitation. To _barney_ was to recite
+badly.
+
+
+BARNWELL. At Cambridge, Eng., a place of resort for characters of
+bad report.
+
+One of the most "civilized" undertook to banter me on my
+non-appearance in the classic regions of _Barnwell_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 31.
+
+
+BARRING-OUT SPREE. At Princeton College, when the students find
+the North College clear of Tutors, which is about once a year,
+they bar up the entrance, get access to the bell, and ring it.
+
+In the "Life of Edward Baines, late M.P. for the Borough of
+Leeds," is an account of a _barring-out_, as managed at the
+grammar school at Preston, England. It is related in Dickens's
+Household Words to this effect. "His master was pompous and
+ignorant, and smote his pupils liberally with cane and tongue. It
+is not surprising that the lads learnt as much from the spirit of
+their master as from his preceptions and that one of those
+juvenile rebellions, better known as old than at present as a
+'_barring-out_,' was attempted. The doors of the school, the
+biographer narrates, were fastened with huge nails, and one of the
+younger lads was let out to obtain supplies of food for the
+garrison. The rebellion having lasted two or three days, the
+mayor, town-clerk, and officers were sent for to intimidate the
+offenders. Young Baines, on the part of the besieged, answered the
+magisterial summons to surrender, by declaring that they would
+never give in, unless assured of full pardon and a certain length
+of holidays. With much good sense, the mayor gave them till the
+evening to consider; and on his second visit the doors were found
+open, the garrison having fled to the woods of Penwortham. They
+regained their respective homes under the cover of night, and some
+humane interposition averted the punishment they had
+deserved."-- Am. Ed. Vol. III. p. 415.
+
+
+BATTEL. To stand indebted on the college books at Oxford for
+provisions and drink from the buttery.
+
+Eat my commons with a good stomach, and _battled_ with discretion.
+--_Puritan_, Malone's Suppl. 2, p. 543.
+
+Many men "_battel_" at the rate of a guinea a week. Wealthier men,
+more expensive men, and more careless men, often "_battelled_"
+much higher.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 274.
+
+Cotgrave says, "To _battle_ (as scholars do in Oxford) être
+debteur an collège pour ses vivres." He adds, "Mot usé seulement
+des jeunes écoliers de l'université d'Oxford."
+
+2. To reside at the university; to keep terms.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BATTEL. Derived from the old monkish word _patella_, or _batella_,
+a plate. At Oxford, "whatsoever is furnished for dinner and for
+supper, including malt liquor, but not wine, as well as the
+materials for breakfast, or for any casual refreshment to country
+visitors, excepting only groceries," is expressed by the word
+_battels_.--_De Quincey_.
+
+  I on the nail my _Battels_ paid,
+  The monster turn'd away dismay'd.
+    _The Student_, Vol. I. p. 115, 1750.
+
+
+BATTELER, BATTLER. A student at Oxford who stands indebted, in the
+college books, for provisions and drink at the
+buttery.--_Webster_.
+
+Halliwell, in his Dict. Arch. and Prov. Words, says, "The term is
+used in contradistinction to gentleman commoner." In _Gent. Mag._,
+1787, p. 1146, is the following:--"There was formerly at Oxford an
+order similar to the sizars of Cambridge, called _battelers_
+(_batteling_ having the same signification as sizing). The _sizar_
+and _batteler_ were as independent as any other members of the
+college, though of an inferior order, and were under no obligation
+to wait upon anybody."
+
+2. One who keeps terms, or resides at the University.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BATTELING. At Oxford, the act of taking provisions from the
+buttery. Batteling has the same signification as SIZING at the
+University of Cambridge.--_Gent. Mag._, 1787, p. 1146.
+
+_Batteling in a friend's name_, implies eating and drinking at his
+expense. When a person's name is _crossed in the buttery_, i.e.
+when he is not allowed to take any articles thence, he usually
+comes into the hall and battels for buttery supplies in a friend's
+name, "for," says the Collegian's Guide, "every man can 'take out'
+an extra commons, and some colleges two, at each meal, for a
+visitor: and thus, under the name of a guest, though at your own
+table, you escape part of the punishment of being crossed."--p.
+158.
+
+2. Spending money.
+
+The business of the latter was to call us of a morning, to
+distribute among us our _battlings_, or pocket money,
+&c.--_Dicken's Household Words_, Vol. I. p. 188.
+
+
+BAUM. At Hamilton College, to fawn upon; to flatter; to court the
+favor of any one.
+
+
+B.C.L. Abbreviated for _Baccalaureus Civilis Legis_, Bachelor in
+Civil Law. In the University of Oxford, a Bachelor in Civil Law
+must be an M.A. and a regent of three years' standing. The
+exercises necessary to the degree are disputations upon two
+distinct days before the Professors of the Faculty of Law.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, the candidate for this degree must
+have resided nine terms (equal to three years), and been on the
+boards of some College for six years, have passed the "previous
+examination," attended the lectures of the Professor of Civil Law
+for three terms, and passed a _series_ of examinations in the
+subject of them; that is to say in General Jurisprudence, as
+illustrated by Roman and English law. The names of those who pass
+creditably are arranged in three classes according to
+merit.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 284.
+
+This degree is not conferred in the United States.
+
+
+B.D. An abbreviation for _Baccalaureus Divinitatis_, Bachelor in
+Divinity. In both the English Universities a B.D. must be an M.A.
+of seven years' standing, and at Oxford, a regent of the same
+length of time. The exercises necessary to the degree are at
+Cambridge one act after the fourth year, two opponencies, a
+clerum, and an English sermon. At Oxford, disputations are
+enjoined upon two distinct days before the Professors of the
+Faculty of Divinity, and a Latin sermon is preached before the
+Vice-Chancellor. The degree of Theologiæ Baccalaureus was
+conferred at Harvard College on Mr. Leverett, afterwards President
+of that institution, in 1692, and on Mr. William Brattle in the
+same year, the only instances, it is believed, in which this
+degree has been given in America.
+
+
+BEADLE, BEDEL, BEDELL. An officer in a university, whose chief
+business is to walk with a mace, before the masters, in a public
+procession; or, as in America, before the president, trustees,
+faculty, and students of a college, in a procession, at public
+commencements.--_Webster_.
+
+In the English universities there are two classes of Bedels,
+called the _Esquire_ and the _Yeoman Bedel_.
+
+Of this officer as connected with Yale College, President Woolsey
+speaks as follows:--"The beadle or his substitute, the vice-beadle
+(for the sheriff of the county came to be invested with the
+office), was the master of processions, and a sort of
+gentleman-usher to execute the commands of the President. He was a
+younger graduate settled at or near the College. There is on
+record a diploma of President Clap's, investing with this office a
+graduate of three years' standing, and conceding to him 'omnia
+jura privilegia et auctoritates ad Bedelli officium, secundum
+collegiorum aut universitatum leges et consuetudines usitatas;
+spectantia.' The office, as is well known, still exists in the
+English institutions of learning, whence it was transferred first
+to Harvard and thence to this institution."--_Hist. Disc._, Aug.,
+1850, p. 43.
+
+In an account of a Commencement at Williams College, Sept. 8,
+1795, the order in which the procession was formed was as follows:
+"First, the scholars of the academy; second, students of college;
+third, the sheriff of the county acting as _Bedellus_,"
+&c.--_Federal Orrery_, Sept. 28, 1795.
+
+The _Beadle_, by order, made the following declaration.--_Clap's
+Hist. Yale Coll._, 1766, p. 56.
+
+It shall be the duty of the Faculty to appoint a _College Beadle_,
+who shall direct the procession on Commencement day, and preserve
+order during the exhibitions.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 43.
+
+
+BED-MAKER. One whose occupation is to make beds, and, as in
+colleges and universities, to take care of the students' rooms.
+Used both in the United States and England.
+
+T' other day I caught my _bed-maker_, a grave old matron, poring
+very seriously over a folio that lay open upon my table. I asked
+her what she was reading? "Lord bless you, master," says she, "who
+I reading? I never could read in my life, blessed be God; and yet
+I loves to look into a book too."--_The Student_, Vol. I. p. 55,
+1750.
+
+I asked a _bed-maker_ where Mr. ----'s chambers were.--_Gent.
+Mag._, 1795, p. 118.
+
+  While the grim _bed-maker_ provokes the dust,
+  And soot-born atoms, which his tomes encrust.
+    _The College.--A sketch in verse_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May,
+    1849.
+
+The _bed-makers_ are the women who take care of the rooms: there
+is about one to each staircase, that is to say, to every eight
+rooms. For obvious reasons they are selected from such of the fair
+sex as have long passed the age at which they might have had any
+personal attractions. The first intimation which your bed-maker
+gives you is that she is bound to report you to the tutor if ever
+you stay out of your rooms all night.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 15.
+
+
+BEER-COMMENT. In the German universities, the student's drinking
+code.
+
+The _beer-comment_ of Heidelberg, which gives the student's code
+of drinking, is about twice the length of our University book of
+statutes.--_Lond. Quar. Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. LXXIII. p. 56.
+
+
+BEMOSSED HEAD. In the German universities, a student during the
+sixth and last term, or _semester_, is called a _Bemossed Head_,
+"the highest state of honor to which man can attain."--_Howitt_.
+
+See MOSS-COVERED HEAD.
+
+
+BENE. Latin, _well_. A word sometimes attached to a written
+college exercise, by the instructor, as a mark of approbation.
+
+  When I look back upon my college life,
+  And think that I one starveling _bene_ got.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 402.
+
+
+BENE DISCESSIT. Latin; literally, _he has departed honorably_.
+This phrase is used in the English universities to signify that
+the student leaves his college to enter another by the express
+consent and approbation of the Master and Fellows.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+Mr. Pope being about to remove from Trinity to Emmanuel, by
+_Bene-Discessit_, was desirous of taking my rooms.--_Alma Mater_,
+Vol. I. p. 167.
+
+
+BENEFICIARY. One who receives anything as a gift, or is maintained
+by charity.--_Blackstone_.
+
+In American colleges, students who are supported on established
+foundations are called _beneficiaries_. Those who receive
+maintenance from the American Education Society are especially
+designated in this manner.
+
+No student who is a college _beneficiary_ shall remain such any
+longer than he shall continue exemplary for sobriety, diligence,
+and orderly conduct.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 19.
+
+
+BEVER. From the Italian _bevere_, to drink. An intermediate
+refreshment between breakfast and dinner.--_Morison_.
+
+At Harvard College, dinner was formerly the only meal which was
+regularly taken in the hall. Instead of breakfast and supper, the
+students were allowed to receive a bowl of milk or chocolate, with
+a piece of bread, from the buttery hatch, at morning and evening;
+this they could eat in the yard, or take to their rooms and eat
+there. At the appointed hour for _bevers_, there was a general
+rush for the buttery, and if the walking happened to be bad, or if
+it was winter, many ludicrous accidents usually occurred. One
+perhaps would slip, his bowl would fly this way and his bread
+that, while he, prostrate, afforded an excellent stumbling-block
+to those immediately behind him; these, falling in their turn,
+spattering with the milk themselves and all near them, holding
+perhaps their spoons aloft, the only thing saved from the
+destruction, would, after disentangling themselves from the mass
+of legs, arms, etc., return to the buttery, and order a new bowl,
+to be charged with the extras at the close of the term.
+
+Similar in thought to this account are the remarks of Professor
+Sidney Willard concerning Harvard College in 1794, in his late
+work, entitled, "Memories of Youth and Manhood." "The students who
+boarded in commons were obliged to go to the kitchen-door with
+their bowls or pitchers for their suppers, when they received
+their modicum of milk or chocolate in their vessel, held in one
+hand, and their piece of bread in the other, and repaired to their
+rooms to take their solitary repast. There were suspicions at
+times that the milk was diluted by a mixture of a very common
+tasteless fluid, which led a sagacious Yankee student to put the
+matter to the test by asking the simple carrier-boy why his mother
+did not mix the milk with warm water instead of cold. 'She does,'
+replied the honest youth. This mode of obtaining evening commons
+did not prove in all cases the most economical on the part of the
+fed. It sometimes happened, that, from inadvertence or previous
+preparation for a visit elsewhere, some individuals had arrayed
+themselves in their dress-coats and breeches, and in their haste
+to be served, and by jostling in the crowd, got sadly sprinkled
+with milk or chocolate, either by accident or by the stealthy
+indulgence of the mischievous propensities of those with whom they
+came in contact; and oftentimes it was a scene of confusion that
+was not the most pleasant to look upon or be engaged in. At
+breakfast the students were furnished, in Commons Hall, with tea,
+coffee, or milk, and a small loaf of bread. The age of a beaker of
+beer with a certain allowance of bread had expired."--Vol. I. pp.
+313, 314.
+
+No scholar shall be absent above an hour at morning _bever_, half
+an hour at evening _bever_, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 517.
+
+The butler is not bound to stay above half an hour at _bevers_ in
+the buttery after the tolling of the bell.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p.
+584.
+
+
+BEVER. To take a small repast between meals.--_Wallis_.
+
+
+BIBLE CLERK. In the University of Oxford, the _Bible clerks_ are
+required to attend the service of the chapel, and to deliver in a
+list of the absent undergraduates to the officer appointed to
+enforce the discipline of the institution. Their duties are
+different in different colleges.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+A _Bible clerk_ has seldom too many friends in the
+University.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Vol. LX., Eng. ed., p. 312.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., "a very ancient scholarship,
+so called because the student who was promoted to that office was
+enjoined to read the Bible at meal-times."--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+BIENNIAL EXAMINATION. At Yale College, in addition to the public
+examinations of the classes at the close of each term, on the
+studies of the term, private examinations are also held twice in
+the college course, at the close of the Sophomore and Senior
+years, on the studies of the two preceding years. The latter are
+called _biennial_.--_Yale Coll. Cat._
+
+"The _Biennial_," remarks the writer of the preface to the _Songs
+of Yale_, "is an examination occurring twice during the
+course,--at the close of the Sophomore and of the Senior
+years,--in all the studies pursued during the two years previous.
+It was established in 1850."--Ed. 1853, p. 4.
+
+The system of examinations has been made more rigid, especially by
+the introduction of _biennials_.--_Centennial Anniversary of the
+Linonian Soc._, Yale Coll., 1853, p. 70.
+
+  Faculty of College got together one night,
+    To have a little congratulation,
+  For they'd put their heads together and hatched out a load,
+    And called it "_Bien. Examination_."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+BIG-WIG. In the English universities, the higher dignitaries among
+the officers are often spoken of as the _big-wigs._
+
+Thus having anticipated the approbation of all, whether Freshman,
+Sophomore, Bachelor, or _Big-Wig_, our next care is the choice of
+a patron.--_Pref._ to _Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+BISHOP. At Cambridge, Eng., this beverage is compounded of
+port-wine mulled and burnt, with the addenda of roasted lemons and
+cloves.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+  We'll pass round the _Bishop_, the spice-breathing cup.
+    _Will. Sentinel's Poems_.
+
+
+BITCH. Among the students of the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+common name for tea.
+
+The reading man gives no swell parties, runs very little into
+debt, takes his cup of _bitch_ at night, and goes quietly to bed.
+--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 131.
+
+With the Queens-men it is not unusual to issue an "At home" Tea
+and Vespers, alias _bitch_ and _hymns_.--_Ibid., Dedication_.
+
+
+BITCH. At Cambridge, Eng., to take or drink a dish of tea.
+
+I followed, and, having "_bitched_" (that is, taken a dish of tea)
+arranged my books and boxes.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+I dined, wined, or _bitched_ with a Medallist or Senior Wrangler.
+--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 218.
+
+A young man, who performs with great dexterity the honors of the
+tea-table, is, if complimented at all, said to be "an excellent
+_bitch_."--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 18.
+
+
+BLACK BOOK. In the English universities, a gloomy volume
+containing a register of high crimes and misdemeanors.
+
+At the University of Göttingen, the expulsion of students is
+recorded on a _blackboard_.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+Sirrah, I'll have you put in the _black book_, rusticated,
+expelled.--_Miller's Humors of Oxford_, Act II. Sc. I.
+
+All had reason to fear that their names were down in the proctor's
+_black book_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 277.
+
+So irksome and borish did I ever find this early rising, spite of
+the health it promised, that I was constantly in the _black book_
+of the dean.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+
+BLACK-HOOD HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+BLACK RIDING. At the College of South Carolina, it has until
+within a few years been customary for the students, disguised and
+painted black, to ride across the college-yard at midnight, on
+horseback, with vociferations and the sound of horns. _Black
+riding_ is recognized by the laws of the College as a very high
+offence, punishable with expulsion.
+
+
+BLEACH. At Harvard College, he was formerly said to _bleach_ who
+preferred to be _spiritually_ rather than _bodily_ present at
+morning prayers.
+
+  'T is sweet Commencement parts to reach,
+  But, oh! 'tis doubly sweet to _bleach_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+BLOOD. A hot spark; a man of spirit; a rake. A word long in use
+among collegians and by writers who described them.
+
+With some rakes from Boston and a few College _bloods_, I got very
+drunk.--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 154.
+
+  Indulgent Gods! exclaimed our _bloods_.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 15.
+
+
+BLOOD. At some of the Western colleges this word signifies
+excellent; as, a _blood_ recitation. A student who recites well is
+said to _make a blood_.
+
+
+BLOODEE. In the Farmer's Weekly Museum, formerly printed at
+Walpole, N.H., appeared August 21, 1797, a poetic production, in
+which occurred these lines:--
+
+  Seniors about to take degrees,
+  Not by their wits, but by _bloodees_.
+
+In a note the word _bloodee_ was thus described: "A kind of cudgel
+worn, or rather borne, by the bloods of a certain college in New
+England, 2 feet 5 inches in length, and 1-7/8 inch in diameter,
+with a huge piece of lead at one end, emblematical of its owner. A
+pretty prop for clumsy travellers on Parnassus."
+
+
+BLOODY. Formerly a college term for daring, rowdy, impudent.
+
+  Arriving at Lord Bibo's study,
+  They thought they'd be a little _bloody_;
+  So, with a bold, presumptuous look,
+  An honest pinch of snuff they took.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 44.
+
+  They roar'd and bawl'd, and were so _bloody_,
+  As to besiege Lord Bibo's study.
+
+  _Ibid._, p. 76.
+
+
+BLOW. A merry frolic with drinking; a spree. A person intoxicated
+is said to be _blown_, and Mr. Halliwell, in his Dict. Arch. and
+Prov. Words, has _blowboll_, a drunkard.
+
+This word was formerly used by students to designate their frolics
+and social gatherings; at present, it is not much heard, being
+supplanted by the more common words _spree_, _tight_, &c.
+
+My fellow-students had been engaged at a _blow_ till the stagehorn
+had summoned them to depart.--_Harvard Register_, 1827-28, p. 172.
+
+  No soft adagio from the muse of _blows_,
+  E'er roused indignant from serene repose.
+    _Ibid._, p. 233.
+
+  And, if no coming _blow_ his thoughts engage,
+  Lights candle and cigar.
+    _Ibid._, p. 235.
+
+The person who engages in a blow is also called a _blow_.
+
+I could see, in the long vista of the past, the many hardened
+_blows_ who had rioted here around the festive
+board.--_Collegian_, p. 231.
+
+
+BLUE. In several American colleges, a student who is very strict
+in observing the laws, and conscientious in performing his duties,
+is styled a _blue_. "Our real delvers, midnight students," says a
+correspondent from Williams College, "are called _blue_."
+
+I wouldn't carry a novel into chapel to read, not out of any
+respect for some people's old-womanish twaddle about the
+sacredness of the place,--but because some of the _blues_ might
+see you.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 81.
+
+  Each jolly soul of them, save the _blues_,
+  Were doffing their coats, vests, pants, and shoes.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+  None ever knew a sober "_blue_"
+    In this "blood crowd" of ours.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+Lucian called him a _blue_, and fell back in his chair in a
+pouting fit.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 118.
+
+To acquire popularity,... he must lose his money at bluff and
+euchre without a sigh, and damn up hill and down the sober
+church-going man, as an out-and-out _blue_.--_The Parthenon, Union
+Coll._, 1851, p. 6.
+
+
+BLUE-LIGHT. At the University of Vermont this term is used, writes
+a correspondent, to designate "a boy who sneaks about college, and
+reports to the Faculty the short-comings of his fellow-students. A
+_blue-light_ is occasionally found watching the door of a room
+where a party of jolly ones are roasting a turkey (which in
+justice belongs to the nearest farm-house), that he may go to the
+Faculty with the story, and tell them who the boys are."
+
+BLUES. The name of a party which formerly existed at Dartmouth
+College. In The Dartmouth, Vol. IV. p. 117, 1842, is the
+following:--"The students here are divided into two parties,--the
+_Rowes_ and the _Blues_. The Rowes are very liberal in their
+notions; the _Blues_ more strict. The Rowes don't pretend to say
+anything worse of a fellow than to call him a Blue, and _vice
+versa_"
+
+See INDIGO and ROWES.
+
+
+BLUE-SKIN. This word was formerly in use at some American
+colleges, with the meaning now given to the word BLUE, q.v.
+
+  I, with my little colleague here,
+    Forth issued from my cell,
+  To see if we could overhear,
+    Or make some _blue-skin_ tell.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 22.
+
+
+BOARD. The _boards_, or _college boards_, in the English
+universities, are long wooden tablets on which the names of the
+members of each college are inscribed, according to seniority,
+generally hung up in the buttery.--_Gradus ad Cantab. Webster_.
+
+I gave in my resignation this time without recall, and took my
+name off the _boards_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 291.
+
+Similar to this was the list of students which was formerly kept
+at Harvard College, and probably at Yale. Judge Wingate, who
+graduated at the former institution in 1759, writes as follows in
+reference to this subject:--"The Freshman Class was, in my day at
+college, usually _placed_ (as it was termed) within six or nine
+months after their admission. The official notice of this was
+given by having their names written in a large German text, in a
+handsome style, and placed in a conspicuous part of the College
+Buttery, where the names of the four classes of undergraduates
+were kept suspended until they left College. If a scholar was
+expelled, his name was taken from its place; or if he was degraded
+(which was considered the next highest punishment to expulsion),
+it was moved accordingly."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 311.
+
+
+BOGS. Among English Cantabs, a privy.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+BOHN. A translation; a pony. The volumes of Bohn's Classical
+Library are in such general use among undergraduates in American
+colleges, that _Bohn_ has come to be a common name for a
+translation.
+
+  'Twas plenty of skin with a good deal of _Bohn_.
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, Yale Coll., 1855.
+
+
+BOLT. An omission of a recitation or lecture. A correspondent from
+Union College gives the following account of it:--"In West
+College, where the Sophomores and Freshmen congregate, when there
+was a famous orator expected, or any unusual spectacle to be
+witnessed in the city, we would call a 'class meeting,' to
+consider upon the propriety of asking Professor ---- for a _bolt_.
+We had our chairman, and the subject being debated, was generally
+decided in favor of the remission. A committee of good steady
+fellows were selected, who forthwith waited upon the Professor,
+and, after urging the matter, commonly returned with the welcome
+assurance that we could have a _bolt_ from the next recitation."
+
+One writer defines a _bolt_ in these words:--"The promiscuous
+stampede of a class collectively. Caused generally by a few
+seconds' tardiness of the Professor, occasionally by finding the
+lock of the recitation-room door filled with shot."--_Sophomore
+Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+The quiet routine of college life had remained for some days
+undisturbed, even by a single _bolt_.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol.
+II. p. 192.
+
+
+BOLT. At Union College, to be absent from a recitation, on the
+conditions related under the noun BOLT. Followed by _from_. At
+Williams College, the word is applied with a different
+signification. A correspondent writes: "We sometimes _bolt_ from a
+recitation before the Professor arrives, and the term most
+strikingly suggests the derivation, as our movements in the case
+would somewhat resemble a 'streak of lightning,'--a
+thunder-_bolt_."
+
+
+BOLTER. At Union College, one who _bolts_ from a recitation.
+
+2. A correspondent from the same college says: "If a student is
+unable to answer a question in the class, and declares himself
+unprepared, he also is a '_bolter_.'"
+
+
+BONFIRE. The making of bonfires, by students, is not an unfrequent
+occurrence at many of our colleges, and is usually a demonstration
+of dissatisfaction, or is done merely for the sake of the
+excitement. It is accounted a high offence, and at Harvard College
+is prohibited by the following law:--"In case of a bonfire, or
+unauthorized fireworks or illumination, any students crying fire,
+sounding an alarm, leaving their rooms, shouting or clapping from
+the windows, going to the fire or being seen at it, going into the
+college yard, or assembling on account of such bonfire, shall be
+deemed aiding and abetting such disorder, and punished
+accordingly."--_Laws_, 1848, _Bonfires_.
+
+A correspondent from Bowdoin College writes: "Bonfires occur
+regularly twice a year; one on the night preceding the annual
+State Fast, and the other is built by the Freshmen on the night
+following the yearly examination. A pole some sixty or seventy
+feet long is raised, around which brush and tar are heaped to a
+great height. The construction of the pile occupies from four to
+five hours."
+
+  Not ye, whom midnight cry ne'er urged to run
+  In search of fire, when fire there had been none;
+  Unless, perchance, some pump or hay-mound threw
+  Its _bonfire_ lustre o'er a jolly crew.
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 233.
+
+
+BOOK-KEEPER. At Harvard College, students are allowed to go out of
+town on Saturday, after the exercises, but are required, if not at
+evening prayers, to enter their names before 10 P.M. with one of
+the officers appointed for that purpose. Students were formerly
+required to report themselves before 8 P.M., in winter, and 9, in
+summer, and the person who registered the names was a member of
+the Freshman Class, and was called the _book-keeper_.
+
+I strode over the bridge, with a rapidity which grew with my
+vexation, my distaste for wind, cold, and wet, and my anxiety to
+reach my goal ere the hour appointed should expire, and the
+_book-keeper's_ light should disappear from his window;
+ "For while his light holds out to burn,
+  The vilest sinner may return."--_Collegian_, p. 225.
+
+See FRESHMAN, COLLEGE.
+
+
+BOOK-WORK. Among students at Cambridge, Eng., all mathematics that
+can be learned verbatim from books,--all that are not
+problems.--_Bristed_.
+
+He made a good fight of it, and ... beat the Trinity man a little
+on the _book-work_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 96.
+
+The men are continually writing out _book-work_, either at home or
+in their tutor's rooms.--_Ibid._, p. 149.
+
+
+BOOT-FOX. This name was at a former period given, in the German
+universities, to a fox, or a student in his first half-year, from
+the fact of his being required to black the boots of his more
+advanced comrades.
+
+
+BOOTLICK. To fawn upon; to court favor.
+
+Scorns the acquaintance of those he deems beneath him; refuses to
+_bootlick_ men for their votes.--_The Parthenon_, Union Coll.,
+Vol. I. p. 6.
+
+The "Wooden Spoon" exhibition passed off without any such hubbub,
+except where the pieces were of such a character as to offend the
+delicacy and modesty of some of those crouching, fawning,
+_bootlicking_ hypocrites.--_The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+BOOTLICKER. A student who seeks or gains favor from a teacher by
+flattery or officious civilities; one who curries favor. A
+correspondent from Union College writes: "As you watch the
+students more closely, you will perhaps find some of them
+particularly officious towards your teacher, and very apt to
+linger after recitation to get a clearer knowledge of some
+passage. They are _Bootlicks_, and that is known as _Bootlicking_;
+a reproach, I am sorry to say, too indiscriminately applied." At
+Yale, and _other colleges_, a tutor or any other officer who
+informs against the students, or acts as a spy upon their conduct,
+is also called a _bootlick_.
+
+Three or four _bootlickers_ rise.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+  The rites of Wooden Spoons we next recite,
+  When _bootlick_ hypocrites upraised their might.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+Then he arose, and offered himself as a "_bootlick_" to the
+Faculty.--_Yale Battery_, Feb. 14, 1850.
+
+
+BOOTS. At the College of South Carolina it is customary to present
+the most unpopular member of a class with a pair of handsome
+red-topped boots, on which is inscribed the word BEAUTY. They were
+formerly given to the ugliest person, whence the inscription.
+
+
+BORE. A tiresome person or unwelcome visitor, who makes himself
+obnoxious by his disagreeable manners, or by a repetition of
+visits.--_Bartlett_.
+
+A person or thing that wearies by iteration.--_Webster_.
+
+Although the use of this word is very general, yet it is so
+peculiarly applicable to the many annoyances to which a collegian
+is subjected, that it has come by adoption to be, to a certain
+extent, a student term. One writer classes under this title
+"text-books generally; the Professor who marks _slight_ mistakes;
+the familiar young man who calls continually, and when he finds
+the door fastened demonstrates his verdant curiosity by revealing
+an inquisitive countenance through the ventilator."--_Sophomore
+Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+In college parlance, prayers, when the morning is cold or rainy,
+are a _bore_; a hard lesson is a _bore_; a dull lecture or
+lecturer is a _bore_; and, _par excellence_, an unwelcome visitor
+is a _bore_ of _bores_. This latter personage is well described in
+the following lines:--
+
+ "Next comes the bore, with visage sad and pale,
+  And tortures you with some lugubrious tale;
+  Relates stale jokes collected near and far,
+  And in return expects a choice cigar;
+  Your brandy-punch he calls the merest sham,
+  Yet does not _scruple_ to partake a _dram_.
+  His prying eyes your secret nooks explore;
+  No place is sacred to the college bore.
+  Not e'en the letter filled with Helen's praise,
+  Escapes the sight of his unhallowed gaze;
+  Ere one short hour its silent course has flown,
+  Your Helen's charms to half the class are known.
+  Your books he takes, nor deigns your leave to ask,
+  Such forms to him appear a useless task.
+  When themes unfinished stare you in the face,
+  Then enters one of this accursed race.
+  Though like the Angel bidding John to write,
+  Frail ------ form uprises to thy sight,
+  His stupid stories chase your thoughts away,
+  And drive you mad with his unwelcome stay.
+  When he, departing, creaks the closing door,
+  You raise the Grecian chorus, [Greek: kikkabau]."[02]
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton, Harv. Coll.
+
+
+BOS. At the University of Virginia, the desserts which the
+students, according to the statutes of college, are allowed twice
+per week, are respectively called the _Senior_ and _Junior Bos_.
+
+
+BOSH. Nonsense, trash, [Greek: phluaria]. An English Cantab's
+expression.--_Bristed_.
+
+But Spriggins's peculiar forte is that kind of talk which some
+people irreverently call "_bosh_."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p.
+259.
+
+
+BOSKY. In the cant of the Oxonians, being tipsy.--_Grose_.
+
+Now when he comes home fuddled, alias _Bosky_, I shall not be so
+unmannerly as to say his Lordship ever gets drunk.--_The Sizar_,
+cited in _Gradus ad Cantab._, pp. 20, 21.
+
+
+BOWEL. At Harvard College, a student in common parlance will
+express his destitution or poverty by saying, "I have not a
+_bowel_." The use of the word with this signification has arisen,
+probably, from a jocular reference to a quaint Scriptural
+expression.
+
+
+BRACKET. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the result of the
+final examination in the Senate-House is published in lists signed
+by the examiners. In these lists the names of those who have been
+examined are "placed in individual order of merit." When the rank
+of two or three men is the same, their names are inclosed in
+_brackets_.
+
+At the close of the course, and before the examination is
+concluded, there is made out a new arrangement of the classes
+called the _Brackets_. These, in which each is placed according to
+merit, are hung upon the pillars in the Senate-House.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. II. p. 93.
+
+As there is no provision in the printed lists for expressing the
+number of marks by which each man beats the one next below him,
+and there may be more difference between the twelfth and
+thirteenth than between the third and twelfth, it has been
+proposed to extend the use of the _brackets_ (which are now only
+employed in cases of literal equality between two or three men),
+and put together six, eight, or ten, whose marks are nearly equal.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 227.
+
+
+BRACKET. In a general sense, to place in a certain order.
+
+I very early in the Sophomore year gave up all thoughts of
+obtaining high honors, and settled down contentedly among the
+twelve or fifteen who are _bracketed_, after the first two or
+three, as "English Orations."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 6.
+
+There remained but two, _bracketed_ at the foot of the
+class.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+The Trinity man who was _bracketed_ Senior Classic.--_Ibid._, p.
+187.
+
+
+BRANDER. In the German universities a name given to a student
+during his second term.
+
+Meanwhile large tufts and strips of paper had been twisted into
+the hair of the _Branders_, as those are called who have been
+already one term at the University, and then at a given signal
+were set on fire, and the _Branders_ rode round the table on
+chairs, amid roars of laughter.--_Longfellow's Hyperion_, p. 114.
+
+See BRAND-FOX, BURNT FOX.
+
+
+BRAND-FOX. A student in a German university "becomes a
+_Brand-fuchs_, or fox with a brand, after the foxes of Samson," in
+his second half-year.--_Howitt_.
+
+
+BRICK. A gay, wild, thoughtless fellow, but not so _hard_ as the
+word itself might seem to imply.
+
+He is a queer fellow,--not so bad as he seems,--his own enemy, but
+a regular _brick_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 143.
+
+He will come himself (public tutor or private), like a _brick_ as
+he is, and consume his share of the generous potables.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 78.
+
+See LIKE A BRICK.
+
+
+BRICK MILL. At the University of Vermont, the students speak of
+the college as the _Brick Mill_, or the _Old Brick Mill_.
+
+
+BUCK. At Princeton College, anything which is in an intensive
+degree good, excellent, pleasant, or agreeable, is called _buck_.
+
+
+BULL. At Dartmouth College, to recite badly; to make a poor
+recitation. From the substantive _bull_, a blunder or
+contradiction, or from the use of the word as a prefix, signifying
+large, lubberly, blundering.
+
+
+BULL-DOG. In the English universities, the lictor or servant who
+attends a proctor when on duty.
+
+Sentiments which vanish for ever at the sight of the proctor with
+his _bull-dogs_, as they call them, or four muscular fellows which
+always follow him, like so many bailiffs.--_Westminster Rev._, Am.
+Ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 232.
+
+The proctors, through their attendants, commonly called
+_bull-dogs_, received much certain information, &c.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 170.
+
+  And he had breathed the proctor's _dogs_.
+    _Tennyson, Prologue to Princess_.
+
+
+BULLY CLUB. The following account of the _Bully Club_, which was
+formerly a most honored transmittendum at Yale College, is taken
+from an entertaining little work, entitled Sketches of Yale
+College. "_Bullyism_ had its origin, like everything else that is
+venerated, far back in antiquity; no one pretends to know the era
+of its commencement, nor to say with certainty what was the cause
+of its establishment, or the original design of the institution.
+We can only learn from dim and doubtful tradition, that many years
+ago, no one knows how many, there was a feud between students and
+townsmen: a sort of general ill-feeling, which manifested itself
+in the lower classes of society in rudeness and insult. Not
+patiently borne with, it grew worse and worse, until a regular
+organization became necessary for defence against the nightly
+assaults of a gang of drunken rowdies. Nor were their opponents
+disposed to quit the unequal fight. An organization in opposition
+followed, and a band of tipsy townsmen, headed by some hardy tars,
+took the field, were met, no one knows whether in offence or
+defence, and after a fight repulsed, and a huge knotty club
+wrested from their leader. This trophy of personal courage was
+preserved, the organization perpetuated, and the _Bully Club_ was
+every year, with procession and set form of speech, bestowed upon
+the newly acknowledged leader. But in process of time the
+organization has assumed a different character: there was no
+longer need of a system of defence,--the "Bully" was still
+acknowledged as class leader. He marshalled all processions, was
+moderator of all meetings, and performed the various duties of a
+chief. The title became now a matter of dispute; it sounded harsh
+and rude to ears polite, and a strong party proposed a change: but
+the supporters of antiquity pleaded the venerable character of the
+customs identified almost with the College itself. Thus the
+classes were divided, a part electing a marshal, class-leader, or
+moderator, and a part still choosing a _bully_ and _minor
+bully_--the latter usually the least of their number--from each
+class, and still bestowing on them the wonted clubs, mounted with
+gold, the badges of their office.
+
+"Unimportant as these distinctions seem, they formed the ground of
+constant controversy, each party claiming for its leader the
+precedence, until the dissensions ended in a scene of confusion
+too well known to need detail: the usual procession on
+Commencement day was broken up, and the partisans fell upon each
+other pell-mell; scarce heeding, in their hot fray, the orders of
+the Faculty, the threats of the constables, or even the rebuke of
+the chief magistrate of the State; the alumni were left to find
+their seats in church as they best could, the aged and beloved
+President following in sorrow, unescorted, to perform the duties
+of the day. It need not be told that the disputes were judicially
+ended by a peremptory ordinance, prohibiting all class
+organizations of any name whatever."
+
+A more particular account of the Bully Club, and of the manner in
+which the students of Yale came to possess it, is given in the
+annexed extract.
+
+"Many years ago, the farther back towards the Middle Ages the
+better, some students went out one evening to an inn at Dragon, as
+it was then called, now the populous and pretty village of Fair
+Haven, to regale themselves with an oyster supper, or for some
+other kind of recreation. They there fell into an affray with the
+young men of the place, a hardy if not a hard set, who regarded
+their presence there, at their own favorite resort, as an
+intrusion. The students proved too few for their adversaries. They
+reported the matter at College, giving an aggravated account of
+it, and, being strongly reinforced, went out the next evening to
+renew the fight. The oystermen and sailors were prepared for them.
+A desperate conflict ensued, chiefly in the house, above stairs
+and below, into which the sons of science entered pell-mell. Which
+came off the worse, I neither know nor care, believing defeat to
+be far less discreditable to either party, and especially to the
+students, than the fact of their engaging in such a brawl. Where
+the matter itself is essentially disgraceful, success or failure
+is indifferent, as it regards the honor of the actors. Among the
+Dragoners, a great bully of a fellow, who appeared to be their
+leader, wielded a huge club, formed from an oak limb, with a
+gnarled excrescence on the end, heavy enough to battle with an
+elephant. A student remarkable for his strength in the arms and
+hands, griped the fellow so hard about the wrist that his fingers
+opened, and let the club fall. It was seized, and brought off as a
+trophy. Such is the history of the Bully Club. It became the
+occasion of an annual election of a person to take charge of it,
+and to act as leader of the students in case of a quarrel between
+them, and others. 'Bully' was the title of this chivalrous and
+high office."--_Scenes and Characters in College_, New Haven,
+1847, pp. 215, 216.
+
+
+BUMPTIOUS. Conceited, forward, pushing. An English Cantab's
+expression.--_Bristed_.
+
+About nine, A.M., the new scholars are announced from the chapel
+gates. On this occasion it is not etiquette for the candidates
+themselves to be in waiting,--it looks too
+"_bumptious_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 193.
+
+
+BURIAL OF EUCLID. "The custom of bestowing burial honors upon the
+ashes of Euclid with becoming demonstrations of respect has been
+handed down," says the author of the Sketches of Yale College,
+"from time immemorial." The account proceeds as follows:--"This
+book, the terror of the dilatory and unapt, having at length been
+completely mastered, the class, as their acquaintance with the
+Greek mathematician is about to close, assemble in their
+respective places of meeting, and prepare (secretly for fear of
+the Faculty) for the anniversary. The necessary committee having
+been appointed, and the regular preparations ordered, a ceremony
+has sometimes taken place like the following. The huge poker is
+heated in the old stove, and driven through the smoking volume,
+and the division, marshalled in line, for _once_ at least see
+_through_ the whole affair. They then march over it in solemn
+procession, and are enabled, as they step firmly on its covers, to
+assert with truth that they have gone over it,--poor jokes indeed,
+but sufficient to afford abundant laughter. And then follow
+speeches, comical and pathetic, and shouting and merriment. The
+night assigned having arrived, how carefully they assemble, all
+silent, at the place appointed. Laid on its bier, covered with
+sable pall, and borne in solemn state, the corpse (i.e. the book)
+is carried with slow procession, with the moaning music of flutes
+and fifes, the screaming of fiddles, and the thumping and mumbling
+of a cracked drum, to the open grave or the funeral pyre. A
+gleaming line of blazing torches and twinkling lanterns wave along
+the quiet streets and through the opened fields, and the snow
+creaks hoarsely under the tread of a hundred men. They reach the
+scene, and a circle forms around the consecrated spot; if the
+ceremony is a burial, the defunct is laid all carefully in his
+grave, and then his friends celebrate in prose or verse his
+memory, his virtues, and his untimely end: and three oboli are
+tossed into his tomb to satisfy the surly boatman of the Styx.
+Lingeringly is the last look taken of the familiar countenance, as
+the procession passes slowly around the tomb; and the moaning is
+made,--a sound of groans going up to the seventh heavens,--and the
+earth is thrown in, and the headstone with epitaph placed duly to
+hallow the grave of the dead. Or if, according to the custom of
+his native land, the body of Euclid is committed to the funeral
+flames, the pyre, duly prepared with combustibles, is made the
+centre of the ring; a ponderous jar of turpentine or whiskey is
+the fragrant incense, and as the lighted fire mounts up in the
+still night, and the alarm in the city sounds dim in the distance,
+the eulogium is spoken, and the memory of the illustrious dead
+honored; the urn receives the sacred ashes, which, borne in solemn
+procession, are placed in some conspicuous situation, or solemnly
+deposited in some fitting sarcophagus. So the sport ends; a song,
+a loud hurrah, and the last jovial roysterer seeks short and
+profound slumber."--pp. 166-169.
+
+The above was written in the year 1843. That the interest in the
+observance of this custom at Yale College has not since that time
+diminished, may be inferred from the following account of the
+exercises of the Sophomore Class of 1850, on parting company with
+their old mathematical friend, given by a correspondent of the New
+York Tribune.
+
+"Arrangements having been well matured, notice was secretly given
+out on Wednesday last that the obsequies would be celebrated that
+evening at 'Barney's Hall,' on Church Street. An excellent band of
+music was engaged for the occasion, and an efficient Force
+Committee assigned to their duty, who performed their office with
+great credit, taking singular care that no 'tutor' or 'spy' should
+secure an entrance to the hall. The 'countersign' selected was
+'Zeus,' and fortunately was not betrayed. The hall being full at
+half past ten, the doors were closed, and the exercises commenced
+with music. Then followed numerous pieces of various character,
+and among them an _Oration_, a _Poem_, _Funeral Sermon_ (of a very
+metaphysical character), a _Dirge_, and, at the grave, a _Prayer
+to Pluto_. These pieces all exhibited taste and labor, and were
+acknowledged to be of a higher tone than that of any productions
+which have ever been delivered on a similar occasion. Besides
+these, there were several songs interspersed throughout the
+Programme, in both Latin and English, which were sung with great
+jollity and effect. The band added greatly to the character of the
+performances, by their frequent and appropriate pieces. A large
+coffin was placed before the altar, within which, lay the
+veritable Euclid, arranged in a becoming winding-sheet, the body
+being composed of combustibles, and these thoroughly saturated
+with turpentine. The company left the hall at half past twelve,
+formed in an orderly procession, preceded by the band, and bearing
+the coffin in their midst. Those who composed the procession were
+arrayed in disguises, to avoid detection, and bore a full
+complement of brilliant torches. The skeleton of Euclid (a
+faithful caricature), himself bearing a torch, might have been
+seen dancing in the midst, to the great amusement of all
+beholders. They marched up Chapel Street as far as the south end
+of the College, where they were saluted with three hearty cheers
+by their fellow-students, and then continued through College
+Street in front of the whole College square, at the north
+extremity of which they were again greeted by cheers, and thence
+followed a circuitous way to _quasi_ Potter's Field, about a mile
+from the city, where the concluding ceremonies were performed.
+These consist of walking over the coffin, thus _surmounting the
+difficulties_ of the author; boring a hole through a copy of
+Euclid with a hot iron, that the class may see _through_ it; and
+finally burning it upon the funeral pyre, in order to _throw
+light_ upon the subject. After these exercises, the procession
+returned, with music, to the State-House, where they disbanded,
+and returned to their desolate habitations. The affair surpassed
+anything of the kind that has ever taken place here, and nothing
+was wanting to render it a complete performance. It testifies to
+the spirit and character of the class of '53."--_Literary World_,
+Nov. 23, 1850, from the _New York Tribune_.
+
+In the Sketches of Williams College, printed in the year 1847, is
+a description of the manner in which the funeral exercises of
+Euclid are sometimes conducted in that institution. It is as
+follows:--"The burial took place last night. The class assembled
+in the recitation-room in full numbers, at 9 o'clock. The
+deceased, much emaciated, and in a torn and tattered dress, was
+stretched on a black table in the centre of the room. This table,
+by the way, was formed of the old blackboard, which, like a
+mirror, had so often reflected the image of old Euclid. In the
+body of the corpse was a triangular hole, made for the _post
+mortem_ examination, a report of which was read. Through this
+hole, those who wished were allowed to look; and then, placing the
+body on their heads, they could say with truth that they had for
+once seen through and understood Euclid.
+
+"A eulogy was then pronounced, followed by an oration and the
+reading of the epitaph, after which the class formed a procession,
+and marched with slow and solemn tread to the place of burial. The
+spot selected was in the woods, half a mile south of the College.
+As we approached the place, we saw a bright fire burning on the
+altar of turf, and torches gleaming through the dark pines. All
+was still, save the occasional sympathetic groans of some forlorn
+bull-frogs, which came up like minute-guns from the marsh below.
+
+"When we arrived at the spot, the sexton received the body. This
+dignitary presented rather a grotesque appearance. He wore a white
+robe bound around his waist with a black scarf, and on his head a
+black, conical-shaped hat, some three feet high. Haying fastened
+the remains to the extremity of a long, black wand, he held them
+in the fire of the altar until they were nearly consumed, and then
+laid the charred mass in the urn, muttering an incantation in
+Latin. The urn being buried deep in the ground, we formed a ring
+around the grave, and sung the dirge. Then, lighting our larches
+by the dying fire, we retraced our steps with feelings suited to
+the occasion."--pp. 74-76.
+
+Of this observance the writer of the preface to the "Songs of
+Yale" remarks: "The _Burial of Euclid_ is an old ceremony
+practised at many colleges. At Yale it is conducted by the
+Sophomore Class during the first term of the year. After literary
+exercises within doors, a procession is formed, which proceeds at
+midnight through the principal streets of the city, with music and
+torches, conveying a coffin, supposed to contain the body of the
+old mathematician, to the funeral pile, when the whole is fired
+and consumed to ashes."--1853, p. 4.
+
+From the lugubrious songs which are usually sung on these sad
+occasions, the following dirge is selected. It appears in the
+order of exercises for the "Burial of Euclid by the Class of '57,"
+which took place at Yale College, November 8, 1854.
+
+    Tune,--"_Auld Lang Syne_."
+
+              I.
+
+  Come, gather all ye tearful Sophs,
+    And stand around the ring;
+  Old Euclid's dead, and to his shade
+    A requiem we'll sing:
+  Then join the saddening chorus, all
+    Ye friends of Euclid true;
+  Defunct, he can no longer bore,
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"[03]
+
+              II.
+
+  Though we to Pluto _dead_icate,
+    No god to take him deigns,
+  So, one short year from now will Fate
+    Bring back his sad _re-manes_:
+  For at Biennial his ghost
+    Will prompt the tutor blue,
+  And every fizzling Soph will cry,
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"
+
+              III.
+
+  Though here we now his _corpus_ burn,
+    And flames about him roar,
+  The future Fresh shall say, that he's
+    "Not dead, but gone before":
+  We close around the dusky bier,
+    And pall of sable hue,
+  And silently we drop the tear;
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"
+
+
+BURLESQUE BILL. At Princeton College, it is customary for the
+members of the Sophomore Class to hold annually a Sophomore
+Commencement, caricaturing that of the Senior Class. The Sophomore
+Commencement is in turn travestied by the Junior Class, who
+prepare and publish _Burlesque Bills_, as they are called, in
+which, in a long and formal programme, such subjects and speeches
+are attributed to the members of the Sophomore Class as are
+calculated to expose their weak points.
+
+See SOPHOMORE COMMENCEMENT.
+
+
+BURLINGTON. At Middlebury College, a water-closet, privy. So
+called on account of the good-natured rivalry between that
+institution and the University of Vermont at Burlington.
+
+
+BURNING OF CONIC SECTIONS. "This is a ceremony," writes a
+correspondent, "observed by the Sophomore Class of Trinity
+College, on the Monday evening of Commencement week. The
+incremation of this text-book is made by the entire class, who
+appear in fantastic rig and in torch-light procession. The
+ceremonies are held in the College grove, and are graced with an
+oration and poem. The exercises are usually closed by a class
+supper."
+
+
+BURNING OF CONVIVIUM. Convivium is a Greek book which is studied
+at Hamilton College during the last term of the Freshman year, and
+is considered somewhat difficult. Upon entering Sophomore it is
+customary to burn it, with exercises appropriate to the occasion.
+The time being appointed, the class hold a meeting and elect the
+marshals of the night. A large pyre is built during the evening,
+of rails and pine wood, on the middle of which is placed a barrel
+of tar, surrounded by straw saturated with turpentine. Notice is
+then given to the upper classes that Convivium will be burnt that
+night at twelve o'clock. Their company is requested at the
+exercises, which consist of two poems, a tragedy, and a funeral
+oration. A coffin is laid out with the "remains" of the book, and
+the literary exercises are performed. These concluded, the class
+form a procession, preceded by a brass band playing a dirge, and
+march to the pyre, around which, with uncovered heads, they
+solemnly form. The four bearers with their torches then advance
+silently, and place the coffin upon the funeral pile. The class,
+each member bearing a torch, form a circle around the pyre. At a
+given signal they all bend forward together, and touch their
+torches to the heap of combustibles. In an instant "a lurid flame
+arises, licks around the coffin, and shakes its tongue to heaven."
+To these ceremonies succeed festivities, which are usually
+continued until daylight.
+
+
+BURNING OF ZUMPT'S LATIN GRAMMAR. The funeral rites over the body
+of this book are performed by the students in the University of
+New York. The place of turning and burial is usually at Hoboken.
+Scenes of this nature often occur in American colleges, having
+their origin, it is supposed, in the custom at Yale of burying
+Euclid.
+
+
+BURNT FOX. A student during his second half-year, in the German
+universities, is called a _burnt fox_.
+
+
+BURSAR, _pl._ BURSARII. A treasurer or cash-keeper; as, the
+_bursar_ of a college or of a monastery. The said College in
+Cambridge shall be a corporation consisting of seven persons, to
+wit, a President, five Fellows, and a Treasurer or
+_Bursar_.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 11.
+
+Every student is required on his arrival, at the commencement of
+each session, to deliver to the _Bursar_ the moneys and drafts for
+money which he has brought with him. It is the duty of the
+_Bursar_ to attend to the settlement of the demands for board,
+&c.; to pay into the hands of the student such sums as are
+required for other necessary expenses, and to render a statement
+of the same to the parent or guardian at the close of the session.
+--_Catalogue of Univ. of North Carolina_, 1848-49, p. 27.
+
+2. A student to whom a stipend is paid out of a burse or fund
+appropriated for that purpose, as the exhibitioners sent to the
+universities in Scotland, by each presbytery.--_Webster_.
+
+See a full account in _Brande's Dict. Science, Lit., and Art_.
+
+
+BURSARY. The treasury of a college or monastery.--_Webster_.
+
+2. In Scotland, an exhibition.--_Encyc._
+
+
+BURSCH (bursh), _pl._ BURSCHEN. German. A youth; especially a
+student in a German university.
+
+"By _bursché_," says Howitt, "we understand one who has already
+spent a certain time at the university,--and who, to a certain
+degree, has taken part in the social practices of the
+students."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. Ed., p. 27.
+
+  Und hat der _Bursch_ kein Geld im Beutel,
+    So pumpt er die Philister an,
+  Und denkt: es ist doch Alles eitel
+    Vom _Burschen_ bis zum Bettleman.
+    _Crambambuli Song_.
+
+Student life! _Burschen_ life! What a magic sound have these words
+for him who has learnt for himself their real meaning.--_Howitt's
+Student Life of Germany_.
+
+
+BURSCHENSCHAFT. A league or secret association of students, formed
+in 1815, for the purpose, as was asserted, of the political
+regeneration of Germany, and suppressed, at least in name, by the
+exertions of the government.--_Brandt_.
+
+"The Burschenschaft," says the Yale Literary Magazine, "was a
+society formed in opposition to the vices and follies of the
+Landsmannschaft, with the motto, 'God, Honor, Freedom,
+Fatherland.' Its object was 'to develop and perfect every mental
+and bodily power for the service of the Fatherland.' It exerted a
+mighty and salutary influence, was almost supreme in its power,
+but was finally suppressed by the government, on account of its
+alleged dangerous political tendencies."--Vol. XV. p. 3.
+
+
+BURSE. In France, a fund or foundation for the maintenance of poor
+scholars in their studies. In the Middle Ages, it signified a
+little college, or a hall in a university.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BURST. To fail in reciting; to make a bad recitation. This word is
+used in some of the Southern colleges.
+
+
+BURT. At Union College, a privy is called _the Burt_, from a
+person of that name, who many years ago was employed as the
+architect and builder of the _latrinæ_ of that institution.
+
+
+BUSY. An answer often given by a student, when he does not wish to
+see visitors.
+
+Poor Croak was almost annihilated by this summons, and, clinging
+to the bed-clothes in all the agony of despair, forgot to _busy_
+his midnight visitor.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 84.
+
+Whenever, during that sacred season, a knock salutes my door, I
+respond with a _busy_.--_Collegian_, p. 25.
+
+"_Busy_" is a hard word to utter, often, though heart and
+conscience and the college clock require it.--_Scenes and
+Characters in College_, p. 58.
+
+
+BUTLER. Anciently written BOTILER. A servant or officer whose
+principal business is to take charge of the liquors, food, plate,
+&c. In the old laws of Harvard College we find an enumeration of
+the duties of the college butler. Some of them were as follows.
+
+He was to keep the rooms and utensils belonging to his office
+sweet and clean, fit for use; his drinking-vessels were to be
+scoured once a week. The fines imposed by the President and other
+officers were to be fairly recorded by him in a book, kept for
+that purpose. He was to attend upon the ringing of the bell for
+prayer in the hall, and for lectures and commons. Providing
+candles for the hall was a part of his duty. He was obliged to
+keep the Buttery supplied, at his own expense, with beer, cider,
+tea, coffee, chocolate, sugar, biscuit, butter, cheese, pens, ink,
+paper, and such other articles as the President or Corporation
+ordered or permitted; "but no permission," it is added in the
+laws, "shall be given for selling wine, distilled spirits, or
+foreign fruits, on credit or for ready money." He was allowed to
+advance twenty per cent. on the net cost of the articles sold by
+him, excepting beer and cider, which were stated quarterly by the
+President and Tutors. The Butler was allowed a Freshman to assist
+him, for an account of whom see under FRESHMAN,
+BUTLER'S.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., pp. 138, 139. _Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1798, pp. 60-62.
+
+President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse pronounced before
+the Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850, remarks as
+follows concerning the Butler, in connection with that
+institution:--
+
+"The classes since 1817, when the office of Butler was, abolished,
+are probably but little aware of the meaning of that singular
+appendage to the College, which had been in existence a hundred
+years. To older graduates, the lower front corner room of the old
+middle college in the south entry must even now suggest many
+amusing recollections. The Butler was a graduate of recent
+standing, and, being invested with rather delicate functions, was
+required to be one in whom confidence might be reposed. Several of
+the elder graduates who have filled this office are here to-day,
+and can explain, better than I can, its duties and its bearings
+upon the interests of College. The chief prerogative of the Butler
+was to have the monopoly of certain eatables, drinkables, and
+other articles desired by students. The Latin laws of 1748 give
+him leave to sell in the buttery, cider, metheglin, strong beer to
+the amount of not more than twelve barrels annually,--which amount
+as the College grew was increased to twenty,--together with
+loaf-sugar ('saccharum rigidum'), pipes, tobacco, and such
+necessaries of scholars as were not furnished in the commons hall.
+Some of these necessaries were books and stationery, but certain
+fresh fruits also figured largely in the Butler's supply. No
+student might buy cider or beer elsewhere. The Butler, too, had
+the care of the bell, and was bound to wait upon the President or
+a Tutor, and notify him of the time for prayers. He kept the book
+of fines, which, as we shall see, was no small task. He
+distributed the bread and beer provided by the Steward in the Hall
+into equal portions, and had the lost commons, for which privilege
+he paid a small annual sum. He was bound, in consideration of the
+profits of his monopoly, to provide candles at college prayers and
+for a time to pay also fifty shillings sterling into the treasury.
+The more menial part of these duties he performed by his
+waiter."--pp. 43, 44.
+
+At both Harvard and Yale the students were restricted in expending
+money at the Buttery, being allowed at the former "to contract a
+debt" of five dollars a quarter; at the latter, of one dollar and
+twenty-five cents per month.
+
+
+BUTTER. A size or small portion of butter. "Send me a roll and two
+Butters."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Six cheeses, three _butters_, and two beers.--_The Collegian's
+Guide_.
+
+Pertinent to this singular use of the word, is the following
+curious statement. At Cambridge, Eng., "there is a market every
+day in the week, except Monday, for vegetables, poultry, eggs, and
+butter. The sale of the last article is attended with the
+peculiarity of every pound designed for the market being rolled
+out to the length of a yard; each pound being in that state about
+the thickness of a walking-cane. This practice, which is confined
+to Cambridge, is particularly convenient, as it renders the butter
+extremely easy of division into small portions, called _sizes_, as
+used in the Colleges."--_Camb. Guide_, Ed. 1845, p. 213.
+
+
+BUTTERY. An apartment in a house where butter, milk, provisions,
+and utensils are kept. In some colleges, a room where liquors,
+fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the
+students.--_Webster_.
+
+Of the Buttery, Mr. Peirce, in his History of Harvard University,
+speaks as follows: "As the Commons rendered the College
+independent of private boarding-houses, so the _Buttery_ removed
+all just occasion for resorting to the different marts of luxury,
+intemperance, and ruin. This was a kind of supplement to the
+Commons, and offered for sale to the students, at a moderate
+advance on the cost, wines, liquors, groceries, stationery, and,
+in general, such articles as it was proper and necessary for them
+to have occasionally, and which for the most part were not
+included in the Commons' fare. The Buttery was also an office,
+where, among other things, records were kept of the times when the
+scholars were present and absent. At their admission and
+subsequent returns they entered their names in the Buttery, and
+took them out whenever they had leave of absence. The Butler, who
+was a graduate, had various other duties to perform, either by
+himself or by his _Freshman_, as ringing the bell, seeing that the
+Hall was kept clean, &c., and was allowed a salary, which, after
+1765, was £60 per annum."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 220.
+
+With particular reference to the condition of Harvard College a
+few years prior to the Revolution, Professor Sidney Willard
+observes: "The Buttery was in part a sort of appendage to Commons,
+where the scholars could eke out their short commons with sizings
+of gingerbread and pastry, or needlessly or injuriously cram
+themselves to satiety, as they had been accustomed to be crammed
+at home by their fond mothers. Besides eatables, everything
+necessary for a student was there sold, and articles used in the
+play-grounds, as bats, balls, &c.; and, in general, a petty trade
+with small profits was carried on in stationery and other matters,
+--in things innocent or suitable for the young customers, and in
+some things, perhaps, which were not. The Butler had a small
+salary, and was allowed the service of a Freshman in the Buttery,
+who was also employed to ring the college bell for prayers,
+lectures, and recitations, and take some oversight of the public
+rooms under the Butler's directions. The Buttery was also the
+office of record of the names of undergraduates, and of the rooms
+assigned to them in the college buildings; of the dates of
+temporary leave of absence given to individuals, and of their
+return; and of fines inflicted by the immediate government for
+negligence or minor offences. The office was dropped or abolished
+in the first year of the present century, I believe, long after it
+ceased to be of use for most of its primary purposes. The area
+before the entry doors of the Buttery had become a sort of
+students' exchange for idle gossip, if nothing worse. The rooms
+were now redeemed from traffic, and devoted to places of study,
+and other provision was made for the records which had there been
+kept. The last person who held the office of Butler was Joseph
+Chickering, a graduate of 1799."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+1855, Vol. I. pp. 31, 32.
+
+President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse pronounced before
+the Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850, makes the
+following remarks on this subject: "The original motives for
+setting up a buttery in colleges seem to have been, to put the
+trade in articles which appealed to the appetite into safe hands;
+to ascertain how far students were expensive in their habits, and
+prevent them from running into debt; and finally, by providing a
+place where drinkables of not very stimulating qualities were
+sold, to remove the temptation of going abroad after spirituous
+liquors. Accordingly, laws were passed limiting the sum for which
+the Butler might give credit to a student, authorizing the
+President to inspect his books, and forbidding him to sell
+anything except permitted articles for ready money. But the whole
+system, as viewed from our position as critics of the past, must
+be pronounced a bad one. It rather tempted the student to
+self-indulgence by setting up a place for the sale of things to
+eat and drink within the College walls, than restrained him by
+bringing his habits under inspection. There was nothing to prevent
+his going abroad in quest of stronger drinks than could be bought
+at the buttery, when once those which were there sold ceased to
+allay his thirst. And a monopoly, such as the Butler enjoyed of
+certain articles, did not tend to lower their price, or to remove
+suspicion that they were sold at a higher rate than free
+competition would assign to them."--pp. 44, 45.
+
+"When," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "the 'punishment
+obscene,' as Cowper, the poet, very properly terms it, of
+_flagellation_, was enforced at our University, it appears that
+the Buttery was the scene of action. In The Poor Scholar, a
+comedy, written by Robert Nevile, Fellow of King's College in
+Cambridge, London, 1662, one of the students having lost his gown,
+which is picked up by the President of the College, the tutor
+says, 'If we knew the owner, we 'd take him down to th' Butterie,
+and give him due correction.' To which the student, (_aside_,)
+'Under correction, Sir; if you're for the Butteries with me, I'll
+lie as close as Diogenes in dolio. I'll creep in at the bunghole,
+before I'll _mount a barrel_,' &c. (Act II. Sc. 6.)--Again: 'Had I
+been once i' th' Butteries, they'd have their rods about me. But
+let us, for joy that I'm escaped, go to the Three Tuns and drink
+a pint of wine, and laugh away our cares.--'T is drinking at the
+Tuns that keeps us from ascending Buttery barrels,' &c." By a
+reference to the word PUNISHMENT, it will be seen that, in the
+older American colleges, corporal punishment was inflicted upon
+disobedient students in a manner much more solemn and imposing,
+the students and officers usually being present.
+
+The effect of _crossing the name in the buttery_ is thus stated in
+the Collegian's Guide. "To keep a term requires residence in the
+University for a certain number of days within a space of time
+known by the calendar, and the books of the buttery afford the
+appointed proof of residence; it being presumed that, if neither
+bread, butter, pastry, beer, or even toast and water (which is
+charged one farthing), are entered on the buttery books in a given
+name, the party could not have been resident that day. Hence the
+phrase of 'eating one's way into the church or to a doctor's
+degree.' Supposing, for example, twenty-one days' residence is
+required between the first of May and the twenty-fourth inclusive,
+then there will be but three days to spare; consequently, should
+our names be crossed for more than three days in all in that term,
+--say for four days,--the other twenty days would not count, and
+the term would be irrecoverably lost. Having our names crossed in
+the buttery, therefore, is a punishment which suspends our
+collegiate existence while the cross remains, besides putting an
+embargo on our pudding, beer, bread and cheese, milk, and butter;
+for these articles come out of the buttery."--p. 157.
+
+These remarks apply both to the Universities of Oxford and
+Cambridge; but in the latter the phrase _to be put out of commons_
+is used instead of the one given above, yet with the same meaning.
+See _Gradus ad Cantabrigiam_, p. 32.
+
+The following extract from the laws of Harvard College, passed in
+1734, shows that this term was formerly used in that institution:
+"No scholar shall be _put in or out of Commons_, but on Tuesdays
+or Fridays, and no Bachelor or Undergraduate, but by a note from
+the President, or one of the Tutors (if an Undergraduate, from his
+own Tutor, if in town); and when any Bachelors or Undergraduates
+have been out of Commons, the waiters, at their respective tables,
+shall, on the first Tuesday or Friday after they become obliged by
+the preceding law to be in Commons, _put them into Commons_ again,
+by note, after the manner above directed. And if any Master
+neglects to put himself into Commons, when, by the preceding law,
+he is obliged to be in Commons, the waiters on the Masters' table
+shall apply to the President or one of the Tutors for a note to
+put him into Commons, and inform him of it."
+
+  Be mine each morn, with eager appetite
+  And hunger undissembled, to repair
+  To friendly _Buttery_; there on smoking Crust
+  And foaming Ale to banquet unrestrained,
+  Material breakfast!
+    _The Student_, 1750, Vol. I. p. 107.
+
+
+BUTTERY-BOOK. In colleges, a book kept at the _buttery_, in which
+was charged the prices of such articles as were sold to the
+students. There was also kept a list of the fines imposed by the
+president and professors, and an account of the times when the
+students were present and absent, together with a register of the
+names of all the members of the college.
+
+  My name in sure recording page
+    Shall time itself o'erpower,
+  If no rude mice with envious rage
+    The _buttery-books_ devour.
+    _The Student_, Vol. I. p. 348.
+
+
+BUTTERY-HATCH. A half-door between the buttery or kitchen and the
+hall, in colleges and old mansions. Also called a
+_buttery-bar_.--_Halliwell's Arch. and Prov. Words_.
+
+If any scholar or scholars at any time take away or detain any
+vessel of the colleges, great or small, from the hall out of the
+doors from the sight of the _buttery-hatch_ without the butler's
+or servitor's knowledge, or against their will, he or they shall
+be punished three pence.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Coll._, Vol. I. p.
+584.
+
+He (the college butler) domineers over Freshmen, when they first
+come to the _hatch_.--_Earle's Micro-cosmographie_, 1628, Char.
+17.
+
+There was a small ledging or bar on this hatch to rest the
+tankards on.
+
+I pray you, bring your hand to the _buttery-bar_, and let it
+drink.--_Twelfth Night_, Act I. Sc. 3.
+
+
+BYE-FELLOW. In England, a name given in certain cases to a fellow
+in an inferior college. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+bye-fellow can be elected to one of the regular fellowships when a
+vacancy occurs.
+
+
+BYE-FELLOWSHIP. An inferior establishment in a college for the
+nominal maintenance of what is called a _bye-fellow_, or a fellow
+out of the regular course.
+
+The emoluments of the fellowships vary from a merely nominal
+income, in the case of what are called _Bye-fellowships_, to
+$2,000 per annum.--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+BYE-FOUNDATION. In the English universities, a foundation from
+which an insignificant income and an inferior maintenance are
+derived.
+
+
+BYE-TERM. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., students who take
+the degree of B.A. at any other time save January, are said to
+"_go out in a bye-term_."
+
+Bristed uses this word, as follows: "I had a double
+disqualification exclusive of illness. First, as a Fellow
+Commoner.... Secondly, as a _bye-term man_, or one between two
+years. Although I had entered into residence at the same time with
+those men who were to go out in 1844, my name had not been placed
+on the College Books, like theirs, previously to the commencement
+of 1840. I had therefore lost a term, and for most purposes was
+considered a Freshman, though I had been in residence as long as
+any of the Junior Sophs. In fact, I was _between two
+years_."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 97, 98.
+
+
+
+_C_.
+
+
+CAD. A low fellow, nearly equivalent to _snob_. Used among
+students in the University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+CAHOOLE. At the University of North Carolina, this word in its
+application is almost universal, but generally signifies to
+cajole, to wheedle, to deceive, to procure.
+
+
+CALENDAR. At the English universities the information which in
+American colleges is published in a catalogue, is contained in a
+similar but far more comprehensive work, called a _calendar_.
+Conversation based on the topics of which such a volume treats is
+in some localities denominated _calendar_.
+
+"Shop," or, as it is sometimes here called, "_Calendar_,"
+necessarily enters to a large extent into the conversation of the
+Cantabs.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 82.
+
+I would lounge about into the rooms of those whom I knew for
+general literary conversation,--even to talk _Calendar_ if there
+was nothing else to do.--_Ibid._, p. 120.
+
+
+CALVIN'S FOLLY. At the University of Vermont, "this name," writes
+a correspondent, "is given to a door, four inches thick and
+closely studded with spike-nails, dividing the chapel hall from
+the staircase leading to the belfry. It is called _Calvin's
+Folly_, because it was planned by a professor of that (Christian)
+name, in order to keep the students out of the belfry, which
+dignified scheme it has utterly failed to accomplish. It is one of
+the celebrities of the Old Brick Mill,[04] and strangers always
+see it and hear its history."
+
+
+CAMEL. In Germany, a student on entering the university becomes a
+_Kameel_,--a camel.
+
+
+CAMPUS. At the College of New Jersey, the college yard is
+denominated the _Campus_. _Back Campus_, the privies.
+
+
+CANTAB. Abridged for CANTABRIGIAN.
+
+It was transmitted to me by a respectable _Cantab_ for insertion.
+--_Hone's Every-day Book_, Vol. I. p. 697.
+
+Should all this be a mystery to our uncollegiate friends, or even
+to many matriculated _Cantabs_, we advise them not to attempt to
+unriddle it.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 39.
+
+
+CANTABRIGIAN. A student or graduate of the University of
+Cambridge, Eng. Used also at Cambridge, Mass., of the students and
+inhabitants.
+
+
+CANTABRIGICALLY. According to Cambridge.
+
+To speak _Cantabrigically_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 28.
+
+
+CAP. The cap worn by students at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., is described by Bristed in the following passage: "You must
+superadd the academical costume. This consists of a gown, varying
+in color and ornament according to the wearer's college and rank,
+but generally black, not unlike an ordinary clerical gown, and a
+square-topped cap, which fits close to the head like a truncated
+helmet, while the covered board which forms the crown measures
+about a foot diagonally across."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 4.
+
+A similar cap is worn at Oxford and at some American colleges on
+particular occasions.
+
+See OXFORD.
+
+
+CAP. To uncover the head in reverence or civility.
+
+The youth, ignorant who they were, had omitted to _cap_
+them.--_Gent. Mag._, Vol. XXIV. p. 567.
+
+I could not help smiling, when, among the dignitaries whom I was
+bound to make obeisance to by _capping_ whenever I met them, Mr.
+Jackson's catalogue included his all-important self in the number.
+--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 217.
+
+The obsequious attention of college servants, and the more
+unwilling "_capping_" of the undergraduates, to such a man are
+real luxuries.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LVI. p. 572.
+
+Used in the English universities.
+
+
+CAPTAIN OF THE POLL. The first of the Polloi.
+
+He had moreover been _Captain_ (Head) _of the Poll_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 96.
+
+
+CAPUT SENATUS. Latin; literally, _the head of the Senate_. In
+Cambridge, Eng., a council of the University by which every grace
+must be approved, before it can be submitted to the senate. The
+Caput Senatus is formed of the vice-chancellor, a doctor in each
+of the faculties of divinity, law, and medicine, and one regent
+M.A., and one non-regent M.A. The vice-chancellor's five
+assistants are elected annually by the heads of houses and the
+doctors of the three faculties, out of fifteen persons nominated
+by the vice-chancellor and the proctors.--_Webster. Cam. Cal. Lit.
+World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+See GRACE.
+
+
+CARCER. Latin. In German schools and universities, a
+prison.--_Adler's Germ, and Eng. Dict._
+
+  Wollten ihn drauf die Nürnberger Herren
+  Mir nichts, dir nichts ins _Carcer_ sperren.
+    _Wallenstein's Lager_.
+
+  And their Nur'mberg worships swore he should go
+  To _jail_ for his pains,--if he liked it, or no.
+    _Trans. Wallenstein's Camp, in Bohn's Stand. Lib._, p. 155.
+
+
+CASTLE END. At Cambridge, Eng., a noted resort for Cyprians.
+
+
+CATHARINE PURITANS. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+members of St. Catharine's Hall are thus designated, from the
+implied derivation of the word Catharine from the Greek [Greek:
+katharos], pure.
+
+
+CAUTION MONEY. In the English universities, a deposit in the hands
+of the tutor at entrance, by way of security.
+
+With reference to Oxford, De Quincey says of _caution money_:
+"This is a small sum, properly enough demanded of every student,
+when matriculated, as a pledge for meeting any loss from unsettled
+arrears, such as his sudden death or his unannounced departure
+might else continually be inflicting upon his college. In most
+colleges it amounts to £25; in one only it was considerably less."
+--_Life and Manners_, p. 249.
+
+In American colleges, a bond is usually given by a student upon
+entering college, in order to secure the payment of all his
+college dues.
+
+
+CENSOR. In the University of Oxford, Eng., a college officer whose
+duties are similar to those of the Dean.
+
+
+CEREVIS. From Latin _cerevisia_, beer. Among German students, a
+small, round, embroidered cap, otherwise called a beer-cap.
+
+Better authorities ... have lately noted in the solitary student
+that wends his way--_cerevis_ on head, note-book in hand--to the
+professor's class-room,... a vast improvement on the _Bursche_ of
+twenty years ago.--_Lond. Quart. Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. LXXIII. p.
+59.
+
+
+CHAMBER. The apartment of a student at a college or university.
+This word, although formerly used in American colleges, has been
+of late almost entirely supplanted by the word _room_, and it is
+for this reason that it is here noticed.
+
+If any of them choose to provide themselves with breakfasts in
+their own _chambers_, they are allowed so to do, but not to
+breakfast in one another's _chambers_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. II. p. 116.
+
+Some ringleaders gave up their _chambers_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p.
+116.
+
+
+CHAMBER-MATE. One who inhabits the same room or chamber with
+another. Formerly used at our colleges. The word CHUM is now very
+generally used in its place; sometimes _room-mate_ is substituted.
+
+If any one shall refuse to find his proportion of furniture, wood,
+and candles, the President and Tutors shall charge such
+delinquent, in his quarter bills, his full proportion, which sum
+shall be paid to his _chamber-mate_.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+35.
+
+
+CHANCELLOR. The chancellor of a university is an officer who seals
+the diplomas, or letters of degree, &c. The Chancellor of Oxford
+is usually one of the prime nobility, elected by the students in
+convocation; and he holds the office for life. He is the chief
+magistrate in the government of the University. The Chancellor of
+Cambridge is also elected from among the prime nobility. The
+office is biennial, or tenable for such a length of time beyond
+two years as the tacit consent of the University may choose to
+allow.--_Webster. Cam. Guide_.
+
+"The Chancellor," says the Oxford Guide, "is elected by
+convocation, and his office is for life; but he never, according
+to usage, is allowed to set foot in this University, excepting on
+the occasion of his installation, or when he is called upon to
+accompany any royal visitors."--Ed. 1847, p. xi.
+
+At Cambridge, the office of Chancellor is, except on rare
+occasions, purely honorary, and the Chancellor himself seldom
+appears at Cambridge. He is elected by the Senate.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Chancellor_ is the Bishop of
+the Diocese of Connecticut, and is also the Visitor of the
+College. He is _ex officio_ the President of the
+Corporation.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+CHAPEL. A house for public worship, erected separate from a
+church. In England, chapels in the universities are places of
+worship belonging to particular colleges. The chapels connected
+with the colleges in the United States are used for the same
+purpose. Religious exercises are usually held in them twice a day,
+morning and evening, besides the services on the Sabbath.
+
+
+CHAPEL. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the attendance at
+daily religious services in the chapel of each college at morning
+and evening is thus denominated.
+
+Some time ago, upon an endeavor to compel the students of one
+college to increase their number of "_chapels_," as the attendance
+is called, there was a violent outcry, and several squibs were
+written by various hands.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV.
+p. 235.
+
+It is rather surprising that there should be so much shirking of
+_chapel_, when the very moderate amount of attendance required is
+considered.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+16.
+
+To _keep chapel_, is to be present at the daily religious services
+of college.
+
+The Undergraduate is expected to go to chapel eight times, or, in
+academic parlance, to _keep eight chapels_ a week, two on Sunday,
+and one on every week-day, attending morning or evening _chapel_
+on week-days at his option. Nor is even this indulgent standard
+rigidly enforced. I believe if a Pensioner keeps six chapels, or a
+Fellow-Commoner four, and is quite regular in all other respects,
+he will never be troubled by the Dean. It certainly is an argument
+in favor of severe discipline, that there is more grumbling and
+hanging back, and unwillingness to conform to these extremely
+moderate requisitions, than is exhibited by the sufferers at a New
+England college, who have to keep sixteen chapels a week, seven of
+them at unreasonable hours. Even the scholars, who are literally
+paid for going, every chapel being directly worth two shillings
+sterling to them, are by no means invariable in attending the
+proper number of times.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 16, 17.
+
+
+CHAPEL CLERK. At Cambridge, Eng., in some colleges, it is the duty
+of this officer to _mark_ the students as they enter chapel; in
+others, he merely sees that the proper lessons are read, by the
+students appointed by the Dean for that purpose.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+The _chapel clerk_ is sent to various parties by the deans, with
+orders to attend them after chapel and be reprimanded, but the
+_chapel clerk_ almost always goes to the wrong
+person.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 235.
+
+
+CHAPLAIN. In universities and colleges, the clergyman who performs
+divine service, morning and evening.
+
+
+CHAW. A deception or trick.
+
+To say, "It's all a gum," or "a regular _chaw_" is the same thing.
+--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+CHAW. To use up.
+
+Yesterday a Junior cracked a joke on me, when all standing round
+shouted in great glee, "Chawed! Freshman chawed! Ha! ha! ha!" "No
+I a'n't _chawed_," said I, "I'm as whole as ever." But I didn't
+understand, when a fellow is _used up_, he is said to be _chawed_;
+if very much used up, he is said to be _essentially chawed_.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+The verb _to chaw up_ is used with nearly the same meaning in some
+of the Western States.
+
+Miss Patience said she was gratified to hear Mr. Cash was a
+musician; she admired people who had a musical taste. Whereupon
+Cash fell into a chair, as he afterwards observed, _chawed
+up_.--_Thorpe's Backwoods_, p. 28.
+
+
+CHIP DAY. At Williams College a day near the beginning of spring
+is thus designated, and is explained in the following passage.
+"They give us, near the close of the second term, what is called
+'_chip day_,' when we put the grounds in order, and remove the
+ruins caused by a winter's siege on the woodpiles."--_Sketches of
+Williams College_, 1847, p. 79.
+
+Another writer refers to the day, in a newspaper paragraph.
+"'_Chip day_,' at the close of the spring term, is still observed
+in the old-fashioned way. Parties of students go off to the hills,
+and return with brush, and branches of evergreen, with which the
+chips, which have accumulated during the winter, are brushed
+together, and afterwards burnt."--_Boston Daily Evening
+Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+About college there had been, in early spring, the customary
+cleaning up of "_chip day_."--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p.
+186.
+
+
+CHOPPING AT THE TREE. At University College in the University of
+Oxford, "a curious and ancient custom, called '_chopping at the
+tree_,' still prevails. On Easter Sunday, every member, as he
+leaves the hall after dinner, chops with a cleaver at a small tree
+dressed up for the occasion with evergreens and flowers, and
+placed on a turf close to the buttery. The cook stands by for his
+accustomed largess."--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 144, note.
+
+
+CHORE. In the German universities, a club or society of the
+students is thus designated.
+
+Duels between members of different _chores_ were once
+frequent;--sometimes one man was obliged to fight the members of a
+whole _chore_ in succession.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 5.
+
+
+CHRISTIAN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of
+Christ's College.
+
+
+CHUM. Armenian, _chomm_, or _chommein_, or _ham_, to dwell, stay,
+or lodge; French, _chômer_, to rest; Saxon, _ham_, home. A
+chamber-fellow; one who lodges or resides in the same
+room.--_Webster_.
+
+This word is used at the universities and colleges, both in
+England and the United States.
+
+A young student laid a wager with his _chum_, that the Dean was at
+that instant smoking his pipe.--_Philip's Life and Poems_, p. 13.
+
+          But his _chum_
+  Had wielded, in his just defence,
+  A bowl of vast circumference.--_Rebelliad_, p. 17.
+
+Every set of chambers was possessed by two co-occupants; they had
+generally the same bedroom, and a common study; and they were
+called _chums_.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 251.
+
+I am again your petitioner in behalf of that great _chum_ of
+literature, Samuel Johnson.--_Smollett, in Boswell_.
+
+In this last instance, the word _chum_ is used either with the
+more extended meaning of companion, friend, or, as the sovereign
+prince of Tartary is called the _Cham_ or _Khan_, so Johnson is
+called the _chum_ (cham) or prince of literature.
+
+
+CHUM. To occupy a chamber with another.
+
+
+CHUMMING. Occupying a room with another.
+
+Such is one of the evils of _chumming_.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. I. p.
+324.
+
+
+CHUMSHIP. The state of occupying a room in company with another;
+chumming.
+
+In the seventeenth century, in Milton's time, for example, (about
+1624,) and for more than sixty years after that era, the practice
+of _chumship_ prevailed.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 251.
+
+
+CIVILIAN. A student of the civil law at the university.--_Graves.
+Webster_.
+
+
+CLARIAN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of Clare
+Hall.
+
+
+CLASS. A number of students in a college or school, of the same
+standing, or pursuing the same studies. In colleges, the students
+entering or becoming members the same year, and pursuing the same
+studies.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Oxford, _class_ is the division of the
+candidates who are examined for their degrees according to their
+rate of merit. Those who are entitled to this distinction are
+denominated _Classmen_, answering to the _optimes_ and _wranglers_
+in the University of Cambridge.--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+See an interesting account of "reading for a first class," in the
+Collegian's Guide, Chap. XII.
+
+
+CLASS. To place in ranks or divisions students that are pursuing
+the same studies; to form into a class or classes.--_Webster_.
+
+
+CLASS BOOK. Within the last thirty or forty years, a custom has
+arisen at Harvard College of no small importance in an historical
+point of view, but which is principally deserving of notice from
+the many pleasing associations to which its observance cannot fail
+to give rise. Every graduating class procures a beautiful and
+substantial folio of many hundred pages, called the _Class Book_,
+and lettered with the year of the graduation of the class. In this
+a certain number of pages is allotted to each individual of the
+class, in which he inscribes a brief autobiography, paying
+particular attention to names and dates. The book is then
+deposited in the hands of the _Class Secretary_, whose duty it is
+to keep a faithful record of the marriage, birth of children, and
+death of each of his classmates, together with their various
+places of residence, and the offices and honors to which each may
+have attained. This information is communicated to him by letter
+by his classmates, and he is in consequence prepared to answer any
+inquiries relative to any member of the class. At his death, the
+book passes into the hands of one of the _Class Committee_, and at
+their death, into those of some surviving member of the class; and
+when the class has at length become extinct, it is deposited on
+the shelves of the College Library.
+
+The Class Book also contains a full list of all persons who have
+at any time been members of the class, together with such
+information as can be gathered in reference to them; and an
+account of the prizes, deturs, parts at Exhibitions and
+Commencement, degrees, etc., of all its members. Into it are also
+copied the Class Oration, Poem, and Ode, and the Secretary's
+report of the class meeting, at which the officers were elected.
+It is also intended to contain the records of all future class
+meetings, and the accounts of the Class Secretary, who is _ex
+officio_ Class Treasurer and Chairman of the Class Committee. By
+virtue of his office of Class Treasurer, he procures the _Cradle_
+for the successful candidate, and keeps in his possession the
+Class Fund, which is sometimes raised to defray the accruing
+expenses of the Class in future times.
+
+In the Harvardiana, Vol. IV., is an extract from the Class Book of
+1838, which is very curious and unique. To this is appended the
+following note:--"It may be necessary to inform many of our
+readers, that the _Class Book_ is a large volume, in which
+autobiographical sketches of the members of each graduating class
+are recorded, and which is left in the hands of the Class
+Secretary."
+
+
+CLASS CANE. At Union College, as a mark of distinction, a _class
+cane_ was for a time carried by the members of the Junior Class.
+
+The Juniors, although on the whole a clever set of fellows, lean
+perhaps with too nonchalant an air on their _class
+canes_.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+They will refer to their _class cane_, that mark of decrepitude
+and imbecility, for old men use canes.--_Ibid._
+
+
+CLASS CAP. At Hamilton College, it is customary for the Sophomores
+to appear in a _class cap_ on the Junior Exhibition day, which is
+worn generally during part of the third term.
+
+In American colleges, students frequently endeavor to adopt
+distinctive dresses, but the attempt is usually followed by
+failure. One of these attempts is pleasantly alluded to in the
+Williams Monthly Miscellany. "In a late number, the ambition for
+whiskers was made the subject of a remark. The ambition of college
+has since taken a somewhat different turn. We allude to the class
+caps, which have been introduced in one or two of the classes. The
+Freshmen were the first to appear in this species of uniform, a
+few days since at evening prayers; the cap which they have adopted
+is quite tasteful. The Sophomores, not to be outdone, have voted
+to adopt the tarpaulin, having, no doubt, become proficients in
+navigation, as lucidly explained in one of their text-books. The
+Juniors we understand, will follow suit soon. We hardly know what
+is left for the Seniors, unless it be to go bare-headed."--1845,
+p. 464.
+
+
+CLASS COMMITTEE. At Harvard College a committee of two persons,
+joined with the _Class Secretary_, who is _ex officio_ its
+chairman, whose duty it is, after the class has graduated, during
+their lives to call class meetings, whenever they deem it
+advisable, and to attend to all other business relating to the
+class.
+
+See under CLASS BOOK.
+
+
+CLASS CRADLE. For some years it has been customary at Harvard
+College for the Senior Class, at the meeting for the election of
+the officers of Class Day, &c., to appropriate a certain sum of
+money, usually not exceeding fifty dollars, for the purchase of a
+cradle, to be given to the first member of the class to whom a
+child is born in lawful wedlock at a suitable time after marriage.
+This sum is intrusted to the hands of the _Class Secretary_, who
+is expected to transmit the present to the successful candidate
+upon the receipt of the requisite information. In one instance a
+_Baby-jumper_ was voted by the class, to be given to the second
+member who should be blessed as above stated.
+
+
+CLASS CUP. It is a theory at Yale College, that each class
+appropriates at graduating a certain amount of money for the
+purchase of a silver cup, to be given, in the name of the class,
+to the first member to whom a child shall be born in lawful
+wedlock at a suitable time after marriage. Although the
+presentation of the _class cup_ is often alluded to, yet it is
+believed that the gift has in no instance been bestowed. It is to
+be regretted that a custom so agreeable in theory could not be
+reduced to practice.
+
+  Each man's mind was made up
+  To obtain the "_Class Cup_."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+See SILVER CUP.
+
+
+CLASS DAY. The custom at Harvard College of observing with
+appropriate exercises the day on which the Senior Class finish
+their studies, is of a very early date. The first notice which
+appears in reference to this subject is contained in an account of
+the disorders which began to prevail among the students about the
+year 1760. Among the evils to be remedied are mentioned the
+"disorders upon the day of the Senior Sophisters meeting to choose
+the officers of the class," when "it was usual for each scholar to
+bring a bottle of wine with him, which practice the committee
+(that reported upon it) apprehend has a natural tendency to
+produce disorders." But the disturbances were not wholly confined
+to the _meeting_ when the officers of Class Day were chosen; they
+occurred also on Class Day, and it was for this reason that
+frequent attempts were made at this period, by the College
+government, to suppress its observance. How far their efforts
+succeeded is not known, but it is safe to conclude that greater
+interruptions were occasioned by the war of the Revolution, than
+by the attempts to abolish what it would have been wiser to have
+reformed.
+
+In a MS. Journal, under date of June 21st, 1791, is the following
+entry: "Neither the valedictory oration by Ward, nor poem by
+Walton, was delivered, on account of a division in the class, and
+also because several were gone home." How long previous to this
+the 21st of June had been the day chosen for the exercises of the
+class, is uncertain; but for many years after, unless for special
+reasons, this period was regularly selected for that purpose.
+Another extract from the MS. above mentioned, under date of June
+21st, 1792, reads: "A valedictory poem was delivered by Paine 1st,
+and a valedictory Latin oration by Abiel Abbott."
+
+The biographer of Mr. Robert Treat Paine, referring to the poem
+noticed in the above memorandum, says: "The 21st of every June,
+till of late years, has been the day on which the members of the
+Senior Class closed their collegiate studies, and retired to make
+preparations for the ensuing Commencement. On this day it was
+usual for one member to deliver an oration, and another a poem;
+such members being appointed by their classmates. The Valedictory
+Poem of Mr. Paine, a tender, correct, and beautiful effusion of
+feeling and taste, was received by the audience with applause and
+tears." In another place he speaks on the same subject, as
+follows: "The solemnity which produced this poem is extremely
+interesting; and, being of ancient date, it is to be hoped that it
+may never fall into disuse. His affection for the University Mr.
+Paine cherished as one of his most sacred principles. Of this
+poem, Mr. Paine always spoke as one of his happiest efforts.
+Coming from so young a man, it is certainly very creditable, and
+promises more, I fear, than the untoward circumstances of his
+after life would permit him to perform."--_Paine's Works_, Ed.
+1812, pp. xxvii., 439.
+
+It was always customary, near the close of the last century, for
+those who bore the honors of Class Day, to treat their friends
+according to the style of the time, and there was scarcely a
+graduate who did not provide an entertainment of such sort as he
+could afford. An account of the exercises of the day at this
+period may not be uninteresting. It is from the Diary which is
+above referred to.
+
+"20th (Thursday). This day for special reasons the valedictory
+poem and oration were performed. The order of the day was this. At
+ten, the class walked in procession to the President's, and
+escorted him, the Professors, and Tutors, to the Chapel, preceded
+by the band playing solemn music.
+
+"The President began with a short prayer. He then read a chapter
+in the Bible; after this he prayed again; Cutler then delivered
+his poem. Then the singing club, accompanied by the band,
+performed Williams's _Friendship_. This was succeeded by a
+valedictory Latin Oration by Jackson. We then formed, and waited
+on the government to the President's, where we were very
+respectably treated with wine, &c.
+
+"We then marched in procession to Jackson's room, where we drank
+punch. At one we went to Mr. Moore's tavern and partook of an
+elegant entertainment, which cost 6/4 a piece. Marching then to
+Cutler's room, we shook hands, and parted with expressing the
+sincerest tokens of friendship." June, 1793.
+
+The incidents of Class Day, five years subsequent to the last
+date, are detailed by Professor Sidney Willard, and may not be
+omitted in this connection.
+
+"On the 21st of June, 1798, the day of the dismission of the
+Senior Class from all academic exercises, the class met in the
+College chapel to attend the accustomed ceremonies of the
+occasion, and afterwards to enjoy the usual festivities of the
+day, since called, for the sake of a name, and for brevity's sake,
+Class Day. There had been a want of perfect harmony in the
+previous proceedings, which in some degree marred the social
+enjoyments of the day; but with the day all dissension closed,
+awaiting the dawn of another day, the harbinger of the brighter
+recollections of four years spent in pleasant and peaceful
+intercourse. There lingered no lasting alienations of feeling.
+Whatever were the occasions of the discontent, it soon expired,
+was buried in the darkest recesses of discarded memories, and
+there lay lost and forgotten.
+
+"After the exercises of the chapel, and visiting the President,
+Professors, and Tutors at the President's house, according to the
+custom still existing, we marched in procession round the College
+halls, to another hall in Porter's tavern, (which some dozen or
+fifteen of the oldest living graduates may perhaps remember as
+Bradish's tavern, of ancient celebrity,) where we dined. After
+dining, we assembled at the Liberty Tree, (according to another
+custom still existing,) and in due time, having taken leave of
+each other, we departed, some of us to our family homes, and
+others to their rooms to make preparations for their
+departure."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. pp. 1, 3.
+
+Referring to the same event, he observes in another place: "In
+speaking of the leave-taking of the College by my class, on the
+21st of June, 1798,--Class Day, as it is now called,--I
+inadvertently forgot to mention, that according to custom, at that
+period, [Samuel P.P.] Fay delivered a Latin Valedictory Oration in
+the Chapel, in the presence of the Immediate Government, and of
+the students of other classes who chose to be present. Speaking to
+him on the subject some time since, he told me that he believed
+[Judge Joseph] Story delivered a Poem on the same occasion....
+There was no poetical performance in the celebration of the day in
+the class before ours, on the same occasion; Dr. John C. Warren's
+Latin oration being the only performance, and his class counting
+as many reputed poets as ours did."--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 320.
+
+Alterations were continually made in the observances of Class Day,
+and in twenty years after the period last mentioned, its character
+had in many particulars changed. Instead of the Latin, an English
+oration of a somewhat sportive nature had been introduced; the
+Poem was either serious or comic, at the writer's option; usually,
+however, the former. After the exercises in the Chapel, the class
+commonly repaired to Porter's Hall, and there partook of a dinner,
+not always observing with perfect strictness the rules of
+temperance either in eating or drinking. This "cenobitical
+symposium" concluded, they again returned to the college yard,
+where, scattered in groups under the trees, the rest of the day
+was spent in singing, smoking, and drinking, or pretending to
+drink, punch; for the negroes who supplied it in pails usually
+contrived to take two or more glasses to every one glass that was
+drank by those for whom it was provided. The dance around the
+Liberty Tree,
+  "Each hand in comrade's hand,"
+closed the regular ceremonies of the day; but generally the
+greater part of the succeeding night was spent in feasting and
+hilarity.
+
+The punch-drinking in the yard increased to such an extent, that
+it was considered by the government of the college as a matter
+which demanded their interference; and in the year 1842, on one of
+these occasions, an instructor having joined with the students in
+their revellings in the yard, the Faculty proposed that, instead
+of spending the afternoon in this manner, dancing should be
+introduced, which was accordingly done, with the approbation of
+both parties.
+
+The observances of the day, which in a small way may be considered
+as a rival of Commencement, are at present as follows. The Orator,
+Poet, Odist, Chaplain, and Marshals having been previously chosen,
+on the morning of Class Day the Seniors assemble in the yard, and,
+preceded by the band, walk in procession to one of the halls of
+the College, where a prayer is offered by the Class Chaplain. They
+then proceed to the President's house, and escort him to the
+Chapel where the following order is observed. A prayer by one of
+the College officers is succeeded by the Oration, in which the
+transactions of the class from their entrance into College to the
+present time are reviewed with witty and appropriate remarks. The
+Poem is then pronounced, followed by the Ode, which is sung by the
+whole class to the tune of "Fair Harvard." Music is performed at
+intervals by the band. The class then withdraw to Harvard Hall,
+accompanied by their friends and invited guests, where a rich
+collation is provided.
+
+After an interval of from one to two hours, the dancing commences
+in the yard. Cotillons and the easier dances are here performed,
+but the sport closes in the hall with the Polka and other
+fashionable steps. The Seniors again form, and make the circuit of
+the yard, cheering the buildings, great and small. They then
+assemble under the Liberty Tree, around which with hands joined
+they run and dance, after singing the student's adopted song,
+"Auld Lang Syne." At parting, each member takes a sprig or a
+flower from the beautiful "Wreath" which surrounds the "farewell
+tree," which is sacredly treasured as a last memento of college
+scenes and enjoyments. Thus close the exercises of the day, after
+which the class separate until Commencement.
+
+The more marked events in the observance of Class Day have been
+graphically described by Grace Greenwood, in the accompanying
+paragraphs.
+
+"The exercises on this occasion were to me most novel and
+interesting. The graduating class of 1848 are a fine-looking set
+of young men certainly, and seem to promise that their country
+shall yet be greater and better for the manly energies, the talent
+and learning, with which they are just entering upon life.
+
+"The spectators were assembled in the College Chapel, whither the
+class escorted the Faculty, headed by President Everett, in his
+Oxford hat and gown.
+
+"The President is a man of most imperial presence; his figure has
+great dignity, and his head is grand in form and expression. But
+to me he looks the governor, the foreign minister and the
+President, more than the orator or the poet.
+
+"After a prayer from the Chaplain, we listened to an eloquent
+oration from the class orator, Mr. Tiffany, of Baltimore and to a
+very elegant and witty poem from the class poet Mr. Clarke, of
+Boston. The 'Fair Harvard' having been sung by the class, all
+adjourned to the College green, where such as were so disposed
+danced to the music of a fine band. From the green we repaired to
+Harvard Hall, where an excellent collation was served, succeeded
+by dancing. From the hall the students of 1848 marched and cheered
+successively every College building, then formed a circle round a
+magnificent elm, whose trunk was beautifully garlanded will
+flowers, and, with hands joined in a peculiar manner, sung 'Auld
+Lang Syne.' The scene was in the highest degree touching and
+impressive, so much of the beauty and glory of life was there, so
+much of the energy, enthusiasm, and proud unbroken strength of
+manhood. With throbbing hearts and glowing lips, linked for a few
+moments with strong, fraternal grasps, they stood, with one deep,
+common feeling, thrilling like one pulse through all. An
+involuntary prayer sprang to my lips, that they might ever prove
+true to _Alma Mater_, to one another, to their country, and to
+Heaven.
+
+"As the singing ceased, the students began running swiftly around
+the tree, and at the cry, 'Harvard!' a second circle was formed by
+the other students, which gave a tumultuous excitement to the
+scene. It broke up at last with a perfect storm of cheers, and a
+hasty division among the class of the garland which encircled the
+elm, each taking a flower in remembrance of the day."--_Greenwood
+Leaves_, Ed. 3d, 1851, pp. 350, 351.
+
+In the poem which was read before the class of 1851, by William C.
+Bradley, the comparisons of those about to graduate with the youth
+who is attaining to his majority, and with the traveller who has
+stopped a little for rest and refreshment, are so genial and
+suggestive, that their insertion in this connection will not be
+deemed out of place.
+
+ "'T is a good custom, long maintained,
+  When the young heir has manhood gained,
+  To solemnize the welcome date,
+  Accession to the man's estate,
+  With open house and rousing game,
+  And friends to wish him joy and fame:
+  So Harvard, following thus the ways
+  Of careful sires of older days,
+  Directs her children till they grow
+  The strength of ripened years to know,
+  And bids their friends and kindred, then,
+  To come and hail her striplings--men.
+
+ "And as, about the table set,
+  Or on the shady grass-plat met,
+  They give the youngster leave to speak
+  Of vacant sport, and boyish freak,
+  So now would we (such tales have power
+  At noon-tide to abridge the hour)
+  Turn to the past, and mourn or praise
+  The joys and pains of boyhood's days.
+
+ "Like travellers with their hearts intent
+  Upon a distant journey bent,
+  We rest upon the earliest stage
+  Of life's laborious pilgrimage;
+  But like the band of pilgrims gay
+  (Whom Chaucer sings) at close of day,
+  That turned with mirth, and cheerful din,
+  To pass their evening at the inn,
+  Hot from the ride and dusty, we,
+  But yet untired and stout and free,
+  And like the travellers by the door,
+  Sit down and talk the journey o'er."
+
+As a specimen of the character of the Ode which is always sung on
+Class Day to the tune "Fair Harvard,"--which is the name by which
+the melody "Believe me, if all those endearing young charms" has
+been adopted at Cambridge,--that which was written by Joshua
+Danforth Robinson for the class of 1851 is here inserted.
+
+ "The days of thy tenderly nurture are done,
+    We call for the lance and the shield;
+  There's a battle to fight and a crown to be won,
+    And onward we press to the field!
+  But yet, Alma Mater, before we depart,
+    Shall the song of our farewell be sung,
+  And the grasp of the hand shall express for the heart
+    Emotions too deep for the tongue.
+
+ "This group of thy sons, Alma Mater, no more
+    May gladden thine ear with their song,
+  For soon we shall stand upon Time's crowded shore,
+    And mix in humanity's throng.
+  O, glad be the voices that ring through thy halls
+    When the echo of ours shall have flown,
+  And the footsteps that sound when no longer thy walls
+    Shall answer the tread of our own!
+
+ "Alas! our dear Mother, we see on thy face
+    A shadow of sorrow to-day;
+  For while we are clasped in thy farewell embrace,
+    And pass from thy bosom away,
+  To part with the living, we know, must recall
+    The lost whom thy love still embalms,
+  That one sigh must escape and one tear-drop must fall
+    For the children that died in thy arms.
+
+ "But the flowers of affection, bedewed by the tears
+    In the twilight of Memory distilled,
+  And sunned by the love of our earlier years,
+    When the soul with their beauty was thrilled,
+  Untouched by the frost of life's winter, shall blow,
+    And breathe the same odor they gave
+  When the vision of youth was entranced by their glow,
+    Till, fadeless, they bloom o'er the grave."
+
+A most genial account of the exercises of the Class Day of the
+graduates of the year 1854 may be found in Harper's Magazine, Vol.
+IX. pp. 554, 555.
+
+
+CLASSIC. One learned in classical literature; a student of the
+ancient Greek and Roman authors of the first rank.
+
+These men, averaging about twenty-three years of age, the best
+_Classics_ and Mathematicians of their years, were reading for
+Fellowships.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+35.
+
+A quiet Scotchman irreproachable as a _classic_ and a
+whist-player.--_Ibid._, p. 57.
+
+The mathematical examination was very difficult, and made great
+havoc among the _classics_.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+
+CLASSIC SHADES. A poetical appellation given to colleges and
+universities.
+
+  He prepares for his departure,--but he must, ere he repair
+  To the "_classic shades_," et cetera,--visit his "ladye fayre."
+    _Poem before Iadma_, Harv. Coll., 1850.
+
+I exchanged the farm-house of my father for the "_classic shades_"
+of Union.--_The Parthenon_, Union Coll., 1851, p. 18.
+
+
+CLASSIS. Same meaning as Class. The Latin for the English.
+
+[They shall] observe the generall hours appointed for all the
+students, and the speciall houres for their own _classis_.--_New
+England's First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 243.
+
+
+CLASS LIST. In the University of Oxford, a list in which are
+entered the names of those who are examined for their degrees,
+according to their rate of merit.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the names of those who are
+examined at stated periods are placed alphabetically in the class
+lists, but the first eight or ten individual places are generally
+known.
+
+There are some men who read for honors in that covetous and
+contracted spirit, and so bent upon securing the name of
+scholarship, even at the sacrifice of the reality, that, for the
+pleasure of reading their names at the top of the _class list_,
+they would make the examiners a present of all their Latin and
+Greek the moment they left the schools.--_Collegian's Guide_, p.
+327.
+
+
+CLASSMAN. See CLASS.
+
+
+CLASS MARSHAL. In many colleges in the United States, a _class
+marshal_ is chosen by the Senior Class from their own number, for
+the purpose of regulating the procession on the day of
+Commencement, and, as at Harvard College, on Class Day also.
+
+"At Union College," writes a correspondent, "the class marshal is
+elected by the Senior Class during the third term. He attends to
+the order of the procession on Commencement Day, and walks into
+the church by the side of the President. He chooses several
+assistants, who attend to the accommodation of the audience. He is
+chosen from among the best-looking and most popular men of the
+class, and the honor of his office is considered next to that of
+the Vice-President of the Senate for the third term."
+
+
+CLASSMATE. A member of the same class with another.
+
+The day is wound up with a scene of careless laughter and
+merriment, among a dozen of joke-loving _classmates_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 202.
+
+
+CLASS MEETING. A meeting where all the class are assembled for the
+purpose of carrying out some measure, appointing class officers,
+or transacting business of interest to the whole class.
+
+In Harvard College, no class, or general, or other meeting of
+students can be called without an application in writing of three
+students, and no more, expressing the purpose of such meeting, nor
+otherwise than by a printed notice, signed by the President,
+expressing the time, the object, and place of such meeting, and
+the three students applying for such meeting are held responsible
+for any proceedings at it contrary to the laws of the
+College.--_Laws Univ. Cam., Mass._, 1848, Appendix.
+
+Similar regulations are in force at all other American colleges.
+At Union College the statute on this subject was formerly in these
+words: "No class meetings shall be held without special license
+from the President; and for such purposes only as shall be
+expressed in the license; nor shall any class meeting be continued
+by adjournment or otherwise, without permission; and all class
+meetings held without license shall be considered as unlawful
+combinations, and punished accordingly."--_Laws Union Coll._,
+1807, pp. 37, 38.
+
+  While one, on fame alone intent,
+  Seek to be chosen President
+    Of clubs, or a _class meeting_.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 247.
+
+
+CLASSOLOGY. That science which treats of the members of the
+classes of a college. This word is used in the title of a pleasant
+_jeu d'esprit_ by Mr. William Biglow, on the class which graduated
+at Harvard College in 1792. It is called, "_Classology_: an
+Anacreontic Ode, in Imitation of 'Heathen Mythology.'"
+
+See under HIGH GO.
+
+
+CLASS SECRETARY. For an account of this officer, see under CLASS
+BOOK.
+
+
+CLASS SUPPER. In American colleges, a supper attended only by the
+members of a collegiate class. Class suppers are given in some
+colleges at the close of each year; in others, only at the close
+of the Sophomore and Senior years, or at one of these periods.
+
+
+CLASS TREES. At Bowdoin College, "immediately after the annual
+examination of each class," says a correspondent, "the members
+that compose it are accustomed to form a ring round a tree, and
+then, not dance, but run around it. So quickly do they revolve,
+that every individual runner has a tendency 'to go off in a
+tangent,' which it is difficult to resist for any length of time.
+The three lower classes have a tree by themselves in front of
+Massachusetts Hall. The Seniors have one of their own in front of
+King Chapel."
+
+For an account of a similar and much older custom, prevalent at
+Harvard College, see under CLASS DAY and LIBERTY TREE.
+
+
+CLIMBING. In reference to this word, a correspondent from
+Dartmouth College writes: "At the commencement of this century,
+the Greek, Latin, and Philosophical Orations were assigned by the
+Faculty to the best scholars, while the Valedictorian was chosen
+from the remainder by his classmates. It was customary for each
+one of these four to treat his classmates, which was called
+'_Climbing_,' from the effect which the liquor would have in
+elevating the class to an equality with the first scholars."
+
+
+CLIOSOPHIC. A word compounded from _Clio_, the Muse who presided
+over history, and [Greek: sophos], intelligent. At Yale College,
+this word was formerly used to designate an oration on the arts
+and sciences, which was delivered annually at the examination in
+July.
+
+Having finished his academic course, by the appointment of the
+President he delivered the _cliosophic_ oration in the College
+Hall.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 13.
+
+
+COACH. In the English universities, this term is variously
+applied, as will be seen by a reference to the annexed examples.
+It is generally used to designate a private tutor.
+
+Everything is (or used to be) called a "_coach_" at Oxford: a
+lecture-class, or a club of men meeting to take wine, luncheon, or
+breakfast alternately, were severally called a "wine, luncheon, or
+breakfast _coach_"; so a private tutor was called a "private
+_coach_"; and one, like Hilton of Worcester, very famed for
+getting his men safe through, was termed "a Patent Safety."--_The
+Collegian's Guide_, p. 103.
+
+It is to his private tutors, or "_coaches_," that he looks for
+instruction.--_Household Words_, Vol. II. p. 160.
+
+He applies to Mr. Crammer. Mr. Crammer is a celebrated "_coach_"
+for lazy and stupid men, and has a system of his own which has met
+with decided success.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 162.
+
+
+COACH. To prepare a student to pass an examination; to make use of
+the aid of a private tutor.
+
+He is putting on all steam, and "_coaching_" violently for the
+Classical Tripos.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d. p. 10.
+
+It is not every man who can get a Travis to _coach_ him.--_Ibid._,
+p. 69.
+
+
+COACHING. A cant term, in the British universities, for preparing
+a student, by the assistance of a private tutor, to pass an
+examination.
+
+Whether a man shall throw away every opportunity which a
+university is so eminently calculated to afford, and come away
+with a mere testamur gained rather by the trickery of private
+_coaching_ (tutoring) than by mental improvement, depends,
+&c.--_The Collegian's Guide_, p. 15.
+
+
+COAX. This word was formerly used at Yale College in the same
+sense as the word _fish_ at Harvard, viz. to seek or gain the
+favor of a teacher by flattery. One of the Proverbs of Solomon was
+often changed by the students to read as follows: "Surely the
+churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the
+nose bringeth forth blood; so the _coaxing_ of tutors bringeth
+forth parts."--_Prov._ xxx. 33.
+
+
+COCHLEAUREATUS, _pl._ COCHLEAUREATI. Latin, _cochlear_, a spoon,
+and _laureatus_, laurelled. A free translation would be, _one
+honored with a spoon_.
+
+At Yale College, the wooden spoon is given to the one whose name
+comes last on the list of appointees for the Junior Exhibition.
+The recipient of this honor is designated _cochleaureatus_.
+
+  Now give in honor of the spoon
+    Three cheers, long, loud, and hearty,
+  And three for every honored June
+    In _coch-le-au-re-a-ti_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 37.
+
+See WOODEN SPOON.
+
+
+COFFIN. At the University of Vermont, a boot, especially a large
+one. A companion to the word HUMMEL, q.v.
+
+
+COLLAR. At Yale College, "to come up with; to seize; to lay hold
+on; to appropriate."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p. 144.
+
+By that means the oration marks will be effectually _collared_,
+with scarce an effort.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+
+COLLECTION. In the University of Oxford, a college examination,
+which takes place at the end of every term before the Warden and
+Tutor.
+
+Read some Herodotus for _Collections_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+348.
+
+The College examinations, called _collections_, are strictly
+private.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 139.
+
+
+COLLECTOR. A Bachelor of Arts in the University of Oxford, who is
+appointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in
+Lent.--_Todd_.
+
+The Collectors, who are two in number, Bachelors of Arts, are
+appointed to collect the names of _determining_ bachelors, during
+Lent. Their office begins and ends with that season.--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+
+COLLECTORSHIP. The office of a _collector_ in the University of
+Oxford.--_Todd_.
+
+This Lent the _collectors_ ceased from entertaining the Bachelors
+by advice and command of the proctors; so that now they got by
+their _collectorships_, whereas before they spent about 100_l._,
+besides their gains, on clothes or needless entertainments.--_Life
+of A. Wood_, p. 286.
+
+
+COLLEGE. Latin, _collegium_; _con_ and _lego_, to gather. In its
+primary sense, a collection or assembly; hence, in a general
+sense, a collection, assemblage, or society of men, invested with
+certain powers and rights, performing certain duties, or engaged
+in some common employment or pursuit.
+
+1. An establishment or edifice appropriated to the use of students
+who are acquiring the languages and sciences.
+
+2. The society of persons engaged in the pursuits of literature,
+including the officers and students. Societies of this kind are
+incorporated, and endowed with revenues.
+
+"A college, in the modern sense of that word, was an institution
+which arose within a university, probably within that of Paris or
+of Oxford first, being intended either as a kind of
+boarding-school, or for the support of scholars destitute of
+means, who were here to live under particular supervision. By
+degrees it became more and more the custom that teachers should be
+attached to these establishments. And as they grew in favor, they
+were resorted to by persons of means, who paid for their board;
+and this to such a degree, that at one time the colleges included
+nearly all the members of the University of Paris. In the English
+universities the colleges may have been first established by a
+master who gathered pupils around him, for whose board and
+instruction he provided. He exercised them perhaps in logic and
+the other liberal arts, and repeated the university lectures, as
+well as superintended their morals. As his scholars grew in
+number, he associated with himself other teachers, who thus
+acquired the name of _fellows_. Thus it naturally happened that
+the government of colleges, even of those which were founded by
+the benevolence of pious persons, was in the hands of a principal
+called by various names, such as rector, president, provost, or
+master, and of fellows, all of whom were resident within the walls
+of the same edifices where the students lived. Where charitable
+munificence went so far as to provide for the support of a greater
+number of fellows than were needed, some of them were intrusted,
+as tutors, with the instruction of the undergraduates, while
+others performed various services within their college, or passed
+a life of learned leisure."--_Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, New
+Haven, Aug. 14, 1850, p. 8.
+
+3. In _foreign universities_, a public lecture.--_Webster_.
+
+
+COLLEGE BIBLE. The laws of a college are sometimes significantly
+called _the College Bible_.
+
+  He cons _the College Bible_ with eager, longing eyes,
+  And wonders how poor students at six o'clock can rise.
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+COLLEGER. A member of a college.
+
+We stood like veteran _Collegers_ the next day's
+screw.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 9. [_Little used_.]
+
+2. The name by which a member of a certain class of the pupils of
+Eton is known. "The _Collegers_ are educated gratuitously, and
+such of them as have nearly but not quite reached the age of
+nineteen, when a vacancy in King's College, Cambridge, occurs, are
+elected scholars there forthwith and provided for during life--or
+until marriage."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+pp. 262, 263.
+
+They have nothing in lieu of our seventy _Collegers_.--_Ibid._, p.
+270.
+
+The whole number of scholars or "_Collegers_" at Eton is seventy.
+--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+COLLEGE YARD. The enclosure on or within which the buildings of a
+college are situated. Although college enclosures are usually open
+for others to pass through than those connected with the college,
+yet by law the grounds are as private as those connected with
+private dwellings, and are kept so, by refusing entrance, for a
+certain period, to all who are not members of the college, at
+least once in twenty years, although the time differs in different
+States.
+
+  But when they got to _College yard_,
+  With one accord they all huzza'd.--_Rebelliad_, p. 33.
+
+  Not ye, whom science never taught to roam
+  Far as a _College yard_ or student's home.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 232.
+
+
+COLLEGIAN. A member of a college, particularly of a literary
+institution so called; an inhabitant of a college.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+COLLEGIATE. Pertaining to a college; as, _collegiate_ studies.
+
+2. Containing a college; instituted after the manner of a college;
+as, a _collegiate_ society.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+COLLEGIATE. A member of a college.
+
+
+COMBINATION. An agreement, for effecting some object by joint
+operation; in _an ill sense_, when the purpose is illegal or
+iniquitous. An agreement entered into by students to resist or
+disobey the Faculty of the College, or to do any unlawful act, is
+a _combination_. When the number concerned is so great as to
+render it inexpedient to punish all, those most culpable are
+usually selected, or as many as are deemed necessary to satisfy
+the demands of justice.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 27. _Laws
+Univ. Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 23.
+
+
+COMBINATION ROOM. In the University of Cambridge Eng., a room into
+which the fellows, and others in authority withdraw after dinner,
+for wine, dessert, and conversation.--_Webster_.
+
+In popular phrase, the word _room_ is omitted.
+
+"There will be some quiet Bachelors there, I suppose," thought I,
+"and a Junior Fellow or two, some of those I have met in
+_combination_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 52.
+
+
+COMITAT. In the German universities, a procession formed to
+accompany a departing fellow-student with public honor out of the
+city.--_Howitt_.
+
+
+COMMEMORATION DAY. At the University of Oxford, Eng., this day is
+an annual solemnity in honor of the benefactors of the University,
+when orations are delivered, and prize compositions are read in
+the theatre. It is the great day of festivity for the
+year.--_Huber_.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., there is always a sermon on
+this day. The lesson which is read in the course of the service is
+from Ecclus. xliv.: "Let us now praise famous men," &c. It is "a
+day," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "devoted to prayers, and
+good living." It was formerly called _Anniversary Day_.
+
+
+COMMENCE. To take a degree, or the first degree, in a university
+or college.--_Bailey_.
+
+Nine Bachelors _commenced_ at Cambridge; they were young men of
+good hope, and performed their acts so as to give good proof of
+their proficiency in the tongues and arts.--_Winthrop's Journal,
+by Mr. Savage_, Vol. II. p. 87.
+
+Four Senior Sophisters came from Saybrook, and received the Degree
+of Bachelor of Arts, and several others _commenced_
+Masters.--_Clap's Hist. Yale Coll._, p. 20.
+
+  A scholar see him now _commence_,
+  Without the aid of books or sense.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, 1794, p. 12.
+
+Charles Chauncy ... was afterwards, when qualified, sent to the
+University of Cambridge, where he _commenced_ Bachelor of
+Divinity.--_Hist. Sketch of First Ch. in Boston_, 1812, p. 211.
+
+
+COMMENCEMENT. The time when students in colleges _commence_
+Bachelors; a day in which degrees are publicly conferred in the
+English and American universities.--_Webster_.
+
+At Harvard College, in its earliest days, Commencements were
+attended, as at present, by the highest officers in the State. At
+the first Commencement, on the second Tuesday of August, 1642, we
+are told that "the Governour, Magistrates, and the Ministers, from
+all parts, with all sorts of schollars, and others in great
+numbers, were present."--_New England's First Fruits_, in _Mass.
+Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 246.
+
+In the MS. Diary of Judge Sewall, under date of July 1, 1685,
+Commencement Day, is this remark: "Gov'r there, whom I accompanied
+to Charlestown"; and again, under date of July 2, 1690, is the
+following entry respecting the Commencement of that year: "Go to
+Cambridge by water in ye Barge wherein the Gov'r, Maj. Gen'l,
+Capt. Blackwell, and others." In the Private Journal of Cotton
+Mather, under the dates of 1708 and 1717, there are notices of the
+Boston troops waiting on the Governor to Cambridge on Commencement
+Day. During the presidency of Wadsworth, which continued from 1725
+to 1737, "it was the custom," says Quincy, "on Commencement Day,
+for the Governor of the Province to come from Boston through
+Roxbury, often by the way of Watertown, attended by his body
+guards, and to arrive at the College about ten or eleven o'clock
+in the morning. A procession was then formed of the Corporation,
+Overseers, magistrates, ministers, and invited gentlemen, and
+immediately moved from Harvard Hall to the Congregational church."
+After the exercises of the day were over, the students escorted
+the Governor, Corporation, and Overseers, in procession, to the
+President's house. This description would answer very well for the
+present day, by adding the graduating class to the procession, and
+substituting the Boston Lancers as an escort, instead of the "body
+guards."
+
+The exercises of the first Commencement are stated in New
+England's First Fruits, above referred to, as follows:--"Latine
+and Greeke Orations, and Declamations, and Hebrew Analysis,
+Grammaticall, Logicall, and Rhetoricall of the Psalms: And their
+answers and disputations in Logicall, Ethicall, Physicall, and
+Metaphysicall questions." At Commencement in 1685, the exercises
+were, besides Disputes, four Orations, one Latin, two Greek, and
+one Hebrew In the presidency of Wadsworth, above referred to, "the
+exercises of the day," says Quincy, "began with a short prayer by
+the President; a salutatory oration in Latin, by one of the
+graduating class, succeeded; then disputations on theses or
+questions in Logic, Ethics, and Natural Philosophy commenced. When
+the disputation terminated, one of the candidates pronounced a
+Latin 'gratulatory oration.' The graduating class were then
+called, and, after asking leave of the Governor and Overseers, the
+President conferred the Bachelor's degree, by delivering a book to
+the candidates (who came forward successively in parties of four),
+and pronouncing a form of words in Latin. An adjournment then took
+place to dinner, in Harvard Hall; thence the procession returned
+to the church, and, after the Masters' disputations, usually three
+in number, were finished, their degrees were conferred, with the
+same general forms as those of the Bachelors. An occasional
+address was then made by the President. A Latin valedictory
+oration by one of the Masters succeeded, and the exercises
+concluded with a prayer by the President."
+
+Similar to this is the account given by the Hon. Paine Wingate, a
+graduate of the class of 1759, of the exercises of Commencement as
+conducted while he was in College. "I do not recollect now," he
+says, "any part of the public exercises on Commencement Day to be
+in English, excepting the President's prayers at opening and
+closing the services. Next after the prayer followed the
+Salutatory Oration in Latin, by one of the candidates for the
+first degree. This office was assigned by the President, and was
+supposed to be given to him who was the best orator in the class.
+Then followed a Syllogistic Disputation in Latin, in which four or
+five or more of those who were distinguished as good scholars in
+the class were appointed by the President as Respondents, to whom
+were assigned certain questions, which the Respondents maintained,
+and the rest of the class severally opposed, and endeavored to
+invalidate. This was conducted wholly in Latin, and in the form of
+Syllogisms and Theses. At the close of the Disputation, the
+President usually added some remarks in Latin. After these
+exercises the President conferred the degrees. This, I think, may
+be considered as the summary of the public performances on a
+Commencement Day. I do not recollect any Forensic Disputation, or
+a Poem or Oration spoken in English, whilst I was in
+College."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, pp. 307, 308.
+
+As far back as the year 1685, it was customary for the President
+to deliver an address near the close of the exercises. Under this
+date, in the MS. Diary of Judge Sewall, are these words: "Mr.
+President after giving ye Degrees made an Oration in Praise of
+Academical Studies and Degrees, Hebrew tongue." In 1688, at the
+Commencement, according to the same gentleman, Mr. William
+Hubbard, then acting as President under the appointment of Sir
+Edmund Andros, "made an oration."
+
+The disputations were always in Latin, and continued to be a part
+of the exercises of Commencement until the year 1820. The orations
+were in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and sometimes French; in 1818 a
+Spanish oration was delivered at the Commencement for that year by
+Mr. George Osborne. The first English oration was made by Mr.
+Jedidiah Huntington, in the year 1763, and the first English poem
+by Mr. John Davis, in 1781. The last Latin syllogisms were in
+1792, on the subjects, "Materia cogitare non potest," and "Nil
+nisi ignis naturâ est fluidum." The first year in which the
+performers spoke without a prompter was 1837. There were no
+Master's exercises for the first time in 1844. To prevent
+improprieties, in the year 1760, "the duty of inspecting the
+performances on the day," says Quincy, "and expunging all
+exceptionable parts, was assigned to the President; on whom it was
+particularly enjoined 'to put an end to the practice of addressing
+the female sex.'" At a later period, in 1792, by referring to the
+"Order of the Exercises of Commencement," we find that in the
+concluding oration "honorable notice is taken, from year to year,
+of those who have been the principal Benefactors of the
+University." The practice is now discontinued.
+
+At the first Commencement, all the magistrates, elders, and
+invited guests who were present "dined," says Winthrop in his
+Journal, Vol. II. pp. 87, 88, "at the College with the scholars'
+ordinary commons, which was done on purpose for the students'
+encouragement, &c., and it gave good content to all." After
+dinner, a Psalm was usually sung. In 1685, at Commencement, Sewall
+says: "After dinner ye 3d part of ye 103d Ps. was sung in ye
+Hall." The seventy-eighth Psalm was the one usually sung, an
+account of which will be found under that title. The Senior Class
+usually waited on the table on Commencement Day. After dinner,
+they were allowed to take what provisions were left, and eat them
+at their rooms, or in the hall. This custom was not discontinued
+until the year 1812.
+
+In 1754, owing to the expensive habits worn on Commencement Day, a
+law was passed, ordering that on that day "every candidate for his
+degree appear in black, or dark blue, or gray clothes; and that no
+one wear any silk night-gowns; and that any candidate, who shall
+appear dressed contrary to such regulations, may not expect his
+degree." At present, on Commencement Day, every candidate for a
+first degree wears, according to the law, "a black dress and the
+usual black gown."
+
+It was formerly customary, on this day, for the students to
+provide entertainment in their rooms. But great care was taken, as
+far as statutory enactments were concerned, that all excess should
+be avoided. During the presidency of Increase Mather was developed
+among the students a singular phase of gastronomy, which was
+noticed by the Corporation in their records, under the date of
+June 22, 1693, in these words: "The Corporation, having been
+informed that the custom taken up in the College, not used in any
+other Universities, for the commencers [graduating class] to have
+plumb-cake, is dishonorable to the College, not grateful to wise
+men, and chargeable to the parents of the commencers, do therefore
+put an end to that custom, and do hereby order that no commencer,
+or other scholar, shall have any such cakes in their studies or
+chambers; and that, if any scholar shall offend therein, the cakes
+shall be taken from him, and he shall moreover pay to the College
+twenty shillings for each such offence." This stringent regulation
+was, no doubt, all-sufficient for many years; but in the lapse of
+time the taste for the forbidden delicacy, which was probably
+concocted with a skill unknown to the moderns, was again revived,
+accompanied with confessions to a fondness for several kinds of
+expensive preparations, the recipes for which preparations, it is
+to be feared, are inevitably lost. In 1722, in the latter part of
+President Leverett's administration, an act was passed "for
+reforming the Extravagancys of Commencements," and providing "that
+henceforth no preparation nor provision of either Plumb Cake, or
+Roasted, Boyled, or Baked Meates or Pyes of any kind shal be made
+by any Commencer," and that no "such have any distilled Lyquours
+in his Chamber or any composition therewith," under penalty of
+being "punished twenty shillings, to be paid to the use of the
+College," and of forfeiture of the provisions and liquors, "_to be
+seized by the tutors_." The President and Corporation were
+accustomed to visit the rooms of the Commencers, "to see if the
+laws prohibiting certain meats and drinks were not violated."
+These restrictions not being sufficient, a vote passed the
+Corporation in 1727, declaring, that "if any, who now doe, or
+hereafter shall, stand for their degrees, presume to doe any thing
+contrary to the act of 11th June, 1722, or _go about to evade it
+by plain cake_, they shall not be admitted to their degree, and if
+any, after they have received their degree, shall presume to make
+any forbidden provisions, their names shall be left or rased out
+of the Catalogue of the Graduates."
+
+In 1749, the Corporation strongly recommended to the parents and
+guardians of such as were to take degrees that year, "considering
+the awful judgments of God upon the land," to "retrench
+Commencement expenses, so as may best correspond with the frowns
+of Divine Providence, and that they take effectual care to have
+their sons' chambers cleared of company, and their entertainments
+finished, on the evening of said Commencement Day, or, at
+furthest, by next morning." In 1755, attempts were made to prevent
+those "who proceeded Bachelors of Arts from having entertainments
+of any kind, either in the College or any house in Cambridge,
+after the Commencement Day." This and several other propositions
+of the Overseers failing to meet with the approbation of the
+Corporation, a vote finally passed both boards in 1757, by which
+it was ordered, that, on account of the "distressing drought upon
+the land," and "in consideration of the dark state of Providence
+with respect to the war we are engaged in, which Providences call
+for humiliation and fasting rather than festival entertainments,"
+the "first and second degrees be given to the several candidates
+without their personal attendance"; a general diploma was
+accordingly given, and Commencement was omitted for that year.
+Three years after, "all unnecessary expenses were forbidden," and
+also "dancing in any part of Commencement week, in the Hall, or in
+any College building; nor was any undergraduate allowed to give
+any entertainment, after dinner, on Thursday of that week, under
+severe penalties." But the laws were not always so strict, for we
+find that, on account of a proposition made by the Overseers to
+the Corporation in 1759, recommending a "repeal of the law
+prohibiting the drinking of _punch_," the latter board voted, that
+"it shall be no offence if any scholar shall, at Commencement,
+make and entertain guests at his chamber with _punch_," which they
+afterwards declare, "as it is now usually made, is no intoxicating
+liquor."
+
+To prevent the disturbances incident to the day, an attempt was
+made in 1727 to have the "Commencements for time to come more
+private than has been usual," and for several years after, the
+time of Commencement was concealed; "only a short notice," says
+Quincy, "being given to the public of the day on which it was to
+be held." Friday was the day agreed on, for the reason, says
+President Wadsworth in his Diary, "that there might be a less
+remaining time of the week spent in frolicking." This was very ill
+received by the people of Boston and the vicinity, to whom
+Commencement was a season of hilarity and festivity; the ministers
+were also dissatisfied, not knowing the day in some cases, and in
+others being subjected to great inconvenience on account of their
+living at a distance from Cambridge. The practice was accordingly
+abandoned in 1736, and Commencement, as formerly, was held on
+Wednesday, to general satisfaction. In 1749, "three gentlemen,"
+says Quincy, "who had sons about to be graduated, offered to give
+the College a thousand pounds old tenor, provided 'a trial was
+made of Commencements this year, in a more private manner.'" The
+proposition, after much debate, was rejected, and "public
+Commencements were continued without interruption, except during
+the period of the Revolutionary war, and occasionally, from
+temporary causes, during the remainder of the century,
+notwithstanding their evils, anomalies, and inconsistencies."[05]
+
+The following poetical account of Commencement at Harvard College
+is supposed to have been written by Dr. Mather Byles, in the year
+1742 or thereabouts. Of its merits, this is no place to speak. As
+a picture of the times it is valuable, and for this reason, and to
+show the high rank which Commencement Day formerly held among
+other days, it is here presented.
+
+ "COMMENCEMENT.
+
+ "I sing the day, bright with peculiar charms,
+  Whose rising radiance ev'ry bosom warms;
+  The day when _Cambridge_ empties all the towns,
+  And youths commencing, take their laurel crowns:
+  When smiling joys, and gay delights appear,
+  And shine distinguish'd, in the rolling year.
+
+ "While the glad theme I labour to rehearse,
+  In flowing numbers, and melodious verse,
+  Descend, immortal nine, my soul inspire,
+  Amid my bosom lavish all your fire,
+  While smiling _Phoebus_, owns the heavenly layes
+  And shades the poet with surrounding bayes.
+  But chief ye blooming nymphs of heavenly frame,
+  Who make the day with double glory flame,
+  In whose fair persons, art and nature vie,
+  On the young muse cast an auspicious eye:
+  Secure of fame, then shall the goddess sing,
+  And rise triumphant with a tow'ring wing,
+  Her tuneful notes wide-spreading all around,
+  The hills shall echo, and the vales resound.
+
+ "Soon as the morn in crimson robes array'd
+  With chearful beams dispels the flying shade,
+  While fragrant odours waft the air along,
+  And birds melodious chant their heavenly song,
+  And all the waste of heav'n with glory spread,
+  Wakes up the world, in sleep's embraces dead.
+  Then those whose dreams were on th' approaching day,
+  Prepare in splendid garbs to make their way
+  To that admired solemnity, whose date,
+  Tho' late begun, will last as long as fate.
+  And now the sprightly Fair approach the glass
+  To heighten every feature of the face.
+  They view the roses flush their glowing cheeks,
+  The snowy lillies towering round their necks,
+  Their rustling manteaus huddled on in haste,
+  They clasp with shining girdles round their waist.
+  Nor less the speed and care of every beau,
+  To shine in dress and swell the solemn show.
+  Thus clad, in careless order mixed by chance,
+  In haste they both along the streets advance:
+  'Till near the brink of _Charles's_ beauteous stream,
+  They stop, and think the lingering boat to blame.
+  Soon as the empty skiff salutes the shore,
+  In with impetuous haste they clustering pour,
+  The men the head, the stern the ladies grace,
+  And neighing horses fill the middle space.
+  Sunk deep, the boat floats slow the waves along,
+  And scarce contains the thickly crowded throng;
+  A gen'ral horror seizes on the fair,
+  While white-look'd cowards only not despair.
+  'Till rowed with care they reach th' opposing side,
+  Leap on the shore, and leave the threat'ning tide.
+  While to receive the pay the boatman stands,
+  And chinking pennys jingle in his hands.
+  Eager the sparks assault the waiting cars,
+  Fops meet with fops, and clash in civil wars.
+  Off fly the wigs, as mount their kicking heels,
+  The rudely bouncing head with anguish swells,
+  A crimson torrent gushes from the nose,
+  Adown the cheeks, and wanders o'er the cloaths.
+  Taunting, the victor's strait the chariots leap,
+  While the poor batter'd beau's for madness weep.
+
+ "Now in calashes shine the blooming maids,
+  Bright'ning the day which blazes o'er their heads;
+  The seats with nimble steps they swift ascend,
+  And moving on the crowd, their waste of beauties spend.
+  So bearing thro' the boundless breadth of heav'n,
+  The twinkling lamps of light are graceful driv'n;
+  While on the world they shed their glorious rays,
+  And set the face of nature in a blaze.
+
+ "Now smoak the burning wheels along the ground,
+  While rapid hoofs of flying steeds resound,
+  The drivers by no vulgar flame inspir'd,
+  But with the sparks of love and glory fir'd,
+  With furious swiftness sweep along the way,
+  And from the foremost chariot snatch the day.
+  So at Olympick games when heros strove,
+  In rapid cars to gain the goal of love.
+  If on her fav'rite youth the goddess shone
+  He left his rival and the winds out-run.
+
+ "And now thy town, _O Cambridge_! strikes the sight
+  Of the beholders with confus'd delight;
+  Thy green campaigns wide open to the view,
+  And buildings where bright youth their fame pursue.
+  Blest village! on whose plains united glows,
+  A vast, confus'd magnificence of shows.
+  Where num'rous crowds of different colours blend,
+  Thick as the trees which from the hills ascend:
+  Or as the grass which shoots in verdant spires,
+  Or stars which dart thro' natures realms their fires.
+
+ "How am I fir'd with a profuse delight,
+  When round the yard I roll my ravish'd sight!
+  From the high casements how the ladies show!
+  And scatter glory on the crowds below.
+  From sash to sash the lovely lightening plays
+  And blends their beauties in a radiant blaze.
+  So when the noon of night the earth invades
+  And o'er the landskip spreads her silent shades.
+  In heavens high vault the twinkling stars appear,
+  And with gay glory's light the gleemy sphere.
+  From their bright orbs a flame of splendors shows,
+  And all around th' enlighten'd ether glows.
+
+ "Soon as huge heaps have delug'd all the plains,
+  Of tawny damsels, mixt with simple swains,
+  Gay city beau's, grave matrons and coquats,
+  Bully's and cully's, clergymen and wits.
+  The thing which first the num'rous crowd employs,
+  Is by a breakfast to begin their joys.
+  While wine, which blushes in a crystal glass,
+  Streams down in floods, and paints their glowing face.
+  And now the time approaches when the bell,
+  With dull continuance tolls a solemn knell.
+  Numbers of blooming youth in black array
+  Adorn the yard, and gladden all the day.
+  In two strait lines they instantly divide,
+  While each beholds his partner on th' opposing side,
+  Then slow, majestick, walks the learned _head_,
+  The _senate_ follow with a solemn tread,
+  Next _Levi's_ tribe in reverend order move,
+  Whilst the uniting youth the show improve.
+  They glow in long procession till they come,
+  Near to the portals of the sacred dome;
+  Then on a sudden open fly the doors,
+  The leader enters, then the croud thick pours.
+  The temple in a moment feels its freight,
+  And cracks beneath its vast unwieldy weight,
+  So when the threatning Ocean roars around
+  A place encompass'd with a lofty mound,
+  If some weak part admits the raging waves,
+  It flows resistless, and the city laves;
+  Till underneath the waters ly the tow'rs,
+  Which menac'd with their height the heav'nly pow'rs.
+
+ "The work begun with pray'r, with modest pace,
+  A youth advancing mounts the desk with grace,
+  To all the audience sweeps a circling bow,
+  Then from his lips ten thousand graces flow.
+  The next that comes, a learned thesis reads,
+  The question states, and then a war succeeds.
+  Loud major, minor, and the consequence,
+  Amuse the crowd, wide-gaping at their fence.
+  Who speaks the loudest is with them the best,
+  And impudence for learning is confest.
+
+  "The battle o'er, the sable youth descend,
+  And to the awful chief, their footsteps bend.
+  With a small book, the laurel wreath he gives
+  Join'd with a pow'r to use it all their lives.
+  Obsequious, they return what they receive,
+  With decent rev'rence, they his presence leave.
+  Dismiss'd, they strait repeat their back ward way
+  And with white napkins grace the sumptuous day.[06]
+
+  "Now plates unnumber'd on the tables shine,
+  And dishes fill'd invite the guests to dine.
+  The grace perform'd, each as it suits him best,
+  Divides the sav'ry honours of the feast,
+  The glasses with bright sparkling wines abound
+  And flowing bowls repeat the jolly round.
+  Thanks said, the multitude unite their voice,
+  In sweetly mingled and melodious noise.
+  The warbling musick floats along the air,
+  And softly winds the mazes of the ear;
+  Ravish'd the crowd promiscuously retires,
+  And each pursues the pleasure he admires.
+
+ "Behold my muse far distant on the plains,
+  Amidst a wrestling ring two jolly swains;
+  Eager for fame, they tug and haul for blood,
+  One nam'd _Jack Luby_, t' other _Robin Clod_,
+  Panting they strain, and labouring hard they sweat,
+  Mix legs, kick shins, tear cloaths, and ply their feet.
+  Now nimbly trip, now stiffly stand their ground,
+  And now they twirl, around, around, around;
+  Till overcome by greater art or strength,
+  _Jack Luby_ lays along his lubber length.
+  A fall! a fall! the loud spectators cry,
+  A fall! a fall! the echoing hills reply.
+
+ "O'er yonder field in wild confusion runs,
+  A clam'rous troop of _Affric's_ sable sons,
+  Behind the victors shout, with barbarous roar,
+  The vanquish'd fly with hideous yells before,
+  The gloomy squadron thro' the valley speeds
+  Whilst clatt'ring cudgels rattle o'er their heads.
+
+ "Again to church the learned tribe repair,
+  Where syllogisms battle in the air,
+  And then the elder youth their second laurels wear.
+  Hail! Happy laurels! who our hopes inspire,
+  And set our ardent wishes all on fire.
+  By you the pulpit and the bar will shine
+  In future annals; while the ravish'd nine
+  Will in your bosom breathe cælestial flames,
+  And stamp _Eternity_ upon your names.
+  Accept my infant muse, whose feeble wings
+  Can scarce sustain her flight, while you she sings.
+  With candour view my rude unfinish'd praise
+  And see my _Ivy_ twist around your _bayes_.
+  So _Phidias_ by immortal _Jove_ inspir'd,
+  His statue carv'd, by all mankind admir'd.
+  Nor thus content, by his approving nod,
+  He cut himself upon the shining god.
+  That shaded by the umbrage of his name,
+  Eternal honours might attend his fame."
+
+In his almanacs, Nathaniel Ames was wont to insert, opposite the
+days of Commencement week, remarks which he deemed appropriate to
+that period. His notes for the year 1764 were these:--
+
+"Much talk and nothing said."
+
+"The loquacious more talkative than ever, and fine Harangues
+preparing."
+
+ "Much Money sunk,
+  Much Liquor drunk."
+
+His only note for the year 1765 was this:--
+
+ "Many Crapulæ to Day
+  Give the Head-ach to the Gay."
+
+Commencement Day was generally considered a holiday throughout the
+Province, and in the metropolis the shops were usually closed, and
+little or no business was done. About ten days before this period,
+a body of Indians from Natick--men, women, and pappooses--commonly
+made their appearance at Cambridge, and took up their station
+around the Episcopal Church, in the cellar of which they were
+accustomed to sleep, if the weather was unpleasant. The women sold
+baskets and moccasons; the boys gained money by shooting at it,
+while the men wandered about and spent the little that was earned
+by their squaws in rum and tobacco. Then there would come along a
+body of itinerant negro fiddlers, whose scraping never intermitted
+during the time of their abode.
+
+The Common, on Commencement week, was covered with booths, erected
+in lines, like streets, intended to accommodate the populace from
+Boston and the vicinity with the amusements of a fair. In these
+were carried on all sorts of dissipation. Here was a knot of
+gamblers, gathered around a wheel of fortune, or watching the
+whirl of the ball on a roulette-table. Further along, the jolly
+hucksters displayed their tempting wares in the shape of cooling
+beverages and palate-tickling confections. There was dancing on
+this side, auction-selling on the other; here a pantomimic show,
+there a blind man, led by a dog, soliciting alms; organ-grinders
+and hurdy-gurdy grinders, bears and monkeys, jugglers and
+sword-swallowers, all mingled in inextricable confusion.
+
+In a neighboring field, a countryman had, perchance, let loose a
+fox, which the dogs were worrying to death, while the surrounding
+crowd testified their pleasure at the scene by shouts of
+approbation. Nor was there any want of the spirituous; pails of
+punch, guarded by stout negroes, bore witness to their own subtle
+contents, now by the man who lay curled up under the adjoining
+hedge, "forgetting and forgot," and again by the drunkard,
+reeling, cursing, and fighting among his comrades.
+
+The following observations from the pen of Professor Sidney
+Willard, afford an accurate description of the outward
+manifestations of Commencement Day at Harvard College, during the
+latter part of the last century. "Commencement Day at that time
+was a widely noted day, not only among men and women of all
+characters and conditions, but also among boys. It was the great
+literary and mob anniversary of Massachusetts, surpassed only in
+its celebrities by the great civil and mob anniversary, namely,
+the Fourth of July, and the last Wednesday of May, Election day,
+so called, the anniversary of the organization of the government
+of the State for the civil year. But Commencement, perhaps most of
+all, exhibited an incongruous mixture of men and things. Besides
+the academic exercises within the sanctuary of learning and
+religion, followed by the festivities in the College dining-hall,
+and under temporary tents and awnings erected for the
+entertainments given to the numerous guests of wealthy parents of
+young men who had come out successful competitors for prizes in
+the academic race, the large common was decked with tents filled
+with various refreshments for the hungry and thirsty multitudes,
+and the intermediate spaces crowded with men, women, and boys,
+white and black, many of them gambling, drinking, swearing,
+dancing, and fighting from morning to midnight. Here and there the
+scene was varied by some show of curiosities, or of monkeys or
+less common wild animals, and the gambols of mountebanks, who by
+their ridiculous tricks drew a greater crowd than the abandoned
+group at the gaming-tables, or than the fooleries, distortions,
+and mad pranks of the inebriates. If my revered uncle[07] took a
+glimpse at these scenes, he did not see there any of our red
+brethren, as Mr. Jefferson kindly called them, who formed a
+considerable part of the gathering at the time of his graduation,
+forty-two years before; but he must have seen exhibitions of
+depravity which would disgust the most untutored savage. Near the
+close of the last century these outrages began to disappear, and
+lessened from year to year, until by public opinion, enforced by
+an efficient police, they were many years ago wholly suppressed,
+and the vicinity of the College halls has become, as it should be,
+a classic ground."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp.
+251, 252.
+
+It is to such scenes as these that Mr. William Biglow refers, in
+his poem recited before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, in their
+dining-hall, August 29th, 1811.
+
+ "All hail, Commencement! when all classes free
+  Throng learning's fount, from interest, taste, or glee;
+  When sutlers plain in tents, like Jacob, dwell,
+  Their goods distribute, and their purses swell;
+  When tipplers cease on wretchedness to think,
+  Those born to sell, as well as these to drink;
+  When every day each merry Andrew clears
+  More cash than useful men in many years;
+  When men to business come, or come to rake,
+  And modest women spurn at Pope's mistake.[08]
+
+ "All hail, Commencement! when all colors join,
+  To gamble, riot, quarrel, and purloin;
+  When Afric's sooty sons, a race forlorn,
+  Play, swear, and fight, like Christians freely born;
+  And Indians bless our civilizing merit,
+  And get dead drunk with truly _Christian spirit_;
+  When heroes, skilled in pocket-picking sleights,
+  Of equal property and equal rights,
+  Of rights of man and woman, boldest friends,
+  Believing means are sanctioned by their ends,
+  Sequester part of Gripus' boundless store,
+  While Gripus thanks god Plutus he has more;
+  And needy poet, from this ill secure,
+  Feeling his fob, cries, 'Blessed are the poor.'"
+
+On the same subject, the writer of Our Chronicle of '26, a
+satirical poem, versifies in the following manner:--
+
+ "Then comes Commencement Day, and Discord dire
+  Strikes her confusion-string, and dust and noise
+  Climb up the skies; ladies in thin attire,
+  For 't is in August, and both men and boys,
+  Are all abroad, in sunshine and in glee
+  Making all heaven rattle with their revelry!
+
+ "Ah! what a classic sight it is to see
+  The black gowns flaunting in the sultry air,
+  Boys big with literary sympathy,
+  And all the glories of this great affair!
+  More classic sounds!--within, the plaudit shout,
+  While Punchinello's rabble echoes it without."
+
+To this the author appends a note, as follows:--
+
+"The holiday extends to thousands of those who have no particular
+classical pretensions, further than can be recognized in a certain
+_penchant_ for such jubilees, contracted by attending them for
+years as hangers-on. On this devoted day these noisy do-nothings
+collect with mummers, monkeys, bears, and rope-dancers, and hold
+their revels just beneath the windows of the tabernacle where the
+literary triumph is enacting.
+
+                             'Tum sæva sonare
+  Verbera, tum stridor ferri tractæque catenæ.'"
+
+A writer in Buckingham's New England Magazine, Vol. III., 1832, in
+an article entitled "Harvard College Forty Years ago," thus
+describes the customs which then prevailed:--
+
+"As I entered Cambridge, what were my 'first impressions'? The
+College buildings 'heaving in sight and looming up,' as the
+sailors say. Pyramids of Egypt! can ye surpass these enormous
+piles? The Common covered with tents and wigwams, and people of
+all sorts, colors, conditions, nations, and tongues. A country
+muster or ordination dwindles into nothing in comparison. It was a
+second edition of Babel. The Governor's life-guard, in splendid
+uniform, prancing to and fro,
+ 'Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.'
+Horny-hoofed, galloping quadrupeds make all the common to tremble.
+
+"I soon steered for the meeting-house, and obtained a seat, or
+rather standing, in the gallery, determined to be an eyewitness of
+all the sport of the day. Presently music was heard approaching,
+such as I had never heard before. It must be 'the music of the
+spheres.' Anon, three enormous white wigs, supported by three
+stately, venerable men, yclad in black, flowing robes, were
+located in the pulpit. A platform of wigs was formed in the body
+pews, on which one might apparently walk as securely as on the
+stage. The _candidates_ for degrees seemed to have made a mistake
+in dressing themselves in _black togas_ instead of _white_ ones,
+_pro more Romanorum_. The musicians jammed into their pew in the
+gallery, very near to me, with enormous fiddles and fifes and
+ramshorns. _Terribile visu_! They sounded. I stopped my ears, and
+with open mouth and staring eyes stood aghast with wonderment. The
+music ceased. The performances commenced. English, Latin, Greek,
+Hebrew, French! These scholars knew everything."
+
+More particular is the account of the observances, at this period,
+of the day, at Harvard College, as given by Professor Sidney
+Willard:--
+
+"Commencement Day, in the year 1798, was a day bereft, in some
+respects, of its wonted cheerfulness. Instead of the serene
+summer's dawn, and the clear rising of the sun,
+ 'The dawn was overcast, the morning lowered,
+  And heavily in clouds brought on the day.'
+In the evening, from the time that the public exercises closed
+until twilight, the rain descended in torrents. The President[09]
+lay prostrate on his bed from the effects of a violent disease,
+from which it was feared he could not recover.[10] His house,
+which on all occasions was the abode of hospitality, and on
+Commencement Day especially so, (being the great College
+anniversary,) was now a house of stillness, anxiety, and watching.
+For seventeen successive years it had been thronged on this
+anniversary from morn till night, by welcome visitors, cheerfully
+greeted and cared for, and now it was like a house of mourning for
+the dead.
+
+"After the literary exercises of the day were closed, the officers
+in the different branches of the College government and
+instruction, Masters of Arts, and invited guests, repaired to the
+College dining-hall without the ceremony of a procession formed
+according to dignity or priority of right. This the elements
+forbade. Each one ran the short race as he best could. But as the
+Alumni arrived, they naturally avoided taking possession of the
+seats usually occupied by the government of the College. The
+Governor, Increase Sumner, I suppose, was present, and no doubt
+all possible respect was paid to the Overseers as well as to the
+Corporation. I was not present, but dined at my father's house
+with a few friends, of whom the late Hon. Moses Brown of Beverly
+was one. We went together to the College hall after dinner; but
+the honorable and reverend Corporation and Overseers had retired,
+and I do not remember whether there was any person presiding. If
+there were, a statue would have been as well. The age of wine and
+wassail, those potent aids to patriotism, mirth, and song, had not
+wholly passed away. The merry glee was at that time outrivalled by
+_Adams and Liberty_, the national patriotic song, so often and on
+so many occasions sung, and everywhere so familiarly known that
+all could join in grand chorus."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+Vol. II. pp. 4, 5.
+
+The irregularities of Commencement week seem at a very early
+period to have attracted the attention of the College government;
+for we find that in 1728, to prevent disorder, a formal request
+was made by the President, at the suggestion of the immediate
+government, to Lieutenant-Governor Dummer, praying him to direct
+the sheriff of Middlesex to prohibit the setting up of booths and
+tents on those public days. Some years after, in 1732, "an
+interview took place between the Corporation and three justices of
+the peace in Cambridge, to concert measures to keep order at
+Commencement, and under their warrant to establish a constable
+with six men, who, by watching and walking towards the evening on
+these days, and also the night following, and in and about the
+entry at the College Hall at dinner-time, should prevent
+disorders." At the beginning of the present century, it was
+customary for two special justices to give their attendance at
+this period, in order to try offences, and a guard of twenty
+constables was usually present to preserve order and attend on the
+justices. Among the writings of one, who for fifty years was a
+constant attendant on these occasions, are the following
+memoranda, which are in themselves an explanation of the customs
+of early years. "Commencement, 1828; no tents on the Common for
+the first time." "Commencement, 1836; no persons intoxicated in
+the hall or out of it; the first time."
+
+The following extract from the works of a French traveller will be
+read with interest by some, as an instance of the manner in which
+our institutions are sometimes regarded by foreigners. "In a free
+country, everything ought to bear the stamp of patriotism. This
+patriotism appears every year in a solemn feast celebrated at
+Cambridge in honor of the sciences. This feast, which takes place
+once a year in all the colleges of America, is called
+_Commencement_. It resembles the exercises and distribution of
+prizes in our colleges. It is a day of joy for Boston; almost all
+its inhabitants assemble in Cambridge. The most distinguished of
+the students display their talents in the presence of the public;
+and these exercises, which are generally on patriotic subjects,
+are terminated by a feast, where reign the freest gayety and the
+most cordial fraternity."--_Brissot's Travels in U.S._, 1788.
+London, 1794, Vol. I. pp. 85, 86.
+
+For an account of the _chair_ from which the President delivers
+diplomas on Commencement Day, see PRESIDENT'S CHAIR.
+
+At Yale College, the first Commencement was held September 13th,
+1702, while that institution was located at Saybrook, at which
+four young men who had before graduated at Harvard College, and
+one whose education had been private, received the degree of
+Master of Arts. This and several Commencements following were held
+privately, according to an act which had been passed by the
+Trustees, in order to avoid unnecessary expense and other
+inconveniences. In 1718, the year in which the first College
+edifice was completed, was held at New Haven the first public
+Commencement. The following account of the exercises on this
+occasion was written at the time by one of the College officers,
+and is cited by President Woolsey in his Discourse before the
+Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850. "[We were] favored
+and honored with the presence of his Honor, Governor Saltonstall,
+and his lady, and the Hon. Col. Taylor of Boston, and the
+Lieutenant-Governor, and the whole Superior Court, at our
+Commencement, September 10th, 1718, where the Trustees
+present,--those gentlemen being present,--in the hall of our new
+College, first most solemnly named our College by the name of Yale
+College, to perpetuate the memory of the honorable Gov. Elihu
+Yale, Esq., of London, who had granted so liberal and bountiful a
+donation for the perfecting and adorning of it. Upon which the
+honorable Colonel Taylor represented Governor Yale in a speech
+expressing his great satisfaction; which ended, we passed to the
+church, and there the Commencement was carried on. In which
+affair, in the first place, after prayer an oration was had by the
+saluting orator, James Pierpont, and then the disputations as
+usual; which concluded, the Rev. Mr. Davenport [one of the
+Trustees and minister of Stamford] offered an excellent oration in
+Latin, expressing their thanks to Almighty God, and Mr. Yale under
+him, for so public a favor and so great regard to our languishing
+school. After which were graduated ten young men, whereupon the
+Hon. Gov. Saltonstall, in a Latin speech, congratulated the
+Trustees in their success and in the comfortable appearance of
+things with relation to their school. All which ended, the
+gentlemen returned to the College Hall, where they were
+entertained with a splendid dinner, and the ladies, at the same
+time, were also entertained in the Library; after which they sung
+the four first verses in the 65th Psalm, and so the day
+ended."--p. 24.
+
+The following excellent and interesting account of the exercises
+and customs of Commencement at Yale College, in former times, is
+taken from the entertaining address referred to
+above:--"Commencements were not to be public, according to the
+wishes of the first Trustees, through fear of the attendant
+expense; but another practice soon prevailed, and continued with
+three or four exceptions until the breaking out of the war in
+1775. They were then private for five years, on account of the
+times. The early exercises of the candidates for the first degree
+were a 'saluting' oration in Latin, succeeded by syllogistic
+disputations in the same language; and the day was closed by the
+Masters' exercises,--disputations and a valedictory. According to
+an ancient academical practice, theses were printed and
+distributed upon this occasion, indicating what the candidates for
+a degree had studied, and were prepared to defend; yet, contrary
+to the usage still prevailing at universities which have adhered
+to the old method of testing proficiency, it does not appear that
+these theses were ever defended in public. They related to a
+variety of subjects in Technology, Logic, Grammar, Rhetoric,
+Mathematics, Physics, Metaphysics, Ethics, and afterwards
+Theology. The candidates for a Master's degree also published
+theses at this time, which were called _Quæstiones magistrales_.
+The syllogistic disputes were held between an affirmant and
+respondent, who stood in the side galleries of the church opposite
+to one another, and shot the weapons of their logic over the heads
+of the audience. The saluting Bachelor and the Master who
+delivered the valedictory stood in the front gallery, and the
+audience huddled around below them to catch their Latin eloquence
+as it fell. It seems also to have been usual for the President to
+pronounce an oration in some foreign tongue upon the same
+occasion.[11]
+
+"At the first public Commencement under President Stiles, in 1781,
+we find from a particular description which has been handed down,
+that the original plan, as above described, was subjected for the
+time to considerable modifications. The scheme, in brief, was as
+follows. The salutatory oration was delivered by a member of the
+graduating class, who is now our aged and honored townsman, Judge
+Baldwin. This was succeeded by the syllogistic disputations, and
+these by a Greek oration, next to which came an English colloquy.
+Then followed a forensic disputation, in which James Kent was one
+of the speakers. Then President Stiles delivered an oration in
+Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Arabic,--it being an extraordinary occasion.
+After which the morning was closed with an English oration by one
+of the graduating class. In the afternoon, the candidates for the
+second degree had the time, as usual, to themselves, after a Latin
+discourse by President Stiles. The exhibiters appeared in
+syllogistic disputes, a dissertation, a poem, and an English
+oration. Among these performers we find the names of Noah Webster,
+Joel Barlow, and Oliver Wolcott. Besides the Commencements there
+were exhibitions upon quarter-days, as they were called, in
+December and March, as well as at the end of the third term, when
+the younger classes performed; and an exhibition of the Seniors in
+July, at the time of their examination for degrees, when the
+valedictory orator was one of their own choice. This oration was
+transferred to the Commencement about the year 1798, when the
+Masters' valedictories had fallen into disuse; and being in
+English, gave a new interest to the exercises of the day.
+
+"Commencements were long occasions of noisy mirth, and even of
+riot. The older records are full of attempts, on the part of the
+Corporation, to put a stop to disorder and extravagance at this
+anniversary. From a document of 1731, it appears that cannons had
+been fired in honor of the day, and students were now forbidden to
+have a share in this on pain of degradation. The same prohibition
+was found necessary again in 1755, at which time the practice had
+grown up of illuminating the College buildings upon Commencement
+eve. But the habit of drinking spirituous liquor, and of
+furnishing it to friends, on this public occasion, grew up into
+more serious evils. In the year 1737, the Trustees, having found
+that there was a great expense in spirituous distilled liquors
+upon Commencement occasions, ordered that for the future no
+candidate for a degree, or other student, should provide or allow
+any such liquors to be drunk in his chamber during Commencement
+week. And again, it was ordered in 1746, with the view of
+preventing several extravagant and expensive customs, that there
+should be 'no kind of public treat but on Commencement,
+quarter-days, and the day on which the valedictory oration was
+pronounced; and on that day the Seniors may provide and give away
+a barrel of metheglin, and nothing more.' But the evil continued a
+long time. In 1760, it appears that it was usual for the
+graduating class to provide a pipe of wine, in the payment of
+which each one was forced to join. The Corporation now attempted
+by very stringent law to break up this practice; but the Senior
+Class having united in bringing large quantities of rum into
+College, the Commencement exercises were suspended, and degrees
+were withheld until after a public confession of the class. In the
+two next years degrees were given at the July examination, with a
+view to prevent such disorders, and no public Commencement was
+celebrated. Similar scenes are not known to have occurred
+afterwards, although for a long time that anniversary wore as much
+the aspect of a training-day as of a literary festival.
+
+"The Commencement Day in the modern sense of the term--that is, a
+gathering of graduated members and of others drawn together by a
+common interest in the College, and in its young members who are
+leaving its walls--has no counterpart that I know of in the older
+institutions of Europe. It arose by degrees out of the former
+exercises upon this occasion, with the addition of such as had
+been usual before upon quarter-days, or at the presentation in
+July. For a time several of the commencing Masters appeared on the
+stage to pronounce orations, as they had done before. In process
+of time, when they had nearly ceased to exhibit, this anniversary
+began to assume a somewhat new feature; the peculiarity of which
+consists in this, that the graduates have a literary festival more
+peculiarly their own, in the shape of discourses delivered before
+their assembled body, or before some literary
+society."--_Woolsey's Historical Discourse_, pp. 65-68.
+
+Further remarks concerning the observance of Commencement at Yale
+College may be found in Ebenezer Baldwin's "Annals" of that
+institution, pp. 189-197.
+
+An article "On the Date of the First Public Commencement at Yale
+College, in New Haven," will be read with pleasure by those who
+are interested in the deductions of antiquarian research. It is
+contained in the "Yale Literary Magazine," Vol. XX. pp. 199, 200.
+
+The following account of Commencement at Dartmouth College, on
+Wednesday, August 24th, 1774, written by Dr. Belknap, may not
+prove uninteresting.
+
+"About eleven o'clock, the Commencement began in a large tent
+erected on the east side of the College, and covered with boards;
+scaffolds and seats being prepared.
+
+"The President began with a prayer in the usual _strain_. Then an
+English oration was spoken by one of the Bachelors, complimenting
+the Trustees, &c. A syllogistic disputation on this question:
+_Amicitia vera non est absque amore divina_. Then a cliosophic
+oration. Then an anthem, 'The voice of my beloved sounds,' &c.
+Then a forensic dispute, _Whether Christ died for all men_? which
+was well supported on both sides. Then an anthem, 'Lift up your
+heads, O ye gates,' &c.
+
+"The company were invited to dine at the President's and the hall.
+The Connecticut lads and lasses, I observed, walked about hand in
+hand in procession, as 't is said they go to a wedding.
+
+"Afternoon. The exercises began with a Latin oration on the state
+of society by Mr. Kipley. Then an English _Oration on the
+Imitative Arts_, by Mr. J. Wheelock. The degrees were then
+conferred, and, in addition to the usual ceremony of the book,
+diplomas were delivered to the candidates, with this form of
+words: 'Admitto vos ad primum (vel secundum) gradum in artibus pro
+more Academiarum in Anglia, vobisque trado hunc librum, una cum
+potestate publice prelegendi ubicumque ad hoc munus avocati
+fueritis (to the masters was added, fuistis vel fueritis), cujus
+rei hæc diploma membrana scripta est testimonium.' Mr. Woodward
+stood by the President, and held the book and parchments,
+delivering and exchanging them as need required. Rev. Mr. Benjamin
+Pomeroy, of Hebron, was admitted to the degree of Doctor in
+Divinity.
+
+"After this, McGregore and Sweetland, two Bachelors, spoke a
+dialogue of Lord Lyttleton's between Apicius and Darteneuf, upon
+good eating and drinking. The Mercury (who comes in at the close
+of the piece) performed his part but clumsily; but the two
+epicures did well, and the President laughed as heartily as the
+rest of the audience; though considering the circumstances, it
+might admit of some doubt, whether the dialogue were really a
+burlesque, or a compliment to the College.
+
+"An anthem and prayer concluded the public exercises. Much decency
+and regularity were observable through the day, in the numerous
+attending concourse of people."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._,
+pp. 69-71.
+
+At Shelby College, Ky., it is customary at Commencement to perform
+plays, with appropriate costumes, at stated intervals during the
+exercises.
+
+An account of the manner in which Commencement has been observed
+at other colleges would only be a repetition of what has been
+stated above, in reference to Harvard and Yale. These being, the
+former the first, and the latter the third institution founded in
+our country, the colleges which were established at a later period
+grounded, not only their laws, but to a great extent their
+customs, on the laws and customs which prevailed at Cambridge and
+New Haven.
+
+
+COMMENCEMENT CARD. At Union College, there is issued annually at
+Commencement a card containing a programme of the exercises of the
+day, signed with the names of twelve of the Senior Class, who are
+members of the four principal college societies. These cards are
+worded in the form of invitations, and are to be sent to the
+friends of the students. To be "_on the Commencement card_" is
+esteemed an honor, and is eagerly sought for. At other colleges,
+invitations are often issued at this period, usually signed by the
+President.
+
+
+COMMENCER. In American colleges, a member of the Senior Class,
+after the examination for degrees; generally, one who _commences_.
+
+These exercises were, besides an oration usually made by the
+President, orations both salutatory and valedictory, made by some
+or other of the _commencers_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The Corporation with the Tutors shall visit the chambers of the
+_commencers_ to see that this law be well observed.--_Peirce's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 137.
+
+Thirty _commencers_, besides Mr. Rogers, &c.--_Ibid._, App., p.
+150.
+
+
+COMMERS. In the German universities, a party of students assembled
+for the purpose of making an excursion to some place in the
+country for a day's jollification. On such an occasion, the
+students usually go "in a long train of carriages with outriders";
+generally, a festive gathering of the students.--_Howitt's Student
+Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 56; see also Chap. XVI.
+
+
+COMMISSARY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., an officer under
+the Chancellor, and appointed by him, who holds a court of record
+for all privileged persons and scholars under the degree of M.A.
+In this court, all causes are tried and determined by the civil
+and statute law, and by the custom of the University.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+COMMON. To board together; to eat at a table in common.
+
+
+COMMONER. A student of the second rank in the University of
+Oxford, Eng., who is not dependent on the foundation for support,
+but pays for his board or _commons_, together with all other
+charges. Corresponds to a PENSIONER at Cambridge. See GENTLEMAN
+COMMONER.
+
+2. One who boards in commons.
+
+In all cases where those who do damage to the table furniture, or
+in the steward's kitchen, cannot be detected, the amount shall be
+charged to the _commoners_.--_Laws Union Coll._, 1807, p. 34.
+
+The steward shall keep an accurate list of the
+_commoners_.--_Ibid._, 1807, p. 34.
+
+
+COMMON ROOM. The room to which all the members of the college have
+access. There is sometimes one _common room_ for graduates, and
+another for undergraduates.--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+  Oh, could the days once more but come,
+  When calm I smoak'd in _common room_.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., 1750, Vol. I. p. 237.
+
+
+COMMONS. Food provided at a common table, as in colleges, where
+many persons eat at the same table, or in the same
+hall.--_Webster_.
+
+Commons were introduced into Harvard College at its first
+establishment, in the year 1636, in imitation of the English
+universities, and from that time until the year 1849, when they
+were abolished, seem to have been a never-failing source of
+uneasiness and disturbance. While the infant College with the
+title only of "school," was under the superintendence of Mr.
+Nathaniel Eaton, its first "master," the badness of commons was
+one of the principal causes of complaint. "At no subsequent period
+of the College history," says Mr. Quincy, "has discontent with
+commons been more just and well founded, than under the huswifery
+of Mrs. Eaton." "It is perhaps owing," Mr. Winthrop observes in
+his History of New England, "to the gallantry of our fathers, that
+she was not enjoined in the perpetual malediction they bestowed on
+her husband." A few years after, we read, in the "Information
+given by the Corporation and Overseers to the General Court," a
+proposition either to make "the scholars' charges less, or their
+commons better." For a long period after this we have no account
+of the state of commons, "but it is not probable," says Mr.
+Peirce, "they were materially different from what they have been
+since."
+
+During the administration of President Holyoke, from 1737 to 1769,
+commons were the constant cause of disorders among the students.
+There appears to have been a very general permission to board in
+private families before the year 1737: an attempt was then made to
+compel the undergraduates to board in commons. After many
+resolutions, a law was finally passed, in 1760, prohibiting them
+"from dining or supping in any house in town, except on an
+invitation to dine or sup _gratis_." "The law," says Quincy, "was
+probably not very strictly enforced. It was limited to one year,
+and was not renewed."
+
+An idea of the quality of commons may be formed from the following
+accounts furnished by Dr. Holyoke and Judge Wingate. According to
+the former of these gentlemen, who graduated in 1746, the
+"breakfast was two sizings of bread and a cue of beer"; and
+"evening commons were a pye." The latter, who graduated thirteen
+years after, says: "As to the commons, there were in the morning
+none while I was in College. At dinner, we had, of rather ordinary
+quality, a sufficiency of meat of some kind, either baked or
+boiled; and at supper, we had either a pint of milk and half a
+biscuit, or a meat pye of some other kind. Such were the commons
+in the hall in my day. They were rather ordinary; but I was young
+and hearty, and could live comfortably upon them. I had some
+classmates who paid for their commons and never entered the hall
+while they belonged to the College. We were allowed at dinner a
+cue of beer, which was a half-pint, and a sizing of bread, which I
+cannot describe to you. It was quite sufficient for one dinner."
+By a vote of the Corporation in 1750, a law was passed, declaring
+"that the quantity of commons be as hath been usual, viz. two
+sizes of bread in the morning; one pound of meat at dinner, with
+sufficient sauce" (vegetables), "and a half a pint of beer; and at
+night that a part pie be of the same quantity as usual, and also
+half a pint of beer; and that the supper messes be but of four
+parts, though the dinner messes be of six." This agrees in
+substance with the accounts given above. The consequence of such
+diet was, "that the sons of the rich," says Mr. Quincy,
+"accustomed to better fare, paid for commons, which they would not
+eat, and never entered the hall; while the students whose
+resources did not admit of such an evasion were perpetually
+dissatisfied."
+
+About ten years after, another law was made, "to restrain scholars
+from breakfasting in the houses of town's people," and provision
+was made "for their being accommodated with breakfast in the hall,
+either milk, chocolate, tea, or coffee, as they should
+respectively choose." They were allowed, however, to provide
+themselves with breakfasts in their own chambers, but not to
+breakfast in one another's chambers. From this period breakfast
+was as regularly provided in commons as dinner, but it was not
+until about the year 1807 that an evening meal was also regularly
+provided.
+
+In the year 1765, after the erection of Hollis Hall, the
+accommodations for students within the walls were greatly
+enlarged; and the inconvenience being thus removed which those had
+experienced who, living out of the College buildings, were
+compelled to eat in commons, a system of laws was passed, by which
+all who occupied rooms within the College walls were compelled to
+board constantly in common, "the officers to be exempted only by
+the Corporation, with the consent of the Overseers; the students
+by the President only when they were about to be absent for at
+least one week." Scarcely a year had passed under this new
+_régime_ "before," says Quincy, "an open revolt of the students
+took place on account of the provisions, which it took more than a
+month to quell." "Although," he continues, "their proceedings were
+violent, illegal, and insulting, yet the records of the immediate
+government show unquestionably, that the disturbances, in their
+origin, were not wholly without cause, and that they were
+aggravated by want of early attention to very natural and
+reasonable complaints."
+
+During the war of the American Revolution, the difficulty of
+providing satisfactory commons was extreme, as may be seen from
+the following vote of the Corporation, passed Aug. 11th, 1777.
+
+"Whereas by law 9th of Chap. VI. it is provided, 'that there shall
+always be chocolate, tea, coffee, and milk for breakfast, with
+bread and biscuit and butter,' and whereas the foreign articles
+above mentioned are now not to be procured without great
+difficulty, and at a very exorbitant price; therefore, that the
+charge of commons may be kept as low as possible,--
+
+"_Voted_, That the Steward shall provide at the common charge only
+bread or biscuit and milk for breakfast; and, if any of the
+scholars choose tea, coffee, or chocolate for breakfast, they
+shall procure those articles for themselves, and likewise the
+sugar and butter to be used with them; and if any scholars choose
+to have their milk boiled, or thickened with flour, if it may be
+had, or with meal, the Steward, having reasonable notice, shall
+provide it; and further, as salt fish alone is appointed by the
+aforesaid law for the dinner on Saturdays, and this article is now
+risen to a very high price, and through the scarcity of salt will
+probably be higher, the Steward shall not be obliged to provide
+salt fish, but shall procure fresh fish as often as he
+can."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 541.
+
+Many of the facts in the following account of commons prior to,
+and immediately succeeding, the year 1800, have been furnished by
+Mr. Royal Morse of Cambridge.
+
+The hall where the students took their meals was usually provided
+with ten tables; at each table were placed two messes, and each
+mess consisted of eight persons. The tables where the Tutors and
+Seniors sat were raised eighteen or twenty inches, so as to
+overlook the rest. It was the duty of one of the Tutors or of the
+Librarian to "ask a blessing and return thanks," and in their
+absence, the duty devolved on "the senior graduate or
+undergraduate." The waiters were students, chosen from the
+different classes, and receiving for their services suitable
+compensation. Each table was waited on by members of the class
+which occupied it, with the exception of the Tutor's table, at
+which members of the Senior Class served. Unlike the _sizars_ and
+_servitors_ at the English universities, the waiters were usually
+much respected, and were in many cases the best scholars in their
+respective classes.
+
+The breakfast consisted of a specified quantity of coffee, a
+_size_ of baker's biscuit, which was one biscuit, and a _size_ of
+butter, which was about an ounce. If any one wished for more than
+was provided, he was obliged to _size_ it, i.e. order from the
+kitchen or buttery, and this was charged as extra commons or
+_sizings_ in the quarter-bill.
+
+At dinner, every mess was served with eight pounds of meat,
+allowing a pound to each person. On Monday and Thursday the meat
+was boiled; these days were on this account commonly called
+"boiling days." On the other days the meat was roasted; these were
+accordingly named "roasting days." Two potatoes were allowed to
+each person, which he was obliged to pare for himself. On _boiling
+days_, pudding and cabbage were added to the bill of fare, and in
+their season, greens, either dandelion or the wild pea. Of bread,
+a _size_ was the usual quantity apiece, at dinner. Cider was the
+common beverage, of which there was no stated allowance, but each
+could drink as much as he chose. It was brought, on in pewter
+quart cans, two to a mess, out of which they drank, passing them
+from mouth to mouth like the English wassail-bowl. The waiters
+replenished them as soon as they were emptied.
+
+No regular supper was provided, but a bowl of milk, and a size of
+bread procured at the kitchen, supplied the place of the evening
+meal.
+
+Respecting the arrangement of the students at table, before
+referred to, Professor Sidney Willard remarks: "The intercourse
+among students at meals was not casual or promiscuous. Generally,
+the students of the same class formed themselves into messes, as
+they were called, consisting each of eight members; and the length
+of one table was sufficient to seat two messes. A mess was a
+voluntary association of those who liked each other's company; and
+each member had his own place. This arrangement was favorable for
+good order; and, where the members conducted themselves with
+propriety, their cheerful conversation, and even exuberant spirits
+and hilarity, if not too boisterous, were not unpleasant to that
+portion of the government who presided at the head table. But the
+arrangement afforded opportunities also for combining in factious
+plans and organizations, tending to disorders, which became
+infectious, and terminated unhappily for all
+concerned."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. pp. 192,
+193.
+
+A writer in the New England Magazine, referring to the same
+period, says: "In commons, we fared as well as one half of us had
+been accustomed to at home. Our breakfast consisted of a
+good-sized biscuit of wheaten flour, with butter and coffee,
+chocolate, or milk, at our option. Our dinner was served up on
+dishes of pewter, and our drink, which was cider, in cans of the
+same material. For our suppers, we went with our bowls to the
+kitchen, and received our rations of milk, or chocolate, and
+bread, and returned with them to our rooms."--Vol. III. p. 239.
+
+Although much can be said in favor of the commons system, on
+account of its economy and its suitableness to health and study,
+yet these very circumstances which were its chief recommendation
+were the occasion also of all the odium which it had to encounter.
+"That simplicity," says Peirce, "which makes the fare cheap, and
+wholesome, and philosophical, renders it also unsatisfactory to
+dainty palates; and the occasional appearance of some unlucky
+meat, or other food, is a signal for a general outcry against the
+provisions." In the plain but emphatic words of one who was
+acquainted with the state of commons, as they once were at Harvard
+College, "the butter was sometimes so bad, that a farmer would not
+take it to grease his cart-wheels with." It was the usual practice
+of the Steward, when veal was cheap, to furnish it to the students
+three, four, and sometimes five times in the week; the same with
+reference to other meats when they could be bought at a low price,
+and especially with lamb. The students, after eating this latter
+kind of meat for five or six successive weeks would often assemble
+before the Steward's house, and, as if their natures had been
+changed by their diet, would bleat and blatter until he was fain
+to promise them a change of food, upon which they would separate
+until a recurrence of the same evil compelled them to the same
+measures.
+
+The annexed account of commons at Yale College, in former times,
+is given by President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse,
+pronounced at New Haven, August 14th, 1850.
+
+"At first, a college without common meals was hardly conceived of;
+and, indeed, if we trace back the history of college as they grew
+up at Paris, nothing is more of their essence than that students
+lived and ate together in a kind of conventual system. No doubt,
+also, when the town of New Haven was smaller, it was far more
+difficult to find desirable places for boarding than at present.
+But however necessary, the Steward's department was always beset
+with difficulties and exposed to complaints which most gentlemen
+present can readily understand. The following rations of commons,
+voted by the Trustees in 1742, will show the state of college fare
+at that time. 'Ordered, that the Steward shall provide the commons
+for the scholars as follows, viz.: For breakfast, one loaf of
+bread for four, which [the dough] shall weigh one pound. For
+dinner for four, one loaf of bread as aforesaid, two and a half
+pounds beef, veal, or mutton, or one and three quarter pounds salt
+pork about twice a week in the summer time, one quart of beer, two
+pennyworth of sauce [vegetables]. For supper for four, two quarts
+of milk and one loaf of bread, when milk can conveniently be had,
+and when it cannot, then apple-pie, which shall be made of one and
+three fourth pounds dough, one quarter pound hog's fat, two ounces
+sugar, and half a peck apples.' In 1759 we find, from a vote
+prohibiting the practice, that beer had become one of the articles
+allowed for the evening meal. Soon after this, the evening meal
+was discontinued, and, as is now the case in the English colleges,
+the students had supper in their own rooms, which led to
+extravagance and disorder. In the Revolutionary war the Steward
+was quite unable once or twice to provide food for the College,
+and this, as has already appeared, led to the dispersion of the
+students in 1776 and 1777, and once again in 1779 delayed the
+beginning of the winter term several weeks. Since that time,
+nothing peculiar has occurred with regard to commons, and they
+continued with all their evils of coarse manners and wastefulness
+for sixty years. The conviction, meanwhile, was increasing, that
+they were no essential part of the College, that on the score of
+economy they could claim no advantage, that they degraded the
+manners of students and fomented disorder. The experiment of
+suppressing them has hitherto been only a successful one. No one,
+who can retain a lively remembrance of the commons and the manners
+as they were both before and since the building of the new hall in
+1819, will wonder that this resolution was adopted by the
+authorities of the College."--pp. 70-72.
+
+The regulations which obtained at meal-time in commons were at one
+period in these words: "The waiters in the hall, appointed by the
+President, are to put the victuals on the tables spread with
+decent linen cloths, which are to be washed every week by the
+Steward's procurement, and the Tutors, or some of the senior
+scholars present, are to ask a blessing on the food, and to return
+thanks. All the scholars at mealtime are required to behave
+themselves decently and gravely, and abstain from loud talking. No
+victuals, platters, cups, &c. may be carried out of the hall,
+unless in case of sickness, and with liberty from one of the
+Tutors. Nor may any scholar go out before thanks are returned. And
+when dinner is over, the waiters are to carry the platters and
+cloths back into the kitchen. And if any one shall offend in
+either of these things, or carry away anything belonging to the
+hall without leave, he shall be fined sixpence."--_Laws of Yale
+Coll._, 1774, p. 19.
+
+From a little work by a graduate at Yale College of the class of
+1821, the accompanying remarks, referring to the system of commons
+as generally understood, are extracted.
+
+"The practice of boarding the students in commons was adopted by
+our colleges, naturally, and perhaps without reflection, from the
+old universities of Europe, and particularly from those of
+England. At first those universities were without buildings,
+either for board or lodging; being merely rendezvous for such as
+wished to pursue study. The students lodged at inns, or at private
+houses, defraying out of their own pockets, and in their own way,
+all charges for board and education. After a while, in consequence
+of the exorbitant demands of landlords, _halls_ were built, and
+common tables furnished, to relieve them from such exactions.
+Colleges, with chambers for study and lodging, were erected for a
+like reason. Being founded, in many cases, by private munificence,
+for the benefit of indigent students, they naturally included in
+their economy both lodging-rooms and board. There was also a
+_police_ reason for the measure. It was thought that the students
+could be better regulated as to their manners and behavior, being
+brought together under the eye of supervisors."
+
+Omitting a few paragraphs, we come to a more particular account of
+some of the jocose scenes which resulted from the commons system
+as once developed at Yale College.
+
+"The Tutors, who were seated at raised tables, could not, with all
+their vigilance, see all that passed, and they winked at much they
+did see. Boiled potatoes, pieces of bread, whole loaves, balls of
+butter, dishes, would be flung back and forth, especially between
+Sophomores and Freshmen; and you were never sure, in raising a cup
+to your lips, that it would not be dashed out of your hands, and
+the contents spilt upon your clothes, by one of these flying
+articles slyly sent at random. Whatever damage was done was
+averaged on our term-bills; and I remember a charge of six hundred
+tumblers, thirty coffee-pots, and I know not how many other
+articles of table furniture, destroyed or carried off in a single
+term. Speaking of tumblers, it may be mentioned as an instance of
+the progress of luxury, even there, that down to about 1815 such a
+thing was not known, the drinking-vessels at dinner being
+capacious pewter mugs, each table being furnished with two. We
+were at one time a good deal incommoded by the diminutive size of
+the milk-pitchers, which were all the while empty and gone for
+more. A waiter mentioned, for our patience, that, when these were
+used up, a larger size would be provided. 'O, if that's the case,
+the remedy is easy.' Accordingly the hint was passed through the
+room, the offending pitchers were slyly placed upon the floor,
+and, as we rose from the tables, were crushed under foot. The next
+morning the new set appeared. One of the classes being tired of
+_lamb, lamb, lamb_, wretchedly cooked, during the season of it,
+expressed their dissatisfaction by entering the hall bleating; no
+notice of which being taken, a day or two after they entered in
+advance of the Tutors, and cleared the tables of it, throwing it
+out of the windows, platters and all, and immediately retired.
+
+"In truth, not much could be said in commendation of our Alma
+Mater's table. A worse diet for sedentary men than that we had
+during the last days of the _old_ hall, now the laboratory, cannot
+be imagined. I will not go into particulars, for I hate to talk
+about food. It was absolutely destructive of health. I know it to
+have ruined, permanently, the health of some, and I have not the
+least doubt of its having occasioned, in certain instances which I
+could specify, incurable debility and premature death."--_Scenes
+and Characters in College_, New Haven, 1847, pp. 113-117.
+
+See INVALID'S TABLE. SLUM.
+
+That the commons at Dartmouth College were at times of a quality
+which would not be called the best, appears from the annexed
+paragraph, written in the year 1774. "He [Eleazer Wheelock,
+President of the College] has had the mortification to lose two
+cows, and the rest were greatly hurt by a contagious distemper, so
+that they _could not have a full supply of milk_; and once the
+pickle leaked out of the beef-barrel, so that the _meat was not
+sweet_. He had also been ill-used with respect to the purchase of
+some wheat, so that they had smutty bread for a while, &c. The
+scholars, on the other hand, say they scarce ever have anything
+but pork and greens, without vinegar, and pork and potatoes; that
+fresh meat comes but very seldom, and that the victuals are very
+badly dressed."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._, pp. 68, 69.
+
+The above account of commons applies generally to the system as it
+was carried out in the other colleges in the United States. In
+almost every college, commons have been abolished, and with them
+have departed the discords, dissatisfactions, and open revolts, of
+which they were so often the cause.
+
+See BEVER.
+
+
+COMMORANTES IN VILLA. Latin; literally, _those abiding in town_.
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the designation of Masters
+of Arts, and others of higher degree, who, residing within the
+precincts of the University, enjoy the privilege of being members
+of the Senate, without keeping their names on the college boards.
+--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+To have a vote in the Senate, the graduate must keep his name on
+the books of some college, or on the list of the _commorantes in
+villâ_.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+
+COMPOSITION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., translating
+English into Greek or Latin is called _composition_.--_Bristed_.
+
+In _composition_ and cram I was yet untried.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+You will have to turn English prose into Greek and Latin prose,
+English verse into Greek Iambic Trimeters, and part of some chorus
+in the Agamemnon into Latin, and possibly also into English verse.
+This is the "_composition_," and is to be done, remember, without
+the help of books or any other assistance.--_Ibid._, p. 68.
+
+The term _Composition_ seems in itself to imply that the
+translation is something more than a translation.--_Ibid._, p.
+185.
+
+Writing a Latin Theme, or original Latin verses, is designated
+_Original Composition_.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+COMPOSUIST. A writer; composer. "This extraordinary word," says
+Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "has been much used at some of
+our colleges, but very seldom elsewhere. It is now rarely heard
+among us. A correspondent observes, that 'it is used in England
+among _musicians_.' I have never met with it in any English
+publications upon the subject of music."
+
+The word is not found, I believe, in any dictionary of the English
+tongue.
+
+
+COMPOUNDER. One at a university who pays extraordinary fees,
+according to his means, for the degree he is to take. A _Grand
+Compounder_ pays double fees. See the _Customs and Laws of Univ.
+of Cam., Eng._, p. 297.
+
+
+CONCIO AD CLERUM. A sermon to the clergy. In the English
+universities, an exercise or Latin sermon, which is required of
+every candidate for the degree of D.D. Used sometimes in America.
+
+In the evening the "_concio ad clerum_" will be preached.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 426.
+
+
+CONDITION. A student on being examined for admission to college,
+if found deficient in certain studies, is admitted on _condition_
+he will make up the deficiency, if it is believed on the whole
+that he is capable of pursuing the studies of the class for which
+he is offered. The branches in which he is deficient are called
+_conditions_.
+
+  Talks of Bacchus and tobacco, short sixes, sines, transitions,
+  And Alma Mater takes him in on ten or twelve _conditions_.
+    _Poem before Y.H. Soc., Harv. Coll._
+
+                          Praying his guardian powers
+  To assist a poor Sub Fresh at the dread Examination,
+  And free from all _conditions_ to insure his first vacation.
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._
+
+
+CONDITION. To admit a student as member of a college, who on being
+examined has been found deficient in some particular, the
+provision of his admission being that he will make up the
+deficiency.
+
+A young man shall come down to college from New Hampshire, with no
+preparation save that of a country winter-school, shall be
+examined and "_conditioned_" in everything, and yet he shall come
+out far ahead of his city Latin-school classmate.--_A Letter to a
+Young Man who has just entered College_, 1849, p. 8.
+
+They find themselves _conditioned_ on the studies of the term, and
+not very generally respected.--_Harvard Mag._, Vol. I. p. 415.
+
+
+CONDUCT. The title of two clergymen appointed to read prayers at
+Eton College, in England.--_Mason. Webster_.
+
+
+CONFESSION. It was formerly the custom in the older American
+colleges, when a student had rendered himself obnoxious to
+punishment, provided the crime was not of an aggravated nature, to
+pardon and restore him to his place in the class, on his
+presenting a confession of his fault, to be read publicly in the
+hall. The Diary of President Leverett, of Harvard College, under
+date of the 20th of March, 1714, contains an interesting account
+of the confession of Larnel, an Indian student belonging to the
+Junior Sophister class, who had been guilty of some offence for
+which he had been dismissed from college.
+
+"He remained," says Mr. Leverett, "a considerable time at Boston,
+in a state of penance. He presented his confession to Mr.
+Pemberton, who thereupon became his intercessor, and in his letter
+to the President expresses himself thus: 'This comes by Larnel,
+who brings a confession as good as Austin's, and I am charitably
+disposed to hope it flows from a like spirit of penitence.' In the
+public reading of his confession, the flowing of his passions was
+extraordinarily timed, and his expressions accented, and most
+peculiarly and emphatically those of the grace of God to him;
+which indeed did give a peculiar grace to the performance itself,
+and raised, I believe, a charity in some that had very little I am
+sure, and ratified wonderfully that which I had conceived of him.
+Having made his public confession, he was restored to his standing
+in the College."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 443,
+444.
+
+
+CONGREGATION. At Oxford, the house of _congregation_ is one of the
+two assemblies in which the business of the University, as such,
+is carried on. In this house the Chancellor, or his vicar the
+Vice-Chancellor, or in his absence one of his four deputies,
+termed Pro-Vice-Chancellors, and the two Proctors, either by
+themselves or their deputies, always preside. The members of this
+body are regents, "either regents '_necessary_' or '_ad
+placitum_,' that is, on the one hand, all doctors and masters of
+arts, during the first year of their degree; and on the other, all
+those who have gone through the year of their necessary regency,
+and which includes all resident doctors, heads of colleges and
+halls, professors and public lecturers, public examiners, masters
+of the schools, or examiners for responsions or 'little go,' deans
+and censors of colleges, and all other M.A.'s during the second
+year of their regency." The business of the house of congregation,
+which may be regarded as the oligarchical body, is chiefly to
+grant degrees, and pass graces and dispensations.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+CONSERVATOR. An officer who has the charge of preserving the
+rights and privileges of a city, corporation, or community, as in
+Roman Catholic universities.--_Webster_.
+
+
+CONSILIUM ABEUNDI. Latin; freely, _the decree of departure_. In
+German universities, the _consilium abeundi_ "consists in
+expulsion out of the district of the court of justice within which
+the university is situated. This punishment lasts a year; after
+the expiration of which, the banished student can renew his
+matriculation."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+33.
+
+
+CONSISTORY COURT. In the University of Cambridge, England, there
+is a _consistory court_ of the Chancellor and of the Commissary.
+"For the former," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "the
+Chancellor, and in his absence the Vice-Chancellor, assisted by
+some of the heads of houses, and one or more doctors of the civil
+law, administers justice desired by any member of the University,
+&c. In the latter, the Commissary acts by authority given him
+under the seal of the Chancellor, as well in the University as at
+Stourbridge and Midsummer fairs, and takes cognizance of all
+offences, &c. The proceedings are the same in both courts."
+
+
+CONSTITUTIONAL. Among students at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., a walk for exercise.
+
+The gallop over Bullington, and the "_constitutional_" up
+Headington.--_Lond. Quart. Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. LXXIII. p. 53.
+
+Instead of boots he [the Cantab] wears easy low-heeled shoes, for
+greater convenience in fence and ditch jumping, and other feats of
+extempore gymnastics which diversify his
+"_constitutionals_".--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 4.
+
+Even the mild walks which are dignified with the name of exercise
+there, how unlike the Cantab's _constitutional_ of eight miles in
+less than two hours.--_Ibid._, p. 45.
+
+Lucky is the man who lives a mile off from his private tutor, or
+has rooms ten minutes' walk from chapel: he is sure of that much
+_constitutional_ daily.--_Ibid._, p. 224.
+
+"_Constitutionals_" of eight miles in less than two hours, varied
+with jumping hedges, ditches, and gates; "pulling" on the river,
+cricket, football, riding twelve miles without drawing bridle,...
+are what he understands by his two hours' exercise.--_Ibid._, p.
+328.
+
+
+CONSTITUTIONALIZING. Walking.
+
+The most usual mode of exercise is walking,--_constitutionalizing_
+is the Cantab for it.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 19.
+
+
+CONVENTION. In the University of Cambridge, England, a court
+consisting of the Master and Fellows of a college, who sit in the
+_Combination Room_, and pass sentence on any young offender
+against the laws of soberness and chastity.--_Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam_.
+
+
+CONVICTOR. Latin, _a familiar acquaintance_. In the University of
+Oxford, those are called _convictores_ who, although not belonging
+to the foundation of any college or hall, have at any time been
+regents, and have constantly kept their names on the books of some
+college or hall, from the time of their admission to the degree of
+M.A., or Doctors in either of the three faculties.--_Oxf. Cal._
+
+
+CONVOCATION. At Oxford, the house of _convocation_ is one of the
+two assemblies in which the business of the University, as such,
+is transacted. It consists both of regents and non-regents, "that
+is, in brief, all masters of arts not 'honorary,' or 'ad eundems'
+from Cambridge or Dublin, and of course graduates of a higher
+order." In this house, the Chancellor, or his vicar the
+Vice-Chancellor, or in his absence one of his four deputies,
+termed Pro-Vice-Chancellors, and the two Proctors, either by
+themselves or their deputies, always preside. The business of this
+assembly--which may be considered as the house of commons,
+excepting that the lords have a vote here equally as in their own
+upper house, i.e. the house of congregation--is unlimited,
+extending to all subjects connected with the well-being of the
+University, including the election of Chancellor, members of
+Parliament, and many of the officers of the University, the
+conferring of extraordinary degrees, and the disposal of the
+University ecclesiastical patronage. It has no initiative power,
+this resting solely with the hebdomadal board, but it can debate,
+and accept or refuse, the measures which originate in that
+board.--_Oxford Guide. Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 223.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, England, an assembly of the Senate
+out of term time is called a _convocation_. In such a case a grace
+is immediately passed to convert the convocation into a
+congregation, after which the business proceeds as usual.--_Cam.
+Cal._
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the house of _convocation_
+consists of the Fellows and Professors, with all persons who have
+received any academic degree whatever in the same, except such as
+may be lawfully deprived of their privileges. Its business is such
+as may from time to time be delegated by the Corporation, from
+which it derives its existence; and is, at present, limited to
+consulting and advising for the good of the College, nominating
+the Junior Fellows, and all candidates for admissions _ad eundem_;
+making laws for its own regulation; proposing plans, measures, or
+counsel to the Corporation; and to instituting, endowing, and
+naming with concurrence of the same, professorships, scholarships,
+prizes, medals, and the like. This and the _Corporation_ compose
+the _Senatus Academicus_.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+COPE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the ermined robe worn
+by a Doctor in the Senate House, on Congregation Day, is called a
+_cope_.
+
+
+COPUS. "Of mighty ale, a large quarte."--_Chaucer_.
+
+The word _copus_ and the beverage itself are both extensively used
+among the _men_ of the University of Cambridge, England. "The
+conjecture," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "is surely
+ridiculous and senseless, that _Copus_ is contracted from
+_Epis_copus, a bishop, 'a mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar.' A
+copus of ale is a common fine at the student's table in hall for
+speaking Latin, or for some similar impropriety."
+
+
+COPY. At Cambridge, Eng., this word is applied exclusively to
+papers of verse composition. It is a public-school term
+transplanted to the University.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+CORK, CALK. In some of the Southern colleges, this word, with a
+derived meaning, signifies a _complete stopper_. Used in the sense
+of an entire failure in reciting; an utter inability to answer an
+instructor's interrogatories.
+
+
+CORPORAL PUNISHMENT. In the older American colleges, corporal
+punishment was formerly sanctioned by law, and several instances
+remain on record which show that its infliction was not of rare
+occurrence.
+
+Among the laws, rules, and scholastic forms established between
+the years 1642 and 1646, by Mr. Dunster, the first President of
+Harvard College, occurs the following: "Siquis scholarium ullam
+Dei et hujus Collegii legem, sive animo perverso, seu ex supinâ
+negligentiâ, violârit, postquam fuerit bis admonitus, si non
+adultus, _virgis coërceatur_, sin adultus, ad Inspectores Collegii
+deferendus erit, ut publicè in eum pro merítis animadversio fiat."
+In the year 1656, this law was strengthened by another, recorded
+by Quincy, in these words: "It is hereby ordered that the
+President and Fellows of Harvard College, for the time being, or
+the major part of them, are hereby empowered, according to their
+best discretion, to punish all misdemeanors of the youth in their
+society, either by fine, or _whipping in the Hall openly_, as the
+nature of the offence shall require, not exceeding ten shillings
+or _ten stripes_ for one offence; and this law to continue in
+force until this Court or the Overseers of the College provide
+some other order to punish such offences."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 578, 513.
+
+A knowledge of the existence of such laws as the above is in some
+measure a preparation for the following relation given by Mr.
+Peirce in his History of Harvard University.
+
+"At the period when Harvard College was founded," says that
+gentleman, "one of the modes of punishment in the great schools of
+England and other parts of Europe was corporal chastisement. It
+was accordingly introduced here, and was, no doubt, frequently put
+in practice. An instance of its infliction, as part of the
+sentence upon an offender, is presented in Judge Sewall's MS.
+Diary, with the particulars of a ceremonial, which was reserved
+probably for special occasions. His account will afford some idea
+of the manners and spirit of the age:--
+
+"'June 15, 1674, Thomas Sargeant was examined by the Corporation
+finally. The advice of Mr. Danforth, Mr. Stoughton, Mr. Thacher,
+Mr. Mather (the present), was taken. This was his sentence:
+
+"'That being convicted of speaking blasphemous words concerning
+the H.G., he should be therefore publickly whipped before all the
+scholars.
+
+"'2. That he should be suspended as to taking his degree of
+Bachelor. (This sentence read before him twice at the President's
+before the Committee and in the Library, before execution.)
+
+"'3. Sit alone by himself in the Hall uncovered at meals, during
+the pleasure of the President and Fellows, and be in all things
+obedient, doing what exercise was appointed him by the President,
+or else be finally expelled the College. The first was presently
+put in execution in the Library (Mr. Danforth, Jr. being present)
+before the scholars. He kneeled down, and the instrument, Goodman
+Hely, attended the President's word as to the performance of his
+part in the work. Prayer was had before and after by the
+President, July 1, 1674.'"
+
+"Men's ideas," continues Mr. Peirce, "must have been very
+different from those of the present day, to have tolerated a law
+authorizing so degrading a treatment of the members of such a
+society. It may easily be imagined what complaints and uneasiness
+its execution must frequently have occasioned among the friends
+and connections of those who were the subjects of it. In one
+instance, it even occasioned the prosecution of a Tutor; but this
+was as late as 1733, when old rudeness had lost much of the
+people's reverence. The law, however, was suffered, with some
+modification, to continue more than a century. In the revised body
+of Laws made in the year 1734, we find this article:
+'Notwithstanding the preceding pecuniary mulcts, it shall be
+lawful for the President, Tutors, and Professors, to punish
+Undergraduates by Boxing, when they shall judge the nature or
+circumstances of the offence call for it.' This relic of
+barbarism, however, was growing more and more repugnant to the
+general taste and sentiment. The late venerable Dr. Holyoke, who
+was of the class of 1746, observed, that in his day 'corporal
+punishment was going out of use'; and at length it was expunged
+from the code, never, we trust, to be recalled from the rubbish of
+past absurdities."--pp. 227, 228.
+
+The last movements which were made in reference to corporal
+punishment are thus stated by President Quincy, in his History of
+Harvard University. "In July, 1755, the Overseers voted, that it
+[the right of boxing] should be 'taken away.' The Corporation,
+however, probably regarded it as too important an instrument of
+authority to be for ever abandoned, and voted, 'that it should be
+suspended, as to the execution of it, for one year.' When this
+vote came before the Overseers for their sanction, the board
+hesitated, and appointed a large committee 'to consider and make
+report what punishments they apprehend proper to be substituted
+instead of boxing, in case it be thought expedient to repeal or
+suspend the law which allows or establishes the same.' From this
+period the law disappeared, and the practice was
+discontinued."--Vol. II. p. 134.
+
+The manner in which corporal punishment was formerly inflicted at
+Yale College is stated by President Woolsey, in his Historical
+Discourse, delivered at New Haven, August, 1850. After speaking of
+the methods of punishing by fines and degradation, he thus
+proceeds to this topic: "There was a still more remarkable
+punishment, as it must strike the men of our times, and which,
+although for some reason or other no traces of it exist in any of
+our laws so far as I have discovered, was in accordance with the
+'good old plan,' pursued probably ever since the origin of
+universities. I refer--'horresco referens'--to the punishment of
+boxing or cuffing. It was applied before the Faculty to the
+luckless offender by the President, towards whom the culprit, in a
+standing position, inclined his head, while blows fell in quick
+succession upon either ear. No one seems to have been served in
+this way except Freshmen and commencing 'Sophimores.'[12] I do not
+find evidence that this usage much survived the first jubilee of
+the College. One of the few known instances of it, which is on
+other accounts remarkable, was as follows. A student in the first
+quarter of his Sophomore year, having committed an offence for
+which he had been boxed when a Freshman, was ordered to be boxed
+again, and to have the additional penalty of acting as butler's
+waiter for one week. On presenting himself, _more academico_, for
+the purpose of having his ears boxed, and while the blow was
+falling, he dodged and fled from the room and the College. The
+beadle was thereupon ordered to try to find him, and to command
+him to keep himself out of College and out of the yard, and to
+appear at prayers the next evening, there to receive further
+orders. He was then publicly admonished and suspended; but in four
+days after submitted to the punishment adjudged, which was
+accordingly inflicted, and upon his public confession his
+suspension was taken off. Such public confessions, now unknown,
+were then exceedingly common."
+
+After referring to the instance mentioned above, in which corporal
+punishment was inflicted at Harvard College, the author speaks as
+follows, in reference to the same subject, as connected with the
+English universities. "The excerpts from the body of Oxford
+statutes, printed in the very year when this College was founded,
+threaten corporal punishment to persons of the proper age,--that
+is, below the age of eighteen,--for a variety of offences; and
+among the rest for disrespect to Seniors, for frequenting places
+where 'vinum aut quivis alius potus aut herba Nicotiana ordinarie
+venditur,' for coming home to their rooms after the great Tom or
+bell of Christ's Church had sounded, and for playing football
+within the University precincts or in the city streets. But the
+statutes of Trinity College, Cambridge, contain more remarkable
+rules, which are in theory still valid, although obsolete in fact.
+All the scholars, it is there said, who are absent from
+prayers,--Bachelors excepted,--if over eighteen years of age,
+'shall be fined a half-penny, but if they have not completed the
+year of their age above mentioned, they shall be chastised with
+rods in the hall on Friday.' At this chastisement all
+undergraduates were required to be lookers on, the Dean having the
+rod of punishment in his hand; and it was provided also, that
+whosoever should not answer to his name on this occasion, if a
+boy, should be flogged on Saturday. No doubt this rigor towards
+the younger members of the society was handed down from the
+monastic forms which education took in the earlier schools of the
+Middle Ages. And an advance in the age of admission, as well as a
+change in the tone of treatment of the young, may account for this
+system being laid aside at the universities; although, as is well
+known, it continues to flourish at the great public schools of
+England."--pp. 49-51.
+
+
+CORPORATION. The general government of colleges and universities
+is usually vested in a corporation aggregate, which is preserved
+by a succession of members. "The President and Fellows of Harvard
+College," says Mr. Quincy in his History of Harvard University,
+"being the only Corporation in the Province, and so continuing
+during the whole of the seventeenth century, they early assumed,
+and had by common usage conceded to them, the name of "_The
+Corporation_," by which they designate themselves in all the early
+records. Their proceedings are recorded as being done 'at a
+meeting of _the Corporation_,' or introduced by the formula, 'It
+is ordered by _the Corporation_,' without stating the number or
+the names of the members present, until April 19th, 1675, when,
+under President Oakes, the names of those present were first
+entered on the records, and afterwards they were frequently,
+though not uniformly, inserted."--Vol. I. p. 274.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Corporation_, on which the
+_House of Convocation_ is wholly dependent, and to which, by law,
+belongs the supreme control of the College, consists of not more
+than twenty-four Trustees, resident within the State of
+Connecticut; the Chancellor and President of the College being _ex
+officio_ members, and the Chancellor being _ex officio_ President
+of the same. They have authority to fill their own vacancies; to
+appoint to offices and professorships; to direct and manage the
+funds for the good of the College; and, in general, to exercise
+the powers of a collegiate society, according to the provisions of
+the charter.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 6.
+
+
+COSTUME. At the English universities there are few objects that
+attract the attention of the stranger more than the various
+academical dresses worn by the members of those institutions. The
+following description of the various costumes assumed in the
+University of Cambridge is taken from "The Cambridge Guide," Ed.
+1845.
+
+"A _Doctor in Divinity_ has three robes: the _first_, a gown made
+of scarlet cloth, with ample sleeves terminating in a point, and
+lined with rose-colored silk, which is worn in public processions,
+and on all state and festival days;--the _second_ is the cope,
+worn at Great St. Mary's during the service on Litany-days, in the
+Divinity Schools during an Act, and at Conciones ad Clerum; it is
+made of scarlet cloth, and completely envelops the person, being
+closed down the front, which is trimmed with an edging of ermine;
+at the back of it is affixed a hood of the same costly fur;--the
+_third_ is a gown made of black silk or poplin, with full, round
+sleeves, and is the habit commonly worn in public by a D.D.;
+Doctors, however, sometimes wear a Master of Arts' gown, with a
+silk scarf. These several dresses are put over a black silk
+cassock, which covers the entire body, around which it is fastened
+by a broad sash, and has sleeves coming down to the wrists, like a
+coat. A handsome scarf of the same materials, which hangs over the
+shoulders, and extends to the feet, is always worn with the
+scarlet and black gowns. A square black cloth cap, with silk
+tassel, completes the costume.
+
+"_Doctors in the Civil Law and in Physic_ have two robes: the
+_first_ is the scarlet gown, as just described, and the _second_,
+or ordinary dress of a D.C.L., is a black silk gown, with a plain
+square collar, the sleeves hanging down square to the feet;--the
+ordinary gown of an M.D. is of the same shape, but trimmed at the
+collar, sleeves, and front with rich black silk lace.
+
+"A _Doctor in Music_ commonly wears the same dress as a D.C.L.;
+but on festival and scarlet-days is arrayed in a gown made of rich
+white damask silk, with sleeves and facings of rose-color, a hood
+of the same, and a round black velvet cap with gold tassel.
+
+"_Bachelors in Divinity_ and _Masters of Arts_ wear a black gown,
+made of bombazine, poplin, or silk. It has sleeves extending to
+the feet, with apertures for the arms just above the elbow, and
+may be distinguished by the shape of the sleeves, which hang down
+square, and are cut out at the bottom like the section of a
+horseshoe.
+
+"_Bachelors in the Civil Law and in Physic_ wear a gown of the
+same shape as that of a Master of Arts.
+
+"All Graduates of the above ranks are entitled to wear a hat,
+instead of the square black cloth cap, with their gowns, and the
+custom of doing so is generally adopted, except by the HEADS,
+_Tutors_, and _University_ and _College Officers_, who consider it
+more correct to appear in the full academical costume.
+
+"A _Bachelor of Arts'_ gown is made of bombazine or poplin, with
+large sleeves terminating in a point, with apertures for the arms,
+just below the shoulder-joint.[13] _Bachelor Fellow-Commoners_
+usually wear silk gowns, and square velvet caps. The caps of other
+Bachelors are of cloth.
+
+"All the above, being _Graduates_, when they use surplices in
+chapel wear over them their _hoods_, which are peculiar to the
+several degrees. The hoods of _Doctors_ are made of scarlet cloth,
+lined with rose-colored silk; those of _Bachelors in Divinity_,
+and _Non-Regent Masters of Arts_, are of black silk; those of
+_Regent Masters of Arts_ and _Bachelors in the Civil Law and in
+Physic_, of black silk lined with white; and those of _Bachelors
+of Arts_, of black serge, trimmed with a border of white
+lamb's-wool.
+
+"The dresses of the _Undergraduates_ are the following:--
+
+"A _Nobleman_ has two gowns: the _first_ in shape like that of the
+Fellow-Commoners, is made of purple Ducape, very richly
+embroidered with gold lace, and is worn in public processions, and
+on festival-days: a square black velvet cap with a very large gold
+tassel is worn with it;--the _second_, or ordinary gown, is made
+of black silk, with full round sleeves, and a hat is worn with it.
+The latter dress is worn also by the Bachelor Fellows of King's
+College.
+
+"A _Fellow-Commoner_ wears a black prince's stuff gown, with a
+square collar, and straight hanging sleeves, which are decorated
+with gold lace; and a square black velvet cap with a gold tassel.
+
+"The Fellow-Commoners of Emmanuel College wear a similar gown,
+with the addition of several gold-lace buttons attached to the
+trimmings on the sleeves;--those of Trinity College have a purple
+prince's stuff gown, adorned with silver lace,[14] and a silver
+tassel is attached to the cap;--at Downing the gown is made of
+black silk, of the same shape, ornamented with tufts and silk
+lace; and a square cap of velvet with a gold tassel is worn. At
+Jesus College, a Bachelor's silk gown is worn, plaited up at the
+sleeve, and with a gold lace from the shoulder to the bend of the
+arm. At Queen's a Bachelor's silk gown, with a velvet cap and gold
+tassel, is worn: the same at Corpus and Magdalene; at the latter
+it is gathered and looped up at the sleeve,--at the former
+(Corpus) it has velvet facings. Married Fellow-Commoners usually
+wear a black silk gown, with full, round sleeves, and a square
+velvet cap with silk tassel.[15]
+
+"The _Pensioner's_ gown and cap are mostly of the same material
+and shape as those of the Bachelor's: the gown differs only in the
+mode of trimming. At Trinity and Caius Colleges the gown is
+purple, with large sleeves, terminating in a point. At St. Peter's
+and Queen's, the gown is precisely the same as that of a Bachelor;
+and at King's, the same, but made of fine black woollen cloth. At
+Corpus Christi is worn a B.A. gown, with black velvet facings. At
+Downing and Trinity Hall the gown is made of black bombazine, with
+large sleeves, looped up at the elbows.[16]
+
+"_Students in the Civil Law and in Physic_, who have kept their
+Acts, wear a full-sleeved gown, and are entitled to use a B.A.
+hood.
+
+"Bachelors of Arts and Undergraduates are obliged by the statutes
+to wear their academical costume constantly in public, under a
+penalty of 6s. 8d. for every omission.[17]
+
+"Very few of the _University Officers_ have distinctive dresses.
+
+"The _Chancellor's_ gown is of black damask silk, very richly
+embroidered with gold. It is worn with a broad, rich lace band,
+and square velvet cap with large gold tassel.
+
+"The _Vice-Chancellor_ dresses merely as a Doctor, except at
+Congregations in the Senate-House, when he wears a cope. When
+proceeding to St. Mary's, or elsewhere, in his official capacity,
+he is preceded by the three Esquire-Bedells with their silver
+maces, which were the gift of Queen Elizabeth.
+
+"The _Regius Professors of the Civil Law and of Physic_, when they
+preside at Acts in the Schools, wear copes, and round black velvet
+caps with gold tassels.
+
+"The _Proctors_ are not distinguishable from other Masters of
+Arts, except at St. Mary's Church and at Congregations, when they
+wear cassocks and black silk ruffs, and carry the Statutes of the
+University, being attended by two servants, dressed in large blue
+cloaks, ornamented with gold-lace buttons.
+
+"The _Yeoman-Bedell_, in processions, precedes the
+Esquire-Bedells, carrying an ebony mace, tipped with silver; his
+gown, as well as those of the _Marshal_ and _School-Keeper_, is
+made of black prince's stuff, with square collar, and square
+hanging sleeves."--pp. 28-33.
+
+At the University of Oxford, Eng., the costume of the Graduates is
+as follows:--
+
+"The Doctor in Divinity has three dresses: the first consists of a
+gown of scarlet cloth, with black velvet sleeves and facings, a
+cassock, sash, and scarf. This dress is worn on all public
+occasions in the Theatre, in public processions, and on those
+Sundays and holidays marked (*) in the _Oxford Calendar_. The
+second is a habit of scarlet cloth, and a hood of the same color
+lined with black, and a black silk scarf: the Master of Arts' gown
+is worn under this dress, the sleeves appearing through the
+arm-holes of the habit. This is the dress of business; it is used
+in Convocation, Congregation, at Morning Sermons at St. Mary's
+during the term, and at Afternoon Sermons at St. Peter's during
+Lent, with the exception of the Morning Sermon on Quinquagesima
+Sunday, and the Morning Sermons in Lent. The third, which is the
+usual dress in which a Doctor of Divinity appears, is a Master of
+Arts' gown, with cassock, sash, and scarf. The Vice-Chancellor and
+Heads of Colleges and Halls have no distinguishing dress, but
+appear on all occasions as Doctors in the faculty to which they
+belong.
+
+"The dresses worn by Graduates in Law and Physic are nearly the
+same. The Doctor has three. The first is a gown of scarlet cloth,
+with sleeves and facings of pink silk, and a round black velvet
+cap. This is the dress of state. The second consists of a habit
+and hood of scarlet cloth, the habit faced and the hood lined with
+pink silk. This habit, which is perfectly analogous to the second
+dress of the Doctor in Divinity, has lately grown into disuse; it
+is, however, retained by the Professors, and is always used in
+presenting to Degrees. The third or common dress of a Doctor in
+Law or Physic nearly resembles that of the Bachelor in these
+faculties; it is a black silk gown richly ornamented with black
+lace; the hood of the Bachelor of Laws (worn as a dress) is of
+purple silk, lined with white fur.
+
+"The dress worn by the Doctor of Music on public occasions is a
+rich white damask silk gown, with sleeves and facings of crimson
+satin, a hood of the same material, and a round black velvet cap.
+The usual dresses of the Doctor and of the Bachelor in Music are
+nearly the same as those of Law and Physic.
+
+"The Master of Arts wears a black gown, usually made of prince's
+stuff or crape, with long sleeves which are remarkable for the
+circular cut at the bottom. The arm comes through an aperture in
+the sleeve, which hangs down. The hood of a Master of Arts is
+black silk lined with crimson.
+
+"The gown of a Bachelor of Arts is also usually made of prince's
+stuff or crape. It has a full sleeve, looped up at the elbow, and
+terminating in a point; the dress hood is black, trimmed with
+white fur. In Lent, at the time of _determining_ in the Schools, a
+strip of lamb's-wool is worn in addition to the hood. Noblemen and
+Gentlemen-Commoners, who take the Degrees of Bachelor and Master
+of Arts, wear their gowns of silk."
+
+The costume of the Undergraduates is thus described:--
+
+"The Nobleman has two dresses; the first, which is worn in the
+Theatre, in processions, and on all public occasions, is a gown of
+purple damask silk, richly ornamented with gold lace. The second
+is a black silk gown, with full sleeves; it has a tippet attached
+to the shoulders. With both these dresses is worn a square cap of
+black velvet, with a gold tassel.
+
+"The Gentleman-Commoner has two gowns, _both of black silk_; the
+first, which is considered as a dress gown, although worn on all
+occasions, at pleasure, is richly ornamented with tassels. The
+second, or undress gown, is ornamented with plaits at the sleeves.
+A square black velvet cap with a silk tassel, is worn with both.
+
+"The dress of Commoners is a gown of black prince's stuff, without
+sleeves; from each shoulder is appended a broad strip, which
+reaches to the bottom of the dress, and towards the top is
+gathered into plaits. Square cap of black cloth and silk tassel.
+
+"The student in Civil Law, or Civilian, wears a plain black silk
+gown, and square cloth cap, with silk tassel.
+
+"Scholars and Demies of Magdalene, and students of Christ Church
+who have not taken a degree, wear a plain black gown of prince's
+stuff, with round, full sleeves half the length of the gown, and a
+square black cap, with silk tassel.
+
+"The dress of the Servitor is the same as that of the Commoner,
+but it has no plaits at the shoulder, and the cap is without a
+tassel."
+
+The costume of those among the University Officers who are
+distinguished by their dress, may be thus noted:--
+
+"The dress of the Chancellor is of black damask silk, richly
+ornamented with gold embroidery, a rich lace band, and square
+velvet cap, with a large gold tassel.
+
+"The Proctors wear gowns of prince's stuff, the sleeves and
+facings of black velvet; to the left shoulder is affixed a small
+tippet. To this is added, as a dress, a large ermine hood.
+
+"The Pro-Proctor wears a Master of Arts' gown, faced with velvet,
+with a tippet attached to the left shoulder."
+
+The Collectors wear the same dress as the Proctors, with the
+exception of the hood and tippet.
+
+The Esquire Bedels wear silk gowns, similar to those of Bachelors
+of Law, and round velvet caps. The Yeoman Bedels have black stuff
+gowns, and round silk caps.
+
+The dress of the Verger is nearly the same as that of the Yeoman
+Bedel.
+
+"Bands at the neck are considered as necessary appendages to the
+academic dress, particularly on all public occasions."--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+See DRESS.
+
+
+COURTS. At the English universities, the squares or acres into
+which each college is divided. Called also quadrangles,
+abbreviated quads.
+
+All the colleges are constructed in quadrangles or _courts_; and,
+as in course of years the population of every college, except
+one,[18] has outgrown the original quadrangle, new courts have
+been added, so that the larger foundations have three, and one[19]
+has four courts.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 2.
+
+
+CRACKLING. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., in common
+parlance, the three stripes of velvet which a member of St. John's
+College wears on his sleeve, are designated by this name.
+
+Various other gowns are to be discerned, the Pembroke looped at
+the sleeve, the Christ's and Catherine curiously crimped in front,
+and the Johnian with its unmistakable "_Crackling_"--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 73.
+
+
+CRAM. To prepare a student to pass an examination; to study in
+view of examination. In the latter sense used in American
+colleges.
+
+In the latter [Euclid] it is hardly possible, at least not near so
+easy as in Logic, to present the semblance of preparation by
+learning questions and answers by rote:--in the cant phrase of
+undergraduates, by getting _crammed_.--_Whalely's Logic, Preface_.
+
+  For many weeks he "_crams_" him,--daily does he rehearse.
+    _Poem before the Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+A class of men arose whose business was to _cram_ the candidates.
+--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 246.
+
+In a wider sense, to prepare another, or one's self, by study, for
+any occasion.
+
+The members of the bar were lounging about that tabooed precinct,
+some smoking, some talking and laughing, some poring over long,
+ill-written papers or large calf-bound books, and all big with the
+ponderous interests depending upon them, and the eloquence and
+learning with which they were "_crammed_" for the
+occasion.--_Talbot and Vernon_.
+
+When he was to write, it was necessary to _cram_ him with the
+facts and points.--_F.K. Hunt's Fourth Estate_, 1850.
+
+
+CRAM. All miscellaneous information about Ancient History,
+Geography, Antiquities, Law, &c.; all classical matter not
+included under the heads of TRANSLATION and COMPOSITION, which can
+be learned by CRAMMING. Peculiar to the English
+Universities.--_Bristed_.
+
+2. The same as CRAMMING, which see.
+
+I have made him promise to give me four or five evenings of about
+half an hour's _cram_ each.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 240.
+
+It is not necessary to practise "_cram_" so outrageously as at
+some of the college examinations.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed.,
+Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+3. A paper on which is written something necessary to be learned,
+previous to an examination.
+
+"Take care what you light your cigars with," said Belton, "you'll
+be burning some of Tufton's _crams_: they are stuck all about the
+pictures."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 223.
+
+He puzzled himself with his _crams_ he had in his pocket, and
+copied what he did not understand.--_Ibid._, p. 279.
+
+
+CRAMBAMBULI. A favorite drink among the students in the German
+universities, composed of burnt rum and sugar.
+
+  _Crambambuli_, das ist der Titel
+    Des Tranks, der sich bei uns bewährt.
+    _Drinking song_.
+
+To the next! let's have the _crambambuli_ first, however.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 117.
+
+
+CRAM BOOK. A book in which are laid down such topics as constitute
+an examination, together with the requisite answers to the
+questions proposed on that occasion.
+
+He in consequence engages a private tutor, and buys all the _cram
+books_ published for the occasion.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 128.
+
+
+CRAMINATION. A farcical word, signifying the same as _cramming_;
+the termination _tion_ being suffixed for the sake of mock
+dignity.
+
+The ---- scholarship is awarded to the student in each Senior
+Class who attends most to _cramination_ on the College
+course.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+CRAM MAN. One who is cramming for an examination.
+
+He has read all the black-lettered divinity in the Bodleian, and
+says that none of the _cram men_ shall have a chance with
+him.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 274.
+
+
+CRAMMER. One who prepares another for an examination.
+
+The qualifications of a _crammer_ are given in the following
+extract from the Collegian's Guide.
+
+"The first point, therefore, in which a crammer differs from other
+tutors, is in the selection of subjects. While another tutor would
+teach every part of the books given up, he virtually reduces their
+quantity, dwelling chiefly on the 'likely parts.'
+
+"The second point in which a crammer excels is in fixing the
+attention, and reducing subjects to the comprehension of
+ill-formed and undisciplined minds.
+
+"The third qualification of a crammer is a happy manner and
+address, to encourage the desponding, to animate the idle, and to
+make the exertions of the pupil continually increase in such a
+ratio, that he shall be wound up to concert pitch by the day of
+entering the schools."--pp. 231, 232.
+
+
+CRAMMING. A cant term, in the British universities, for the act of
+preparing a student to pass an examination, by going over the
+topics with him beforehand, and furnishing him with the requisite
+answers.--_Webster_.
+
+The author of the Collegian's Guide, speaking of examinations,
+says: "First, we must observe that all examinations imply the
+existence of examiners, and examiners, like other mortal beings,
+lie open to the frauds of designing men, through the uniformity
+and sameness of their proceedings. This uniformity inventive men
+have analyzed and reduced to a system, founding thereon a certain
+science, and corresponding art, called _Cramming_."--p. 229.
+
+The power of "_cramming_"--of filling the mind with knowledge
+hastily acquired for a particular occasion, and to be forgotten
+when that occasion is past--is a power not to be despised, and of
+much use in the world, especially at the bar.--_Westminster Rev._,
+Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+I shall never forget the torment I suffered in _cramming_ long
+lessons in Greek Grammar.--_Dickens's Household Words_, Vol. I. p.
+192.
+
+
+CRAM PAPER. A paper in which are inserted such questions as are
+generally asked at an examination. The manner in which these
+questions are obtained is explained in the following extract.
+"Every pupil, after his examination, comes to thank him as a
+matter of course; and as every man, you know, is loquacious enough
+on such occasions, Tufton gets out of him all the questions he was
+asked in the schools; and according to these questions, he has
+moulded his _cram papers_."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 239.
+
+We should be puzzled to find any questions more absurd and
+unreasonable than those in the _cram papers_ in the college
+examination.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+
+CRIB. Probably a translation; a pony.
+
+Of the "Odes and Epodes of Horace, translated literally and
+rhythmically" by W. Sewell, of Oxford, the editor of the Literary
+World remarks: "Useful as a '_crib_,' it is also poetical."--Vol.
+VIII. p. 28.
+
+
+CROW'S-FOOT. At Harvard College a badge formerly worn on the
+sleeve, resembling a crow's foot, to denote the class to which a
+student belongs. In the regulations passed April 29, 1822, for
+establishing the style of dress among the students at Harvard
+College, we find the following. A part of the dress shall be
+"three crow's-feet, made of black silk cord, on the lower part of
+the sleeve of a Senior, two on that of a Junior, and one on that
+of a Sophomore." The Freshmen were not allowed to wear the
+crow's-foot, and the custom is now discontinued, although an
+unsuccessful attempt was made to revive it a few years ago.
+
+The Freshman scampers off at the first bell for the chapel, where,
+finding no brother student of a higher class to encourage his
+punctuality, he crawls back to watch the starting of some one
+blessed with a _crow's-foot_, to act as vanguard.--_Harv. Reg._,
+p. 377.
+
+  The corded _crow's-feet_, and the collar square,
+  The change and chance of earthly lot must share.
+    _Class Poem at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 18.
+
+  What if the creature should arise,--
+    For he was stout and tall,--
+  And swallow down a Sophomore,
+    Coat, _crow's-foot_, cap, and all.
+    _Holmes's Poems_, 1850, p. 109.
+
+
+CUE, KUE, Q. A small portion of bread or beer; a term formerly
+current in both the English universities, the letter q being the
+mark in the buttery books to denote such a piece. Q would seem to
+stand for _quadrans_, a farthing; but Minsheu says it was only
+half that sum, and thus particularly explains it: "Because they
+set down in the battling or butterie bookes in Oxford and
+Cambridge, the letter q for half a farthing; and in Oxford when
+they make that cue or q a farthing, they say, _cap my q_, and make
+it a farthing, thus, [Symbol: small q with a line over]. But in
+Cambridge they use this letter, a little f; thus, f, or thus, s,
+for a farthing." He translates it in Latin _calculus panis_. Coles
+has, "A _cue_ [half a farthing] minutum."--_Nares's Glossary_.
+
+"A cue of bread," says Halliwell, "is the fourth part of a
+half-penny crust. A cue of beer, one draught."
+
+J. Woods, under-butler of Christ Church, Oxon, said he would never
+sitt capping of _cues_.--_Urry's MS._ add. to Ray.
+
+You are still at Cambridge with size _kue_.--_Orig. of Dr._, III.
+p. 271.
+
+He never drank above size _q_ of Helicon.--_Eachard, Contempt of
+Cl._, p. 26.
+
+"_Cues_ and _cees_," says Nares, "are generally mentioned
+together, the _cee_ meaning a small measure of beer; but why, is
+not equally explained." From certain passages in which they are
+used interchangeably, the terms do not seem to have been well
+defined.
+
+Hee [the college butler] domineers over freshmen, when they first
+come to the hatch, and puzzles them with strange language of
+_cues_ and _cees_, and some broken Latin, which he has learnt at
+his bin.--_Earle's Micro-cosmographie_, (1628,) Char. 17.
+
+The word _cue_ was formerly used at Harvard College. Dr. Holyoke,
+who graduated in 1746, says, the "breakfast was two sizings of
+bread and a _cue_ of beer." Judge Wingate, who graduated thirteen
+years after, says: "We were allowed at dinner a _cue_ of beer,
+which was a half-pint."
+
+It is amusing to see, term after term, and year after year, the
+formal votes, passed by this venerable body of seven ruling and
+teaching elders, regulating the price at which a _cue_ (a
+half-pint) of cider, or a _sizing_ (ration) of bread, or beef,
+might be sold to the student by the butler.--_Eliot's Sketch of
+Hist. Harv. Coll._, p. 70.
+
+
+CUP. Among the English Cantabs, "an odious mixture ... compounded
+of spice and cider."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+239.
+
+
+CURL. In the University of Virginia, to make a perfect recitation;
+to overwhelm a Professor with student learning.
+
+
+CUT. To be absent from; to neglect. Thus, a person is said to
+"_cut_ prayers," to "_cut_ lecture," &c. Also, to "_cut_ Greek" or
+"Latin"; i.e. to be absent from the Greek or Latin recitation.
+Another use of the word is, when one says, "I _cut_ Dr. B----, or
+Prof. C----, this morning," meaning that he was absent from their
+exercises.
+
+Prepare to _cut_ recitations, _cut_ prayers, _cut_ lectures,--ay,
+to _cut_ even the President himself.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O.
+of O.F._ 1848.
+
+Next morn he _cuts_ his maiden prayer, to his last night's text
+abiding.--_Poem before Y.H. of Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+  As soon as we were Seniors,
+    We _cut_ the morning prayers,
+  We showed the Freshmen to the door,
+    And helped them down the stairs.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 15, 1854.
+
+We speak not of individuals but of majorities, not of him whose
+ambition is to "_cut_" prayers and recitations so far as possible.
+--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 15.
+
+The two rudimentary lectures which he was at first forced to
+attend, are now pressed less earnestly upon his notice. In fact,
+he can almost entirely "_cut_" them, if he likes, and does _cut_
+them accordingly, as a waste of time,--_Household Words_, Vol. II.
+p. 160.
+
+_To cut dead_, in student use, to neglect entirely.
+
+I _cut_ the Algebra and Trigonometry papers _dead_ my first year,
+and came out seventh.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 51.
+
+This word is much used in the University of Cambridge, England, as
+appears from the following extract from a letter in the
+Gentleman's Magazine, written with reference to some of the
+customs there observed:--"I remarked, also, that they frequently
+used the words _to cut_, and to sport, in senses to me totally
+unintelligible. A man had been cut in chapel, cut at afternoon
+lectures, cut in his tutor's rooms, cut at a concert, cut at a
+ball, &c. Soon, however, I was told of men, _vice versa_, who cut
+a figure, _cut_ chapel, _cut_ gates, _cut_ lectures, _cut_ hall,
+_cut_ examinations, cut particular connections; nay, more, I was
+informed of some who _cut_ their tutors!"--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p.
+1085.
+
+The instances in which the verb _to cut_ is used in the above
+extract without Italics, are now very common both in England and
+America.
+
+_To cut Gates_. To enter college after ten o'clock,--the hour of
+shutting them.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 40.
+
+
+CUT. An omission of a recitation. This phrase is frequently heard:
+"We had a cut to-day in Greek," i.e. no recitation in Greek.
+Again, "Prof. D---- gave us a cut," i.e. he had no recitation. A
+correspondent from Bowdoin College gives, in the following
+sentence, the manner in which this word is there used:--"_Cuts_.
+When a class for any reason become dissatisfied with one of the
+Faculty, they absent themselves from his recitation, as an
+expression of their feelings"
+
+
+
+_D_.
+
+
+D.C.L. An abbreviation for _Doctor Civilis Legis_, Doctor in Civil
+Law. At the University of Oxford, England, this degree is
+conferred four years after receiving the degree of B.C.L. The
+exercises are three lectures. In the University of Cambridge,
+England, a D.C.L. must be a B.C.L. of five years' standing, or an
+M.A. of seven years' standing, and must have kept two acts.
+
+
+D.D. An abbreviation of _Divinitatis Doctor_, Doctor in Divinity.
+At the University of Cambridge, England, this degree is conferred
+on a B.D. of five, or an M.A. of twelve years' standing. The
+exercises are one act, two opponencies, a clerum, and an English
+sermon. At Oxford it is given to a B.D. of four, or a regent M.A.
+of eleven years' standing. The exercises are three lectures. In
+American colleges this degree is honorary, and is conferred _pro
+meritis_ on those who are distinguished as theologians.
+
+
+DEAD. To be unable to recite; to be ignorant of the lesson; to
+declare one's self unprepared to recite.
+
+Be ready, in fine, to cut, to drink, to smoke, to
+_dead_.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+I see our whole lodge desperately striving to _dead_, by doing
+that hardest of all work, nothing.--_Ibid._, 1849.
+
+_Transitively_; to cause one to fail in reciting. Said of a
+teacher who puzzles a scholar with difficult questions, and
+thereby causes him to fail.
+
+  Have I been screwed, yea, _deaded_ morn and eve,
+  Some dozen moons of this collegiate life,
+  And not yet taught me to philosophize?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 255.
+
+
+DEAD. A complete failure; a declaration that one is not prepared
+to recite.
+
+One must stand up in the singleness of his ignorance to understand
+all the mysterious feelings connected with a _dead_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 378.
+
+  And fearful of the morrow's screw or _dead_,
+  Takes book and candle underneath his bed.
+    _Class Poem, by B.D. Winslow, at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 10.
+
+  He, unmoved by Freshman's curses,
+  Loves the _deads_ which Freshmen make.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+  But oh! what aching heads had they!
+  What _deads_ they perpetrated the succeeding day.--_Ibid._
+
+It was formerly customary in many colleges, and is now in a few,
+to talk about "taking a dead."
+
+  I have a most instinctive dread
+  Of getting up to _take a dead_,
+    Unworthy degradation!--_Harv. Reg._, p. 312.
+
+
+DEAD-SET. The same as a DEAD, which see.
+
+  Now's the day and now's the hour;
+  See approach Old Sikes's power;
+  See the front of Logic lower;
+    Screws, _dead-sets_, and fines.--_Rebelliad_, p. 52.
+
+Grose has this word in his Slang Dictionary, and defines it "a
+concerted scheme to defraud a person by gaming." "This phrase,"
+says Bartlett, in his Dictionary of Americanisms, "seems to be
+taken from the lifeless attitude of a pointer in marking his
+game."
+
+"The lifeless attitude" seems to be the only point of resemblance
+between the above definitions, and the appearance of one who is
+_taking a dead set_. The word has of late years been displaced by
+the more general use of the word _dead_, with the same meaning.
+
+The phrase _to be at a dead-set_, implying a fixed state or
+condition which precludes further progress, is in general use.
+
+
+DEAN. An officer in each college of the universities in England,
+whose duties consist in the due preservation of the college
+discipline.
+
+"Old Holingshed," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "in his
+Chronicles, describing Cambridge, speaks of 'certain censors, or
+_deanes_, appointed to looke to the behaviour and manner of the
+Students there, whom they punish _very severely_, if they make any
+default, according to the quantitye and qualitye of their
+trespasses.' When _flagellation_ was enforced at the universities,
+the Deans were the ministers of vengeance."
+
+At the present time, a person applying for admission to a college
+in the University of Cambridge, Eng., is examined by the Dean and
+the Head Lecturer. "The Dean is the presiding officer in chapel,
+and the only one whose presence there is indispensable. He
+oversees the markers' lists, pulls up the absentees, and receives
+their excuses. This office is no sinecure in a large college." At
+Oxford "the discipline of a college is administered by its head,
+and by an officer usually called Dean, though, in some colleges,
+known by other names."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 12, 16. _Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 223.
+
+In the older American colleges, whipping and cuffing were
+inflicted by a tutor, professor, or president; the latter,
+however, usually employed an agent for this purpose.
+
+See under CORPORAL PUNISHMENT.
+
+2. In the United States, a registrar of the faculty in some
+colleges, and especially in medical institutions.--_Webster_.
+
+A _dean_ may also be appointed by the Faculty of each Professional
+School, if deemed expedient by the Corporation.--_Laws Univ. at
+Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 8.
+
+3. The head or president of a college.
+
+You rarely find yourself in a shop, or other place of public
+resort, with a Christ-Church-man, but he takes occasion, if young
+and frivolous, to talk loudly of the _Dean_, as an indirect
+expression of his own connection with this splendid college; the
+title of _Dean_ being exclusively attached to the headship of
+Christ Church.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 245.
+
+
+DEAN OF CONVOCATION. At Trinity College, Hartford, this officer
+presides in the _House of Convocation_, and is elected by the
+same, biennially.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 7.
+
+
+DEAN'S BOUNTY. In 1730, the Rev. Dr. George Berkeley, then Dean of
+Derry, in Ireland, came to America, and resided a year or two at
+Newport, Rhode Island, "where," says Clap, in his History of Yale
+College, "he purchased a country seat, with about ninety-six acres
+of land." On his return to London, in 1733, he sent a deed of his
+farm in Rhode Island to Yale College, in which it was ordered,
+"that the rents of the farm should be appropriated to the
+maintenance of the three best scholars in Greek and Latin, who
+should reside at College at least nine months in a year, in each
+of the three years between their first and second degrees."
+President Clap further remarks, that "this premium has been a
+great incitement to a laudable ambition to excel in the knowledge
+of the classics." It was commonly known as the _Dean's
+bounty_.--_Clap's Hist. of Yale Coll._, pp. 37, 38.
+
+The Dean afterwards conveyed to it [Yale College], by a deed
+transmitted to Dr. Johnson, his Rhode Island farm, for the
+establishment of that _Dean's bounty_, to which sound classical
+learning in Connecticut has been much indebted.--_Hist. Sketch of
+Columbia Coll._, p. 19.
+
+
+DEAN SCHOLAR. The person who received the money appropriated by
+Dean Berkeley was called the _Dean scholar_.
+
+This premium was formerly called the Dean's bounty, and the person
+who received it the _Dean scholar_.--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p.
+87.
+
+
+DECENT. Tolerable; pretty good. He is a _decent_ scholar; a
+_decent_ writer; he is nothing more than _decent_. "This word,"
+says Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "has been in common use at
+some of our colleges, but only in the language of conversation.
+The adverb _decently_ (and possibly the adjective also) is
+sometimes used in a similar manner in some parts of Great
+Britain."
+
+The greater part of the pieces it contains may be said to be very
+_decently_ written.--_Edinb. Rev._, Vol. I. p. 426.
+
+
+DECLAMATION. The word is applied especially to the public speaking
+and speeches of students in colleges, practised for exercises in
+oratory.--_Webster_.
+
+It would appear by the following extract from the old laws of
+Harvard College, that original declamations were formerly required
+of the students. "The Undergraduates shall in their course declaim
+publicly in the hall, in one of the three learned languages; and
+in no other without leave or direction from the President, and
+immediately give up their declamations fairly written to the
+President. And he that neglects this exercise shall be punished by
+the President or Tutor that calls over the weekly bill, not
+exceeding five shillings. And such delinquent shall within one
+week after give in to the President a written declamation
+subscribed by himself."--_Laws 1734, in Peirce's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, App., p. 129.
+
+2. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an essay upon a given
+subject, written in view of a prize, and publicly recited in the
+chapel of the college to which the writer belongs.
+
+
+DECLAMATION BOARDS. At Bowdoin College, small establishments in
+the rear of each building, for urinary purposes.
+
+
+DEDUCTION. In some of the American colleges, one of the minor
+punishments for non-conformity with laws and regulations is
+deducting from the marks which a student receives for recitations
+and other exercises, and by which his standing in the class is
+determined.
+
+Soften down the intense feeling with which he relates heroic
+Rapid's _deductions_.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 267.
+
+2. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an original proposition
+in geometry.
+
+"How much Euclid did you do? Fifteen?"
+
+"No, fourteen; one of them was a _deduction_."--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 75.
+
+With a mathematical tutor, the hour of tuition is a sort of
+familiar examination, working out examples, _deductions_,
+&c.--_Ibid._, pp. 18, 19.
+
+
+DEGRADATION. In the older American colleges, it was formerly
+customary to arrange the members of each class in an order
+determined by the rank of the parent. "Degradation consisted in
+placing a student on the list, in consequence of some offence,
+below the level to which his father's condition would assign him;
+and thus declared that he had disgraced his family."
+
+In the Immediate Government Book, No. IV., of Harvard College,
+date July 20th, 1776, is the following entry: "Voted, that
+Trumbal, a Middle Bachelor, who was degraded to the bottom of his
+class for his misdemeanors when an undergraduate, having presented
+an humble confession of his faults, with a petition to be restored
+to his place in the class in the Catalogue now printing, be
+restored agreeable to his request." The Triennial Catalogue for
+that year was the first in which the names of the students
+appeared in an alphabetical order. The class of 1773 was the first
+in which the change was made.
+
+"The punishment of degradation," says President Woolsey, in his
+Historical Discourse before the Graduates of Yale College, "laid
+aside not very long before the beginning of the Revolutionary war,
+was still more characteristic of the times. It was a method of
+acting upon the aristocratic feelings of family; and we at this
+day can hardly conceive to what extent the social distinctions
+were then acknowledged and cherished. In the manuscript laws of
+the infant College, we find the following regulation, which was
+borrowed from an early ordinance of Harvard under President
+Dunster. 'Every student shall be called by his surname, except he
+be the son of a nobleman, or a knight's eldest son.' I know not
+whether such a 'rara avis in terris' ever received the honors of
+the College; but a kind of colonial, untitled aristocracy grew up,
+composed of the families of chief magistrates, and of other
+civilians and ministers. In the second year of college life,
+precedency according to the aristocratic scale was determined, and
+the arrangement of names on the class roll was in accordance. This
+appears on our Triennial Catalogue until 1768, when the minds of
+men began to be imbued with the notion of equality. Thus, for
+instance, Gurdon Saltonstall, son of the Governor of that name,
+and descendant of Sir Richard, the first emigrant of the family,
+heads the class of 1725, and names of the same stock begin the
+lists of 1752 and 1756. It must have been a pretty delicate matter
+to decide precedence in a multitude of cases, as in that of the
+sons of members of the Council or of ministers, to which class
+many of the scholars belonged. The story used to circulate, as I
+dare say many of the older graduates remember, that a shoemaker's
+son, being questioned as to the quality of his father, replied,
+that _he was upon the bench_, which gave him, of course, a high
+place."--pp. 48, 49.
+
+See under PLACE.
+
+
+DEGRADE. At the English universities to go back a year.
+
+"'_Degrading_,' or going back a year," says Bristed, "is not
+allowed except in case of illness (proved by a doctor's
+certificate). A man _degrading_ for any other reason cannot go out
+afterwards in honors."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+98.
+
+I could choose the year below without formally
+_degrading_.--_Ibid._, p. 157.
+
+
+DEGREE. A mark of distinction conferred on students, as a
+testimony of their proficiency in arts and sciences; giving them a
+kind of rank, and entitling them to certain privileges. This is
+usually evidenced by a diploma. Degrees are conferred _pro
+meritis_ on the alumni of a college; or they are honorary tokens
+of respect, conferred on strangers of distinguished reputation.
+The _first degree_ is that of _Bachelor of Arts_; the _second_,
+that _of Master of Arts_. Honorary degrees are those of _Doctor of
+Divinity_, _Doctor of Laws_, &c. Physicians, also, receive the
+degree of _Doctor of Medicine_.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DEGREE EXAMINATION. At the English universities, the final
+university examination, which must be passed before the B.A.
+degree is conferred.
+
+The Classical Tripos is generally spoken of as _the_ Tripos, the
+Mathematical one as _the Degree Examination_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 170.
+
+
+DELTA. A piece of land in Cambridge, which belongs to Harvard
+College, where the students kick football, and play at cricket,
+and other games. The shape of the land is that of the Greek
+Delta, whence its name.
+
+What was unmeetest of all, timid strangers as we were, it was
+expected on the first Monday eventide after our arrival, that we
+should assemble on a neighboring green, the _Delta_, since devoted
+to the purposes of a gymnasium, there to engage in a furious
+contest with those enemies, the Sophs, at kicking football and
+shins.--_A Tour through College_, 1823-1827, p. 13.
+
+Where are the royal cricket-matches of old, the great games of
+football, when the obtaining of victory was a point of honor, and
+crowds assembled on the _Delta_ to witness the all-absorbing
+contest?--_Harvardiana_, Vol. I. p. 107.
+
+I must have another pair of pantaloons soon, for I have burst the
+knees of two, in kicking football on the _Delta_.--_Ibid._, Vol.
+III. p. 77.
+
+  The _Delta_ can tell of the deeds we've done,
+  The fierce-fought fields we've lost and won,
+    The shins we've cracked,
+    And noses we've whacked,
+  The eyes we've blacked, and all in fun.
+    _Class Poem, 1849, Harv. Coll._
+
+A plat at Bowdoin College, of this shape, and used for similar
+purposes, is known by the same name.
+
+
+DEMI, DEMY. The name of a scholar at Magdalene College, Oxford,
+where there are thirty _demies_ or half-fellows, as it were, who,
+like scholars in other colleges, succeed to
+fellowships.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+DEN. One of the buildings formerly attached to Harvard College,
+which was taken down in the year 1846, was for more than a
+half-century known by the name of the _Den_. It was occupied by
+students during the greater part of that period, although it was
+originally built for private use. In later years, from its
+appearance, both externally and internally, it fully merited its
+cognomen; but this is supposed to have originated from the
+following incident, which occurred within its walls about the year
+1770, the time when it was built. The north portion of the house
+was occupied by Mr. Wiswal (to whom it belonged) and his family.
+His wife, who was then ill, and, as it afterwards proved, fatally,
+was attended by a woman who did not bear a very good character, to
+whom Mr. Wiswal seemed to be more attentive than was consistent
+with the character of a true and loving husband. About six weeks
+after Mrs. Wiswal's death, Mr. Wiswal espoused the nurse, which,
+circumstance gave great offence to the good people of Cambridge,
+and was the cause of much scandal among the gossips. One Sunday,
+not long after this second marriage, Mr. Wiswal having gone to
+church, his wife, who did not accompany him, began an examination
+of her predecessor's wardrobe and possessions, with the intention,
+as was supposed, of appropriating to herself whatever had been
+left by the former Mrs. Wiswal to her children. On his return from
+church, Mr. Wiswal, missing his wife, after searching for some
+time, found her at last in the kitchen, convulsively clutching the
+dresser, her eyes staring wildly, she herself being unable to
+speak. In this state of insensibility she remained until her
+decease, which occurred shortly after. Although it was evident
+that she had been seized with convulsions, and that these were the
+cause of her death, the old women were careful to promulgate, and
+their daughters to transmit the story, that the Devil had appeared
+to her _in propria persona_, and shaken her in pieces, as a
+punishment for her crimes. The building was purchased by Harvard
+College in the year 1774.
+
+In the Federal Orrery, March 26, 1795, is an article dated
+_Wiswal-Den_, Cambridge, which title it also bore, from the name
+of its former occupant.
+
+In his address spoken at the Harvard Alumni Festival, July 22,
+1852, Hon. Edward Everett, with reference to this mysterious
+building as it appeared in the year 1807, said:--
+
+"A little further to the north, and just at the corner of Church
+Street (which was not then opened), stood what was dignified in
+the annual College Catalogue--(which was printed on one side of a
+sheet of paper, and was a novelty)--as 'the College House.' The
+cellar is still visible. By the students, this edifice was
+disrespectfully called 'Wiswal's Den,' or, for brevity, 'the Den.'
+I lived in it in my Freshman year. Whence the name of 'Wiswal's
+Den' I hardly dare say: there was something worse than 'old fogy'
+about it. There was a dismal tradition that, at some former
+period, it had been the scene of a murder. A brutal husband had
+dragged his wife by the hair up and down the stairs, and then
+killed her. On the anniversary of the murder,--and what day that
+was no one knew,--there were sights and sounds,--flitting garments
+daggled in blood, plaintive screams,--_stridor ferri tractæque
+catenæ_,--enough to appall the stoutest Sophomore. But for
+myself, I can truly say, that I got through my Freshman year
+without having seen the ghost of Mr. Wiswal or his lamented lady.
+I was not, however, sorry when the twelvemonth was up, and I was
+transferred to that light, airy, well-ventilated room, No. 20
+Hollis; being the inner room, ground floor, north entry of that
+ancient and respectable edifice."--_To-Day_, Boston, Saturday,
+July 31, 1852, p. 66.
+
+Many years ago there emigrated to this University, from the wilds
+of New Hampshire, an odd genius, by the name of Jedediah Croak,
+who took up his abode as a student in the old _Den_.--_Harvard
+Register_, 1827-28, _A Legend of the Den_, pp. 82-86.
+
+
+DEPOSITION. During the first half of the seventeenth century, in
+the majority of the German universities, Catholic as well as
+Protestant, the matriculation of a student was preceded by a
+ceremony called the _deposition_. See _Howitt's Student Life in
+Germany_, Am. ed., pp. 119-121.
+
+
+DESCENDAS. Latin; literally, _you may descend_. At the University
+of Cambridge, Eng., when a student who has been appointed to
+declaim in chapel fails in eloquence, memory, or taste, his
+harangue is usually cut short "by a testy _descendas_."--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+DETERMINING. In the University of Oxford, a Bachelor is entitled
+to his degree of M.A. twelve terms after the regular time for
+taking his first degree, having previously gone through the
+ceremony of _determining_, which exercise consists in reading two
+dissertations in Latin prose, or one in prose and a copy of Latin
+verses. As this takes place in Lent, it is commonly called
+_determining in Lent_.--_Oxf. Guide_.
+
+
+DETUR. Latin; literally, _let it be given_.
+
+In 1657, the Hon. Edward Hopkins, dying, left, among other
+donations to Harvard College, one "to be applied to the purchase
+of books for presents to meritorious undergraduates." The
+distribution of these books is made, at the commencement of each
+academic year, to students of the Sophomore Class who have made
+meritorious progress in their studies during their Freshman year;
+also, as far as the state of the funds admits, to those members of
+the Junior Class who entered as Sophomores, and have made
+meritorious progress in their studies during the Sophomore year,
+and to such Juniors as, having failed to receive a _detur_ at the
+commencement of the Sophomore year, have, during that year, made
+decided improvement in scholarship.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam.,
+Mass._, 1848, p. 18.
+
+"From the first word in the short Latin label," Peirce says,
+"which is signed by the President, and attached to the inside of
+the cover, a book presented from this fund is familiarly called a
+_Detur_."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 103.
+
+  Now for my books; first Bunyan's Pilgrim,
+  (As he with thankful pleasure will grin,)
+  Tho' dogleaved, torn, in bad type set in,
+  'T will do quite well for classmate B----,
+  And thus with complaisance to treat her,
+  'T will answer for another _Detur_.
+    _The Will of Charles Prentiss_.
+
+Be not, then, painfully anxious about the Greek particles, and sit
+not up all night lest you should miss prayers, only that you may
+have a "_Detur_," and be chosen into the Phi Beta Kappa among the
+first eight. Get a "_Detur_" by all means, and the square medal
+with its cabalistic signs, the sooner the better; but do not
+"stoop and lie in wait" for them.--_A Letter to a Young Man who
+has just entered College_, 1849, p. 36.
+
+  Or yet,--though 't were incredible,
+        --say hast obtained a _detur_!
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850.
+
+
+DIG. To study hard; to spend much time in studying.
+
+  Another, in his study chair,
+  _Digs_ up Greek roots with learned care,--
+    Unpalatable eating.--_Harv. Reg._, 1827-28, p. 247.
+
+Here the sunken eye and sallow countenance bespoke the man who
+_dug_ sixteen hours "per diem."--_Ibid._, p. 303.
+
+Some have gone to lounge away an hour in the libraries,--some to
+ditto in the grove,--some to _dig_ upon the afternoon
+lesson.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 77.
+
+
+DIG. A diligent student; one who learns his lessons by hard and
+long-continued exertion.
+
+  A clever soul is one, I say,
+  Who wears a laughing face all day,
+  Who never misses declamation,
+  Nor cuts a stupid recitation,
+  And yet is no elaborate _dig_,
+  Nor for rank systems cares a fig.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 283.
+
+I could see, in the long vista of the past, the many honest _digs_
+who had in this room consumed the midnight oil.--_Collegian_, p.
+231.
+
+And, truly, the picture of a college "_dig_" taking a walk--no, I
+say not so, for he never "takes a walk," but "walking for
+exercise"--justifies the contemptuous estimate.--_A Letter to a
+Young Man who has just entered College_, 1849, p. 14.
+
+He is just the character to enjoy the treadmill, which perhaps
+might be a useful appendage to a college, not as a punishment, but
+as a recreation for "_digs_."--_Ibid._, p. 14.
+
+  Resolves that he will be, in spite of toil or of fatigue,
+  That humbug of all humbugs, the staid, inveterate "_dig_."
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+          There goes the _dig_, just look!
+  How like a parson he eyes his book!
+    _The Jobsiad_, in _Lit. World_, Oct. 11, 1851.
+
+The fact that I am thus getting the character of a man of no
+talent, and a mere "_dig_," does, I confess, weigh down my
+spirits.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 224.
+
+  By this 't is that we get ahead of the _Dig_,
+  'T is not we that prevail, but the wine that we swig.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 252.
+
+
+DIGGING. The act of studying hard; diligent application.
+
+  I find my eyes in doleful case,
+    By _digging_ until midnight.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 312.
+
+I've had an easy time in College, and enjoyed well the "otium cum
+dignitate,"--the learned leisure of a scholar's life,--always
+despised _digging_, you know.--_Ibid._, p. 194.
+
+How often after his day of _digging_, when he comes to lay his
+weary head to rest, he finds the cruel sheets giving him no
+admittance.--_Ibid._, p. 377.
+
+        Hopes to hit the mark
+  By _digging_ nightly into matters dark.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1835.
+
+  He "makes up" for past "_digging_."
+    _Iadma Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+DIGNITY. At Bowdoin College, "_Dignity_," says a correspondent,
+"is the name applied to the regular holidays, varying from one
+half-day per week, during the Freshman year, up to four in the
+Senior."
+
+
+DIKED. At the University of Virginia, one who is dressed with more
+than ordinary elegance is said to be _diked out_. Probably
+corrupted from the word _decked_, or the nearly obsolete
+_dighted_.
+
+
+DIPLOMA. Greek, [Greek: diploma], from [Greek: diploo], to
+_double_ or fold. Anciently, a letter or other composition written
+on paper or parchment, and folded; afterward, any letter, literary
+monument, or public document. A letter or writing conferring some
+power, authority, privilege, or honor. Diplomas are given to
+graduates of colleges on their receiving the usual degrees; to
+clergymen who are licensed to exercise the ministerial functions;
+to physicians who are licensed to practise their profession; and
+to agents who are authorized to transact business for their
+principals. A diploma, then, is a writing or instrument, usually
+under seal, and signed by the proper person or officer, conferring
+merely honor, as in the case of graduates, or authority, as in the
+case of physicians, agents, &c.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DISCIPLINE. The punishments which are at present generally adopted
+in American colleges are warning, admonition, the letter home,
+suspension, rustication, and expulsion. Formerly they were more
+numerous, and their execution was attended with great solemnity.
+"The discipline of the College," says President Quincy, in his
+History of Harvard University, "was enforced and sanctioned by
+daily visits of the tutors to the chambers of the students, fines,
+admonitions, confession in the hall, publicly asking pardon,
+degradation to the bottom of the class, striking the name from the
+College list, and expulsion, according to the nature and
+aggravation of the offence."--Vol. I. p. 442.
+
+Of Yale College, President Woolsey in his Historical Discourse
+says: "The old system of discipline may be described in general as
+consisting of a series of minor punishments for various petty
+offences, while the more extreme measure of separating a student
+from College seems not to have been usually adopted until long
+forbearance had been found fruitless, even in cases which would
+now be visited in all American colleges with speedy dismission.
+The chief of these punishments named in the laws are imposition of
+school exercises,--of which we find little notice after the first
+foundation of the College, but which we believe yet exists in the
+colleges of England;[20] deprivation of the privilege of sending
+Freshmen upon errands, or extension of the period during which
+this servitude should be required beyond the end of the Freshman
+year; fines either specified, of which there are a very great
+number in the earlier laws, or arbitrarily imposed by the
+officers; admonition and degradation. For the offence of
+mischievously ringing the bell, which was very common whilst the
+bell was in an exposed situation over an entry of a college
+building, students were sometimes required to act as the butler's
+waiters in ringing the bell for a certain time."--pp. 46, 47.
+
+See under titles ADMONITION, CONFESSION, CORPORAL PUNISHMENT,
+DEGRADATION, FINES, LETTER HOME, SUSPENSION, &c.
+
+
+DISCOMMUNE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., to prohibit an
+undergraduate from dealing with any tradesman or inhabitant of the
+town who has violated the University privileges or regulations.
+The right to exercise this power is vested in the Vice-Chancellor.
+
+Any tradesman who allows a student to run in debt with him to an
+amount exceeding $25, without informing his college tutor, or to
+incur any debt for wine or spirituous liquors without giving
+notice of it to the same functionary during the current quarter,
+or who shall take any promissory note from a student without his
+tutor's knowledge, is liable to be _discommuned_.--_Lit. World_,
+Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+In the following extracts, this word appears under a different
+orthography.
+
+There is always a great demand for the rooms in college. Those at
+lodging-houses are not so good, while the rules are equally
+strict, the owners being solemnly bound to report all their
+lodgers who stay out at night, under pain of being
+"_discommonsed_," a species of college
+excommunication.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 81.
+
+Any tradesman bringing a suit against an Undergraduate shall be
+"_discommonsed_"; i.e. all the Undergraduates are forbidden to
+deal with him.--_Ibid._, p. 83.
+
+This word is allied to the law term "discommon," to deprive of the
+privileges of a place.
+
+
+DISMISS. To separate from college, for an indefinite or limited
+time.
+
+
+DISMISSION. In college government, dismission is the separation of
+a student from a college, for an indefinite or for a limited time,
+at the discretion of the Faculty. It is required of the dismissed
+student, on applying for readmittance to his own or any other
+class, to furnish satisfactory testimonials of good conduct during
+his separation, and to appear, on examination, to be well
+qualified for such readmission.--_College Laws_.
+
+In England, a student, although precluded from returning to the
+university whence he has been dismissed, is not hindered from
+taking a degree at some other university.
+
+
+DISPENSATION. In universities and colleges, the granting of a
+license, or the license itself, to do what is forbidden by law, or
+to omit something which is commanded. Also, an exemption from
+attending a college exercise.
+
+The business of the first of these houses, or the oligarchal
+portion of the constitution [the House of Congregation], is
+chiefly to grant degrees, and pass graces and
+_dispensations_.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xi.
+
+All the students who are under twenty-one years of age may be
+excused from attending the private Hebrew lectures of the
+Professor, upon their producing to the President a certificate
+from their parents or guardians, desiring a _dispensation_.--_Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 12.
+
+
+DISPERSE. A favorite word with tutors and proctors; used when
+speaking to a number of students unlawfully collected. This
+technical use of the word is burlesqued in the following passages.
+
+Minerva conveys the Freshman to his room, where his cries make
+such a disturbance, that a proctor enters and commands the
+blue-eyed goddess "_to disperse_." This order she reluctantly
+obeys.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 23.
+
+  And often grouping on the chains, he hums his own sweet verse,
+  Till Tutor ----, coming up, commands him to _disperse_.
+    _Poem before Y.H. Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+
+DISPUTATION. An exercise in colleges, in which parties reason in
+opposition to each other, on some question proposed.--_Webster_.
+
+Disputations were formerly, in American colleges, a part of the
+exercises on Commencement and Exhibition days.
+
+
+DISPUTE. To contend in argument; to reason or argue in opposition.
+--_Webster_.
+
+The two Senior classes shall _dispute_ once or twice a week before
+the President, a Professor, or the Tutor.--_Laws Yale Coll._,
+1837, p. 15.
+
+
+DIVINITY. A member of a theological school is often familiarly
+called a _Divinity_, abbreviated for a Divinity student.
+
+      One of the young _Divinities_ passed
+  Straight through the College yard.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 40.
+
+
+DIVISION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., each of the three
+terms is divided into two parts. _Division_ is the time when this
+partition is made.
+
+After "_division_" in the Michaelmas and Lent terms, a student,
+who can assign a good plea for absence to the college authorities,
+may go down and take holiday for the rest of the time.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 63.
+
+
+DOCTOR. One who has passed all the degrees of a faculty, and is
+empowered to practise and teach it; as, a _doctor_ in divinity, in
+physic, in law; or, according to modern usage, a person who has
+received the highest degree in a faculty. The degree of _doctor_
+is conferred by universities and colleges, as an honorary mark of
+literary distinction. It is also conferred on physicians as a
+professional degree.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DOCTORATE. The degree of a doctor.--_Webster_.
+
+The first diploma for a doctorate in divinity given in America was
+presented under the seal of Harvard College to Mr. Increase
+Mather, the President of that institution, in the year
+1692.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 68.
+
+
+DODGE. A trick; an artifice or stratagem for the purpose of
+deception. Used often with _come_; as, "_to come a dodge_ over
+him."
+
+  No artful _dodge_ to leave my school could I just then prepare.
+    _Poem before Iadma, Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+Agreed; but I have another _dodge_ as good as yours.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 240.
+
+We may well admire the cleverness displayed by this would-be
+Chatterton, in his attempt to sell the unwary with an Ossian
+_dodge_.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 191.
+
+
+DOMINUS. A title bestowed on Bachelors of Arts, in England.
+_Dominus_ Nokes; _Dominus_ Stiles.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+DON. In the English universities, a short generic term for a
+Fellow or any college authority.
+
+He had already told a lie to the _Dons_, by protesting against the
+justice of his sentence.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 169.
+
+Never to order in any wine from an Oxford merchant, at least not
+till I am a _Don_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 288.
+
+  Nor hint how _Dons_, their untasked hours to pass,
+  Like Cato, warm their virtues with the glass.[21]
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+DONKEY. At Washington College, Penn., students of a religious
+character are vulgarly called _donkeys_.
+
+See LAP-EAR.
+
+
+DORMIAT. Latin; literally, _let him sleep_. To take out a
+_dormiat_, i.e. a license to sleep. The licensed person is excused
+from attending early prayers in the Chapel, from a plea of being
+indisposed. Used in the English universities.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+DOUBLE FIRST. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student who
+attains high honors in both the classical and the mathematical
+tripos.
+
+The Calendar does not show an average of two "_Double Firsts_"
+annually for the last ten years out of one hundred and
+thirty-eight graduates in Honors.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 91.
+
+The reported saying of a distinguished judge,... "that the
+standard of a _Double First_ was getting to be something beyond
+human ability," seems hardly an exaggeration.--_Ibid._, p. 224.
+
+
+DOUBLE MAN. In the English universities, a student who is a
+proficient in both classics and mathematics.
+
+"_Double men_," as proficients in both classics and mathematics
+are termed, are very rare.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 91.
+
+It not unfrequently happens that he now drops the intention of
+being a "_double man_," and concentrates himself upon mathematics.
+--_Ibid._, p. 104.
+
+To one danger mathematicians are more exposed than either
+classical or _double men_,--disgust and satiety arising from
+exclusive devotion to their unattractive studies.--_Ibid._, p.
+225.
+
+
+DOUBLE MARKS. It was formerly the custom in Harvard College with
+the Professors in Rhetoric, when they had examined and corrected
+the _themes_ of the students, to draw a straight line on the back
+of each one of them, under the name of the writer. Under the names
+of those whose themes were of more than ordinary correctness or
+elegance, _two_ lines were drawn, which were called _double
+marks_.
+
+They would take particular pains for securing the _double mark_ of
+the English Professor to their poetical compositions.--_Monthly
+Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 104.
+
+Many, if not the greater part of Paine's themes, were written in
+verse; and his vanity was gratified, and his emulation roused, by
+the honor of constant _double marks_.--_Works of R.T. Paine,
+Biography_, p. xxii., Ed. 1812.
+
+See THEME.
+
+
+DOUBLE SECOND. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., one who
+obtains a high place in the second rank, in both mathematical and
+classical honors.
+
+A good _double second_ will make, by his college scholarship, two
+fifths or three fifths of his expenses during two thirds of the
+time he passes at the University.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 427.
+
+
+DOUGH-BALL. At the Anderson Collegiate Institute, Indiana, a name
+given by the town's people to a student.
+
+
+DRESS. A uniformity in dress has never been so prevalent in
+American colleges as in the English and other universities. About
+the middle of the last century, however, the habit among the
+students of Harvard College of wearing gold lace attracted the
+attention of the Overseers, and a law was passed "requiring that
+on no occasion any of the scholars wear any gold or silver lace,
+or any gold or silver brocades, in the College or town of
+Cambridge," and "that no one wear any silk night-gowns." "In
+1786," says Quincy, "in order to lessen the expense of dress, a
+uniform was prescribed, the color and form of which were minutely
+set forth, with a distinction of the classes by means of frogs on
+the cuffs and button-holes; silk was prohibited, and home
+manufactures were recommended." This system of uniform is fully
+described in the laws of 1790, and is as follows:--
+
+"All the Undergraduates shall be clothed in coats of blue-gray,
+and with waistcoats and breeches of the same color, or of a black,
+a nankeen, or an olive color. The coats of the Freshmen shall have
+plain button-holes. The cuffs shall be without buttons. The coats
+of the Sophomores shall have plain button-holes like those of the
+Freshmen, but the cuffs shall have buttons. The coats of the
+Juniors shall have cheap frogs to the button-holes, except the
+button-holes of the cuffs. The coats of the Seniors shall have
+frogs to the button-holes of the cuffs. The buttons upon the coats
+of all the classes shall be as near the color of the coats as they
+can be procured, or of a black color. And no student shall appear
+within the limits of the College, or town of Cambridge, in any
+other dress than in the uniform belonging to his respective class,
+unless he shall have on a night-gown or such an outside garment as
+may be necessary over a coat, except only that the Seniors and
+Juniors are permitted to wear black gowns, and it is recommended
+that they appear in them on all public occasions. Nor shall any
+part of their garments be of silk; nor shall they wear gold or
+silver lace, cord, or edging upon their hats, waistcoats, or any
+other parts of their clothing. And whosoever shall violate these
+regulations shall be fined a sum not exceeding ten shillings for
+each offence."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1790, pp. 36, 37.
+
+It is to this dress that the poet alludes in these lines:--
+
+ "In blue-gray coat, with buttons on the cuffs,
+  First Modern Pride your ear with fustian stuffs;
+ 'Welcome, blest age, by holy seers foretold,
+  By ancient bards proclaimed the age of gold,'" &c.[22]
+
+But it was by the would-be reformers of that day alone that such
+sentiments were held, and it was only by the severity of the
+punishment attending non-conformity with these regulations that
+they were ever enforced. In 1796, "the sumptuary law relative to
+dress had fallen into neglect," and in the next year "it was found
+so obnoxious and difficult to enforce," says Quincy, "that a law
+was passed abrogating the whole system of distinction by 'frogs on
+the cuffs and button-holes,' and the law respecting dress was
+limited to prescribing a blue-gray or dark-blue coat, with
+permission to wear a black gown, and a prohibition of wearing gold
+or silver lace, cord, or edging."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. II. p. 277.
+
+A writer in the New England Magazine, in an article relating to
+the customs of Harvard College at the close of the last century,
+gives the following description of the uniform ordered by the
+Corporation to be worn by the students:--
+
+"Each head supported a three-cornered cocket hat. Yes, gentle
+reader, no man or boy was considered in full dress, in those days,
+unless his pericranium was thus surmounted, with the forward peak
+directly over the right eye. Had a clergyman, especially, appeared
+with a hat of any other form, it would have been deemed as great a
+heresy as Unitarianism is at the present day. Whether or not the
+three-cornered hat was considered as an emblem of Trinitarianism,
+I am not able to determine. Our hair was worn in a _queue_, bound
+with black ribbon, and reached to the small of the back, in the
+shape of the tail of that motherly animal which furnishes
+ungrateful bipeds of the human race with milk, butter, and cheese.
+Where nature had not bestowed a sufficiency of this ornamental
+appendage, the living and the dead contributed of their
+superfluity to supply the deficiency. Our ear-locks,--_horresco
+referens_!--my ears tingle and my countenance is distorted at the
+recollection of the tortures inflicted on them by the heated
+curling-tongs and crimping-irons.
+
+"The bosoms of our shirts were ruffled with lawn or cambric, and
+ 'Our fingers' ends were seen to peep
+  From ruffles, full five inches deep.'
+Our coats were double-breasted, and of a black or priest-gray
+color. The directions were not so particular respecting our
+waistcoats, breeches,--I beg pardon,--small clothes, and
+stockings. Our shoes ran to a point at the distance of two or
+three inches from the extremity of the foot, and turned upward,
+like the curve of a skate. Our dress was ornamented with shining
+stock, knee, and shoe buckles, the last embracing at least one
+half of the foot of ordinary dimensions. If any wore boots, they
+were made to set as closely to the leg as its skin; for a handsome
+calf and ankle were esteemed as great beauties as any portion of
+the frame, or point in the physiognomy."--Vol. III. pp. 238, 239.
+
+In his late work, entitled, "Memories of Youth and Manhood,"
+Professor Sidney Willard has given an entertaining description of
+the style of dress which was in vogue at Harvard College near the
+close of the last century, in the following words:--
+
+"Except on special occasions, which required more than ordinary
+attention to dress, the students, when I was an undergraduate,
+were generally very careless in this particular. They were obliged
+by the College laws to wear coats of blue-gray; but as a
+substitute in warm weather, they were allowed to wear gowns,
+except on public occasions; and on these occasions they were
+permitted to wear black gowns. Seldom, however, did any one avail
+himself of this permission. In summer long gowns of calico or
+gingham were the covering that distinguished the collegian, not
+only about the College grounds, but in all parts of the village.
+Still worse, when the season no longer tolerated this thin outer
+garment, many adopted one much in the same shape, made of
+colorless woollen stuff called lambskin. These were worn by many
+without any under-coat in temperate weather, and in some cases for
+a length of time in which they had become sadly soiled. In other
+respects there was nothing peculiar in the common dress of the
+young men and boys of College to distinguish it from that of
+others of the same age. Breeches were generally worn, buttoned at
+the knees, and tied or buckled a little below; not so convenient a
+garment for a person dressing in haste as trousers or pantaloons.
+Often did I see a fellow-student hurrying to the Chapel to escape
+tardiness at morning prayers, with this garment unbuttoned at the
+knees, the ribbons dangling over his legs, the hose refusing to
+keep their elevation, and the calico or woollen gown wrapped about
+him, ill concealing his dishabille.
+
+"Not all at once did pantaloons gain the supremacy as the nether
+garment. About the beginning of the present century they grew
+rapidly in favor with the young; but men past middle age were more
+slow to adopt the change. Then, last, the aged very gradually were
+converted to the fashion by the plea of convenience and comfort;
+so that about the close of the first quarter of the present
+century it became almost universal. In another particular, more
+than half a century ago, the sons adopted a custom of their wiser
+fathers. The young men had for several years worn shoes and boots
+shaped in the toe part to a point, called peaked toes, while the
+aged adhered to the shape similar to the present fashion; so that
+the shoemaker, in a doubtful case, would ask his customer whether
+he would have square-toed or peaked-toed. The distinction between
+young and old in this fashion was so general, that sometimes a
+graceless youth, who had been crossed by his father or guardian in
+some of his unreasonable humors, would speak of him with the title
+of _Old Square-toes_.
+
+"Boots with yellow tops inverted, and coming up to the knee-band,
+were commonly worn by men somewhat advanced in years; but the
+younger portion more generally wore half-boots, as they were
+called, made of elastic leather, cordovan. These, when worn, left
+a space of two or three inches between the top of the boot and the
+knee-band. The great beauty of this fashion, as it was deemed by
+many, consisted in restoring the boots, which were stretched by
+drawing them on, to shape, and bringing them as nearly as possible
+into contact with the legs; and he who prided himself most on the
+form of his lower limbs would work the hardest in pressure on the
+leather from the ankle upward in order to do this most
+effectually."--Vol. I. pp. 318-320.
+
+In 1822 was passed the "Law of Harvard University, regulating the
+dress of the students." The established uniform was as follows.
+"The coat of black-mixed, single-breasted, with a rolling cape,
+square at the end, and with pocket flaps; waist reaching to the
+natural waist, with lapels of the same length; skirts reaching to
+the bend of the knee; three crow's-feet, made of black-silk cord,
+on the lower part of the sleeve of a Senior, two on that of a
+Junior, and one on that of a Sophomore. The waistcoat of
+black-mixed or of black; or when of cotton or linen fabric, of
+white, single-breasted, with a standing collar. The pantaloons of
+black-mixed or of black bombazette, or when of cotton or linen
+fabric, of white. The surtout or great coat of black-mixed, with
+not more than two capes. The buttons of the above dress must be
+flat, covered with the same cloth as that of the garments, not
+more than eight nor less than six on the front of the coat, and
+four behind. A surtout or outside garment is not to be substituted
+for the coat. But the students are permitted to wear black gowns,
+in which they may appear on all public occasions. Night-gowns, of
+cotton or linen or silk fabric, made in the usual form, or in that
+of a frock coat, may be worn, except on the Sabbath, on exhibition
+and other occasions when an undress would be improper. The
+neckcloths must be plain black or plain white."
+
+No student, while in the State of Massachusetts, was allowed,
+either in vacation or term time, to wear any different dress or
+ornament from those above named, except in case of mourning, when
+he could wear the customary badges. Although dismission was the
+punishment for persisting in the violation of these regulations,
+they do not appear to have been very well observed, and gradually,
+like the other laws of an earlier date on this subject, fell into
+disuse. The night-gowns or dressing-gowns continued to be worn at
+prayers and in public until within a few years. The black-mixed,
+otherwise called OXFORD MIXED cloth, is explained under the latter
+title.
+
+The only law which now obtains at Harvard College on the subject
+of dress is this: "On Sabbath, Exhibition, Examination, and
+Commencement days, and on all other public occasions, each
+student, in public, shall wear a black coat, with buttons of the
+same color, and a black hat or cap."--_Orders and Regulations of
+the Faculty of Harv. Coll._, July, 1853, p. 5.
+
+At one period in the history of Yale College, a passion for
+expensive dress having become manifest among the students, the
+Faculty endeavored to curb it by a direct appeal to the different
+classes. The result was the establishment of the Lycurgan Society,
+whose object was the encouragement of plainness in apparel. The
+benefits which might have resulted from this organization were
+contravened by the rashness of some of its members. The shape
+which this rashness assumed is described in a work entitled
+"Scenes and Characters in College," written by a Yale graduate of
+the class of 1821.
+
+"Some members were seized with the notion of a _distinctive
+dress_. It was strongly objected to; but the measure was carried
+by a stroke of policy. The dress proposed was somewhat like that
+of the Quakers, but less respectable,--a rustic cousin to it, or
+rather a caricature; namely, a close coatee, with stand-up collar,
+and _very_ short skirts,--_skirtees_, they might be called,--the
+color gray; pantaloons and vest the same;--making the wearer a
+monotonous gray man throughout, invisible at twilight. The
+proposers of this metamorphosis, to make it go, selected an
+individual of small and agreeable figure, and procuring a suit of
+fine material, and a good fit, placed him on a platform as a
+specimen. On _him_ it appeared very well, as a belted blouse does
+on a graceful child; and all the more so, as he was a favorite
+with the class, and lent to it the additional effect of agreeable
+association. But it is bad logic to derive a general conclusion
+from a single fact: it did not follow that the dress would be
+universally becoming because it was so on him. However, majorities
+govern; the dress was voted. The tailors were glad to hear of it,
+expecting a fine run of business.
+
+"But when a tall son of Anak appeared in the little bodice of a
+coat, stuck upon the hips; and still worse, when some very clumsy
+forms assumed the dress, and one in particular, that I remember,
+who was equally huge in person and coarse in manners, whose taste,
+or economy, or both,--the one as probably as the other,--had led
+him to the choice of an ugly pepper-and-salt, instead of the true
+Oxford mix, or whatever the standard gray was called, and whose
+tailor, or tailoress, probably a tailoress, had contrived to
+aggravate his natural disproportions by the most awkward fit
+imaginable,--then indeed you might have said that 'some of
+nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well, they
+imitated humanity so abominably.' They looked like David's
+messengers, maltreated and sent back by Hanun.[23]
+
+"The consequence was, the dress was unpopular; very few adopted
+it; and the society itself went quietly into oblivion.
+Nevertheless it had done some good; it had had a visible effect in
+checking extravagance; and had accomplished all it would have
+done, I imagine, had it continued longer.
+
+"There was a time, some three or four years previous to this, when
+a rakish fashion began to be introduced of wearing white-topped
+boots. It was a mere conceit of the wearers, such a fashion not
+existing beyond College,--except as it appeared in here and there
+an antiquated gentleman, a venerable remnant of the olden time, in
+whom the boots were matched with buckles at the knee, and a
+powdered queue. A practical satire quickly put an end to it. Some
+humorists proposed to the waiters about College to furnish them
+with such boots on condition of their wearing them. The offer was
+accepted; a lot of them was ordered at a boot-and-shoe shop, and,
+all at once, sweepers, sawyers, and the rest, appeared in
+white-topped boots. I will not repeat the profaneness of a
+Southerner when he first observed a pair of them upon a tall and
+gawky shoe-black striding across the yard. He cursed the 'negro,'
+and the boots; and, pulling off his own, flung them from him.
+After this the servants had the fashion to themselves, and could
+buy the article at any discount."--pp. 127-129.
+
+At Union College, soon after its foundation, there was enacted a
+law, "forbidding any student to appear at chapel without the
+College badge,--a piece of blue ribbon, tied in the button-hole of
+the coat."--_Account of the First Semi-Centennial Anniversary of
+the Philomathean Society, Union College_, 1847.
+
+Such laws as the above have often been passed in American
+colleges, but have generally fallen into disuse in a very few
+years, owing to the predominancy of the feeling of democratic
+equality, the tendency of which is to narrow, in as great a degree
+as possible, the intervals between different ages and conditions.
+
+See COSTUME.
+
+
+DUDLEIAN LECTURE. An anniversary sermon which is preached at
+Harvard College before the students; supported by the yearly
+interest of one hundred pounds sterling, the gift of Paul Dudley,
+from whom the lecture derives its name. The following topics were
+chosen by him as subjects for this lecture. First, for "the
+proving, explaining, and proper use and improvement of the
+principles of Natural Religion." Second, "for the confirmation,
+illustration, and improvement of the great articles of the
+Christian Religion." Third, "for the detecting, convicting, and
+exposing the idolatry, errors, and superstitions of the Romish
+Church." Fourth, "for maintaining, explaining, and proving the
+validity of the ordination of ministers or pastors of the
+churches, and so their administration of the sacraments or
+ordinances of religion, as the same hath been practised in New
+England from the first beginning of it, and so continued to this
+day."
+
+"The instrument proceeds to declare," says Quincy, "that he does
+not intend to invalidate Episcopal ordination, or that practised
+in Scotland, at Geneva, and among the Dissenters in England and in
+this country, all which 'I esteem very safe, Scriptural, and
+valid.' He directed these subjects to be discussed in rotation,
+one every year, and appointed the President of the College, the
+Professor of Divinity, the pastor of the First Church in
+Cambridge, the Senior Tutor of the College, and the pastor of the
+First Church in Roxbury, trustees of these lectures, which
+commenced in 1755, and have since been annually continued without
+intermission."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 139,
+140.
+
+
+DULCE DECUS. Latin; literally, _sweet honor_. At Williams College
+a name given by a certain class of students to the game of whist;
+the reason for which is evident. Whether Mæcenas would have
+considered it an _honor_ to have had the compliment of Horace,
+ "O et præsidium et dulce decus meum,"
+transferred as a title for a game at cards, we leave for others to
+decide.
+
+
+DUMMER JUNGE,--literally, _stupid youth_,--among German students
+"is the highest and most cutting insult, since it implies a denial
+of sound, manly understanding and strength of capacity to him to
+whom it is applied."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed.,
+p. 127.
+
+
+DUN. An importunate creditor who urges for payment. A character
+not wholly unknown to collegians.
+
+  Thanks heaven, flings by his cap and gown, and shuns
+  A place made odious by remorseless _duns_.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+
+_E_.
+
+
+EGRESSES. At the older American colleges, when charges were made
+and excuses rendered in Latin, the student who had left before the
+conclusion of any of the religious services was accused of the
+misdemeanor by the proper officer, who made use of the word
+_egresses_, a kind of barbarous second person singular of some
+imaginary verb, signifying, it is supposed, "you went out."
+
+  Much absence, tardes and _egresses_,
+  The college-evil on him seizes.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+EIGHT. On the scale of merit, at Harvard College, eight is the
+highest mark which a student can receive for a recitation.
+Students speak of "_getting an eight_," which is equivalent to
+saying, that they have made a perfect recitation.
+
+  But since the Fates will not grant all _eights_,
+    Save to some disgusting fellow
+  Who'll fish and dig, I care not a fig,
+    We'll be hard boys and mellow.
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen.
+
+  Numberless the _eights_ he showers
+    Full on my devoted head.--_MS. Ibid._
+
+At the same college, when there were three exhibitions in the
+year, it was customary for the first eight scholars in the Junior
+Class to have "parts" at the first exhibition, the second eight at
+the second exhibition, and the third eight at the third
+exhibition. Eight Seniors performed with them at each of these
+three exhibitions, but they were taken promiscuously from the
+first twenty-four in their class. Although there are now but two
+exhibitions in the year, twelve performing from each of the two
+upper classes, yet the students still retain the old phraseology,
+and you will often hear the question, "Is he in the first or
+second _eight_?"
+
+  The bell for morning prayers had long been sounding!
+    She says, "What makes you look so very pale?"--
+  "I've had a dream."--"Spring to 't, or you'll be late!"--
+  "Don't care! 'T was worth a part among the _Second Eight_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 121.
+
+
+ELECTIONEERING. In many colleges in the United States, where there
+are rival societies, it is customary, on the admission of a
+student to college, for the partisans of the different societies
+to wait upon him, and endeavor to secure him as a member. An
+account of this _Society Electioneering_, as it is called, is
+given in _Sketches of Yale College_, at page 162.
+
+Society _electioneering_ has mostly gone by.--_Williams
+Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 285.
+
+
+ELEGANT EXTRACTS. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a cant
+title applied to some fifteen or twenty men who have just
+succeeded in passing their final examination, and who are
+bracketed together, at the foot of the Polloi list.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 250.
+
+
+EMERITUS, _pl._ EMERITI. Latin; literally, _obtained by service_.
+One who has been honorably discharged from public service, as, in
+colleges and universities, a _Professor Emeritus_.
+
+
+EMIGRANT. In the English universities, one who migrates, or
+removes from one college to another.
+
+At Christ's, for three years successively,... the first man was an
+_emigrant_ from John's.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 100.
+
+See MIGRATION.
+
+
+EMPTY BOTTLE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the sobriquet
+of a fellow-commoner.
+
+Indeed they [fellow-commoners] are popularly denominated "_empty
+bottles_," the first word of the appellation being an adjective,
+though were it taken as a verb there would be no untruth in
+it.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+
+ENCENIA, _pl._ Greek [Greek: enkainia], _a feast of dedication_.
+Festivals anciently kept on the days on which cities were built or
+churches consecrated; and, in later times, ceremonies renewed at
+certain periods, as at Oxford, at the celebration of founders and
+benefactors.--_Hook_.
+
+
+END WOMAN. At Bowdoin College, "end women," says a correspondent,
+"are the venerable females who officiate as chambermaids in the
+different entries." They are so called from the entries being
+placed at the _ends_ of the buildings.
+
+
+ENGAGEMENT. At Yale College, the student, on entering, signs an
+_engagement_, as it is called, in the words following: "I, A.B.,
+on condition of being admitted as a member of Yale College,
+promise, on my faith and honor, to observe all the laws and
+regulations of this College; particularly that I will faithfully
+avoid using profane language, gaming, and all indecent, disorderly
+behavior, and disrespectful conduct to the Faculty, and all
+combinations to resist their authority; as witness my hand. A.B."
+--_Yale Coll. Cat._, 1837, p. 10.
+
+Nearly the same formula is used at Williams College.
+
+
+ENGINE. At Harvard College, for many years before and succeeding
+the year 1800, a fire-engine was owned by the government, and was
+under the management of the students. In a MS. Journal, under date
+of Oct. 29, 1792, is this note: "This day I turned out to exercise
+the engine. P.M." The company were accustomed to attend all the
+fires in the neighboring towns, and were noted for their skill and
+efficiency. But they often mingled enjoyment with their labor, nor
+were they always as scrupulous as they might have been in the
+means used to advance it. In 1810, the engine having been newly
+repaired, they agreed to try its power on an old house, which was
+to be fired at a given time. By some mistake, the alarm was given
+before the house was fairly burning. Many of the town's people
+endeavored to save it, but the company, dragging the engine into a
+pond near by, threw the dirty water on them in such quantities
+that they were glad to desist from their laudable endeavors.
+
+It was about this time that the Engine Society was organized,
+before which so many pleasant poems and orations were annually
+delivered. Of these, that most noted is the "Rebelliad," which was
+spoken in the year 1819, and was first published in the year 1842.
+Of it the editor has well remarked: "It still remains the
+text-book of the jocose, and is still regarded by all, even the
+melancholy, as a most happy production of humorous taste." Its
+author was Dr. Augustus Pierce, who died at Tyngsborough, May 20,
+1849.
+
+The favorite beverage at fires was rum and molasses, commonly
+called _black-strap_, which is referred to in the following lines,
+commemorative of the engine company in its palmier days.
+
+ "But oh! let _black-strap's_ sable god deplore
+  Those _engine-heroes_ so renowned of yore!
+  Gone is that spirit, which, in ancient time,
+  Inspired more deeds than ever shone in rhyme!
+  Ye, who remember the superb array,
+  The deafening cry, the engine's 'maddening play,'
+  The broken windows, and the floating floor,
+  Wherewith those masters of hydraulic lore
+  Were wont to make us tremble as we gazed,
+  Can tell how many a false alarm was raised,
+  How many a room by their o'erflowings drenched,
+  And how few fires by their assistance quenched?"
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 235.
+
+The habit of attending fires in Boston, as it had a tendency to
+draw the attention of the students from their college duties, was
+in part the cause of the dissolution of the company. Their
+presence was always welcomed in the neighboring city, and although
+they often left their engine behind them on returning to
+Cambridge, it was usually sent out to them soon after. The company
+would often parade through the streets of Cambridge in masquerade
+dresses, headed by a chaplain, presenting a most ludicrous
+appearance. In passing through the College yard, it was the custom
+to throw water into any window that chanced to be open. Their
+fellow-students, knowing when they were to appear, usually kept
+their windows closed; but the officers were not always so
+fortunate. About the year 1822, having discharged water into the
+room of the College regent, thereby damaging a very valuable
+library of books, the government disbanded the company, and
+shortly after sold the engine to the then town of Cambridge, on
+condition that it should never be taken out of the place. A few
+years ago it was again sold to some young men of West Cambridge,
+in whose hands it still remains. One of the brakes of the engine,
+a relic of its former glory, was lately discovered in the cellar
+of one of the College buildings, and that perchance has by this
+time been used to kindle the element which it once assisted to
+extinguish.
+
+
+ESQUIRE BEDELL. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., three
+_Esquire Bedells_ are appointed, whose office is to attend the
+Vice-Chancellor, whom they precede with their silver maces upon
+all public occasions.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+At the University of Oxford, the Esquire Bedells are three in
+number. They walk before the Vice-Chancellor in processions, and
+carry golden staves as the insignia of their office.--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+See BEADLE.
+
+
+EVANGELICAL. In student phrase, a religious, orthodox man, one who
+is sound in the doctrines of the Gospel, or one who is reading
+theology, is called an _Evangelical_.
+
+He was a King's College, London, man, an
+_Evangelical_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 265.
+
+It has been said by some of the _Evangelicals_, that nothing can
+be done to improve the state of morality in the Universities so
+long as the present Church system continues.--_Ibid._, p. 348.
+
+
+EXAMINATION. An inquiry into the acquisitions of the students, in
+_colleges_ and _seminaries of learning_, by questioning them in
+literature and the sciences, and by hearing their
+recitals.--_Webster_.
+
+In all colleges candidates for entrance are required to be able to
+pass an examination in certain branches of study before they can
+be admitted. The students are generally examined, in most
+colleges, at the close of each term.
+
+In the revised laws of Harvard College, printed in the year 1790,
+was one for the purpose of introducing examinations, the first
+part of which is as follows: "To animate the students in the
+pursuit of literary merit and fame, and to excite in their breasts
+a noble spirit of emulation, there shall be annually a public
+examination, in the presence of a joint committee of the
+Corporation and Overseers, and such other gentlemen as may be
+inclined to attend it." It then proceeds to enumerate the times
+and text-books for each class, and closes by stating, that,
+"should any student neglect or refuse to attend such examination,
+he shall be liable to be fined a sum not exceeding twenty
+shillings, or to be admonished or suspended." Great discontent was
+immediately evinced by the students at this regulation, and as it
+was not with this understanding that they entered college, they
+considered it as an _ex post facto_ law, and therefore not binding
+upon them. With these views, in the year 1791, the Senior and
+Junior Classes petitioned for exemption from the examination, but
+their application was rejected by the Overseers. When this was
+declared, some of the students determined to stop the exercises
+for that year, if possible. For this purpose they obtained six
+hundred grains of tartar emetic, and early on the morning of April
+12th, the day on which the examination was to begin, emptied it
+into the great cooking boilers in the kitchen. At breakfast, 150
+or more students and officers being present, the coffee was
+brought on, made with the water from the boilers. Its effects were
+soon visible. One after another left the hall, some in a slow,
+others in a hurried manner, but all plainly showing that their
+situation was by no means a pleasant one. Out of the whole number
+there assembled, only four or five escaped without being made
+unwell. Those who put the drug in the coffee had drank the most,
+in order to escape detection, and were consequently the most
+severely affected. Unluckily, one of them was seen putting
+something into the boilers, and the names of the others were soon
+after discovered. Their punishment is stated in the following
+memoranda from a manuscript journal.
+
+"Exhibition, 1791. April 20th. This morning Trapier was rusticated
+and Sullivan suspended to Groton for nine months, for mingling
+tartar emetic with our commons on ye morning of April 12th."
+
+"May 21st. Ely was suspended to Amherst for five months, for
+assisting Sullivan and Trapier in mingling tartar emetic with our
+commons."
+
+Another student, who threw a stone into the examination-room,
+which struck the chair in which Governor Hancock sat, was more
+severely punished. The circumstance is mentioned in the manuscript
+referred to above as follows:--
+
+"April 14th, 1791. Henry W. Jones of H---- was expelled from
+College upon evidence of a little boy that he sent a stone into ye
+Philosopher's room while a committee of ye Corporation and
+Overseers, and all ye Immediate Government, were engaged in
+examination of ye Freshman Class."
+
+Although the examination was delayed for a day or two on account
+of these occurrences, it was again renewed and carried on during
+that year, although many attempts were made to stop it. For
+several years after, whenever these periods occurred, disturbances
+came with them, and it was not until the year 1797 that the
+differences between the officers and the students were
+satisfactorily adjusted, and examinations established on a sure
+basis.
+
+
+EXAMINE. To inquire into the improvements or qualifications of
+students, by interrogatories, proposing problems, or by hearing
+their recitals; as, to _examine_ the classes in college; to
+_examine_ the candidates for a degree, or for a license to preach
+or to practise in a profession.--_Webster_.
+
+
+EXAMINEE. One who is examined; one who undergoes at examination.
+
+What loads of cold beef and lobster vanish before the _examinees_.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 72.
+
+
+EXAMINER. One who examines. In colleges and seminaries of
+learning, the person who interrogates the students, proposes
+questions for them to answer, and problems to solve.
+
+Coming forward with assumed carelessness, he threw towards us the
+formal reply of his _examiners_.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 9.
+
+
+EXEAT. Latin; literally, _let him depart_. Leave of absence given
+to a student in the English universities.--_Webster_.
+
+The students who wish to go home apply for an "_Exeat_," which is
+a paper signed by the Tutor, Master, and Dean.--_Alma Mater_, Vol.
+I. p. 162.
+
+[At King's College], _exeats_, or permission to go down during
+term, were never granted but in cases of life and
+death.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 140.
+
+
+EXERCISE. A task or lesson; that which is appointed for one to
+perform. In colleges, all the literary duties are called
+_exercises_.
+
+It may be inquired, whether a great part of the _exercises_ be not
+at best but serious follies.--_Cotton Mather's Suggestions_, in
+_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 558.
+
+In the English universities, certain exercises, as acts,
+opponencies, &c., are required to be performed for particular
+degrees.
+
+
+EXHIBIT. To take part in an exhibition; to speak in public at an
+exhibition or commencement.
+
+No student who shall receive any appointment to _exhibit_ before
+the class, the College, or the public, shall give any treat or
+entertainment to his class, or any part thereof, for or on account
+of those appointments.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 29.
+
+If any student shall fail to perform the exercise assigned him, or
+shall _exhibit_ anything not allowed by the Faculty, he may be
+sent home.--_Ibid._, 1837, p. 16.
+
+2. To provide for poor students by an exhibition. (See EXHIBITION,
+second meaning.) An instance of this use is given in the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, where one Antony Wood says of Bishop Longland, "He
+was a special friend to the University, in maintaining its
+privileges and in _exhibiting_ to the wants of certain scholars."
+In Mr. Peirce's History of Harvard University occurs this passage,
+in an account of the will of the Hon. William Stoughton: "He
+bequeathed a pasture in Dorchester, containing twenty-three acres
+and four acres of marsh, 'the income of both to be _exhibited_, in
+the first place, to a scholar of the town of Dorchester, and if
+there be none such, to one of the town of Milton, and in want of
+such, then to any other well deserving that shall be most needy.'"
+--p. 77.
+
+
+EXHIBITION. In colleges, a public literary and oratorical display.
+The exercises at _exhibitions_ are original compositions, prose
+translations from the English into Greek and Latin, and from other
+languages into the English, metrical versions, dialogues, &c.
+
+At Harvard College, in the year 1760, it was voted, "that twice in
+a year, in the spring and fall, each class should recite to their
+Tutors, in the presence of the President, Professors, and Tutors,
+in the several books in which they are reciting to their
+respective Tutors, and that publicly in the College Hall or
+Chapel." The next year, the Overseers being informed "that the
+students are not required to translate English into Latin nor
+Latin into English," their committee "thought it would be
+convenient that specimens of such translations and other
+performances in classical and polite literature should be from
+time to time laid before" their board. A vote passed the Board of
+Overseers recommending to the Corporation a conformity to these
+suggestions; but it was not until the year 1766 that a law was
+formally enacted in both boards, "that twice in the year, viz. at
+the semiannual visitation of the committee of the Overseers, some
+of the scholars, at the direction of the President and Tutors,
+shall publicly exhibit specimens of their proficiency, by
+pronouncing orations and delivering dialogues, either in English
+or in one of the learned languages, or hearing a forensic
+disputation, or such other exercises as the President and Tutors
+shall direct."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp.
+128-132.
+
+A few years after this, two more exhibitions were added, and were
+so arranged as to fall one in each quarter of the College year.
+The last year in which there were four exhibitions was 1789. After
+this time there were three exhibitions during the year until 1849,
+when one was omitted, since which time the original plan has been
+adopted.
+
+In the journal of a member of the class which graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1793, under the date of December 23d, 1789,
+Exhibition, is the following memorandum: "Music was intermingled
+with elocution, which (we read) has charms to soothe even a savage
+breast." Again, on a similar occasion, April 13th, 1790, an
+account of the exercises of the day closes with this note: "Tender
+music being interspersed to enliven the audience." Vocal music was
+sometimes introduced. In the same Journal, date October 1st, 1790,
+Exhibition, the writer says: "The performances were enlivened with
+an excellent piece of music, sung by Harvard Singing Club,
+accompanied with a band of music." From this time to the present
+day, music, either vocal or instrumental, has formed a very
+entertaining part of the Exhibition performances.[24]
+
+The exercises for exhibitions are assigned by the Faculty to
+meritorious students, usually of the two higher classes. The
+exhibitions are held under the direction of the President, and a
+refusal to perform the part assigned is regarded as a high
+offence.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 19. _Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1837, p. 16.
+
+2. Allowance of meat and drink; pension; benefaction settled for
+the maintenance of scholars in the English Universities, not
+depending on the foundation.--_Encyc._
+
+  What maintenance he from his friends receives,
+  Like _exhibition_ thou shalt have from me.
+    _Two Gent. Verona_, Act. I. Sc. 3.
+
+This word was formerly used in American colleges.
+
+I order and appoint ... ten pounds a year for one _exhibition_, to
+assist one pious young man.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I.
+p. 530.
+
+As to the extending the time of his _exhibitions_, we agree to it.
+--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 532.
+
+In the yearly "Statement of the Treasurer" of Harvard College, the
+word is still retained.
+
+"A _school exhibition_," says a writer in the Literary World, with
+reference to England, "is a stipend given to the head boys of a
+school, conditional on their proceeding to some particular college
+in one of the universities."--Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+EXHIBITIONER. One who has a pension or allowance, granted for the
+encouragement of learning; one who enjoys an exhibition. Used
+principally in the English universities.
+
+2. One who performs a part at an exhibition in American colleges
+is sometimes called an _exhibitioner_.
+
+
+EXPEL. In college government, to command to leave; to dissolve the
+connection of a student; to interdict him from further connection.
+--_Webster_.
+
+
+EXPULSION. In college government, expulsion is the highest
+censure, and is a final separation from the college or university.
+--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+In the Diary of Mr. Leverett, who was President of Harvard College
+from 1707 to 1724, is an account of the manner in which the
+punishment of expulsion was then inflicted. It is as follows:--"In
+the College Hall the President, after morning prayers, the
+Fellows, Masters of Art, and the several classes of Undergraduates
+being present, after a full opening of the crimes of the
+delinquents, a pathetic admonition of them, and solemn obtestation
+and caution to the scholars, pronounced the sentence of expulsion,
+ordered their names to be rent off the tables, and them to depart
+the Hall."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 442.
+
+In England, "an expelled man," says Bristed, "is shut out from the
+learned professions, as well as from all Colleges at either
+University."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 131.
+
+
+
+_F_.
+
+
+FACILITIES. The means by which the performance of anything is
+rendered easy.--_Webster_.
+
+Among students, a general name for what are technically called
+_ponies_ or translations.
+
+All such subsidiary helps in learning lessons, he classed ...
+under the opprobrious name of "_facilities_," and never scrupled
+to seize them as contraband goods.--_Memorial of John S. Popkin,
+D.D._, p. lxxvii.
+
+
+FACULTY. In colleges, the masters and professors of the several
+sciences.--_Johnson_.
+
+In America, the _faculty_ of a college or university consists of
+the president, professors, and tutors.--_Webster_.
+
+The duties of the faculty are very extended. They have the general
+control and direction of the studies pursued in the college. They
+have cognizance of all offences committed by undergraduates, and
+it is their special duty to enforce the observance of all the laws
+and regulations for maintaining discipline, and promoting good
+order, virtue, piety, and good learning in the institution with
+which they are connected. The faculty hold meetings to communicate
+and compare their opinions and information, respecting the conduct
+and character of the students and the state of the college; to
+decide upon the petitions or requests which may be offered them by
+the members of college, and to consider and suggest such measures
+as may tend to the advancement of learning, and the improvement of
+the college. This assembly is called a _Faculty-meeting_, a word
+very often in the mouths of students.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+2. One of the members or departments of a university.
+
+"In the origin of the University of Paris," says Brande, "the
+seven liberal arts (grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic,
+geometry, astronomy, and music) seem to have been the subjects of
+academic instruction. These constituted what was afterwards
+designated the Faculty of Arts. Three other faculties--those of
+divinity, law, and medicine--were subsequently added. In all these
+four, lectures were given, and degrees conferred by the
+University. The four Faculties were transplanted to Oxford and
+Cambridge, where they are still retained; although, in point of
+fact, the faculty of arts is the only one in which substantial
+instruction is communicated in the academical course."--_Brande's
+Dict._, Art. FACULTY.
+
+In some American colleges, these four departments are established,
+and sometimes a fifth, the Scientific, is added.
+
+
+FAG. Scotch, _faik_, to fail, to languish. Ancient Swedish,
+_wik-a_, cedere. To drudge; to labor to weariness; to become
+weary.
+
+2. To study hard; to persevere in study.
+
+  Place me 'midst every toil and care,
+  A hapless undergraduate still,
+  To _fag_ at mathematics dire, &c.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 8.
+
+Dee, the famous mathematician, appears to have _fagged_ as
+intensely as any man at Cambridge. For three years, he declares,
+he only slept four hours a night, and allowed two hours for
+refreshment. The remaining eighteen hours were spent in
+study.--_Ibid._, p. 48.
+
+  How did ye toil, and _fagg_, and fume, and fret,
+    And--what the bashful muse would blush to say.
+    But, now, your painful tremors are all o'er,
+      Cloath'd in the glories of a full-sleev'd gown,
+      Ye strut majestically up and down,
+    And now ye _fagg_, and now ye fear, no more!
+    _Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 20.
+
+
+FAG. A laborious drudge; a drudge for another. In colleges and
+schools, this term is applied to a boy of a lower form who is
+forced to do menial services for another boy of a higher form or
+class.
+
+But who are those three by-standers, that have such an air of
+submission and awe in their countenances? They are
+_fags_,--Freshmen, poor fellows, called out of their beds, and
+shivering with fear in the apprehension of missing morning
+prayers, to wait upon their lords the Sophomores in their midnight
+revellings.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. II. p. 106.
+
+  His _fag_ he had well-nigh killed by a blow.
+    _Wallenstein in Bohn's Stand. Lib._, p. 155.
+
+A sixth-form schoolboy is not a little astonished to find his
+_fags_ becoming his masters.--_Lond. Quar. Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol.
+LXXIII, p. 53.
+
+Under the title FRESHMAN SERVITUDE will be found as account of the
+manner in which members of that class were formerly treated in the
+older American colleges.
+
+2. A diligent student, i.e. a _dig_.
+
+
+FAG. Time spent in, or period of, studying.
+
+The afternoon's _fag_ is a pretty considerable one, lasting from
+three till dark.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 248.
+
+After another _hard fag_ of a week or two, a land excursion would
+be proposed.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 56.
+
+
+FAGGING. Laborious drudgery; the acting as a drudge for another at
+a college or school.
+
+2. Studying hard, equivalent to _digging, grubbing, &c._
+
+  Thrice happy ye, through toil and dangers past,
+    Who rest upon that peaceful shore,
+    Where all your _fagging_ is no more,
+  And gain the long-expected port at last.
+    _Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+To _fagging_ I set to, therefore, with as keen a relish as ever
+alderman sat down to turtle.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 123.
+
+See what I pay for liberty to leave school early, and to figure in
+every ball-room in the country, and see the world, instead of
+_fagging_ at college.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 307.
+
+
+FAIR HARVARD. At the celebration of the era of the second century
+from the origin of Harvard College, which was held at Cambridge,
+September 8th, 1836, the following Ode, written by the Rev. Samuel
+Gilman, D.D., of Charleston, S.C., was sung to the air, "Believe
+me, if all those endearing young charms."
+
+ "FAIR HARVARD! thy sons to thy Jubilee throng,
+    And with blessings surrender thee o'er,
+  By these festival-rites, from the Age that is past,
+    To the Age that is waiting before.
+  O Relic and Type of our ancestors' worth,
+    That hast long kept their memory warm!
+  First flower of their wilderness! Star of their night,
+    Calm rising through change and through storm!
+
+ "To thy bowers we were led in the bloom of our youth,
+    From the home of our free-roving years,
+  When our fathers had warned, and our mothers had prayed,
+    And our sisters had blest, through their tears.
+  _Thou_ then wert our parent,--the nurse of our souls,--
+    We were moulded to manhood by thee,
+  Till, freighted with treasure-thoughts, friendships, and hopes,
+    Thou didst launch us on Destiny's sea.
+
+ "When, as pilgrims, we come to revisit thy halls,
+    To what kindlings the season gives birth!
+  Thy shades are more soothing, thy sunlight more dear,
+    Than descend on less privileged earth:
+  For the Good and the Great, in their beautiful prime,
+    Through thy precincts have musingly trod,
+  As they girded their spirits, or deepened the streams
+    That make glad the fair City of God.
+
+ "Farewell! be thy destinies onward and bright!
+    To thy children the lesson still give,
+  With freedom to think, and with patience to bear,
+    And for right ever bravely to live.
+  Let not moss-covered Error moor _thee_ at its side,
+    As the world on Truth's current glides by;
+  Be the herald of Light, and the bearer of Love,
+    Till the stock of the Puritans die."
+
+Since the occasion on which this ode was sung, it has been the
+practice with the odists of Class Day at Harvard College to write
+the farewell class song to the tune of "Fair Harvard," the name by
+which the Irish air "Believe me" has been adopted. The deep pathos
+of this melody renders it peculiarly appropriate to the
+circumstances with which it has been so happily connected, and
+from which it is to be hoped it may never be severed.
+
+See CLASS DAY.
+
+
+FAIR LICK. In the game of football, when the ball is fairly caught
+or kicked beyond the bounds, the cry usually heard, is _Fair lick!
+Fair lick!_
+
+  "_Fair lick_!" he cried, and raised his dreadful foot,
+  Armed at all points with the ancestral boot.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 22.
+
+See FOOTBALL.
+
+
+FANTASTICS. At Princeton College, an exhibition on Commencement
+evening, of a number of students on horseback, fantastically
+dressed in masks, &c.
+
+
+FAST. An epithet of one who is showy in dress, expensive or
+apparently so in his mode of living, and inclined to spree.
+Formerly used exclusively among students; now of more general
+application.
+
+Speaking of the student signification of the word, Bristed
+remarks: "A _fast man_ is not necessarily (like the London fast
+man) a _rowing_ man, though the two attributes are often combined
+in the same person; he is one who dresses flashily, talks big, and
+spends, or affects to spend, money very freely."--_Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 23.
+
+  The _Fast_ Man comes, with reeling tread,
+  Cigar in mouth, and swimming head.
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton.
+
+
+FAT. At Princeton College, a letter with money or a draft is thus
+denominated.
+
+
+FATHER or PRÆLECTOR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., one of
+the fellows of a college, who attends all the examinations for the
+Bachelor's degree, to see that justice is done to the candidates
+from his own college, who are at that time called his
+_sons_.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+The _Fathers_ of the respective colleges, zealous for the credit
+of the societies of which they are the guardians, are incessantly
+employed in examining those students who appear most likely to
+contest the palm of glory with their _sons_.--_Gent. Mag._, 1773,
+p. 435.
+
+
+FEBRUARY TWENTY-SECOND. At Shelby, Centre, and Bacon Colleges, in
+Kentucky, it is customary to select the best orators and speakers
+from the different literary societies to deliver addresses on the
+twenty-second of February, in commemoration of the birthday of
+Washington. At Bethany College, in Virginia, this day is observed
+in a similar manner.
+
+
+FEEZE. Usually spelled PHEEZE, q.v.
+
+Under FLOP, another, but probably a wrong or obsolete,
+signification is given.
+
+
+FELLOW. A member of a corporation; a trustee. In the English
+universities, a residence at the college, engagement in
+instruction, and receiving therefor a stipend, are essential
+requisites to the character of a _fellow_. In American colleges,
+it is not necessary that a _fellow_ should be a resident, a
+stipendiary, or an instructor. In most cases the greater number of
+the _Fellows of the Corporation_ are non-residents, and have no
+part in the instruction at the college.
+
+With reference to the University of Cambridge, Eng., Bristed
+remarks: "The Fellows, who form the general body from which the
+other college officers are chosen, consist of those four or five
+Bachelor Scholars in each year who pass the best examination in
+classics, mathematics, and metaphysics. This examination being a
+severe one, and only the last of many trials which they have gone
+through, the inference is allowable that they are the most learned
+of the College graduates. They have a handsome income, whether
+resident or not; but if resident, enjoy the additional advantages
+of a well-spread table for nothing, and good rooms at a very low
+price. The only conditions of retaining their Fellowships are,
+that they take orders after a certain time and remain unmarried.
+Of those who do not fill college offices, some occupy themselves
+with private pupils; others, who have property of their own,
+prefer to live a life of literary leisure, like some of their
+predecessors, the monks of old. The eight oldest Fellows at any
+time in residence, together with the Master, have the government
+of the college vested in them."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 16.
+
+For some remarks on the word Fellow, see under the title COLLEGE.
+
+
+FELLOW-COMMONER. In the University of Cambridge, England,
+_Fellow-Commoners_ are generally the younger sons of the nobility,
+or young men of fortune, and have the privilege of dining at the
+Fellows' table, whence the appellation originated.
+
+"Fellow-Commoners," says Bristed, "are 'young men of fortune,' as
+the _Cambridge Calendar_ and _Cambridge Guide_ have it, who, in
+consideration of their paying twice as much for everything as
+anybody else, are allowed the privilege of sitting at the Fellows'
+table in hall, and in their seats at chapel; of wearing a gown
+with gold or silver lace, and a velvet cap with a metallic tassel;
+of having the first choice of rooms; and as is generally believed,
+and believed not without reason, of getting off with a less number
+of chapels per week. Among them are included the Honorables _not_
+eldest sons,--only these wear a hat instead of the velvet cap, and
+are thence popularly known as _Hat_ Fellow-Commoners."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 13.
+
+A _Fellow-Commoner_ at Cambridge is equivalent to an Oxford
+_Gentleman-Commoner_, and is in all respects similar to what in
+private schools and seminaries is called a _parlor boarder_. A
+fuller account of this, the first rank at the University, will be
+found in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 20, and in the Gradus
+ad Cantabrigiam, p. 50.
+
+"Fellow-Commoners have been nicknamed '_Empty Bottles_'! They have
+been called, likewise, 'Useless Members'! 'The licensed Sons of
+Ignorance.'"--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+The Fellow-Commoners, alias _empty bottles_, (not so called
+because they've let out anything during the examination,) are then
+presented.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 101.
+
+In the old laws of Harvard College we find the following: "None
+shall be admitted a _Fellow-Commoner_ unless he first pay thirteen
+pounds six and eight pence to the college. And every
+_Fellow-Commoner_ shall pay double tuition money. They shall have
+the privilege of dining and supping with the Fellows at their
+table in the hall; they shall be excused from going on errands,
+and shall have the title of Masters, and have the privilege of
+wearing their hats as the Masters do; but shall attend all duties
+and exercises with the rest of their class, and be alike subject
+to the laws and government of the College," &c. The Hon. Paine
+Wingate, a graduate of the class of 1759, says in reference to
+this subject: "I never heard anything about _Fellow-Commoners_ in
+college excepting in this paragraph. I am satisfied there has been
+no such description of scholars at Cambridge since I have known
+anything about the place."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Coll._, p. 314.
+
+In the Appendix to "A Sketch of the History of Harvard College,"
+by Samuel A. Eliot, is a memorandum, in the list of donations to
+that institution, under the date 1683, to this effect. "Mr. Joseph
+Brown, Mr. Edward Page, Mr. Francis Wainwright,
+_fellow-commoners_, gave each a silver goblet." Mr. Wainwright
+graduated in 1686. The other two do not appear to have received a
+degree. All things considered, it is probable that this order,
+although introduced from the University of Cambridge, England,
+into Harvard College, received but few members, on account of the
+evil influence which such distinctions usually exert.
+
+
+FELLOW OF THE HOUSE. See under HOUSE.
+
+
+FELLOW, RESIDENT. At Harvard College, the tutors were formerly
+called _resident fellows_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I.
+p. 278.
+
+The _resident fellows_ were tutors to the classes, and instructed
+them in Hebrew, "and led them through all the liberal arts before
+the four years were expired."--_Harv. Reg._, p. 249.
+
+
+FELLOWSHIP. An establishment in colleges, for the maintenance of a
+fellow.--_Webster_.
+
+In Harvard College, tutors were formerly called Fellows of the
+House or College, and their office, _fellowships_. In this sense
+that word is used in the following passage.
+
+Joseph Stevens was chosen "Fellow of the College, or House," and
+as such was approved by that board [the Corporation], in the
+language of the records, "to supply a vacancy in one of the
+_Fellowships_ of the House."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol.
+I. p. 279.
+
+
+FELLOWS' ORCHARD. See TUTORS' PASTURE.
+
+
+FEMUR. Latin; _a thigh-bone_. At Yale College, a _femur_ was
+formerly the badge of a medical bully.
+
+  When hand in hand all joined in band,
+    With clubs, umbrellas, _femurs_,
+  Declaring death and broken teeth
+    'Gainst blacksmiths, cobblers, seamers.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 14.
+
+ "One hundred valiant warriors, who
+    (My Captain bid me say)
+  Three _femurs_ wield, with one to fight,
+    With two to run away,
+
+ "Wait in Scull Castle, to receive,
+    With open gates, your men;
+  Their right arms nerved, their _femurs_ clenched,
+    Safe to protect ye then!"--_Ibid._, p. 23.
+
+
+FERG. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become less
+angry, ardent; to cool. A correspondent from the University of
+Vermont, where this word is used, says: "If a man gets angry, we
+'let him _ferg_,' and he feels better."
+
+
+FESS. Probably abbreviated for CONFESS. In some of the Southern
+Colleges, to fail in reciting; to silently request the teacher not
+to put farther queries.
+
+This word is in use among the cadets at West Point, with the same
+meaning.
+
+  And when you and I, and Benny, and General Jackson too,
+    Are brought before a final board our course of life to view,
+  May we never "_fess_" on any "point," but then be told to go
+    To join the army of the blest, with Benny Havens, O!
+    _Song, Benny Havens, O!_
+
+
+FINES. In many of the colleges in the United States it was
+formerly customary to impose fines upon the students as a
+punishment for non-compliance with the laws. The practice is now
+very generally abolished.
+
+About the middle of the eighteenth century, the custom of
+punishing by pecuniary mulets began, at Harvard College, to be
+considered objectionable. "Although," says Quincy, "little
+regarded by the students, they were very annoying to their
+parents." A list of the fines which were imposed on students at
+that period presents a curious aggregate of offences and
+punishments.
+
+                                                         £  s. d.
+Absence from prayers,                                    0  0  2
+Tardiness at prayers,                                    0  0  1
+Absence from Professor's public lecture,                 0  0  4
+Tardiness at            do.                              0  0  2
+Profanation of Lord's day, not exceeding                 0  3  0
+Absence from public worship,                             0  0  9
+Tardiness at      do.                                    0  0  3
+Ill behavior at   do.      not exceeding                 0  1  6
+Going to meeting before bell-ringing,                    0  0  6
+Neglecting to repeat the sermon,                         0  0  9
+Irreverent behavior at prayers, or public divinity
+    lectures,                                            0  1  6
+Absence from chambers, &c., not exceeding                0  0  6
+Not declaiming, not exceeding                            0  1  6
+Not giving up a declamation, not exceeding               0  1  6
+Absence from recitation, not exceeding                   0  1  6
+Neglecting analyzing, not exceeding                      0  3  0
+Bachelors neglecting disputations, not exceeding         0  1  6
+Respondents neglecting do. from 1s. 6d. to               0  3  0
+Undergraduates out of town without leave, not exceeding  0  2  6
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town without leave, not
+    exceeding _per diem_,                                0  1  3
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town one week without
+    leave, not exceeding                                 0 10  0
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town one month without
+    leave, not exceeding                                 2 10  0
+Lodging strangers without leave, not exceeding           0  1  6
+Entertaining persons of ill character, not exceeding     0  1  6
+Going out of College without proper garb, not exceeding  0  0  6
+Frequenting taverns, not exceeding                       0  1  6
+Profane cursing, not exceeding                           0  2  6
+Graduates playing cards, not exceeding                   0  5  0
+Undergraduates playing cards, not exceeding              0  2  6
+Undergraduates playing any game for money, not exceeding 0  1  6
+Selling and exchanging without leave, not exceeding      0  1  6
+Lying, not exceeding                                     0  1  6
+Opening door by pick-locks, not exceeding                0  5  0
+Drunkenness, not exceeding                               0  1  6
+Liquors prohibited under penalty, not exceeding          0  1  6
+Second offence, not exceeding                            0  3  0
+Keeping prohibited liquors, not exceeding                0  1  6
+Sending for      do.                                     0  0  6
+Fetching         do.                                     0  1  6
+Going upon the top of the College,                       0  1  6
+Cutting off the lead,                                    0  1  6
+Concealing the transgression of the 19th Law,[25]        0  1  6
+Tumultuous noises,                                       0  1  6
+Second offence,                                          0  3  0
+Refusing to give evidence,                               0  3  0
+Rudeness at meals,                                       0  1  0
+Butler and cook to keep utensils clean, not
+    exceeding                                            0  5  0
+Not lodging at their chambers, not exceeding             0  1  6
+Sending Freshmen in studying time,                       0  0  9
+Keeping guns, and going on skating,                      0  1  0
+Firing guns or pistols in College yard,                  0  2  6
+Fighting or hurting any person, not exceeding            0  1  6
+
+In 1761, a committee, of which Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson was
+a member, was appointed to consider of some other method of
+punishing offenders. Although they did not altogether abolish
+mulets, yet "they proposed that, in lieu of an increase of mulcts,
+absences without justifiable cause from any exercise of the
+College should subject the delinquent to warning, private
+admonition, exhortation to duty, and public admonition, with a
+notification to parents; when recitations had been omitted,
+performance of them should be exacted at some other time; and, by
+way of punishment for disorders, confinement, and the performance
+of exercises during its continuance, should be
+enjoined."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 135, 136.
+
+By the laws of 1798, fines not exceeding one dollar were imposed
+by a Professor or Tutor, or the Librarian; not exceeding two
+dollars, by the President; all above two dollars, by the
+President, Professors, and Tutors, at a meeting.
+
+Upon this subject, with reference to Harvard College, Professor
+Sidney Willard remarks: "For a long period fines constituted the
+punishment of undergraduates for negligence in attendance at the
+exercises and in the performance of the lessons assigned to them.
+A fine was the lowest degree in the gradation of punishment. This
+mode of punishment or disapprobation was liable to objections, as
+a tax on the father rather than a rebuke of the son, (except it
+might be, in some cases, for the indirect moral influence produced
+upon the latter, operating on his filial feeling,) and as a
+mercenary exaction, since the money went into the treasury of the
+College. It was a good day for the College when this punishment
+through the purse was abandoned as a part of the system of
+punishments; which, not confined to neglect of study, had been
+extended also to a variety of misdemeanors more or less aggravated
+and aggravating."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. p.
+304.
+
+"Of fines," says President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse
+relating to Yale College, "the laws are full, and other documents
+show that the laws did not sleep. Thus there was in 1748 a fine of
+a penny for the absence of an undergraduate from prayers, and of a
+half-penny for tardiness or coming in after the introductory
+collect; of fourpence for absence from public worship; of from two
+to six pence for absence from one's chamber during the time of
+study; of one shilling for picking open a lock the first time, and
+two shillings the second; of two and sixpence for playing at cards
+or dice, or for bringing strong liquor into College; of one
+shilling for doing damage to the College, or jumping out of the
+windows,--and so in many other cases.
+
+"In the year 1759, a somewhat unfair pamphlet was written, which
+gave occasion to several others in quick succession, wherein,
+amidst other complaints of President Clap's administration,
+mention is made of the large amount of fines imposed upon
+students. The author, after mentioning that in three years' time
+over one hundred and seventy-two pounds of lawful money was
+collected in this way, goes on to add, that 'such an exorbitant
+collection by fines tempts one to suspect that they have got
+together a most disorderly set of young men training up for the
+service of the churches, or that they are governed and corrected
+chiefly by pecuniary punishments;--that almost all sins in that
+society are purged and atoned for by money.' He adds, with
+justice, that these fines do not fall on the persons of the
+offenders,--most of the students being minors,--but upon their
+parents; and that the practice takes place chiefly where there is
+the least prospect of working a reformation, since the thoughtless
+and extravagant, being the principal offenders against College
+law, would not lay it to heart if their frolics should cost them a
+little more by way of fine. He further expresses his opinion, that
+this way of punishing the children of the College has but little
+tendency to better their hearts and reform their manners; that
+pecuniary impositions act only by touching the shame or
+covetousness or necessities of those upon whom they are levied;
+and that fines had ceased to become dishonorable at College, while
+to appeal to the love of money was expelling one devil by another,
+and to restrain the necessitous by fear of fine would be extremely
+cruel and unequal. These and other considerations are very
+properly urged, and the same feeling is manifested in the laws by
+the gradual abolition of nearly all pecuniary mulcts. The
+practice, it ought to be added, was by no means peculiar to Yale
+College, but was transferred, even in a milder form, from the
+colleges of England."--pp. 47, 48.
+
+In connection with this subject, it may not be inappropriate to
+mention the following occurrence, which is said to have taken
+place at Harvard College.
+
+Dr. ----, _in propria persona_, called upon a Southern student one
+morning in the recitation-room to define logic. The question was
+something in this form. "Mr. ----, what is logic?" Ans. "Logic,
+Sir, is the art of reasoning." "Ay; but I wish you to give the
+definition in the exact words of the _learned author_." "O, Sir,
+he gives a very long, intricate, confused definition, with which I
+did not think proper to burden my memory." "Are you aware who the
+learned author is?" "O, yes! your honor, Sir." "Well, then, I fine
+you one dollar for disrespect." Taking out a two-dollar note, the
+student said, with the utmost _sang froid_, "If you will change
+this, I will pay you on the spot." "I fine you another dollar,"
+said the Professor, emphatically, "for repeated disrespect." "Then
+'tis just the change, Sir," said the student, coolly.
+
+
+FIRST-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, England, the title
+of _First-Year Men_, or _Freshmen_, is given to students during
+the first year of their residence at the University.
+
+
+FISH. At Harvard College, to seek or gain the good-will of an
+instructor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious
+civilities; to curry favor. The German word _fischen_ has a
+secondary meaning, to get by cunning, which is similar to the
+English word _fish_. Students speak of fishing for parts,
+appointments, ranks, marks, &c.
+
+  I give to those that _fish for parts_,
+  Long, sleepless nights, and aching hearts,
+  A little soul, a fawning spirit,
+  With half a grain of plodding merit,
+  Which is, as Heaven I hope will say,
+  Giving what's not my own away.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss, in Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+  Who would let a Tutor knave
+  Screw him like a Guinea slave!
+  Who would _fish_ a fine to save!
+    Let him turn and flee.--_Rebelliad_, p. 35.
+
+  Did I not promise those who _fished_
+  And pimped most, any part they wished?--_Ibid._, p. 33.
+
+  'T is all well here; though 't were a grand mistake
+  To write so, should one "_fish_" for a "forty-eight!"
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 33.
+
+  Still achieving, still intriguing,
+  Learn to labor and to _fish_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849.
+
+The following passage explains more clearly, perhaps, the meaning
+of this word. "Any attempt to raise your standing by ingratiating
+yourself with the instructors, will not only be useless, but
+dishonorable. Of course, in your intercourse with the Professors
+and Tutors, you will not be wanting in that respect and courtesy
+which is due to them, both as your superiors and as
+gentlemen."--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 79.
+
+Washington Allston, who graduated at Harvard College in the year
+1800, left a painting of a fishing scene, to be transmitted from
+class to class. It was in existence in the year 1828, but has
+disappeared of late.
+
+
+FISH, FISHER. One who attempts to ingratiate himself with his
+instructor, thereby to obtain favor or advantage; one who curries
+favor.
+
+You besought me to respect my teachers, and to be attentive to my
+studies, though it shall procure me the odious title of a
+"_fisher_."--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 153.
+
+
+FISHING. The act performed by a _fisher_. The full force of this
+word is set forth in a letter from Dr. Popkin, a Professor at
+Harvard College, to his brother William, dated Boston, October
+17th, 1800.
+
+"I am sensible that the good conduct which I have advised you, and
+which, I doubt not, you are inclined to preserve, may expose you
+to the opprobrious epithet, _fishing_. You undoubtedly understand,
+by this time, the meaning of that frightful term, which has done
+more damage in college than all the bad wine, and roasted pigs,
+that have ever fired the frenzy of Genius! The meaning of it, in
+short, is nothing less than this, that every one who acts as a
+reasonable being in the various relations and duties of a scholar
+is using the basest means to ingratiate himself with the
+government, and seeking by mean compliances to purchase their
+honors and favors. At least, I thought this to be true when I was
+in the government. If times and manners are altered, I am heartily
+glad of it; but it will not injure you to hear the tales of former
+times. If a scholar appeared to perform his exercises to his best
+ability, if there were not a marked contempt and indifference in
+his manner, I would hear the whisper run round the class,
+_fishing_. If one appeared firm enough to perform an unpopular
+duty, or showed common civility to his instructors, who certainly
+wished him well, he was _fishing_. If he refused to join in some
+general disorder, he was insulted with _fishing_. If he did not
+appear to despise the esteem and approbation of his instructors,
+and to disclaim all the rewards of diligence and virtue, he was
+suspected of _fishing_. The fear of this suspicion or imputation
+has, I believe, perverted many minds which, from good and
+honorable motives, were better disposed."--_Memorial of John S.
+Popkin, D.D._, pp. xxvi., xxvii.
+
+  To those who've parts at exhibition,
+  Obtained by long, unwearied _fishing_,
+  I say, to such unlucky wretches,
+  I give, for wear, a brace of breeches.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss, in Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+  And, since his _fishing_ on the land was vain,
+  To try his luck upon the azure main.--_Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+Whenever I needed advice or assistance, I did not hesitate,
+through any fear of the charge of what, in the College cant, was
+called "_fishing_," to ask it of Dr. Popkin.--_Memorial of John S.
+Popkin, D.D._, p. ix.
+
+At Dartmouth College, the electioneering for members of the secret
+societies was formerly called _fishing_. At the same institution,
+individuals in the Senior Class were said to be _fishing for
+appointments_, if they tried to gain the good-will of the Faculty
+by any special means.
+
+
+FIVES. A kind of play with a ball against the side of a building,
+resembling tennis; so named, because three _fives_ or _fifteen_
+are counted to the game.--_Smart_.
+
+A correspondent, writing of Centre College, Ky., says: "Fives was
+a game very much in vogue, at which the President would often take
+a hand, and while the students would play for ice-cream or some
+other refreshment, he would never fail to come in for his share."
+
+
+FIZZLE. Halliwell says: "The half-hiss, half-sigh of an animal."
+In many colleges in the United States, this word is applied to a
+bad recitation, probably from the want of distinct articulation
+which usually attends such performances. It is further explained
+in the Yale Banger, November 10, 1846: "This figure of a wounded
+snake is intended to represent what in technical language is
+termed a _fizzle_. The best judges have decided, that to get just
+one third of the meaning right constitutes a _perfect fizzle_."
+
+With a mind and body so nearly at rest, that naught interrupted my
+inmost repose save cloudy reminiscences of a morning "_fizzle_"
+and an afternoon "flunk," my tranquillity was sufficiently
+enviable.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 114.
+
+  Here he could _fizzles_ mark without a sigh,
+  And see orations unregarded die.
+    _The Tomahawk_, Nov., 1849.
+
+  Not a wail was heard, or a "_fizzle's_" mild sigh,
+  As his corpse o'er the pavement we hurried.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec., 1849.
+
+At Princeton College, the word _blue_ is used with _fizzle_, to
+render it intensive; as, he made a _blue fizzle_, he _fizzled
+blue_.
+
+
+FIZZLE. To fail in reciting; to recite badly. A correspondent from
+Williams College says: "Flunk is the common word when some
+unfortunate man makes an utter failure in recitation. He _fizzles_
+when he stumbles through at last." Another from Union writes: "If
+you have been lazy, you will probably _fizzle_." A writer in the
+Yale Literary Magazine thus humorously defines this word:
+"_Fizzle_. To rise with modest reluctance, to hesitate often, to
+decline finally; generally, to misunderstand the question."--Vol.
+XIV. p. 144.
+
+My dignity is outraged at beholding those who _fizzle_ and flunk
+in my presence tower above me.--_The Yale Banger_, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+  I "skinned," and "_fizzled_" through.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+The verb _to fizzle out_, which is used at the West, has a little
+stronger signification, viz. to be quenched, extinguished; to
+prove a failure.--_Bartlett's Dict. Americanisms_.
+
+The factious and revolutionary action of the fifteen has
+interrupted the regular business of the Senate, disgraced the
+actors, and _fizzled out_.--_Cincinnati Gazette_.
+
+2. To cause one to fail in reciting. Said of an instructor.
+
+  _Fizzle_ him tenderly,
+    Bore him with care,
+  Fitted so slenderly,
+    Tutor, beware.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 321.
+
+
+FIZZLING. Reciting badly; the act of making a poor recitation.
+
+Of this word, a writer jocosely remarks: "_Fizzling_ is a somewhat
+_free_ translation of an intricate sentence; proving a proposition
+in geometry from a wrong figure. Fizzling is caused sometimes by a
+too hasty perusal of the pony, and generally by a total loss of
+memory when called upon to recite."--_Sophomore Independent_,
+Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+  Weather drizzling,
+  Freshmen _fizzling_.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 212.
+
+
+FLAM. At the University of Vermont, in student phrase, to _flam_
+is to be attentive, at any time, to any lady or company of ladies.
+E.g. "He spends half his time _flamming_" i.e. in the society of
+the other sex.
+
+
+FLASH-IN-THE-PAN. A student is said to make a _flash-in-the-pan_
+when he commences to recite brilliantly, and suddenly fails; the
+latter part of such a recitation is a FIZZLE. The metaphor is
+borrowed from a gun, which, after being primed, loaded, and ready
+to be discharged, _flashes in the pan_.
+
+
+FLOOR. Among collegians, to answer such questions as may be
+propounded concerning a given subject.
+
+  Then Olmsted took hold, but he couldn't make it go,
+  For we _floored_ the Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+To _floor a paper_, is to answer every question in it.--_Bristed_.
+
+Somehow I nearly _floored the paper_, and came out feeling much
+more comfortable than when I went in.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 12.
+
+Our best classic had not time to _floor_ the _paper_.--_Ibid._, p.
+135.
+
+
+FLOP. A correspondent from the University of Vermont writes: "Any
+'cute' performance by which a man is sold [deceived] is a _good
+flop_, and, by a phrase borrowed from the ball ground, is 'rightly
+played.' The discomfited individual declares that they 'are all on
+a side,' and gives up, or 'rolls over' by giving his opponent
+'gowdy.'" "A man writes cards during examination to 'feeze the
+profs'; said cards are 'gumming cards,' and he _flops_ the
+examination if he gets a good mark by the means." One usually
+_flops_ his marks by feigning sickness.
+
+
+FLOP A TWENTY. At the University of Vermont, to _flop a twenty_ is
+to make a perfect recitation, twenty being the maximum mark for
+scholarship.
+
+
+FLUMMUX. Any failure is called a _flummux_. In some colleges the
+word is particularly applied to a poor recitation. At Williams
+College, a failure on the play-ground is called a _flummux_.
+
+
+FLUMMUX. To fail; to recite badly. Mr. Bartlett, in his Dictionary
+of Americanisms, has the word _flummix_, to be overcome; to be
+frightened; to give way to.
+
+Perhaps Parson Hyme didn't put it into Pokerville for two mortal
+hours; and perhaps Pokerville didn't mizzle, wince, and finally
+_flummix_ right beneath him.--_Field, Drama in Pokerville_.
+
+
+FLUNK. This word is used in some American colleges to denote a
+complete failure in recitation.
+
+This, O, [signifying neither beginning nor end,] Tutor H---- said
+meant a perfect _flunk_.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+I've made some twelve or fourteen _flunks_.--_The Gallinipper_,
+Dec. 1849.
+
+  And that bold man must bear a _flunk_, or die,
+  Who, when John pleased be captious, dared reply.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+The Sabbath dawns upon the poor student burdened with the thought
+of the lesson, or _flunk_ of the morrow morning.--_Ibid._, Feb.
+1851.
+
+    He thought ...
+  First of his distant home and parents, tunc,
+  Of tutors' note-books, and the morrow's _flunk_.
+    _Ibid._, Feb. 1851.
+
+  In moody meditation sunk,
+  Reflecting on my future _flunk_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 54.
+
+  And so, in spite of scrapes and _flunks_,
+    I'll have a sheep-skin too.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+Some amusing anecdotes are told, such as the well-known one about
+the lofty dignitary's macaronic injunction, "Exclude canem, et
+shut the door"; and another of a tutor's dismal _flunk_ on
+faba.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 263.
+
+
+FLUNK. To make a complete failure when called on to recite. A
+writer in the Yale Literary Magazine defines it, "to decline
+peremptorily, and then to whisper, 'I had it all, except that
+confounded little place.'"--Vol. XIV. p. 144.
+
+They know that a man who has _flunked_, because too much of a
+genius to get his lesson, is not in a state to appreciate joking.
+--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 253.
+
+Nestor was appointed to deliver a poem, but most ingloriously
+_flunked_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 256.
+
+The phrase _to flunk out_, which Bartlett, in his Dictionary of
+Americanisms, defines, "to retire through fear, to back out," is
+of the same nature as the above word.
+
+Why, little one, you must be cracked, if you _flunk out_ before we
+begin.--_J.C. Neal_.
+
+It was formerly used in some American colleges as is now the word
+_flunk_.
+
+We must have, at least, as many subscribers as there are students
+in College, or "_flunk out."--The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 3.
+
+
+FLUNKEY. In college parlance, one who makes a complete failure at
+recitation; one who _flunks_.
+
+  I bore him safe through Horace,
+    Saved him from the _flunkey's_ doom.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 76.
+
+
+FLUNKING. Failing completely in reciting.
+
+  _Flunking_ so gloomily,
+  Crushed by contumely.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 322.
+
+
+We made our earliest call while the man first called up in the
+division-room was deliberately and gracefully
+"_flunking_."--_Ibid._, Vol. XIV. p. 190.
+
+  See what a spot a _flunking_ Soph'more made!
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+
+FLUNKOLOGY. A farcical word, designed to express the science _of
+flunking_.
+
+The ---- scholarship, is awarded to the student in each Freshman
+Class who passes the poorest examination in
+_Flunkology_.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+FOOTBALL. For many years, the game of football has been the
+favorite amusement at some of the American colleges, during
+certain seasons of the year. At Harvard and Yale, it is customary
+for the Sophomore Class to challenge the Freshmen to a trial game,
+soon after their entrance into College. The interest excited on
+this occasion is always very great, the Seniors usually siding
+with the former, and the Juniors with the latter class. The result
+is generally in favor of the Sophomores. College poets and
+prose-writers have often chosen the game of football as a topic on
+which to exercise their descriptive powers. One invokes his muse,
+in imitation of a great poet, as follows:--
+
+ "The Freshmen's wrath, to Sophs the direful spring
+  Of shins unnumbered bruised, great goddess, sing!"
+
+Another, speaking of the size of the ball in ancient times
+compared with what it is at present, says:--
+
+ "A ball like this, so monstrous and so hard,
+  Six eager Freshmen scarce could kick a yard!"
+
+Further compositions on this subject are to be found in the
+Harvard Register, Harvardiana, Yale Banger, &c.
+
+See WRESTLING-MATCH.
+
+
+FORENSIC. A written argument, maintaining either the affirmative
+or the negative side of a question.
+
+In Harvard College, the two senior classes are required to write
+_forensics_ once in every four weeks, on a subject assigned by the
+Professor of Moral Philosophy; these they read before him and the
+division of the class to which they belong, on appointed days. It
+was formerly customary for the teacher to name those who were to
+write on the affirmative and those on the negative, but it is now
+left optional with the student which side he will take. This word
+was originally used as an adjective, and it was usual to speak of
+a forensic dispute, which has now been shortened into _forensic_.
+
+For every unexcused omission of a _forensic_, or of reading a
+_forensic_, a deduction shall be made of the highest number of
+marks to which that exercise is entitled. Seventy-two is the
+highest mark for _forensics_.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._,
+1848.
+
+What with themes, _forensics_, letters, memoranda, notes on
+lectures, verses, and articles, I find myself considerably
+hurried.--_Collegian_, 1830, p. 241.
+
+                                  When
+  I call to mind _Forensics_ numberless,
+  With arguments so grave and erudite,
+  I never understood their force myself,
+  But trusted that my sage instructor would.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 403.
+
+
+FORK ON. At Hamilton College, _to fork on_, to appropriate to
+one's self.
+
+
+FORTS. At Jefferson and at Washington Colleges in Pennsylvania,
+the boarding-houses for the students are called _forts_.
+
+
+FOUNDATION. A donation or legacy appropriated to support an
+institution, and constituting a permanent fund, usually for a
+charitable purpose.--_Webster_.
+
+In America it is also applied to a donation or legacy appropriated
+especially to maintain poor and deserving, or other students, at a
+college.
+
+In the selection of candidates for the various beneficiary
+_foundations_, the preference will be given to those who are of
+exemplary conduct and scholarship.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam.,
+Mass._, 1848, p. 19.
+
+Scholars on this _foundation_ are to be called "scholars of the
+house."--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p. 86.
+
+
+FOUNDATIONER. One who derives support from the funds or foundation
+of a college or a great school.--_Jackson_.
+
+This word is not in use in the _United States_.
+
+See BENEFICIARY.
+
+
+FOUNDATION SCHOLAR. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+scholar who enjoys certain privileges, and who is of that class
+whence Fellows are taken.
+
+Of the scholars of this name, Bristed remarks: "The table nearer
+the door is filled by students in the ordinary Undergraduate blue
+gown; but from the better service of their table, and perhaps some
+little consequential air of their own, it is plain that they have
+something peculiar to boast of. They are the Foundation Scholars,
+from whom the future Fellows are to be chosen, in the proportion
+of about one out of three. Their Scholarships are gained by
+examination in the second or third year, and entitle them to a
+pecuniary allowance from the college, and also to their commons
+gratis (these latter subject to certain attendance at and service
+in chapel), a first choice of rooms, and some other little
+privileges, of which they are somewhat proud, and occasionally
+they look as if conscious that some Don may be saying to a chance
+visitor at the high table, 'Those over yonder are the scholars,
+the best men of their year.'"--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 20.
+
+
+FOX. In the German universities, a student during the first
+half-year is called a Fox (Fuchs), the same as Freshman. To this
+the epithet _nasty_ is sometimes added.
+
+On this subject, Howitt remarks: "On entering the University, he
+becomes a _Kameel_,--a Camel. This happy transition-state of a few
+weeks gone by, he comes forth finally, on entering a Chore, a
+_Fox_, and runs joyfully into the new Burschen life. During the
+first _semester_ or half-year, he is a gold fox, which means, that
+he has _foxes_, or rich gold in plenty yet; or he is a
+_Crass-fucks_, or fat fox, meaning that he yet swells or puffs
+himself up with gold."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+124.
+
+"Halloo there, Herdman, _fox_!" yelled another lusty tippler, and
+Herdman, thus appealed to, arose and emptied the contents of his
+glass.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 116.
+
+At the same moment, a door at the end of the hall was thrown open,
+and a procession of new-comers, or _Nasty Foxes_, as they are
+called in the college dialect, entered two by two, looking wild,
+and green, and foolish.--_Longfellow's Hyperion_, p. 109.
+
+See also in the last-mentioned work the Fox song.
+
+
+FREEZE. A correspondent from Williams College writes: "But by far
+the most expressive word in use among us is _Freeze_. The meaning
+of it might be felt, if, some cold morning, you would place your
+tender hand upon some frosty door-latch; it would be a striking
+specimen on the part of the door-latch of what we mean by
+_Freeze_. Thus we _freeze_ to apples in the orchards, to fellows
+whom we electioneer for in our secret societies, and alas! some
+even go so far as to _freeze_ to the ladies."
+
+"Now, boys," said Bob, "_freeze on_," and at it they went.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 111.
+
+
+FRESH. An abbreviation for Freshman or Freshmen; FRESHES is
+sometimes used for the plural.
+
+When Sophs met _Fresh_, power met opposing power. _Harv. Reg._, p.
+251.
+
+The Sophs did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+_Fresh_, as they call us.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+Listen to the low murmurings of some annihilated _Fresh_ upon the
+Delta.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+
+FRESH. Newly come; likewise, awkward, like a Freshman.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+For their behavior at table, spitting and coughing, and speaking
+loud, was counted uncivil in any but a gentleman; as we say in the
+university, that nothing is _fresh_ in a Senior, and to him it was
+a glory.--_Archæol. Atticæ_, Edit. Oxon., 1675, B. VI.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, _pl._ FRESHMEN. In England, a student during his first
+year's residence at the university. In America, one who belongs to
+the youngest of the four classes in college, called the _Freshman
+Class_.--_Webster_.
+
+
+FRESHMAN. Pertaining to a Freshman, or to the class called
+_Freshman_.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, BUTLER'S. At Harvard and Yale Colleges, a Freshman,
+formerly hired by the Butler, to perform certain duties pertaining
+to his office, was called by this name.
+
+The Butler may be allowed a Freshman, to do the foregoing duties,
+and to deliver articles to the students from the Buttery, who
+shall be appointed by the President and Tutors, and he shall be
+allowed the same provision in the Hall as the Waiters; and he
+shall not be charged in the Steward's quarter-bills under the
+heads of Steward and Instruction and Sweepers, Catalogue and
+Dinner.--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1793, p. 61.
+
+With being _butler's freshman_, and ringing the bell the first
+year, waiter the three last, and keeping school in the vacations,
+I rubbed through.--_The Algerine Captive_, Walpole, 1797, Vol. I.
+p. 54.
+
+See BUTLER, BUTTERY.
+
+
+FRESHMAN CLUB. At Hamilton College, it is customary for the new
+Sophomore Class to present to the Freshmen at the commencement of
+the first term a heavy cudgel, six feet long, of black walnut,
+brass bound, with a silver plate inscribed "_Freshman Club_." The
+club is given to the one who can hold it out at arm's length the
+longest time, and the presentation is accompanied with an address
+from one of the Sophomores in behalf of his class. He who receives
+the club is styled the "leader." The "leader" having been
+declared, after an appropriate speech from a Freshman appointed
+for that purpose, "the class," writes a correspondent, "form a
+procession, and march around the College yard, the leader carrying
+the club before them. A trial is then made by the class of the
+virtues of the club, on the Chapel door."
+
+
+FRESHMAN, COLLEGE. In Harvard University, a member of the Freshman
+Class, whose duties are enumerated below. "On Saturday, after the
+exercises, any student not specially prohibited may go out of
+town. If the students thus going out of town fail to return so as
+to be present at evening prayers, they must enter their names with
+the _College Freshman_ within the hour next preceding the evening
+study bell; and all students who shall be absent from evening
+prayers on Saturday must in like manner enter their
+names."--_Statutes and Laws of the Univ. in Cam., Mass._, 1825, p.
+42.
+
+The _College Freshman_ lived in No. 1, Massachusetts Hall, and was
+commonly called the _book-keeper_. The duties of this office are
+now performed by one of the Proctors.
+
+
+FRESHMANHOOD. The state of a _Freshman_, or the time in which one
+is a Freshman, which is in duration a year.
+
+  But yearneth not thy laboring heart, O Tom,
+  For those dear hours of simple _Freshmanhood_?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 405.
+
+  When to the college I came,
+        in the first dear day of _my freshhood_,
+  Like to the school we had left
+        I imagined the new situation.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+
+FRESHMANIC. Pertaining to a _Freshman_; resembling a _Freshman_,
+or his condition.
+
+The Junior Class had heard of our miraculous doings, and asserted
+with that peculiar dignity which should at all times excite terror
+and awe in the _Freshmanic_ breast, that they would countenance no
+such proceedings.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 316.
+
+I do not pine for those _Freshmanic_ days.--_Ibid._, Vol. III. p.
+405.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, PARIETAL. In Harvard College, the member of the Freshman
+Class who gives notice to those whom the chairman of the Parietal
+Committee wishes to see, is known by the name of the _Parietal
+Freshman_. For his services he receives about forty dollars per
+annum, and the rent of his room.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, PRESIDENT'S. A member of the Freshman Class who performs
+the official errands of the President, for which he receives the
+same compensation as the PARIETAL FRESHMAN.
+
+  Then Bibo kicked his carpet thrice,
+  Which brought his _Freshman_ in a trice.
+  "You little rascal! go and call
+  The persons mentioned in this scroll."
+  The fellow, hearing, scarcely feels
+  The ground, so quickly fly his heels.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 27.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, REGENT'S. In Harvard College, a member of the Freshman
+Class whose duties are given below.
+
+"When any student shall return to town, after having had leave of
+absence for one night or more, or after any vacation, he shall
+apply to the _Regent's Freshman_, at his room, to enter the time
+of his return; and shall tarry till he see it entered.
+
+"The _Regent's Freshman_ is not charged under the heads of
+Steward, Instruction, Sweepers, Catalogue, and Dinner."--_Laws of
+Harv. Coll._, 1816, pp. 46, 47.
+
+This office is now abolished.
+
+
+FRESHMAN'S BIBLE. Among collegians, the name by which the body of
+laws, the catalogue, or the calendar of a collegiate institution
+is often designated. The significancy of the word _Bible_ is seen,
+when the position in which the laws are intended to be regarded is
+considered. The _Freshman_ is supposed to have studied and to be
+more familiar with the laws than any one else, hence the propriety
+of using his name in this connection. A copy of the laws are
+usually presented to each student on his entrance into college.
+
+Every year there issues from the warehouse of Messrs. Deighton,
+the publishers to the University of Cambridge, an octavo volume,
+bound in white canvas, and of a very periodical and business-like
+appearance. Among the Undergraduates it is commonly known by the
+name of the "_Freshman's Bible_,"--the public usually ask for the
+"University Calendar."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+230.
+
+See COLLEGE BIBLE.
+
+
+FRESHMAN SERVITUDE. The custom which formerly prevailed in the
+older American colleges of allowing the members of all the upper
+classes to send Freshmen upon errands, and in other ways to treat
+them as inferiors, appears at the present day strange and almost
+unaccountable. That our forefathers had reasons which they deemed
+sufficient, not only for allowing, but sanctioning, this
+subjection, we cannot doubt; but what these were, we are not able
+to know from any accounts which have come down to us from the
+past.
+
+"On attending prayers the first evening," says one who graduated
+at Harvard College near the close of the last century, "no sooner
+had the President pronounced the concluding 'Amen,' than one of
+the Sophomores sung out, 'Stop, Freshmen, and hear the customs
+read.'" An account of these customs is given in President Quincy's
+History of Harvard University, Vol. II. p. 539. It is entitled,
+
+"THE ANCIENT CUSTOMS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, ESTABLISHED BY THE
+GOVERNMENT OF IT."
+
+"1. No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it
+rains, hails, or snows, provided he be on foot, and have not both
+hands full.
+
+"2. No Undergraduate shall wear his hat in the College yard when
+any of the Governors of the College are there; and no Bachelor
+shall wear his hat when the President is there.
+
+"3. Freshmen are to consider all the other classes as their
+seniors.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall speak to a Senior[26] with his hat on, or
+have it on in a Senior's chamber, or in his own, if a Senior be
+there.
+
+"5. All the Undergraduates shall treat those in the Government of
+the College with respect and deference; particularly they shall
+not be seated without leave in their presence; they shall be
+uncovered when they speak to them or are spoken to by them.
+
+"6. All Freshmen (except those employed by the Immediate
+Government of the College) shall be obliged to go on any errand
+(except such as shall be judged improper by some one in the
+Government of the College) for any of his Seniors, Graduates or
+Undergraduates, at any time, except in studying hours, or after
+nine o'clock in the evening.
+
+"7. A Senior Sophister has authority to take a Freshman from a
+Sophomore, a Middle Bachelor from a Junior Sophister, a Master
+from a Senior Sophister, and any Governor of the College from a
+Master.
+
+"8. Every Freshman before he goes for the person who takes him
+away (unless it be one in the Government of the College) shall
+return and inform the person from whom he is taken.
+
+"9. No Freshman, when sent on an errand, shall make any
+unnecessary delay, neglect to make due return, or go away till
+dismissed by the person who sent him.
+
+"10. No Freshman shall be detained by a Senior, when not actually
+employed on some suitable errand.
+
+"11. No Freshman shall be obliged to observe any order of a Senior
+to come to him, or go on any errand for him, unless he be wanted
+immediately.
+
+"12. No Freshman, when sent on an errand, shall tell who he is
+going for, unless he be asked; nor be obliged to tell what he is
+going for, unless asked by a Governor of the College.
+
+"13. When any person knocks at a Freshman's door, except in
+studying time, he shall immediately open the door, without
+inquiring who is there.
+
+"14. No scholar shall call up or down, to or from, any chamber in
+the College.
+
+"15. No scholar shall play football or any other game in the
+College yard, or throw any thing across the yard.
+
+"16. The Freshmen shall furnish bats, balls, and footballs for the
+use of the students, to be kept at the Buttery.[27]
+
+"17. Every Freshman shall pay the Butler for putting up his name
+in the Buttery.
+
+"18. Strict attention shall be paid by all the students to the
+common rules of cleanliness, decency, and politeness.
+
+"The Sophomores shall publish these customs to the Freshmen in the
+Chapel, whenever ordered by any in the Government of the College;
+at which time the Freshmen are enjoined to keep their places in
+their seats, and attend with decency to the reading."
+
+At the close of a manuscript copy of the laws of Harvard College,
+transcribed by Richard Waldron, a graduate of the class of 1738,
+when a Freshman, are recorded the following regulations, which
+differ from those already cited, not only in arrangement, but in
+other respects.
+
+COLLEGE CUSTOMS, ANNO 1734-5.
+
+"1. No Freshman shall ware his hat in the College yard except it
+rains, snows, or hails, or he be on horse back or haith both hands
+full.
+
+"2. No Freshman shall ware his hat in his Seniors Chamber, or in
+his own if his Senior be there.
+
+"3. No Freshman shall go by his Senior, without taking his hat of
+if it be on.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall intrude into his Seniors company.
+
+"5. No Freshman shall laugh in his Seniors face.
+
+"6. No Freshman shall talk saucily to his Senior, or speak to him
+with his hat on.
+
+"7. No Freshman shall ask his Senior an impertinent question.
+
+"8. Freshmen are to take notice that a Senior Sophister can take a
+Freshman from a Sophimore,[28] a Middle Batcelour from a Junior
+Sophister, a Master from a Senior Sophister, and a Fellow[29] from
+a Master.
+
+"9. Freshmen are to find the rest of the Scholars with bats,
+balls, and foot balls.
+
+"10. Freshmen must pay three shillings a peice to the Butler to
+have there names set up in the Buttery.
+
+"11. No Freshman shall loiter by the [way] when he is sent of an
+errand, but shall make hast and give a direct answer when he is
+asked who he is going [for]. No Freshman shall use lying or
+equivocation to escape going of an errand.
+
+"12. No Freshman shall tell who [he] is going [for] except he be
+asked, nor for what except he be asked by a Fellow.
+
+"13. No Freshman shall go away when he haith been sent of an
+errand before he be dismissed, which may be understood by saying,
+it is well, I thank you, you may go, or the like.
+
+"14. When a Freshman knocks at his Seniors door he shall tell
+[his] name if asked who.
+
+"15. When anybody knocks at a Freshmans door, he shall not aske
+who is there, but shall immediately open the door.
+
+"16. No Freshman shall lean at prayrs but shall stand upright.
+
+"17. No Freshman shall call his classmate by the name of Freshmen.
+
+"18. No Freshman shall call up or down to or from his Seniors
+chamber or his own.
+
+"19. No Freshman shall call or throw anything across the College
+yard.
+
+"20. No Freshman shall mingo against the College wall, nor go into
+the Fellows cus john.[30]
+
+"21. Freshmen may ware there hats at dinner and supper, except
+when they go to receive there Commons of bread and bear.
+
+"22. Freshmen are so to carry themselves to there Seniors in all
+respects so as to be in no wise saucy to them, and who soever of
+the Freshmen shall brake any of these customs shall be severely
+punished."
+
+Another manuscript copy of these singular regulations bears date
+September, 1741, and is entitled,
+
+"THE CUSTOMS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, WHICH IF THE FRESHMEN DON'T
+OBSERVE AND OBEY, THEY SHALL BE SEVERELY PUNISHED IF THEY HAVE
+HEARD THEM READ."
+
+"1. No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, except it
+rains, hails, or snows, he be on horseback, or hath both hands
+full.
+
+"2. No Freshman shall pass by his Senior, without pulling his hat
+off.
+
+"3. No Freshman shall be saucy to his Senior, or speak to him with
+his hat on.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall laugh in his Senior's face.
+
+"5. No Freshman shall ask his Senior any impertinent question.
+
+"6. No Freshman shall intrude into his Senior's company.
+
+"7. Freshmen are to take notice that a Senior Sophister can take a
+Freshman from a Sophimore, a Master from a Senior Sophister, and a
+Fellow from a Master.
+
+"8. When a Freshman is sent of an errand, he shall not loiter by
+the way, but shall make haste, and give a direct answer if asked
+who he is going for.
+
+"9. No Freshman shall tell who he is a going for (unless asked),
+or what he is a going for, unless asked by a Fellow.
+
+"10. No Freshman, when he is going of errands, shall go away,
+except he be dismissed, which is known by saying, 'It is well,'
+'You may go,' 'I thank you,' or the like.
+
+"11. Freshman are to find the rest of the scholars with bats,
+balls, and footballs.
+
+"12. Freshmen shall pay three shillings to the Butler to have
+their names set up in the Buttery.
+
+"13. No Freshman shall wear his hat in his Senior's chambers, nor
+in his own if his Senior be there.
+
+"14. When anybody knocks at a Freshman's door, he shall not ask
+who is there, but immediately open the door.
+
+"15. When a Freshman knocks at his Senior's door, he shall tell
+his name immediately.
+
+"16. No Freshman shall call his classmate by the name of Freshman.
+
+"17. No Freshman shall call up or down, to or from his Senior's
+chamber or his own.
+
+"18. No Freshman shall call or throw anything across the College
+yard, nor go into the Fellows' Cuz-John.
+
+"19. No Freshman shall mingo against the College walls.
+
+"20. Freshmen are to carry themselves, in all respects, as to be
+in no wise saucy to their Seniors.
+
+"21. Whatsoever Freshman shall break any of these customs, he
+shall be severely punished."
+
+
+A written copy of these regulations in Latin, of a very early
+date, is still extant. They appear first in English, in the fourth
+volume of the Immediate Government Books, 1781, p. 257. The two
+following laws--one of which was passed soon after the
+establishment of the College, the other in the year 1734--seem to
+have been the foundation of these rules. "Nulli ex scholaribus
+senioribus, solis tutoribus et collegii sociis exceptis, recentem
+sive juniorem, ad itinerandum, aut ad aliud quodvis faciendum,
+minis, verberibus, vel aliis modis impellere licebit. Et siquis
+non gradatus in hanc legem peccaverit, castigatione corporali,
+expulsione, vel aliter, prout præsidi cum sociis visum fuerit
+punietur."--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 133.
+
+"None belonging to the College, except the President, Fellows,
+Professors, and Tutors, shall by threats or blows compel a
+Freshman or any Undergraduate to any duty or obedience; and if any
+Undergraduate shall offend against this law, he shall be liable to
+have the privilege of sending Freshmen taken from him by the
+President and Tutors, or be degraded or expelled, according to the
+aggravation of the offence. Neither shall any Senior scholars,
+Graduates or Undergraduates, send any Freshman on errands in
+studying hours, without leave from one of the Tutors, his own
+Tutor if in College."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 141.
+
+That this privilege of sending Freshmen on errands was abused in
+some cases, we see from an account of "a meeting of the
+Corporation in Cambridge, March 27th, 1682," at which time notice
+was given that "great complaints have been made and proved against
+----, for his abusive carriage, in requiring some of the Freshmen
+to go upon his private errands, and in striking the said
+Freshmen."
+
+In the year 1772, "the Overseers having repeatedly recommended
+abolishing the custom of allowing the upper classes to send
+Freshmen on errands, and the making of a law exempting them from
+such services, the Corporation voted, that, 'after deliberate
+consideration and weighing all circumstances, they are not able to
+project any plan in the room of this long and ancient custom, that
+will not, in their opinion, be attended with equal, if not
+greater, inconveniences.'" It seems, however, to have fallen into
+disuse, for a time at least, after this period; for in June, 1786,
+"the retaining men or boys to perform the services for which
+Freshmen had been heretofore employed," was declared to be a
+growing evil, and was prohibited by the Corporation.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 515; Vol. II. pp. 274, 277.
+
+The upper classes being thus forbidden to employ persons not
+connected with the College to wait upon them, the services of
+Freshmen were again brought into requisition, and they were not
+wholly exempted from menial labor until after the year 1800.
+
+Another service which the Freshmen were called on to perform, was
+once every year to shake the carpets of the library and Philosophy
+Chamber in the Chapel.
+
+Those who refused to comply with these regulations were not
+allowed to remain in College, as appears from the following
+circumstance, which happened about the year 1790. A young man from
+the West Indies, of wealthy and highly respectable parents,
+entered Freshman, and soon after, being ordered by a member of one
+of the upper classes to go upon an errand for him, refused, at the
+same time saying, that if he had known it was the custom to
+require the lower class to wait on the other classes, he would
+have brought a slave with him to perform his share of these
+duties. In the common phrase of the day, he was _hoisted_, i.e.
+complained of to a tutor, and on being told that he could not
+remain at College if he did not comply with its regulations, he
+took up his connections and returned home.
+
+With reference to some of the observances which were in vogue at
+Harvard College in the year 1794, the recollections of Professor
+Sidney Willard are these:--
+
+"It was the practice, at the time of my entrance at College, for
+the Sophomore Class, by a member selected for the purpose, to
+communicate to the Freshmen, in the Chapel, 'the Customs,' so
+called; the Freshmen being required to 'keep their places in their
+seats, and attend with decency to the reading.' These customs had
+been handed down from remote times, with some modifications not
+essentially changing them. Not many days after our seats were
+assigned to us in the Chapel, we were directed to remain after
+evening prayers and attend to the reading of the customs; which
+direction was accordingly complied with, and they were read and
+listened to with decorum and gravity. Whether the ancient customs
+of outward respect, which forbade a Freshman 'to wear his hat in
+the College yard, unless it rains, hails, or snows, provided he be
+on foot, and have not both hands full,' as if the ground on which
+he trod and the atmosphere around him were consecrated, and the
+article which extends the same prohibition to all undergraduates,
+when any of the governors of the College are in the yard, were
+read, I cannot say; but I think they were not; for it would have
+disturbed that gravity which I am confident was preserved during
+the whole reading. These prescripts, after a long period of
+obsolescence, had become entirely obsolete.
+
+"The most degrading item in the list of customs was that which
+made Freshmen subservient to all the other classes; which obliged
+those who were not employed by the Immediate Government of the
+College to go on any errand, not judged improper by an officer of
+the government, or in study hours, for any of the other classes,
+the Senior having the prior right to the service.... The privilege
+of claiming such service, and the obligation, on the other hand,
+to perform it, doubtless gave rise to much abuse, and sometimes to
+unpleasant conflict. A Senior having a claim to the service of a
+Freshman prior to that of the classes below them, it had become a
+practice not uncommon, for a Freshman to obtain a Senior, to whom,
+as a patron and friend, he acknowledged and avowed a permanent
+service due, and whom he called _his_ Senior by way of eminence,
+thus escaping the demands that might otherwise be made upon him
+for trivial or unpleasant errands. The ancient custom was never
+abolished by authority, but died with the change of feeling; so
+that what might be demanded as a right came to be asked as a
+favor, and the right was resorted to only as a sort of defensive
+weapon, as a rebuke of a supposed impertinence, or resentment of a
+real injury."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp. 258,
+259.
+
+The following account of this system, as it formerly obtained at
+Yale College, is from President Woolsey's Historical Discourse
+before the Graduates of that Institution, Aug. 14, 1850:--
+
+"Another remarkable particular in the old system here was the
+servitude of Freshmen,--for such it really deserved to be called.
+The new-comers--as if it had been to try their patience and
+endurance in a novitiate before being received into some monastic
+order--were put into the hands of Seniors, to be reproved and
+instructed in manners, and were obliged to run upon errands for
+the members of all the upper classes. And all this was very
+gravely meant, and continued long in use. The Seniors considered
+it as a part of the system to initiate the ignorant striplings
+into the college system, and performed it with the decorum of
+dancing-masters. And, if the Freshmen felt the burden, the upper
+classes who had outlived it, and were now reaping the advantages
+of it, were not willing that the custom should die in their time.
+
+"The following paper, printed I cannot tell when, but as early as
+the year 1764, gives information to the Freshmen in regard to
+their duty of respect towards the officers, and towards the older
+students. It is entitled 'FRESHMAN LAWS,' and is perhaps part of a
+book of customs which was annually read for the instruction of
+new-comers.
+
+"'It being the duty of the Seniors to teach Freshmen the laws,
+usages, and customs of the College, to this end they are empowered
+to order the whole Freshman Class, or any particular member of it,
+to appear, in order to be instructed or reproved, at such time and
+place as they shall appoint; when and where every Freshman shall
+attend, answer all proper questions, and behave decently. The
+Seniors, however, are not to detain a Freshman more than five
+minutes after study bell, without special order from the
+President, Professor, or Tutor.
+
+"'The Freshmen, as well as all other Undergraduates, are to be
+uncovered, and are forbidden to wear their hats (unless in stormy
+weather) in the front door-yard of the President's or Professor's
+house, or within ten rods of the person of the President, eight
+rods of the Professor, and five rods of a Tutor.
+
+"'The Freshmen are forbidden to wear their hats in College yard
+(except in stormy weather, or when they are obliged to carry
+something in their hands) until May vacation; nor shall they
+afterwards wear them in College or Chapel.
+
+"'No Freshman shall wear a gown, or walk with a cane, or appear
+out of his room without being completely dressed, and with his
+hat; and whenever a Freshman either speaks to a superior or is
+spoken to by one, he shall keep his hat off until he is bidden to
+put it on. A Freshman shall not play with any members of an upper
+class, without being asked; nor is he permitted to use any acts of
+familiarity with them, even in study time.
+
+"'In case of personal insult, a Junior may call up a Freshman and
+reprehend him. A Sophomore, in like case, must obtain leave from a
+Senior, and then he may discipline a Freshman, not detaining him
+more than five minutes, after which the Freshman may retire, even
+without being dismissed, but must retire in a respectful manner.
+
+"'Freshmen are obliged to perform all reasonable errands for any
+superior, always returning an account of the same to the person
+who sent them. When called, they shall attend and give a
+respectful answer; and when attending on their superior, they are
+not to depart until regularly dismissed. They are responsible for
+all damage done to anything put into their hands by way of errand.
+They are not obliged to go for the Undergraduates in study time,
+without permission obtained from the authority; nor are they
+obliged to go for a graduate out of the yard in study time. A
+Senior may take a Freshman from a Sophimore, a Bachelor from a
+Junior, and a Master from a Senior. None may order a Freshman in
+one play time, to do an errand in another.
+
+"'When a Freshman is near a gate or door belonging to College or
+College yard, he shall look around and observe whether any of his
+superiors are coming to the same; and if any are coming within
+three rods, he shall not enter without a signal to proceed. In
+passing up or down stairs, or through an entry or any other narrow
+passage, if a Freshman meets a superior, he shall stop and give
+way, leaving the most convenient side,--if on the stairs, the
+banister side. Freshmen shall not run in College yard, or up or
+down stairs, or call to any one through a College window. When
+going into the chamber of a superior, they shall knock at the
+door, and shall leave it as they find it, whether open or shut.
+Upon entering the chamber of a superior, they shall not speak
+until spoken to; they shall reply modestly to all questions, and
+perform their messages decently and respectfully. They shall not
+tarry in a superior's room, after they are dismissed, unless asked
+to sit. They shall always rise whenever a superior enters or
+leaves the room where they are, and not sit in his presence until
+permitted.
+
+"'These rules are to be observed, not only about College, but
+everywhere else within the limits of the city of New Haven.'
+
+"This is certainly a very remarkable document, one which it
+requires some faith to look on as originating in this land of
+universal suffrage, in the same century with the Declaration of
+Independence. He who had been moulded and reduced into shape by
+such a system might soon become expert in the punctilios of the
+court of Louis the Fourteenth.
+
+"This system, however, had more tenacity of life than might be
+supposed. In 1800 we still find it laid down as the Senior's duty
+to inspect the manners and customs of the lower classes, and
+especially of the Freshmen; and as the duty of the latter to do
+any proper errand, not only for the authorities of the College,
+but also, within the limits of one mile, for Resident Graduates
+and for the two upper classes. By degrees the old usage sank down
+so far, that what the laws permitted was frequently abused for the
+purpose of playing tricks upon the inexperienced Freshmen; and
+then all evidence of its ever having been current disappeared from
+the College code. The Freshmen were formally exempted from the
+duty of running upon errands in 1804."--pp. 54-56.
+
+Among the "Laws of Yale College," published in 1774, appears the
+following regulation: "Every Freshman is obliged to do any proper
+Errand or Message, required of him by any one in an upper class,
+which if he shall refuse to do, he shall be punished. Provided
+that in Study Time no Graduate may send a Freshman out of College
+Yard, or an Undergraduate send him anywhere at all without Liberty
+first obtained of the President or Tutor."--pp. 14, 15.
+
+In a copy of the "Laws" of the above date, which formerly belonged
+to Amasa Paine, who entered the Freshman Class at Yale in 1781, is
+to be found a note in pencil appended to the above regulation, in
+these words: "This Law was annulled when Dr. [Matthew] Marvin, Dr.
+M.J. Lyman, John D. Dickinson, William Bradley, and Amasa Paine
+were classmates, and [they] claimed the Honor of abolishing it."
+The first three were graduated at Yale in the class of 1785;
+Bradley was graduated at the same college in 1784 and Paine, after
+spending three years at Yale, was graduated at Harvard College in
+the class of 1785.
+
+As a part of college discipline, the upper classes were sometimes
+deprived of the privilege of employing the services of Freshmen.
+The laws on this subject were these:--
+
+"If any Scholar shall write or publish any scandalous Libel about
+the President, a Fellow, Professor, or Tutor, or shall treat any
+one of them with any reproachful or reviling Language, or behave
+obstinately, refractorily, or contemptuously towards either of
+them, or be guilty of any Kind of Contempt, he may be punished by
+Fine, Admonition, be deprived the Liberty of sending Freshmen for
+a Time; by Suspension from all the Privileges of College; or
+Expulsion, according as the Nature and Aggravation of the Crime
+may require."
+
+"If any Freshman near the Time of Commencement shall fire the
+great Guns, or give or promise any Money, Counsel, or Assistance
+towards their being fired; or shall illuminate College with
+Candles, either on the Inside or Outside of the Windows, or
+exhibit any such Kind of Show, or dig or scrape the College Yard
+otherwise than with the Liberty and according to the Directions of
+the President in the Manner formerly practised, or run in the
+College Yard in Company, they shall be deprived the Privilege of
+sending Freshmen three Months after the End of the Year."--_Laws
+Yale Coll._, 1774, pp. 13, 25, 26.
+
+To the latter of these laws, a clause was subsequently added,
+declaring that every Freshman who should "do anything unsuitable
+for a Freshman" should be deprived of the privilege "of sending
+Freshmen on errands, or teaching them manners, during the first
+three months of _his_ Sophomore year."--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1787,
+in _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 140.
+
+In the Sketches of Yale College, p. 174, is the following
+anecdote, relating to this subject:--"A Freshman was once
+furnished with a dollar, and ordered by one of the upper classes
+to procure for him pipes and tobacco, from the farthest store on
+Long Wharf, a good mile distant. Being at that time compelled by
+College laws to obey the unreasonable demand, he proceeded
+according to orders, and returned with ninety-nine cents' worth of
+pipes and one pennyworth of tobacco. It is needless to add that he
+was not again sent on a similar errand."
+
+The custom of obliging the Freshmen to run on errands for the
+Seniors was done away with at Dartmouth College, by the class of
+1797, at the close of their Freshman year, when, having served
+their own time out, they presented a petition to the Trustees to
+have it abolished.
+
+In the old laws of Middlebury College are the two following
+regulations in regard to Freshmen, which seem to breathe the same
+spirit as those cited above. "Every Freshman shall be obliged to
+do any proper errand or message for the Authority of the College."
+--"It shall be the duty of the Senior Class to inspect the manners
+of the Freshman Class, and to instruct them in the customs of the
+College, and in that graceful and decent behavior toward
+superiors, which politeness and a just and reasonable
+subordination require."--_Laws_, 1804, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+FRESHMANSHIP. The state of a Freshman.
+
+A man who had been my fellow-pupil with him from the beginning of
+our _Freshmanship_, would meet him there.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 150.
+
+
+FRESHMAN'S LANDMARK. At Cambridge, Eng., King's College Chapel is
+thus designated. "This stupendous edifice may be seen for several
+miles on the London road, and indeed from most parts of the
+adjacent country."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+FRESHMAN, TUTOR'S. In Harvard College, the _Freshman_ who occupies
+a room under a _Tutor_. He is required to do the errands of the
+Tutor which relate to College, and in return has a high choice of
+rooms in his Sophomore year.
+
+The same remarks, _mutatis mutandis_, apply to the _Proctor's
+Freshman_.
+
+
+FRESH-SOPH. An abbreviation of _Freshman-Sophomore_. One who
+enters college in the _Sophomore_ year, having passed the time of
+the _Freshman_ year elsewhere.
+
+I was a _Fresh-Sophomore_ then, and a waiter in the commons' hall.
+--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 114.
+
+
+FROG. In Germany, a student while in the gymnasium, and before
+entering the university, is called a _Frosch_,--a frog.
+
+
+FUNK. Disgust; weariness; fright. A sensation sometimes
+experienced by students in view of an examination.
+
+In Cantab phrase I was suffering examination _funk_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 61.
+
+A singular case of _funk_ occurred at this examination. The man
+who would have been second, took fright when four of the six days
+were over, and fairly ran away, not only from the examination, but
+out of Cambridge, and was not discovered by his friends or family
+till some time after.--_Ibid._, p. 125.
+
+One of our Scholars, who stood a much better chance than myself,
+gave up from mere _funk_, and resolved to go out in the
+Poll.--_Ibid._, p. 229.
+
+2. Fear or sensibility to fear. The general application of the
+term.
+
+So my friend's first fault is timidity, which is only not
+recognized as such on account of its vast proportions. I grant,
+then, that the _funk_ is sublime, which is a true and friendly
+admission.--_A letter to the N.Y. Tribune_, in _Lit. World_, Nov.
+30, 1850.
+
+
+
+_G_.
+
+
+GAS. To impose upon another by a consequential address, or by
+detailing improbable stories or using "great swelling words"; to
+deceive; to cheat.
+
+Found that Fairspeech only wanted to "_gas_" me, which he did
+pretty effectually.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 72.
+
+
+GATE BILL. In the English universities, the record of a pupil's
+failures to be within his college at or before a specified hour of
+the night.
+
+To avoid gate-bills, he will be out at night as late as he
+pleases, and will defy any one to discover his absence; for he
+will climb over the college walls, and fee his Gyp well, when he
+is out all night--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 128.
+
+
+GATED. At the English universities, students who, for
+misdemeanors, are not permitted to be out of their college after
+ten in the evening, are said to be _gated_.
+
+"_Gated_," i.e. obliged to be within the college walls by ten
+o'clock at night; by this he is prevented from partaking in
+suppers, or other nocturnal festivities, in any other college or
+in lodgings.--Note to _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May,
+1849.
+
+The lighter college offences, such as staying out at night or
+missing chapel, are punished by what they term "_gating_"; in one
+form of which, a man is actually confined to his rooms: in a more
+mild way, he is simply restricted to the precincts of the college.
+--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 241.
+
+
+GAUDY. In the University of Oxford, a feast or festival. The days
+on which they occur are called _gaudies_ or _gaudy days_. "Blount,
+in his Glossographia," says Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary,
+"speaks of a foolish derivation of the word from a Judge _Gaudy_,
+said to have been the institutor of such days. But _such_ days
+were held in all times, and did not want a judge to invent them."
+
+                              Come,
+  Let's have one other _gaudy_ night: call to me
+  All my sad captains; fill our bowls; once more
+  Let's mock the midnight bell.
+    _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act. III. Sc. 11.
+
+            A foolish utensil of state,
+  Which like old plate upon a _gaudy day_,
+  's brought forth to make a show, and that is all.
+    _Goblins_, Old Play, X. 143.
+
+Edmund Riche, called of Pontigny, Archbishop of Canterbury. After
+his death he was canonized by Pope Innocent V., and his day in the
+calendar, 16 Nov., was formerly kept as a "_gaudy_" by the members
+of the hall.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 121.
+
+2. An entertainment; a treat; a spree.
+
+Cut lectures, go to chapel as little as possible, dine in hall
+seldom more than once a week, give _Gaudies_ and spreads.--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._, p. 122.
+
+
+GENTLEMAN-COMMONER. The highest class of Commoners at Oxford
+University. Equivalent to a Cambridge _Fellow-Commoner_.
+
+Gentlemen Commoners "are eldest sons, or only sons, or men already
+in possession of estates, or else (which is as common a case as
+all the rest put together), they are the heirs of newly acquired
+wealth,--sons of the _nouveaux riches_"; they enjoy a privilege as
+regards the choice of rooms; associate at meals with the Fellows
+and other authorities of the College; are the possessors of two
+gowns, "an undress for the morning, and a full dress-gown for the
+evening," both of which are made of silk, the latter being very
+elaborately ornamented; wear a cap, covered with velvet instead of
+cloth; pay double caution money, at entrance, viz. fifty guineas,
+and are charged twenty guineas a year for tutorage, twice the
+amount of the usual fee.--Compiled from _De Quincey's Life and
+Manners_, pp. 278-280.
+
+
+GET UP A SUBJECT. See SUBJECT.
+
+This was the fourth time I had begun Algebra, and essayed with no
+weakness of purpose to _get_ it _up_ properly.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 157.
+
+
+GILL. The projecting parts of a standing collar are, from their
+situation, sometimes denominated _gills_.
+
+  But, O, what rage his maddening bosom fills!
+  Far worse than dust-soiled coat are ruined "_gills_."
+    _Poem before the Class of 1828, Harv. Coll., by J.C.
+    Richmond_, p. 6.
+
+
+GOBBLE. At Yale College, to seize; to lay hold of; to appropriate;
+nearly the same as to _collar_, q.v.
+
+  Alas! how dearly for the fun they paid,
+  Whom the Proffs _gobbled_, and the Tutors too.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+  I never _gobbled_ one poor flat,
+  To cheer me with his soft dark eye, &c.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  I went and performed, and got through the burning,
+  But oh! and alas! I was _gobbled_ returning.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+Upon that night, in the broad street, was I by one of the
+brain-deficient men _gobbled_.--_Yale Battery_, Feb. 1850.
+
+  Then shout for the hero who _gobbles_ the prize.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 39.
+
+At Cambridge, Eng., this word is used in the phrase _gobbling
+Greek_, i.e. studying or speaking that tongue.
+
+Ambitious to "_gobble_" his Greek in the _haute monde_.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 79.
+
+It was now ten o'clock, and up stairs we therefore flew to
+_gobble_ Greek with Professor ----.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 127.
+
+You may have seen him, traversing the grass-plots, "_gobbling
+Greek_" to himself.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 210.
+
+
+GOLGOTHA. _The place of a skull_. At Cambridge, Eng., in the
+University Church, "a particular part," says the Westminster
+Review, "is appropriated to the _heads_ of the houses, and is
+called _Golgotha_ therefrom, a name which the appearance of its
+occupants renders peculiarly fitting, independent of the
+pun."--Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 236.
+
+
+GONUS. A stupid fellow.
+
+He was a _gonus_; perhaps, though, you don't know what _gonus_
+means. One day I heard a Senior call a fellow a _gonus_. "A what?"
+said I. "A great gonus," repeated he. "_Gonus_," echoed I, "what's
+that mean?" "O," said he, "you're a Freshman and don't
+understand." A stupid fellow, a dolt, a boot-jack, an ignoramus,
+is called here a _gonus_. "All Freshmen," continued he gravely,
+"are _gonuses_."--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 116.
+
+If the disquisitionist should ever reform his habits, and turn his
+really brilliant talents to some good account, then future
+_gonuses_ will swear by his name, and quote him in their daily
+maledictions of the appointment system.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol.
+I. p. 76.
+
+The word _goney_, with the same meaning, is often used.
+
+"How the _goney_ swallowed it all, didn't he?" said Mr. Slick,
+with great glee.--_Slick in England_, Chap. XXI.
+
+Some on 'em were fools enough to believe the _goney_; that's a
+fact.--_Ibid._
+
+
+GOOD FELLOW. At the University of Vermont, this term is used with
+a signification directly opposite to that which it usually has. It
+there designates a soft-brained boy; one who is lacking in
+intellect, or, as a correspondent observes, "an _epithetical_
+fool."
+
+
+GOODY. At Harvard College, a woman who has the care of the
+students' rooms. The word seems to be an abbreviated form of the
+word _goodwife_. It has long been in use, as a low term of
+civility or sport, and in some cases with the signification of a
+good old dame; but in the sense above given it is believed to be
+peculiar to Harvard College. In early times, _sweeper_ was in use
+instead of _goody_, and even now at Yale College the word _sweep_
+is retained. The words _bed-maker_ at Cambridge, Eng., and _gyp_
+at Oxford, express the same idea.
+
+The Rebelliad, an epic poem, opens with an invocation to the
+Goody, as follows.
+
+  Old _Goody_ Muse! on thee I call,
+  _Pro more_, (as do poets all,)
+  To string thy fiddle, wax thy bow,
+  And scrape a ditty, jig, or so.
+  Now don't wax wrathy, but excuse
+  My calling you old _Goody_ Muse;
+  Because "_Old Goody_" is a name
+  Applied to every college dame.
+    Aloft in pendent dignity,
+      Astride her magic broom,
+    And wrapt in dazzling majesty,
+      See! see! the _Goody_ come!--p. 11.
+
+  Go on, dear _Goody_! and recite
+  The direful mishaps of the fight.--_Ibid._, p. 20.
+
+  The _Goodies_ hearing, cease to sweep,
+  And listen; while the cook-maids weep.--_Ibid._, p. 47.
+
+  The _Goody_ entered with her broom,
+  To make his bed and sweep his room.--_Ibid._, p. 73.
+
+On opening the papers left to his care, he found a request that
+his effects might be bestowed on his friend, the _Goody_, who had
+been so attentive to him during his declining hours.--_Harvard
+Register_, 1827-28, p. 86.
+
+I was interrupted by a low knock at my door, followed by the
+entrance of our old _Goody_, with a bundle of musty papers in her
+hand, tied round with a soiled red ribbon.--_Collegian_, 1830, p.
+231.
+
+Were there any _Goodies_ when you were in college, father? Perhaps
+you did not call them by that name. They are nice old ladies (not
+so _very_ nice, either), who come in every morning, after we have
+been to prayers, and sweep the rooms, and make the beds, and do
+all that sort of work. However, they don't much like their title,
+I find; for I called one, the other day, _Mrs. Goodie_, thinking
+it was her real name, and she was as sulky as she could
+be.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+  Yet these half-emptied bottles shall I take,
+  And, having purged them of this wicked stuff,
+  Make a small present unto _Goody_ Bush.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 257.
+
+Reader! wert ever beset by a dun? ducked by the _Goody_ from thine
+own window, when "creeping like snail unwillingly" to morning
+prayers?--_Ibid._, Vol. IV. p. 274.
+
+          The crowd delighted
+  Saw them, like _Goodies_, clothed in gowns of satin,
+  Of silk or cotton.--_Childe Harvard_, p. 26, 1848.
+
+  On the wall hangs a Horse-shoe I found in the street;
+  'T is the shoe that to-day sets in motion my feet;
+  Though its charms are all vanished this many a year,
+  And not even my _Goody_ regards it with fear.
+    _The Horse-Shoe, a Poem, by J.B. Felton_, 1849, p. 4.
+
+A very clever elegy on the death of Goody Morse, who
+ "For forty years or more
+  ... contrived the while
+  No little dust to raise"
+in the rooms of the students of Harvard College, is to be found in
+Harvardiana, Vol. I. p. 233. It was written by Mr. (afterwards
+Rev.) Benjamin Davis Winslow. In the poem which he read before his
+class in the University Chapel at Cambridge, July 14, 1835, he
+referred to her in these lines:
+
+ "'New brooms sweep clean': 't was thine, dear _Goody_ Morse,
+  To prove the musty proverb hath no force,
+  Since fifty years to vanished centuries crept,
+  While thy old broom our cloisters duly swept.
+  All changed but thee! beneath thine aged eye
+  Whole generations came and flitted by,
+  Yet saw thee still in office;--e'en reform
+  Spared thee the pelting of its angry storm.
+  Rest to thy bones in yonder church-yard laid,
+  Where thy last bed the village sexton made!"--p. 19.
+
+
+GORM. From _gormandize_. At Hamilton College, to eat voraciously.
+
+
+GOT. In Princeton College, when a student or any one else has been
+cheated or taken in, it is customary to say, he was _got_.
+
+
+GOVERNMENT. In American colleges, the general government is
+usually vested in a corporation or a board of trustees, whose
+powers, rights, and duties are established by the respective
+charters of the colleges over which they are placed. The immediate
+government of the undergraduates is in the hands of the president,
+professors, and tutors, who are styled _the Government_, or _the
+College Government_, and more frequently _the Faculty_, or _the
+College Faculty_.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, pp. 7, 8.
+_Laws of Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 5.
+
+For many years he was the most conspicuous figure among those who
+constituted what was formerly called "the
+_Government_."--_Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. vii.
+
+  [Greek: Kudiste], mighty President!!!
+  [Greek: Kalomen nun] the _Government_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 27.
+
+  Did I not jaw the _Government_,
+  For cheating more than ten per cent?--_Ibid._, p. 32.
+
+  They shall receive due punishment
+  From Harvard College _Government_.--_Ibid._, p. 44.
+
+The annexed production, printed from a MS. in the author's
+handwriting, and in the possession of the editor of this work, is
+now, it is believed, for the first time presented to the public.
+The time is 1787; the scene, Harvard College. The poem was
+"written by John Q. Adams, son of the President, when an
+undergraduate."
+
+   "A DESCRIPTION OF A GOVERNMENT MEETING.
+
+ "The Government of College met,
+  And _Willard_[31] rul'd the stern debate.
+  The witty _Jennison_[32] declar'd
+  As how, he'd been completely scar'd;
+  Last night, quoth he, as I came home,
+  I heard a noise in _Prescott's_[33] room.
+  I went and listen'd at the door,
+  As I had often done before;
+  I found the Juniors in a high rant,
+  They call'd the President a tyrant;
+  And said as how I was a fool,
+  A long ear'd ass, a sottish mule,
+  Without the smallest grain of spunk;
+  So I concluded they were drunk.
+  At length I knock'd, and Prescott came:
+  I told him 't was a burning shame,
+  That he should give his classmates wine;
+  And he should pay a heavy fine.
+  Meanwhile the rest grew so outragious,
+  Altho' I boast of being couragious,
+  I could not help being in a fright,
+  For one of them put out the light.
+  I thought 't was best to come away,
+  And wait for vengeance 'till this day;
+  And he's a fool at any rate
+  Who'll fight, when he can RUSTICATE.
+  When they [had] found that I was gone,
+  They ran through College up and down;
+  And I could hear them very plain
+  Take the Lord's holy name in vain.
+  To Wier's[34] chamber they then repair'd,
+  And there the wine they freely shar'd;
+  They drank and sung till they were tir'd.
+  And then they peacefully retir'd.
+  When this Homeric speech was said,
+  With drolling tongue and hanging head,
+  The learned Doctor took his seat,
+  Thinking he'd done a noble feat.
+  Quoth Joe,[35] the crime is great I own,
+  Send for the Juniors one by one.
+  By this almighty wig I swear,
+  Which with such majesty I wear,
+  Which in its orbit vast contains
+  My dignity, my power and brains,
+  That Wier and Prescott both shall see,
+  That College boys must not be free.
+  He spake, and gave the awful nod
+  Like Homer's Didonean God,
+  The College from its centre shook,
+  And every pipe and wine-glass broke.
+
+ "_Williams_,[36] with countenance humane,
+  While scarce from laughter could refrain,
+  Thought that such youthful scenes of mirth
+  To punishment could not give birth;
+  Nor could he easily divine
+  What was the harm of drinking wine.
+
+ "But _Pearson_,[37] with an awful frown,
+  Full of his article and noun,
+  Spake thus: by all the parts of speech
+  Which I so elegantly teach,
+  By mercy I will never stain
+  The character which I sustain.
+  Pray tell me why the laws were made,
+  If they're not to be obey'd;
+  Besides, _that Wier_ I can't endure,
+  For he's a wicked rake, I'm sure.
+  But whether I am right or not,
+  I'll not recede a single jot.
+
+ "_James_[38] saw 'twould be in vain t' oppose,
+  And therefore to be silent chose.
+
+ "_Burr_,[39] who had little wit or pride,
+  Preferr'd to take the strongest side.
+  And Willard soon receiv'd commission
+  To give a publick admonition.
+  With pedant strut to prayers he came,
+  Call'd out the criminals by name;
+  Obedient to his dire command,
+  Prescott and Wier before him stand.
+  The rulers merciful and kind,
+  With equal grief and wonder find,
+  That you do drink, and play, and sing,
+  And make with noise the College ring.
+  I therefore warn you to beware
+  Of drinking more than you can bear.
+  Wine an incentive is to riot,
+  Disturbance of the publick quiet.
+  Full well your Tutors know the truth,
+  For sad experience taught their youth.
+  Take then this friendly exhortation;
+  The next offence is RUSTICATION."
+
+
+GOWN. A long, loose upper garment or robe, worn by professional
+men, as divines, lawyers, students, &c., who are called _men of
+the gown_, or _gownmen_. It is made of any kind of cloth, worn
+over ordinary clothes, and hangs down to the ankles, or nearly so.
+--_Encyc._
+
+From a letter written in the year 1766, by Mr. Holyoke, then
+President of Harvard College, it would appear that gowns were
+first worn by the members of that institution about the year 1760.
+The gown, although worn by the students in the English
+universities, is now seldom worn in American colleges except on
+Commencement, Exhibition, or other days of a similar public
+character.
+
+The students are permitted to wear black _gowns_, in which they
+may appear on all public occasions.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+37.
+
+Every candidate for a first degree shall wear a black dress and
+the usual black _gown_.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 20.
+
+The performers all wore black _gowns_ with sleeves large enough to
+hold me in, and shouted and swung their arms, till they looked
+like so many Methodist ministers just ordained.--_Harvardiana_,
+Vol. III. p. 111.
+
+  Saw them ... clothed in _gowns_ of satin,
+    Or silk or cotton, black as souls benighted.--
+  All, save the _gowns_, was startling, splendid, tragic,
+  But gowns on men have lost their wonted magic.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 26.
+
+  The door swings open--and--he comes! behold him
+    Wrapt in his mantling _gown_, that round him flows
+  Waving, as Cæsar's toga did enfold him.--_Ibid._, p. 36.
+
+On Saturday evenings, Sundays, and Saints' days, the students wear
+surplices instead of their _gowns_, and very innocent and
+exemplary they look in them.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+2. One who wears a gown.
+
+And here, I think, I may properly introduce a very singular
+gallant, a sort of mongrel between town and _gown_,--I mean a
+bibliopola, or (as the vulgar have it) a bookseller.--_The
+Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. II. p. 226.
+
+
+GOWNMAN, GOWNSMAN. One whose professional habit is a gown, as a
+divine or lawyer, and particularly a member of an English
+university.--_Webster_.
+
+  The _gownman_ learned.--_Pope_.
+
+  Oft has some fair inquirer bid me say,
+  What tasks, what sports beguile the _gownsman's_ day.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+For if townsmen by our influence are so enlightened, what must we
+_gownsmen_ be ourselves?--_The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p.
+56.
+
+Nor must it be supposed that the _gownsmen_ are thin, study-worn,
+consumptive-looking individuals.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 5.
+
+See CAP.
+
+
+GRACE. In English universities, an act, vote, or decree of the
+government of the institution.--_Webster_.
+
+"All _Graces_ (as the legislative measures proposed by the Senate
+are termed) have to be submitted first to the Caput, each member
+of which has an absolute veto on the grace. If it passes the
+Caput, it is then publicly recited in both houses, [the regent and
+non-regent,] and at a subsequent meeting voted on, first in the
+Non-Regent House, and then in the other. If it passes both, it
+becomes valid."--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+See CAPUT SENATUS.
+
+
+GRADUATE. To honor with a degree or diploma, in a college or
+university; to confer a degree on; as, to _graduate_ a master of
+arts.--_Wotton_.
+
+  _Graduated_ a doctor, and dubb'd a knight.--_Carew_.
+
+Pickering, in his Vocabulary, says of the word _graduate_:
+"Johnson has it as a verb active only. But an English friend
+observes, that 'the active sense of this word is rare in England.'
+I have met with one instance in an English publication where it is
+used in a dialogue, in the following manner: 'You, methinks, _are
+graduated_.' See a review in the British Critic, Vol. XXXIV. p.
+538."
+
+In Mr. Todd's edition of Johnson's Dictionary, this word is given
+as a verb intransitive also: "To take an academical degree; to
+become a graduate; as he _graduated_ at Oxford."
+
+In America, the use of the phrase _he was graduated_, instead of
+_he graduated_, which has been of late so common, "is merely,"
+says Mr. Bartlett in his Dictionary of Americanisms, "a return to
+former practice, the verb being originally active transitive."
+
+He _was graduated_ with the esteem of the government, and the
+regard of his contemporaries--_Works of R.T. Paine_, p. xxix. The
+latter, who _was graduated_ thirteen years after.--_Peirce's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, p. 219.
+
+In this perplexity the President had resolved "to yield to the
+torrent, and _graduate_ Hartshorn."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 398. (The quotation was written in 1737.)
+
+In May, 1749, three gentlemen who had sons about _to be
+graduated_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 92.
+
+Mr. Peirce was born in September, 1778; and, after _being
+graduated_ at Harvard College, with the highest honors of his
+class.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 390, and Chap. XXXVII. _passim_.
+
+He _was graduated_ in 1789 with distinguished honors, at the age
+of nineteen.--_Mr. Young's Discourse on the Life of President
+Kirkland_.
+
+His class when _graduated_, in 1785, consisted of thirty-two
+persons.--_Dr. Palfrey's Discourse on the Life and Character of
+Dr. Ware_.
+
+2. _Intransitively_. To receive a degree from a college or
+university.
+
+He _graduated_ at Leyden in 1691.--_London Monthly Mag._, Oct.
+1808, p. 224.
+
+Wherever Magnol _graduated_.--_Rees's Cyclopædia_, Art. MAGNOL.
+
+
+GRADUATE. One who has received a degree in a college or
+university, or from some professional incorporated
+society.--_Webster_.
+
+
+GRADUATE IN A SCHOOL. A degree given, in the University of
+Virginia, to those who have been through a course of study less
+than is required for the degree of B.A.
+
+
+GRADUATION. The act of conferring or receiving academical degrees.
+--_Charter of Dartmouth College_.
+
+After his _graduation_ at Yale College, in 1744, he continued his
+studies at Harvard University, where he took his second degree in
+1747.--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia Coll._, p. 122.
+
+Bachelors were called Senior, Middle, or Junior Bachelors
+according to the year since _graduation_, and before taking the
+degree of Master.--_Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, p. 122.
+
+
+GRAND COMPOUNDER. At the English Universities, one who pays double
+fees for his degree.
+
+"Candidates for all degrees, who possess certain property," says
+the Oxford University Calendar, "must go out, as it is termed,
+_Grand Compounders_. The property required for this purpose may
+arise from two distinct sources; either from some ecclesiastical
+benefice or benefices, or else from some other revenue, civil or
+ecclesiastical. The ratio of computation in the first case is
+expressly limited by statute to the value of the benefice or
+benefices, as _rated in the King's books_, without regard to the
+actual estimation at the present period; and the amount of that
+value must not be _less than forty pounds_. In the second
+instance, which includes all other cases, comprising
+ecclesiastical as well as civil income, (academical income alone
+excepted,) property to the extent of _three hundred pounds_ a year
+is required; nor is any difference made between property in land
+and property in money, so that a _legal_ revenue to this extent of
+any description, not arising from a benefice or benefices, and not
+being strictly academical, renders the qualification
+complete."--Ed. 1832, p. 92.
+
+At Oxford "a '_grand compounder_' is one who has income to the
+amount of $1,500, and is made to pay $150 for his degree, while
+the ordinary fee is $42." _Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 247.
+
+
+GRAND TRIBUNAL. The Grand Tribunal is an institution peculiar to
+Trinity College, Hartford. A correspondent describes it as
+follows. "The Grand Tribunal is a mock court composed of the
+Senior and Junior Classes, and has for its special object the
+regulation and discipline of Sophomores. The first officer of the
+Tribunal is the 'Grand High Chancellor,' who presides at all
+business meetings. The Tribunal has its judges, advocates,
+sheriff, and his aids. According to the laws of the Tribunal, no
+Sophomore can be tried who has three votes in his favor. This
+regulation makes a trial a difficult matter; there is rarely more
+than one trial a year, and sometimes two years elapse without
+there being a session of the court. When a selection of an
+offending and unlucky Soph has been made, he is arrested some time
+during the day of the evening on which his trial takes place. The
+court provides him with one advocate, while he has the privilege
+of choosing another. These trials are often the scenes of
+considerable wit and eloquence. One of the most famous of them was
+held in 1853. When the Tribunal is in session, it is customary for
+the Faculty of the College to act as its police, by preserving
+order amongst the Sophs, who generally assemble at the door, to
+disturb, if possible, the proceedings of the Court."
+
+
+GRANTA. The name by which the University of Cambridge, Eng., was
+formerly known. At present it is sometimes designated by this
+title in poetry, and in addresses written in other tongues than
+the vernacular.
+
+  Warm with fond hope, and Learning's sacred flame,
+  To _Granta's_ bowers the youthful Poet came.
+
+    _Lines in Memory of H.K. White, by Prof. William Smyth_, in
+    _Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+GRATULATORY. Expressing gratulation; congratulatory.
+
+At Harvard College, while Wadsworth was President, in the early
+part of the last century, it was customary to close the exercises
+of Commencement day with a _gratulatory oration_, pronounced by
+one of the candidates for a degree. This has now given place to
+what is generally called the _valedictory oration_.
+
+
+GRAVEL DAY. The following account of this day is given in a work
+entitled Sketches of Williams College. "On the second Monday of
+the first term in the year, if the weather be at all favorable, it
+has been customary from time immemorial to hold a college meeting,
+and petition the President for '_Gravel day_.' We did so this
+morning. The day was granted, and, recitations being dispensed
+with, the students turned out _en masse_ to re-gravel the college
+walks. The gravel which we obtain here is of such a nature that it
+packs down very closely, and renders the walks as hard and smooth
+as a pavement. The Faculty grant this day for the purpose of
+fostering in the students the habit of physical labor and
+exercise, so essential to vigorous mental exertion."--1847, pp.
+78, 79.
+
+The improved method of observing this day is noted in the annexed
+extract. "Nearly every college has its own peculiar customs, which
+have been transmitted from far antiquity; but Williams has perhaps
+less than any other. Among ours are '_gravel day_,' 'chip day,'
+and 'mountain day,' occurring one in each of the three terms. The
+first usually comes in the early part of the Fall term. In old
+times, when the students were few, and rather fonder of _work_
+than at the present, they turned out with spades, hoes, and other
+implements, and spread gravel over the walks, to the College
+grounds; but in later days, they have preferred to tax themselves
+to a small amount and delegate the work to others, while they
+spend the day in visiting the Cascade, the Natural Bridge, or
+others of the numerous places of interest near us."--_Boston Daily
+Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+GREAT GO. In the English universities the final and most important
+examination is called the _great go_, in contradistinction to the
+_little go_, an examination about the middle of the course.
+
+In my way back I stepped into the _Great Go_ schools.--_The
+Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 287.
+
+Read through the whole five volumes folio, Latin, previous to
+going up for his _Great Go_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 381.
+
+
+GREEN. Inexperienced, unsophisticated, verdant. Among collegians
+this term is the favorite appellation for Freshmen.
+
+When a man is called _verdant_ or _green_, it means that he is
+unsophisticated and raw. For instance, when a man rushes to chapel
+in the morning at the ringing of the first bell, it is called
+_green_. At least, we were, for it. This greenness, we would
+remark, is not, like the verdure in the vision of the poet,
+necessarily perennial.--_Williams Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol.
+I. p. 463.
+
+
+GRIND. An exaction; an oppressive action. Students speak of a very
+long lesson which they are required to learn, or of any thing
+which it is very unpleasant or difficult to perform, as a _grind_.
+This meaning is derived from the verb _to grind_, in the sense of
+to harass, to afflict; as, to _grind_ the faces of the poor
+(Isaiah iii. 15).
+
+  I must say 't is a _grind_, though
+        --(perchance I spoke too loud).
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 12.
+
+
+GRINDING. Hard study; diligent application.
+
+The successful candidate enjoys especial and excessive _grinding_
+during the four years of his college course. _Burlesque Catalogue,
+Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+GROATS. At the English universities, "nine _groats_" says Grose,
+in his Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, "are deposited in the
+hands of an academic officer by every person standing for a
+degree, which, if the depositor obtains with honor, are returned
+to him."
+
+_To save his groats_; to come off handsomely.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+GROUP. A crowd or throng; a number collected without any regular
+form or arrangement. At Harvard College, students are not allowed
+to assemble in _groups_, as is seen by the following extract from
+the laws. Three persons together are considered as a _group_.
+
+Collecting in _groups_ round the doors of the College buildings,
+or in the yard, shall be considered a violation of decorum.--_Laws
+Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, Suppl., p. 4.
+
+
+GROUPING. Collecting together.
+
+It will surely be incomprehensible to most students how so large a
+number as six could be suffered with impunity to horde themselves
+together within the limits of the college yard. In those days the
+very learned laws about _grouping_ were not in existence. A
+collection of two was not then considered a sure prognostic of
+rebellion, and spied out vigilantly by tutoric eyes. A _group_ of
+three was not reckoned a gross outrage of the college peace, and
+punished severely by the subtraction of some dozens from the
+numerical rank of the unfortunate youth engaged in so high a
+misdemeanor. A congregation of four was not esteemed an open,
+avowed contempt of the laws of decency and propriety, prophesying
+utter combustion, desolation, and destruction to all buildings and
+trees in the neighborhood; and lastly, a multitude of five, though
+watched with a little jealousy, was not called an intolerable,
+unparalleled violation of everything approaching the name of
+order, absolute, downright shamelessness, worthy capital
+mark-punishment, alias the loss of 87-3/4 digits!--_Harvardiana_,
+Vol. III. p. 314.
+
+The above passage and the following are both evidently of a
+satirical nature.
+
+  And often _grouping_ on the chains, he hums his own sweet verse,
+  Till Tutor ----, coming up, commands him to disperse!
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849, p. 14.
+
+
+GRUB. A hard student. Used at Williams College, and synonymous
+with DIG at other colleges. A correspondent says, writing from
+Williams: "Our real delvers, midnight students, are familiarly
+called _Grubs_. This is a very expressive name."
+
+A man must not be ashamed to be called a _grub_ in college, if he
+would shine in the world.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 76.
+
+Some there are who, though never known to read or study, are ever
+ready to debate,--not "_grubs_" or "reading men," only "wordy
+men."--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 246.
+
+
+GRUB. To study hard; to be what is denominated a _grub_, or hard
+student. "The primary sense," says Dr. Webster, "is probably to
+rub, to rake, scrape, or scratch, as wild animals dig by
+scratching."
+
+I can _grub out_ a lesson in Latin or mathematics as well as the
+best of them.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 223.
+
+
+GUARDING. "The custom of _guarding_ Freshmen," says a
+correspondent from Dartmouth College, "is comparatively a late
+one. Persons masked would go into another's room at night, and
+oblige him to do anything they commanded him, as to get under his
+bed, sit with his feet in a pail of water," &c.
+
+
+GULF. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., one who obtains the
+degree of B.A., but has not his name inserted in the Calendar, is
+said to be in the _gulf_.
+
+He now begins to ... be anxious about ... that classical
+acquaintance who is in danger of the _gulf_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 95.
+
+Some ten or fifteen men just on the line, not bad enough to be
+plucked or good enough to be placed, are put into the "_gulf_," as
+it is popularly called (the Examiners' phrase is "Degrees
+allowed"), and have their degrees given them, but are not printed
+in the Calendar.--_Ibid._, p. 205.
+
+
+GULFING. In the University of Cambridge, England, "those
+candidates for B.A. who, but for sickness or some other sufficient
+cause, might have obtained an honor, have their degree given them
+without examination, and thus avoid having their names inserted in
+the lists. This is called _Gulfing_." A degree taken in this
+manner is called "an Ægrotat Degree."--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. pp.
+60, 105.
+
+I discovered that my name was nowhere to be found,--that I was
+_Gulfed_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 97.
+
+
+GUM. A trick; a deception. In use at Dartmouth College.
+
+_Gum_ is another word they have here. It means something like
+chaw. To say, "It's all a _gum_," or "a regular chaw," is the same
+thing.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+GUM. At the University of Vermont, to cheat in recitation by using
+_ponies_, _interliners_, &c.; e.g. "he _gummed_ in geometry."
+
+2. To cheat; to deceive. Not confined to college.
+
+He was speaking of the "moon hoax" which "_gummed_" so many
+learned philosophers.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p. 189.
+
+
+GUMMATION. A trick; raillery.
+
+Our reception to college ground was by no means the most
+hospitable, considering our unacquaintance with the manners of the
+place, for, as poor "Fresh," we soon found ourselves subject to
+all manner of sly tricks and "_gummations_" from our predecessors,
+the Sophs.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 13.
+
+
+GYP. A cant term for a servant at Cambridge, England, at _scout_
+is used at Oxford. Said to be a sportive application of [Greek:
+gyps], a vulture.--_Smart_.
+
+The word _Gyp_ very properly characterizes them.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 56.
+
+  And many a yawning _gyp_ comes slipshod in,
+  To wake his master ere the bells begin.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+The Freshman, when once safe through his examination, is first
+inducted into his rooms by a _gyp_, usually recommended to him by
+his tutor. The gyp (from [Greek: gyps], vulture, evidently a
+nickname at first, but now the only name applied to this class of
+persons) is a college servant, who attends upon a number of
+students, sometimes as many as twenty, calls them in the morning,
+brushes their clothes, carries for them parcels and the queerly
+twisted notes they are continually writing to one another, waits
+at their parties, and so on. Cleaning their boots is not in his
+branch of the profession; there is a regular brigade of college
+shoeblacks.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+14.
+
+It is sometimes spelled _Jip_, though probably by mistake.
+
+My _Jip_ brought one in this morning; faith! and told me I was
+focussed.--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p. 1085.
+
+
+
+_H_.
+
+
+HALF-LESSON. In some American colleges on certain occasions the
+students are required to learn only one half of the amount of an
+ordinary lesson.
+
+They promote it [the value of distinctions conferred by the
+students on one another] by formally acknowledging the existence
+of the larger debating societies in such acts as giving
+"_half-lessons_" for the morning after the Wednesday night
+debates.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 386.
+
+
+HALF-YEAR. In the German universities, a collegiate term is called
+a _half-year_.
+
+The annual courses of instruction are divided into summer and
+winter _half-years_.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. Ed.,
+pp. 34, 35.
+
+
+HALL. A college or large edifice belonging to a collegiate
+institution.--_Webster_.
+
+2. A collegiate body in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
+In the former institution a hall differs from a college, in that
+halls are not incorporated; consequently, whatever estate or other
+property they possess is held in trust by the University. In the
+latter, colleges and halls are synonymous.--_Cam. and Oxf.
+Calendars_.
+
+"In Cambridge," says the author of the Collegian's Guide, "the
+halls stand on the same footing as the colleges, but at Oxford
+they did not, in my time, hold by any means so high a place in
+general estimation. Certainly those halls which admit the outcasts
+of other colleges, and of those alone I am now speaking, used to
+be precisely what one would expect to find them; indeed, I had
+rather that a son of mine should forego a university education
+altogether, than that he should have so sorry a counterfeit of
+academic advantages as one of these halls affords."--p. 172.
+
+"All the Colleges at Cambridge," says Bristed, "have equal
+privileges and rights, with the solitary exception of King's, and
+though some of them are called _Halls_, the difference is merely
+one of name. But the Halls at Oxford, of which there are five, are
+not incorporated bodies, and have no vote in University matters,
+indeed are but a sort of boarding-houses at which students may
+remain until it is time for them to take a degree. I dined at one
+of those establishments; it was very like an officers' mess. The
+men had their own wine, and did not wear their gowns, and the only
+Don belonging to the Hall was not present at table. There was a
+tradition of a chapel belonging to the concern, but no one present
+knew where it was. This Hall seemed to be a small Botany Bay of
+both Universities, its members made up of all sorts of incapables
+and incorrigibles."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp.
+140, 141.
+
+3. At Cambridge and Oxford, the public eating-room.
+
+I went into the public "_hall_" [so is called in Oxford the public
+eating-room].--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 231.
+
+Dinner is, in all colleges, a public meal, taken in the refectory
+or "_hall_" of the society.--_Ibid._, p. 273.
+
+4. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., dinner, the name of the
+place where the meal is taken being given to the meal itself.
+
+_Hall_ lasts about three quarters of an hour.--_Bristed's Five
+Year in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+After _Hall_ is emphatically lounging-time, it being the wise
+practice of Englishmen to attempt no hard exercise, physical or
+mental, immediately after a hearty meal.--_Ibid._, p. 21.
+
+It is not safe to read after _Hall_ (i.e. after dinner).--_Ibid._,
+p. 331.
+
+
+HANG-OUT. An entertainment.
+
+I remember the date from the Fourth of July occurring just
+afterwards, which I celebrated by a "_hang-out_."--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 80.
+
+He had kept me six hours at table, on the occasion of a dinner
+which he gave ... as an appendix to and a return for some of my
+"_hangings-out_."--_Ibid._, p. 198.
+
+
+HANG OUT. To treat, to live, to have or possess. Among English
+Cantabs, a verb of all-work.--_Bristed_.
+
+There were but few pensioners who "_hung out_" servants of their
+own.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 90.
+
+I had become ... a man who knew and "_hung out_ to" clever and
+pleasant people, and introduced agreeable lions to one
+another.--_Ibid._, p. 158.
+
+I had gained such a reputation for dinner-giving, that men going
+to "_hang out_" sometimes asked me to compose bills of fare for
+them.--_Ibid._, p. 195.
+
+
+HARRY SOPHS, or HENRY SOPHISTERS; in reality Harisophs, a
+corruption of Erisophs ([Greek: erisophos], _valde eruditus_). At
+Cambridge, England, students who have kept all the terms required
+for a law act, and hence are ranked as Bachelors of Law by
+courtesy.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+See, also, Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 818.
+
+
+HARVARD WASHINGTON CORPS. From a memorandum on a fly leaf of an
+old Triennial Catalogue, it would appear that a military company
+was first established among the students of Harvard College about
+the year 1769, and that its first captain was Mr. William Wetmore,
+a graduate of the Class of 1770. The motto which it then assumed,
+and continued to bear through every period of its existence, was,
+"Tam Marti quam Mercurio." It was called at that time the Marti
+Mercurian Band. The prescribed uniform was a blue coat, the skirts
+turned with white, nankeen breeches, white stockings, top-boots,
+and a cocked hat. This association continued for nearly twenty
+years from the time of its organization, but the chivalrous spirit
+which had called it into existence seems at the end of that time
+to have faded away. The last captain, it is believed, was Mr.
+Solomon Vose, a graduate of the class of 1787.
+
+Under the auspices of Governor Gerry, in December of the year
+1811, it was revived, and through his influence received a new
+loan of arms from the State, taking at the same time the name of
+the Harvard Washington Corps. In 1812, Mr. George Thacher was
+appointed its commander. The members of the company wore a blue
+coat, white vest, white pantaloons, white gaiters, a common black
+hat, and around the waist a white belt, which was always kept very
+neat, and to which were attached a bayonet and cartridge-box. The
+officers wore the same dress, with the exceptions of a sash
+instead of the belt, and a chapeau in place of the hat. Soon after
+this reorganization, in the fall of 1812, a banner, with the arms
+of the College on one side and the arms of the State on the other,
+was presented by the beautiful Miss Mellen, daughter of Judge
+Mellen of Cambridge, in the name of the ladies of that place. The
+presentation took place before the door of her father's house.
+Appropriate addresses were made, both by the fair donor and the
+captain of the company. Mr. Frisbie, a Professor in the College,
+who was at that time engaged to Miss Mellen, whom he afterwards
+married, recited on the occasion the following verses impromptu,
+which were received with great _eclat_.
+
+ "The standard's victory's leading star,
+    'T is danger to forsake it;
+  How altered are the scenes of war,
+    They're vanquished now who take it."
+
+A writer in the Harvardiana, 1836, referring to this banner, says:
+"The gilded banner now moulders away in inglorious quiet, in the
+dusty retirement of a Senior Sophister's study. What a desecration
+for that 'flag by angel hands to valor given'!"[40] Within the
+last two years it has wholly disappeared from its accustomed
+resting-place. Though departed, its memory will be ever dear to
+those who saw it in its better days, and under its shadow enjoyed
+many of the proudest moments of college life.
+
+At its second organization, the company was one of the finest and
+best drilled in the State. The members were from the Senior and
+Junior Classes. The armory was in the fifth story of Hollis Hall.
+The regular time for exercise was after the evening commons. The
+drum would often beat before the meal was finished, and the
+students could then be seen rushing forth with the half-eaten
+biscuit, and at the same time buckling on their armor for the
+accustomed drill. They usually paraded on exhibition-days, when
+the large concourse of people afforded an excellent opportunity
+for showing off their skill in military tactics and manoeuvring.
+On the arrival of the news of the peace of 1815, it appears, from
+an interleaved almanac, that "the H.W. Corps paraded and fired a
+salute; Mr. Porter treated the company." Again, on the 12th of
+May, same year, "H.W. Corps paraded in Charlestown, saluted Com.
+Bainbridge, and returned by the way of Boston." The captain for
+that year, Mr. W.H. Moulton, dying, on the 6th of July, at five
+o'clock, P.M., "the class," says the same authority, "attended the
+funeral of Br. Moulton in Boston. The H.W. Corps attended in
+uniform, without arms, the ceremony of entombing their late
+Captain."
+
+In the year 1825, it received a third loan of arms, and was again
+reorganized, admitting the members of all the classes to its
+ranks. From this period until the year 1834, very great interest
+was manifested in it; but a rebellion having broken out at that
+time among the students, and the guns of the company having been
+considerably damaged by being thrown from the windows of the
+armory, which was then in University Hall, the company was
+disbanded, and the arms were returned to the State.
+
+The feelings with which it was regarded by the students generally
+cannot be better shown than by quoting from some of the
+publications in which reference is made to it. "Many are the grave
+discussions and entry caucuses," says a writer in the Harvard
+Register, published in 1828, "to determine what favored few are to
+be graced with the sash and epaulets, and march as leaders in the
+martial band. Whilst these important canvassings are going on, it
+behooves even the humblest and meekest to beware how he buttons
+his coat, or stiffens himself to a perpendicular, lest he be more
+than suspected of aspiring to some military capacity. But the
+_Harvard Washington Corps_ must not be passed over without further
+notice. Who can tell what eagerness fills its ranks on an
+exhibition-day? with what spirit and bounding step the glorious
+phalanx wheels into the College yard? with what exultation they
+mark their banner, as it comes floating on the breeze from
+Holworthy? And ah! who cannot tell how this spirit expires, this
+exultation goes out, when the clerk calls again and again for the
+assessments."--p. 378.
+
+A college poet has thus immortalized this distinguished band:--
+
+ "But see where yonder light-armed ranks advance!--
+  Their colors gleaming in the noonday glance,
+  Their steps symphonious with the drum's deep notes,
+  While high the buoyant, breeze-borne banner floats!
+  O, let not allied hosts yon band deride!
+  'T is _Harvard Corps_, our bulwark and our pride!
+  Mark, how like one great whole, instinct with life,
+  They seem to woo the dangers of the strife!
+  Who would not brave the heat, the dust, the rain,
+  To march the leader of that valiant train?"
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 235.
+
+Another has sung its requiem in the following strain:--
+
+ "That martial band, 'neath waving stripes and stars
+  Inscribed alike to Mercury and Mars,
+  Those gallant warriors in their dread array,
+  Who shook these halls,--O where, alas! are they?
+  Gone! gone! and never to our ears shall come
+  The sounds of fife and spirit-stirring drum;
+  That war-worn banner slumbers in the dust,
+  Those bristling arms are dim with gathering rust;
+  That crested helm, that glittering sword, that plume,
+  Are laid to rest in reckless faction's tomb."
+    _Winslow's Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+
+HAT FELLOW-COMMONER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+popular name given to a baronet, the eldest son of a baronet, or
+the younger son of a nobleman. A _Hat Fellow-Commoner_ wears the
+gown of a Fellow-Commoner, with a hat instead of the velvet cap
+with metallic tassel which a Fellow-Commoner wears, and is
+admitted to the degree of M.A. after two years' residence.
+
+
+HAULED UP. In many colleges, one brought up before the Faculty is
+said to be _hauled up_.
+
+
+HAZE. To trouble; to harass; to disturb. This word is used at
+Harvard College, to express the treatment which Freshmen sometimes
+receive from the higher classes, and especially from the
+Sophomores. It is used among sailors with the meanings _to urge_,
+_to drive_, _to harass_, especially with labor. In his Dictionary
+of Americanisms, Mr. Bartlett says, "To haze round, is to go
+rioting about."
+
+Be ready, in fine, to cut, to drink, to smoke, to swear, to
+_haze_, to dead, to spree,--in one word, to be a
+Sophomore.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848, p. 11.
+
+  To him no orchard is unknown,--no grape-vine unappraised,--
+  No farmer's hen-roost yet unrobbed,--no Freshman yet _unhazed_!
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849, p. 9.
+
+  'T is the Sophomores rushing the Freshmen to _haze_.
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 22.
+
+                                Never again
+  Leave unbolted your door when to rest you retire,
+  And, _unhazed_ and unmartyred, you proudly may scorn
+  Those foes to all Freshmen who 'gainst thee conspire.
+    _Ibid._, p. 23.
+
+Freshmen have got quietly settled down to work, Sophs have given
+up their _hazing_.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 285.
+
+We are glad to be able to record, that the absurd and barbarous
+custom of _hazing_, which has long prevailed in College, is, to a
+great degree, discontinued.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 413.
+
+The various means which are made use of in _hazing_ the Freshmen
+are enumerated in part below. In the first passage, a Sophomore
+speaks in soliloquy.
+
+                      I am a man,
+  Have human feelings, though mistaken Fresh
+  Affirmed I was a savage or a brute,
+  When I did dash cold water in their necks,
+  Discharged green squashes through their window-panes,
+  And stript their beds of soft, luxurious sheets,
+  Placing instead harsh briers and rough sticks,
+  So that their sluggish bodies might not sleep,
+  Unroused by morning bell; or when perforce,
+  From leaden syringe, engine of fierce might,
+  I drave black ink upon their ruffle shirts,
+  Or drenched with showers of melancholy hue,
+  The new-fledged dickey peering o'er the stock,
+  Fit emblem of a young ambitious mind!
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 254.
+
+A Freshman writes thus on the subject:--
+
+The Sophs did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+Fresh, as they call us. They would come to our rooms with masks
+on, and frighten us dreadfully; and sometimes squirt water through
+our keyholes, or throw a whole pailful on to one of us from the
+upper windows.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+
+HEAD OF THE HOUSE. The generic name for the highest officer of a
+college in the English Universities.
+
+The Master of the College, or "_Head of the House_," is a D.D. who
+has been a Fellow.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 16.
+
+The _heads of houses_ [are] styled, according to the usage of the
+college, President, Master, Principal, Provost, Warden, or Rector.
+--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xiii.
+
+Written often simply _Head_.
+
+The "_Head_," as he is called generically, of an Oxford college,
+is a greater man than the uninitiated suppose.--_De Quincey's Life
+and Manners_, p. 244.
+
+The new _Head_ was a gentleman of most commanding personal
+appearance.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+87.
+
+
+HEADSHIP. The office and place of head or president of a college.
+
+Most of the college _Headships_ are not at the disposal of the
+Crown.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, note, p.
+89, and _errata_.
+
+The _Headships_ of the colleges are, with the exception of
+Worcester, filled by one chosen by the Fellows from among
+themselves, or one who has been a Fellow.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed.
+1847, p. xiv.
+
+
+HEADS OUT. At Princeton College, the cry when anything occurs in
+the _Campus_. Used, also, to give the alarm when a professor or
+tutor is about to interrupt a spree.
+
+See CAMPUS.
+
+
+HEBDOMADAL BOARD. At Oxford, the local governing authority of the
+University, composed of the Heads of colleges and the two
+Proctors, and expressing itself through the Vice-Chancellor. An
+institution of Charles I.'s time, it has possessed, since the year
+1631, "the sole initiative power in the legislation of the
+University, and the chief share in its administration." Its
+meetings are held weekly, whence the name.--_Oxford Guide.
+Literary World_, Vol. XII., p. 223.
+
+
+HIGH-GO. A merry frolic, usually with drinking.
+
+  Songs of Scholars in revelling roundelays,
+  Belched out with hickups at bacchanal Go,
+  Bellowed, till heaven's high concave rebound the lays,
+  Are all for college carousals too low.
+  Of dullness quite tired, with merriment fired,
+  And fully inspired with amity's glow,
+  With hate-drowning wine, boys, and punch all divine, boys,
+  The Juniors combine, boys, in friendly HIGH-GO.
+    _Glossology, by William Biglow_, inserted in _Buckingham's
+    Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp. 281-284.
+
+He it was who broached the idea of a _high-go_, as being requisite
+to give us a rank among the classes in college. _D.A. White's
+Address before Soc. of the Alumni of Harv. Univ._, Aug. 27, 1844,
+p. 35.
+
+This word is now seldom used; the words _High_ and _Go_ are,
+however, often used separately, with the same meaning; as the
+compound. The phrase _to get high_, i.e. to become intoxicated,
+is allied with the above expression.
+
+  Or men "_get high_" by drinking abstract toddies?
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 71.
+
+
+HIGH STEWARD. In the English universities, an officer who has
+special power to hear and determine capital causes, according to
+the laws of the land and the privileges of the university,
+whenever a scholar is the party offending. He also holds the
+university _court-leet_, according to the established charter and
+custom.--_Oxf. and Cam. Cals._
+
+At Cambridge, in addition to his other duties, the High Steward is
+the officer who represents the University in the House of Lords.
+
+
+HIGH TABLE. At Oxford, the table at which the Fellows and some
+other privileged persons are entitled to dine.
+
+Wine is not generally allowed in the public hall, except to the
+"_high table_."--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 278.
+
+I dine at the "_high table_" with the reverend deans, and hobnob
+with professors.--_Household Words_, Am. ed., Vol. XI. p 521.
+
+
+HIGH-TI. At Williams College, a term by which is designated a
+showy recitation. Equivalent to the word _squirt_ at Harvard
+College.
+
+
+HILLS. At Cambridge, Eng., Gogmagog Hills are commonly called _the
+Hills_.
+
+  Or to the _Hills_ on horseback strays,
+  (Unasked his tutor,) or his chaise
+  To famed Newmarket guides.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 35.
+
+
+HISS. To condemn by hissing.
+
+This is a favorite method, especially among students, of
+expressing their disapprobation of any person or measure.
+
+  I'll tell you what; your crime is this,
+  That, Touchy, you did scrape, and _hiss_.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 45.
+
+  Who will bully, scrape, and _hiss_!
+  Who, I say, will do all this!
+  Let him follow me,--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+
+HOAXING. At Princeton College, inducing new-comers to join the
+secret societies is called _hoaxing_.
+
+
+HOBBY. A translation. Hobbies are used by some students in
+translating Latin, Greek, and other languages, who from this
+reason are said to ride, in contradistinction to others who learn
+their lessons by study, who are said to _dig_ or _grub_.
+
+See PONY.
+
+
+HOBSON'S CHOICE. Thomas Hobson, during the first third of the
+seventeenth century, was the University carrier between Cambridge
+and London. He died January 1st, 1631. "He rendered himself famous
+by furnishing the students with horses; and, making it an
+unalterable rule that every horse should have an equal portion of
+rest as well as labor, he would never let one out of its turn;
+hence the celebrated saying, 'Hobson's Choice: _this_, or none.'"
+Milton has perpetuated his fame in two whimsical epitaphs, which
+may be found among his miscellaneous poems.
+
+
+HOE IN. At Hamilton College, to strive vigorously; a metaphorical
+meaning, taken from labor with the hoe.
+
+
+HOIST. It was formerly customary at Harvard College, when the
+Freshmen were used as servants, to report them to their Tutor if
+they refused to go when sent on an errand; this complaint was
+called a _hoisting_, and the delinquent was said to be _hoisted_.
+
+The refusal to perform a reasonable service required by a member
+of the class above him, subjected the Freshmen to a complaint to
+be brought before his Tutor, technically called _hoisting_ him to
+his Tutor. The threat was commonly sufficient to exact the
+service.--_Willard's Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I.
+p. 259.
+
+
+HOLD INS. At Bowdoin College, "near the commencement of each
+year," says a correspondent, "the Sophs are wont, on some
+particular evening, to attempt to '_hold in_' the Freshmen when
+coming out of prayers, generally producing quite a skirmish."
+
+
+HOLLIS. Mr. Thomas Hollis of Lincoln's Inn, to whom, with many
+others of the same name, Harvard College is so much indebted,
+among other presents to its library, gave "sixty-four volumes of
+valuable books, curiously bound." To these reference is made in
+the following extract from the Gentleman's Magazine for September,
+1781. "Mr. Hollis employed Mr. Fingo to cut a number of
+emblematical devices, such as the caduceus of Mercury, the wand of
+Æsculapius, the owl, the cap of liberty, &c.; and these devices
+were to adorn the backs and sometimes the sides of books. When
+patriotism animated a work, instead of unmeaning ornaments on the
+binding, he adorned it with caps of liberty. When wisdom filled
+the page, the owl's majestic gravity bespoke its contents. The
+caduceus pointed out the works of eloquence, and the wand of
+Æsculapius was a signal of good medicine. The different emblems
+were used on the same book, when possessed of different merits,
+and to express his disapprobation of the whole or parts of any
+work, the figure or figures were reversed. Thus each cover
+exhibited a critique on the book, and was a proof that they were
+not kept for show, as he must read before he could judge. Read
+this, ye admirers of gilded books, and imitate."
+
+
+HONORARIUM, HONORARY. A term applied, in Europe, to the recompense
+offered to professors in universities, and to medical or other
+professional gentlemen for their services. It is nearly equivalent
+to _fee_, with the additional idea of being given _honoris causa_,
+as a token of respect.--_Brande. Webster_.
+
+There are regular receivers, quæstors, appointed for the reception
+of the _honorarium_, or charge for the attendance of
+lectures.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 30.
+
+
+HONORIS CAUSA. Latin; _as an honor_. Any honorary degree given by
+a college.
+
+Degrees in the faculties of Divinity and Law are conferred, at
+present, either in course, _honoris causa_, or on admission _ad
+eundem_.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 10.
+
+
+HONORS. In American colleges, the principal honors are
+appointments as speakers at Exhibitions and Commencements. These
+are given for excellence in scholarship. The appointments for
+Exhibitions are different in different colleges. Those of
+Commencement do not vary so much. The following is a list of the
+appointments at Harvard College, in the order in which they are
+usually assigned: Valedictory Oration, called also _the_ English
+Oration, Salutatory in Latin, English Orations, Dissertations,
+Disquisitions, and Essays. The salutatorian is not always the
+second scholar in the class, but must be the best, or, in case
+this distinction is enjoyed by the valedictorian, the second-best
+Latin scholar. Latin or Greek poems or orations or English poems
+sometimes form a part of the exercises, and may be assigned, as
+are the other appointments, to persons in the first part of the
+class. At Yale College the order is as follows: Valedictory
+Oration, Salutatory in Latin, Philosophical Orations, Orations,
+Dissertations, Disputations, and Colloquies. A person who receives
+the appointment of a Colloquy can either write or speak in a
+colloquy, or write a poem. Any other appointee can also write a
+poem. Other colleges usually adopt one or the other of these
+arrangements, or combine the two.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., those who at the final
+examination in the Senate-House are classed as Wranglers, Senior
+Optimes, or Junior Optimes, are said to go out in _honors_.
+
+I very early in the Sophomore year gave up all thoughts of
+obtaining high _honors_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 6.
+
+
+HOOD. An ornamented fold that hangs down the back of a graduate,
+to mark his degree.--_Johnson_.
+
+  My head with ample square-cap crown,
+  And deck with _hood_ my shoulders.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p. 349.
+
+
+HORN-BLOWING. At Princeton College, the students often provide
+themselves at night with horns, bugles, &c., climb the trees in
+the Campus, and set up a blowing which is continued as long as
+prudence and safety allow.
+
+
+HORSE-SHEDDING. At the University of Vermont, among secret and
+literary societies, this term is used to express the idea conveyed
+by the word _electioneering_.
+
+
+HOUSE. A college. The word was formerly used with this
+signification in Harvard and Yale Colleges.
+
+If any scholar shall transgress any of the laws of God, or the
+_House_, he shall be liable, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 517.
+
+If detriment come by any out of the society, then those officers
+[the butler and cook] themselves shall be responsible to the
+_House_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 583.
+
+A member of the college was also called a _Member of the House_.
+
+The steward is to see that one third part be reserved of all the
+payments to him by the _members of the House_ quarterly
+made.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 582.
+
+A college officer was called an _Officer of the House_.
+
+The steward shall be bound to give an account of the necessary
+disbursements which have been issued out to the steward himself,
+butler, cook, or any other _officer of the House_.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 582.
+
+Neither shall the butler or cook suffer any scholar or scholars
+whatever, except the Fellows, Masters of Art, Fellow-Commoners or
+_officers of the House_, to come into the butteries, &c.--_Ibid._,
+Vol. I. p. 584.
+
+Before the year 1708, the term _Fellows of the House_ was applied,
+at Harvard College, both to the members of the Corporation, and to
+the instructors who did not belong to the Corporation. The
+equivocal meaning of this title was noticed by President Leverett,
+for, in his duplicate record of the proceedings of the Corporation
+and the Overseers, he designated certain persons to whom he refers
+as "Fellows of the House, i.e. of the Corporation." Soon after
+this, an attempt was made to distinguish between these two classes
+of Fellows, and in 1711 the distinction was settled, when one
+Whiting, "who had been for several years known as Tutor and
+'Fellow of the House,' but had never in consequence been deemed or
+pretended to be a member of the Corporation, was admitted to a
+seat in that board."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. pp.
+278, 279. See SCHOLAR OF THE HOUSE.
+
+2. An assembly for transacting business.
+
+See CONGREGATION, CONVOCATION.
+
+
+HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. At Union College, the members of the
+Junior Class compose what is called the _House of
+Representatives_, a body organized after the manner of the
+national House, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the
+forms and manner of legislation. The following account has been
+furnished by a member of that College.
+
+"At the end of the third term, Sophomore year, when the members of
+that class are looking forward to the honors awaiting them, comes
+off the initiation to the House. The Friday of the tenth week is
+the day usually selected for the occasion. On the afternoon of
+that day the Sophomores assemble in the Junior recitation-room,
+and, after organizing themselves by the appointment of a chairman,
+are waited upon by a committee of the House of Representatives of
+the Junior Class, who announce that they are ready to proceed with
+the initiation, and occasionally dilate upon the importance and
+responsibility of the future position of the Sophomores.
+
+"The invitation thus given is accepted, and the class, headed by
+the committee, proceeds to the Representatives' Hall. On their
+arrival, the members of the House retire, and the incoming
+members, under the direction of the committee, arrange themselves
+around the platform of the Speaker, all in the room at the same
+time rising in their seats. The Speaker of the House now addresses
+the Sophomores, announcing to them their election to the high
+position of Representatives, and exhorting them to discharge well
+all their duties to their constituents and their common country.
+He closes, by stating it to be their first business to elect the
+officers of the House.
+
+"The election of Speaker, Vice-Speaker, Clerk, and Treasurer by
+ballot then follows, two tellers being appointed by the Chair. The
+Speaker is elected for one year, and must be one of the Faculty;
+the other officers hold only during the ensuing term. The Speaker,
+however, is never expected to be present at the meetings of the
+House, with the exception of that at the beginning of each term
+session, so that the whole duty of presiding falls on the
+Vice-Speaker. This is the only meeting of the _new_ House during
+that term.
+
+"On the second Friday afternoon of the fall term, the Speaker
+usually delivers an inaugural address, and soon after leaves the
+chair to the Vice-Speaker, who then announces the representation
+from the different States, and also the list of committees. The
+members are apportioned by him according to population, each State
+having at least one, and some two or three, as the number of the
+Junior Class may allow. The committees are constituted in the
+manner common to the National House, the number of each, however,
+being less. Business then follows, as described in Jefferson's
+Manual; petitions, remonstrances, resolutions, reports, debates,
+and all the 'toggery' of legislation, come on in regular, or
+rather irregular succession. The exercises, as may be well
+conceived, furnish an excellent opportunity for improvement in
+parliamentary tactics and political oratory."
+
+The House of Representatives was founded by Professor John Austin
+Tates. It is not constituted by every Junior Class, and may be
+regarded as intermittent in its character.
+
+See SENATE.
+
+
+HUMANIST. One who pursues the study of the _humanities (literæ
+humaniores)_, or polite literature; a term used in various
+European universities, especially the Scotch.--_Brandt_.
+
+
+HUMANITY, _pl._ HUMANITIES. In the plural signifying grammar,
+rhetoric, the Latin and Greek languages, and poetry; for teaching
+which there are professors in the English and Scotch universities.
+--_Encyc._
+
+
+HUMMEL. At the University of Vermont, a foot, especially a large
+one.
+
+
+HYPHENUTE. At Princeton College, the aristocratic or would-be
+aristocratic in dress, manners, &c., are called _Hyphenutes_. Used
+both as a noun and adjective. Same as [Greek: Oi Aristoi] q.v.
+
+
+
+_I_.
+
+
+ILLUMINATE. To interline with a translation. Students _illuminate_
+a book when they write between the printed lines a translation of
+the text. _Illuminated_ books are preferred by good judges to
+ponies or hobbies, as the text and translation in them are brought
+nearer to one another. The idea of calling books thus prepared
+_illuminated_, is taken partly from the meaning of the word
+_illuminate_, to adorn with ornamental letters, substituting,
+however, in this case, useful for ornamental, and partly from one
+of its other meanings, to throw light on, as on obscure subjects.
+
+
+ILLUSTRATION. That which elucidates a subject. A word used with a
+peculiar application by undergraduates in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng.
+
+I went back,... and did a few more bits of _illustration_, such as
+noting down the relative resources of Athens and Sparta when the
+Peloponnesian war broke out, and the sources of the Athenian
+revenue.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 51.
+
+IMPOSITION. In the English universities, a supernumerary exercise
+enjoined on students as a punishment.
+
+Minor offences are punished by rustication, and those of a more
+trivial nature by fines, or by literary tasks, here termed
+_Impositions_.--_Oxford Guide_, p. 149.
+
+Literary tasks called _impositions_, or frequent compulsive
+attendances on tedious and unimproving exercises in a college
+hall.--_T. Warton, Minor Poems of Milton_, p. 432.
+
+_Impositions_ are of various lengths. For missing chapel, about
+one hundred lines to copy; for missing a lecture, the lecture to
+translate. This is the measure for an occasional offence.... For
+coming in late at night repeatedly, or for any offence nearly
+deserving rustication, I have known a whole book of Thucydides
+given to translate, or the Ethics of Aristotle to analyze, when
+the offender has been a good scholar, while others, who could only
+do mechanical work, have had a book of Euclid to write out.
+
+Long _impositions_ are very rarely _barberized_. When college
+tutors intend to be severe, which is very seldom, they are not to
+be trifled with.
+
+At Cambridge, _impositions_ are not always in writing, but
+sometimes two or three hundred lines to repeat by heart. This is
+ruin to the barber.--_Collegian's Guide_, pp. 159, 160.
+
+In an abbreviated form, _impos._
+
+He is obliged to stomach the _impos._, and retire.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._, p. 125.
+
+He satisfies the Proctor and the Dean by saying a part of each
+_impos._--_Ibid._, p. 128.
+
+See BARBER.
+
+
+INCEPT. To take the degree of Master of Arts.
+
+They may nevertheless take the degree of M.A. at the usual period,
+by putting their names on the _College boards_ a few days previous
+to _incepting_.--_Cambridge Calendar_.
+
+The M.A. _incepts_ in about three years and two months from the
+time of taking his first degree.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 285.
+
+
+INCEPTOR. One who has proceeded to the degree of M.A., but who,
+not enjoying all the privileges of an M.A. until the Commencement,
+is in the mean time termed an Inceptor.
+
+Used in the English universities, and formerly at Harvard College.
+
+And, in case any of the Sophisters, Questionists, or _Inceptors_
+fail in the premises required at their hands ... they shall be
+deferred to the following year.--_Laws of 1650, in Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+The Admissio _Inceptorum_ was as follows: "Admitto te ad secundum
+gradum in artibus pro more Academiarum in Angliâ: tibique trado
+hunc librum unâ cum potestate publice profitendi, ubicunque ad hoc
+munus publicè evocatus fueris."--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 580.
+
+
+INDIAN SOCIETY. At the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a society
+of smokers was established, in the year 1837, by an Indian named
+Zachary Colbert, and called the Indian Society. The members and
+those who have been invited to join the society, to the number of
+sixty or eighty, are accustomed to meet in a small room, ten feet
+by eighteen; all are obliged to smoke, and he who first desists is
+required to pay for the cigars smoked at that meeting.
+
+
+INDIGO. At Dartmouth College, a member of the party called the
+Blues. The same as a BLUE, which see.
+
+The Howes, years ago, used to room in Dartmouth Hall, though none
+room there now, and so they made up some verses. Here is one:--
+
+ "Hurrah for Dartmouth Hall!
+  Success to every student
+  That rooms in Dartmouth Hall,
+  Unless he be an _Indigo_,
+  Then, no success at all."
+    _The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+INITIATION. Secret societies exist in almost all the colleges in
+the United States, which require those who are admitted to pass
+through certain ceremonies called the initiation. This fact is
+often made use of to deceive Freshmen, upon their entrance into
+college, who are sometimes initiated into societies which have no
+existence, and again into societies where initiation is not
+necessary for membership.
+
+A correspondent from Dartmouth College writes as follows: "I
+believe several of the colleges have various exercises of
+_initiating_ Freshmen. Ours is done by the 'United Fraternity,'
+one of our library societies (they are neither of them secret),
+which gives out word that the _initiation_ is a fearful ceremony.
+It is simply every kind of operation that can be contrived to
+terrify, and annoy, and make fun of Freshmen, who do not find out
+for some time that it is not the necessary and serious ceremony of
+making them members of the society."
+
+In the University of Virginia, students on entering are sometimes
+initiated into the ways of college life by very novel and unique
+ceremonies, an account of which has been furnished by a graduate
+of that institution. "The first thing, by way of admitting the
+novitiate to all the mysteries of college life, is to require of
+him in an official communication, under apparent signature of one
+of the professors, a written list, tested under oath, of the
+entire number of his shirts and other necessary articles in his
+wardrobe. The list he is requested to commit to memory, and be
+prepared for an examination on it, before the Faculty, at some
+specified hour. This the new-comer usually passes with due
+satisfaction, and no little trepidation, in the presence of an
+august assemblage of his student professors. He is now remanded to
+his room to take his bed, and to rise about midnight bell for
+breakfast. The 'Callithumpians' (in this Institution a regularly
+organized company), 'Squallinaders,' or 'Masquers,' perform their
+part during the livelong night with instruments 'harsh thunder
+grating,' to insure to the poor youth a sleepless night, and give
+him full time to con over and curse in his heart the miseries of a
+college existence. Our fellow-comrade is now up, dressed, and
+washed, perhaps two hours in advance of the first light of dawn,
+and, under the guidance of a _posse comitatus_ of older students,
+is kindly conducted to his morning meal. A long alley, technically
+'Green Alley,' terminating with a brick wall, informing all, 'Thus
+far shalt thou go, and no farther,' is pointed out to him, with
+directions 'to follow his nose and keep straight ahead.' Of course
+the unsophisticated finds himself completely nonplused, and gropes
+his way back, amidst the loud vociferations of 'Go it, green un!'
+With due apologies for the treatment he has received, and violent
+denunciations against the former _posse_ for their unheard-of
+insolence towards the gentleman, he is now placed under different
+guides, who volunteer their services 'to see him through.' Suffice
+it to be said, that he is again egregiously 'taken in,' being
+deposited in the Rotunda or Lecture-room, and told to ring for
+whatever he wants, either coffee or hot biscuit, but particularly
+enjoined not to leave without special permission from one of the
+Faculty. The length of his sojourn in this place, where he is
+finally left, is of course in proportion to his state of
+verdancy."
+
+
+INSPECTOR OF THE COLLEGE. At Yale College, a person appointed to
+ascertain, inspect, and estimate all damages done to the College
+buildings and appurtenances, whenever required by the President.
+All repairs, additions, and alterations are made under his
+inspection, and he is also authorized to determine whether the
+College chambers are fit for the reception of the students.
+Formerly the inspectorship in Harvard College was held by one of
+the members of the College government. His duty was to examine the
+state of the College public buildings, and also at stated times to
+examine the exterior and interior of the buildings occupied by the
+students, and to cause such repairs to be made as were in his
+opinion proper. The same duties are now performed by the
+_Superintendent of Public Buildings_.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837,
+p. 22. _Laws Harv. Coll._, 1814, p. 58, and 1848, p 29.
+
+The duties of the _Inspector of the College Buildings_, at
+Middlebury, are similar to those required of the inspector at
+Yale.--_Laws Md. Coll._, 1839, pp. 15, 16.
+
+IN STATU PUPILLARI. Latin; literally, _in a state of pupilage_. In
+the English universities, one who is subject to collegiate laws,
+discipline, and officers is said to be _in statu pupillari_.
+
+  And the short space that here we tarry,
+  At least "_in statu pupillari_,"
+  Forbids our growing hopes to germ,
+  Alas! beyond the appointed term.
+    _Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 109.
+
+
+INTERLINEAR. A printed book, with a written translation between
+the lines. The same as an _illuminated_ book; for an account of
+which, see under ILLUMINATE.
+
+  Then devotes himself to study, with a steady, earnest zeal,
+  And scorns an _Interlinear_, or a Pony's meek appeal.
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 20.
+
+
+INTERLINER. Same as INTERLINEAR.
+
+In the "Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," a Professor at Harvard
+College, Professor Felton observes: "He was a mortal enemy to
+translations, '_interliners_,' and all such subsidiary helps in
+learning lessons; he classed them all under the opprobrious name
+of 'facilities,' and never scrupled to seize them as contraband
+goods. When he withdrew from College, he had a large and valuable
+collection of this species of literature. In one of the notes to
+his Three Lectures he says: 'I have on hand a goodly number of
+these confiscated wares, full of manuscript innotations, which I
+seized in the way of duty, and would now restore to the owners on
+demand, without their proving property or paying charges.'"--p.
+lxxvii.
+
+Ponies, _Interliners_, Ticks, Screws, and Deads (these are all
+college verbalities) were all put under contribution.--_A Tour
+through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 25.
+
+
+INTONITANS BOLUS. Greek, [Greek: bolos], a lump. Latin, _bolus_, a
+bit, a morsel. English, _bolus_, a mass of anything made into a
+large pill. It may be translated _a thundering pill_. At Harvard
+College, the _Intonitans Bolus_ was a great cane or club which was
+given nominally to the strongest fellow in the graduating class;
+"but really," says a correspondent, "to the greatest bully," and
+thus was transmitted, as an entailed estate, to the Samsons of
+College. If any one felt that he had been wronged in not receiving
+this emblem of valor, he was permitted to take it from its
+possessor if he could. In later years the club presented a very
+curious appearance; being almost entirely covered with the names
+of those who had held it, carved on its surface in letters of all
+imaginable shapes and descriptions. At one period, it was in the
+possession of Richard Jeffrey Cleveland, a member of the class of
+1827, and was by him transmitted to Jonathan Saunderson of the
+class of 1828. It has disappeared within the last fifteen or
+twenty years, and its hiding-place, even if it is in existence, is
+not known.
+
+See BULLY CLUB.
+
+
+INVALID'S TABLE. At Yale College, in former times, a table at
+which those who were not in health could obtain more nutritious
+food than was supplied at the common board. A graduate at that
+institution has referred to the subject in the annexed extract.
+"It was extremely difficult to obtain permission to board out, and
+indeed impossible except in extreme cases: the beginning of such
+permits would have been like the letting out of water. To take
+away all pretext for it, an '_invalid's table_' was provided,
+where, if one chose to avail himself of it, having a doctor's
+certificate that his health required it, he might have a somewhat
+different diet."--_Scenes and Characters in College, New Haven_,
+1847, pp. 117, 118.
+
+
+
+_J_.
+
+
+JACK-KNIFE. At Harvard College it has long been the custom for the
+ugliest member of the Senior Class to receive from his classmates
+a _Jack-knife_, as a reward or consolation for the plainness of
+his features. In former times, it was transmitted from class to
+class, its possessor in the graduating class presenting it to the
+one who was deemed the ugliest in the class next below.
+
+Mr. William Biglow, a member of the class of 1794, the recipient
+for that year of the Jack-knife,--in an article under the head of
+"Omnium Gatherum," published in the Federal Orrery, April 27,
+1795, entitled, "A Will: Being the last words of CHARLES
+CHATTERBOX, Esq., late worthy and much lamented member of the
+Laughing Club of Harvard University, who departed college life,
+June 21, 1794, in the twenty-first year of his age,"--presents
+this _transmittendum_ to his successor, with the following
+words:--
+
+ "_Item_. C---- P----s[41] has my knife,
+   During his natural college life;
+   That knife, which ugliness inherits,
+   And due to his superior merits,
+   And when from Harvard he shall steer,
+   I order him to leave it here,
+   That't may from class to class descend,
+   Till time and ugliness shall end."
+
+Mr. Prentiss, in the autumn of 1795, soon after graduating,
+commenced the publication of the Rural Repository, at Leominster,
+Mass. In one of the earliest numbers of this paper, following the
+example of Mr. Biglow, he published his will, which Mr. Paine, the
+editor of the Federal Orrery, immediately transferred to his
+columns with this introductory note:--"Having, in the second
+number of 'Omnium Gatherum' presented to our readers the last will
+and testament of Charles Chatterbox, Esq., of witty memory,
+wherein the said Charles, now deceased, did lawfully bequeath to
+Ch----s Pr----s the celebrated 'Ugly Knife,' to be by him
+transmitted, at his college demise, to the next succeeding
+candidate; -------- and whereas the said Ch----s Pr----s, on the
+21st of June last, departed his aforesaid college life, thereby
+leaving to the inheritance of his successor the valuable legacy
+which his illustrious friend had bequeathed, as an entailed
+estate, to the poets of the university,--we have thought proper to
+insert a full, true, and attested copy of the will of the last
+deceased heir, in order that the world may be furnished with a
+correct genealogy of this renowned _Jack-knife_, whose pedigree
+will become as illustrious in after time as the family of the
+'ROLLES,' and which will be celebrated by future wits as the most
+formidable _weapon_ of modern genius."
+
+That part of the will only is here inserted which refers
+particularly to the Knife. It is as follows:--
+
+ "I--I say I, now make this will;
+  Let those whom I assign fulfil.
+  I give, grant, render, and convey
+  My goods and chattels thus away;
+  That _honor of a college life,
+  That celebrated_ UGLY KNIFE,
+  Which predecessor SAWNEY[42] orders,
+  Descending to time's utmost borders,
+  To _noblest bard_ of _homeliest phiz_,
+  To have and hold and use, as his,
+  I now present C----s P----y S----r,[43]
+  To keep with his poetic lumber,
+  To scrape his quid, and make a split,
+  To point his pen for sharpening wit;
+  And order that he ne'er abuse
+  Said ugly knife, in dirtier use,
+  And let said CHARLES, that best of writers,
+  In prose satiric skilled to bite us,
+  And equally in verse delight us,
+  Take special care to keep it clean
+  From unpoetic hands,--I ween.
+  And when those walls, the muses' seat,
+  Said S----r is obliged to quit,
+  Let some one of APOLLO'S firing,
+  To such heroic joys aspiring,
+  Who long has borne a poet's name,
+  With said Knife cut his way to fame."
+    See _Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp. 281, 270.
+
+Tradition asserts that the original Jack-knife was terminated at
+one end of the handle by a large blade, and at the other by a
+projecting piece of iron, to which a chain of the same metal was
+attached, and that it was customary to carry it in the pocket
+fastened by this chain to some part of the person. When this was
+lost, and the custom of transmitting the Knife went out of
+fashion, the class, guided by no rule but that of their own fancy,
+were accustomed to present any thing in the shape of a knife,
+whether oyster or case, it made no difference. In one instance a
+wooden one was given, and was immediately burned by the person who
+received it. At present the Jack-knife is voted to the ugliest
+member of the Senior Class, at the meeting for the election of
+officers for Class Day, and the sum appropriated for its purchase
+varies in different years from fifty cents to twenty dollars. The
+custom of presenting the Jack-knife is one of the most amusing of
+those which have come down to us from the past, and if any
+conclusion may be drawn from the interest which is now manifested
+in its observance, it is safe to infer, in the words of the poet,
+that it will continue
+ "Till time and ugliness shall end."
+
+In the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a Jack-knife is given to
+the greatest liar, as a reward of merit.
+
+See WILL.
+
+
+JAPANNED. A cant term in use at the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+explained in the following passage. "Many ... step ... into the
+Church, without any pretence of other change than in the attire of
+their outward man,--the being '_japanned_,' as assuming the black
+dress and white cravat is called in University slang."--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 344.
+
+
+JESUIT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of Jesus
+College.
+
+
+JOBATION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a sharp reprimand
+from the Dean for some offence, not eminently heinous.
+
+Thus dismissed the august presence, he recounts this _jobation_ to
+his friends, and enters into a discourse on masters, deans,
+tutors, and proctors.--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 124.
+
+
+JOBE. To reprove; to reprimand. "In the University of Cambridge,
+[Eng.,] the young scholars are wont to call chiding,
+_jobing_."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+I heard a lively young man assert, that, in consequence of an
+intimation from the tutor relative to his irregularities, his
+father came from the country to _jobe_ him.--_Gent. Mag._, Dec.
+1794.
+
+
+JOE. A name given at several American colleges to a privy. It is
+said that when Joseph Penney was President of Hamilton College, a
+request from the students that the privies might be cleansed was
+met by him with a denial. In consequence of this refusal, the
+offices were purified by fire on the night of November 5th. The
+derivation of the word, allowing the truth of this story, is
+apparent.
+
+The following account of _Joe-Burning_ is by a correspondent from
+Hamilton College:--"On the night of the 5th of November, every
+year, the Sophomore Class burn 'Joe.' A large pile is made of
+rails, logs, and light wood, in the form of a triangle. The space
+within is filled level to the top, with all manner of
+combustibles. A 'Joe' is then sought for by the class, carried
+from its foundations on a rude bier, and placed on this pile. The
+interior is filled with wood and straw, surrounding a barrel of
+tar placed in the middle, over all of which gallons of turpentine
+are thrown, and then set fire to. From the top of the lofty hill
+on which the College buildings are situated, this fire can be seen
+for twenty miles around. The Sophomores are all disguised in the
+most odd and grotesque dresses. A ring is formed around the
+burning 'Joe,' and a chant is sung. Horses of the neighbors are
+obtained and ridden indiscriminately, without saddle or bridle.
+The burning continues usually until daylight."
+
+  Ponamus Convivium
+  _Josephi_ in locum
+    Et id uremus.
+    _Convivii Exsequiæ, Hamilton Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+JOHNIAN. A member of St. John's College in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng.
+
+The _Johnians_ are always known by the name of pigs; they put up a
+new organ the other day, which was immediately christened "Baconi
+Novum Organum."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV., p 236.
+
+
+JUN. Abbreviated for Junior.
+
+The target for all the venomed darts of rowdy Sophs, magnificent
+_Juns_, and lazy Senes.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+
+JUNE. An abbreviation of Junior.
+
+  I once to Yale a Fresh did come,
+    But now a jolly _June_,
+  Returning to my distant home,
+    I bear the wooden spoon.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 36.
+
+  But now, when no longer a Fresh or a Soph,
+    Each blade is a gentleman _June_.
+    _Ibid._, p. 39.
+
+
+JUNE TRAINING. The following interesting and entertaining account
+of one of the distinguishing customs of the University of Vermont,
+is from the pen of one of her graduates, to whom the editor of
+this work is under many obligations for the valuable assistance he
+has rendered in effecting the completeness of this Collection.
+
+"In the old time when militia trainings were in fashion, the
+authorities of Burlington decided that, whereas the students of
+the University of Vermont claimed and were allowed the right of
+suffrage, they were to be considered citizens, and consequently
+subject to military duty. The students having refused to appear on
+parade, were threatened with prosecution; and at last they
+determined to make their appearance. This they did on a certain
+'training day,' (the year I do not recollect,) to the full
+satisfaction of the authorities, who did not expect _such_ a
+parade, and had no desire to see it repeated. But the students
+being unwilling to expose themselves to 'the rigor of the law,'
+paraded annually; and when at last the statute was repealed and
+militia musters abolished, they continued the practice for the
+sake of old association. Thus it passed into a custom, and the
+first Wednesday of June is as eagerly anticipated by the citizens
+of Burlington and the youth of the surrounding country for its
+'training,' as is the first Wednesday of August for its annual
+Commencement. The Faculty always smile propitiously, and in the
+afternoon the performance commences. The army, or more
+euphoniously the 'UNIVERSITY INVINCIBLES,' take up 'their line of
+march' from the College campus, and proceed through all the
+principal streets to the great square, where, in the presence of
+an immense audience, a speech is delivered by the
+Commander-in-chief, and a sermon by the Chaplain, the roll is
+called, and the annual health report is read by the surgeon. These
+productions are noted for their patriotism and fervid eloquence
+rather than high literary merit. Formerly the music to which they
+marched consisted solely of the good old-fashioned drum and fife;
+but of late years the Invincibles have added to these a brass
+band, composed of as many obsolete instruments as can be procured,
+in the hands of inexperienced performers. None who have ever
+handled a musical instrument before are allowed to become members
+of the band, lest the music should be too sweet and regular to
+comport with the general order of the parade. The uniform (or
+rather the _multiform_) of the company varies from year to year,
+owing to the regulation that each soldier shall consult his own
+taste,--provided that no two are to have the same taste in their
+equipments. The artillery consists of divers joints of rusty
+stove-pipe, in each of which is inserted a toy cannon of about one
+quarter of an inch calibre, mounted on an old dray, and drawn by
+as many horse-apologies as can be conveniently attached to it.
+When these guns are discharged, the effect--as might be
+expected--is terrific. The banners, built of cotton sheeting and
+mounted on a rake-handle, although they do not always exhibit
+great artistic genius, often display vast originality of design.
+For instance, one contained on the face a diagram (done in ink
+with the wrong end of a quill) of the _pons asinorum_, with the
+rather belligerent inscription, 'REMEMBER NAPOLEON AT LODI.' On
+the reverse was the head of an extremely doubtful-looking
+individual viewing 'his natural face in a glass.'
+Inscription,--'O wad some pow'r the giftie gie us To see oursel's
+as others see us.'
+
+"The surgeon's equipment is an ox-cart containing jars of drugs
+(most of them marked 'N.E.R.' and 'O.B.J.'), boxes of homoeopathic
+pills (about the size of a child's head), immense saws and knives,
+skeletons of animals, &c.; over which preside the surgeon and his
+assistant in appropriate dresses, with tin spectacles. This
+surgeon is generally the chief feature of the parade, and his
+reports are astonishing additions to the surgical lore of our
+country. He is the wit of the College,--the one who above all
+others is celebrated for the loudest laugh, the deepest bumper,
+the best joke, and the poorest song. How well he sustains his
+reputation may be known by listening to his annual reading, or by
+reference to the reports of 'Trotwood,' 'Gubbins,' or 'Deppity
+Sawbones,' who at different times have immortalized themselves by
+their contributions to science. The cavalcade is preceded by the
+'pioneers,' who clear the way for the advancing troops; which is
+generally effected by the panic among the boys, occasioned by the
+savage aspect of the pioneers,--their faces being hideously
+painted, and their dress consisting of gleanings from every
+costume, Christian, Pagan, and Turkish, known among men. As the
+body passes through the different streets, the martial men receive
+sundry testimonials of regard and approval in the shape of boquets
+and wreaths from the fair 'Peruvians,' who of course bestow them
+on those who, in their opinion, have best succeeded in the object
+of the day,--uncouth appearance. After the ceremonies, the
+students quietly congregate in some room in college to _count_
+these favors and to ascertain who is to be considered the hero of
+the day, as having rendered himself pre-eminently ridiculous. This
+honor generally falls to the lot of the surgeon. As the sun sinks
+behind the Adirondacs over the lake, the parade ends; the many
+lookers-on having nothing to see but the bright visions of the
+next year's training, retire to their homes; while the now weary
+students, gathered in knots in the windows of the upper stories,
+lazily and comfortably puff their black pipes, and watch the
+lessening forms of the retreating countrymen."
+
+Further to elucidate the peculiarities of the June Training, the
+annexed account of the custom, as it was observed on the first
+Wednesday in June of the current year, is here inserted, taken
+from the "Daily Free Press," published at Burlington, June 8th,
+1855.
+
+"The annual parade of the principal military body in Vermont is an
+event of importance. The first Wednesday in June, the day assigned
+to it, is becoming the great day of the year in Burlington.
+Already it rivals, if it does not exceed, Commencement day in
+glory and honor. The people crowd in from the adjoining towns, the
+steamboats bring numbers from across the lake, and the inhabitants
+of the town turn out in full force. The yearly recurrence of such
+scenes shows the fondness of the people for a hearty laugh, and
+the general acceptableness of the entertainment provided.
+
+"The day of the parade this year was a very favorable
+one,--without dust, and neither too hot nor too cold for comfort
+The performances properly--or rather _im_properly--commenced in
+the small hours of the night previous by the discharge of a cannon
+in front of the college buildings, which, as the cannon was
+stupidly or wantonly pointed _towards_ the college buildings, blew
+in several hundred panes of glass. We have not heard that anybody
+laughed at this piece of heavy wit.
+
+"At four o'clock in the afternoon, the Invincibles took up their
+line of march, with scream of fife and roll of drum, down Pearl
+Street to the Square, where the flying artillery discharged a
+grand national salute of one gun; thence to the Exchange, where a
+halt was made and a refreshment of water partaken of by the
+company, and then to the Square in front of the American, where
+they were duly paraded, reviewed, exhorted, and reported upon, in
+presence of two or three thousand people.
+
+"The scene presented was worth seeing. The windows of the American
+and Wheeler's Block had all been taken out, and were filled with
+bright female faces; the roofs of the same buildings were lined
+with spectators, and the top of the portico of the American was a
+condensed mass of loveliness and bright colors. The Town Hall
+windows, steps, doors, &c. were also filled. Every good look-out
+anywhere near the spot was occupied, and a dense mass of
+by-standers and lookers-on in carriages crowded the southern part
+of the Square.
+
+"Of the cortege itself, the pencil of a Hogarth only could give an
+adequate idea. The valorous Colonel Brick was of course the centre
+of all eyes. He was fitly supported by his two aids. The three
+were in elegant uniforms, were handsomely mounted, rode well and
+with gallant bearing, and presented a particularly attractive
+appearance.
+
+"Behind them appeared a scarlet robe, surmounted by a white wig of
+Brobdinagian dimensions and spectacles to match, which it is
+supposed contained in the interior the physical system of the
+Reverendissimus Boanerges Diogenes Lanternarius, Chaplain, the
+whole mounted upon the vertebræ of a solemn-looking donkey.
+
+"The representative of the Church Militant was properly backed up
+by the Flying Artillery. Their banner announced that they were
+'for the reduction of Sebastopol,' and it is safe to say that they
+will certainly take that fortress, if they get a chance. If the
+Russians hold out against those four ghostly steeds, tandem, with
+their bandy-legged and kettle-stomached riders,--that gun, so
+strikingly like a joint of old stove-pipe in its exterior, but
+which upon occasion could vomit forth your real smoke and sound
+and smell of unmistakable brimstone,--and those slashed and
+blood-stained artillerymen,--they will do more than anybody did on
+Wednesday.
+
+"The T.L.N. Horn-et Band, with Sackbut, Psaltery, Dulcimer, and
+Shawm, Tanglang, Locofodeon, and Hugag, marched next. They
+reserved their efforts for special occasions, when they woke the
+echoes with strains of altogether unearthly music, composed for
+them expressly by Saufylur, the eminent self-taught New Zealand
+composer.
+
+"Barnum's Baby-Show, on four wheels, in charge of the great
+showman himself, aided by that experienced nurse, Mrs. Gamp, in
+somewhat dilapidated attire, followed. The babies, from a span
+long to an indefinite length, of all shapes and sizes, black,
+white, and snuff-colored, twins, triplets, quartettes, and
+quincunxes, in calico and sackcloth, and in a state of nature,
+filled the vehicle, and were hung about it by the leg or neck or
+middle. A half-starved quadruped of osseous and slightly equine
+appearance drew the concern, and the shrieking axles drowned the
+cries of the innocents.
+
+"Mr. Joseph Hiss and Mrs. Patterson of Massachusetts were not
+absent. Joseph's rubicund complexion, brassy and distinctly
+Know-Nothing look, and nasal organ well developed by his
+experience on the olfactory committee, were just what might have
+been expected. The 'make up' of Mrs. P., a bright brunette, was
+capital, and she looked the woman, if not the lady, to perfection.
+The two appeared in a handsome livery buggy, paid for, we suppose,
+by the State of Massachusetts.
+
+"A wagon-load of two or three tattered and desperate looking
+individuals, labelled 'Recruits for the Crimea,' with a generous
+supply of old iron and brick-bats as material of war, was dragged
+along by the frame and most of the skin of what was once a horse.
+
+"Towards the rear, but by no means least in consequence or in the
+amount of attention attracted, was the army hospital, drawn by two
+staid and well-fed oxen. In front appeared the snowy locks and
+'fair round belly, with good _cotton_ lined' of the worthy Dr.
+Esculapius Liverwort Tarand Cantchuget-urlegawa Opodeldoc, while
+by his side his assistant sawbones brayed in a huge iron mortar,
+with a weighty pestle, much noise, and indefatigable zeal, the
+drugs and dye-stuffs. Thigh-bones, shoulder-blades, vertebræ, and
+even skulls, hanging round the establishment, testified to the
+numerous and successful amputations performed by the skilful
+surgeon.
+
+"Noticeable among the cavalry were Don Quixote de la U.V.M.,
+Knight of the patent-leather gaiters, terrible in his bright
+rectangular cuirass of tin (once a tea-chest), and his glittering
+harpoon; his doughty squire, Sancho Panza; and a dashing young
+lady, whose tasteful riding-dress of black cambric, wealth of
+embroidered skirts and undersleeves, and bold riding, took not a
+little attention.
+
+"Of the rank and file on foot it is useless to attempt a
+description. Beards of awful size, moustaches of every shade and
+length under a foot, phizzes of all colors and contortions,
+four-story hats with sky-scraping feathers, costumes
+ring-streaked, speckled, monstrous, and incredible, made up the
+motley crew. There was a Northern emigrant just returned from
+Kansas, with garments torn and water-soaked, and but half cleaned
+of the adhesive tar and feathers, watched closely by a burly
+Missourian, with any quantity of hair and fire-arms and
+bowie-knives. There were Rev. Antoinette Brown, and Neal Dow;
+there was a darky whose banner proclaimed his faith in Stowe and
+Seward and Parker, an aboriginal from the prairies, an ancient
+minstrel with a modern fiddle, and a modern minstrel with an
+ancient hurdy- gurdy. All these and more. Each man was a study in
+himself, and to all, Falstaff's description of his recruits would
+apply:--
+
+"'My whole charge consists of corporals, lieutenants, gentlemen of
+companies, slaves as ragged as Lazarus in the painted cloth, where
+the glutton's dogs licked his sores; the cankers of a calm world
+and a long peace; ten times more dishonorable ragged than an
+old-faced ancient: and such have I, that you would think I had a
+hundred and fifty tattered prodigals lately come from
+swine-keeping, from eating draff and husks. A mad fellow met me on
+the way and told me I had unloaded all the gibbets and pressed the
+dead bodies. No eye hath seen such scarecrows.'
+
+"The proceedings on the review were exciting. After the calling of
+the roll, the idol of his regiment, Col. Martin Van Buren Brick,
+discharged an eloquent and touching speech.
+
+"From the report of Dr. Opodeldoc, which was thirty-six feet in
+length, we can of course give but a few extracts. He commenced by
+informing the Invincibles that his cures the year past had been
+more astounding than ever, and that his fame would continue to
+grow brighter and brighter, until eclipsed by the advent of some
+younger Dr. Esculapius Liverwort Tar Cant-ye-get-your-leg-away
+Opodeldoc, who in after years would shoot up like a meteor and
+reproduce his father's greatness; and went on as follows:--
+
+"'The first academic that appeared after the last report was the
+_desideratum graduatere_, or graduating fever. Twenty-seven were
+taken down. Symptoms, morality in the head,--dignity in the walk,
+--hints about graduating,--remarkable tendency to
+swell,--literary movement of the superior and inferior maxillary
+bones, &c., &c. Strictures on bleeding were first applied; then
+treating homoeopathically _similis similibus_, applied roots
+extracted, roots Latin and Greek, infinitesimal extracts of
+calculus, mathematical formulas, psychological inductions, &c.,
+&c. No avail. Finally applied huge sheep-skin plasters under the
+axilla, with a composition of printers' ink, paste, paper,
+ribbons, and writing-ink besmeared thereon, and all were
+despatched in one short day.
+
+"'Sophomore Exhibition furnished many cases. One man hit by a
+Soph-bug, drove eye down into stomach, carrying with it brains and
+all inside of the head. In order to draw them back to their proper
+place, your Surgeon caused a leaf from Barnum's Autobiography to
+be placed on patient's head, thinking that to contain more true,
+genuine _suction_ than anything yet discovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"'Nebraska _cancers_ have appeared in our ranks, especially in
+Missouri division. Surgeon recommends 385 eighty-pounders be
+loaded to the muzzle, first with blank cartridges,--to wit, Frank
+Pierce and Stephen A. Douglas, Free-Soil sermons, Fern Leaves, Hot
+Corn, together with all the fancy literature of the day,--and
+cause the same to be fired upon the disputed territory; this would
+cause all the breakings out to be removed, and drive off
+everybody.'
+
+"The close of the report was as follows. It affected many even to
+tears.
+
+"'May you all remember your Surgeon, and may your thoracic duck
+ever continue to sail peacefully down the common carrotted
+arteries, under the keystone of the arch of the aorta, and not
+rush madly into the abominable cavity and eclipse the semi-lunar
+dandelions, nor, still worse, play the dickens with the
+pneumogastric nerve and auxiliary artery, reverse the doododen,
+upset the flamingo, irritate the _high-old-glossus_, and be for
+ever lost in the receptaculum chyli. No, no, but, &c. Yours
+feelingly,
+
+'Dr. E.L.T.C.O., M.D.'
+
+"Dr. O., we notice, has added a new branch, that of dentistry, to
+his former accomplishments. By his new system, his customers are
+not obliged to undergo the pain of the operations in person, but,
+by merely sending their heads to him, can have everything done
+with a great decrease of trouble. From a calf's head thus sent in,
+the Doctor, after cutting the gums with a hay-cutter, and filing
+between the teeth with a wood-saw, skilfully extracted with a pair
+of blacksmith tongs a very great number of molars and incisors.
+
+"Miss Lucy Amazonia Crura Longa Lignea, thirteen feet high, and
+Mr. Rattleshanks Don Skyphax, a swain a foot taller, advanced from
+the ranks, and were made one by the chaplain. The bride promised
+to own the groom, but _protested_ formally against his custody of
+her person, property, and progeny. The groom pledged himself to
+mend the unmentionables of his spouse, or to resign his own when
+required to rock the cradle, and spank the babies. He placed no
+ring upon her finger, but instead transferred his whiskers to her
+face, when the chaplain pronounced them 'wife and man,' and the
+happy pair stalked off, their heads on a level with the
+second-story windows.
+
+"Music from the Keeseville Band who were present followed; the
+flying artillery fired another salute; the fife and drums struck
+up; and the Invincibles took their winding way to the University,
+where they were disbanded in good season."
+
+
+JUNIOR. One in the third year of his collegiate course in an
+American college, formerly called JUNIOR SOPHISTER.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+2. One in the first year of his course at a theological seminary.
+--_Webster_.
+
+
+JUNIOR. Noting the third year of the collegiate course in American
+colleges, or the first year in the theological
+seminaries.--_Webster_.
+
+
+JUNIOR APPOINTMENTS. At Yale College, there appears yearly, in the
+papers conducted by the students, a burlesque imitation of the
+regular appointments of the Junior exhibition. These mock
+appointments are generally of a satirical nature, referring to
+peculiarities of habits, character, or manners. The following,
+taken from some of the Yale newspapers, may be considered as
+specimens of the subjects usually assigned. Philosophical Oration,
+given to one distinguished for a certain peculiarity, subject,
+"The Advantage of a Great Breadth of Base." Latin Oration, to a
+vain person, subject, "Amor Sui." Dissertations: to a meddling
+person, subject, "The Busybody"; to a poor punster, subject,
+"Diseased Razors"; to a poor scholar, subject, "Flunk on,--flunk
+ever." Colloquy, to a joker whose wit was not estimated, subject,
+"Unappreciated Facetiousness." When a play upon names is
+attempted, the subject "Perfect Looseness" is assigned to Mr.
+Slack; Mr. Barnes discourses upon "_Stability_ of character, or
+pull down and build greater"; Mr. Todd treats upon "The Student's
+Manual," and incentives to action are presented, based on the line
+ "Lives of great men all remind us,"
+by students who rejoice in the Christian names, George Washington,
+Patrick Henry, Martin Van Buren, Andrew Jackson, Charles James
+Fox, and Henry Clay.
+
+See MOCK PART.
+
+
+JUNIOR BACHELOR. One who is in his first year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts.
+
+No _Junior Bachelor_ shall continue in the College after the
+commencement in the Summer vacation.--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1798,
+p. 19.
+
+
+JUNIOR FELLOW. At Oxford, one who stands upon the foundation of
+the college to which he belongs, and is an aspirant for academic
+emoluments.--_De Quincey_.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, a Junior Fellow is one chosen by
+the House of Convocation to be a member of the examining committee
+for three years. Junior Fellows must have attained the M.A.
+degree, and can only be voted for by Masters in Arts. Six Junior
+Fellows are elected every three years.
+
+
+JUNIOR FRESHMAN. The name of the first of the four classes into
+which undergraduates are divided at Trinity College, Dublin.
+
+
+JUNIOR OPTIME. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., those who
+occupy the third rank in honors, at the close of the final
+examination in the Senate-House, are called _Junior Optimes_.
+
+The third class, or that of _Junior Optimes_, is usually about at
+numerous as the first [that of the Wranglers], but its limits are
+more extensive, varying from twenty-five to sixty. A majority of
+the Classical men are in it; the rest of its contents are those
+who have broken down before the examination from ill-health or
+laziness, and choose the Junior Optime as an easier pass degree
+under their circumstances than the Poll, and those who break down
+in the examination; among these last may be sometimes found an
+expectant Wrangler.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d p. 228.
+
+The word is frequently abbreviated.
+
+Two years ago he got up enough of his low subjects to go on among
+the _Junior Ops._--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+There are only two mathematical papers, and these consist almost
+entirely of high questions; what a _Junior Op._ or low Senior Op.
+can do in them amounts to nothing.--_Ibid._, p. 286.
+
+
+JUNIOR SOPHISTER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student
+in the second year of his residence is called Junior Soph or
+Sophister.
+
+2. In some American colleges, a member of the Junior Class, i.e.
+of the third year, was formerly designated a Junior Sophister.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+
+_K_.
+
+
+KEEP. To lodge, live, dwell, or inhabit. To _keep_ in such a
+place, is to have rooms there. This word, though formerly used
+extensively, is now confined to colleges and universities.
+
+Inquire of anybody you meet in the court of a college at Cambridge
+your way to Mr. A----'s room, you will be told that he _keeps_ on
+such a staircase, up so many pair of stairs, door to the right or
+left.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, Vol. II. p. 178.
+
+He said I ought to have asked for his rooms, or inquired where he
+_kept_.--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 118.
+
+Dr. Johnson, in his Dictionary, cites this very apposite passage
+from Shakespeare: "Knock at the study where they say he keeps."
+Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, says of the word: "This is noted
+as an Americanism in the Monthly Anthology, Vol. V. p. 428. It is
+less used now than formerly."
+
+_To keep an act_, in the English universities, "to perform an
+exercise in the public schools preparatory to the proceeding in
+degrees." The phrase was formerly in use in Harvard College. In an
+account in the Mass. Hist. Coll., Vol. I. p. 245, entitled New
+England's First Fruits, is the following in reference to that
+institution: "The students of the first classis that have beene
+these foure yeeres trained up in University learning, and are
+approved for their manners, as they have _kept their publick Acts_
+in former yeeres, ourselves being present at them; so have they
+lately _kept two solemn Acts_ for their Commencement."
+
+_To keep chapel_, in colleges, to attend Divine services, which
+are there performed daily.
+
+"As you have failed to _make up your number_ of chapels the last
+two weeks," such are the very words of the Dean, "you will, if you
+please, _keep every chapel_ till the end of the term."--_Household
+Words_, Vol. II. p. 161.
+
+_To keep a term_, in universities, is to reside during a
+term.--_Webster_.
+
+
+KEYS. Caius, the name of one of the colleges in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., is familiarly pronounced _Keys_.
+
+
+KINGSMAN. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of King's
+College.
+
+He came out the winner, with the _Kingsman_ and one of our three
+close at his heels.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 127.
+
+
+KITCHEN-HATCH. A half-door between the kitchen and the hall in
+colleges and old mansions. At Harvard College, the students in
+former times received at the _kitchen-hatch_ their food for the
+evening meal, which they were allowed to eat in the yard or at
+their rooms. At the same place the waiters also took the food
+which they carried to the tables.
+
+The waiters when the bell rings at meal-time shall take the
+victuals at the _kitchen-hatch_, and carry the Same to the several
+tables for which they are designed.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+41.
+
+See BUTTERY-HATCH.
+
+
+KNOCK IN. A phrase used at Oxford, and thus explained in the
+Collegian's Guide: "_Knocking in_ late, or coming into college
+after eleven or twelve o'clock, is punished frequently with being
+'confined to gates,' or being forbidden to '_knock in_' or come in
+after nine o'clock for a week or more, sometimes all the
+term."--p. 161.
+
+
+KNOCKS. From KNUCKLES. At some of the Southern colleges, a game at
+marbles called _Knucks_ is a common diversion among the students.
+
+
+[Greek: Kudos]. Greek; literally, _glory, fame_. Used among
+students, with the meaning _credit, reputation_.
+
+I was actuated not merely by a desire after the promotion of my
+own [Greek: kudos], but by an honest wish to represent my country
+well.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 27,
+28.
+
+
+
+_L_.
+
+
+LANDSMANNSCHAFT. German. The name of an association of students in
+German universities.
+
+
+LAP-EAR. At Washington College, Penn., students of a religious
+character are called _lap-ears_ or _donkeys_. The opposite class
+are known by the common name of _bloods_.
+
+
+LATIN SPOKEN AT COLLEGES. At our older American colleges, students
+were formerly required to be able to speak and write Latin before
+admission, and to continue the use of it after they had become
+members. In his History of Harvard University, Quincy remarks on
+this subject:--
+
+"At a period when Latin was the common instrument of communication
+among the learned, and the official language of statesmen, great
+attention was naturally paid to this branch of education.
+Accordingly, 'to speak true Latin, both in prose and verse,' was
+made an essential requisite for admission. Among the 'Laws and
+Liberties' of the College we also find the following: 'The
+scholars _shall never use their mother tongue_, except that, in
+public exercises of oratory or such like, they be called to make
+them in English.' This law appears upon the records of the College
+in the Latin as well as in the English language. The terms in the
+former are indeed less restrictive and more practical: 'Scholares
+vernaculâ linguâ, _intra Collegii limites_, nullo pretextu
+utentur.' There is reason to believe that those educated at the
+College, and destined for the learned professions, acquired an
+adequate acquaintance with the Latin, and those destined to become
+divines, with the Greek and Hebrew. In other respects, although
+the sphere of instruction was limited, it was sufficient for the
+age and country, and amply supplied all their purposes and wants."
+--Vol. I. pp. 193, 194.
+
+By the laws of 1734, the undergraduates were required to "declaim
+publicly in the hall, in one of the three learned languages; and
+in no other without leave or direction from the President." The
+observance of this rule seems to have been first laid aside, when,
+"at an Overseers' meeting at the College, April 27th, 1756, John
+Vassall, Jonathan Allen, Tristram Gilman, Thomas Toppan, Edward
+Walker, Samuel Barrett, presented themselves before the Board, and
+pronounced, in the respective characters assigned them, a dialogue
+in _the English tongue_, translated from Castalio, and then
+withdrew,"--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 240.
+
+The first English Oration was spoken by Mr. Jedediah Huntington in
+the year 1763, and the first English Poem by Mr. John Davis in
+1781.
+
+In reference to this subject, as connected with Yale College,
+President Wholsey remarks, in his Historical Discourse:--
+
+"With regard to practice in the learned languages, particularly
+the Latin, it is prescribed that 'no scholar shall use the English
+tongue in the College with his fellow-scholars, unless he be
+called to a public exercise proper to be attended in the English
+tongue, but scholars in their chambers, and when they are
+together, shall talk Latin.'"--p. 59.
+
+"The fluent use of Latin was acquired by the great body of the
+students; nay, certain phrases were caught up by the very cooks in
+the kitchen. Yet it cannot be said that elegant Latin was either
+spoken or written. There was not, it would appear, much practice
+in writing this language, except on the part of those who were
+candidates for Berkeleian prizes. And the extant specimens of
+Latin discourses written by the officers of the College in the
+past century are not eminently Ciceronian in their style. The
+speaking of Latin, which was kept up as the College dialect in
+rendering excuses for absences, in syllogistic disputes, and in
+much of the intercourse between the officers and students, became
+nearly extinct about the time of Dr. Dwight's accession. And at
+the same period syllogistic disputes as distinguished from
+forensic seem to have entirely ceased."--p. 62.
+
+The following story is from the Sketches of Yale College. "In
+former times, the students were accustomed to assemble together to
+render excuses for absence in Latin. One of the Presidents was in
+the habit of answering to almost every excuse presented, 'Ratio
+non sufficit' (The reason is not sufficient). On one occasion, a
+young man who had died a short time previous was called upon for
+an excuse. Some one answered, 'Mortuus est' (He is dead). 'Ratio
+non sufficit,' repeated the grave President, to the infinite
+merriment of his auditors."--p. 182.
+
+The story is current of one of the old Presidents of Harvard
+College, that, wishing to have a dog that had strayed in at
+evening prayers driven out of the Chapel, he exclaimed, half in
+Latin and half in English, "Exclude canem, et shut the door." It
+is also related that a Freshman who had been shut up in the
+buttery by some Sophomores, and had on that account been absent
+from a recitation, when called upon with a number of others to
+render an excuse, not knowing how to express his ideas in Latin,
+replied in as learned a manner as possible, hoping that his answer
+would pass as Latin, "Shut m' up in t' Buttery."
+
+A very pleasant story, entitled "The Tutor's Ghost," in which are
+narrated the misfortunes which befell a tutor in the olden time,
+on account of his inability to remember the Latin for the word
+"beans," while engaged in conversation, may be found in the "Yale
+Literary Magazine," Vol. XX. pp. 190-195.
+
+See NON PARAVI and NON VALUI.
+
+
+LAUREATE. To honor with a degree in the university, and a present
+of a wreath of laurel.--_Warton_.
+
+
+LAUREATION. The act of conferring a degree in the university,
+together with a wreath of laurel; an honor bestowed on those who
+excelled in writing verse. This was an ancient practice at Oxford,
+from which, probably, originated the denomination of _poet
+laureate_.--_Warton_.
+
+The laurel crown, according to Brande, "was customarily given at
+the universities in the Middle Ages to such persons as took
+degrees in grammar and rhetoric, of which poetry formed a branch;
+whence, according to some authors, the term Baccalaureatus has
+been derived. The academical custom of bestowing the laurel, and
+the court custom, were distinct, until the former was abolished.
+The last instance in which the laurel was bestowed in the
+universities, was in the reign of Henry the Eighth."
+
+
+LAWS. In early times, the laws in the oldest colleges in the
+United States were as often in Latin as in English. They were
+usually in manuscript, and the students were required to make
+copies for themselves on entering college. The Rev. Henry Dunster,
+who was the first President of Harvard College, formed the first
+code of laws for the College. They were styled, "The Laws,
+Liberties, and Orders of Harvard College, confirmed by the
+Overseers and President of the College in the years 1642, 1643,
+1644, 1645, and 1646, and published to the scholars for the
+perpetual preservation of their welfare and government." Referring
+to him, Quincy says: "Under his administration, the first code of
+laws was formed; rules of admission, and the principles on which
+degrees should be granted, were established; and scholastic forms,
+similar to those customary in the English universities, were
+adopted; many of which continue, with little variation, to be used
+at the present time."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 15.
+
+In 1732, the laws were revised, and it was voted that they should
+all be in Latin, and that each student should have a copy, which
+he was to write out for himself and subscribe. In 1790, they were
+again revised and printed in English, since which time many
+editions have been issued.
+
+Of the laws of Yale College, President Woolsey gives the following
+account, in his Historical Discourse before the Graduates of that
+institution, Aug. 14, 1850:--
+
+"In the very first year of the legal existence of the College, we
+find the Trustees ordaining, that, 'until they should provide
+further, the Rector or Tutors should make use of the orders and
+institutions of Harvard College, for the instructing and ruling of
+the collegiate school, so far as they should judge them suitable,
+and wherein the Trustees had not at that meeting made provision.'
+The regulations then made by the Trustees went no further than to
+provide for the religious education of the College, and to give to
+the College officers the power of imposing extraordinary school
+exercises or degradation in the class. The earliest known laws of
+the College belong to the years 1720 and 1726, and are in
+manuscript; which is explained by the custom that every Freshman,
+on his admission, was required to write off a copy of them for
+himself, to which the admittatur of the officers was subscribed.
+In the year 1745 a new revision of the laws was completed, which
+exists in manuscript; but the first printed code was in Latin, and
+issued from the press of T. Green at New London, in 1748. Various
+editions, with sundry changes in them, appeared between that time
+and the year 1774, when the first edition in English saw the
+light.
+
+"It is said of this edition, that it was printed by particular
+order of the Legislature. That honorable body, being importuned to
+extend aid to the College, not long after the time when President
+Clap's measures had excited no inconsiderable ill-will, demanded
+to see the laws; and accordingly a bundle of the Latin laws--the
+only ones in existence--were sent over to the State-House. Not
+admiring legislation in a dead language, and being desirous to pry
+into the mysteries which it sealed up from some of the members,
+they ordered the code to be translated. From that time the
+numberless editions of the laws have all been in the English
+tongue."--pp. 45, 46.
+
+The College of William and Mary, which was founded in 1693,
+imitated in its laws and customs the English universities, but
+especially the University of Oxford. The other colleges which were
+founded before the Revolution, viz. New Jersey College, Columbia
+College, Pennsylvania University, Brown University, Dartmouth, and
+Rutgers College, "generally imitated Harvard in the order of
+classes, the course of studies, the use of text-books, and the
+manner of instruction."--_Am. Quart. Reg._, Vol. XV. 1843, p. 426.
+
+The colleges which were founded after the Revolution compiled
+their laws, in a great measure, from those of the above-named
+colleges.
+
+
+LEATHER MEDAL. At Harvard College, the _leather Medal_ was
+formerly bestowed upon the _laziest_ fellow in College. He was to
+be last at recitation, last at commons, seldom at morning prayers,
+and always asleep in church.
+
+
+LECTURE. A discourse _read_, as the derivation of the word
+implies, by a professor to his pupils; more generally, it is
+applied to every species of instruction communicated _vivâ voce_.
+--_Brande_.
+
+In American colleges, lectures form a part of the collegiate
+instruction, especially during the last two years, in the latter
+part of which, in some colleges, they divide the time nearly
+equally with recitations.
+
+2. A rehearsal of a lesson.--_Eng. Univ._
+
+Of this word, De Quincey says: "But what is the meaning of a
+lecture in Oxford and elsewhere? Elsewhere, it means a solemn
+dissertation, read, or sometimes histrionically declaimed, by the
+professor. In Oxford, it means an exercise performed orally by the
+students, occasionally assisted by the tutor, and subject, in its
+whole course, to his corrections, and what may be called his
+_scholia_, or collateral suggestions and improvements."--_Life and
+Manners_, p. 253.
+
+
+LECTURER. At the University of Cambridge, England, the _lecturers_
+assist in tuition, and especially attend to the exercises of the
+students in Greek and Latin composition, themes, declamations,
+verses, &c.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+LEM. At Williams College, a privy.
+
+Night had thrown its mantle over earth. Sol had gone to lay his
+weary head in the lap of Thetis, as friend Hudibras has it; The
+horned moon, and the sweet pale stars, were looking serenely! upon
+the darkened earth, when the denizens of this little village were
+disturbed by the cry of fire. The engines would have been rattling
+through the streets with considerable alacrity, if the fathers of
+the town had not neglected to provide them; but the energetic
+citizens were soon on hand. There was much difficulty in finding
+where the fire was, and heads and feet were turned in various
+directions, till at length some wight of superior optical powers
+discovered a faint, ruddy light in the rear of West College. It
+was an ancient building,--a time-honored structure,--an edifice
+erected by our forefathers, and by them christened LEMUEL, which
+in the vernacular tongue is called _Lem_ "for short." The
+dimensions of the edifice were about 120 by 62 inches. The loss is
+almost irreparable, estimated at not less than 2,000 pounds,
+avoirdupois. May it rise like a Phoenix from its ashes!--_Williams
+Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol. I. p. 464, 465.
+
+
+LETTER HOME. A writer in the American Literary Magazine thus
+explains and remarks upon the custom of punishing students by
+sending a letter to their parents:--"In some institutions, there
+is what is called the '_letter home_,'--which, however, in justice
+to professors and tutors in general, we ought to say, is a
+punishment inflicted upon parents for sending their sons to
+college, rather than upon delinquent students. A certain number of
+absences from matins or vespers, or from recitations, entitles the
+culprit to a heartrending epistle, addressed, not to himself, but
+to his anxious father or guardian at home. The document is always
+conceived in a spirit of severity, in order to make it likely to
+take effect. It is meant to be impressive, less by the heinousness
+of the offence upon which it is predicated, than by the pregnant
+terms in which it is couched. It often creates a misery and
+anxiety far away from the place wherein it is indited, not because
+it is understood, but because it is misunderstood and exaggerated
+by the recipient. While the student considers it a farcical
+proceeding, it is a leaf of tragedy to fathers and mothers. Then
+the thing is explained. The offence is sifted. The father finds
+out that less than a dozen morning naps are all that is necessary
+to bring about this stupendous correspondence. The moral effect of
+the act of discipline is neutralized, and the parent is perhaps
+too glad, at finding his anxiety all but groundless, to denounce
+the puerile, infant-school system, which he has been made to
+comprehend by so painful a process."--Vol. IV. p. 402.
+
+Avaunt, ye terrific dreams of "failures," "conditions," "_letters
+home_," and "admonitions."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 407.
+
+The birch twig sprouts into--_letters home_ and
+dismissions.--_Ibid._, Vol. XIII. p. 869.
+
+But if they, capricious through long indulgence, did not choose to
+get up, what then? Why, absent marks and _letters home_.--_Yale
+Banger_, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+He thinks it very hard that the faculty write "_letters
+home_."--_Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+  And threats of "_Letters home_, young man,"
+    Now cause us no alarm.
+    _Presentation Day Song_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+LIBERTY TREE. At Harvard College, a tree which formerly stood
+between Massachusetts and Harvard Halls received, about the year
+1760, the name of the Liberty Tree, on an occasion which is
+mentioned in Hutchinson's posthumous volume of the History of
+Massachusetts Bay. "The spirit of liberty," says he, "spread where
+it was not intended. The Undergraduates of Harvard College had
+been long used to make excuses for absence from prayers and
+college exercises; pretending detention at their chambers by their
+parents, or friends, who come to visit them. The tutors came into
+an agreement not to admit such excuses, unless the scholar came to
+the tutor, before prayers or college exercises, and obtained leave
+to be absent. This gave such offence, that the scholars met in a
+body, under and about a great tree, to which they gave the name of
+the _tree of liberty_! There they came into several resolves in
+favor of liberty; one of them, that the rule or order of the
+tutors was _unconstitutional_. The windows of some of the tutors
+were broken soon after, by persons unknown. Several of the
+scholars were suspected, and examined. One of them falsely
+reported that he had been confined without victuals or drink, in
+order to compel him to a confession; and another declared, that he
+had seen him under this confinement. This caused an attack upon
+the tutors, and brickbats were thrown into the room, where they
+had met together in the evening, through the windows. Three or
+four of the rioters were discovered and expelled. The three junior
+classes went to the President, and desired to give up their
+chambers, and to leave the college. The fourth class, which was to
+remain but about three months, and then to be admitted to their
+degrees, applied to the President for a recommendation to the
+college in Connecticut, that they might be admitted there. The
+Overseers of the College met on the occasion, and, by a vigorous
+exertion of the powers with which they were intrusted,
+strengthened the hands of the President and tutors, by confirming
+the expulsions, and declaring their resolution to support the
+subordinate government of the College; and the scholars were
+brought to a sense and acknowledgment of their fault, and a stop
+was put to the revolt."--Vol. III. p. 187.
+
+Some years after, this tree was either blown or cut down, and the
+name was transferred to another. A few of the old inhabitants of
+Cambridge remember the stump of the former Liberty Tree, but all
+traces of it seem to have been removed before the year 1800. The
+present Liberty Tree stands between Holden Chapel and Harvard
+Hall, to the west of Hollis. As early as the year 1815 there were
+gatherings under its branches on Class Day, and it is probable
+that this was the case even at an earlier date. At present it is
+customary for the members of the Senior Class, at the close of the
+exercises incident to Class Day, (the day on which the members of
+that class finish their collegiate studies, and retire to make
+preparations for the ensuing Commencement,) after cheering the
+buildings, to encircle this tree, and, with hands joined, to sing
+their favorite ballad, "Auld Lang Syne." They then run and dance
+around it, and afterwards cheer their own class, the other
+classes, and many of the College professors. At parting, each
+takes a sprig or a flower from the beautiful wreath which is hung
+around the tree, and this is sacredly preserved as a last memento
+of the scenes and enjoyments of college life.
+
+In the poem delivered before the Class of 1849, on their Class
+Day, occur the following beautiful stanzas in memory of departed
+classmates, in which reference is made to some of the customs
+mentioned above:--
+
+ "They are listening now to our parting prayers;
+    And the farewell song that we pour
+  Their distant voices will echo
+    From the far-off spirit shore;
+
+ "And the wreath that we break with our scattered band,
+    As it twines round the aged elm,--
+  Its fragments we'll keep with a sacred hand,
+    But the fragrance shall rise to them.
+
+ "So to-day we will dance right merrily,
+    An unbroken band, round the old elm-tree;
+  And they shall not ask for a greener shrine
+    Than the hearts of the class of '49."
+
+Its grateful shade has in later times been used for purposes
+similar to those which Hutchinson records, as the accompanying
+lines will show, written in commemoration of the Rebellion of
+1819.
+
+ "Wreaths to the chiefs who our rights have defended;
+    Hallowed and blessed be the Liberty Tree:
+  Where Lenox[44] his pies 'neath its shelter hath vended,
+    We Sophs have assembled, and sworn to be free."
+    _The Rebelliad_, p. 54.
+
+The poet imagines the spirits of the different trees in the
+College yard assembled under the Liberty Tree to utter their
+sorrows.
+
+ "It was not many centuries since,
+    When, gathered on the moonlit green,
+  Beneath the Tree of Liberty,
+    A ring of weeping sprites was seen."
+    _Meeting of the Dryads,[45] Holmes's Poems_, p. 102.
+
+It is sometimes called "the Farewell Tree," for obvious reasons.
+
+ "Just fifty years ago, good friends,
+        a young and gallant band
+  Were dancing round the Farewell Tree,
+        --each hand in comrade's hand."
+    _Song, at Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Class of 1798_.
+
+See CLASS DAY.
+
+
+LICEAT MIGRARE. Latin; literally, _let it be permitted him to
+remove_.
+
+At Oxford, a form of modified dismissal from College. This
+punishment "is usually the consequence of mental inefficiency
+rather than moral obliquity, and does not hinder the student so
+dismissed from entering at another college or at
+Cambridge."--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 224.
+
+Same as LICET MIGRARI.
+
+
+LICET MIGRARI. Latin; literally, _it is permitted him to be
+removed_. In the University of Cambridge, England, a permission to
+leave one's college. This differs from the Bene Discessit, for
+although you may leave with consent, it by no means follows in
+this case that you have the approbation of the Master and Fellows
+so to do.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+LIKE A BRICK OR A BEAN, LIKE A HOUSE ON FIRE, LIKE BRICKS. Among
+the students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., intensive
+phrases, to express the most energetic way of doing anything.
+"These phrases," observes Bristed, "are sometimes in very odd
+contexts. You hear men talk of a balloon going up _like bricks_,
+and rain coming down _like a house on fire_."--_Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 24.
+
+Still it was not in human nature for a classical man, living among
+classical men, and knowing that there were a dozen and more close
+to him reading away "_like bricks_," to be long entirely separated
+from his Greek and Latin books.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 218.
+
+"_Like bricks_," is the commonest of their expressions, or used to
+be. There was an old landlady at Huntingdon who said she always
+charged Cambridge men twice as much as any one else. Then, "How do
+you know them?" asked somebody. "O sir, they always tell us to get
+the beer _like bricks_."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV.
+p. 231.
+
+
+LITERÆ HUMANIORES. Latin; freely, _the humanities; classical
+literature_. At Oxford "the _Literæ Humaniores_ now include Latin
+and Greek Translation and Composition, Ancient History and
+Rhetoric, Political and Moral Philosophy, and Logic."--_Lit.
+World_, Vol. XII. p. 245.
+
+See HUMANITY.
+
+
+LITERARY CONTESTS. At Jefferson College, in Pennsylvania, "there
+is," says a correspondent, "an unusual interest taken in the two
+literary societies, and once a year a challenge is passed between
+them, to meet in an open literary contest upon an appointed
+evening, usually that preceding the close of the second session.
+The _contestors_ are a Debater, an Orator, an Essayist, and a
+Declaimer, elected from each society by the majority, some time
+previous to their public appearance. An umpire and two associate
+judges, selected either by the societies or by the _contestors_
+themselves, preside over the performances, and award the honors to
+those whom they deem most worthy of them. The greatest excitement
+prevails upon this occasion, and an honor thus conferred is
+preferable to any given in the institution."
+
+At Washington College, in Pennsylvania, the contest performances
+are conducted upon the same principle as at Jefferson.
+
+
+LITTLE-GO. In the English universities, a cant name for a public
+examination about the middle of the course, which, being less
+strict and less important in its consequences than the final one,
+has received this appellation.--_Lyell_.
+
+Whether a regular attendance on the lecture of the college would
+secure me a qualification against my first public examination;
+which is here called _the Little-go_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+283.
+
+Also called at Oxford _Smalls_, or _Small-go_.
+
+You must be prepared with your list of books, your testamur for
+Responsions (by Undergraduates called "_Little-go_" or
+"_Smalls_"), and also your certificate of
+matriculation.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 241.
+
+See RESPONSION.
+
+
+LL.B. An abbreviation for _Legum Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of Laws.
+In American colleges, this degree is conferred on students who
+fulfil the conditions of the statutes of the law school to which
+they belong. The law schools in the different colleges are
+regulated on this point by different rules, but in many the degree
+of LL.B. is given to a B.A. who has been a member of a law school
+for a year and a half.
+
+See B.C.L.
+
+
+LL.D. An abbreviation for _Legum Doctor_, Doctor of Laws.
+
+In American colleges, an honorary degree, conferred _pro meritis_
+on those who are distinguished as lawyers, statesmen, &c.
+
+See D.C.L.
+
+
+L.M. An abbreviation for the words _Licentiate in Medicine_. At
+the University of Cambridge, Eng., an L.M. must be an M.A. or M.B.
+of two years' standing. No exercise, but examination by the
+Professor and another Doctor in the Faculty.
+
+
+LOAF. At Princeton College, to borrow anything, whether returning
+it or not; usually in the latter sense.
+
+
+LODGE. At the University of Cambridge, England, the technical name
+given to the house occupied by the master of a
+college.--_Bristed_.
+
+When Undergraduates were invited to the _conversaziones_ at the
+_Lodge_, they were expected never to sit down in the Master's
+presence.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 90.
+
+
+LONG. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the long vacation, or,
+as it is more familiarly called, "The Long," commences according
+to statute in July, at the close of the Easter term, but
+practically early in June, and ends October 20th, at the beginning
+of the Michaelmas term.
+
+For a month or six weeks in the "_Long_," they rambled off to see
+the sights of Paris.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 37.
+
+In the vacations, particularly the _Long_, there is every facility
+for reading.--_Ibid._, p. 78.
+
+So attractive is the Vacation-College-life that the great trouble
+of the Dons is to keep the men from staying up during the _Long_.
+--_Ibid._, p. 79.
+
+Some were going on reading parties, some taking a holiday before
+settling down to their work in the "_Long_."--_Ibid._, p. 104.
+
+See VACATION.
+
+
+LONG-EAR. At Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, a student of a sober
+or religious character is denominated a _long-ear_. The opposite
+is _short-ear_.
+
+
+LOTTERY. The method of obtaining money by lottery has at different
+times been adopted in several of our American colleges. In 1747, a
+new building being wanted at Yale College, the "Liberty of a
+Lottery" was obtained from the General Assembly, "by which," says
+Clap, "Five Hundred Pounds Sterling was raised, clear of all
+Charge and Deductions."--_Hist. of Yale Coll._, p. 55.
+
+This sum defrayed one third of the expense of building what was
+then called Connecticut Hall, and is known now by the name of "the
+South Middle College."
+
+In 1772, Harvard College being in an embarrassed condition, the
+Legislature granted it the benefit of a lottery; in 1794 this
+grant was renewed, and for the purpose of enabling the College to
+erect an additional building. The proceeds of the lottery amounted
+to $18,400, which, with $5,300 from the general funds of the
+College, were applied to the erection of Stoughton Hall, which was
+completed in 1805. In 1806 the Legislature again authorized a
+lottery, which enabled the Corporation in 1813 to erect a new
+building, called Holworthy Hall, at an expense of about $24,500,
+the lottery having produced about $29,000.--_Quincy's Hist. of
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 162, 273, 292.
+
+
+LOUNGE. A treat, a comfort. A word introduced into the vocabulary
+of the English Cantabs, from Eton.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+LOW. The term applied to the questions, subjects, papers, &c.,
+pertaining to a LOW MAN.
+
+The "_low_" questions were chiefly confined to the first day's
+papers.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 205.
+
+The "_low_ subjects," as got up to pass men among the Junior
+Optimes, comprise, etc.--_Ibid._, p. 205.
+
+The _low_ papers were longer.--_Ibid._, p. 206.
+
+
+LOWER HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+LOW MAN. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the name given to a
+Junior Optime as compared with a Senior Optime or with a Wrangler.
+
+I was fortunate enough to find a place in the team of a capital
+tutor,... who had but six pupils, all going out this time, and
+five of them "_low men_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 204.
+
+
+
+_M_.
+
+
+M.A. An abbreviation of _Magister Artium_, Master of Arts. The
+second degree given by universities and colleges. Sometimes
+written A.M., which, is in accordance with the proper Latin
+arrangement.
+
+In the English universities, every B.A. of three years' standing
+may proceed to this degree on payment of certain fees. In America,
+this degree is conferred, without examination, on Bachelors of
+three years' standing. At Harvard, this degree was formerly
+conferred only upon examination, as will be seen by the following
+extract. "Every schollar that giveth up in writing a System, or
+Synopsis, or summe of Logick, naturall and morall Philosophy,
+Arithmetick, Geometry and Astronomy: And is ready to defend his
+Theses or positions: Withall skilled in the originalls as
+above-said; And of godly life and conversation; And so approved by
+the Overseers and Master of the Colledge, at any publique Act, is
+fit to be dignified with his 2d degree."--_New England's First
+Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 246.
+
+Until the year 1792, it was customary for those who applied for
+the degree of M.A. to defend what were called _Master's
+questions_; after this time an oration was substituted in place of
+these, which continued until 1844, when for the first time there
+were no Master's exercises. The degree is now given to any
+graduate of three or more years' standing, on the payment of a
+certain sum of money.
+
+The degree is also presented by special vote to individuals wholly
+unconnected with any college, but who are distinguished for their
+literary attainments. In this case, where the honor is given, no
+fee is required.
+
+
+MAKE UP. To recite a lesson which was not recited with the class
+at the regular recitation. It is properly used as a transitive
+verb, but in conversation is very often used intransitively. The
+following passage explains the meaning of the phrase more fully.
+
+A student may be permitted, on petition to the Faculty, to _make
+up_ a recitation or other exercise from which he was absent and
+has been excused, provided his application to this effect be made
+within the term in-which the absence occurred.--_Laws of Univ. at
+Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 16.
+
+... sleeping,--a luxury, however, which is sadly diminished by the
+anticipated necessity of _making up_ back lessons.--_Harv. Reg._,
+p. 202.
+
+
+MAN. An undergraduate in a university or college.
+
+At Cambridge and eke at Oxford, every stripling is accounted a
+_Man_ from the moment of his putting on the gown and cap.--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._, p. 75.
+
+Sweet are the slumbers, indeed, of a Freshman, who, just escaped
+the trammels of "home, sweet home," and the pedagogue's tyrannical
+birch, for the first time in his life, with the academical gown,
+assumes the _toga virilis_, and feels himself a _Man_.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+In College all are "_men_" from the hirsute Senior to the tender
+Freshman who carries off a pound of candy and paper of raisins
+from the maternal domicile weekly.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 264.
+
+
+MANCIPLE. Latin, _manceps_; _manu capio_, to take with the hand.
+
+In the English universities, the person who purchases the
+provisions; the college victualler. The office is now obsolete.
+
+  Our _Manciple_ I lately met,
+    Of visage wise and prudent.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p. 115.
+
+
+MANDAMUS. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a special mandate
+under the great seal, which enables a candidate to proceed to his
+degree before the regular period.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+MANNERS. The outward observances of respect which were formerly
+required of the students by college officers seem very strange to
+us of the present time, and we cannot but notice the omissions
+which have been made in college laws during the present century in
+reference to this subject. Among the laws of Harvard College,
+passed in 1734, is one declaring, that "all scholars shall show
+due respect and honor in speech and behavior, as to their natural
+parents, so to magistrates, elders, the President and Fellows of
+the Corporation, and to all others concerned in the instruction or
+government of the College, and to all superiors, keeping due
+silence in their presence, and not disorderly gainsaying them; but
+showing all laudable expressions of honor and reverence that are
+in use; such as uncovering the head, rising up in their presence,
+and the like. And particularly undergraduates shall be uncovered
+in the College yard when any of the Overseers, the President or
+Fellows of the Corporation, or any other concerned in the
+government or instruction of the College, are therein, and
+Bachelors of Arts shall be uncovered when the President is there."
+This law was still further enforced by some of the regulations
+contained in a list of "The Ancient Customs of Harvard College."
+Those which refer particularly to this point are the following:--
+
+"No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it
+rains, hails, or snows, provided he be on foot, and have not both
+hands full.
+
+"No Undergraduate shall wear his hat in the College yard, when any
+of the Governors of the College are there; and no Bachelor shall
+wear his hat when the President is there.
+
+"No Freshman shall speak to a Senior with his hat on; or have it
+on in a Senior's chamber, or in his own, if a Senior be there.
+
+"All the Undergraduates shall treat those in the government of the
+College with respect and deference; particularly, they shall not
+be seated without leave in their presence; they shall be uncovered
+when they speak to them, or are spoken to by them."
+
+Such were the laws of the last century, and their observance was
+enforced with the greatest strictness. After the Revolution, the
+spirit of the people had become more republican, and about the
+year 1796, "considering the spirit of the times and the extreme
+difficulty the executive must encounter in attempting to enforce
+the law prohibiting students from wearing hats in the College
+yard," a vote passed repealing it.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. II. p. 278.
+
+On this subject, Professor Sidney Willard, with reference to the
+time of the presidency of Joseph Willard at Harvard College,
+during the latter part of the last century, remarks: "Outward
+tokens of respect required to be paid to the immediate government,
+and particularly to the President, were attended with formalities
+that seemed to be somewhat excessive; such, for instance, as made
+it an offence for a student to wear his hat in the College yard,
+or enclosure, when the President was within it. This, indeed, in
+the fulness of the letter, gradually died out, and was compromised
+by the observance only when the student was so near, or in such a
+position, that he was likely to be recognized. Still, when the
+students assembled for morning and evening prayer, which was
+performed with great constancy by the President, they were careful
+to avoid a close proximity to the outer steps of the Chapel, until
+the President had reached and passed within the threshold. This
+was a point of decorum which it was pleasing to witness, and I
+never saw it violated."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, 1855,
+Vol. I. p. 132.
+
+"In connection with the subject of discipline," says President
+Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse before the Graduates of Yale
+College, "we may aptly introduce that of the respect required by
+the officers of the College, and of the subordination which
+younger classes were to observe towards older. The germ, and
+perhaps the details, of this system of college manners, are to be
+referred back to the English universities. Thus the Oxford laws
+require that juniors shall show all due and befitting reverence to
+seniors, that is, Undergraduates to Bachelors, they to Masters,
+Masters to Doctors, as well in private as in public, by giving
+them the better place when they are together, by withdrawing out
+of their way when they meet, by uncovering the head at the proper
+distance, and by reverently saluting and addressing them."
+
+After citing the law of Harvard College passed in 1734, which is
+given above, he remarks as follows. "Our laws of 1745 contain the
+same identical provisions. These regulations were not a dead
+letter, nor do they seem to have been more irksome than many other
+college restraints. They presupposed originally that the college
+rank of the individual towards whom respect is to be shown could
+be discovered at a distance by peculiarities of dress; the gown
+and the wig of the President could be seen far beyond the point
+where features and gait would cease to mark the person."--pp. 52,
+53.
+
+As an illustration of the severity with which the laws on this
+subject were enforced, it may not be inappropriate to insert the
+annexed account from the Sketches of Yale College:--"The servile
+requisition of making obeisance to the officers of College within
+a prescribed distance was common, not only to Yale, but to all
+kindred institutions throughout the United States. Some young men
+were found whose high spirit would not brook the degrading law
+imposed upon them without some opposition, which, however, was
+always ineffectual. The following anecdote, related by Hon.
+Ezekiel Bacon, in his Recollections of Fifty Years Since, although
+the scene of its occurrence was in another college, yet is thought
+proper to be inserted here, as a fair sample of the
+insubordination caused in every institution by an enactment so
+absurd and degrading. In order to escape from the requirements of
+striking his colors and doffing his chapeau when within the
+prescribed striking distance from the venerable President or the
+dignified tutors, young Ellsworth, who afterwards rose to the
+honorable rank of Chief Justice of the United States, and to many
+other elevated stations in this country, and who was then a
+student there, cut off entirely the brim portion of his hat,
+leaving of it nothing but the crown, which he wore in the form of
+a skull-cap on his head, putting it under his arm when he
+approached their reverences. Being reproved for his perversity,
+and told that this was not a hat within the meaning and intent of
+the law, which he was required to do his obeisance with by
+removing it from his head, he then made bold to wear his skull-cap
+into the Chapel and recitation-room, in presence of the authority.
+Being also then again reproved for wearing his hat in those
+forbidden and sacred places, he replied that he had once supposed
+that it was in truth a veritable hat, but having been informed by
+his superiors that it was _no hat_ at all, he had ventured to come
+into their presence as he supposed with his head uncovered by that
+proscribed garment. But the dilemma was, as in his former
+position, decided against him; and no other alternative remained
+to him but to resume his full-brimmed beaver, and to comply
+literally with the enactments of the collegiate pandect."--pp.
+179, 180.
+
+
+MAN WHO IS JUST GOING OUT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+the popular name of a student who is in the last term of his
+collegiate course.
+
+
+MARK. The figure given to denote the quality of a recitation. In
+most colleges, the merit of each performance is expressed by some
+number of a series, in which a certain fixed number indicates the
+highest value.
+
+In Harvard College the highest mark is eight. Four is considered
+as the average, and a student not receiving this average in all
+the studies of a term is not allowed to remain as a member of
+college. At Yale the marks range from zero to four. Two is the
+average, and a student not receiving this is obliged to leave
+college, not to return until he can pass an examination in all the
+branches which his class has pursued.
+
+In Harvard College, where the system of marks is most strictly
+followed, the merit of each individual is ascertained by adding
+together the term aggregates of each instructor, these "term
+aggregates being the sum of all the marks given during the term,
+for the current work of each month, and for omitted lessons made
+up by permission, and of the marks given for examination by the
+instructor and the examining committee at the close of the term."
+From the aggregate of these numbers deductions are made for
+delinquencies unexcused, and the result is the rank of the
+student, according to which his appointment (if he receives one)
+is given.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848.
+
+  That's the way to stand in college,
+  High in "_marks_" and want of knowledge!
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 154.
+
+If he does not understand his lesson, he swallows it whole,
+without understanding it; his object being, not the lesson, but
+the "_mark_," which he is frequently at the President's office to
+inquire about.--_A Letter to a Young Man who has Just entered
+College_, 1849, p. 21.
+
+I have spoken slightingly, too, of certain parts of college
+machinery, and particularly of the system of "_marks_." I do
+confess that I hold them in small reverence, reckoning them as
+rather belonging to a college in embryo than to one fully grown. I
+suppose it is "dangerous" advice; but I would be so intent upon my
+studies as not to inquire or think about my "_marks_."--_Ibid._ p.
+36.
+
+Then he makes mistakes in examinations also, and "loses _marks_."
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 388.
+
+
+MARKER. In the University of Cambridge, England, three or four
+persons called _markers_ are employed to walk up and down chapel
+during a considerable part of the service, with lists of the names
+of the members in their hands; they an required to run a pin
+through the names of those present.
+
+As to the method adopted by the markers, Bristed says: "The
+students, as they enter, are _marked_ with pins on long
+alphabetical lists, by two college servants, who are so
+experienced and clever at their business that they never have to
+ask the name of a new-comer more than once."--_Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 15.
+
+  His name pricked off upon the _marker's_ roll,
+  No twinge of conscience racks his easy soul.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+MARSHAL. In the University of Oxford, an officer who is usually in
+attendance on one of the proctors.--_Collegian's Guide_.
+
+
+MARSHAL'S TREAT. An account of the manner in which this
+observance, peculiar to Williams College, is annually kept, is
+given in the annexed passage from the columns of a newspaper.
+
+"Another custom here is the Marshal's Treat. The two gentlemen who
+are elected to act as Marshals during Commencement week are
+expected to _treat_ the class, and this year it was done in fine
+style. The Seniors assembled at about seven o'clock in their
+recitation-room, and, with Marshals Whiting and Taft at their
+head, marched down to a grove, rather more than half a mile from
+the Chapel, where tables had been set, and various luxuries
+provided for the occasion. The Philharmonia Musical Society
+discoursed sweet strains during the entertainment, and speeches,
+songs, and toasts were kept up till a late hour in the evening,
+when after giving cheers for the three lower classes, and three
+times three for '54, they marched back to the President's. A song
+written for the occasion was there performed, to which he replied
+in a few words, speaking of his attachment to the class, and his
+regret at the parting which must soon take place. The class then
+returned to East College, and after joining hands and singing Auld
+Lang Syne, separated."--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12,
+1854.
+
+
+MASQUERADE. It was formerly the custom at Harvard College for the
+Tutors, on leaving their office, to invite their friends to a
+masquerade ball, which was held at some time during the vacation,
+usually in the rooms which they occupied in the College buildings.
+One of the most splendid entertainments of this kind was given by
+Mr. Kirkland, afterwards President of the College, in the year
+1794. The same custom also prevailed to a certain extent among the
+students, and these balls were not wholly discontinued until the
+year 1811. After this period, members of societies would often
+appear in masquerade dresses in the streets, and would sometimes
+in this garb enter houses, with the occupants of which they were
+not acquainted, thereby causing much sport, and not unfrequently
+much mischief.
+
+
+MASTER. The head of a college. This word is used in the English
+Universities, and was formerly in use in this country, in this
+sense.
+
+The _Master_ of the College, or "Head of the House," is a D.D.,
+who has been a Fellow. He is the supreme ruler within the college
+Trails, and moves about like an Undergraduate's deity, keeping at
+an awful distance from the students, and not letting himself be
+seen too frequently even at chapel. Besides his fat salary and
+house, he enjoys many perquisites and privileges, not the least of
+which is that of committing matrimony.--_Bristed's Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 16.
+
+Every schollar, that on proofe is found able to read the originals
+of the Old and New Testament into the Latine tongue, &c. and at
+any publick act hath the approbation of the Overseers and _Master_
+of the Colledge, is fit to be dignified with his first
+degree.--_New England's First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._,
+Vol. I. pp. 245, 246.
+
+2. A title of dignity in colleges and universities; as, _Master_
+of Arts.--_Webster_.
+
+They, likewise, which peruse the questiones published by the
+_Masters_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. pp. 131, 132.
+
+
+MASTER OF THE KITCHEN. In Harvard College, a person who formerly
+made all the contracts, and performed all the duties necessary for
+the providing of commons, under the direction of the Steward. He
+was required to be "discreet and capable."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._,
+1814, p. 42.
+
+
+MASTER'S QUESTION. A proposition advanced by a candidate for the
+degree of Master of Arts.
+
+In the older American colleges it seems to have been the
+established custom, at a very early period, for those who
+proceeded Masters, to maintain in public _questions_ or
+propositions on scientific or moral topics. Dr. Cotton Mather, in
+his _Magnalia_, p. 132, referring to Harvard College, speaks of
+"the _questiones_ published by the Masters," and remarks that they
+"now and then presume to fly as high as divinity." These questions
+were in Latin, and the discussions upon them were carried on in
+the same language. The earliest list of Masters' questions extant
+was published at Harvard College in the year 1655. It was
+entitled, "Quæstiones in Philosophia Discutiendæ ... in comitiis
+per Inceptores in artib[us]." In 1669 the title was changed to
+"Quæstiones pro Modulo Discutiendæ ... per Inceptores." The last
+Masters' questions were presented at the Commencement in 1789. The
+next year Masters' exercises were substituted, which usually
+consisted of an English Oration, a Poem, and a Valedictory Latin
+Oration, delivered by three out of the number of candidates for
+the second degree. A few years after, the Poem was omitted. The
+last Masters' exercises were performed in the year 1843. At Yale
+College, from 1787 onwards, there were no Masters' valedictories,
+nor syllogistic disputes in Latin, and in 1793 there were no
+Master's exercises at all.
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL SLATE. At Harvard College, the best mathematician
+received in former times a large slate, which, on leaving college,
+he gave to the best mathematician in the next class, and thus
+transmitted it from class to class. The slate disappeared a few
+years since, and the custom is no longer observed.
+
+
+MATRICULA. A roll or register, from _matrix_. In _colleges_
+the register or record which contains the names of the students,
+times of entering into college, remarks on their character,
+&c.
+
+The remarks made in the _Matricula_ of the College respecting
+those who entered the Freshman Class together with him are, of
+one, that he "in his third year went to Philadelphia
+College."--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia College_, p. 42.
+
+Similar brief remarks are found throughout the _Matricula_ of
+King's College.--_Ibid._, p. 42.
+
+We find in its _Matricula_ the names of William Walton,
+&c.--_Ibid._, p. 64.
+
+
+MATRICULATE. Latin, _Matricula_, a roll or register, from
+_matrix_. To enter or admit to membership in a body or society,
+particularly in a college or university, by enrolling the name in
+a register.--_Wotton_.
+
+In July, 1778, he was examined at that university, and
+_matriculated_.--_Works of R.T. Paine, Biography_, p. xviii.
+
+In 1787, he _matriculated_ at St. John's College,
+Cambridge.--_Household Words_, Vol. I. p. 210.
+
+
+MATRICULATE. One enrolled in a register, and thus admitted to
+membership in a society.--_Arbuthnot_.
+
+The number of _Matriculates_ has in every instance been greater
+than that stated in the table.--_Cat. Univ. of North Carolina_,
+1848-49.
+
+
+MATRICULATION. The act of registering a name and admitting to
+membership.--_Ayliffe_.
+
+In American colleges, students who are found qualified on
+examination to enter usually join the class to which they are
+admitted, on probation, and are matriculated as members of the
+college in full standing, either at the close of their first or
+second term. The time of probation seldom exceeds one year; and if
+at the end of this time, or of a shorter, as the case may be, the
+conduct of a student has not been such as is deemed satisfactory
+by the Faculty, his connection with the college ceases. As a
+punishment, the _matriculation certificate_ of a student is
+sometimes taken from him, and during the time in which he is
+unmatriculated, he is under especial probation, and disobedience
+to college laws is then punished with more severity than at other
+times.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 12. _Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1837, p. 9.
+
+MAUDLIN. The name by which Magdalen College, Cambridge, Eng., is
+always known and spoken of by Englishmen.
+
+The "_Maudlin Men_" were at one time so famous for tea-drinking,
+that the Cam, which licks the very walls of the college, is said
+to have been absolutely rendered unnavigable with
+tea-leaves.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 202.
+
+MAX. Abbreviated for _maximum_, greatest. At Union College, he who
+receives the highest possible number of marks, which is one
+hundred, in each study, for a term, is said to _take Max_ (or
+maximum); to be a _Max scholar_. On the Merit Roll all the _Maxs_
+are clustered at the top.
+
+A writer remarks jocosely of this word. It is "that indication of
+perfect scholarship to which none but Freshmen aspire, and which
+is never attained except by accident."--_Sophomore Independent_,
+Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+Probably not less than one third of all who enter each new class
+confidently expect to "mark _max_," during their whole course, and
+to have the Valedictory at Commencement.--_Ibid._
+
+See MERIT ROLL.
+
+
+MAY. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the college Easter term
+examination is familiarly spoken of as _the May_.
+
+The "_May_" is one of the features which distinguishes Cambridge
+from Oxford; at the latter there are no public College
+examinations.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 64.
+
+As the "_May_" approached, I began to feel nervous.--_Ibid._, p.
+70.
+
+
+MAY TRAINING. A correspondent from Bowdoin College where the
+farcical custom of May Training is observed writes as follows in
+reference to its origin: "In 1836, a law passed the Legislature
+requiring students to perform military duty, and they were
+summoned to appear at muster equipped as the law directs, to be
+inspected and drilled with the common militia. Great excitement
+prevailed in consequence, but they finally concluded to _train_.
+At the appointed time and place, they made their appearance armed
+_cap-à-pie_ for grotesque deeds, some on foot, some on horse, with
+banners and music appropriate, and altogether presenting as
+ludicrous a spectacle as could easily be conceived of. They
+paraded pretty much 'on their own hook,' threw the whole field
+into disorder by their evolutions, and were finally ordered off
+the ground by the commanding officer. They were never called upon
+again, but the day is still commemorated."
+
+
+M.B. An abbreviation for _Medicinæ Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of
+Physic. At Cambridge, Eng., the candidate for this degree must
+have had his name five years on the boards of some college, have
+resided three years, and attended medical lectures and hospital
+practice during the other two; also have attended the lectures of
+the Professors of Anatomy, Chemistry, and Botany, and the Downing
+Professor of Medicine, and passed an examination to their
+satisfaction. At Oxford, Eng., the degree is given to an M.A. of
+one year's standing, who is also a regent of the same length of
+time. The exercises are disputations upon two distinct days before
+the Professors of the Faculty of Medicine. The degree was formerly
+given in American colleges before that of M.D., but has of late
+years been laid aside.
+
+
+M.D. An abbreviation for _Medicines Doctor_, Doctor of Physic. At
+Cambridge, Eng., the candidate for this degree must be a Bachelor
+of Physic of five years' standing, must have attended hospital
+practice for three years, and passed an examination satisfactory
+to the Medical Professors of the University,
+
+At Oxford, an M.D. must be an M.B. of three years' standing. The
+exercises are three distinct lectures, to be read on three
+different days. In American colleges the degree is usually given
+to those who have pursued their studies in a medical school for
+three years; but the regulations differ in different institutions.
+
+
+MED, MEDIC. A name sometimes given to a student in medicine.
+
+  ---- who sent
+  The _Medic_ to our aid.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 23.
+
+ "The Council are among ye, Yale!"
+  Some roaring _Medic_ cries.
+    _Ibid._, p. 24.
+
+  The slain, the _Medics_ stowed away.
+    _Ibid._, p. 24.
+
+    Seniors, Juniors, Freshmen blue,
+  And _Medics_ sing the anthem too.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+  Take ...
+  Sixteen interesting "_Meds_,"
+  With dirty hands and towzeled heads.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 16.
+
+
+MEDALIST. In universities, colleges, &c., one who has gained a
+medal as the reward of merit.--_Ed. Rev. Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+These _Medalists_ then are the best scholars among the men who
+have taken a certain mathematical standing; but as out of the
+University these niceties of discrimination are apt to be dropped
+they usually pass at home for absolutely the first and second
+scholars of the year, and sometimes they are so.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 62.
+
+
+MEDICAL FACULTY. Usually abbreviated Med. Fac. The Medical Faculty
+Society was established one evening after commons, in the year
+1818, by four students of Harvard College, James F. Deering,
+Charles Butterfield, David P. Hall, and Joseph Palmer, members of
+the class of 1820. Like many other societies, it originated in
+sport, and, as in after history shows, was carried on in the same
+spirit. The young men above named happening to be assembled in
+Hollis Hall, No. 13, a proposition was started that Deering should
+deliver a mock lecture, which having been done, to the great
+amusement of the rest, he in his turn proposed that they should at
+some future time initiate members by solemn rites, in order that
+others might enjoy their edifying exercises. From this small
+beginning sprang the renowned Med. Fac. Society. Deering, a
+"fellow of infinite jest," was chosen its first President; he was
+much esteemed for his talents, but died early, the victim of
+melancholy madness.
+
+The following entertaining account of the early history of this
+Society has been kindly furnished, in a letter to the editor, by a
+distinguished gentleman who was its President in the year 1820,
+and a graduate of the class of 1822.
+
+"With regard to the Medical Faculty," he writes, "I suppose that
+you are aware that its object was mere fun. That object was
+pursued with great diligence during the earlier period of its
+history, and probably through its whole existence. I do not
+remember that it ever had a constitution, or any stated meetings,
+except the annual one for the choice of officers. Frequent
+meetings, however, were called by the President to carry out the
+object of the institution. They were held always in some student's
+room in the afternoon. The room was made as dark as possible, and
+brilliantly lighted. The Faculty sat round a long table, in some
+singular and antique costume, almost all in large wigs, and
+breeches with knee-buckles. This practice was adopted to make a
+strong impression on students who were invited in for examination.
+Members were always examined for admission. The strangest
+questions were asked by the venerable board, and often strange
+answers elicited,--no matter how remote from the purpose, provided
+there was wit or drollery. Sometimes a singularly slow person
+would be invited, on purpose to puzzle and tease him with
+questions that he could make nothing of; and he would stand in
+helpless imbecility, without being able to cover his retreat with
+even the faintest suspicion of a joke. He would then be gravely
+admonished of the necessity of diligent study, reminded of the
+anxiety of his parents on his account, and his duty to them, and
+at length a month or two would be allowed him to prepare himself
+for another examination, or he would be set aside altogether. But
+if he appeared again for another trial, he was sure to fare no
+better. He would be set aside at last. I remember an instance in
+which a member was expelled for a reason purely fictitious,--droll
+enough to be worth telling, if I could remember it,--and the
+secretary directed 'to write to his father, and break the matter
+gently to him, that it might not bring down the gray hairs of the
+old man with sorrow to the grave.'
+
+"I have a pleasant recollection of the mock gravity, the broad
+humor, and often exquisite wit of those meetings, but it is
+impossible to give you any adequate idea of them. Burlesque
+lectures on all conceivable and inconceivable subjects were
+frequently read or improvised by members _ad libitum_. I remember
+something of a remarkable one from Dr. Alden, upon part of a
+skeleton of a superannuated horse, which he made to do duty for
+the remains of a great German Professor with an unspeakable name.
+
+"Degrees were conferred upon all the members,--M.D. or D.M.[46]
+according to their rank, which is explained in the Catalogue.
+Honorary degrees were liberally conferred upon conspicuous persons
+at home and abroad. It is said that one gentleman, at the South, I
+believe, considered himself insulted by the honor, and complained
+of it to the College government, who forthwith broke up the
+Society. But this was long after my time, and I cannot answer for
+the truth of the tradition. Diplomas were given to the M.D.'s and
+D.M.'s in ludicrous Latin, with a great seal appended by a green
+ribbon. I have one, somewhere. My name is rendered _Filius
+Steti_."
+
+A graduate of the class of 1828 writes: "I well remember that my
+invitation to attend the meeting of the Med. Fac. Soc. was written
+in barbarous Latin, commencing 'Domine Crux,' and I think I passed
+so good an examination that I was made _Professor longis
+extremitatibus_, or Professor with long shanks. It was a society
+for purposes of mere fun and burlesque, meeting secretly, and
+always foiling the government in their attempts to break it up."
+
+The members of the Society were accustomed to array themselves in
+masquerade dresses, and in the evening would enter the houses of
+the inhabitants of Cambridge, unbidden, though not always
+unwelcome guests. This practice, however, and that of conferring
+degrees on public characters, brought the Society, as is above
+stated, into great disrepute with the College Faculty, by whom it
+was abolished in the year 1834.
+
+The Catalogue of the Society was a burlesque on the Triennial of
+the College. The first was printed in the year 1821, the others
+followed in the years 1824, 1827, 1830, and 1833. The title on the
+cover of the Catalogue of 1833, the last issued, similar to the
+titles borne by the others, was, "Catalogus Senatus Facultatis, et
+eorum qui munera et officia gesserunt, quique alicujus gradus
+laurea donati sunt in Facultate Medicinæ in Universitate
+Harvardiana constituta, Cantabrigiæ in Republica Massachusettensi.
+Cantabrigiæ: Sumptibus Societatis. MDCCCXXXIII. Sanguinis
+circulationis post patefactionem Anno CCV."
+
+The Prefaces to the Catalogues were written in Latin, the
+character of which might well be denominated _piggish_. In the
+following translations by an esteemed friend, the beauty and force
+of the originals are well preserved.
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of 1824_.
+
+"To many, the first edition of the Medical Faculty Catalogue was a
+wonderful and extraordinary thing. Those who boasted that they
+could comprehend it, found themselves at length terribly and
+widely in error. Those who did not deny their inability to get the
+idea of it, were astonished and struck with amazement. To certain
+individuals, it seemed to possess somewhat of wit and humor, and
+these laughed immoderately; to others, the thing seemed so absurd
+and foolish, that they preserved a grave and serious countenance.
+
+"Now, a new edition is necessary, in which it is proposed to state
+briefly in order the rise and progress of the Medical Faculty. It
+is an undoubted matter of history, that the Medical Faculty is the
+most ancient of all societies in the whole world. In fact, its
+archives contain documents and annals of the Society, written on
+birch-bark, which are so ancient that they cannot be read at all;
+and, moreover, other writings belong to the Society, legible it is
+true, but, by ill-luck, in the words of an unknown and long-buried
+language, and therefore unintelligible. Nearly all the documents
+of the Society have been reduced to ashes at some time amid the
+rolling years since the creation of man. On this account the
+Medical Faculty cannot pride itself on an uninterrupted series of
+records. But many oral traditions in regard to it have reached us
+from our ancestors, from which it may be inferred that this
+society formerly flourished under the name of the 'Society of
+Wits' (Societas Jocosorum); and you might often gain an idea of it
+from many shrewd remarks that have found their way to various
+parts of the world.
+
+"The Society, after various changes, has at length been brought to
+its present form, and its present name has been given it. It is,
+by the way, worthy of note, that this name is of peculiar
+signification, the word 'medical' having the same force as
+'sanative' (sanans), as far as relates to the mind, and not to the
+body, as in the vulgar signification. To be brief, the meaning of
+'medical' is 'diverting' (divertens), that is, _turning_ the mind
+from misery, evil, and grief. Under this interpretation, the
+Medical Faculty signifies neither more nor less than the 'Faculty
+of Recreation.' The thing proposed by the Society is, to _divert_
+its immediate and honorary members from unbecoming and foolish
+thoughts, and is twofold, namely, relating both to manners and to
+letters. Professors in the departments appropriated to letters
+read lectures; and the alumni, as the case requires, are sometimes
+publicly examined and questioned. The Library at present contains
+a single book, but this _one_ is called for more and more every
+day. A collection of medical apparatus belongs to the Society,
+beyond doubt the most grand and extensive in the whole world,
+intended to sharpen the _faculties_ of all the members.
+
+"Honorary degrees have been conferred on illustrious and
+remarkable men of all countries.
+
+"A certain part of the members go into all academies and literary
+'gymnasia,' to act as nuclei, around which branches of this
+Society may be enabled to form."
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of 1830_.
+
+"As the members of the Medical Faculty have increased, as many
+members have been distinguished by honorary degrees, and as the
+former Catalogues have all been sold, the Senate orders a new
+Catalogue to be printed.
+
+"It seemed good to the editors of the former Catalogue briefly to
+state the nature and to defend the antiquity of this Faculty.
+Nevertheless, some have refused their assent to the statements,
+and demand some reasons for what is asserted. We therefore, once
+for all, declare that, of all societies, this is the most ancient,
+the most extensive, the most learned, and the most divine. We
+establish its antiquity by two arguments: firstly, because
+everywhere in the world there are found many monuments of our
+ancestors; secondly, because all other societies derive their
+origin from this. It appears from our annals, that different
+curators have laid their bones beneath the Pyramids, Naples, Rome,
+and Paris. These, as described by a faithful secretary, are found
+at this day.
+
+"The obelisks of Egypt contain in hieroglyphic characters many
+secrets of our Faculty. The Chinese Wall, and the Colossus at
+Rhodes, were erected by our ancestors in sport. We could cite many
+other examples, were it necessary.
+
+"All societies to whom belong either wonderful art, or nothing
+except secrecy, have been founded on our pattern. It appears that
+the Society of Free-Masons was founded by eleven disciples of the
+Med. Fac. expelled A.D. 1425. But these ignorant fellows were
+never able to raise their brotherhood to our standard of
+perfection: in this respect alone they agree with us, in admitting
+only the _masculine_ gender ('masc. gen.').[47]
+
+"Therefore we have always been Antimason. No one who has ever
+gained admittance to our assembly has the slightest doubt that we
+have extended our power to the farthest regions of the earth, for
+we have embassies from every part of the world, and Satan himself
+has learned many particulars from our Senate in regard to the
+administration of affairs and the means of torture.
+
+"We pride ourselves in being the most learned society on earth,
+for men versed in all literature and erudition, when hurried into
+our presence for examination, quail and stand in silent amazement.
+'Placid Death' alone is coeval with this Society, and resembles
+it, for in its own Catalogue it equalizes rich and poor, great and
+small, white and black, old and young.
+
+"Since these things are so, and you, kind reader, have been
+instructed on these points, I will not longer detain you from the
+book and the picture.[48] Farewell."
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of_ 1833.
+
+"It was much less than three years since the third edition of this
+Catalogue saw the light, when the most learned Med. Fac. began to
+be reminded that the time had arrived for preparing to polish up
+and publish a new one. Accordingly, special curators were selected
+to bring this work to perfection. These curators would not neglect
+the opportunity of saying a few words on matters of great moment.
+
+"We have carefully revised the whole text, and, as far as we
+could, we have taken pains to remove typographical errors. The
+duty is not light. But the number of medical men in the world has
+increased, and it is becoming that the whole world should know the
+true authors of its greatest blessing. Therefore we have inserted
+their names and titles in their proper places.
+
+"Among other changes, we would not forget the creation of a new
+office. Many healing remedies, foreign, rare, and wonderful, have
+been brought for the use of the Faculty from Egypt and Arabia
+Felix. It was proper that some worthy, capable man, of quick
+discernment, should have charge of these most precious remedies.
+Accordingly, the Faculty has chosen a curator to be called the
+'Apothecarius.' Many quacks and cheats have desired to hold the
+new office; but the present occupant has thrown all others into
+the shade. The names, surnames, and titles of this excellent man
+will be found in the following pages.[49]
+
+"We have done well, not only towards others, but also towards
+ourselves. Our library contains quite a number of books; among
+others, ten thousand obtained through the munificence and
+liberality of great societies in the almost unknown regions of
+Kamtschatka and the North Pole, and especially also through the
+munificence of the Emperor of all the Russias. It has become so
+immense, that, at the request of the Librarian, the Faculty have
+prohibited any further donations.
+
+"In the next session of the General Court of Massachusetts, the
+Senate of the Faculty (assisted by the President of Harvard
+University) will petition for forty thousand sesterces, for the
+purpose of erecting a large building to contain the immense
+accumulation of books. From the well-known liberality of the
+Legislature, no doubts are felt of obtaining it.
+
+"To say more would make a long story. And this, kind reader, is
+what we have to communicate to you at the outset. The fruit will
+show with how much fidelity we have performed the task imposed
+upon us by the most illustrious men. Farewell."
+
+As a specimen of the character of the honorary degrees conferred
+by the Society, the following are taken from the list given in the
+Catalogues. They embrace, as will be seen, the names of
+distinguished personages only, from the King and President to Day
+and Martin, Sam Patch, and the world-renowned Sea-Serpent.
+
+"Henricus Christophe, Rex Haytiæ quondam, M.D. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."[50]
+
+"Gulielmus Cobbett, qui ad Angliam ossa Thomæ Paine ferebat, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[51]
+
+"Johannes-Cleaves Symmes, qui in terræ ilia penetravissit, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[52]
+
+"ALEXANDER I. Russ. Imp. Illust. et Sanct. Foed. et Mass. Pac.
+Soc. Socius, qui per Legat. American. claro Med. Fac.,
+'_curiositatem raram et archaicam_,' regie transmisit, 1825, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[53]
+
+"ANDREAS JACKSON, Major-General in bello ultimo Americano, et
+_Nov. Orleans Heros_ fortissimus; et _ergo_ nunc Præsidis
+Rerumpub. Foed, muneris _candidatus_ et 'Old Hickory,' M.D. et
+M.U.D. 1827, Med. Fac. honorarius, et 1829 Præses Rerumpub.
+Foed., et LL.D. 1833."
+
+"Gulielmus Emmons, prænominatus Pickleïus, qui orator
+eloquentissimus nostræ ætatis; poma, nuces, _panem-zingiberis_,
+suas orationes, '_Egg-popque_' vendit, D.M. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."[54]
+
+"Day et Martin, Angli, qui per quinquaginta annos toto Christiano
+Orbi et præcipue _Univ. Harv._ optimum _Real Japan Atramentum_ ab
+'XCVII. Altâ Holborniâ' subministrârunt, M.D. et M.U.D. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."
+
+"Samuel Patch, socius multum deploratus, qui multa experimenta, de
+gravitate et 'faciles descensus' suo corpore fecit; qui gradum,
+M.D. _per saltum_ consecutus est. Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Cheng et Heng, Siamesi juvenes, invicem _a mans_ et intime
+attacti, Med. Fac. que honorarii."
+
+"Gulielmus Grimke, et quadraginta sodales qui 'omnes in uno' Conic
+Sections sine Tabulis aspernati sunt, et contra Facultatem, Col.
+Yal. rebellaverunt, posteaque expulsi et 'obumbrati' sunt et Med.
+Fac. honorarii."
+
+"MARTIN VAN BUREN, _Armig._, Civitatis Scriba Reipub. Foed. apud
+Aul. Brit. Legat. Extraord. sibi constitutus. Reip. Nov. Ebor.
+Gub. 'Don Whiskerandos'; 'Little Dutchman'; atque 'Great
+Rejected.' Nunc (1832), Rerumpub. Foed. Vice-Præses et 'Kitchen
+Cabinet' Moderator, M.D. et Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Magnus Serpens Maris, suppositus, aut porpoises aut
+horse-mackerel, grex; 'very like a whale' (Shak.); M.D. et
+peculiariter M.U.D. Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Timotheus Tibbets et Gulielmus J. Snelling 'par nobile sed
+hostile fratrum'; 'victor et victus,' unus buster et rake, alter
+lupinarum cockpitsque purgator, et nuper Edit. Nov. Ang. Galax.
+Med. Fac. honorarii."[55]
+
+"Capt. Basil Hall, Tabitha Trollope, atque _Isaacus Fiddler_
+Reverendus; semi-pay centurio, famelica transfuga, et semicoctus
+grammaticaster, qui scriptitant solum ut prandere possint. Tres in
+uno Mend. Munch. Prof. M.D., M.U.D. et Med. Fac. Honorarium."
+
+A college poet thus laments the fall of this respected society:--
+
+ "Gone, too, for aye, that merry masquerade,
+  Which danced so gayly in the evening shade,
+  And Learning weeps, and Science hangs her head,
+  To mourn--vain toil!--their cherished offspring dead.
+  What though she sped her honors wide and far,
+  Hailing as son Muscovia's haughty Czar,
+  Who in his palace humbly knelt to greet,
+  And laid his costly presents at her feet?[56]
+  Relentless fate her sudden fall decreed,
+  Dooming each votary's tender heart to bleed,
+  And yet, as if in mercy to atone,
+  That fate hushed sighs, and silenced many a _groan_."
+    _Winslow's Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+
+MERIT ROLL. At Union College, "the _Merit Rolls_ of the several
+classes," says a correspondent, "are sheets of paper put up in the
+College post-office, at the opening of each term, containing a
+list of all students present in the different classes during the
+previous term, with a statement of the conduct, attendance, and
+scholarship of each member of the class. The names are numbered
+according to the standing of the student, all the best scholars
+being clustered at the head, and the poorer following in a
+melancholy train. To be at the head, or 'to head the roll,' is an
+object of ambition, while 'to foot the roll' is anything but
+desirable."
+
+
+MIDDLE BACHELOR. One who is in his second year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts.
+
+A Senior Sophister has authority to take a Freshman from a
+Sophomore, a _Middle Bachelor_ from a Junior Sophister.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 540.
+
+
+MIGRATE. In the English universities, to remove from one college
+to another.
+
+One of the unsuccessful candidates _migrated_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 100.
+
+
+MIGRATION. In the English universities, a removal from one college
+to another.
+
+"_A migration_," remarks Bristed, "is generally tantamount to a
+confession of inferiority, and an acknowledgment that the migrator
+is not likely to become a Fellow in his own College, and therefore
+takes refuge in another, where a more moderate Degree will insure
+him a Fellowship. A great deal of this _migration_ goes on from
+John's to the Small Colleges."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 100.
+
+
+MIGRATOR. In the English universities, one who removes from one
+college to another.
+
+
+MILD. A student epithet of depreciation, answering nearly to the
+phrases, "no great shakes," and "small potatoes."--_Bristed_.
+
+Some of us were very heavy men to all appearance, and our first
+attempts _mild_ enough.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 169.
+
+
+MINGO. Latin. At Harvard College, this word was formerly used to
+designate a chamber-pot.
+
+  To him that occupies my study,
+  I give for use of making toddy,
+  A bottle full of _white-face Stingo_,
+  Another, handy, called a _mingo_.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss_, in _Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+Many years ago, some of the students of Harvard College wishing to
+make a present to their Tutor, Mr. Flynt, called on him, informed
+him of their intention, and requested him to select a gift which
+would be acceptable to him. He replied that he was a single man,
+that he already had a well-filled library, and in reality wanted
+nothing. The students, not all satisfied with this answer,
+determined to present him with a silver chamber-pot. One was
+accordingly made, of the appropriate dimensions, and inscribed
+with these words:
+ "Mingere cum bombis
+  Res est saluberrima lumbis."
+
+On the morning of Commencement Day, this was borne in procession,
+in a morocco case, and presented to the Tutor. Tradition does not
+say with what feelings he received it, but it remained for many
+years at a room in Quincy, where he was accustomed to spend his
+Saturdays and Sundays, and finally disappeared, about the
+beginning of the Revolutionary War. It is supposed to have been
+carried to England.
+
+
+MINOR. A privy. From the Latin _minor_, smaller; the word _house_
+being understood. Other derivations are given, but this seems to
+be the most classical. This word is peculiar to Harvard College.
+
+
+MISS. An omission of a recitation, or any college exercise. An
+instructor is said _to give a miss_, when he omits a recitation.
+
+A quaint Professor of Harvard College, being once asked by his
+class to omit the recitation for that day, is said to have replied
+in the words of Scripture: "Ye ask and receive not, for ye ask
+a-_miss_."
+
+In the "Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," Professor Felton has
+referred to this story, and has appended to it the contradiction
+of the worthy Doctor. "Amusing anecdotes, some true and many
+apocryphal, were handed down in College from class to class, and,
+so far from being yet forgotten, they are rather on the increase.
+One of these mythical stories was, that on a certain occasion one
+of the classes applied to the Doctor for what used to be called,
+in College jargon, a _miss_, i.e. an omission of recitation. The
+Doctor replied, as the legend run, 'Ye ask, and ye receive not,
+because ye ask a-_miss_.' Many years later, this was told to him.
+'It is not true,' he exclaimed, energetically. 'In the first
+place, I have not wit enough; in the next place, I have too much
+wit, for I mortally hate a pun. Besides, _I never allude
+irreverently to the Scriptures_.'"--p. lxxvii.
+
+  Or are there some who scrape and hiss
+  Because you never give a _miss_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 62.
+
+  ---- is good to all his subjects,
+  _Misses_ gives he every hour.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+
+MISS. To be absent from a recitation or any college exercise. Said
+of a student. See CUT.
+
+  Who will recitations _miss_!--_Rebelliad_, p. 53.
+
+  At every corner let us hiss 'em;
+  And as for recitations,--_miss_ 'em.--_Ibid._, p. 58.
+
+  Who never _misses_ declamation,
+  Nor cuts a stupid recitation.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 283.
+
+_Missing_ chambers will be visited with consequences more to be
+dreaded than the penalties of _missing_ lecture.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 304.
+
+
+MITTEN. At the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a student who is
+expelled is said _to get the mitten_.
+
+
+MOCK-PART. At Harvard College, it is customary, when the parts for
+the first exhibition in the Junior year have been read, as
+described under PART, for the part-reader to announce what are
+called the _mock-parts_. These mock-parts which are burlesques on
+the regular appointments, are also satires on the habits,
+character, or manners of those to whom they are assigned. They are
+never given to any but members of the Junior Class. It was
+formerly customary for the Sophomore Class to read them in the
+last term of that year when the parts were given out for the
+Sophomore exhibition but as there is now no exhibition for that
+class, they are read only in the Junior year. The following may do
+as specimens of the subjects usually assigned:--The difference
+between alluvial and original soils; a discussion between two
+persons not noted for personal cleanliness. The last term of a
+decreasing series; a subject for an insignificant but conceited
+fellow. An essay on the Humbug, by a dabbler in natural history. A
+conference on the three dimensions, length, breadth, and
+thickness, between three persons, one very tall, another very
+broad, and the third very fat.
+
+
+MODERATE. In colleges and universities, to superintend the
+exercises and disputations in philosophy, and the Commencements
+when degrees are conferred.
+
+They had their weekly declamations on Friday, in the Colledge
+Hall, besides publick disputations, which either the Præsident or
+the Fellows _moderated_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 127.
+
+Mr. Mather _moderated_ at the Masters'
+disputations.--_Hutchinson's Hist. of Mass._, Vol. I. p. 175,
+note.
+
+Mr. Andrew _moderated_ at the Commencements.--_Clap's Hist. of
+Yale Coll._, p. 15.
+
+President Holyoke was of a noble, commanding presence. He was
+perfectly acquainted with academic matters, and _moderated_ at
+Commencements with great dignity.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_,
+p. 26.
+
+Mr. Woodbridge _moderated_ at Commencement, 1723.--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Disc._, p. 103.
+
+
+MODERATOR. In the English universities, one who superintends the
+exercises and disputations in philosophy, and the examination for
+the degree of B.A.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+The disputations at which the _Moderators_ presided in the English
+universities "are now reduced," says Brande, "to little more than
+matters of form."
+
+The word was formerly in use in American colleges.
+
+Five scholars performed public exercises; the Rev. Mr. Woodbridge
+acted as _Moderator_.--_Clap's Hist. of Yale Coll._, p. 27.
+
+He [the President] was occasionally present at the weekly
+declamations and public disputations, and then acted as
+_Moderator_; an office which, in his absence, was filled by one of
+the Tutors.--_Quincy's Hist. of Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 440.
+
+
+MONITOR. In schools or universities, a pupil selected to look to
+the scholars in the absence of the instructor, or to notice the
+absence or faults of the scholars, or to instruct a division or
+class.--_Webster_.
+
+In American colleges, the monitors are usually appointed by the
+President, their duty being to keep bills of absence from, and
+tardiness at, devotional and other exercises. See _Laws of Harv.
+and Yale Colls._, &c.
+
+  Let _monitors_ scratch as they please,
+  We'll lie in bed and take our ease.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+MOONLIGHT. At Williams College, the prize rhetorical exercise is
+called by this name; the reason is not given. The students speak
+of "making a rush for _moonlight_," i.e. of attempting to gain the
+prize for elocution.
+
+In the evening comes _Moonlight_ Exhibition, when three men from
+each of the three lower classes exhibit their oratorical powers,
+and are followed by an oration before the Adelphic Union, by Ralph
+Waldo Emerson.--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+MOONLIGHT RANGERS. At Jefferson College, in Pennsylvania, a title
+applied to a band composed of the most noisy and turbulent
+students, commanded by a captain and sub-officer, who, in the most
+fantastic disguises, or in any dress to which the moonlight will
+give most effect, appear on certain nights designated, prepared to
+obey any command in the way of engaging in any sport of a pleasant
+nature. They are all required to have instruments which will make
+the loudest noise and create the greatest excitement.
+
+
+MOSS-COVERED HEAD. In the German universities, students during the
+sixth and last term, or _semester_, are called _Moss-covered
+Heads_, or, in an abbreviated form, _Mossy Heads_.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN DAY. The manner in which this day is observed at Williams
+College is described in the accompanying extracts.
+
+"Greylock is to the student in his rambles, what Mecca is to the
+Mahometan; and a pilgrimage to the summit is considered necessary,
+at least once during the collegiate course. There is an ancient
+and time-honored custom, which has existed from the establishment
+of the College, of granting to the students, once a year, a
+certain day of relaxation and amusement, known by the name of
+'_Mountain Day_.' It usually occurs about the middle of June, when
+the weather is most favorable for excursions to the mountains and
+other places of interest in the vicinity. It is customary, on this
+and other occasions during the summer, for parties to pass the
+night upon the summit, both for the novelty of the thing, and also
+to enjoy the unrivalled prospect at sunrise next
+morning."--_Sketches of Will. Coll._, 1847, pp. 85-89.
+
+"It so happens that Greylock, in our immediate vicinity, is the
+highest mountain in the Commonwealth, and gives a view from its
+summit 'that for vastness and sublimity is equalled by nothing in
+New England except the White Hills.' And it is an ancient
+observance to go up from this valley once in the year to 'see the
+world.' We were not of the number who availed themselves of this
+_lex non scripta_, forasmuch as more than one visit in time past
+hath somewhat worn off the novelty of the thing. But a goodly
+number 'went aloft,' some in wagons, some on horseback, and some,
+of a sturdier make, on foot. Some, not content with a mountain
+_day_, carried their knapsacks and blankets to encamp till morning
+on the summit and see the sun rise. Not in the open air, however,
+for a magnificent timber observatory has been set up,--a
+rough-hewn, sober, substantial 'light-house in the skies,' under
+whose roof is a limited portion of infinite space shielded from
+the winds."--_Williams Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol. I. p. 555.
+
+"'_Mountain day_,' the date to which most of the imaginary _rows_
+have been assigned, comes at the beginning of the summer term, and
+the various classes then ascend Greylock, the highest peak in the
+State, from which may be had a very fine view. Frequently they
+pass the night there, and beds are made of leaves in the old
+tower, bonfires are built, and they get through it quite
+comfortable."--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+MOUTH. To recite in an affected manner, as if one knew the lesson,
+when in reality he does not.
+
+Never shall you allow yourself to think of going into the
+recitation-room, and there trust to "skinning," as it is called in
+some colleges, or "phrasing," as in others, or "_mouthing_ it," as
+in others.--_Todd's Student's Manual_, p. 115.
+
+
+MRS. GOFF. Formerly a cant phrase for any woman.
+
+  But cease the touching chords to sweep,
+  For _Mrs. Goff_ has deigned to weep.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 21.
+
+
+MUFF. A foolish fellow.
+
+Many affected to sneer at him, as a "_muff_" who would have been
+exceedingly flattered by his personal acquaintance.--_Blackwood's
+Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 147.
+
+
+MULE. In Germany, a student during the vacation between the time
+of his quitting the gymnasium and entering the university, is
+known as a mule.
+
+
+MUS.B. An abbreviation for _Musicæ Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of
+Music. In the English universities, a Bachelor of Music must enter
+his name at some college, and compose and perform a solemn piece
+of music, as an exercise before the University.
+
+
+MUS.D. An abbreviation for _Musicæ Doctor_, Doctor of Music. A
+Mus.D. is generally a Mus.B., and his exercise is the same.
+
+
+MUSES. A college or university is often designated the _Temple,
+Retreat, Seat_, &c. _of the Muses_.
+
+Having passed this outer court of the _Temple of the Muses_, you
+are ushered into the Sanctum Sanctorum itself.--_Alma Mater_, Vol.
+I. p. 87.
+
+Inviting ... such distinguished visitors as happen then to be on a
+tour to this attractive _retreat of the Muses_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I,
+p. 156.
+
+My instructor ventured to offer me as a candidate for admission
+into that renowned _seat of the Muses_, Harvard College.--_New
+England Mag._, Vol. III. p. 237.
+
+A student at a college or university is sometimes called a _Son of
+the Muses_.
+
+It might perhaps suit some inveterate idlers, smokers, and
+drinkers, but no true _son of the Muses_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol.
+XV. p. 3.
+
+While it was his earnest desire that the beloved _sons of the
+Muses_ might leave the institutions enriched with the erudition,
+&c.--_Judge Kent's Address before [Greek: Phi Beta Kappa] of Yale
+Coll._, p. 39, 1831.
+
+
+
+_N_.
+
+
+NAVY CLUB. The Navy Club, or the Navy, as it was formerly called,
+originated among the students of Harvard College about the year
+1796, but did not reach its full perfection until several years
+after. What the primary design of the association was is not
+known, nor can the causes be ascertained which led to its
+formation. At a later period its object seems to have been to
+imitate, as far as possible, the customs and discipline peculiar
+to the flag-ship of a navy, and to afford some consolation to
+those who received no appointments at Commencement, as such were
+always chosen its officers. The _Lord High Admiral_ was appointed
+by the admiral of the preceding class, but his election was not
+known to any of the members of his class until within six weeks of
+Commencement, when the parts for that occasion were assigned. It
+was generally understood that this officer was to be one of the
+poorest in point of scholarship, yet the jolliest of all the
+"Jolly Blades." At the time designated, he broke the seal of a
+package which had been given him by his predecessor in office, the
+contents of which were known only to himself; but these were
+supposed to be the insignia of his office, and the instructions
+pertaining to the admiralty. He then appointed his assistant
+officers, a vice-admiral, rear-admiral, captain, sailing-master,
+boatswain, &c. To the boatswain a whistle was given, transmitted,
+like the admiral's package, from class to class.
+
+The Flag-ship for the year 1815 was a large marquee, called "The
+Good Ship Harvard," which was moored in the woods, near the place
+where the residence of the Hon. John G. Palfrey now stands. The
+floor was arranged like the deck of a man-of-war, being divided
+into the main and quarter decks. The latter was occupied by the
+admiral, and no one was allowed to be there with him without
+special order or permission. In his sway he was very despotic, and
+on board ship might often have been seen reclining on his couch,
+attended by two of his subordinates (classmates), who made his
+slumbers pleasant by guarding his sacred person from the visits of
+any stray mosquito, and kept him cool by the vibrations of a fan.
+The marquee stood for several weeks, during which time meetings
+were frequently held in it. At the command of the admiral, the
+boatswain would sound his whistle in front of Holworthy Hall, the
+building where the Seniors then, as now, resided, and the student
+sailors, issuing forth, would form in procession, and march to the
+place of meeting, there to await further orders. If the members of
+the Navy remained on board ship over night, those who had received
+appointments at Commencement, then called the "Marines," were
+obliged to keep guard while the members slept or caroused.
+
+The operations of the Navy were usually closed with an excursion
+down the harbor. A vessel well stocked with certain kinds of
+provisions afforded, with some assistance from the stores of old
+Ocean, the requisites for a grand clam-bake or a mammoth chowder.
+The spot usually selected for this entertainment was the shores of
+Cape Cod. On the third day the party usually returned from their
+voyage, and their entry into Cambridge was generally accompanied
+with no little noise and disorder. The Admiral then appointed
+privately his successor, and the Navy was disbanded for the year.
+
+The exercises of the association varied from year to year. Many of
+the old customs gradually went out of fashion, until finally but
+little of the original Navy remained. The officers were, as usual,
+appointed yearly, but the power of appointing them was transferred
+to the class, and a public parade was substituted for the forms
+and ceremonies once peculiar to the society. The excursion down
+the harbor was omitted for the first time the present year,[57]
+and the last procession made its appearance in the year 1846.
+
+At present the Navy Club is organized after the parts for the last
+Senior Exhibition have been assigned. It is composed of three
+classes of persons; namely, the true NAVY, which consists of those
+who have _never_ had parts; the MARINES, those who have had a
+_major_ or _second_ part in the Senior year, but no _minor_ or
+_first_ part in the Junior; and the HORSE-MARINES, those who have
+had a _minor_ or _first_ part in the Junior year, but have
+subsequently fallen off, so as not to get a _major_ or _second_
+part in the Senior. Of the Navy officers, the Lord High Admiral is
+usually he who has been sent from College the greatest number of
+times; the Vice-Admiral is the poorest scholar in the class; the
+Rear-Admiral the laziest fellow in the class; the Commodore, one
+addicted to boating; the Captain, a jolly blade; the Lieutenant
+and Midshipman, fellows of the same description; the Chaplain, the
+most profane; the Surgeon, a dabbler in surgery, or in medicine,
+or anything else; the Ensign, the tallest member of the class; the
+Boatswain, one most inclined to obscenity; the Drum Major, the
+most aristocratic, and his assistants, fellows of the same
+character. These constitute the Band. Such are the general rules
+of choice, but they are not always followed. The remainder of the
+class who have had no parts and are not officers of the Navy Club
+are members, under the name of Privates. On the morning when the
+parts for Commencement are assigned, the members who receive
+appointments resign the stations which they have held in the Navy
+Club. This resignation takes place immediately after the parts
+have been read to the class. The door-way of the middle entry of
+Holworthy Hall is the place usually chosen for this affecting
+scene. The performance is carried on in the mock-oratorical style,
+a person concealed under a white sheet being placed behind the
+speaker to make the gestures for him. The names of those members
+who, having received Commencement appointments, have refused to
+resign their trusts in the Navy Club, are then read by the Lord
+High Admiral, and by his authority they are expelled from the
+society. This closes the exercises of the Club.
+
+The following entertaining account of the last procession, in
+1846, has been furnished by a graduate of that year:--
+
+"The class had nearly all assembled, and the procession, which
+extended through the rooms of the Natural History Society, began
+to move. The principal officers, as also the whole band, were
+dressed in full uniform. The Rear-Admiral brought up the rear, as
+was fitting. He was borne in a sort of triumphal car, composed of
+something like a couch, elevated upon wheels, and drawn by a white
+horse. On this his excellency, dressed in uniform, and enveloped
+in his cloak, reclined at full length. One of the Marines played
+the part of driver. Behind the car walked a colored man, with a
+most fantastic head-dress, whose duty it was to carry his Honor
+the Rear-Admiral's pipe. Immediately before the car walked the
+other two Marines, with guns on their shoulders. The 'Digs'[58]
+came immediately before the Marines, preceded by the tallest of
+their number, carrying a white satin banner, bearing on it, in
+gold letters, the word 'HARVARD,' with a _spade_ of gold paper
+fastened beneath. The Digs were all dressed in black, with Oxford
+caps on their heads, and small iron spades over their shoulders.
+They walked two and two, except in one instance, namely, that of
+the first three scholars, who walked together, the last of their
+brethren, immediately preceding the Marines. The second and third
+scholars did not carry spades, but pointed shovels, much larger
+and heavier; while the first scholar, who walked between the other
+two, carried an enormously great square shovel,--such as is often
+seen hung out at hardware-stores for a sign,--with 'SPADES AND
+SHOVELS,' or some such thing, painted on one side, and 'ALL SIZES'
+on the other. This shovel was about two feet square. The idea of
+carrying real, _bonâ fide_ spades and shovels originated wholly in
+our class. It has always been the custom before to wear a spade,
+cut out of white paper, on the lapel of the coat. The Navy
+Privates were dressed in blue shirts, monkey-jackets, &c., and
+presented a very sailor-like appearance. Two of them carried small
+kedges over their shoulders. The Ensign bore an old and tattered
+flag, the same which was originally presented by Miss Mellen of
+Cambridge to the Harvard Washington Corps. The Chaplain was
+dressed in a black gown, with an old-fashioned curly white wig on
+his head, which, with a powdered face, gave him a very
+sanctimonious look. He carried a large French Bible, which by much
+use had lost its covers. The Surgeon rode a beast which might well
+have been taken for the Rosinante of the world-renowned Don
+Quixote. This worthy Æsculapius had an infinite number of
+brown-paper bags attached to his person. He was enveloped in an
+old plaid cloak, with a huge sign for _pills_ fastened upon his
+shoulders, and carried before him a skull on a staff. His nag was
+very spirited, so much so as to leap over the chains, posts, &c.,
+and put to flight the crowd assembled to see the fun. The
+procession, after having cheered all the College buildings, and
+the houses of the Professors, separated about seven o'clock, P.M."
+
+  At first like a badger the Freshman dug,
+  Fed on Latin and Greek, in his room kept snug;
+  And he fondly hoped that on _Navy Club_ day
+  The highest spade he might bear away.
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton, Harv. Coll.
+
+
+NECK. To _run one's neck_, at Williams College, to trust to luck
+for the success of any undertaking.
+
+
+NESCIO. Latin; literally, _I do not know_. At the University of
+Cambridge, England, _to sport a nescio_, to shake the head, a
+signal that one does not understand or is ignorant of the subject.
+"After the Senate-House examination for degrees," says Grose, in
+his Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, "the students
+proceed to the schools, to be questioned by the proctor. According
+to custom immemorial, the answers _must_ be _Nescio_. The
+following is a translated specimen:--
+
+"_Ques._ What is your, name? _Ans._ I do not know.
+
+"_Ques._ What is the name of this University? _Ans._ I do not
+know.
+
+"_Ques._ Who was your father? _Ans._ I do not know.
+
+"The last is probably the only true answer of the three!"
+
+
+NEWLING. In the German universities, a Freshman; one in his first
+half-year.
+
+
+NEWY. At Princeton College, a fresh arrival.
+
+
+NIGHTGOWN. A dressing-gown; a _deshabille_.
+
+No student shall appear within the limits of the College, or town
+of Cambridge, in any other dress than in the uniform belonging to
+his respective class, unless he shall have on a _nightgown_, or
+such an outside garment as may be necessary over a coat.--_Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1790.
+
+
+NOBLEMAN. In the English universities, among the Undergraduates,
+the nobleman enjoys privileges and exemptions not accorded to
+others. At Oxford he wears a black-silk gown with full sleeves
+"couped" at the elbows, and a velvet cap with gold tassel, except
+on full-dress occasions, when his habit is of violet-figured
+damask silk, richly bedight with gold lace. At Cambridge he wears
+the plain black-silk gown and the hat of an M.A., except on feast
+days and state occasions, when he appears in a gown still more
+gorgeous than that of a Fellow-Commoner.--_Oxford Guide. Bristed_.
+
+
+NO END OF. Bristed records this phrase as an intensive peculiar to
+the English Cantabs. Its import is obvious "They have _no end of_
+tin; i.e. a great deal of money. He is _no end of_ a fool; i.e.
+the greatest fool possible."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 24.
+
+The use of this expression, with a similar signification, is
+common in some portions of the United States.
+
+
+NON ENS. Latin; literally _not being_. At the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., one who has not been matriculated, though he has
+resided some time at the University; consequently is not
+considered as having any being. A Freshman in embryo.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+NON PARAVI. Latin; literally, _I have not prepared_. When Latin
+was spoken in the American colleges, this excuse was commonly
+given by scholars not prepared for recitation.
+
+  With sleepy eyes and countenance heavy,
+  With much excuse of _non paravi_.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, 1794, p. 8.
+
+The same excuse is now frequently given in English.
+
+The same individuals were also observed to be "_not prepared_" for
+the morning's recitation.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. II. p. 261.
+
+I hear you whispering, with white lips, "_Not prepared_,
+sir."--_Burial of Euclid_, 1850, p. 9.
+
+
+NON PLACET. Latin; literally, _It is not pleasing_. In the
+University of Cambridge, Eng., the term in which a _negative_ vote
+is given in the Senate-House.
+
+To _non-placet_, with the meaning of the verb _to reject_, is
+sometimes used in familiar language.
+
+A classical examiner, having marked two candidates belonging to
+his own College much higher than the other three examiners did,
+was suspected of partiality to them, and _non-placeted_ (rejected)
+next year when he came up for approval.--_Bristed's Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 231.
+
+
+NON-READING MAN. See READING MAN.
+
+The result of the May decides whether he will go out in honors or
+not,--that is, whether he will be a reading or a _non-reading
+man_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 85.
+
+
+NON-REGENT. In the English universities, a term applied to those
+Masters of Arts whose regency has ceased.--_Webster_.
+
+See REGENT. SENATE.
+
+
+NON-TERM. "When any member of the Senate," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "dies within the University during term, on
+application to the Vice-Chancellor, the University bell rings an
+hour; from which period _Non-Term_, as to public lectures and
+disputations, commences for three days."
+
+
+NON VALUI. Latin; literally, _I was sick_. At Harvard College,
+when the students were obliged to speak Latin, it was usual for
+them to give the excuse _non valui_ for almost every absence or
+omission. The President called upon delinquents for their excuses
+in the chapel, after morning prayers, and these words were often
+pronounced so broadly as to sound like _non volui_, I did not wish
+[to go]. The quibble was not perceived for a long time, and was
+heartily enjoyed, as may be well supposed, by those who made use
+of it.
+
+
+[Greek: Nous]. Greek; _sense_. A word adopted by, and in use
+among, students.
+
+He is a lad of more [Greek: nous], and keeps better
+company.--_Pref. to Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Getting the better of them in anything which required the smallest
+exertion of [Greek: nous], was like being first in a donkey-race.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 30.
+
+
+NUMBER FIFTY, NUMBER FORTY-NINE. At Trinity College, Hartford, the
+privies are known by these names. Jarvis Hall contains forty-eight
+rooms, and the numbers forty-nine and fifty follow in numerical
+continuation, but with a different application.
+
+
+NUMBER TEN. At the Wesleyan University, the names "No. 10, and, as
+a sort of derivative, No. 1001, are applied to the privy." The
+former title is used also at the University of Vermont, and at
+Dartmouth College.
+
+
+NUTS. A correspondent from Williams College says, "We speak of a
+person whom we despise as being a _nuts_." This word is used in
+the Yorkshire dialect with the meaning of a "silly fellow." Mr.
+Halliwell, in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,
+remarks: "It is not applied to an idiot, but to one who has been
+doing a foolish action."
+
+
+
+_O_.
+
+
+OAK. In the English universities, the outer door of a student's
+room.
+
+No man has a right to attack the rooms of one with whom he is not
+in the habit of intimacy. From ignorance of this axiom I had near
+got a horse-whipping, and was kicked down stairs for going to a
+wrong _oak_, whose tenant was not in the habit of taking jokes of
+this kind.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 287.
+
+A pecker, I must explain, is a heavy pointed hammer for splitting
+large coals; an instrument often put into requisition to force
+open an _oak_ (an outer door), when the key of the spring latch
+happens to be left inside, and the scout has gone away.--_The
+Collegian's Guide_, p. 119.
+
+Every set of rooms is provided with an _oak_ or outer door, with a
+spring lock, of which the master has one latch-key, and the
+servant another.--_Ibid._, p. 141.
+
+"To _sport oak_, or a door," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "is,
+in the modern phrase, to exclude duns, or other unpleasant
+intruders." It generally signifies, however, nothing more than
+locking or fastening one's door for safety or convenience.
+
+I always "_sported my oak_" whenever I went out; and if ever I
+found any article removed from its usual place, I inquired for it;
+and thus showed I knew where everything was last
+placed.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 141.
+
+If you persist, and say you cannot join them, you must _sport your
+oak_, and shut yourself into your room, and all intruders
+out.--_Ibid._, p. 340.
+
+Used also in some American colleges.
+
+And little did they dream who knocked hard and often at his _oak_
+in vain, &c.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. X. p. 47.
+
+
+OATHS. At Yale College, those who were engaged in the government
+were formerly required to take the oaths of allegiance and
+abjuration appointed by the Parliament of England. In his
+Discourse before the Graduates of Yale College, President Woolsey
+gives the following account of this obligation:--
+
+"The charter of 1745 imposed another test in the form of a
+political oath upon all governing officers in the College. They
+were required before they undertook the execution of their trusts,
+or within three months after, 'publicly in the College hall [to]
+take the oaths, and subscribe the declaration, appointed by an act
+of Parliament made in the first year of George the First,
+entitled, An Act for the further security of his Majesty's person
+and government, and the succession of the Crown in the heirs of
+the late Princess Sophia, being Protestants, and for extinguishing
+the hopes of the pretended Prince of Wales, and his open and
+secret abettors.' We cannot find the motive for prescribing this
+oath of allegiance and abjuration in the Protestant zeal which was
+enkindled by the second Pretender's movements in England,--for,
+although belonging to this same year 1745, these movements were
+subsequent to the charter,--but rather in the desire of removing
+suspicion of disloyalty, and conforming the practice in the
+College to that required by the law in the English universities.
+This oath was taken until it became an unlawful one, when the
+State assumed complete sovereignty at the Revolution. For some
+years afterwards, the officers took the oath of fidelity to the
+State of Connecticut, and I believe that the last instance of this
+occurred at the very end of the eighteenth century."--p. 40.
+
+In the Diary of President Stiles, under the date of July 8, 1778,
+is the annexed entry, in which is given the formula of the oath
+required by the State:--
+
+"The oath of fidelity administered to me by the Hon. Col. Hamlin,
+one of the Council of the State of Connecticut, at my
+inauguration.
+
+"'You, Ezra Stiles, do swear by the name of the ever-living God,
+that you will be true and faithful to the State of Connecticut, as
+a free and independent State, and in all things do your duty as a
+good and faithful subject of the said State, in supporting the
+rights, liberties, and privileges of the same. So help you God.'
+
+"This oath, substituted instead of that of allegiance to the King
+by the Assembly of Connecticut, May, 1777, to be taken by all in
+this State; and so it comes into use in Yale College."--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Discourse_, Appendix, p. 117.
+
+
+[Greek: Hoi Aristoi.] Greek; literally, _the bravest_. At
+Princeton College, the aristocrats, or would-be aristocrats, are
+so called.
+
+
+[Greek: Hoi Polloi.] Greek; literally, _the many_.
+
+See POLLOI.
+
+
+OLD BURSCH. A name given in the German universities to a student
+during his fourth term. Students of this term are also designated
+_Old Ones_.
+
+As they came forward, they were obliged to pass under a pair of
+naked swords, held crosswise by two _Old Ones_.--_Longfellow's
+Hyperion_, p. 110.
+
+
+OLD HOUSE. A name given in the German universities to a student
+during his fifth term.
+
+
+OPPONENCY. The opening of an academical disputation; the
+proposition of objections to a tenet; an exercise for a
+degree.--_Todd_.
+
+Mr. Webster remarks, "I believe not used in America."
+
+In the old times, the university discharged this duty [teaching]
+by means of the public readings or lectures,... and by the keeping
+of acts and _opponencies_--being certain _vivâ voce_ disputations
+--by the students.--_The English Universities and their Reforms_,
+in _Blackwood's Magazine_, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+OPPONENT. In universities and colleges, where disputations are
+carried on, the opponent is, in technical application, the person
+who begins the dispute by raising objections to some tenet or
+doctrine.
+
+
+OPTIME. The title of those who stand in the second and third ranks
+of honors, immediately after the Wranglers, in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng. They are called respectively _Senior_ and _Junior
+Optimes_.
+
+See JUNIOR OPTIME, POLLOI, and SENIOR OPTIME.
+
+
+OPTIONAL. At some American colleges, the student is obliged to
+pursue during a part of the course such studies as are prescribed.
+During another portion of the course, he is allowed to select from
+certain branches those which he desires to follow. The latter are
+called _optional_ studies. In familiar conversation and writing,
+the word _optional_ is used alone.
+
+  For _optional_ will come our way,
+  And lectures furnish time to play,
+  'Neath elm-tree shade to smoke all day.
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, Yale Coll., 1855.
+
+
+ORIGINAL COMPOSITION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+essay or theme written by a student in Latin, Greek, or Hebrew, is
+termed _original_ composition.
+
+Composition there is of course, but more Latin than Greek, and
+some _original Composition_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 137.
+
+_Original Composition_--that is, Composition in the true sense of
+the word--in the dead languages is not much practised.--_Ibid._,
+p. 185.
+
+
+OVERSEER. The general government of the colleges in the United
+States is vested in some instances in a Corporation, in others in
+a Board of Trustees or Overseers, or, as in the case of Harvard
+College, in the two combined. The duties of the Overseers are,
+generally, to pass such orders and statutes as seem to them
+necessary for the prosperity of the college whose affairs they
+oversee, to dispose of its funds in such a manner as will be most
+advantageous, to appoint committees to visit it and examine the
+students connected with it, to ratify the appointment of
+instructors, and to hear such reports of the proceedings of the
+college government as require their concurrence.
+
+
+OXFORD. The cap worn by the members of the University of Oxford,
+England, is called an _Oxford_ or _Oxford cap_. The same is worn
+at some American colleges on Exhibition and Commencement Days. In
+shape, it is square and flat, covered with black cloth; from the
+centre depends a tassel of black cord. It is further described in
+the following passage.
+
+  My back equipped, it was not fair
+  My head should 'scape, and so, as square
+          As chessboard,
+  A _cap_ I bought, my skull to screen,
+  Of cloth without, and all within
+          Of pasteboard.
+    _Terræ-Filius_, Vol. II. p. 225.
+
+  Thunders of clapping!--As he bows, on high
+  "Præses" his "_Oxford_" doffs, and bows reply.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 36.
+
+It is sometimes called a _trencher cap_, from its shape.
+
+See CAP.
+
+
+OXFORD-MIXED. Cloth such as is worn at the University of Oxford,
+England. The students in Harvard College were formerly required to
+wear this kind of cloth as their uniform. The color is given in
+the following passage: "By black-mixed (called also
+_Oxford-mixed_) is understood, black with a mixture of not more
+than one twentieth, nor less than one twenty-fifth, part of
+white."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1826, p. 25.
+
+He generally dresses in _Oxford-mixed_ pantaloons, and a brown
+surtout.--_Collegian_, p. 240.
+
+It has disappeared along with Commons, the servility of Freshmen
+and brutality of Sophomores, the _Oxford-mixed_ uniform and
+buttons of the same color.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 263.
+
+
+OXONIAN. A student or graduate of the University of Oxford,
+England.
+
+
+
+_P_.
+
+
+PANDOWDY BAND. A correspondent writing from Bowdoin College says:
+"We use the word _pandowdy_, and we have a custom of
+_pandowdying_. The Pandowdy Band, as it is called, has no regular
+place nor time of meeting. The number of performers varies from
+half a dozen and less to fifty or more. The instruments used are
+commonly horns, drums, tin-kettles, tongs, shovels, triangles,
+pumpkin-vines, &c. The object of the band is serenading Professors
+who have rendered themselves obnoxious to students; and sometimes
+others,--frequently tutors are entertained by 'heavenly music'
+under their windows, at dead of night. This is regarded on all
+hands as an unequivocal expression of the feelings of the
+students.
+
+"The band corresponds to the _Calliathump_ of Yale. Its name is a
+burlesque on the _Pandean Band_ which formerly existed in this
+college."
+
+See HORN-BLOWING.
+
+
+PAPE. Abbreviated from PAPER, q.v.
+
+  Old Hamlen, the printer, he got out the _papes_.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+  But Soph'more "_papes_," and Soph'more scrapes,
+    Have long since passed away.--_Ibid._
+
+
+PAPER. In the English Universities, a sheet containing certain
+questions, to which answers are to be given, is called _a paper_.
+
+_To beat a paper_, is to get more than full marks for it. In
+explanation of this "apparent Hibernicism," Bristed remarks: "The
+ordinary text-books are taken as the standard of excellence, and a
+very good man will sometimes express the operations more neatly
+and cleverly than they are worded in these books, in which case he
+is entitled to extra marks for style."--_Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 238.
+
+2. This name is applied at Yale College to the printed scheme
+which is used at the Biennial Examinations. Also, at Harvard
+College, to the printed sheet by means of which the examination
+for entrance is conducted.
+
+
+PARCHMENT. A diploma, from the substance on which it is usually
+printed, is in familiar language sometimes called a _parchment_.
+
+There are some, who, relying not upon the "_parchment_ and seal"
+as a passport to favor, bear that with them which shall challenge
+notice and admiration.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 365.
+
+  The passer-by, unskilled in ancient lore,
+  Whose hands the ribboned _parchment_ never bore.
+    _Class Poem at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 7.
+
+See SHEEPSKIN.
+
+
+PARIETAL. From Latin _paries_, a wall; properly, _a
+partition-wall_, from the root of _part_ or _pare_. Pertaining to
+a wall.--_Webster_.
+
+At Harvard College the officers resident within the College walls
+constitute a permanent standing committee, called the Parietal
+Committee. They have particular cognizance of all tardinesses at
+prayers and Sabbath services, and of all offences against good
+order and decorum. They are allowed to deduct from the rank of a
+student, not exceeding one hundred for one offence. In case any
+offence seems to them to require a higher punishment than
+deduction, it is reported to the Faculty.--_Laws_, 1850, App.
+
+  Had I forgotten, alas! the stern _pariètal_ monitions?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+The chairman of the Parietal Committee is often called the
+_Parietal Tutor_.
+
+I see them shaking their fists in the face of the _parietal
+tutor_.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1849.
+
+The members of the committee are called, in common parlance,
+_Parietals_.
+
+Four rash and inconsiderate proctors, two tutors, and five
+_parietals_, each with a mug and pail in his hand, in their great
+haste to arrive at the scene of conflagration, ran over the Devil,
+and knocked him down stairs.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 124.
+
+  And at the loud laugh of thy gurgling throat,
+  The _pariètals_ would forget themselves.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 399 et passim.
+
+  Did not thy starting eyeballs think to see
+  Some goblin _pariètal_ grin at thee?
+    _Ibid._, Vol. IV. p. 197.
+
+The deductions made by the Parietal Committee are also called
+_Parietals_.
+
+  How now, ye secret, dark, and tuneless chanters,
+  What is 't ye do? Beware the _pariètals_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 44.
+
+Reckon on the fingers of your mind the reprimands, deductions,
+_parietals_, and privates in store for you.--_Orat. H.L. of I.O.
+of O.F._, 1848.
+
+The accent of this word is on the antepenult; by _poetic license_,
+in four of the passages above quoted, it is placed on the penult.
+
+
+PART. A literary appointment assigned to a student to be kept at
+an Exhibition or Commencement. In Harvard College as soon as the
+parts for an Exhibition or Commencement are assigned, the subjects
+and the names of the performers are given to some member of one of
+the higher classes, who proceeds to read them to the students from
+a window of one of the buildings, after proposing the usual "three
+cheers" for each of the classes, designating them by the years in
+which they are to graduate. As the name of each person who has a
+part assigned him is read, the students respond with cheers. This
+over, the classes are again cheered, the reader of the parts is
+applauded, and the crowd disperses except when the mock parts are
+read, or the officers of the Navy Club resign their trusts.
+
+Referring to the proceedings consequent upon the announcement of
+appointments, Professor Sidney Willard, in his late work, entitled
+"Memories of Youth and Manhood," says of Harvard College: "The
+distribution of parts to be performed at public exhibitions by the
+students was, particularly for the Commencement exhibition, more
+than fifty years ago, as it still is, one of the most exciting
+events of College life among those immediately interested, in
+which parents and near friends also deeply sympathized with them.
+These parts were communicated to the individuals appointed to
+perform them by the President, who gave to them, severally, a
+paper with the name of the person and of the part assigned, and
+the subject to be written upon. But they were not then, as in
+recent times, after being thus communicated by the President,
+proclaimed by a voluntary herald of stentorian lungs, mounted on
+the steps of one of the College halls, to the assembled crowd of
+students. Curiosity, however, was all alive. Each one's part was
+soon ascertained; the comparative merits of those who obtained the
+prizes were discussed in groups; prompt judgments were pronounced,
+that A had received a higher prize than he could rightfully claim,
+and that B was cruelly wronged; that some were unjustly passed
+over, and others raised above them through partiality. But at
+whatever length their discussion might have been prolonged, they
+would have found it difficult in solemn conclave to adjust the
+distribution to their own satisfaction, while severally they
+deemed themselves competent to measure the degree in the scale of
+merit to which each was entitled."--Vol. I. pp. 328, 329.
+
+I took but little pains with these exercises myself, lest I should
+appear to be anxious for "_parts_."--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston,
+1804, Vol. I. p. 154.
+
+Often, too, the qualifications for a _part_ ... are discussed in
+the fireside circles so peculiar to college.--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+378.
+
+The refusal of a student to perform the _part_ assigned him will
+be regarded as a high offence.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848,
+p. 19.
+
+Young men within the College walls are incited to good conduct and
+diligence, by the system of awarding _parts_, as they are called,
+at the exhibitions which take place each year, and at the annual
+Commencement.--_Eliot's Sketch of Hist. Harv. Coll._, pp. 114,
+115.
+
+It is very common to speak of _getting parts_.
+
+              Here
+    Are acres of orations, and so forth,
+    The glorious nonsense that enchants young hearts
+  With all the humdrumology of "_getting parts_."
+    _Our Chronicle of '26_, Boston, 1827, p. 28.
+
+See under MOCK-PART and NAVY CLUB.
+
+
+PASS. At Oxford, permission to receive the degree of B.A. after
+passing the necessary examinations.
+
+The good news of the _pass_ will be a set-off against the few
+small debts.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 254.
+
+
+PASS EXAMINATION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+examination which is required for the B.A. degree. Of these
+examinations there are three during a student's undergraduateship.
+
+Even the examinations which are disparagingly known as "_pass_"
+ones, the Previous, the Poll, and (since the new regulations) the
+Junior Optime, require more than half marks on their
+papers.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 319.
+
+
+PASSMAN. At Oxford, one who merely passes his examination, and
+obtains testimonials for a degree, but is not able to obtain any
+honors or distinctions. Opposed to CLASSMAN, q.v.
+
+"Have the _passmen_ done their paper work yet?" asked Whitbread.
+"However, the schools, I dare say, will not be open to the
+classmen till Monday."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 309.
+
+
+PATRON. At some of the Colleges in the United States, the patron
+is appointed to take charge of the funds, and to regulate the
+expenses, of students who reside at a distance. Formerly, students
+who came within this provision were obliged to conform to the laws
+in reference to the patron; it is now left optional.
+
+
+P.D. An abbreviation of _Philosophiæ Doctor_, Doctor of
+Philosophy. "In the German universities," says Brande, "the title
+'Doctor Philosophiæ' has long been substituted for Baccalaureus
+Artium or Literarium."
+
+
+PEACH. To inform against; to communicate facts by way of
+accusation.
+
+It being rather advisable to enter college before twelve, or to
+stay out all night, bribing the bed-maker next morning not to
+_peach_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 190.
+
+  When, by a little spying, I can reach
+  The height of my ambition, I must _peach_.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+PEMBROKER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of
+Pembroke College.
+
+The _Pembroker_ was booked to lead the Tripos.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 158.
+
+
+PENE. Latin, _almost, nearly_. A candidate for admission to the
+Freshman Class is called a _Pene_, that is, _almost_ a Freshman.
+
+
+PENNILESS BENCH. Archdeacon Nares, in his Glossary, says of this
+phrase: "A cant term for a state of poverty. There was a public
+seat so called in Oxford; but I fancy it was rather named from the
+common saying, than that derived from it."
+
+          Bid him bear up, he shall not
+  Sit long on _penniless bench_.
+    _Mass. City Mad._, IV. 1.
+
+That everie stool he sate on was _pennilesse bench_, that his
+robes were rags.--_Euphues and his Engl._, D. 3.
+
+
+PENSIONER. French, _pensionnaire_, one who pays for his board. In
+the University of Cambridge, Eng., and in that of Dublin, a
+student of the second rank, who is not dependent on the foundation
+for support, but pays for his board and other charges. Equivalent
+to COMMONER at Oxford, or OPPIDANT of Eton school.--_Brande. Gent.
+Mag._, 1795.
+
+
+PERUVIAN. At the University of Vermont, a name by which the
+students designate a lady; e.g., "There are two hundred
+_Peruvians_ at the Seminary"; or, "The _Peruvians_ are in the
+observatory." As illustrative of the use of this word, a
+correspondent observes: "If John Smith has a particular regard for
+any one of the Burlington ladies, and Tom Brown happens to meet
+the said lady in his town peregrinations, when he returns to
+College, if he meets John Smith, he (Tom) says to John, 'In yonder
+village I espied a _Peruvian_'; by which John understands that Tom
+has had the very great pleasure of meeting John's Dulcinea."
+
+
+PETTY COMPOUNDER. At Oxford, one who pays more than ordinary fees
+for his degree.
+
+"A _Petty Compounder_," says the Oxford University Calendar, "must
+possess ecclesiastical income of the annual value of five
+shillings, or property of any other description amounting in all
+to the sum of five pounds, per annum."--Ed. 1832, p. 92.
+
+
+PHEEZE, or FEEZE. At the University of Vermont, to pledge. If a
+student is pledged to join any secret society, he is said to be
+_pheezed_ or _feezed_.
+
+
+PHI BETA KAPPA. The fraternity of the [Greek: Phi Beta Kappa] "was
+imported," says Allyn in his Ritual, "into this country from
+France, in the year 1776; and, as it is said, by Thomas Jefferson,
+late President of the United States." It was originally chartered
+as a society in William and Mary College, in Virginia, and was
+organized at Yale College, Nov. 13th, 1780. By virtue of a charter
+formally executed by the president, officers, and members of the
+original society, it was established soon after at Harvard
+College, through the influence of Mr. Elisha Parmele, a graduate
+of the year 1778. The first meeting in Cambridge was held Sept.
+5th, 1781. The original Alpha of Virginia is now extinct.
+
+"Its objects," says Mr. Quincy, in his History of Harvard
+University, "were the 'promotion of literature and friendly
+intercourse among scholars'; and its name and motto indicate, that
+'philosophy, including therein religion as well as ethics, is
+worthy of cultivation as the guide of life.' This society took an
+early and a deep root in the University; its exercises became
+public, and admittance into it an object of ambition; but the
+'discrimination' which its selection of members made among
+students, became an early subject of question and discontent. In
+October, 1789, a committee of the Overseers, of which John Hancock
+was chairman, reported to that board, 'that there is an
+institution in the University, with the nature of which the
+government is not acquainted, which tends to make a discrimination
+among the students'; and submitted to the board 'the propriety of
+inquiring into its nature and designs.' The subject occasioned
+considerable debate, and a petition, of the nature of a complaint
+against the society, by a number of the members of the Senior
+Class, having been presented, its consideration was postponed, and
+it was committed; but it does not appear from the records, that
+any further notice was taken of the petition. The influence of the
+society was upon the whole deemed salutary, since literary merit
+was assumed as the principle on which its members were selected;
+and, so far, its influence harmonized with the honorable motives
+to exertion which have ever been held out to the students by the
+laws and usages of the College. In process of time, its catalogue
+included almost every member of the Immediate Government, and
+fairness in the selection of members has been in a great degree
+secured by the practice it has adopted, of ascertaining those in
+every class who stand the highest, in point of conduct and
+scholarship, according to the estimates of the Faculty of the
+College, and of generally regarding those estimates. Having
+gradually increased in numbers, popularity, and importance, the
+day after Commencement was adopted for its annual celebration.
+These occasions have uniformly attracted a highly intelligent and
+cultivated audience, having been marked by a display of learning
+and eloquence, and having enriched the literature of the country
+with some of its brightest gems."--Vol. II. p. 398.
+
+The immediate members of the society at Cambridge were formerly
+accustomed to hold semi-monthly meetings, the exercises of which
+were such as are usual in literary associations. At present,
+meetings are seldom held except for the purpose of electing
+members. Affiliated societies have been established at Dartmouth,
+Union, and Bowdoin Colleges, at Brown and the Wesleyan
+Universities, at the Western Reserve College, at the University of
+Vermont, and at Amherst College, and they number among their
+members many of the most distinguished men in our country. The
+letters which constitute the name of the society are the initials
+of its motto, [Greek: Philosophia, Biou Kubernaetaes], Philosophy,
+the Guide of Life.
+
+A further account of this society may be found in Allyn's Ritual
+of Freemasonry, ed. 1831, pp. 296-302.
+
+
+PHILISTINE. In Germany this name, or what corresponds to it in
+that country, _Philister_, is given by the students to tradesmen
+and others not belonging to the university.
+
+  Und hat der Bursch kein Geld im Beutel,
+    So pumpt er die Philister an.
+
+  And has the Bursch his cash expended?
+    To sponge the _Philistine's_ his plan.
+    _The Crambambuli Song_.
+
+Mr. Halliwell, in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,
+says of this word, "a cant term applied to bailiffs, sheriffs'
+officers, and drunkards." The idea of narrowmindedness, a
+contracted mode of thinking, and meanness, is usually connected
+with it, and in some colleges in the United States the name has
+been given to those whose characters correspond with this
+description.
+
+See SNOB.
+
+
+PHRASING. Reciting by, or giving the words or phraseology of the
+book, without understanding their meaning.
+
+Never should you allow yourself to think of going into the
+recitation-room, and there trust to "skinning it," as it is called
+in some colleges, or "_phrasing_," as in others.--_Todd's Students
+Manual_, p. 115.
+
+
+PIECE. "Be it known, at Cambridge the various Commons and other
+places open for the gymnastic games, and the like public
+amusements, are usually denominated _Pieces_."--_Alma Mater_,
+London, 1827, Vol. II. p. 49.
+
+
+PIETAS ET GRATULATIO. On the death of George the Second, and
+accession of George the Third, Mr. Bernard, Governor of
+Massachusetts, suggested to Harvard College "the expediency of
+expressing sympathy and congratulation on these events, in
+conformity with the practice of the English universities."
+Accordingly, on Saturday, March 14, 1761, there was placed in the
+Chapel of Harvard College the following "Proposal for a
+Celebration of the Death of the late King, and the Accession of
+his present Majesty, by members of Harvard College."
+
+"Six guineas are given for a prize of a guinea each to the Author
+of the best composition of the following several kinds:--1. A
+Latin Oration. 2. A Latin Poem, in hexameters. 3. A Latin Elegy,
+in hexameters and pentameters. 4 A Latin Ode. 5. An English Poem,
+in long verse. 6. An English Ode.
+
+"Other Compositions, besides those that obtain the prizes, that
+are most deserving, will be taken particular notice of.
+
+"The candidates are to be, all, Gentlemen who are now members of
+said College, or have taken a degree within seven years.
+
+"Any Candidate may deliver two or more compositions of different
+kinds, but not more than one of the same kind.
+
+"That Gentlemen may be more encouraged to try their talents upon
+this occasion, it is proposed that the names of the Candidates
+shall be kept secret, except those who shall be adjudged to
+deserve the prizes, or to have particular notice taken of their
+Compositions, and even these shall be kept secret if desired.
+
+"For this purpose, each Candidate is desired to send his
+Composition to the President, on or before the first day of July
+next, subscribed at the bottom with, a feigned name or motto, and,
+in a distinct paper, to write his own name and seal it up, writing
+the feigned name or motto on the outside. None of the sealed
+papers containing the real names will be opened, except those that
+are adjudged to obtain the prizes or to deserve particular notice;
+the rest will be burned sealed."
+
+This proposal resulted in a work entitled, "Pietas et Gratulatio
+Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos." In January, 1762, the
+Corporation passed a vote, "that the collections in prose and
+verse in several languages composed by some of the members of the
+College, on the motion of his Excellency our Governor, Francis
+Bernard, Esq., on occasion of the death of his late Majesty, and
+the accession of his present Majesty, be printed; and that his
+Excellency be desired to send, if he shall judge it proper, a copy
+of the same to Great Britain, to be presented to his Majesty, in
+the name of the Corporation."
+
+Quincy thus speaks of the collection:--"Governor Bernard not only
+suggested the work, but contributed to it. Five of the thirty-one
+compositions, of which it consists, were from his pen. The Address
+to the King is stated to have been written by him, or by
+Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson. Its style and turn of thought
+indicate the politician rather than the student, and savor of the
+senate-chamber more than of the academy. The classical and poetic
+merits of the work bear a fair comparison with those of European
+universities on similar occasions, allowance being made for the
+difference in the state of science and literature in the
+respective countries; and it is the most creditable specimen
+extant of the art of printing, at that period, in the Colonies.
+The work is respectfully noticed by the 'Critical' and 'Monthly'
+Reviews, and an Ode of the President is pronounced by both to be
+written in a style truly Horatian. In the address prefixed, the
+hope is expressed, that, as 'English colleges have had kings for
+their nursing fathers, and queens for their nursing mothers, this
+of North America might experience the royal munificence, and look
+up to the throne for favor and patronage.' In May, 1763, letters
+were received from Jasper Mauduit, agent of the Province,
+mentioning 'the presentation to his Majesty of the book of verses
+from the College,' but the records give no indication of the
+manner in which it was received. The thoughts of George the Third
+were occupied, not with patronizing learning in the Colonies, but
+with deriving revenue from them, and Harvard College was indebted
+to him for no act of acknowledgment or munificence."--_Quincy's
+Hist. of Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 103-105.
+
+The Charleston Courier, in an article entitled "Literary
+Sparring," says of this production:--"When, as late as 1761,
+Harvard University sent forth, in Greek, Latin, and English, its
+congratulations on the accession of George the Third to the
+throne, it was called, in England, a curiosity."--_Buckingham's
+Miscellanies from the Public Journals_, Vol. I. p. 103.
+
+Mr. Kendall, an English traveller, who visited Cambridge in the
+year 1807-8, notices this work as follows:--"In the year 1761, on
+the death of George the Second and the accession of his present
+Majesty, Harvard College, or, as on this occasion it styles
+itself, Cambridge College, produced a volume of tributary verses,
+in English, Latin, and Greek, entitled, Pietas et Gratulatio
+Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos; and this collection, the
+first received, and, as it has since appeared, the last to be
+received, from this seminary, by an English king, was cordially
+welcomed by the critical journals of the time."--_Kendall's
+Travels_, Vol. III. p. 12.
+
+For further remarks, consult the Monthly Review, Vol. XXIX. p. 22;
+Critical Review, Vol. X. p. 284; and the Monthly Anthology, Vol.
+VI. pp. 422-427; Vol. VII. p. 67.
+
+
+PILL. In English Cantab parlance, twaddle, platitude.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+PIMP. To do little, mean actions for the purpose of gaining favor
+with a superior, as, in college, with an instructor. The verb with
+this meaning is derived from the adjective _pimping_, which
+signifies _little, petty_.
+
+  Did I not promise those who fished
+  And _pimped_ most, any part they wished.
+    _The Rebelliad_, p. 33.
+
+
+PISCATORIAN. From the Latin _piscator_, a fisherman. One who seeks
+or gains favor with a teacher by being officious toward him.
+
+This word was much used at Harvard College in the year 1822, and
+for a few years after; it is now very seldom heard.
+
+See under FISH.
+
+
+PIT. In the University of Cambridge, the place in St. Mary's
+Church reserved for the accommodation of Masters of Arts and
+Fellow-Commoners is jocularly styled the _pit_.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+PLACE. In the older American colleges, the situation of a student
+in the class of which he was a member was formerly decided, in a
+measure, by the rank and circumstances of his family; this was
+called _placing_. The Hon. Paine Wingate, who graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1759, says, in one of his letters to Mr.
+Peirce:--
+
+"You inquire of me whether any regard was paid to a student on
+account of the rank of his parent, otherwise than his being
+arranged or _placed_ in the order of his class?
+
+"The right of precedence on every occasion is an object of
+importance in the state of society. And there is scarce anything
+which more sensibly affects the feelings of ambition than the rank
+which a man is allowed to hold. This excitement was generally
+called up whenever a class in college was _placed_. The parents
+were not wholly free from influence; but the scholars were often
+enraged beyond bounds for their disappointment in their _place_,
+and it was some time before a class could be settled down to an
+acquiescence in their allotment. The highest and the lowest in the
+class was often ascertained more easily (though not without some
+difficulty) than the intermediate members of the class, where
+there was room for uncertainty whose claim was best, and where
+partiality, no doubt, was sometimes indulged. But I must add,
+that, although the honor of a _place_ in the class was chiefly
+ideal, yet there were some substantial advantages. The higher part
+of the class had generally the most influential friends, and they
+commonly had the best chambers in College assigned to them. They
+had also a right to help themselves first at table in Commons, and
+I believe generally, wherever there was occasional precedence
+allowed, it was very freely yielded to the higher of the class by
+those who were below.
+
+"The Freshman Class was, in my day at college, usually _placed_
+(as it was termed) within six or nine months after their
+admission. The official notice of this was given by having their
+names written in a large German text, in a handsome style, and
+placed in a conspicuous part of the College _Buttery_, where the
+names of the four classes of undergraduates were kept suspended
+until they left College. If a scholar was expelled, his name was
+taken from its place; or if he was degraded (which was considered
+the next highest punishment to expulsion), it was moved
+accordingly. As soon as the Freshmen were apprised of their
+places, each one took his station according to the new arrangement
+at recitation, and at Commons, and in the Chapel, and on all other
+occasions. And this arrangement was never afterward altered,
+either in College or in the Catalogue, however the rank of their
+parents might be varied. Considering how much dissatisfaction was
+often excited by placing the classes (and I believe all other
+colleges had laid aside the practice), I think that it was a
+judicious expedient in Harvard to conform to the custom of putting
+the names in _alphabetical_ order, and they have accordingly so
+remained since the year 1772."--_Peirce's Hist. of Harv. Univ._,
+pp. 308-811.
+
+In his "Annals of Yale College," Ebenezer Baldwin observes on the
+subject: "Doctor Dwight, soon after his election to the Presidency
+[1795], effected various important alterations in the collegiate
+laws. The statutes of the institution had been chiefly adopted
+from those of European universities, where the footsteps of
+monarchical regulation were discerned even in the walks of
+science. So difficult was it to divest the minds of wise men of
+the influence of venerable follies, that the printed catalogues of
+students, until the year 1768, were arranged according to
+respectability of parentage."--p. 147.
+
+See DEGRADATION.
+
+
+PLACET. Latin; literally, _it is pleasing_. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., the term in which an _affirmative_ vote is given
+in the Senate-House.
+
+
+PLUCK. In the English universities, a refusal of testimonials for
+a degree.
+
+The origin of this word is thus stated in the Collegian's Guide:
+"At the time of conferring a degree, just as the name of each man
+to be presented to the Vice-Chancellor is read out, a proctor
+walks once up and down, to give any person who can object to the
+degree an opportunity of signifying his dissent, which is done by
+plucking or pulling the proctor's gown. Hence another and more
+common mode of stopping a degree, by refusing the testamur, or
+certificate of proficiency, is also called plucking."--p. 203.
+
+On the same word, the author in another place remarks as follows:
+"As long back as my memory will carry me, down to the present day,
+there has been scarcely a monosyllable in our language which
+seemed to convey so stinging a reproach, or to let a man down in
+the general estimation half as much, as this one word PLUCK."--p.
+288.
+
+
+PLUCKED. A cant term at the English universities, applied to those
+who, for want of scholarship, are refused their testimonials for a
+degree.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+Who had at length scrambled through the pales and discipline of
+the Senate-House without being _plucked_, and miraculously
+obtained the title of A.B.--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+O what a misery is it to be _plucked_! Not long since, an
+undergraduate was driven mad by it, and committed suicide.--The
+term itself is contemptible: it is associated with the meanest,
+the most stupid and spiritless animals of creation. When we hear
+of a man being _plucked_, we think he is necessarily a
+goose.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 288.
+
+  Poor Lentulus, twice _plucked_, some happy day
+  Just shuffles through, and dubs himself B.A.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+POKER. At Oxford, Eng., a cant name for a _bedel_.
+
+If the visitor see an unusual "state" walking about, in shape of
+an individual preceded by a quantity of _pokers_, or, which is the
+same thing, men, that is bedels, carrying maces, jocularly called
+_pokers_, he may be sure that that individual is the
+Vice-Chancellor. _Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xii.
+
+
+POLE. At Princeton and Union Colleges, to study hard, e.g. to
+_pole_ out the lesson. To _pole_ on a composition, to take pains
+with it.
+
+
+POLER. One who studies hard; a close student. As a boat is
+impelled with _poles_, so is the student by _poling_, and it is
+perhaps from this analogy that the word _poler_ is applied to a
+diligent student.
+
+
+POLING. Close application to study; diligent attention to the
+specified pursuits of college.
+
+A writer defines poling, "wasting the midnight oil in company with
+a wine-bottle, box of cigars, a 'deck of eucre,' and three kindred
+spirits," thus leaving its real meaning to be deduced from its
+opposite.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov., 1854.
+
+
+POLL. Abbreviated from POLLOI.
+
+Several declared that they would go out in "the _Poll_" (among the
+[Greek: polloi], those not candidates for honors).--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 62.
+
+At Cambridge, those candidates for a degree who do not aspire to
+honors are said to go out in the _poll_; this being the
+abbreviated term to denote those who were classically designated
+[Greek: hoi polloi].--_The English Universities and their
+Reforms_, in _Blackwood's Magazine_, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+POLLOI. [Greek: Hoi Polloi], the many. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., those who take their degree without any honor.
+After residing something more than three years at this University,
+at the conclusion of the tenth term comes off the final
+examination in the Senate-House. He who passes this examination in
+the best manner is called Senior Wrangler. "Then follow about
+twenty, all called Wranglers, arranged in the order of merit. Two
+other ranks of honors are there,--Senior Optimes and Junior
+Optimes, each containing about twenty. The last Junior Optime is
+termed the Wooden Spoon. Then comes the list of the large
+majority, called the _Hoy Polloi_, the first of whom is named the
+_Captain of the Poll_, and the twelve last, the Apostles."--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 3.
+
+2. Used by students to denote the rabble.
+
+  On Learning's sea, his hopes of safety buoy,
+  He sinks for ever lost among the [Greek: hoi polloi].
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 21.
+
+
+PONS ASINORUM. Vide ASSES' BRIDGE.
+
+
+PONY. A translation. So called, it may be, from the fleetness and
+ease with which a skilful rider is enabled to pass over places
+which to a common plodder present many obstacles.
+
+One writer jocosely defines this literary nag as "the animal that
+ambulates so delightfully through all the pleasant paths of
+knowledge, from whose back the student may look down on the weary
+pedestrian, and 'thank his stars' that 'he who runs may
+read.'"--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854
+
+And stick to the law, Tom, without a _Pony_.--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+194.
+
+  And when leaving, leave behind us
+    _Ponies_ for a lower class;
+  _Ponies_, which perhaps another,
+    Toiling up the College hill,
+  A forlorn, a "younger brother,"
+    "Riding," may rise higher still.
+    _Poem before the Y.H. Soc._, 1849, p. 12.
+
+Their lexicons, _ponies_, and text-books were strewed round their
+lamps on the table.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p.
+30.
+
+In the way of "_pony_," or translation, to the Greek of Father
+Griesbach, the New Testament was wonderfully convenient.--_New
+England Magazine_, Vol. III. p. 208.
+
+The notes are just what notes should be; they are not a _pony_,
+but a guide.--_Southern Lit. Mess._
+
+Instead of plodding on foot along the dusty, well-worn McAdam of
+learning, why will you take nigh cuts on _ponies_?--_Yale Lit.
+Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 281.
+
+The "board" requests that all who present themselves will bring
+along the _ponies_ they have used since their first entrance into
+College.--_The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+  The tutors with _ponies_ their lessons were learning.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+We do think, that, with such a team of "_ponies_" and load of
+commentators, his instruction might evince more accuracy.--_Yale
+Tomahawk_, Feb. 1851.
+
+  In knowledge's road ye are but asses,
+    While we on _ponies_ ride before.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 7.
+
+
+PONY. To use a translation.
+
+We learn that they do not _pony_ their lessons.--_Yale Tomahawk_,
+May, 1852.
+
+  If you _pony_, he will see,
+  And before the Faculty
+  You will surely summoned be.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 23.
+
+
+POPPING. At William and Mary College, getting the advantage over
+another in argument is called _popping_ him.
+
+
+POPULARITY. In the college _use_, favor of one's classmates, or of
+the members of all the classes, generally. Nowhere is this term
+employed so often, and with so much significance, as among
+collegians. The first wish of the Freshman is to be popular, and
+the desire does not leave him during all his college life. For
+remarks on this subject, see the Literary Miscellany, Vol. II. p.
+56; Amherst Indicator, Vol. II. p. 123, _et passim_.
+
+
+PORTIONIST. One who has a certain academical allowance or portion.
+--_Webster_.
+
+See POSTMASTER.
+
+
+POSTED. Rejected in a college examination. Term used at the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+Fifty marks will prevent one from being "_posted_" but there are
+always two or three too stupid as well as idle to save their
+"_Post_." These drones are _posted_ separately, as "not worthy to
+be classed," and privately slanged afterwards by the Master and
+Seniors. Should a man be _posted_ twice in succession, he is
+generally recommended to try the air of some Small College, or
+devote his energies to some other walk of life.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 74.
+
+
+POSTMASTER. In Merton College, Oxford, the scholars who are
+supported on the foundation are called Postmasters, or Portionists
+(_Portionistæ_).--_Oxf. Guide_.
+
+The _postmasters_ anciently performed the duties of choristers,
+and their payment for this duty was six shillings and fourpence
+per annum.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 36.
+
+
+POW-WOW. At Yale College on the evening of Presentation Day, the
+Seniors being excused from further attendance at prayers, the
+classes who remain change their seats in the chapel. It was
+formerly customary for the Freshmen, on taking the Sophomore
+seats, to signalize the event by appearing at chapel in grotesque
+dresses. The impropriety of such conduct has abolished this
+custom, but on the recurrence of the day, a uniformity is
+sometimes observable in the paper collars or white neck-cloths of
+the in-coming Sophomores, as they file in at vespers. During the
+evening, the Freshmen are accustomed to assemble on the steps of
+the State-House, and celebrate the occasion by speeches, a
+torch-light procession, and the accompaniment of a band of music.
+
+The students are forbidden to occupy the State-House steps on the
+evening of Presentation Day, since the Faculty design hereafter to
+have a _Pow-wow_ there, as on the last.--_Burlesque Catalogue_,
+Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 35.
+
+
+PRÆSES. The Latin for President.
+
+  "_Præses_" his "Oxford" doffs, and bows reply.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 36.
+
+  Did not the _Præses_ himself most kindly and oft reprimand me?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+    --the good old _Præses_ cries,
+  While the tears stand in his eyes,
+  "You have passed and are classed
+  With the boys of 'Twenty-Nine.'"
+    _Knick. Mag._, Vol. XLV. p. 195.
+
+
+PRAYERS. In colleges and universities, the religious exercises
+performed in the chapel at morning and evening, at which all the
+students are required to attend.
+
+These exercises in some institutions were formerly much more
+extended than at present, and must on some occasions have been
+very onerous. Mr. Quincy, in his History of Harvard University,
+writing in relation to the customs which were prevalent in the
+College at the beginning of the last century, says on this
+subject: "Previous to the accession of Leverett to the Presidency,
+the practice of obliging the undergraduates to read portions of
+the Scripture from Latin or English into Greek, at morning and
+evening service, had been discontinued. But in January and May,
+1708, this 'ancient and laudable practice was revived' by the
+Corporation. At morning prayers all the undergraduates were
+ordered, beginning with the youngest, to read a verse out of the
+Old Testament from the Hebrew into Greek, except the Freshmen, who
+were permitted to use their English Bibles in this exercise; and
+at evening service, to read from the New Testament out of the
+English or Latin translation into Greek, whenever the President
+performed this service in the Hall." In less than twenty years
+after the revival of these exercises, they were again
+discontinued. The following was then established as the order of
+morning and evening worship: "The morning service began with a
+short prayer; then a chapter of the Old Testament was read, which
+the President expounded, and concluded with prayer. The evening
+service was the same, except that the chapter read was from the
+New Testament, and on Saturday a psalm was sung in the Hall. On
+Sunday, exposition was omitted; a psalm was sung morning and
+evening; and one of the scholars, in course, was called upon to
+repeat, in the evening, the sermons preached on that day."--Vol.
+I. pp. 439, 440.
+
+The custom of singing at prayers on Sunday evening continued for
+many years. In a manuscript journal kept during the year 1793,
+notices to the following effect frequently occur. "Feb. 24th,
+Sunday. The singing club performed Man's Victory, at evening
+prayers." "Sund. April 14th, P.M. At prayers the club performed
+Brandon." "May 19th, Sabbath, P.M. At prayers the club performed
+Holden's Descend ye nine, etc." Soon after this, prayers were
+discontinued on Sunday evenings.
+
+The President was required to officiate at prayers, but when
+unable to attend, the office devolved on one of the Tutors, "they
+taking their turns by course weekly." Whenever they performed this
+duty "for any considerable time," they were "suitably rewarded for
+their service." In one instance, in 1794, all the officers being
+absent, Mr., afterwards Prof. McKean, then an undergraduate,
+performed the duties of chaplain. In the journal above referred
+to, under date of Feb. 22, 1793, is this note: "At prayers, I
+declaimed in Latin"; which would seem to show, that this season
+was sometimes made the occasion for exercises of a literary as
+well as religious character.
+
+In a late work by Professor Sidney Willard, he says of his father,
+who was President of Harvard College: "In the early period of his
+Presidency, Mr. Willard not unfrequently delivered a sermon at
+evening prayers on Sunday. In the year 1794, I remember he
+preached once or twice on that evening, but in the next year and
+onward he discontinued the service. His predecessor used to
+expound passages of Scripture as a part of the religious service.
+These expositions are frequently spoken of in the diary of Mr.
+Caleb Gannett when he was a Tutor. On Saturday evening and Sunday
+morning and evening, generally the College choir sang a hymn or an
+anthem. When these Sunday services were observed in the Chapel,
+the Faculty and students worshipped on Lord's day, at the stated
+hours of meeting, in the Congregational or the Episcopal Church."
+--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp. 137, 138.
+
+At Yale College, one of the earliest laws ordains that "all
+undergraduates shall publicly repeat sermons in the hall in their
+course, and also bachelors; and be constantly examined on Sabbaths
+[at] evening prayer."--_Pres. Woolsey's Discourse_, p. 59.
+
+Prayers at this institution were at one period regulated by the
+following rule. "The President, or in his Absence, one of the
+Tutors in their Turn, shall constantly pray in the Chapel every
+Morning and Evening, and read a Chapter, or some suitable Portion
+of Scripture, unless a Sermon, or some Theological Discourse shall
+then be delivered. And every Member of College is obliged to
+attend, upon the Penalty of one Penny for every Instance of
+Absence, without a sufficient Reason, and a half Penny for being
+tardy, i.e. when any one shall come in after the President, or go
+out before him."--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 5.
+
+A writer in the American Literary Magazine, in noticing some of
+the evils connected with the American college system, describes
+very truthfully, in the following question, a scene not at all
+novel in student life. "But when the young man is compelled to
+rise at an unusually early hour to attend public prayers, under
+all kinds of disagreeable circumstances; when he rushes into the
+chapel breathless, with wet feet, half dressed, and with the
+prospect of a recitation immediately to succeed the devotions,--is
+it not natural that he should be listless, or drowsy, or excited
+about his recitation, during the whole sacred exercise?"--Vol. IV.
+p. 517.
+
+This season formerly afforded an excellent opportunity, for those
+who were so disposed, to play off practical jokes on the person
+officiating. On one occasion, at one of our colleges, a goose was
+tied to the desk by some of the students, intended as emblematic
+of the person who was accustomed to occupy that place. But the
+laugh was artfully turned upon them by the minister, who, seeing
+the bird with his head directed to the audience, remarked, that he
+perceived the young gentlemen were for once provided with a parson
+admirably suited to their capacities, and with these words left
+them to swallow his well-timed sarcasm. On another occasion, a ram
+was placed in the pulpit, with his head turned to the door by
+which the minister usually entered. On opening the door, the
+animal, diving between the legs of the fat shepherd, bolted down
+the pulpit stairs, carrying on his back the sacred load, and with
+it rushed out of the chapel, leaving the assemblage to indulge in
+the reflections excited by the expressive looks of the astonished
+beast, and of his more astonished rider.
+
+The Bible was often kept covered, when not in use, with a cloth.
+It was formerly a very common trick to place under this cloth a
+pewter plate obtained from the commons hall, which the minister,
+on uncovering, would, if he were a shrewd man, quietly slide under
+the desk, and proceed as usual with the exercises.
+
+At Harvard College, about the year 1785, two Indian images were
+missing from their accustomed place on the top of the gate-posts
+which stood in front of the dwelling of a gentleman of Cambridge.
+At the same time the Bible was taken from the Chapel, and another,
+which was purchased to supply its place, soon followed it, no one
+knew where. One day, as a tutor was passing by the room of a
+student, hearing within an uncommonly loud noise, he entered, as
+was his right and office. There stood the occupant,[59] holding in
+his hands one of the Chapel Bibles, while before him on the table
+were placed the images, to which he appeared to be reading, but in
+reality was vociferating all kinds of senseless gibberish. "What
+is the meaning of this noise?" inquired the tutor in great anger.
+"Propagating the _Gospel_ among the _Indians_, Sir," replied the
+student calmly.
+
+While Professor Ashur Ware was a tutor in Harvard College, he in
+his turn, when the President was absent, officiated at prayers.
+Inclined to be longer in his devotions than was thought necessary
+by the students, they were often on such occasions seized with
+violent fits of sneezing, which generally made themselves audible
+in the word "A-a-shur," "A-a-shur."
+
+The following lines, written by William C. Bradley when an
+undergraduate at Harvard College, cannot fail to be appreciated by
+those who have been cognizant of similar scenes and sentiments in
+their own experience of student life.
+
+ "Hark! the morning Bell is pealing
+    Faintly on the drowsy ear,
+  Far abroad the tidings dealing,
+    Now the hour of prayer is near.
+  To the pious Sons of Harvard,
+    Starting from the land of Nod,
+  Loudly comes the rousing summons,
+    Let us run and worship God.
+
+ "'T is the hour for deep contrition,
+    'T is the hour for peaceful thought,
+  'T is the hour to win the blessing
+    In the early stillness sought;
+  Kneeling in the quiet chamber,
+    On the deck, or on the sod,
+  In the still and early morning,
+    'T is the hour to worship God.
+
+  "But don't _you_ stop to pray in secret,
+    No time for _you_ to worship there,
+  The hour approaches, 'Tempus fugit,'
+    Tear your shirt or miss a prayer.
+  Don't stop to wash, don't stop to button,
+    Go the ways your fathers trod;
+  Leg it, put it, rush it, streak it,
+    _Run_ and worship God.
+
+  "On the staircase, stamping, tramping,
+    Bounding, sounding, down you go;
+  Jumping, bumping, crashing, smashing,
+    Jarring, bruising, heel and toe.
+  See your comrades far before you
+    Through the open door-way jam,
+  Heaven and earth! the bell is stopping!
+    Now it dies in silence--d**n!"
+
+
+PRELECTION. Latin, _prælectio_. A lecture or discourse read in
+public or to a select company.
+
+Further explained by Dr. Popkin: "In the introductory schools, I
+think, _Prelections_ were given by the teachers to the learners.
+According to the meaning of the word, the Preceptor went before,
+as I suppose, and explained and probably interpreted the lesson or
+lection; and the scholar was required to receive it in memory, or
+in notes, and in due time to render it in recitation."--_Memorial
+of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. 19.
+
+
+PRELECTOR. Latin, _prælector_. One who reads an author to others
+and adds explanations; a reader; a lecturer.
+
+Their so famous a _prelectour_ doth teach.--_Sheldon, Mir. of
+Anti-Christ_, p. 38.
+
+If his reproof be private, or with the cathedrated authority of a
+_prælector_ or public reader.--_Whitlock, Mann. of the English_,
+p. 385.
+
+2. Same as FATHER, which see.
+
+
+PREPOSITOR. Latin. A scholar appointed by the master to overlook
+the rest.
+
+And when requested for the salt-cellar, I handed it with as much
+trepidation as a _præposter_ gives the Doctor a list, when he is
+conscious of a mistake in the excuses.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+281.
+
+
+PRESENTATION DAY. At Yale College, Presentation Day is the time
+when the Senior Class, having finished the prescribed course of
+study, and passed a satisfactory examination, are _presented_ by
+the examiners to the President, as properly qualified to be
+admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. A distinguished
+professor of the institution where this day is observed has kindly
+furnished the following interesting historical account of this
+observance.
+
+"This presentation," he writes, "is a ceremony of long standing.
+It has certainly existed for more than a century. It is very early
+alluded to, not as a _novelty_, but as an established custom.
+There is now less formality on such occasions, but the substantial
+parts of the exercises are retained. The examination is now begun
+on Saturday and finished on Tuesday, and the day after, Wednesday,
+six weeks before the public Commencement, is the day of
+Presentation. There have sometimes been literary exercises on that
+day by one or more of the candidates, and sometimes they have been
+omitted. I have in my possession a Latin Oration, what, I suppose,
+was called a _Cliosophic Oration_, pronounced by William Samuel
+Johnson in 1744, at the presentation of his class. Sometimes a
+member of the class exhibited an English Oration, which was
+responded to by some one of the College Faculty, generally by one
+who had been the principal instructor of the class presented. A
+case of this kind occurred in 1776, when Mr., afterwards President
+Dwight, responded to the class orator in an address, which, being
+delivered the same July in which Independence was declared, drew,
+from its patriotic allusions, as well as for other reasons,
+unusual attention. It was published,--a rare thing at that period.
+Another response was delivered in 1796, by J. Stebbins, Tutor,
+which was likewise published. There has been no exhibition of the
+kind since. For a few years past, there have been an oration and a
+poem exhibited by members of the graduating class, at the time of
+presentation. The appointments for these exercises are made by the
+class.
+
+"So much of an exhibition as there was at the presentation in 1778
+has not been usual. More was then done, probably, from the fact,
+that for several years, during the Revolutionary war, there was no
+public Commencement. Perhaps it should be added, that, so far back
+as my information extends, after the literary exercises of
+Presentation Day, there has always been a dinner, or collation, at
+which the College Faculty, graduates, invited guests, and the
+Senior Class have been present."
+
+A graduate of the present year[60] writes more particularly in
+relation to the observances of the day at the present time. "In
+the morning the Senior Class are met in one of the lecture-rooms
+by the chairman of the Faculty and the senior Tutor. The latter
+reads the names of those who have passed a satisfactory
+examination, and are to be recommended for degrees. The Class then
+adjourn to the College Chapel, where the President and some of the
+Professors are waiting to receive them. The senior Tutor reads the
+names as before, after which Professor Kingsley recommends the
+Class to the President and Faculty for the degree of B.A., in a
+Latin discourse. The President then responds in the same tongue,
+and addresses a few words of counsel to the Class.
+
+"These exercises are followed by the Poem and Oration, delivered
+by members of the Class chosen for these offices by the Class.
+Then comes the dinner, given in one of the lecture-rooms. After
+this the Class meet in the College yard, and spend the afternoon
+in smoking (the old clay pipe is used, but no cigars) and singing.
+Thus ends the active life of our college days."
+
+"Presentation Day," says the writer of the preface to the "Songs
+of Yale," "is the sixth Wednesday of the Summer Term, when the
+graduating Class, after having passed their second 'Biennial,' are
+presented to the President as qualified for the first degree, or
+the B.A. After this 'presentation,' a farewell oration and poem
+are pronounced by members of the Class, previously elected by
+their classmates for the purpose. After a public dinner, they seat
+themselves under the elms before the College, and smoke and sing
+for the last time together. Each has his pipe, and 'they who
+never' smoked 'before' now smoke, or seem to. The exercises are
+closed with a procession about the buildings, bidding each
+farewell." 1853, p. 4.
+
+This last smoke is referred to in the following lines:--
+
+ "Green elms are waving o'er us,
+    Green grass beneath our feet,
+  The ring is round, and on the ground
+    We sit a class complete."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+ "It is a very jolly thing,
+  Our sitting down in this great ring,
+  To smoke our pipes and loudly sing."--_Ibid._
+
+Pleasant reference is had to some of the more modern features of
+Presentation Day, in the annexed extract from the "Yale Literary
+Magazine":--
+
+"There is one spot where the elms stretch their long arms, not 'in
+quest of thought,' but as though they would afford their friendly
+shade to make pleasant the last scene of the academic life. Seated
+in a circle in this place, which has been so often trampled by the
+'stag-dance' of preceding classes, and made hallowed by
+associations which will cling around such places, are the present
+graduates. They have met together for the last time as a body, for
+they will not all be present at the closing ceremony of
+Commencement, nor all answer to the muster in the future Class
+reunions. It is hard to tell whether such a ceremony should be sad
+or joyous, for, despite the boisterous merriment and exuberance
+which arises from the prospect of freedom, there is something
+tender in the thought of meeting for the last time, to break
+strong ties, and lose individuality as a Class for ever.
+
+"In the centre of the circle are the Class band, with horns,
+flutes, and violins, braying, piping, or saw-filing, at the option
+of the owners,--toot,--toot,--bum,--bang,--boo-o-o,--in a most
+melodious discord. Songs are distributed, pipes filled, and the
+smoke cloud rises, trembles as the chorus of a hundred voices
+rings out in a merry cadence, and then, breaking, soars off,--a
+fit emblem of the separation of those at whose parting it received
+its birth.
+
+"'Braxton on the history of the Class!'
+
+"'The Class history!--Braxton!--Braxton!'
+
+"'In a moment, gentlemen,'--and our hero mounts upon a cask, and
+proceeds to give in burlesque a description of Class exploits and
+the wonderful success of its _early_ graduates. Speeches follow,
+and the joke, and song, till the lengthening shadows bring a
+warning, and a preparation for the final ceremony. The ring is
+spread out, the last pipes smoked in College laid down, and the
+'stag-dance,' with its rush, and their destruction ended. Again
+the ring forms, and each classmate moves around it to grasp each
+hand for the last time, and exchange a parting blessing.
+
+"The band strike up, and the long procession march around the
+College, plant their ivy, and return to cheer the
+buildings."--Vol. XX. p. 228.
+
+The following song was written by Francis Miles Finch of the class
+of 1849, for the Presentation Day of that year.
+
+ "Gather ye smiles from the ocean isles,
+    Warm hearts from river and fountain,
+  A playful chime from the palm-tree clime,
+    From the land of rock and mountain:
+      And roll the song in waves along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And grand and hale are the elms of Yale,
+        Like fathers, bending o'er us.
+
+ "Summon our band from the prairie land,
+    From the granite hills, dark frowning,
+  From the lakelet blue, and the black bayou,
+    From the snows our pine peaks crowning;
+      And pour the song in joy along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And grand and hale are the towers of Yale,
+        Like giants, watching o'er us.
+
+ "Count not the tears of the long-gone years,
+    With their moments of pain and sorrow,
+  But laugh in the light of their memories bright,
+    And treasure them all for the morrow;
+      Then roll the song in waves along,
+        While the hours are bright before us,
+      And high and hale are the spires of Yale,
+        Like guardians, towering o'er us.
+
+ "Dream of the days when the rainbow rays
+    Of Hope on our hearts fell lightly,
+  And each fair hour some cheerful flower
+    In our pathway blossomed brightly;
+      And pour the song in joy along,
+       Ere the moments fly before us,
+     While portly and hale the sires of Yale
+        Are kindly gazing o'er us.
+
+ "Linger again in memory's glen,
+    'Mid the tendrilled vines of feeling,
+  Till a voice or a sigh floats softly by,
+    Once more to the glad heart stealing;
+      And roll the song on waves along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And in cottage and vale are the brides of Yale,
+        Like angels, watching o'er us.
+
+ "Clasp ye the hand 'neath the arches grand
+    That with garlands span our greeting,
+  With a silent prayer that an hour as fair
+    May smile on each after meeting;
+      And long may the song, the joyous song,
+    Roll on in the hours before us,
+      And grand and hale may the elms of Yale,
+        For many a year, bend o'er us."
+
+In the Appendix to President Woolsey's Historical Discourse
+delivered before the Graduates of Yale College, is the following
+account of Presentation Day, in 1778.
+
+"The Professor of Divinity, two ministers of the town, and another
+minister, having accompanied me to the Library about 1, P.M., the
+middle Tutor waited upon me there, and informed me that the
+examination was finished, and they were ready for the
+presentation. I gave leave, being seated in the Library between
+the above ministers. Hereupon the examiners, preceded by the
+Professor of Mathematics, entered the Library, and introduced
+thirty candidates, a beautiful sight! The Diploma Examinatorium,
+with the return and minutes inscribed upon it, was delivered to
+the President, who gave it to the Vice-Bedellus, directing him to
+read it. He read it and returned it to the President, to be
+deposited among the College archives _in perpetuam rei memoriam_.
+The senior Tutor thereupon made a very eloquent Latin speech, and
+presented the candidates for the honors of the College. This
+presentation the President in a Latin speech accepted, and
+addressed the gentlemen examiners and the candidates, and gave the
+latter liberty to return home till Commencement. Then dismissed.
+
+"At about 3, P.M., the afternoon exercises were appointed to
+begin. At 3-1/2, the bell tolled, and the assembly convened in the
+chapel, ladies and gentlemen. The President introduced the
+exercises in a Latin speech, and then delivered the Diploma
+Examinatorium to the Vice-Bedellus, who, standing on the pulpit
+stairs, read it publicly. Then succeeded,--
+
+  Cliosophic Oration in Latin, by Sir Meigs.
+  Poetical Composition in English, by Sir Barlow.
+  Dialogue, English, by Sir Miller, Sir Chaplin, Sir Ely.
+  Cliosophic Oration, English, by Sir Webster.
+  Disputation, English, by Sir Wolcott, Sir Swift, Sir Smith.
+  Valedictory Oration, English, by Sir Tracy.
+  An Anthem. Exercises two hours."--p. 121.
+
+
+PRESIDENT. In the United States, the chief officer of a college or
+university. His duties are, to preside at the meetings of the
+Faculty, at Exhibitions and Commencements, to sign the diplomas or
+letters of degree, to carry on the official correspondence, to
+address counsel and instruction to the students, and to exercise a
+general superintendence in the affairs of the college over which
+he presides.
+
+At Harvard College it was formerly the duty of the President "to
+inspect the manners of the students, and unto his morning and
+evening prayers to join some exposition of the chapters which they
+read from Hebrew into Greek, from the Old Testament, in the
+morning, and out of English into Greek, from the New Testament, in
+the evening." At the same College, in the early part of the last
+century, Mr. Wadsworth, the President, states, "that he expounded
+the Scriptures, once eleven, and sometimes eight or nine times in
+the course of a week."--_Harv. Reg._, p. 249, and _Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 440.
+
+Similar duties were formerly required of the President at other
+American colleges. In some, at the present day, he performs the
+duties of a professor in connection with those of his own office,
+and presides at the daily religious exercises in the Chapel.
+
+The title of President is given to the chief officer in some of
+the colleges of the English universities.
+
+
+PRESIDENT'S CHAIR. At Harvard College, there is in the Library an
+antique chair, venerable by age and association, which is used
+only on Commencement Day, when it is occupied by the President
+while engaged in delivering the diplomas for degrees. "Vague
+report," says Quincy, "represents it to have been brought to the
+College during the presidency of Holyoke, as the gift of the Rev.
+Ebenezer Turell of Medford (the author of the Life of Dr. Colman).
+Turell was connected by marriage with the Mathers, by some of whom
+it is said to have been brought from England." Holyoke was
+President from 1737 to 1769. The round knobs on the chair were
+turned by President Holyoke, and attached to it by his own hands.
+In the picture of this honored gentleman, belonging to the
+College, he is painted in the old chair, which seems peculiarly
+adapted by its strength to support the weight which fills it.
+
+Before the erection of Gore Hall, the present library building,
+the books of the College were kept in Harvard Hall. In the same
+building, also, was the Philosophy Chamber, where the chair
+usually stood for the inspection of the curious. Over this domain,
+from the year 1793 to 1800, presided Mr. Samuel Shapleigh, the
+Librarian. He was a dapper little bachelor, very active and
+remarkably attentive to the ladies who visited the Library,
+especially the younger portion of them. When ushered into the room
+where stood the old chair, he would watch them with eager eyes,
+and, as soon as one, prompted by a desire of being able to say, "I
+have sat in the President's Chair," took this seat, rubbing his
+hands together, he would exclaim, in great glee, "A forfeit! a
+forfeit!" and demand from the fair occupant a kiss, a fee which,
+whether refused or not, he very seldom failed to obtain.[61]
+
+This custom, which seems now-a-days to be going out of fashion, is
+mentioned by Mr. William Biglow, in a poem before the Phi Beta
+Kappa Society, recited in their dining-hall, August 29, 1811.
+Speaking of Commencement Day and its observances, he says:--
+
+ "Now young gallants allure their favorite fair
+  To take a seat in Presidential chair;
+  Then seize the long-accustomed fee, the bliss
+  Of the half ravished, half free-granted kiss."
+
+The editor of Mr. Peirce's History of Harvard University publishes
+the following curious extracts from Horace Walpole's Private
+Correspondence, giving a description of some antique chairs found
+in England, exactly of the same construction with the College
+chair; a circumstance which corroborates the supposition that this
+also was brought from England.
+
+HORACE WALPOLE TO GEORGE MONTAGU, ESQ.
+
+"_Strawberry Hill, August_ 20, 1761.
+
+"Dickey Bateman has picked up a whole cloister full of old chairs
+in Herefordshire. He bought them one by one, here and there in
+farm-houses, for three and sixpence and a crown apiece. They are
+of wood, the seats triangular, the backs, arms, and legs loaded
+with turnery. A thousand to one but there are plenty up and down
+Cheshire, too. If Mr. and Mrs. Wetenhall, as they ride or drive
+out, would now and then pick up such a chair, it would oblige me
+greatly. Take notice, no two need be of the same
+pattern."--_Private Correspondence of Horace Walpole, Earl of
+Orford_, Vol. II. p. 279.
+
+HORACE WALPOLE TO THE REV. MR. COLE.
+
+"_Strawberry Hill, March_ 9, 1765.
+
+"When you go into Cheshire, and upon your ramble, may I trouble
+you with a commission? but about which you must promise me not to
+go a step out of your way. Mr. Bateman has got a cloister at old
+Windsor furnished with ancient wooden chairs, most of them
+triangular, but all of various patterns, and carved and turned in
+the most uncouth and whimsical forms. He picked them up one by
+one, for two, three, five, or six shillings apiece, from different
+farm-houses in Herefordshire. I have long envied and coveted them.
+There may be such in poor cottages in so neighboring a county as
+Cheshire. I should not grudge any expense for purchase or
+carriage, and should be glad even of a couple such for my cloister
+here. When you are copying inscriptions in a churchyard in any
+Village, think of me, and step into the first cottage you see, but
+don't take further trouble than that."--_Ibid._, Vol. III. pp. 23,
+24, from _Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 312.
+
+An engraving of the chair is to be found in President Quincy's
+History of Harvard University, Vol. I. p. 288.
+
+
+PREVARICATOR. A sort of an occasional orator; an academical phrase
+in the University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Johnson_.
+
+He should not need have pursued me through the various shapes of a
+divine, a doctor, a head of a college, a professor, a
+_prevaricator_, a mathematician.--_Bp. Wren, Monarchy Asserted_,
+Pref.
+
+It would have made you smile to hear the _prevaricator_, in his
+jocular way, give him his title and character to face.--_A.
+Philips, Life of Abp. Williams_, p. 34.
+
+See TERRÆ-FILIUS.
+
+
+PREVIOUS EXAMINATION. In the English universities, the University
+examination in the second year.
+
+Called also the LITTLE-GO.
+
+The only practical connection that the Undergraduate usually has
+with the University, in its corporate capacity, consists in his
+_previous examination_, _alias_ the "Little-Go," and his final
+examination for a degree, with or without honors.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 10.
+
+
+PREX. A cant term for President.
+
+After examination, I went to the old _Prex_, and was admitted.
+_Prex_, by the way, is the same as President.--_The Dartmouth_,
+Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+But take a peep with us, dear reader, into that _sanctum
+sanctorum_, that skull and bones of college mysteries, the
+_Prex's_ room.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+Good old _Prex_ used to get the students together and advise them
+on keeping their faces clean, and blacking their boots,
+&c.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. III. p. 228.
+
+
+PRINCE'S STUFF. In the English universities, the fabric of which
+the gowns of the undergraduates are usually made.
+
+[Their] every-day habit differs nothing as far as the gown is
+concerned, it being _prince's stuff_, or other convenient
+material.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xv.
+
+See COSTUME.
+
+
+PRINCIPAL. At Oxford, the president of a college or hall is
+sometimes styled the Principal.--_Oxf. Cal._
+
+
+PRIVAT DOCENT. In German universities, a _private teacher_. "The
+so-called _Privat Docenten_," remarks Howitt, "are gentlemen who
+devote themselves to an academical career, who have taken the
+degree of Doctor, and through a public disputation have acquired
+the right to deliver lectures on subjects connected with their
+particular department of science. They receive no salary, but
+depend upon the remuneration derived from their
+classes."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 29.
+
+
+PRIVATE. At Harvard College, one of the milder punishments is what
+is called _private admonition_, by which a deduction of thirty-two
+marks is made from the rank of the offender. So called in
+contradistinction to _public admonition_, when a deduction is
+made, and with it a letter is sent to the parent. Often
+abbreviated into _private_.
+
+"Reckon on the fingers of your mind the reprimands, deductions,
+parietals, and _privates_ in store for you."--_Oration before H.L.
+of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+  What are parietals, parts, _privates_ now,
+  To the still calmness of that placid brow?
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+
+PRIVATISSIMUM, _pl._ PRIVATISSIMI. Literally, _most private_. In
+the German universities, an especially private lecture.
+
+To these _Privatissimi_, as they are called, or especially private
+lectures, being once agreed upon, no other auditors can be
+admitted.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 35.
+
+  Then my _Privatissimum_--(I've been thinking on it
+  For a long time--and in fact begun it)--
+    Will cost me 20 Rix-dollars more,
+    Please send with the ducats I mentioned before.
+    _The Jobsiad_, in _Lit. World_, Vol. IX. p. 281.
+
+  The use of a _Privatissimum_ I can't conjecture,
+  When one is already ten hours at lecture.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. IX. p. 448.
+
+
+PRIZEMAN. In universities and colleges, one who takes a prize.
+
+  The Wrangler's glory in his well-earned fame,
+  The _prizeman's_ triumph, and the plucked man's shame.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, _May_, 1849.
+
+
+PROBATION. In colleges and universities, the examination of a
+student as to his qualifications for a degree.
+
+2. The time which a student passes in college from the period of
+entering until he is matriculated and received as a member in full
+standing. In American colleges, this is usually six months, but
+can be prolonged at discretion.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+
+PROCEED. To take a degree. Mr. Halliwell, in his Dictionary of
+Archaic and Provincial Words, says, "This term is still used at
+the English universities." It is sometimes used in American
+colleges.
+
+In 1605 he _proceeded_ Master of Arts, and became celebrated as a
+wit and a poet.--_Poems of Bishop Corbet_, p. ix.
+
+They that expect to _proceed_ Bachelors that year, to be examined
+of their sufficiency,... and such that expect to _proceed_ Masters
+of Arts, to exhibit their synopsis of acts.
+
+They, that are approved sufficient for their degrees, shall
+_proceed_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+The Overseers ... recommended to the Corporation "to take
+effectual measures to prevent those who _proceeded_ Bachelors of
+Arts, from having entertainments of any kind."--_Ibid._, Vol. II.
+p. 93.
+
+When he _proceeded_ Bachelor of Arts, he was esteemed one of the
+most perfect scholars that had ever received the honors of this
+seminary.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 14.
+
+Masters may _proceed_ Bachelors in either of the Faculties, at the
+end of seven years, &c.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 10.
+
+Of the surviving graduates, the oldest _proceeded_ Bachelor of
+Arts the very Commencement at which Dr. Stiles was elected to the
+Presidency.--_Woolsey's Discourse, Yale Coll._, Aug. 14, 1850, p.
+38.
+
+
+PROCTOR. Contracted from the Latin _procurator_, from _procuro_;
+_pro_ and _curo_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., two proctors are annually
+elected, who are peace-officers. It is their especial duty to
+attend to the discipline and behavior of all persons _in statu
+pupillari_, to search houses of ill-fame, and to take into custody
+women of loose and abandoned character, and even those _de malo
+suspectcæ_. Their other duties are not so menial in their
+character, and are different in different universities.--_Cam.
+Cal._
+
+At Oxford, "the proctors act as university magistrates; they are
+appointed from each college in rotation, and remain in office two
+years. They nominate four pro-proctors to assist them. Their chief
+duty, in which they are known to undergraduates, is to preserve
+order, and keep the town free from improper characters. When they
+go out in the evening, they are usually attended by two servants,
+called by the gownsmen bull-dogs.... The marshal, a chief officer,
+is usually in attendance on one of the proctors.... It is also the
+proctor's duty to take care that the cap and gown are worn in the
+University."--_The Collegian's Guide_, Oxford, pp. 176, 177.
+
+At Oxford, the proctors "jointly have, as has the Vice-Chancellor
+singly, the power of interposing their _veto_ or _non placet_,
+upon all questions in congregation and convocation, which puts a
+stop at once to all further proceedings in the matter. These are
+the 'censores morum' of the University, and their business is to
+see that the undergraduate members, when no longer under the ken
+of the head or tutors of their own college, behave seemly when
+mixing with the townsmen and restrict themselves, as far as may
+be, to lawful or constitutional and harmless amusements. Their
+powers extend over a circumference of three miles round the walls
+of the city. The proctors are easily recognized by their full
+dress gown of velvet sleeves, and bands-encircled neck."--_Oxford
+Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xiii.
+
+At Oxford, "the two proctors were formerly nearly equal in
+importance to the Vice-Chancellor. Their powers, though
+diminished, are still considerable, as they administer the police
+of the University, appoint the Examiners, and have a joint veto on
+all measures brought before Convocation."--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII.
+p. 223.
+
+The class of officers called Proctors was instituted at Harvard
+College in the year 1805, their duty being "to reside constantly
+and preserve order within the walls," to preserve order among the
+students, to see that the laws of the College are enforced, "and
+to exercise the same inspection and authority in their particular
+district, and throughout College, which it is the duty of a
+parietal Tutor to exercise therein."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. II. p. 292.
+
+I believe this is the only college in the United States where this
+class of academical police officers is established.
+
+
+PROF, PROFF. Abbreviated for _Professor_.
+
+The _Proff_ thought he knew too much to stay here, and so he went
+his way, and I saw him no more.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 116.
+
+  For _Proffs_ and Tutors too,
+  Who steer our big canoe,
+    Prepare their lays.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 144.
+
+
+PROFESSOR. One that publicly teaches any science or branch of
+learning; particularly, an officer in a university, college, or
+other seminary, whose business is to read lectures or instruct
+students in a particular branch of learning; as a _professor_ of
+theology or mathematics.--_Webster_.
+
+
+PROFESSORIATE. The office or employment of a professor.
+
+It is desirable to restore the _professoriate_.--_Lit. World_,
+Vol. XII. p. 246.
+
+
+PROFESSOR OF DUST AND ASHES. A title sometimes jocosely given by
+students to the person who has the care of their rooms.
+
+Was interrupted a moment just now, by the entrance of Mr. C------,
+the gentleman who makes the beds, sweeps, takes up the ashes, and
+supports the dignity of the title, "_Professor of Dust and
+Ashes_."--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 77.
+
+The South College _Prof. of Dust and Ashes_ has a huge bill
+against the Society.--_Yale Tomahawk_, Feb. 1851.
+
+
+PROFICIENT. The degree of Proficient is conferred in the
+University of Virginia, in a certificate of proficiency, on those
+who have studied only in certain branches taught in some of the
+schools connected with that institution.
+
+
+PRO MERITIS. Latin; literally, _for his merits_. A phrase
+customarily used in American collegiate diplomas.
+
+  Then, every crime atoned with ease,
+  _Pro meritis_, received degrees.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+PRO-PROCTOR. In the English universities, an officer appointed to
+assist the proctors in that part of their duty only which relates
+to the discipline and behavior of those persons who are _in statu
+pupillari_.--_Cam. and Oxf. Cals._
+
+More familiarly, these officers are called _pro's_.
+
+They [the proctors] are assisted in their duties by four
+pro-proctors, each principal being allowed to nominate his two
+"_pro's_."--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xiii.
+
+The _pro's_ have also a strip of velvet on each side of the
+gown-front, and wear bands.--_Ibid._, p. xiii.
+
+
+PRO-VICE-CHANCELLOR. In the English universities a deputy
+appointed by the Vice-Chancellor, who exercises his power in case
+of his illness or necessary absence.
+
+
+PROVOST. The President of a college.
+
+Dr. Jay, on his arrival in England, found there Dr. Smith,
+_Provost_ of the College in Philadelphia, soliciting aid for that
+institution.--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia Coll._, p. 36.
+
+At Columbia College, in 1811, an officer was appointed, styled
+_Provost_, who, in absence of the President, was to supply his
+place, and who, "besides exercising the like general
+superintendence with the President," was to conduct the classical
+studies of the Senior Class. The office of Provost continued until
+1816, when the Trustees determined that its powers and duties
+should devolve upon the President.--_Ibid._, p. 81.
+
+At Oxford, the chief officer of some of the colleges bears this
+title. At Cambridge, it is appropriated solely to the President of
+King's College. "On the choice of a Provost," says the author of a
+History of the University of Cambridge, 1753, "the Fellows are all
+shut into the ante-chapel, and out of which they are not permitted
+to stir on any account, nor none permitted to enter, till they
+have all agreed on their man; which agreement sometimes takes up
+several days; and, if I remember right, they were three days and
+nights confined in choosing the present Provost, and had their
+beds, close-stools, &c. with them, and their commons, &c. given
+them in at the windows."--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 85.
+
+
+PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE. In Yale College, a committee to whom the
+discretionary concerns of the College are intrusted. They order
+such repairs of the College buildings as are necessary, audit the
+accounts of the Treasurer and Steward, make the annual report of
+the state of the College, superintend the investment of the
+College funds, institute suits for the recovery and preservation
+of the College property, and perform various other duties which
+are enumerated in the laws of Yale College.
+
+At Middlebury College, similar powers are given to a body bearing
+the same name.--_Laws Mid. Coll._, 1839, pp. 4, 5.
+
+
+PUBLIC. At Harvard College, the punishment next higher in order to
+a _private admonition_ is called a _public admonition_, and
+consists in a deduction of sixty-four marks from the rank of the
+offender, accompanied by a letter to the parent or guardian. It is
+often called _a public_.
+
+See ADMONITION, and PRIVATE.
+
+
+PUBLIC DAY. In the University of Virginia, the day on which "the
+certificates and diplomas are awarded to the successful
+candidates, the results of the examinations are announced, and
+addresses are delivered by one or more of the Bachelors and
+Masters of Arts, and by the Orator appointed by the Society of the
+Alumni."--_Cat. of Univ. of Virginia_.
+
+This occurs on the closing day of the session, the 29th of June.
+
+PUBLIC ORATOR. In the English universities, an officer who is the
+voice of the university on all public occasions, who writes,
+reads, and records all letters of a public nature, and presents,
+with an appropriate address, those on whom honorary degrees are
+conferred. At Cambridge, this it esteemed one of the most
+honorable offices in the gift of the university.--_Cam. and Oxf.
+Cals._
+
+
+PUMP. Among German students, to obtain or take on credit; to
+sponge.
+
+  Und hat der Bursch kein Geld im Beutel,
+  So _pumpt_ er die Philister an.
+    _Crambambuli Song_.
+
+
+PUNY. A young, inexperienced person; a novice.
+
+Freshmen at Oxford were called _punies of the first
+year_.--_Halliwell's Dict. Arch. and Prov. Words_.
+
+
+PUT THROUGH. A phrase very general in its application. When a
+student treats, introduces, or assists another, or masters a hard
+lesson, he is said to _put_ him or it _through_. In a discourse by
+the Rev. Dr. Orville Dewey, on the Law of Progress, referring to
+these words, he said "he had heard a teacher use the
+characteristic expression that his pupils should be '_put
+through_' such and such studies. This, he said, is a modern
+practice. We put children through philosophy,--put them through
+history,--put them through Euclid. He had no faith in this plan,
+and wished to see the school teachers set themselves against this
+forcing process."
+
+2. To examine thoroughly and with despatch.
+
+  First Thatcher, then Hadley, then Larned and Prex,
+    Each _put_ our class _through_ in succession.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+
+_Q_.
+
+
+Q. See CUE.
+
+
+QUAD. An abbreviation of QUADRANGLE, q.v.
+
+How silently did all come down the staircases into the chapel
+_quad_, that evening!--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 88.
+
+His mother had been in Oxford only the week before, and had been
+seen crossing the _quad_ in tears.--_Ibid._, p. 144.
+
+
+QUADRANGLE. At Oxford and Cambridge, Eng., the rectangular courts
+in which the colleges are constructed.
+
+  Soon as the clouds divide, and dawning day
+  Tints the _quadrangle_ with its earliest ray.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+QUARTER-DAY. The day when quarterly payments are made. The day
+that completes three months.
+
+At Harvard and Yale Colleges, quarter-day, when the officers and
+instructors receive their quarterly salaries, was formerly
+observed as a holiday. One of the evils which prevailed among the
+students of the former institution, about the middle of the last
+century, was the "riotous disorders frequently committed on the
+_quarter-days_ and evenings," on one of which, in 1764, "the
+windows of all the Tutors and divers other windows were broken,"
+so that, in consequence, a vote was passed that "the observation
+of _quarter-days_, in distinction from other days, be wholly laid
+aside, and that the undergraduates be obliged to observe the
+studying hours, and to perform the college exercises, on
+quarter-day, and the day following, as at other times."--_Peirce's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 216.
+
+
+QUESTIONIST. In the English universities, a name given to those
+who are in the last term of their college course, and are soon to
+be examined for honors or degrees.--_Webster_.
+
+In the "Orders agreed upon by the Overseers, at a meeting in
+Harvard College, May 6th, 1650," this word is used in the
+following sentence: "And, in case any of the Sophisters,
+_Questionists_, or Inceptors fail in the premises required at
+their hands,... they shall be deferred to the following year"; but
+it does not seem to have gained any prevalence in the College, and
+is used, it is believed, only in this passage.
+
+
+QUILLWHEEL. At the Wesleyan University, "when a student," says a
+correspondent, "'knocks under,' or yields a point, he says he
+_quillwheels_, that is, he acknowledges he is wrong."
+
+
+
+_R_.
+
+
+RAG. This word is used at Union College, and is thus explained by
+a correspondent: "To _rag_ and _ragging_, you will find of very
+extensive application, they being employed primarily as expressive
+of what is called by the vulgar thieving and stealing, but in a
+more extended sense as meaning superiority. Thus, if one declaims
+or composes much better than his classmates, he is said to _rag_
+all his competitors."
+
+The common phrase, "_to take the rag off_," i.e. to excel, seems
+to be the form from which this word has been abbreviated.
+
+
+RAKE. At Williams and at Bowdoin Colleges, used in the phrase "to
+_rake_ an X," i.e. to recite perfectly, ten being the number of
+marks given for the best recitation.
+
+
+RAM. A practical joke.
+
+  ---- in season to be just too late
+  A successful _ram_ to perpetrate.
+    _Sophomore Independent_, Union Coll., Nov. 1854.
+
+
+RAM ON THE CLERGY. At Middlebury College, a synonyme of the slang
+noun, "sell."
+
+
+RANTERS. At Bethany College, in Virginia, there is "a band," says
+a correspondent, "calling themselves '_Ranters_,' formed for the
+purpose of perpetrating all kinds of rascality and
+mischievousness, both on their fellow-students and the neighboring
+people. The band is commanded by one selected from the party,
+called the _Grand Ranter_, whose orders are to be obeyed under
+penalty of expulsion of the person offending. Among the tricks
+commonly indulged in are those of robbing hen and turkey roosts,
+and feasting upon the fruits of their labor, of stealing from the
+neighbors their horses, to enjoy the pleasure of a midnight ride,
+and to facilitate their nocturnal perambulations. If detected, and
+any complaint is made, or if the Faculty are informed of their
+movements, they seek revenge by shaving the tails and manes of the
+favorite horses belonging to the person informing, or by some
+similar trick."
+
+
+RAZOR. A writer in the Yale Literary Magazine defines this word in
+the following sentence: "Many of the members of this time-honored
+institution, from whom we ought to expect better things, not only
+do their own shaving, but actually _make their own razors_. But I
+must explain for the benefit of the uninitiated. A pun, in the
+elegant college dialect, is called a razor, while an attempt at a
+pun is styled a _sick razor_. The _sick_ ones are by far the most
+numerous; however, once in a while you meet with one in quite
+respectable health."--Vol. XIII. p. 283.
+
+The meeting will be opened with _razors_ by the Society's jester.
+--_Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  Behold how Duncia leads her chosen sons,
+  All armed with squibs, stale jokes, _dull razors_, puns.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+READ. To be studious; to practise much reading; e.g. at Oxford, to
+_read_ for a first class; at Cambridge, to _read_ for an honor. In
+America it is common to speak of "reading law, medicine," &c.
+
+  We seven stayed at Christmas up to _read_;
+  We seven took one tutor.
+    _Tennyson, Prologue to Princess_.
+
+In England the vacations are the very times when you _read_ most.
+_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 78.
+
+This system takes for granted that the students have "_read_," as
+it is termed, with a private practitioner of medicine.--_Cat.
+Univ. of Virginia_, 1851, p. 25.
+
+
+READER. In the University of Oxford, one who reads lectures on
+scientific subjects.--_Lyell_.
+
+2. At the English universities, a hard student, nearly equivalent
+to READING MAN.
+
+Most of the Cantabs are late _readers_, so that, supposing one of
+them to begin at seven, he will not leave off before half past
+eleven.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+READERSHIP. In the University of Oxford, the office of a reader or
+lecturer on scientific subjects.--_Lyell_.
+
+
+READING. In the academic sense, studying.
+
+One would hardly suspect them to be students at all, did not the
+number of glasses hint that those who carried them had impaired
+their sight by late _reading_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 5.
+
+
+READING MAN. In the English universities, a _reading man_ is a
+hard student, or one who is entirely devoted to his collegiate
+studies.--_Webster_.
+
+The distinction between "_reading men_" and "_non-reading men_"
+began to manifest itself.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 169.
+
+We might wonder, perhaps, if in England the "[Greek: oi polloi]"
+should be "_reading men_," but with us we should wonder were they
+not.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 15.
+
+
+READING PARTY. In England, a number of students who in vacation
+time, and at a distance from the university, pursue their studies
+together under the direction of a coach, or private tutor.
+
+Of this method of studying, Bristed remarks: "It is not
+_impossible_ to read on a reading-party; there is only a great
+chance against your being able to do so. As a very general rule, a
+man works best in his accustomed place of business, where he has
+not only his ordinary appliances and helps, but his familiar
+associations about him. The time lost in settling down and making
+one's self comfortable and ready for work in a new place is not
+inconsiderable, and is all clear loss. Moreover, the very idea of
+a reading-party involves a combination of two things incompatible,
+--amusement and relaxation beyond the proper and necessary
+quantity of daily exercise, and hard work at books.
+
+"Reading-parties do not confine themselves to England or the
+island of Great Britain. Sometimes they have been known to go as
+far as Dresden. Sometimes a party is of considerable size; when a
+crack Tutor goes on one, which is not often, he takes his whole
+team with him, and not unfrequently a Classical and Mathematical
+Bachelor join their pupils."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, pp. 199-201.
+
+
+READ UP. Students often speak of _reading up_, i.e. preparing
+themselves to write on a subject, by reading the works of authors
+who have treated of it.
+
+
+REBELLION TREE. At Harvard College, a large elm-tree, which stands
+to the east of the south entry of Hollis Hall, has long been known
+by this name. It is supposed to have been planted at the request
+of Dr. Thaddeus M. Harris. His son, Dr. Thaddeus W. Harris, the
+present Librarian of the College, says that his father has often
+told him, that when he held the office of Librarian, in the year
+1792, a number of trees were set out in the College yard, and that
+one was planted opposite his room, No. 7 Hollis Hall, under which
+he buried a pewter plate, taken from the commons hall. On this
+plate was inscribed his name, the day of the month, the year, &c.
+From its situation and appearance, the Rebellion Tree would seem
+to be the one thus described; but it did not receive its name
+until the year 1807, when the famous rebellion occurred among the
+students, and perhaps not until within a few years antecedent to
+the year 1819. At that time, however, this name seems to have been
+the one by which it was commonly known, from the reference which
+is made to it in the Rebelliad, a poem written to commemorate the
+deeds of the rebellion of that year.
+
+  And roared as loud as he could yell,
+  "Come on, my lads, let us rebel!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  With one accord they all agree
+  To dance around _Rebellion Tree_.
+  _Rebelliad_, p. 46.
+
+  But they, rebellious rascals! flee
+  For shelter to _Rebellion Tree_.
+    _Ibid._, p. 60.
+
+  Stands a tree in front of Hollis,
+    Dear to Harvard over all;
+  But than ---- desert us,
+    Rather let _Rebellion_ fall.
+    _MS. Poem_.
+
+Other scenes are sometimes enacted under its branches, as the
+following verses show:--
+
+  When the old year was drawing towards its close,
+  And in its place the gladsome new one rose,
+  Then members of each class, with spirits free,
+  Went forth to greet her round _Rebellion Tree_.
+  Round that old tree, sacred to students' rights,
+  And witness, too, of many wondrous sights,
+  In solemn circle all the students passed;
+  They danced with spirit, until, tired, at last
+  A pause they make, and some a song propose.
+  Then "Auld Lang Syne" from many voices rose.
+  Now, as the lamp of the old year dies out,
+  They greet the new one with exulting shout;
+  They groan for ----, and each class they cheer,
+  And thus they usher in the fair new year.
+    _Poem before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, p. 19, 1849.
+
+
+RECENTES. Latin for the English FRESHMEN. Consult Clap's History
+of Yale College, 1766, p. 124.
+
+
+RECITATION. In American colleges and schools, the rehearsal of a
+lesson by pupils before their instructor.--_Webster_.
+
+
+RECITATION-ROOM. The room where lessons are rehearsed by pupils
+before their instructor.
+
+In the older American colleges, the rooms of the Tutors were
+formerly the recitation-rooms of the classes. At Harvard College,
+the benches on which the students sat when reciting were, when not
+in use, kept in piles, outside of the Tutors' rooms. When the hour
+of recitation arrived, they would carry them into the room, and
+again return them to their places when the exercise was finished.
+One of the favorite amusements of the students was to burn these
+benches; the spot selected for the bonfire being usually the green
+in front of the old meeting-house, or the common.
+
+
+RECITE. Transitively, to rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor.
+
+2. Intransitively, to rehearse a lesson. The class will _recite_
+at eleven o'clock.--_Webster_.
+
+This word is used in both forms in American seminaries.
+
+
+RECORD OF MERIT. At Middlebury College "a class-book is kept by
+each instructor, in which the character of each student's
+recitation is noted by numbers, and all absences from college
+exercises are minuted. Demerit for absences and other
+irregularities is also marked in like manner, and made the basis
+of discipline. At the close of each term, the average of these
+marks is recorded, and, when desired, communicated to parents and
+guardians." This book is called the _record of merit_.--_Cat.
+Middlebury Coll._, 1850-51, p. 17.
+
+
+RECTOR. The chief elective officer of some universities, as in
+France and Scotland. The same title was formerly given to the
+president of a college in New England, but it is not now in
+use.--_Webster_.
+
+The title of _Rector_ was given to the chief officer of Yale
+College at the time of its foundation, and was continued until the
+year 1745, when, by "An Act for the more full and complete
+establishment of Yale College in New Haven," it was changed, among
+other alterations, to that of _President_.--_Clap's Annals of Yale
+College_, p. 47.
+
+The chief officer of Harvard College at the time of its foundation
+was styled _Master_ or _Professor_. Mr. Dunster was chosen the
+first _President_, in 1640, and those who succeeded him bore this
+title until the year 1686, when Mr. Joseph Dudley, having received
+the commission of President of the Colony, changed for the sake of
+distinction the title of _President of the College_ to that of
+_Rector_. A few years after, the title of _President_ was resumed.
+--_Peirce's Hist. of Harv. Univ._, p. 63.
+
+
+REDEAT. Latin; literally, _he may return_. "It is the custom in
+some colleges," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "on coming into
+residence, to wait on the Dean, and sign your name in a book, kept
+for that purpose, which is called signing your _Redeat_."--p. 92.
+
+
+REFECTORY. At Oxford, Eng., the place where the members of each
+college or hall dine. This word was originally applied to an
+apartment in convents and monasteries, where a moderate repast was
+taken.--_Brande_.
+
+In Oxford there are nineteen colleges and five halls, containing
+dwelling-rooms for the students, and a distinct _refectory_ or
+dining-hall, library, and chapel to each college and hall.--_Oxf.
+Guide_, 1847, p. xvi.
+
+At Princeton College, this name is given to the hall where the
+students eat together in common.--Abbreviated REFEC.
+
+
+REGENT. In the English universities, the regents, or _regentes_,
+are members of the university who have certain peculiar duties of
+instruction or government. At Cambridge, all resident Masters of
+Arts of less than four years' standing and all Doctors of less
+than two, are Regents. At Oxford, the period of regency is
+shorter. At both universities, those of a more advanced standing,
+who keep their names on the college books, are called
+_non-regents_. At Cambridge, the regents compose the upper house,
+and the non-regents the lower house of the Senate, or governing
+body. At Oxford, the regents compose the _Congregation_, which
+confers degrees, and does the ordinary business of the University.
+The regents and non-regents, collectively, compose the
+_Convocation_, which is the governing body in the last
+resort.--_Webster_.
+
+See SENATE.
+
+2. In the State of New York, the member of a corporate body which
+is invested with the superintendence of all the colleges,
+academies, and schools in the State. This board consists of
+twenty-one members, who are called _the Regents of the University
+of the State of New York_. They are appointed and removable by the
+legislature. They have power to grant acts of incorporation for
+colleges, to visit and inspect all colleges, academies, and
+schools, and to make regulations for governing the
+same.--_Statutes of New York_.
+
+3. At Harvard College, an officer chosen from the _Faculty_, whose
+duties are under the immediate direction of the President. All
+weekly lists of absences, monitor's bills, petitions to the
+Faculty for excuse of absences from the regular exercises and for
+making up lessons, all petitions for elective studies, the returns
+of the scale of merit, and returns of delinquencies and deductions
+by the tutors and proctors, are left with the Regent, or deposited
+in his office. The Regent also informs those who petition for
+excuses, and for elective studies, of the decision of the Faculty
+in regard to their petitions. Formerly, the Regent assisted in
+making out the quarter or term bills, of which he kept a record,
+and when students were punished by fining, he was obliged to keep
+an account of the fines, and the offences for which they were
+imposed. Some of his duties were performed by a Freshman, who was
+appointed by the Faculty.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1814, and
+_Regulations_, 1850.
+
+The creation of the office of Regent at Harvard College is noticed
+by Professor Sidney Willard. In the year 1800 "an officer was
+appointed to occupy a room in one of the halls to supply the place
+of a Tutor, for preserving order in the rooms in his entry, and to
+perform the duties that had been discharged by the Butler, so far
+as it regarded the keeping of certain records. He was allowed the
+service of a Freshman, and the offices of Butler and of Butler's
+Freshman were abolished. The title of this new officer was
+Regent."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 107.
+
+See FRESHMAN, REGENT'S.
+
+
+REGISTER. In Union College, an officer whose duties are similar to
+those enumerated under REGISTRAR. He also acts, without charge, as
+fiscal guardian for all students who deposit funds in his hands.
+
+
+REGISTRAR, REGISTRARY. In the English universities, an officer who
+has the keeping of all the public records.--_Encyc._
+
+At Harvard College, the Corporation appoint one of the Faculty to
+the office of _Registrar_. He keeps a record of the votes and
+orders passed by the latter body, gives certified copies of the
+same when requisite, and performs other like duties.--_Laws Univ.
+at Cam., Mass._, 1848.
+
+
+REGIUS PROFESSOR. A name given in the British universities to the
+incumbents of those professorships which have been founded by
+_royal_ bounty.
+
+
+REGULATORS. At Hamilton College, "a Junior Class affair," writes a
+correspondent, "consisting of fifteen or twenty members, whose
+object is to regulate college laws and customs according to their
+own way. They are known only by their deeds. Who the members are,
+no one out of the band knows. Their time for action is in the
+night."
+
+
+RELEGATION. In German universities, the _relegation_ is the
+punishment next in severity to the _consilium abeundi_. Howitt
+explains the term in these words: "It has two degrees. First, the
+simple relegation. This consists in expulsion [out of the district
+of the court of justice within which the university is situated],
+for a period of from two to three years; after which the offender
+may indeed return, but can no more be received as an academical
+burger. Secondly, the sharper relegation, which adds to the simple
+relegation an announcement of the fact to the magistracy of the
+place of abode of the offender; and, according to the discretion
+of the court, a confinement in an ordinary prison, previous to the
+banishment, is added; and also the sharper relegation can be
+extended to more than four years, the ordinary term,--yes, even to
+perpetual expulsion."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 33.
+
+
+RELIG. At Princeton College, an abbreviated name for a professor
+of religion.
+
+
+RENOWN. German, _renommiren_, to hector, to bully. Among the
+students in German universities, to _renown_ is, in English
+popular phrase, "to cut a swell."--_Howitt_.
+
+The spare hours of the forenoon and afternoon are spent in
+fencing, in _renowning_,--that is, in doing things-which make
+people stare at them, and in providing duels for the
+morrow.--_Russell's Tour in Germany_, Edinburgh ed., 1825, Vol.
+II. pp. 156, 157.
+
+We cannot be deaf to the testimony of respectable eyewitnesses,
+who, in proof of these defects, tell us ... of "_renowning_," or
+wild irregularities, in which "the spare hours" of the day are
+spent.--_D.A. White's Address before Soc. of the Alumni of Harv.
+Univ._, Aug. 27, 1844, p. 24.
+
+
+REPLICATOR. "The first discussions of the Society, called
+Forensic, were in writing, and conducted by only two members,
+styled the Respondent and the Opponent. Subsequently, a third was
+added, called a _Replicator_, who reviewed the arguments of the
+other two, and decided upon their comparative
+merits."--_Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Philomathean
+Society, Union Coll._, p. 9.
+
+
+REPORT. A word much in use among the students of universities and
+colleges, in the common sense of _to inform against_, but usually
+spoken in reference to the Faculty.
+
+  Thanks to the friendly proctor who spared to _report_ me.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 79.
+
+          If I hear again
+  Of such fell outrage to the college laws,
+  Of such loud tumult after eight o'clock,
+  Thou'lt be _reported_ to the Faculty.--_Ibid._, p. 257.
+
+
+RESIDENCE. At the English universities, to be "in residence" is to
+occupy rooms as a member of a college, either in the college
+itself, or in the town where the college is situated.
+
+Trinity ... usually numbers four hundred undergraduates in
+_residence_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+11.
+
+At Oxford, an examination, not always a very easy one, must be
+passed before the student can be admitted to
+_residence_.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 232.
+
+
+RESIDENT GRADUATE. In the United States, graduates who are
+desirous of pursuing their studies in a place where a college is
+situated, without joining any of its departments, can do so in the
+capacity of _residents_ or _resident graduates_. They are allowed
+to attend the public lectures given in the institution, and enjoy
+the use of its library. Like other students, they give bonds for
+the payment of college dues.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+
+RESPONDENT. In the schools, one who maintains a thesis in reply,
+and whose province is to refute objections, or overthrow
+arguments.--_Watts_.
+
+This word, with its companion, _affirmant_, was formerly used in
+American colleges, and was applied to those who engaged in the
+syllogistic discussions then incident to Commencement.
+
+But the main exercises were disputations upon questions, wherein
+the _respondents_ first made their theses.--_Mather's Magnalia_,
+B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The syllogistic disputes were held between an _affirmant_ and
+_respondent_, who stood in the side galleries of the church
+opposite to one another, and shot the weapons of their logic over
+the heads of the audience.--_Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc., Yale
+Coll._, p. 65.
+
+In the public exercises at Commencement, I was somewhat remarked
+as a _respondent_.--_Life and Works of John Adams_, Vol. II. p. 3.
+
+
+RESPONSION. In the University of Oxford, an examination about the
+middle of the college course, also called the
+_Little-go_.--_Lyell_.
+
+See LITTLE-GO.
+
+
+RETRO. Latin; literally, _back_. Among the students of the
+University of Cambridge, Eng., used to designate a _behind_-hand
+account. "A cook's bill of extraordinaries not settled by the
+Tutor."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+REVIEW. A second or repeated examination of a lesson, or the
+lesson itself thus re-examined.
+
+  He cannot get the "advance," forgets "the _review_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 13.
+
+
+RIDER. The meaning of this word, used at Cambridge, Eng., is given
+in the annexed sentence. "His ambition is generally limited to
+doing '_riders_,' which are a sort of scholia, or easy deductions
+from the book-work propositions, like a link between them and
+problems; indeed, the rider being, as its name imports, attached
+to a question, the question is not fully answered until the rider
+is answered also."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 222.
+
+
+ROLL A WHEEL. At the University of Vermont, in student parlance,
+to devise a scheme or lay a plot for an election or a college
+spree, is to _roll a wheel_. E.g. "John was always _rolling a big
+wheel_," i.e. incessantly concocting some plot.
+
+
+ROOM. To occupy an apartment; to lodge; _an academic use of the
+word_.--_Webster_.
+
+Inquire of any student at our colleges where Mr. B. lodges, and
+you will be told he _rooms_ in such a building, such a story, or
+up so many flights of stairs, No. --, to the right or left.
+
+The Rowes, years ago, used to _room_ in Dartmouth Hall.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+_Rooming_ in college, it is convenient that they should have the
+more immediate oversight of the deportment of the
+students.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 133.
+
+Seven years ago, I _roomed_ in this room where we are now.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 114.
+
+When Christmas came again I came back to this room, but the man
+who _roomed_ here was frightened and ran away.--_Ibid._, Vol. XII.
+p. 114.
+
+Rent for these apartments is exacted from Sophomores, about sixty
+_rooming_ out of college.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll.,
+1852-53, p. 26.
+
+
+ROOT. A word first used in the sense given below by Dr. Paley. "He
+[Paley] held, indeed, all those little arts of underhand address,
+by which patronage and preferment are so frequently pursued, in
+supreme contempt. He was not of a nature to _root_; for that was
+his own expressive term, afterwards much used in the University to
+denote the sort of practice alluded to. He one day humorously
+proposed, at some social meeting, that a certain contemporary
+Fellow of his College [Christ's College, Cambridge, Eng.], at that
+time distinguished for his elegant and engaging manners, and who
+has since attained no small eminence in the Church of England,
+should be appointed _Professor of Rooting_."--_Memoirs of Paley_.
+
+2. To study hard; to DIG, q.v.
+
+Ill-favored men, eager for his old boots and diseased raiment,
+torment him while _rooting_ at his Greek.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 267.
+
+
+ROT. Twaddle, platitude. In use among the students at the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+ROWES. The name of a party which formerly existed at Dartmouth
+College. They are thus described in The Dartmouth, Vol. IV. p.
+117: "The _Rowes_ are very liberal in their notions. The Rowes
+don't pretend to say anything worse of a fellow than to call him a
+_Blue_, and _vice versâ_."
+
+See BLUES.
+
+
+ROWING. The making of loud and noisy disturbance; acting like a
+_rowdy_.
+
+  Flushed with the juice of the grape,
+        all prime and ready for _rowing_.
+  When from the ground I raised
+        the fragments of ponderous brickbat.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+The Fellow-Commoners generally being more disposed to _rowing_
+than reading.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d. p.
+34.
+
+
+ROWING-MAN. One who is more inclined to fast living than hard
+study. Among English students used in contradistinction to
+READING-MAN, q.v.
+
+When they go out to sup, as a reading-man does perhaps once a
+term, and a _rowing-man_ twice a week, they eat very moderately,
+though their potations are sometimes of the deepest.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+ROWL, ROWEL. At Princeton, Union, and Hamilton Colleges, this word
+is used to signify a good recitation. Used in the phrase, "to make
+a _rowl_." From the second of these colleges, a correspondent
+writes: "Also of the word _rowl_; if a public speaker presents a
+telling appeal or passage, he would _make a perfect rowl_, in the
+language of all students at least."
+
+
+ROWL. To recite well. A correspondent from Princeton College
+defines this word, "to perform any exercise well, recitation,
+speech, or composition; to succeed in any branch or pursuit."
+
+
+RUSH. At Yale College, a perfect recitation is denominated a
+_rush_.
+
+I got my lesson perfectly, and what is more, made a perfect
+_rush_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 134.
+
+  Every _rush_ and fizzle made
+  Every body frigid laid.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. XX. p. 186.
+
+This mark [that of a hammer with a note, "hit the nail on the
+head"] signifies that the student makes a capital hit; in other
+words, a decided _rush_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  In dreams his many _rushes_ heard.
+    _Ibid._, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+This word is much used among students with the common meaning;
+thus, they speak of "a _rush_ into prayers," "a _rush_ into the
+recitation-room," &c. A correspondent from Dartmouth College says:
+"_Rushing_ the Freshmen is putting them out of the chapel."
+Another from Williams writes: "Such a man is making a _rush_, and
+to this we often add--for the Valedictory."
+
+  The gay regatta where the Oneida led,
+  The glorious _rushes_, Seniors at the head.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+One of the Trinity men ... was making a tremendous _rush_ for a
+Fellowship.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+158.
+
+
+RUSH. To recite well; to make a perfect recitation.
+
+It was purchased by the man,--who 'really did not look' at the
+lesson on which he '_rushed_.'--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p.
+411.
+
+Then for the students mark flunks, even though the young men may
+be _rushing_.--_Yale Banger_, Oct., 1848.
+
+  So they pulled off their coats, and rolled up their sleeves,
+    And _rushed_ in Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs, Yale Coll._, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+RUSTICATE. To send a student for a time from a college or
+university, to reside in the country, by way of punishment for
+some offence.
+
+See a more complete definition under RUSTICATION.
+
+  And those whose crimes are very great,
+  Let us suspend or _rusticate_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 24.
+
+  The "scope" of what I have to state
+  Is to suspend and _rusticate_.--_Ibid._, p. 28.
+
+The same meaning is thus paraphrastically conveyed:--
+
+  By my official power, I swear,
+  That you shall _smell the country air_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 45.
+
+
+RUSTICATION. In universities and colleges, the punishment of a
+student for some offence, by compelling him to leave the
+institution, and reside for a time in the country, where he is
+obliged to pursue with a private instructor the studies with which
+his class are engaged during his term of separation, and in which
+he is obliged to pass a satisfactory examination before he can be
+reinstated in his class.
+
+It seems plain from his own verses to Diodati, that Milton had
+incurred _rustication_,--a temporary dismission into the country,
+with, perhaps, the loss of a term.--_Johnson_.
+
+  Take then this friendly exhortation.
+  The next offence is _Rustication_.
+    _MS. Poem_, by John Q. Adams.
+
+
+RUST-RINGING. At Hamilton College, "the Freshmen," writes a
+correspondent, "are supposed to lose some of their verdancy at the
+end of the last term of that year, and the 'ringing off their
+rust' consists in ringing the chapel bell--commencing at midnight
+--until the rope wears out. During the ringing, the upper classes
+are diverted by the display of numerous fire-works, and enlivened
+by most beautifully discordant sounds, called 'music,' made to
+issue from tin kettle-drums, horse-fiddles, trumpets, horns, &c.,
+&c."
+
+
+
+_S_.
+
+
+SACK. To expel. Used at Hamilton College.
+
+
+SAIL. At Bowdoin College, a _sail_ is a perfect recitation. To
+_sail_ is to recite perfectly.
+
+
+SAINT. A name among students for one who pretends to particular
+sanctity of manners.
+
+Or if he had been a hard-reading man from choice,--or a stupid
+man,--or a "_saint_,"--no one would have troubled themselves about
+him.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 148.
+
+
+SALTING THE FRESHMEN. In reference to this custom, which belongs
+to Dartmouth College, a correspondent from that institution
+writes: "There is an annual trick of '_salting the Freshmen_,'
+which is putting salt and water on their seats, so that their
+clothes are injured when they sit down." The idea of preservation,
+cleanliness, and health is no doubt intended to be conveyed by the
+use of the wholesome articles salt and water.
+
+
+SALUTATORIAN. The student of a college who pronounces the
+salutatory oration at the annual Commencement.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SALUTATORY. An epithet applied to the oration which introduces the
+exercises of the Commencements in American colleges.--_Webster_.
+
+The oration is often called, simply, _The Salutatory_.
+
+And we ask our friends "out in the world," whenever they meet an
+educated man of the class of '49, not to ask if he had the
+Valedictory or _Salutatory_, but if he takes the
+Indicator.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. II. p. 96.
+
+
+SATIS. Latin; literally, _enough_. In the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., the lowest honor in the schools. The manner in which this
+word is used is explained in the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, as
+follows: "_Satis disputasti_; which is at much as to say, in the
+colloquial style, 'Bad enough.' _Satis et bene disputasti_,
+'Pretty fair,--tolerable.' _Satis et optime disputasti_, 'Go thy
+ways, thou flower and quintessence of Wranglers.' Such are the
+compliments to be expected from the Moderator, after the _act is
+kept_."--p. 95.
+
+
+S.B. An abbreviation for _Scientiæ Baccalaureus_, Bachelor in
+Science. At Harvard College, this degree is conferred on those who
+have pursued a prescribed course of study for at least one year in
+the Scientific School, and at the end of that period passed a
+satisfactory examination. The different degrees of excellence are
+expressed in the diploma by the words, _cum laude_, _cum magna
+laude_, _cum summa laude_.
+
+
+SCARLET DAY. In the Church of England, certain festival days are
+styled _scarlet days_. On these occasions, the doctors in the
+three learned professions appear in their scarlet robes, and the
+noblemen residing in the universities wear their full
+dresses.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+SCHEME. The printed papers which are given to the students at Yale
+College at the Biennial Examination, and which contain the
+questions that are to be answered, are denominated _schemes_. They
+are also called, simply, _papers_.
+
+  See the down-cast air, and the blank despair,
+  That sits on each Soph'more feature,
+  As his bleared eyes gleam o'er that horrid _scheme_!
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 22.
+
+  Olmsted served an apprenticeship setting up types,
+    For the _schemes_ of Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+  Here's health to the tutors who gave us good _schemes_,
+          Vive la compagnie!
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, 1855.
+
+
+SCHOLAR. Any member of a college, academy, or school.
+
+2. An undergraduate in English universities, who belongs to the
+foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its
+revenues.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SCHOLAR OF THE HOUSE. At Yale College, those are called _Scholars
+of the House_ who, by superiority in scholarship, become entitled
+to receive the income arising from certain foundations established
+for the purpose of promoting learning and literature. In some
+cases the recipient is required to remain at New Haven for a
+specified time, and pursue a course of studies under the direction
+of the Faculty of the College.--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p. 86.
+_Laws of Yale Coll._
+
+2. "The _scholar of the house_," says President Woolsey, in his
+Historical Discourse,--"_scholaris ædilitus_ of the Latin
+laws,--before the institution of Berkeley's scholarships which had
+the same title, was a kind of ædile appointed by the President and
+Tutors to inspect the public buildings, and answered in a degree
+to the Inspector known to our present laws and practice. He was
+not to leave town until the Friday after Commencement, because in
+that week more than usual damage was done to the buildings."--p.
+43.
+
+The duties of this officer are enumerated in the annexed passage.
+"The Scholar of the House, appointed by the President, shall
+diligently observe and set down the glass broken in College
+windows, and every other damage done in College, together with the
+time when, and the person by whom, it was done; and every quarter
+he shall make up a bill of such damages, charged against every
+scholar according to the laws of College, and deliver the same to
+the President or the Steward, and the Scholar of the House shall
+tarry at College until Friday noon after the public Commencement,
+and in that time shall be obliged to view any damage done in any
+chamber upon the information of him to whom the chamber is
+assigned."--_Laws of Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 22.
+
+
+SCHOLARSHIP. Exhibition or maintenance for a scholar; foundation
+for the support of a student--_Ainsworth_.
+
+
+SCHOOL. THE SCHOOLS, _pl._; the seminaries for teaching logic,
+metaphysics, and theology, which were formed in the Middle Ages,
+and which were characterized by academical disputations and
+subtilties of reasoning; or the learned men who were engaged in
+discussing nice points in metaphysics or theology.--_Webster_.
+
+2. In some American colleges, the different departments for
+teaching law, medicine, divinity, &c. are denominated _schools_.
+
+3. The name given at the University of Oxford to the place of
+examination. The principal exercises consist of disputations in
+philosophy, divinity, and law, and are always conducted in a sort
+of barbarous Latin.
+
+I attended the _Schools_ several times, with the view of acquiring
+the tact and self-possession so requisite in these public
+contests.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 39.
+
+There were only two sets of men there, one who fagged
+unremittingly for the _Schools_, and another devoted to frivolity
+and dissipation.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 141.
+
+
+S.C.L. At the English universities, one who is pursuing law
+studies and has not yet received the degree of B.C.L. or D.C.L.,
+is designated S.C.L., _Student_ in or of _Civil Law_.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., persons in this rank who
+have kept their acts wear a full-sleeved gown, and are entitled to
+use a B.A. hood.
+
+
+SCONCE. To mulct; to fine. Used at the University of Oxford.
+
+A young fellow of Baliol College, having, upon some discontent cut
+his throat very dangerously, the Master of the College sent his
+servitor to the buttery-book to _sconce_ (i.e. fine) him 5s.; and,
+says the Doctor, tell him the next time he cuts his throat I'll
+_sconce_ him ten.--_Terræ-Filius_, No. 39.
+
+Was _sconced_ in a quart of ale for quoting Latin, a passage from
+Juvenal; murmured, and the fine was doubled.--_The Etonian_, Vol.
+II. p. 391.
+
+
+SCOUT. A cant term at Oxford for a college servant or
+waiter.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+My _scout_, indeed, is a very learned fellow, and has an excellent
+knack at using hard words. One morning he told me the gentleman in
+the next room _contagious_ to mine desired to speak to me. I once
+overheard him give a fellow-servant very sober advice not to go
+astray, but be true to his own wife; for _idolatry_ would surely
+bring a man to _instruction_ at last.--_The Student_, Oxf. and
+Cam., 1750, Vol. I. p. 55.
+
+An anteroom, or vestibule, which serves the purpose of a _scout's_
+pantry.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 280.
+
+_Scouts_ are usually pretty communicative of all they
+know.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 147.
+
+Sometimes used in American colleges.
+
+In order to quiet him, we had to send for his factotum or _scout_,
+an old black fellow.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XI. p. 282.
+
+
+SCRAPE. To insult by drawing the feet over the floor.--_Grose_.
+
+  But in a manner quite uncivil,
+  They hissed and _scraped_ him like the devil.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 37.
+
+                             "I do insist,"
+  Quoth he, "that two, who _scraped_ and hissed,
+  Shall be condemned without a jury
+  To pass the winter months _in rure_."--_Ibid._, p. 41.
+
+They not unfrequently rose to open outrage or some personal
+molestation, as casting missiles through his windows at night, or
+"_scraping him_" by day.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832,
+p. 25.
+
+
+SCRAPING. A drawing of, or the act of drawing, the feet over the
+floor, as an insult to some one, or merely to cause disturbance; a
+shuffling of the feet.
+
+New lustre was added to the dignity of their feelings by the
+pathetic and impressive manner in which they expressed them, which
+was by stamping and _scraping_ majestically with their feet, when
+in the presence of the detested tutors.--_Don Quixotes at
+College_, 1807.
+
+The morning and evening daily prayers were, on the next day
+(Thursday), interrupted by _scraping_, whistling, groaning, and
+other disgraceful noises.--_Circular, Harvard College_, 1834, p.
+9.
+
+This word is used in the universities and colleges of both England
+and America.
+
+
+SCREW. In some American colleges, an excessive, unnecessarily
+minute, and annoying examination of a student by an instructor is
+called a _screw_. The instructor is often designated by the same
+name.
+
+  Haunted by day with fearful _screw_.
+    _Harvard Lyceum_, p. 102.
+
+  _Screws_, duns, and other such like evils.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 77.
+
+One must experience all the stammering and stuttering, the
+unending doubtings and guessings, to understand fully the power of
+a mathematical _screw_.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 378.
+
+The consequence was, a patient submission to the _screw_, and a
+loss of college honors and patronage.--_A Tour through College_,
+Boston, 1832, p. 26.
+
+I'll tell him a whopper next time, and astonish him so that he'll
+forget his _screws_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XI. p. 336.
+
+What a darned _screw_ our tutor is.--_Ibid._
+
+Apprehension of the severity of the examination, or what in after
+times, by an academic figure of speech, was called screwing, or a
+_screw_, was what excited the chief dread.--_Willard's Memories of
+Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. p. 256.
+
+Passing such an examination is often denominated _taking a screw_.
+
+  And sad it is to _take a screw_.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 287.
+
+2. At Bowdoin College, an imperfect recitation is called a
+_screw_.
+
+  You never should look blue, sir,
+  If you chance to take a "_screw_," sir,
+  To us it's nothing new, sir,
+    To drive dull care away.
+    _The Bowdoin Creed_.
+
+  We've felt the cruel, torturing _screw_,
+    And oft its driver's ire.
+    _Song, Sophomore Supper, Bowdoin Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+SCREW. To press with an excessive and unnecessarily minute
+examination.
+
+  Who would let a tutor knave
+  _Screw _him like a Guinea slave!
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 53.
+
+  Have I been _screwed_, yea, deaded morn and eve,
+  Some dozen moons of this collegiate life?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 255.
+
+  O, I do well remember when in college,
+  How we fought reason,--battles all in play,--
+  Under a most portentous man of knowledge,
+  The captain-general in the bloodless fray;
+  He was a wise man, and a good man, too,
+  And robed himself in green whene'er he came to _screw_.
+    _Our Chronicle of '26_, Boston, 1827.
+
+In a note to the last quotation, the author says of the word
+_screw_: "For the information of the inexperienced, we explain
+this as a term quite rife in the universities, and, taken
+substantively, signifying an intellectual nonplus."
+
+  At last the day is ended,
+    The tutor _screws_ no more.
+    _Knick. Mag._, Vol. XLV. p. 195.
+
+
+SCREWING UP. The meaning of this phrase, as understood by English
+Cantabs, may be gathered from the following extract. "A
+magnificent sofa will be lying close to a door ... bored through
+from top to bottom from the _screwing up_ of some former unpopular
+tenant; "_screwing up_" being the process of fastening on the
+outside, with nails and screws, every door of the hapless wight's
+apartments. This is done at night, and in the morning the
+gentleman is leaning three-fourths out of his window, bawling for
+rescue."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 239.
+
+
+SCRIBBLING-PAPER. A kind of writing-paper, rather inferior in
+quality, a trifle larger than foolscap, and used at the English
+universities by mathematicians and in the lecture-room.--_Bristed.
+Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Cards are commonly sold at Cambridge as
+"_scribbling-paper_."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+238.
+
+The summer apartment contained only a big standing-desk, the
+eternal "_scribbling-paper_," and the half-dozen mathematical
+works required.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 218.
+
+
+SCROUGE. An exaction. A very long lesson, or any hard or
+unpleasant task, is usually among students denominated a
+_scrouge_.
+
+
+SCROUGE. To exact; to extort; said of an instructor who imposes
+difficult tasks on his pupils.
+
+It is used provincially in England, and in America in some of the
+Northern and Southern States, with the meaning _to crowd, to
+squeeze_.--_Bartlett's Dict. of Americanisms_.
+
+
+SCRUB. At Columbia College, a servant.
+
+2. One who is disliked for his meanness, ill-breeding, or
+vulgarity. Nearly equivalent to SPOON, q.v.
+
+
+SCRUBBY. Possessing the qualities of a scrub. Partially synonymous
+with the adjective SPOONY, q.v.
+
+
+SCRUTATOR. In the University of Cambridge, England, an officer
+whose duty it is to attend all _Congregations_, to read the
+_graces_ to the lower house of the Senate, to gather the votes
+secretly, or to take them openly in scrutiny, and publicly to
+pronounce the assent or dissent of that house.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+SECOND-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the title
+of _Second-Year Men_, or _Junior Sophs_ or _Sophisters_, is given
+to students during the second year of their residence at the
+University.
+
+
+SECTION COURT. At Union College, the college buildings are divided
+into sections, a section comprising about fifteen rooms. Within
+each section is established a court, which is composed of a judge,
+an advocate, and a secretary, who are chosen by the students
+resident therein from their own number, and hold their offices
+during one college term. Each section court claims the power to
+summon for trial any inhabitant within the bounds of its
+jurisdiction who may be charged with improper conduct. The accused
+may either defend himself, or select some person to plead for him,
+such residents of the section as choose to do so acting as jurors.
+The prisoner, if found guilty, is sentenced at the discretion of
+the court,--generally, to treat the company to some specified
+drink or dainty. These courts often give occasion for a great deal
+of fun, and sometimes call out real wit and eloquence.
+
+At one of our "_section courts_," which those who expected to
+enter upon the study of the law used to hold, &c.--_The Parthenon,
+Union Coll._, 1851, p. 19.
+
+
+SECTION OFFICER. At Union College, each section of the college
+buildings, containing about fifteen rooms, is under the
+supervision of a professor or tutor, who is styled the _section
+officer_. This officer is required to see that there be no
+improper noise in the rooms or corridors, and to report the
+absence of students from chapel and recitation, and from their
+rooms during study hours.
+
+
+SEED. In Yale College this word is used to designate what is
+understood by the common cant terms, "a youth"; "case"; "bird";
+"b'hoy"; "one of 'em."
+
+  While tutors, every sport defeating,
+  And under feet-worn stairs secreting,
+  And each dark lane and alley beating,
+  Hunt up the _seeds_ in vain retreating.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  The wretch had dared to flunk a gory _seed_!
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  One tells his jokes, the other tells his beads,
+  One talks of saints, the other sings of _seeds_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  But we are "_seeds_," whose rowdy deeds
+    Make up the drunken tale.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  First Greek he enters; and with reckless speed
+  He drags o'er stumps and roots each hapless _seed_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  Each one a bold _seed_, well fit for the deed,
+    But of course a little bit flurried.
+    _Ibid._, May, 1852.
+
+
+SEEDY. At Yale College, rowdy, riotous, turbulent.
+
+  And snowballs, falling thick and fast
+    As oaths from _seedy_ Senior crowd.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+  A _seedy_ Soph beneath a tree.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+2. Among English Cantabs, not well, out of sorts, done up; the
+sort of feeling that a reading man has after an examination, or a
+rowing man after a dinner with the Beefsteak Club. Also, silly,
+easy to perform.--_Bristed_.
+
+The owner of the apartment attired in a very old dressing-gown and
+slippers, half buried in an arm-chair, and looking what some young
+ladies call interesting, i.e. pale and _seedy_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 151.
+
+You will seldom find anything very _seedy_ set for
+Iambics.--_Ibid._, p. 182.
+
+
+SELL. An unexpected reply; a deception or trick.
+
+In the Literary World, March 15, 1851, is the following
+explanation of this word: "Mr. Phillips's first introduction to
+Curran was made the occasion of a mystification, or practical
+joke, in which Irish wits have excelled since the time of Dean
+Swift, who was wont (_vide_ his letters to Stella) to call these
+jocose tricks 'a _sell_,' from selling a bargain." The word
+_bargain_, however, which Johnson, in his Dictionary, defines "an
+unexpected reply tending to obscenity," was formerly used more
+generally among the English wits. The noun _sell_ has of late been
+revived in this country, and is used to a certain extent in New
+York and Boston, and especially among the students at Cambridge.
+
+  I sought some hope to borrow, by thinking it a "_sell_"
+  By fancying it a fiction, my anguish to dispel.
+    _Poem before the Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850, p. 8.
+
+
+SELL. To give an unexpected answer; to deceive; to cheat.
+
+For the love you bear me, never tell how badly I was
+_sold_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 94.
+
+The use of this verb is much more common in the United States than
+that of the noun of the same spelling, which is derived from it;
+for instance, we frequently read in the newspapers that the Whigs
+or Democrats have been _sold_, i.e. defeated in an election, or
+cheated in some political affair. The phrase _to sell a bargain_,
+which Bailey defines "to put a sham upon one," is now scarcely
+ever heard. It was once a favorite expression with certain English
+writers.
+
+  Where _sold he bargains_, Whipstitch?--_Dryden_.
+
+  No maid at court is less ashamed,
+  Howe'er for _selling bargains_ famed.--_Swift_.
+
+Dr. Sheridan, famous for punning, intending _to sell a bargain_,
+said, he had made a very good pun.--_Swift, Bons Mots de Stella_.
+
+
+SEMESTER. Latin, _semestris_, _sex_, six, and _mensis_, month. In
+the German universities, a period or term of six months. The
+course of instruction occupies six _semesters_. Class distinctions
+depend upon the number of _semesters_, not of years. During the
+first _semester_, the student is called _Fox_, in the second
+_Burnt Fox_, and then, successively, _Young Bursch_, _Old Bursch_,
+_Old House_, and _Moss-covered Head_.
+
+
+SENATE. In the University of Cambridge, England, the legislative
+body of the University. It is divided into two houses, called
+REGENT and NON-REGENT. The former consists of the vice-chancellor,
+proctors, taxors, moderators, and esquire-beadles, all masters of
+arts of less than five years' standing, and all doctors of
+divinity, civil law, and physic, of less than two, and is called
+the UPPER HOUSE, or WHITE-HOOD HOUSE, from its members wearing
+hoods lined with white silk. The latter is composed of masters of
+arts of five years' standing, bachelors of divinity, and doctors
+in the three faculties of two years' standing, and is known as the
+LOWER HOUSE, or BLACK-HOOD HOUSE, its members wearing black silk
+hoods. To have a vote in the Senate, the graduate must keep his
+name on the books of some college (which involves a small annual
+payment), or in the list of the _commorantes in villâ_.--_Webster.
+Cam. Cal. Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+2. At Union College, the members of the Senior Class form what is
+called the Senate, a body organized after the manner of the Senate
+of the United States, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with
+the forms and practice of legislation. The members of the Junior
+Class compose the House of Representatives. The following account,
+showing in what manner the Senate is conducted, has been furnished
+by a member of Union College.
+
+"On the last Friday of the third term, the House of
+Representatives meet in their hall, and await their initiation to
+the Upper House. There soon appears a committee of three, who
+inform them by their chairman of the readiness of the Senate to
+receive them, and perhaps enlarge upon the importance of the
+coming trust, and the ability of the House to fill it.
+
+"When this has been done, the House, headed by the committee,
+proceed to the Senate Chamber (Senior Chapel), and are arranged by
+the committee around the President, the Senators (Seniors)
+meanwhile having taken the second floor. The President of the
+Senate then rises and delivers an appropriate address, informing
+them of their new dignities and the grave responsibilities of
+their station. At the conclusion of this they take their seats,
+and proceed to the election of officers, viz. a President, a
+Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer. The President must be a
+member of the Faculty, and is chosen for a term; the other
+officers are selected from the House, and continue in office but
+half a term. The first Vice-Presidency of the Senate is considered
+one of the highest honors conferred by the class, and great is the
+strife to obtain it.
+
+"The Senate meet again on the second Friday of the next term, when
+they receive the inaugural message of the President. He then
+divides them into seven districts, each district including the
+students residing in a Section, or Hall of College, except the
+seventh, which is filled by the students lodging in town. The
+Senate is also divided into a number of standing committees, as
+Law, Ethics, Political Economy. Business is referred to these
+committees, and reported on by them in the usual manner. The time
+of the Senate is principally occupied with the discussion of
+resolutions, in committee of the whole; and these discussions take
+the place of the usual Friday afternoon recitation. At
+Commencement the Senate have an orator of their own election, who
+must, however, have been a past or honorary member of their body.
+They also have a committee on the 'Commencement Card.'"
+
+On the same subject, another correspondent writes as follows:--
+
+"The Senate is composed of the Senior Class, and is intended as a
+school of parliamentary usages. The officers are a President,
+Vice-President, and Secretary, who are chosen once a term. At the
+close of the second term, the Junior Class are admitted into the
+Senate. They are introduced by a committee of Senators, and are
+expected to remain standing and uncovered during the ceremony, the
+President and Senators being seated and covered. After a short
+address by the President, the old Senators leave the house, and
+the Juniors proceed to elect their officers for the third term.
+Dr. Thomas C. Reed who was the founder of the Senate, was always
+elected President during his connection with the College, but
+rarely took his place in the chamber except at the introduction of
+the Juniors. The Vice-President for the third term, who takes a
+part in the ceremonies of commencement, is considered to hold the
+highest honor of the class, and his election is attended with more
+excitement than any other in the College."
+
+See COMMENCEMENT CARD; HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
+
+
+SENATE-HOUSE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the building
+in which the public business of the University, such as
+examinations, the passing of graces, and admission to degrees, is
+carried on.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+SENATUS ACADEMICUS. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Senatus
+Academicus_ consists of two houses, known as the CORPORATION and
+the HOUSE OF CONVOCATION, q.v.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p.
+6.
+
+SENE. An abbreviation for Senior.
+
+  Magnificent Juns, and lazy _Senes_.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  A rare young blade is the gallant _Sene_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1850.
+
+
+SENIOR. One in the fourth year of his collegiate course at an
+American college; originally called _Senior Sophister_. Also one
+in the third year of his course at a theological
+seminary.--_Webster_.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+SENIOR. Noting the fourth year of the collegiate course in
+American colleges, or the third year in theological
+seminaries.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SENIOR BACHELOR. One who is in his third year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts. It is further explained by President
+Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse: "Bachelors were called
+Senior, Middle, or Junior Bachelors, according to the year since
+graduation and before taking the degree of Master."--p. 122.
+
+
+SENIOR CLASSIC. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the student
+who passes best in the voluntary examination in classics, which
+follows the last required examination in the Senate-House.
+
+No one stands a chance for _Senior Classic_ alongside of
+him.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 55.
+
+Two men who had been rivals all the way through school and through
+college were racing for _Senior Classic_.--_Ibid._, p. 253.
+
+
+SENIOR FELLOW. At Trinity College, Hartford, the Senior Fellow is
+a person chosen to attend the college examinations during the
+year.
+
+
+SENIOR FRESHMAN. The name of the second of the four classes into
+which undergraduates are divided at Trinity College, Dublin.
+
+
+SENIORITY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the eight Senior
+Fellows and the Master of a college compose what is called the
+_Seniority_. Their decisions in all matters are generally
+conclusive.
+
+My duty now obliges me, however reluctantly, to bring you before
+the _Seniority_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 75.
+
+
+SENIOR OPTIME. Those who occupy the second rank in honors at the
+close of the final examination at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., are denominated _Senior Optimes_.
+
+The Second Class, or that of _Senior Optimes_, is larger in number
+[than that of the Wranglers], usually exceeding forty, and
+sometimes reaching above sixty. This class contains a number of
+disappointments, many who expect to be Wranglers, and some who are
+generally expected to be.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 228.
+
+The word is frequently abbreviated.
+
+The Pembroker ... had the pleasant prospect of getting up all his
+mathematics for a place among the _Senior Ops._--_Ibid._, p. 158.
+
+He would get just questions enough to make him a low _Senior Op._
+--_Ibid._, p. 222.
+
+
+SENIOR ORATION. "The custom of delivering _Senior Orations_," says
+a correspondent, "is, I think, confined to Washington and
+Jefferson Colleges in Pennsylvania. Each member of the Senior
+Class, taking them in alphabetical order, is required to deliver
+an oration before graduating, and on such nights as the Faculty
+may decide. The public are invited to attend, and the speaking is
+continued at appointed times, until each member of the Class has
+spoken."
+
+
+SENIOR SOPHISTER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student
+in the third year of his residence is called a Senior Soph or
+Sophister.
+
+2. In some American colleges, a member of the Senior Class, i.e.
+of the fourth year, was formerly designated a Senior Sophister.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+SENIOR WRANGLER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the Senior
+Wrangler is the student who passes the best examination in the
+Senate-House, and by consequence holds the first place on the
+Mathematical Tripos.
+
+The only road to classical honors and their accompanying
+emoluments in the University, and virtually in all the Colleges,
+except Trinity, is through mathematical honors, all candidates for
+the Classical Tripos being obliged as a preliminary to obtain a
+place in that mathematical list which is headed by the _Senior
+Wrangler_ and tailed by the Wooden Spoon.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+
+SEQUESTER. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity. In the
+following passage it is used in the collegiate sense of _suspend_
+or _rusticate_.
+
+Though they were adulti, they were corrected in the College, and
+_sequestered_, &c. for a time.--_Winthrop's Journal, by Savage_,
+Vol. II. p. 88.
+
+
+SERVITOR. In the University of Oxford, an undergraduate who is
+partly supported by the college funds. _Servitors_ formerly waited
+at table, but this is now dispensed with. The order similar to
+that of the _servitor_ was at Cambridge styled the order of
+_Sub-sizars_. This has been long extinct. The _sizar_ at Cambridge
+is at present nearly equivalent to the Oxford _servitor_.--_Gent.
+Mag._, 1787, p. 1146. _Brande_.
+
+"It ought to be known," observes De Quincey, "that the class of
+'_servitors_,' once a large body in Oxford, have gradually become
+practically extinct under the growing liberality of the age. They
+carried in their academic dress a mark of their inferiority; they
+waited at dinner on those of higher rank, and performed other
+menial services, humiliating to themselves, and latterly felt as
+no less humiliating to the general name and interests of
+learning."--_Life and Manners_, p. 272.
+
+A reference to the cruel custom of "hunting the servitor" is to be
+found in Sir John Hawkins's Life of Dr. Johnson, p. 12.
+
+
+SESSION. At some of the Southern and Western colleges of the
+United States, the time during which instruction is regularly
+given to the students; a term.
+
+The _session_ commences on the 1st of October, and continues
+without interruption until the 29th of June.--_Cat. of Univ. of
+Virginia_, 1851, p. 15.
+
+
+SEVENTY-EIGHTH PSALM. The recollections which cluster around this
+Psalm, so well known to all the Alumni of Harvard, are of the most
+pleasant nature. For more than a hundred years, it has been sung
+at the dinner given on Commencement day at Cambridge, and for more
+than a half-century to the tune of St. Martin's. Mr. Samuel
+Shapleigh, who graduated at Harvard College in the year 1789, and
+who was afterwards its Librarian, on the leaf of a hymn-book makes
+a memorandum in reference to this Psalm, to the effect that it has
+been sung at Cambridge on Commencement day "from _time
+immemorial_." The late Rev. Dr. John Pierce, a graduate of the
+class of 1793, referring to the same subject, remarks: "The
+Seventy-eighth Psalm, it is supposed, has, _from the foundation of
+the College_, been sung in the common version of the day." In a
+poem, entitled Education, delivered at Cambridge before the Phi
+Beta Kappa Society, by Mr. William Biglow, July 18th, 1799,
+speaking of the conduct and manners of the students, the author
+says:--
+
+ "Like pigs they eat, they drink an ocean dry,
+  They steal like France, like Jacobins they lie,
+  They raise the very Devil, when called to prayers,
+  'To sons transmit the same, and they again to theirs'";
+
+and, in explanation of the last line, adds this note: "Alluding to
+the Psalm which is _always_ sung in Harvard Hall on Commencement
+day." In his account of some of the exercises attendant upon the
+Commencement at Harvard College in 1848, Professor Sidney Willard
+observes: "At the Commencement dinner the sitting is not of long
+duration; and we retired from table soon after the singing of the
+Psalm, which, with some variation in the version, has been sung on
+the same occasion from time immemorial."--_Memoirs of Youth and
+Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 65.
+
+But that we cannot take these accounts as correct in their full
+extent, appears from an entry in the MS. Diary of Chief Justice
+Sewall relating to a Commencement in 1685, which he closes with
+these words: "After Dinner ye 3d part of ye 103d Ps. was sung in
+ye Hall."
+
+In the year 1793, at the dinner on Commencement Day, the Rev.
+Joseph Willard, then President of the College, requested Mr.
+afterwards Dr. John Pierce, to set the tune to the Psalm; with
+which request having complied to the satisfaction of all present,
+he from that period until the time of his death, in 1849,
+performed this service, being absent only on one occasion. Those
+who have attended Commencement dinners during the latter part of
+this period cannot but associate with this hallowed Psalm the
+venerable appearance and the benevolent countenance of this
+excellent man.
+
+In presenting a list of the different versions in which this Psalm
+has been sung, it must not be supposed that entire correctness has
+been reached; the very scanty accounts which remain render this
+almost impossible, but from these, which on a question of greater
+importance might be considered hardly sufficient, it would appear
+that the following are the versions in which the sons of Harvard
+have been accustomed to sing the Psalm of the son of Jesse.
+
+1.--_The New England Version_.
+
+"In 1639 there was an agreement amo. ye Magistrates and Ministers
+to set aside ye Psalms then printed at ye end of their Bibles, and
+sing one more congenial to their ideas of religion." Rev. Mr.
+Richard Mather of Dorchester, and Rev. Mr. Thomas Weld and Rev.
+Mr. John Eliot of Roxbury, were selected to make a metrical
+translation, to whom the Rev. Thomas Shepard of Cambridge gives
+the following metrical caution:--
+
+ "Ye Roxbury poets, keep clear of ye crime
+  Of missing to give us very good rhyme,
+  And you of Dorchester, your verses lengthen,
+  But with the texts own words you will y'm strengthen."
+
+The version of this ministerial trio was printed in the year 1640,
+at Cambridge, and has the honor of being the first production of
+the North American press that rises to the dignity of _a book_. It
+was entitled, "The Psalms newly turned into Metre." A second
+edition was printed in 1647. "It was more to be commended,
+however," says Mr. Peirce, in his History of Harvard University,
+"for its fidelity to the text, than for the elegance of its
+versification, which, having been executed by persons of different
+tastes and talents, was not only very uncouth, but deficient in
+uniformity. President Dunster, who was an excellent Oriental
+scholar, and possessed the other requisite qualifications for the
+task, was employed to revise and polish it; and in two or three
+years, with the assistance of Mr. Richard Lyon, a young gentleman
+who was sent from England by Sir Henry Mildmay to attend his son,
+then a student in Harvard College, he produced a work, which,
+under the appellation of the 'Bay Psalm-Book,' was, for a long
+time, the received version in the New England congregations, was
+also used in many societies in England and Scotland, and passed
+through a great number of editions, both at home and abroad."--p.
+14.
+
+The Seventy-eighth Psalm is thus rendered in the first edition:--
+
+  Give listning eare unto my law,
+    Yee people that are mine,
+  Unto the sayings of my mouth
+    Doe yee your eare incline.
+
+  My mouth I'le ope in parables,
+    I'le speak hid things of old:
+  Which we have heard, and knowne: and which
+    Our fathers have us told.
+
+  Them from their children wee'l not hide,
+    To th' after age shewing
+  The Lords prayses; his strength, and works
+    Of his wondrous doing.
+
+  In Jacob he a witnesse set,
+    And put in Israell
+  A law, which he our fathers charg'd
+    They should their children tell:
+
+  That th' age to come, and children which
+    Are to be borne might know;
+  That they might rise up and the same
+    Unto their children show.
+
+  That they upon the mighty God
+    Their confidence might set:
+  And Gods works and his commandment
+    Might keep and not forget,
+
+  And might not like their fathers be,
+    A stiffe, stout race; a race
+  That set not right their hearts: nor firme
+    With God their spirit was.
+
+The Bay Psalm-Book underwent many changes in the various editions
+through which it passed, nor was this psalm left untouched, as
+will be seen by referring to the twenty-sixth edition, published
+in 1744, and to the edition of 1758, revised and corrected, with
+additions, by Mr. Thomas Prince.
+
+2.--_Watts's Version_.
+
+The Psalms and Hymns of Dr. Isaac Watts were first published in
+this country by Dr. Franklin, in the year 1741. His version is as
+follows:--
+
+  Let children hear the mighty deeds
+    Which God performed of old;
+  Which in our younger years we saw,
+    And which our fathers told.
+
+  He bids us make his glories known,
+    His works of power and grace,
+  And we'll convey his wonders down
+    Through every rising race.
+
+  Our lips shall tell them to our sons,
+    And they again to theirs,
+  That generations yet unborn
+    May teach them to their heirs.
+
+  Thus shall they learn in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands,
+  That they may ne'er forget his works,
+    But practise his commands;
+
+3.--_Brady and Tate's Version_.
+
+In the year 1803, the Seventy-eighth Psalm was first printed on a
+small sheet and placed under every plate, which practice has since
+been always adopted. The version of that year was from Brady and
+Tate's collection, first published in London in 1698, and in this
+country about the year 1739. It was sung to the tune of St.
+Martin's in 1805, as appears from a memorandum in ink on the back
+of one of the sheets for that year, which reads, "Sung in the
+hall, Commencement Day, tune St. Martin's, 1805." From the
+statements of graduates of the last century, it seems that this
+had been the customary tune for some time previous to this year,
+and it is still retained as a precious legacy of the past. St.
+Martin's was composed by William Tans'ur in the year 1735. The
+following is the version of Brady and Tate:--
+
+  Hear, O my people; to my law
+    Devout attention lend;
+  Let the instruction of my mouth
+    Deep in your hearts descend.
+
+  My tongue, by inspiration taught,
+    Shall parables unfold,
+  Dark oracles, but understood,
+    And owned for truths of old;
+
+  Which we from sacred registers
+    Of ancient times have known,
+  And our forefathers' pious care
+    To us has handed down.
+
+  We will not hide them from our sons;
+    Our offspring shall be taught
+  The praises of the Lord, whose strength
+    Has works of wonders wrought.
+
+  For Jacob he this law ordained,
+    This league with Israel made;
+  With charge, to be from age to age,
+    From race to race, conveyed,
+
+  That generations yet to come
+    Should to their unborn heirs
+  Religiously transmit the same,
+    And they again to theirs.
+
+  To teach them that in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands;
+  That they should ne'er his works forget,
+    But keep his just commands.
+
+4.--_From Belknap's Collection_.
+
+This collection was first published by the Rev. Dr. Jeremy
+Belknap, at Boston, in 1795. The version of the Seventy-eighth
+Psalm is partly from that of Brady and Tate, and partly from Dr.
+Watts's, with a few slight variations. It succeeded the version of
+Brady and Tate about the year 1820, and is the one which is now
+used. The first three stanzas were written by Brady and Tate; the
+last three by Dr. Watts. It has of late been customary to omit the
+last stanza in singing and in printing.
+
+  Give ear, ye children;[62] to my law
+    Devout attention lend;
+  Let the instructions[63] of my mouth
+    Deep in your hearts descend.
+
+  My tongue, by inspiration taught,
+    Shall parables unfold;
+  Dark oracles, but understood,
+    And owned for truths of old;
+
+  Which we from sacred registers
+    Of ancient times have known,
+  And our forefathers' pious care
+    To us has handed down.
+
+  Let children learn[64] the mighty deeds
+    Which God performed of old;
+  Which, in our younger years we saw,
+    And which our fathers told.
+
+  Our lips shall tell them to our sons,
+    And they again to theirs;
+  That generations yet unborn
+    May teach them to their heirs.
+
+  Thus shall they learn in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands;
+  That they may ne'er forget his works,
+    But practise his commands.
+
+It has been supposed by some that the version of the
+Seventy-eighth Psalm by Sternhold and Hopkins, whose spiritual
+songs were usually printed, as appears above, "at ye end of their
+Bibles," was the first which was sung at Commencement dinners; but
+this does not seem at all probable, since the first Commencement
+at Cambridge did not take place until 1642, at which time the "Bay
+Psalm-Book," written by three of the most popular ministers of the
+day, had already been published two years.
+
+
+SHADY. Among students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+epithet of depreciation, equivalent to MILD and SLOW.--_Bristed_.
+
+Some ... are rather _shady_ in Greek and Latin.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 147.
+
+My performances on the Latin verse paper were very
+_shady_.--_Ibid._, p. 191.
+
+
+SHARK. In student language, an absence from a recitation, a
+lecture, or from prayers, prompted by recklessness rather than by
+necessity, is called a _shark_. He who is absent under these
+circumstances is also known as a shark.
+
+  The Monitors' task is now quite done,
+    They 've pencilled all their marks,
+  "Othello's occupation's gone,"--
+    No more look out for _sharks_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 45.
+
+
+SHEEPSKIN. The parchment diploma received by students on taking
+their degree at college. "In the back settlements are many
+clergymen who have not had the advantages of a liberal education,
+and who consequently have no diplomas. Some of these look upon
+their more favored brethren with a little envy. A clergyman is
+said to have a _sheepskin_, or to be a _sheepskin_, when educated
+at college."--_Bartlett's Dict. of Americanisms_.
+
+This apostle of ourn never rubbed his back agin a college, nor
+toted about no _sheepskins_,--no, never!... How you'd a perished
+in your sins, if the first preachers had stayed till they got
+_sheepskins_.--_Carlton's New Purchase_.
+
+I can say as well as the best on them _sheepskins_, if you don't
+get religion and be saved, you'll be lost, teetotally and for
+ever.--(_Sermon of an Itinerant Preacher at a Camp
+Meeting_.)--_Ibid._
+
+As for John Prescot, he not only lost the valedictory, but barely
+escaped with his "_sheepskin_."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. X. p. 74.
+
+That handsome Senior ... receives his _sheepskin_ from the
+dispensing hand of our worthy Prex.--_Ibid._, Vol. XIX. p. 355.
+
+  When first I saw a "_Sheepskin_,"
+    In Prex's hand I spied it.
+    _Yale Coll. Song_.
+
+  We came to college fresh and green,--
+  We go back home with a huge _sheepskin_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 43.
+
+
+SHIN. To tease or hector a person by kicking his shins. In some
+colleges this is one of the means which the Sophomores adopt to
+torment the Freshmen, especially when playing at football, or
+other similar games.
+
+We have been _shinned_, smoked, ducked, and accelerated by the
+encouraging shouts of our generous friends.--_Yale Banger_, Nov.
+10, 1846.
+
+
+SHINE. At Harvard College this word was formerly used to designate
+a good recitation. Used in the phrase, "_to make a shine_."
+
+
+SHINNY. At Princeton College, the game of _Shinny_, known also by
+the names of _Hawky_ and _Hurly_, is as great a favorite with the
+students as is football at other colleges. "The players," says a
+correspondent, "are each furnished with a stick four or five feet
+in length and one and a half or two inches in diameter, curved at
+one end, the object of which is to give the ball a surer blow. The
+ball is about three inches in diameter, bound with thick leather.
+The players are divided into two parties, arranged along from one
+goal to the other. The ball is then '_bucked_' by two players, one
+from each side, which is done by one of these two taking the ball
+and asking his opponent which he will have, 'high or low'; if he
+says 'high,' the ball is thrown up midway between them; if he says
+'low,' the ball is thrown on the ground. The game is opened by a
+scuffle between these two for the ball. The other players then
+join in, one party knocking towards North College, which is one
+'home' (as it is termed), and the other towards the fence bounding
+the south side of the _Campus_, the other home. Whichever party
+first gets the ball home wins the game. A grand contest takes
+place annually between the Juniors and Sophomores, in this game."
+
+
+SHIP. Among collegians, one expelled from college is said to be
+_shipped_.
+
+  For I, you know, am but a college minion,
+  But still, you'll all be _shipped_, in my opinion,
+    When brought before Conventus Facultatis.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+He may be overhauled, warned, admonished, dismissed, _shipped_,
+rusticated, sent off, suspended.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, _Yale
+Coll._, 1852-53, p. 25.
+
+
+SHIPWRECK. Among students, a total failure.
+
+His university course has been a _shipwreck_, and he will probably
+end by going out unnoticed among the [Greek:
+_polloi_].--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+56.
+
+
+SHORT-EAR. At Jefferson College, Penn., a soubriquet for a
+roistering, noisy fellow; a rowdy. Opposed to _long-ear_.
+
+
+SHORT TERM. At Oxford, Eng., the extreme duration of residence in
+any college is under thirty weeks. "It is possible to keep '_short
+terms_,' as the phrase is, by residence of thirteen weeks, or
+ninety-one days."--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 274.
+
+
+SIDE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the set of pupils
+belonging to any one particular tutor is called his _side_.
+
+A longer discourse he will perhaps have to listen to with the rest
+of his _side_.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 281.
+
+A large college has usually two tutors,--Trinity has three,--and
+the students are equally divided among them,--_on their sides_ the
+phrase is.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+11.
+
+
+SILVER CUP. At Trinity College, Hartford, this is a testimonial
+voted by each graduating class to the first legitimate boy whose
+father is a member of the class.
+
+At Yale College, a theory of this kind prevails, but it has never
+yet been carried into practice.
+
+  I tell you what, my classmates,
+    My mind it is made up,
+  I'm coming back three years from this,
+    To take that _silver cup_.
+  I'll bring along the "requisite,"
+    A little white-haired lad,
+  With "bib" and fixings all complete,
+    And I shall be his "dad."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+See CLASS CUP.
+
+
+SIM. Abbreviated from _Simeonite_. A nickname given by the rowing
+men at the University of Cambridge, Eng., to evangelicals, and to
+all religious men, or even quiet men generally.
+
+While passing for a terribly hard reading man, and a "_Sim_" of
+the straitest kind with the "empty bottles,"... I was fast lapsing
+into a state of literary sensualism.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 39, 40.
+
+
+SIR. It was formerly the fashion in the older American colleges to
+call a Bachelor of Arts, Sir; this was sometimes done at the time
+when the Seniors were accepted for that degree.
+
+Voted, Sept. 5th, 1763, "that _Sir_ Sewall, B.A., be the
+Instructor in the Hebrew and other learned languages for three
+years."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 234.
+
+December, 1790. Some time in this month, _Sir_ Adams resigned the
+berth of Butler, and _Sir_ Samuel Shapleigh was chosen in his
+stead.--_MS. Journal, Harv. Coll._
+
+Then succeeded Cliosophic Oration in Latin, by _Sir_ Meigs.
+Poetical Composition in English, by _Sir_ Barlow.--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Disc._, p. 121.
+
+The author resided in Cambridge after he graduated. In common with
+all who had received the degree of Bachelor of Arts and not that
+of Master of Arts, he was called "_Sir_," and known as "_Sir_
+Seccomb."
+
+Some of the "_Sirs_" as well as undergraduates were arraigned
+before the college government.--_Father Abbey's Will_, Cambridge,
+Mass., 1854, p. 7.
+
+
+SITTING OF THE SOLSTICES. It was customary, in the early days of
+Harvard College, for the graduates of the year to attend in the
+recitation-room on Mondays and Tuesdays, for three weeks, during
+the month of June, subject to the examination of all who chose to
+visit them. This was called the _Sitting of the Solstices_,
+because it happened in midsummer, or at the time of the summer
+solstice. The time was also known as the _Weeks of Visitation_.
+
+
+SIZAR, SISAR, SIZER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+student of the third rank, or that next below that of a pensioner,
+who eats at the public table after the fellows, free of expense.
+It was formerly customary for _every fellow-commoner_ to have his
+_sizar_, to whom he allowed a certain portion of commons, or
+victuals and drink, weekly, but no money; and for this the sizar
+was obliged to do him certain services daily.
+
+A lower order of students were called _sub-sizars_. In reference
+to this class, we take the following from the Gentleman's
+Magazine, 1787, p. 1146. "At King's College, they were styled
+_hounds_. The situation of a sub-sizar being looked upon in so
+degrading a light probably occasioned the extinction of the order.
+But as the sub-sizars had certain assistances in return for their
+humiliating services, and as the poverty of parents stood in need
+of such assistances for their sons, some of the sizars undertook
+the same offices for the same advantages. The master's sizar,
+therefore, waited upon him for the sake of his commons, etc., as
+the sub-sizar had done; and the other sizars did the same office
+to the fellows for the advantage of the remains of their commons.
+Thus the term sub-sizar became forgotten, and the sizar was
+supposed to be the same as the _servitor_. But if a sizar did not
+choose to accept of these assistances upon such degrading terms,
+he dined in his own room, and was called a _proper sizar_. He wore
+the same gown as the others, and his tutorage, etc. was no higher;
+but there was nothing servile in his situation."--"Now, indeed,
+all (or almost all) the colleges in Cambridge have allowed the
+sizars every advantage of the remains of the fellows' commons,
+etc., though they have very liberally exempted them from every
+servile office."
+
+Another writer in the same periodical, 1795, p. 21, says: The
+sizar "is very much like the _scholars_ at Westminster, Eton, &c.,
+who are on the _foundation_; and is, in a manner, the
+_half-boarder_ in private academies. The name was derived from the
+menial services in which he was occasionally engaged; being in
+former days compelled to transport the plates, dishes, _sizes_,
+and platters, to and from the tables of his superiors."
+
+A writer in the Encyclopædia Britannica, at the close of the
+article SIZAR, says of this class: "But though their education is
+thus obtained at a less expense, they are not now considered as a
+menial order; for sizars, pensioner-scholars, and even sometimes
+fellow-commoners, mix together with the utmost cordiality."
+
+"Sizars," says Bristed, "answer to the beneficiaries of American
+colleges. They receive pecuniary assistance from the college, and
+dine gratis after the fellows on the remains of their table. These
+'remains' are very liberally construed, the sizar always having
+fresh vegetables, and frequently fresh tarts and puddings."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 14.
+
+
+SIZE. Food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular
+dinner at commons.
+
+"A _size_" says Minsheu, "is a portion of bread or drinke, it is a
+farthing which schollers in Cambridge have at the buttery; it is
+noted with the letter S. as in Oxford with the letter Q. for halfe
+a farthing; and whereas they say in Oxford, to battle in the
+Buttery Booke, i.e. to set downe on their names what they take in
+bread, drinke, butter, cheese, &c.; so, in Cambridge, they say, to
+_size_, i.e. to set downe their quantum, i.e. how much they take
+on their name in the Buttery Booke."
+
+In the Poems of the Rev. Dr. Dodd, a _size_ of bread is described
+as "half a half-penny 'roll.'" Grose, also, in the Provincial
+Glossary, says "it signifies the half part of a halfpenny loaf,
+and comes from _scindo_, I cut."
+
+In the Encyclopædia Britannica is the following explanation of
+this term. "A _size_ of anything is the smallest quantity of that
+thing which can be thus bought" [i.e. by students in addition to
+their commons in the hall]; "two _sizes_, or a part of beef, being
+nearly equal to what a young person will eat of that dish to his
+dinner, and a _size_ of ale or beer being equal to half an English
+pint." It would seem, then, that formerly a _size_ was a small
+plateful of any eatable; the word now means anything had by
+students at dinner over and above the usual commons.
+
+Of its derivation Webster remarks, "Either contracted from
+_assize_, or from the Latin _scissus_. I take it to be from the
+former, and from the sense of setting, as we apply the word to the
+_assize_ of bread."
+
+This word was introduced into the older American colleges from
+Cambridge, England, and was used for many years, as was also the
+word _sizing_, with the same meaning. In 1750, the Corporation of
+Harvard College voted, "that the quantity of commons be as hath
+been usual, viz. two _sizes_ of bread in the morning; one pound of
+meat at dinner, with sufficient sauce [vegetables], and a
+half-pint of beer; and at night that a part pie be of the same
+quantity as usual, and also half a pint of beer; and that the
+supper messes be but of four parts, though the dinner messes be of
+six."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Coll._, Vol. II. p. 97.
+
+The students of that day, if we may judge from the accounts which
+we have of their poor commons, would have used far different
+words, in addressing the Faculty, from King Lear, who, speaking to
+his daughter Regan, says:--
+
+       "'T is not in thee
+  To grudge my pleasures,...
+    ... to scant my _sizes_."
+
+
+SIZE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., to _size_ is to order
+any sort of victuals from the kitchens which the students may want
+in their rooms, or in addition to their commons in the hall, and
+for which they pay the cooks or butchers at the end of each
+quarter; a word corresponding to BATTEL at Oxford.--_Encyc. Brit._
+
+In the Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 21, a writer says: "At
+dinner, to _size_ is to order for yourself any little luxury that
+may chance to tempt you in addition to the general fare, for which
+you are expected to pay the cook at the end of the term."
+
+This word was formerly used in the older American colleges with
+the meaning given above, as will be seen by the following extracts
+from the laws of Harvard and Yale.
+
+"When they come into town after commons, they may be allowed to
+_size_ a meal at the kitchen."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+39.
+
+"At the close of each quarter, the Butler shall make up his bill
+against each student, in which every article _sized_ or taken up
+by him at the Buttery shall be particularly charged."--_Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1811, p. 31.
+
+"As a college term," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "it is of
+very considerable antiquity. In the comedy called 'The Return from
+Parnassus,' 1606, one of the character says, 'You that are one of
+the Devil's Fellow-Commoners; one that _sizeth_ the Devil's
+butteries,' &c. Again, in the same: 'Fidlers, I use to _size_ my
+music, or go on the score for it.'"
+
+_For_ is often used after the verb _size_, without changing the
+meaning of the expression.
+
+The tables of the Undergraduates, arranged according to their
+respective years, are supplied with abundance of plain joints, and
+vegetables, and beer and ale _ad libitum_, besides which, soup,
+pastry, and cheese can be "_sized for_," that is, brought in
+portions to individuals at an extra charge.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 19.
+
+_To size upon another_. To order extra food, and without
+permission charge it to another's account.
+
+If any one shall _size upon another_, he shall be fined a
+Shilling, and pay the Damage; and every Freshman sent [for
+victuals] must declare that he who sends him is the only Person to
+be charged.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 10.
+
+
+SIZING. Extra food or drink ordered from the buttery; the act of
+ordering extra food or drink from the buttery.
+
+Dr. Holyoke, who graduated at Harvard College in 1746, says: "The
+breakfast was two _sizings_ of bread and a cue of beer." Judge
+Wingate, who graduated a little later, says: "We were allowed at
+dinner a cue of beer, which was a half-pint, and a _sizing_ of
+bread, which I cannot describe to you. It was quite sufficient for
+one dinner."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 219.
+
+From more definite accounts it would seem that a sizing of biscuit
+was one biscuit, and a sizing of cracker, two crackers. A certain
+amount of food was allowed to each mess, and if any person wanted
+more than the allowance, it was the custom to tell the waiter to
+bring a sizing of whatever was wished, provided it was obtained
+from the commons kitchen; for this payment was made at the close
+of the term. A sizing of cheese was nearly an ounce, and a sizing
+of cider varied from a half-pint to a pint and a half.
+
+The Steward shall, at the close of every quarter, immediately fill
+up the columns of commons and _sizings_, and shall deliver the
+bill, &c.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 58.
+
+The Butler shall frequently inspect his book of
+_sizings_.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+Whereas young scholars, to the dishonor of God, hinderance of
+their studies, and damage of their friends' estate,
+inconsiderately and intemperately are ready to abuse their liberty
+of _sizing_ besides their commons; therefore the Steward shall in
+no case permit any students whatever, under the degree of Masters
+of Arts, or Fellows, to expend or be provided for themselves or
+any townsmen any extraordinary commons, unless by the allowance of
+the President, &c., or in case of sickness.--Orders written 28th
+March, 1650.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 583.
+
+This term, together with the verb and noun _size_, which had been
+in use at Harvard and Yale Colleges since their foundation, has of
+late been little heard, and with the extinction of commons has,
+with the others, fallen wholly, and probably for ever, into
+disuse.
+
+The use of this word and its collaterals is still retained in the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.
+
+Along the wall you see two tables, which, though less carefully
+provided than the Fellows', are still served with tolerable
+decency, and go through a regular second course instead of the
+"_sizings_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+20.
+
+
+SIZING PARTY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., where this
+term is used, a "_sizing party_" says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam,
+"differs from a supper in this; viz. at a sizing party every one
+of the guests contributes his _part_, i.e. orders what he pleases,
+at his own expense, to his friend's rooms,--'a _part_ of fowl' or
+duck; a roasted pigeon; 'a _part_ of apple pie.' A sober beaker of
+brandy, or rum, or hollands and water, concludes the
+entertainment. In our days, a bowl of bishop, or milk punch, with
+a chant, generally winds up the carousal."
+
+
+SKIN. At Yale College, to obtain a knowledge of a lesson by
+hearing it read by another; also, to borrow another's ideas and
+present them as one's own; to plagiarize; to become possessed of
+information in an examination or a recitation by unfair or secret
+means. "In our examinations," says a correspondent, "many of the
+fellows cover the palms of their hands with dates, and when called
+upon for a given date, they read it off directly from their hands.
+Such persons _skin_."
+
+The tutor employs the crescent when it is evident that the lesson
+has been _skinned_, according to the college vocabulary, in which
+case he usually puts a minus sign after it, with the mark which he
+in all probability would have used had not the lesson been
+_skinned_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1846.
+
+Never _skin_ a lesson which it requires any ability to
+learn.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 81.
+
+He has passively admitted what he has _skinned_ from other
+grammarians.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1846.
+
+Perhaps the youth who so barefacedly _skinned_ the song referred
+to, fondly fancied, &c.--_The Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+He uttered that remarkable prophecy which Horace has so boldly
+_skinned_ and called his own.--_Burial of Euclid_, Nov. 1850.
+
+A Pewter medal is awarded in the Senior Class, for the most
+remarkable example of _skinned_ Composition.--_Burlesque
+Catalogue, Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 29.
+
+Classical men were continually tempted to "_skin_" (copy) the
+solutions of these examples.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 381.
+
+_To skin ahead_; at Hamilton College, to read a lesson over in the
+class immediately before reciting.
+
+
+SKIN. A lesson learned by hearing it read by another; borrowed
+ideas; anything plagiarized.
+
+  'T was plenty of _skin_ with a good deal of Bohn.[65]
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee, Yale Coll._, 1855.
+
+
+SKINNING. Learning, or the act of learning, a lesson by hearing it
+read by another; plagiarizing.
+
+Alas for our beloved orations! acquired by _skinning_, looking on,
+and ponies.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+Barefaced copying from books and reviews in their compositions is
+familiar to our students, as much so as "_skinning_" their
+mathematical examples.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 394.
+
+
+SKUNK. At Princeton College, to fail to pay a debt; used actively;
+e.g. to _skunk_ a tailor, i.e. not to pay him.
+
+
+SLANG. To scold, chide, rebuke. The use of this word as a verb is
+in a measure peculiar to students.
+
+These drones are posted separately as "not worthy to be classed,"
+and privately _slanged_ afterwards by the Master and
+Seniors.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 74.
+
+"I am afraid of going to T------," you may hear it said; "he don't
+_slang_ his men enough."--_Ibid._, p. 148.
+
+His vanity is sure to be speedily checked, and first of all by his
+private tutor, who "_slangs_" him for a mistake here or an
+inelegancy there.--_Ibid._, p. 388.
+
+
+SLANGING. Abusing, chiding, blaming.
+
+As he was not backward in _slanging_,--one of the requisites of a
+good coach,--he would give it to my unfortunate composition right
+and left.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+166.
+
+
+SLEEPING OVER. A phrase equivalent to being absent from prayers.
+
+You may see some who have just arisen from their beds, where they
+have enjoyed the luxury of "_sleeping over_."--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+202.
+
+
+SLOW. An epithet of depreciation, especially among students.
+
+Its equivalent slang is to be found in the phrases, "no great
+shakes," and "small potatoes."--_Bristed_.
+
+One very well disposed and very tipsy man who was great upon
+boats, but very _slow_ at books, endeavored to pacify
+me.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 82.
+
+  The Juniors vainly attempted to show
+  That Sophs and Seniors were somewhat _slow_
+  In talent and ability.
+    _Sophomore Independent, Union College_, Nov. 1854.
+
+
+SLOW-COACH. A dull, stupid fellow.
+
+
+SLUM. A word once in use at Yale College, of which a graduate of
+the year 1821 has given the annexed explanation. "That noted dish
+to which our predecessors, of I know not what date, gave the name
+of _slum_, which was our ordinary breakfast, consisting of the
+remains of yesterday's boiled salt-beef and potatoes, hashed up,
+and indurated in a frying-pan, was of itself enough to have
+produced any amount of dyspepsia. There are stomachs, it may be,
+which can put up with any sort of food, and any mode of cookery;
+but they are not those of students. I remember an anecdote which
+President Day gave us (as an instance of hasty generalization),
+which would not be inappropriate here: 'A young physician,
+commencing practice, determined to keep an account of each case he
+had to do with, stating the mode of treatment and the result. His
+first patient was a blacksmith, sick of a fever. After the crisis
+of the disease had passed, the man expressed a hankering for pork
+and cabbage. The doctor humored him in this, and it seemed to do
+him good; which was duly noted in the record. Next a tailor sent
+for him, whom he found suffering from the same malady. To him he
+_prescribed_ pork and cabbage; and the patient died. Whereupon, he
+wrote it down as a general law in such cases, that pork and
+cabbage will cure a blacksmith, but will kill a tailor.' Now,
+though the son of Vulcan found the pork and cabbage harmless, I am
+sure that _slum_ would have been a match for him."--_Scenes and
+Characters at College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 117.
+
+
+SLUMP. German _schlump_; Danish and Swedish _slump_, a hap or
+chance, an accident; that is, a fall.
+
+At Harvard College, a poor recitation.
+
+
+SLUMP. At Harvard College, to recite badly; to make a poor
+recitation.
+
+  In fact, he'd rather dead than dig;
+        he'd rather _slump_ than squirt.
+    _Poem before the Y.H. of Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+  _Slumping_ is his usual custom,
+    Deading is his road to fame.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+  At recitations, unprepared, he _slumps_,
+  Then cuts a week, and feigns he has the mumps.
+    _MS. Poem_, by F.E. Felton.
+
+The usual signification of this word is given by Webster, as
+follows: "To fall or sink suddenly into water or mud, when walking
+on a hard surface, as on ice or frozen ground, not strong enough
+to bear the person." To which he adds: "This legitimate word is in
+common and respectable use in New England, and its signification
+is so appropriate, that no other word will supply its place."
+
+From this meaning, the transfer is, by analogy, very easy and
+natural, and the application very correct, to a poor recitation.
+
+
+SMALL-COLLEGE. The name by which an inferior college in the
+English universities is known.
+
+A "_Small-College_" man was Senior Wrangler.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 61.
+
+
+SMALL-COLLEGER. A member of a Small-College.
+
+The two Latin prizes and the English poem [were carried off] by a
+_Small-Colleger_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 113.
+
+The idea of a _Small-Colleger_ beating all Trinity was deemed
+preposterous.--_Ibid._, p. 127.
+
+
+SMALLS, or SMALL-GO. At the University of Oxford, an examination
+in the second year. See LITTLE-GO; PREVIOUS EXAMINATION.
+
+At the _Smalls_, as the previous Examination is here called, each
+examiner sends in his Greek and Latin book.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 139.
+
+It follows that the _Smalls_ is a more formidable examination than
+the Little-Go.--_Ibid._, p. 139.
+
+
+SMASH. At the Wesleyan University, a total failure in reciting is
+called a _smash_.
+
+
+SMILE. A small quantity of any spirituous liquor, or enough to
+give one a pleasant feeling.
+
+  Hast ta'en a "_smile_" at Brigham's.
+    _Poem before the Iadma_, 1850, p. 7.
+
+
+SMOKE. In some colleges, one of the means made use of by the
+Sophomores to trouble the Freshmen is to blow smoke into their
+rooms until they are compelled to leave, or, in other words, until
+they are _smoked out_. When assafoetida is mingled with the
+tobacco, the sensation which ensues, as the foul effluvium is
+gently wafted through the keyhole, is anything but pleasing to the
+olfactory nerves.
+
+  Or when, in conclave met, the unpitying wights
+  _Smoke_ the young trembler into "College rights":
+  O spare my tender youth! he, suppliant, cries,
+  In vain, in vain; redoubled clouds arise,
+  While the big tears adown his visage roll,
+  Caused by the smoke, and sorrow of his soul.
+    _College Life, by J.C. Richmond_, p. 4.
+
+They would lock me in if I left my key outside, _smoke me out_,
+duck me, &c.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 74.
+
+I would not have you sacrifice all these advantages for the sake
+_of smoking_ future Freshmen.--_Burial of Euclid_, 1850, p. 10.
+
+A correspondent from the University of Vermont gives the following
+account of a practical joke, which we do not suppose is very often
+played in all its parts. "They 'train' Freshmen in various ways;
+the most _classic_ is to take a pumpkin, cut a piece from the top,
+clean it, put in two pounds of 'fine cut,' put it on the
+Freshman's table, and then, all standing round with long
+pipe-stems, blow into it the fire placed in the _tobac_, and so
+fill the room with smoke, then put the Freshman to bed, with the
+pumpkin for a nightcap."
+
+
+SMOUGE. At Hamilton College, to obtain without leave.
+
+
+SMUT. Vulgar, obscene conversation. Language which obtains
+
+ "Where Bacchus ruleth all that's done,
+  And Venus all that's said."
+
+
+SMUTTY. Possessing the qualities of obscene conversation. Applied
+also to the person who uses such conversation.
+
+
+SNOB. In the English universities, a townsman, as opposed to a
+student; or a blackguard, as opposed to a gentleman; a loafer
+generally.--_Bristed_.
+
+  They charged the _Snobs_ against their will,
+    And shouted clear and lustily.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab_, p. 69.
+
+Used in the same sense at some American colleges.
+
+2. A mean or vulgar person; particularly, one who apes gentility.
+--_Halliwell_.
+
+Used both in England and the United States, "and recently," says
+Webster, "introduced into books as a term of derision."
+
+
+SNOBBESS. In the English universities, a female _snob_.
+
+Effeminacies like these, induced, no doubt, by the flattering
+admiration of the fair _snobbesses_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p.
+116.
+
+
+SNOBBISH. Belonging to or resembling a _snob_.
+
+
+SNOBBY. Low; vulgar; resembling or pertaining to a _snob_.
+
+
+SNUB. To reprimand; check; rebuke. Used among students, more
+frequently than by any other class of persons.
+
+
+SOPH. In the University of Cambridge, England, an abbreviation of
+SOPHISTER.--_Webster_.
+
+On this word, Crabb, in his _Technological Dictionary_, says: "A
+certain distinction or title which undergraduates in the
+University at Oxford assume, previous to their examination for a
+degree. It took its rise in the exercises which students formerly
+had to go through, but which are now out of use."
+
+  Three College _Sophs_, and three pert Templars came,
+  The same their talents, and their tastes the same.
+    _Pope's Dunciad_, B. II. v. 389, 390.
+
+2. In the American colleges, an abbreviation of Sophomore.
+
+  _Sophs_ wha ha' in Commons fed!
+  _Sophs_ wha ha' in Commons bled!
+  _Sophs_ wha ne'er from Commons fled!
+    Puddings, steaks, or wines!
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 52.
+
+The _Sophs_ did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+Fresh, as they call us.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+The _Sophs_ were victorious at every point.--_Yale Banger_, Nov.
+10, 1846.
+
+My Chum, a _Soph_, says he committed himself too soon.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 118.
+
+
+SOPHIC. A contraction of sophomoric.
+
+  So then the _Sophic_ army
+    Came on in warlike glee.
+    _The Battle of the Ball_, 1853.
+
+
+SOPHIMORE. The old manner of spelling what is now known as
+SOPHOMORE.
+
+The President may give Leave for the _Sophimores_ to take out some
+particular Books.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 23.
+
+His favorite researches, however, are discernible in his
+observations on a comet, which appeared in the beginning of his
+_Sophimore_ year.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 13.
+
+I aver thou hast never been a corporal in the militia, or a
+_sophimore_ at college.--_The Algerine Captive_, Walpole, 1797,
+Vol. I. p. 68.
+
+
+SOPHISH GOWN. Among certain gownsmen, a gown that bears the marks
+of much service; "a thing of shreds and patches."--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+SOPHIST. A name given to the undergraduates at Cambridge, England.
+--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+
+SOPHISTER. Greek, [Greek: sophistaes]. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., the title of students who are advanced beyond the
+first year of their residence. The entire course at the University
+consists of three years and one term, during which the students
+have the titles of First-Year Men, or Freshmen; Second-Year Men,
+or Junior Sophs or Sophisters; Third-Year Men, or Senior Sophs or
+Sophisters; and, in the last term, Questionists, with reference to
+the approaching examination. In the older American colleges, the
+Junior and Senior Classes were originally called Junior Sophisters
+and Senior Sophisters. The term is also used at Oxford and Dublin.
+--_Webster_.
+
+And in case any of the _Sophisters_ fail in the premises required
+at their hands, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+
+SOPHOMORE. One belonging to the second of the four classes in an
+American college.
+
+Professor Goodrich, in his unabridged edition of Dr. Webster's
+Dictionary, gives the following interesting account of this word.
+"This word has generally been considered as an 'American
+barbarism,' but was probably introduced into our country, at a
+very early period, from the University of Cambridge, Eng. Among
+the cant terms at that University, as given in the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, we find _Soph-Mor_ as 'the next distinctive
+appellation to Freshman.' It is added, that 'a writer in the
+Gentlemen's Magazine thinks _mor_ an abbreviation of the Greek
+[Greek: moria], introduced at a time when the _Encomium Moriæ_,
+the Praise of Folly, by Erasmus, was so generally used.' The
+ordinary derivation of the word, from [Greek: sofos] and [Greek:
+moros] would seem, therefore, to be incorrect. The younger Sophs
+at Cambridge appear, formerly, to have received the adjunct _mor_
+([Greek: moros]) to their names, either as one which they courted
+for the reason mentioned above, or as one given them in sport, for
+the supposed exhibition of inflated feeling in entering on their
+new honors. The term, thus applied, seems to have passed, at a
+very early period, from Cambridge in England to Cambridge in
+America, as 'the next distinctive appellation to Freshman,' and
+thus to have been attached to the second of the four classes in
+our American colleges; while it has now almost ceased to be known,
+even as a cant word, at the parent institution in England whence
+it came. This derivation of the word is rendered more probable by
+the fact, that the early spelling was, to a great extent at least,
+Soph_i_more, as appears from the manuscripts of President Stiles
+of Yale College, and the records of Harvard College down to the
+period of the American Revolution. This would be perfectly natural
+if _Soph_ or _Sophister_ was considered as the basis of the word,
+but can hardly be explained if the ordinary derivation had then
+been regarded as the true one."
+
+Some further remarks on this word may be found in the Gentleman's
+Magazine, above referred to, 1795, Vol. LXV. p. 818.
+
+
+SOPHOMORE COMMENCEMENT. At Princeton College, it has long been the
+custom for the Sophomore Class, near the time of the Commencement
+at the close of the Senior year, to hold a Commencement in
+imitation of it, at which burlesque and other exercises,
+appropriate to the occasion, are performed. The speakers chosen
+are a Salutatorian, a Poet, an Historian, who reads an account of
+the doings of the Class up to that period, a Valedictorian, &c.,
+&c. A band of music is always in attendance. After the addresses,
+the Class partake of a supper, which is usually prolonged to a
+very late hour. In imitation of the Sophomore Commencement,
+_Burlesque Bills_, as they are called, are prepared and published
+by the Juniors, in which, in a long and formal programme, such
+subjects and speeches are attributed to the members of the
+Sophomore Class as are calculated to expose their weak points.
+
+
+SOPHOMORIC, SOPHOMORICAL. Pertaining to or like a Sophomore.
+
+  Better to face the prowling panther's path,
+  Than meet the storm of _Sophomoric_ wrath.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 22.
+
+We trust he will add by his example no significancy to that pithy
+word, "_Sophomoric_."--_Sketches of Williams Coll._, p. 63.
+
+Another meaning, derived, it would appear, from the
+characteristics of the Sophomore, yet not very creditable to him,
+is _bombastic, inflated in style or manner_.--_J.C. Calhoun_.
+
+Students are looked upon as being necessarily _Sophomorical_ in
+literary matters.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 84.
+
+The Professor told me it was rather _Sophomorical_.--_Sketches of
+Williams Coll._, p. 74.
+
+
+SOPHRONISCUS. At Yale College, this name is given to Arnold's
+Greek Prose Composition, from the fact of its repeated occurrence
+in that work.
+
+  _Sophroniscum_ relinquemus;
+  Et Euclidem comburemus,
+  Ejus vi soluti.
+    _Pow-wow of Class of '58, Yale Coll._
+
+See BALBUS.
+
+
+SPIRT. Among the students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+extraordinary effort of mind or body for a short time. A boat's
+crew _make a spirt_, when they pull fifty yards with all the
+strength they have left. A reading-man _makes_ _a spirt_ when he
+crams twelve hours daily the week before examination.--_Bristed_.
+
+As my ... health was decidedly improving, I now attempted a
+"_spirt_," or what was one for me.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 223.
+
+My amateur Mathematical coach, who was now making his last _spirt_
+for a Fellowship, used to accompany me.--_Ibid._, p. 288.
+
+He reads nine hours a day on a "_spirt_" the fortnight before
+examination.--_Ibid._, p. 327.
+
+
+SPIRTING. Making an extraordinary effort of mind or body for a
+short time.--_Bristed_.
+
+Ants, bees, boat-crews _spirting_ at the Willows,... are but faint
+types of their activity.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 224.
+
+
+SPLURGE. In many colleges, when one is either dashy, or dressed
+more than ordinarily, he is said to _cut a splurge_. A showy
+recitation is often called by the same name. In his Dictionary of
+Americanisms, Mr. Bartlett defines it, "a great effort, a
+demonstration," which is the signification in which this word is
+generally used.
+
+
+SPLURGY. Showy; of greater surface than depth. Applied to a lesson
+which is well rehearsed but little appreciated. Also to literary
+efforts of a certain nature, to character, persons, &c.
+
+They even pronounce his speeches _splurgy_.--_Yale Tomahawk_, May,
+1852.
+
+
+SPOON. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the last of each
+class of the honors is humorously denominated _The Spoon_. Thus,
+the last Wrangler is called the Golden Spoon; the last Senior
+Optime, the Silver Spoon; and the last Junior Optime, the Wooden
+Spoon. The Wooden Spoon, however, is _par excellence_, "The
+Spoon."--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+See WOODEN SPOON.
+
+
+SPOON, SPOONY, SPOONEY. A man who has been drinking till he
+becomes disgusting by his very ridiculous behavior, is said to be
+_spoony_ drunk; and hence it is usual to call a very prating,
+shallow fellow a rank _spoon_.--_Grose_.
+
+Mr. Bartlett, in his Dictionary of Americanisms, says:--"We use
+the word only in the latter sense. The Hon. Mr. Preston, in his
+remarks on the Mexican war, thus quotes from Tom Crib's
+remonstrance against the meanness of a transaction, similar to our
+cries for more vigorous blows on Mexico when she is prostrate:
+
+"'Look down upon Ben,--see him, _dunghill_ all o'er,
+  Insult the fallen foe that can harm him no more.
+  Out, cowardly _spooney_! Again and again,
+  By the fist of my father, I blush for thee, Ben.'
+
+"Ay, you will see all the _spooneys_ that ran, like so many
+_dunghill_ champions, from 54 40, stand by the President for the
+vigorous prosecution of the war upon the body of a prostrate foe."
+--_N.Y. Tribune_, 1847.
+
+Now that year it so happened that the spoon was no
+_spooney_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 218.
+
+Not a few of this party were deluded into a belief, that all
+studious and quiet men were slow, all men of proper self-respect
+exclusives, and all men of courtesy and good-breeding _spoonies_.
+--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 118.
+
+Suppose that rustication was the fate of a few others of our
+acquaintance, whom you cannot call slow, or _spoonies_ either,
+would it be deemed no disgrace by them?--_Ibid._, p. 196.
+
+  When _spoonys_ on two knees, implore the aid of sorcery,
+  To suit their wicked purposes they quickly put the laws awry.
+    _Rejected Addresses_, Am. ed., p. 154.
+
+They belong to the class of elderly "_spoons_," with some few
+exceptions, and are nettled that the world should not go at their
+rate of progression.--_Boston Daily Times_, May 8, 1851.
+
+
+SPOONY, SPOONEY. Like a _spoon_; possessing the qualities of a
+silly or stupid fellow.
+
+I shall escape from this beautiful critter, for I'm gettin'
+_spooney_, and shall talk silly presently.--_Sam Slick_.
+
+Both the adjective and the noun _spooney_ are in constant and
+frequent use at some of the American colleges, and are generally
+applied to one who is disliked either for his bad qualities or for
+his ill-breeding, usually accompanied with the idea of weakness.
+
+He sprees, is caught, rusticates, returns next year, mingles with
+feminines, and is consequently degraded into the _spooney_ Junior.
+_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 208.
+
+A "bowl" was the happy conveyance. Perhaps this was chosen because
+the voyagers were _spooney_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1849.
+
+
+SPOOPS, SPOOPSY. At Harvard College, a weak, silly fellow, or one
+who is disliked on account of his foolish actions, is called a
+_spoops_, or _spoopsy_. The meaning is nearly the same as that of
+_spoony_.
+
+
+SPOOPSY. Foolish; silly. Applied either to a person or thing.
+
+Seniors always try to be dignified. The term "_spoopsey_" in its
+widest signification applies admirably to them.--_Yale Tomahawk_,
+May, 1852.
+
+
+SPORT. To exhibit or bring out in public; as, to _sport_ a new
+equipage.--_Grose_.
+
+This word was in great vogue in England in the year 1783 and 1784;
+but is now sacred to men of _fashion_, both in England and
+America.
+
+With regard to the word _sport_, they [the Cantabrigians]
+_sported_ knowing, and they _sported_ ignorant,--they _sported_ an
+Ægrotat, and they _sported_ a new coat,--they _sported_ an Exeat,
+they _sported_ a Dormiat, &c.--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p. 1085.
+
+  I'm going to serve my country,
+    And _sport_ a pretty wife.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854, Yale Coll.
+
+To _sport oak_, or a door, is to fasten a door for safety or
+convenience.
+
+If you call on a man and his door is _sported_, signifying that he
+is out or busy, it is customary to pop your card through the
+little slit made for that purpose.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 336.
+
+Some few constantly turn the keys of their churlish doors, and
+others, from time to time, "_sport oak_."--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 268.
+
+
+SPORTING-DOOR. At the English universities, the name given to the
+outer door of a student's room, which can be _sported_ or fastened
+to prevent intrusion.
+
+Their impregnable _sporting-doors_, that defy alike the hostile
+dun and the too friendly "fast man."--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 3.
+
+
+SPREAD. A feast of a more humble description than a GAUDY. Used at
+Cambridge, England.
+
+This puts him in high spirits again, and he gives a large
+_spread_, and gets drunk on the strength of it.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 129.
+
+He sits down with all of them, about forty or fifty, to a most
+glorious _spread_, ordered from the college cook, to be served up
+in the most swell style possible.--_Ibid._, p. 129.
+
+
+SPROUT. Any _branch_ of education is in student phrase a _sprout_.
+This peculiar use of the word is said to have originated at Yale.
+
+
+SPRUNG. The positive, of which _tight_ is the comparative, and
+_drunk_ the superlative.
+
+  "One swallow makes not spring," the poet sung,
+  But many swallows make the fast man _sprung_.
+    _MS. Poem_, by F.E. Felton.
+
+See TIGHT.
+
+
+SPY. In some of the American colleges, it is a prevailing opinion
+among the students, that certain members of the different classes
+are encouraged by the Faculty to report what they have seen or
+ascertained in the conduct of their classmates, contrary to the
+laws of the college. Many are stigmatized as _spies_ very
+unjustly, and seldom with any sufficient reason.
+
+
+SQUIRT. At Harvard College, a showy recitation is denominated a
+_squirt_; the ease and quickness with which the words flow from
+the mouth being analogous to the ease and quickness which attend
+the sudden ejection of a stream of water from a pipe. Such a
+recitation being generally perfect, the word _squirt_ is very
+often used to convey that idea. Perhaps there is not, in the whole
+vocabulary of college cant terms, one more expressive than this,
+or that so easily conveys its meaning merely by its sound. It is
+mostly used colloquially.
+
+2. A foppish young fellow; a whipper-snapper.--_Bartlett_.
+
+If they won't keep company with _squirts_ and dandies, who's going
+to make a monkey of himself?--_Maj. Jones's Courtship_, p. 160.
+
+
+SQUIRT. To make a showy recitation.
+
+  He'd rather slump than _squirt_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, p. 9.
+
+Webster has this word with the meaning, "to throw out words, to
+let fly," and marks it as out of use.
+
+
+SQUIRTINESS. The quality of being showy.
+
+
+SQUIRTISH. Showy; dandified.
+
+It's my opinion that these slicked up _squirtish_ kind a fellars
+ain't particular hard baked, and they always goes in for
+aristocracy notions.--_Robb, Squatter Life_, p. 73.
+
+
+SQUIRTY. Showy; fond of display; gaudy.
+
+Applied to an oration which is full of bombast and grandiloquence;
+to a foppish fellow; to an apartment gayly adorned, &c.
+
+  And should they "scrape" in prayers, because they are long
+  And rather "_squirty_" at times.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 58.
+
+
+STAMMBOOK. German. A remembrance-book; an album. Among the German
+students stammbooks were kept formerly, as commonly as
+autograph-books now are among American students.
+
+But do procure me the favor of thy Rapunzel writing something in
+my _Stammbook_.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+242.
+
+
+STANDING. Academical age, or rank.
+
+Of what _standing_ are you? I am a Senior Soph.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+  Her mother told me all about your love,
+  And asked me of your prospects and your _standing_.
+    _Collegian_, 1830, p. 267.
+
+_To stand for an honor_; i.e. to offer one's self as a candidate
+for an honor.
+
+
+STAR. In triennial catalogues a star designates those who have
+died. This sign was first used with this signification by Mather,
+in his Magnalia, in a list prepared by him of the graduates of
+Harvard College, with a fanciful allusion, it is supposed, to the
+abode of those thus marked.
+
+    Our tale shall be told by a silent _star_,
+  On the page of some future Triennial.
+    _Poem before Class of 1849, Harv. Coll._, p. 4.
+
+We had only to look still further back to find the _stars_
+clustering more closely, indicating the rapid flight of the
+spirits of short-lived tenants of earth to another
+sphere.--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 66.
+
+
+STAR. To mark a star opposite the name of a person, signifying
+that he is dead.
+
+Six of the sixteen Presidents of our University have been
+inaugurated in this place; and the oldest living graduate, the
+Hon. Paine Wingate of Stratham, New Hampshire, who stands on the
+Catalogue a lonely survivor amidst the _starred_ names of the
+dead, took his degree within these walls.--_A Sermon on leaving
+the Old Meeting-house in Cambridge_, by Rev. William Newell, Dec.
+1, 1833, p. 22.
+
+Among those fathers were the venerable remnants of classes that
+are _starred_ to the last two or three, or it may be to the last
+one.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 6.
+
+
+STATEMENT OF FACTS. At Yale College, a name given to a public
+meeting called for the purpose of setting forth the respective
+merits of the two great societies in that institution, viz.
+"Linonia" and "The Brothers in Unity." There are six orators,
+three from Linonia and three from the Brothers,--a Senior, a
+Junior, and the President of each society. The Freshmen are
+invited by handsomely printed cards to attend the meeting, and
+they also have the best seats reserved for them, and are treated
+with the most intense politeness. As now conducted, the _Statement
+of Facts_ is any thing rather than what is implied by the name. It
+is simply an opportunity for the display of speaking talent, in
+which wit and sarcasm are considered of far greater importance
+than truth. The Freshmen are rarely swayed to either side. In nine
+cases out of ten they have already chosen their society, and
+attend the statement merely from a love of novelty and fun. The
+custom grew up about the year 1830, after the practice of dividing
+the students alphabetically between the two societies had fallen
+into disuse. Like all similar customs, the Statement of Facts has
+reached its present college importance by gradual growth. At first
+the societies met in a small room of the College, and the
+statements did really consist of the facts in the case. Now the
+exercises take place in a public hall, and form a kind of
+intellectual tournament, where each society, in the presence of a
+large audience, strives to get the advantage of the other.
+
+From a newspaper account of the observance of this literary
+festival during the present year, the annexed extract is taken.
+
+"For some years, students, as they have entered College, have been
+permitted to choose the society with which they would connect
+themselves, instead of being alphabetically allotted to one of the
+two. This method has made the two societies earnest rivals, and
+the accession of each class to College creates an earnest struggle
+to see which shall secure the greater number of members. The
+electioneering campaign, as it is termed, begins when the students
+come to be examined for admission to College, that is, about the
+time of the Commencement, and continues through a week or two of
+the first term of the next year. Each society, of course, puts
+forth the most determined efforts to conquer. It selects the most
+prominent and popular men of the Senior Class as President, and
+arrangements are so made that a Freshman no sooner enters town
+than he finds himself unexpectedly surrounded by hosts of friends,
+willing to do anything for him, and especially instruct him in his
+duty with reference to the selection of societies. For the benefit
+of those who do not yield to this private electioneering, this
+Statement of Facts is made. It amounts, however, to little more
+than a 'good time,' as there are very few who wait to be
+influenced by 'facts' they know will be so distorted. The
+advocates of each society feel bound, of course, to present its
+affairs in the most favorable aspect. Disputants are selected,
+generally with regard to their ability as speakers, one from the
+Junior and one from the Senior Class. The Presidents of each
+society also take part."--_N.Y. Daily Times_, Sept. 22, 1855.
+
+As an illustration of the eloquence and ability which is often
+displayed on these occasions, the following passages have been
+selected from the address of John M. Holmes of Chicago, Ill., the
+Junior orator in behalf of the Brothers in Unity at the Statement
+of Facts held September 20th, 1855.
+
+"Time forbids me to speak at length of the illustrious alumni of
+the Brothers; of Professor Thatcher, the favorite of college,--of
+Professor Silliman, the Nestor of American literati,--of the
+revered head of this institution, President Woolsey, first
+President of the Brothers in 1820,--of Professor Andrews, the
+author of the best dictionary of the Latin language,--of such
+divines as Dwight and Murdock,--of Bacon and Bushnell, the pride
+of New England,--or of the great names of Clayton, Badger,
+Calhoun, Ellsworth, and John Davis,--all of whom were nurtured and
+disciplined in the halls of the Brothers, and there received the
+Achillean baptism that made their lives invulnerable. But perhaps
+I err in claiming such men as the peculium of the Brothers,--they
+are the common heritage of the human race.
+
+ 'Such names as theirs are pilgrim shrines,
+  Shrines to no code nor creed confined,
+  The Delphian vales, the Palestines,
+  The Meccas of the mind.'
+
+"But there are other names which to overlook would be worse than
+negligence,--it would be ingratitude unworthy of a son of Yale.
+
+"At the head of that glorious host stands the venerable form of
+Joel Barlow, who, in addition to his various civil and literary
+distinctions, was the father of American poetry. There too is the
+intellectual brow of Webster, not indeed the great defender of the
+Constitution, but that other Webster, who spent his life in the
+perpetuation of that language in which the Constitution is
+embalmed, and whose memory will be coeval with that language to
+the latest syllable of recorded time. Beside Webster on the
+historic canvas appears the form of the only Judge of the Supreme
+Court of the United States that ever graduated at this
+College,--Chief Justice Baldwin, of the class of 1797. Next to him
+is his classmate, a patriarchal old man who still lives to bless
+the associations of his youth,--who has consecrated the noblest
+talents to the noblest earthly purposes,--the pioneer of Western
+education,--the apostle of Temperance,--the life-long teacher of
+immortality,--and who is the father of an illustrious family whose
+genius has magnetized all Christendom. His classmate is Lyman
+Beecher. But a year ago in the neighboring city of Hartford there
+was a monument erected to another Brother in Unity,--the
+philanthropist who first introduced into this country the system
+of instructing deaf mutes. More than a thousand unfortunates bowed
+around his grave. And although there was no audible voice of
+eulogy or thankfulness, yet there were many tears. And grateful
+thoughts went up to heaven in silent benediction for him who had
+unchained their faculties, and given them the priceless treasures
+of intellectual and social communion. Thomas H. Gallaudet was a
+Brother in Unity.
+
+"And he who has been truly called the most learned of poets and
+the most poetical of learned men,--whose ascent to the heaven of
+song has been like the pathway of his own broad sweeping
+eagle,--J.G. Percival,--is a Brother in Unity. And what shall I
+say of Morse? Of Morse, the wonder-worker, the world-girdler, the
+space-destroyer, the author of the noblest invention whose glory
+was ever concentrated in a single man, who has realized the
+fabulous prerogative of Olympian Jove, and by the instantaneous
+intercommunication of thought has accomplished the work of ages in
+binding together the whole civilized world into one great
+Brotherhood in Unity?
+
+"Gentlemen, these are the men who wait to welcome you to the
+blessings of our society. There they stand, like the majestic
+statues that line the entrance to an eternal pyramid. And when I
+look upon one statue, and another, and another, and contemplate
+the colossal greatness of their proportions, as Canova gazed with
+rapture upon the sun-god of the Vatican, I envy not the man whose
+heart expands not with the sense of a new nobility, and whose eye
+kindles not with the heart's enthusiasm, as he thinks that he too
+is numbered among that glorious company,--that he too is sprung
+from that royal ancestry. And who asks for a richer heritage, or a
+more enduring epitaph, than that he too is a Brother in Unity?"
+
+
+S.T.B. _Sanctæ Theologiæ Baccalaureus_, Bachelor in Theology.
+
+See B.D.
+
+
+S.T.D. _Sanctæ Theologiæ Doctor_. Doctor in Theology.
+
+See D.D.
+
+
+STEWARD. In colleges, an officer who provides food for the
+students, and superintends the kitchen.--_Webster_.
+
+In American colleges, the labors of the steward are at present
+more extended, and not so servile, as set forth in the above
+definition. To him is usually assigned the duty of making out the
+term-bills and receiving the money thereon; of superintending the
+college edifices with respect to repairs, &c.; of engaging proper
+servants in the employ of the college; and of performing such
+other services as are declared by the faculty of the college to be
+within his province.
+
+
+STICK. In college phrase, _to stick_, or _to get stuck_, is to be
+unable to proceed, either in a recitation, declamation, or any
+other exercise. An instructor is said to _stick_ a student, when
+he asks a question which the student is unable to answer.
+
+But he has not yet discovered, probably, that he ... that
+"_sticks_" in Greek, and cannot tell, by demonstration of his own,
+whether the three angles of a triangle are equal to two, or four,
+... can nevertheless drawl out the word Fresh, &c.--_Scenes and
+Characters in College_, p. 30.
+
+
+S.T.P. _Sanctæ Theologiæ Professor_. Professor in Theology.
+
+A degree of similar import to S.T.D., and D.D.
+
+
+STUDENT. A person engaged in study; one who is devoted to
+learning, either in a seminary or in private; a scholar; as, the
+_students_ of an academy, of a college or university; a medical
+_student_; a law _student_.
+
+2. A man devoted to books; a bookish man; as, a hard _student_; a
+close _student_.--_Webster_.
+
+3. At Oxford, this word is used to designate one who stands upon
+the foundation of the college to which he belongs, and is an
+aspirant for academic emoluments.--_De Quincey_.
+
+4. In German universities, by _student_ is understood "one who has
+by matriculation acquired the rights of academical
+citizenship."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 27.
+
+
+STUDY. A building or an apartment devoted to study or to literary
+employment.--_Webster_.
+
+In some of the older American colleges, it was formerly the custom
+to partition off, in each chamber, two small rooms, where the
+occupants, who were always two in number, could carry on their
+literary pursuits. These rooms were called, from this
+circumstance, _studies_. Speaking of the first college edifice
+which was erected at New Haven, Mr. Clap, in his History of Yale
+College, says: "It made a handsome appearance, and contained near
+fifty _studies_ in convenient chambers"; and again he speaks of
+Connecticut Hall as containing thirty-two chambers and sixty-four
+_studies_. In the oldest buildings, some of these _studies_ remain
+at the present day.
+
+The _study_ rents, until December last, were discontinued with Mr.
+Dunster.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 463.
+
+Every Graduate and Undergraduate shall find his proportion of
+furniture, &c., during the whole time of his having a _study_
+assigned him.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 35.
+
+  To him that occupies my _study_,
+  I give, &c.--_Will of Charles Prentiss_.
+
+
+STUMP. At Princeton College, to fail in reciting; to say, "Not
+prepared," when called on to recite. A _stump_, a bad recitation;
+used in the phrase, "_to make a stump_."
+
+
+SUB-FRESH. A person previous to entering the Freshman Class is
+called a _sub-fresh_, or one below a Freshman.
+
+           Praying his guardian powers
+  To assist a poor "_Sub-Fresh_" at the dread examination.
+    _Poem before the Iadma Soc. of Harv. Coll._, 1850, p. 14.
+
+  Our "_Sub-Fresh_" has that feeling.
+    _Ibid._, p. 16.
+
+Everybody happy, except _Sub-Fresh_, and they trying hardest to
+appear so.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 103.
+
+The timid _Sub-Fresh_ had determined to construct stout
+barricades, with no lack of ammunition.--_Ibid._, p. 103.
+
+Sometimes written _Sub_.
+
+Information wanted of the "_Sub_" who didn't think it an honor to
+be electioneered.--_N.B., Yale Coll., June_ 14, 1851.
+
+See PENE.
+
+
+SUBJECT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a particular
+author, or part of an author, set for examination; or a particular
+branch of Mathematics, such as Optics, Hydrostatics,
+&c.--_Bristed_.
+
+To _get up a subject_, is to make one's self thoroughly master of
+it.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+SUB-RECTOR. A rector's deputy or substitute.--_Walton, Webster_.
+
+
+SUB-SIZAR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., formerly an order
+of students lower than the _sizars_.
+
+  Masters of all sorts, and all ages,
+  Keepers, _subcizers_, lackeys, pages.
+    _Poems of Bp. Corbet_, p. 22.
+
+           There he sits and sees
+  How lackeys and _subsizers_ press
+    And scramble for degrees.
+    _Ibid._, p. 88.
+
+See under SIZAR.
+
+
+SUCK. At Middlebury College, to cheat at recitation or examination
+by using _ponies_, _interliners_, or _helps_ of any kind.
+
+
+SUPPLICAT. Latin; literally, _he supplicates_. In the English
+universities, a petition; particularly a written application with
+a certificate that the requisite conditions have been complied
+with.--_Webster_.
+
+A _Supplicat_, says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, is "an entreaty to
+be admitted to the degree of B.A.; containing a certificate that
+the Questionist has kept his full number of terms, or explaining
+any deficiency. This document is presented to the caput by the
+father of his college."
+
+
+SURPLICE DAY. An occasion or day on which the surplice is worn by
+the members of a university.
+
+"On all Sundays and Saint-days, and the evenings preceding, every
+member of the University, except noblemen, attends chapel in his
+surplice."--_Grad. ad Cantab._, pp. 106, 107.
+
+
+SUSPEND. In colleges, to separate a student from his class, and
+place him under private instruction.
+
+  And those whose crimes are very great,
+  Let us _suspend_ or rusticate.--_Rebelliad_, p. 24.
+
+
+SUSPENSION. In universities and colleges, the punishment of a
+student for some offence, usually negligence, by separating him
+from his class, and compelling him to pursue those branches of
+study in which he is deficient under private instruction, provided
+for the purpose.
+
+
+SUSPENSION-PAPER. The paper in which the act of suspension from
+college is declared.
+
+  Come, take these three _suspension-papers_;
+  They'll teach you how to cut such capers.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 32.
+
+
+SUSPENSION TO THE ROOM. In Princeton College, one of the
+punishments for certain offences subjects a student to confinement
+to his chamber and exclusion from his class, and requires him to
+recite to a teacher privately for a certain time. This is
+technically called _suspension to the room_.
+
+
+SWEEP, SWEEPER. The name given at Yale and other colleges to the
+person whose occupation it is to sweep the students' rooms, make
+their beds, &c.
+
+Then how welcome the entrance of the _sweep_, and how cutely we
+fling jokes at each other through the dust!--_Yale Lit. Mag._,
+Vol. XIV. p. 223.
+
+Knocking down the _sweep_, in clearing the stairs, we described a
+circle to our room.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  A Freshman by the faithful _sweep_
+  Was found half buried in soft sleep.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  With fingers dirty and black,
+    From lower to upper room,
+  A College _Sweep_ went dustily round,
+    Plying his yellow broom.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 12.
+
+In the Yale Literary Magazine, Vol. III. p. 144, is "A tribute to
+certain Members of the Faculty, whose names are omitted in the
+Catalogue," in which appropriate praise is awarded to these useful
+servants.
+
+The Steward ... engages _sweepers_ for the College.--_Laws Harv.
+Coll._, 1816, p. 48.
+
+One of the _sweepers_ finding a parcel of wood,... the defendant,
+in the absence of the owner of the wood, authorizes the _sweeper_
+to carry it away.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 98.
+
+
+SWELL BLOCK. In the University of Virginia, a sobriquet applied to
+dandies and vain pretenders.
+
+
+SWING. At several American colleges, the word _swing_ is used for
+coming out with a secret society badge; 1st, of the society, to
+_swing out_ the new men; and, 2d, of the men, intransitively, to
+_swing_, or to _swing out_, i.e. to appear with the badge of a
+secret society. Generally, _to swing out_ signifies to appear in
+something new.
+
+The new members have "_swung out_," and all again is
+harmony.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+
+SYNDIC. Latin, _syndicus_; Greek, [Greek: sundikos; sun], _with_,
+and [Greek: dikae], _justice_.
+
+An officer of government, invested with different powers in
+different countries. Almost all the companies in Paris, the
+University, &c., have their _syndics_. The University of Cambridge
+has its _syndics_, who are chosen from the Senate to transact
+special business, as the regulation of fees, forming of laws,
+inspecting the library, buildings, printing, &c.--_Webster. Cam.
+Cal._
+
+
+SYNDICATE. A council or body of syndics.
+
+The state of instruction in and encouragement to the study of
+Theology were thus set forth in the report of a _syndicate_
+appointed to consider the subject in 1842.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 293.
+
+
+
+_T_.
+
+
+TADS. At Centre College, Ky., there is "a society," says a
+correspondent, "composed of the very best fellows of the College,
+calling themselves _Tads_, who are generally associated together,
+for the object of electing, by the additional votes of their
+members, any of their friends who are brought forward as
+candidates for any honor or appointment in the literary societies
+to which they belong."
+
+
+TAKE UP. To call on a student to rehearse a lesson.
+
+  Professor _took_ him _up_ on Greek;
+  He tried to talk, but couldn't speak.
+    _MS Poem_.
+
+
+TAKE UP ONE'S CONNECTIONS. In students' phrase, to leave college.
+Used in American institutions.
+
+
+TARDES. At the older American colleges, when charges were made and
+excuses rendered in Latin, the student who had come late to any
+religious service was addressed by the proper officer with the
+word _Tardes_, a kind of barbarous second person singular of some
+unknown verb, signifying, probably, "You are or were late."
+
+  Much absence, _tardes_ and egresses,
+  The college-evil on him seizes.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+TARDY. In colleges, late in attendance on a public
+exercise.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TAVERN. At Harvard College, the rooms No. 24 Massachusetts Hall,
+and No. 8 Hollis Hall, were occupied from the year 1789 to 1793 by
+Mr. Charles Angier. His table was always supplied with wine,
+brandy, crackers, etc., of which his friends were at liberty to
+partake at any time. From this circumstance his rooms were called
+_the Tavern_ for nearly twenty years after his graduation.
+
+In connection with this incident, it may not be uninteresting to
+state, that the cellars of the two buildings above mentioned were
+divided each into thirty-two compartments, corresponding with the
+number of rooms. In these the students and tutors stored their
+liquors, sometimes in no inconsiderable quantities. Frequent
+entries are met with in the records of the Faculty, in which the
+students are charged with pilfering wine, brandy, or eatables from
+the tutors' _bins_.
+
+
+TAXOR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., an officer appointed
+to regulate the assize of bread, the true gauge of weights,
+etc.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+TEAM. In the English universities, the pupils of a private tutor
+or COACH.--_Bristed_.
+
+No man who has not taken a good degree expects or pretends to take
+good men into his _team_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 69.
+
+It frequently, indeed usually happens, that a "coach" of
+reputation declines taking men into his _team_ before they have
+made time in public.--_Ibid._, p. 85.
+
+
+TEAR. At Princeton College, a _perfect tear_ is a very extra
+recitation, superior to a _rowl_.
+
+
+TEMPLE. At Bowdoin College, a privy is thus designated.
+
+
+TEN-STRIKE. At Hamilton College, a perfect recitation, ten being
+the mark given for a perfect recitation.
+
+
+TEN-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., these are
+allowed to take the degree of Bachelor in Divinity without having
+been B.A. or M.A., by the statute of 9th Queen Elizabeth, which
+permits persons, who are admitted at any college when twenty-four
+years of age and upwards, to take the degree of B.D. after their
+names have remained on the _boards_ ten years or more. After the
+first eight years, they must reside in the University the greater
+part of three several terms, and perform the exercises which are
+required by the statutes.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+TERM. In universities and colleges, the time during which
+instruction is regularly given to students, who are obliged by the
+statutes and laws of the institution to attend to the recitations,
+lectures, and other exercises.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., there are three terms during
+each year, which are fixed by invariable rules. October or
+Michaelmas term begins on the 10th of October, and ends on the
+16th of December. Lent or January term begins on the 13th of
+January, and ends on the Friday before Palm Sunday. Easter or
+Midsummer term, begins on the eleventh day (the Wednesday
+sennight) after Easter-day, and ends on the Friday after
+Commencement day. Commencement is always on the first Tuesday in
+July.
+
+At Oxford University, there are four terms in the year. Michaelmas
+term begins on the 10th of October, and ends on the 17th of
+December. Hilary term begins on the 14th of January, and ends the
+day before Palm Sunday. But if the Saturday before Palm Sunday
+should be a festival, the term does not end till the Monday
+following. Easter term begins on the tenth day after Easter
+Sunday, and ends on the day before Whitsunday. Trinity term begins
+on the Wednesday after Whitsunday, and ends the Saturday after the
+Act, which is always on the first Tuesday in July.
+
+At the Dublin University, the terms in each year are four in
+number. Hilary term begins on the Monday after Epiphany, and ends
+the day before Palm Sunday. Easter term begins on the eighth day
+after Easter Sunday, and ends on Whitsun-eve. Trinity term begins
+on Trinity Monday, and ends on the 8th of July. Michaelmas term
+begins on the 1st of October (or on the 2d, if the 1st should be
+Sunday), and ends on December 16th.
+
+
+TERRÆ FILIUS. Latin; _son of earth_.
+
+Formerly, one appointed to write a satirical Latin poem at the
+public Acts in the University of Oxford; not unlike the
+prevaricator at Cambridge, Eng.--_Webster_.
+
+Full accounts of the compositions written on these occasions may
+be found in a work in two volumes, entitled "Terræ-Filius; or the
+Secret History of the University of Oxford," printed in the year
+1726.
+
+See TRIPOS PAPER.
+
+
+TESTAMUR. Latin; literally, _we testify_. In the English
+universities, a certificate of proficiency, without which a person
+is not able to take his degree. So called from the first word in
+the formula.
+
+There is not one out of twenty of my pupils who can look forward
+with unmixed pleasure to a _testamur_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p.
+254.
+
+Every _testamur_ must be signed by three out of the four
+examiners, at least.--_Ibid._, p. 282.
+
+
+THEATRE. At Oxford, a building in which are held the annual
+commemoration of benefactors, the recitation of prize
+compositions, and the occasional ceremony of conferring degrees on
+distinguished personages.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+THEME. In college phrase, a short dissertation composed by a
+student.
+
+It is the practice at Cambridge [Mass.] for the Professor of
+Rhetoric and the English Language, commencing in the first or
+second quarter of the student's Sophomore year, to give the class
+a text; generally some brief moral quotation from some of the
+ancient or modern poets, from which the students write a short
+essay, usually denominated a _theme_.--_Works of R.T. Paine_, p.
+xxi.
+
+Far be it from me to enter into competition with students who have
+been practising the sublime art of _theme_ and forensic writing
+for two years.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 316.
+
+  But on the sleepy day of _themes_,
+  May doze away a dozen reams.
+    _Ibid._, p. 283.
+
+Nimrod holds his "first _theme_" in one hand, and is leaning his
+head on the other.--_Ibid._, p. 253.
+
+
+THEME-BEARER. At Harvard College, until within a few years, a
+student was chosen once in a term by his classmates to perform the
+duties of _theme-bearer_. He received the subjects for themes and
+forensics from the Professors of Rhetoric and of Moral Philosophy,
+and posted them up in convenient places, usually in the entries of
+the buildings and on, the bulletin-boards. He also distributed the
+corrected themes, at first giving them to the students after
+evening prayers, and, when this had been forbidden by the
+President, carrying them to their rooms. For these services he
+received seventy-five cents per term from each member of the
+class.
+
+
+THEME-PAPER. In American colleges, a kind of paper on which
+students write their themes or composition. It is of the size of
+an ordinary letter-sheet, contains eighteen or nineteen lines
+placed at wide intervals, and is ruled in red ink with a margin a
+little less than an inch in width.
+
+Shoe-strings, lucifers, omnibus-tickets, _theme-paper_,
+postage-stamps, and the nutriment of pipes.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 266.
+
+
+THEOLOGUE. A cant name among collegians for a student in theology.
+
+The hardened hearts of Freshmen and _Theologues_ burned with
+righteous indignation.--_Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+The _Theologs_ are not so wicked as the Medics.--_Burlesque
+Catalogue, Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 30.
+
+
+THESES-COLLECTOR. One who collects or prepares _theses_. The
+following extract from the laws of Harvard College will explain
+further what is meant by this term. "The President, Professors,
+and Tutors, annually, some time in the third term, shall select
+from the Junior Class a number of _Theses-Collectors_, to prepare
+theses for the next year; from which selection they shall appoint
+so many divisions as shall be equal to the number of branches they
+may assign. And each one shall, in the particular branch assigned
+him, collect so many theses as the government may judge expedient;
+and all the theses, thus collected, shall be delivered to the
+President, by the Saturday immediately succeeding the end of the
+Spring vacation in the Senior year, at furthest, from which the
+President, Professors, and Tutors shall select such as they shall
+judge proper to be published. But if the theses delivered to the
+President, in any particular branch, should not afford a
+sufficient number suitable for publication, a further number shall
+be required. The name of the student who collected any set or
+number of theses shall be annexed to the theses collected by him,
+in every publication. Should any one neglect to collect the theses
+required of him, he shall be liable to lose his degree."--1814, p.
+35.
+
+The Theses-Collectors were formerly chosen by the class, as the
+following extract from a MS. Journal will show.
+
+"March 27th, 1792. My Class assembled in the chapel to choose
+theses-collectors, a valedictory orator, and poet. Jackson was
+chosen to deliver the Latin oration, and Cutler to deliver the
+poem. Ellis was almost unanimously chosen a collector of the
+grammatical theses. Prince was chosen metaphysical
+theses-collector, with considerable opposition. Lowell was chosen
+mathematical theses-collector, though not unanimously. Chamberlain
+was chosen physical theses-collector."
+
+
+THESIS. A position or proposition which a person advances and
+offers to maintain, or which is actually maintained by argument; a
+theme; a subject; particularly, a subject or proposition for a
+school or university exercise, or the exercise itself.--_Webster_.
+
+In the older American colleges, the _theses_ held a prominent
+place in the exercises of Commencement. At Harvard College the
+earliest theses extant bear the date of the year 1687. They were
+Theses Technological, Logical, Grammatical, Rhetorical,
+Mathematical, and Physical. The last theses were presented in the
+year 1820. The earliest theses extant belonging to Yale College
+are of 1714, and the last were printed in 1797.
+
+
+THIRDING. In England, "a custom practised at the universities,
+where two _thirds_ of the original price is allowed by
+upholsterers to the students for household goods returned them
+within the year."--_Grose's Dict._
+
+On this subject De Quincey says: "The Oxford rule is, that, if you
+take the rooms (which is at your own option), in that case you
+_third_ the furniture and the embellishments; i.e. you succeed to
+the total cost diminished by one third. You pay, therefore, two
+guineas out of each three to your _immediate_ predecessor."--_Life
+and Manners_, p. 250.
+
+
+THIRD-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the title of
+Third-Year Men, or Senior Sophs or Sophisters, is given to
+students during the third year of their residence at the
+University.
+
+
+THUNDERING BOLUS. See INTONITANS BOLUS.
+
+
+TICK. A recitation made by one who does not know of what he is
+talking.
+
+_Ticks_, screws, and deads were all put under contribution.--_A
+Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 25.
+
+
+TICKER. One who recites without knowing what he is talking about;
+one entirely independent of any book-knowledge.
+
+  If any "_Ticker_" dare to look
+  A stealthy moment on his book.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+TICKING. The act of reciting without knowing anything about the
+lesson.
+
+And what with _ticking_, screwing, and deading, am candidate for a
+piece of parchment to-morrow.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 194.
+
+
+TIGHT. A common slang term among students; the comparative, of
+which _drunk_ is the superlative.
+
+  Some twenty of as jolly chaps as e'er got jolly _tight_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849.
+
+               Hast spent the livelong night
+  In smoking Esculapios,--in getting jolly _tight_?
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850.
+
+  He clenched his fist as fain for fight,
+  Sank back, and gently murmured "_tight_."
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen, 1848.
+
+  While fathers, are bursting with rage and spite,
+  And old ladies vow that the students are _tight_.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+Speaking of the word "drunk," the Burlington Sentinel remarks:
+"The last synonyme that we have observed is '_tight_,' a term, it
+strikes us, rather inappropriate, since a 'tight' man, in the cant
+use of the word, is almost always a 'loose character.' We give a
+list of a few of the various words and phrases which have been in
+use, at one time or another, to signify some stage of inebriation:
+Over the bay, half seas over, hot, high, corned, cut, cocked,
+shaved, disguised, jammed, damaged, sleepy, tired, discouraged,
+snuffy, whipped, how come ye so, breezy, smoked, top-heavy,
+fuddled, groggy, tipsy, smashed, swipy, slewed, cronk, salted
+down, how fare ye, on the lee lurch, all sails set, three sheets
+in the wind, well under way, battered, blowing, snubbed, sawed,
+boosy, bruised, screwed, soaked, comfortable, stimulated,
+jug-steamed, tangle-legged, fogmatic, blue-eyed, a passenger in
+the Cape Ann stage, striped, faint, shot in the neck, bamboozled,
+weak-jointed, got a brick in his hat, got a turkey on his back."
+
+Dr. Franklin, in speaking of the intemperate drinker, says, he
+will never, or seldom, allow that he is drunk; he may be "boosy,
+cosey, foxed, merry, mellow, fuddled, groatable, confoundedly cut,
+may see two moons, be among the Philistines, in a very good humor,
+have been in the sun, is a little feverish, pretty well entered,
+&c., but _never drunk_."
+
+A highly entertaining list of the phrases which the Germans employ
+"to clothe in a tolerable garb of decorum that dreamy condition
+into which Bacchus frequently throws his votaries," is given in
+_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., pp. 296, 297.
+
+See SPRUNG.
+
+2. At Williams College, this word is sometimes used as an
+exclamation; e.g. "O _tight_!"
+
+
+TIGHT FIT. At the University of Vermont, a good joke is
+denominated by the students a _tight fit_, and the jokee is said
+to be "hard up."
+
+
+TILE. A hat. Evidently suggested by the meaning of the word, a
+covering for the roof of buildings.
+
+  Then, taking it from off his head, began to brush his "_tile_."
+    _Poem before the Iadma_, 1850.
+
+
+TOADY. A fawning, obsequious parasite; a toad-eater. In college
+cant, one who seeks or gains favor with an instructor or
+popularity with his classmates by mean and sycophantic actions.
+
+
+TOADY. To flatter any one for gain.--_Halliwell_.
+
+
+TOM. The great bell of Christ Church, Oxford, which formerly
+belonged to Osney Abbey.
+
+"This bell," says the Oxford Guide, "was recast in 1680, its
+weight being about 17,000 pounds; more than double the weight of
+the great bell in St. Paul's, London. This bell has always been
+represented as one of the finest in England, but even at the risk
+of dispelling an illusion under which most Oxford men have
+labored, and which every member of Christ Church has indulged in
+from 1680 to the present time, touching the fancied superiority of
+mighty Tom, it must be confessed that it is neither an accurate
+nor a musical bell. The note, as we are assured by the learned in
+these matters, ought to be B flat, but is not so. On the contrary,
+the bell is imperfect and inharmonious, and requires, in the
+opinion of those best informed, and of most experience, to be
+recast. It is, however, still a great curiosity, and may be seen
+by applying to the porter at Tom-Gate lodge."--Ed. 1847, p. 5,
+note a.
+
+
+TO THE _n(-th.)_, TO THE _n + 1(-th.)_ Among English Cantabs
+these algebraic expressions are used as intensives to denote the
+most energetic way of doing anything.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+TOWNEY. The name by which a student in an American college is
+accustomed to designate any young man residing in the town in
+which the college is situated, who is not a collegian.
+
+  And _Towneys_ left when she showed fight.
+    _Pow-wow of Class of '58, Yale Coll._
+
+
+TRANSLATION. The act of turning one language into another.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., this word is applied more
+particularly to the turning of Greek or Latin into English.
+
+In composition and cram I was yet untried, and the _translations_
+in lecture-room were not difficult to acquit one's self on
+respectably.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+34.
+
+
+TRANSMITTENDUM, _pl._ TRANSMITTENDA or TRANSMITTENDUMS. Anything
+transmitted, or handed down from one to another.
+
+Students, on withdrawing from college, often leave in the room
+which they last occupied, pictures, looking-glasses, chairs, &c.,
+there to remain, and to be handed down to the latest posterity.
+Articles thus left are called _transmittenda_.
+
+The Great Mathematical Slate was a _transmittendum_ to the best
+mathematical scholar in each class.--_MS. note in Cat. Med. Fac.
+Soc._, 1833, p. 16.
+
+
+TRENCHER-CAP. A-name, sometimes given to the square head-covering
+worn by students in the English universities. Used figuratively to
+denote collegiate power.
+
+The _trencher-cap_ has claimed a right to take its part in the
+movements which make or mar the destinies of nations, by the side
+of plumed casque and priestly tiara.--_The English Universities
+and their Reforms_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+TRIANGLE. At Union College, a urinal, so called from its shape.
+
+
+TRIENNIAL, or TRIENNIAL CATALOGUE. In American colleges, a
+catalogue issued once in three years. This catalogue contains the
+names of the officers and students, arranged according to the
+years in which they were connected with the college, an account of
+the high public offices which they have filled, degrees which they
+have received, time of death, &c.[66]
+
+The _Triennial Catalogue_ becomes increasingly a mournful
+record--it should be monitory, as well as mournful--to survivors,
+looking at the stars thickening on it, from one date to
+another.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 198.
+
+  Our tale shall be told by a silent star,
+  On the page of some future _Triennial_.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849, p. 4.
+
+
+TRIMESTER. Latin _trimestris_; _tres_, three, and _mensis_, month.
+In the German universities, a term or period of three
+months.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TRINITARIAN. The popular name of a member of Trinity College in
+the University of Cambridge, Eng.
+
+
+TRIPOS, _pl._ TRIPOSES. At Cambridge, Eng., any university
+examination for honors, of questionists or men who have just taken
+their B.A. The university scholarship examinations are not called
+_triposes_.--_Bristed_.
+
+The Classical Tripos is generally spoken of as _the Tripos_, the
+Mathematical one as the Degree Examination.--_Ibid._, p. 170.
+
+2. A tripos paper.
+
+3. One who prepares a tripos paper.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TRIPOS PAPER. At the University of Cambridge, England, a printed
+list of the successful candidates for mathematical honors,
+accompanied by a piece in Latin verse. There are two of these,
+designed to commemorate the two Tripos days. The first contains
+the names of the Wranglers and Senior Optimes, and the second the
+names of the Junior Optimes. The word _tripos_ is supposed to
+refer to the three-legged stool formerly used at the examinations
+for these honors, though some derive it from the three _brackets_
+formerly printed on the back of the paper.
+
+_Classical Tripos Examination_. The final university examination
+for classical honors, optional to all who have taken the
+mathematical honors.--_C.A. Bristed_, in _Webster's Dict._
+
+The Tripos Paper is more fully described in the annexed extract.
+"The names of the Bachelors who were highest in the list
+(Wranglers and Senior Optimes, _Baccalaurei quibus sua reservatur
+senioritas Comitiis prioribus_, and Junior Optimes, _Comitiis
+posterioribus_) were written on slips of paper; and on the back of
+these papers, probably with a view of making them less fugitive
+and more entertaining, was given a copy of Latin verses. These
+verses were written by one of the new Bachelors, and the exuberant
+spirits and enlarged freedom arising from the termination of the
+Undergraduate restrictions often gave to these effusions a
+character of buffoonery and satire. The writer was termed _Terræ
+Filius_, or _Tripos_, probably from some circumstance in the mode
+of his making his appearance and delivering his verses; and took
+considerable liberties. On some occasions, we find that these went
+so far as to incur the censure of the authorities. Even now, the
+Tripos verses often aim at satire and humor. [It is customary to
+have one serious and one humorous copy of verses.] The writer does
+not now appear in person, but the Tripos Paper, the list of honors
+with its verses, still comes forth at its due season, and the list
+itself has now taken the name of the Tripos. This being the case
+with the list of mathematical honors, the same name has been
+extended to the list of classical honors, though unaccompanied by
+its classical verses."--_Whewell on Cambridge Education_, Preface
+to Part II., quoted in _Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 25.
+
+
+TRUMP. A jolly blade; a merry fellow; one who occupies among his
+companions a position similar to that which trumps hold to the
+other cards in the pack. Not confined in its use to collegians,
+but much in vogue among them.
+
+  But soon he treads this classic ground,
+  Where knowledge dwells and _trumps_ abound.
+    _MS. Poem_.
+
+
+TRUSTEE. A person to whom property is legally committed in
+_trust_, to be applied either for the benefit of specified
+individuals, or for public uses.--_Webster_.
+
+In many American colleges the general government is vested in a
+board of _trustees_, appointed differently in different colleges.
+
+See CORPORATION and OVERSEER.
+
+
+TUFT-HUNTER. A cant term, in the English universities, for a
+hanger-on to noblemen and persons of quality. So called from the
+_tuft_ in the cap of the latter.--_Halliwell_.
+
+There are few such thorough _tuft-hunters_ as your genuine Oxford
+Don.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LVI. p. 572.
+
+
+TUITION. In universities, colleges, schools, &c., the money paid
+for instruction. In American colleges, the tuition is from thirty
+to seventy dollars a year.
+
+
+TUTE. Abbreviation for Tutor.
+
+
+TUTOR. Latin; from _tueor_, to defend; French, _tuteur_.
+
+In English universities and colleges, an officer or member of some
+hall, who has the charge of hearing the lessons of the students,
+and otherwise giving them instruction in the sciences and various
+branches of learning.
+
+In the American colleges, tutors are graduates selected by the
+trustees, for the instruction of undergraduates of the first three
+years. They are usually officers of the institution, who have a
+share, with the president and professors, in the government of the
+students.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TUTORAGE. In the English universities, the guardianship exerted by
+a tutor; the care of a pupil.
+
+The next item which I shall notice is that which in college bills
+is expressed by the word _Tutorage_.--_De Quincey's Life and
+Manners_, p. 251.
+
+
+TUTOR, CLASS. At some of the colleges in the United States, each
+of the four classes is assigned to the care of a particular tutor,
+who acts as the ordinary medium of communication between the
+members of the class and the Faculty, and who may be consulted by
+the students concerning their studies, or on any other subject
+interesting to them in their relations to the college.
+
+At Harvard College, in addition to these offices, the Class Tutors
+grant leave of absence from church and from town for Sunday,
+including Saturday night, on the presentation of a satisfactory
+reason, and administer all warnings and private admonitions
+ordered by the Faculty for misconduct or neglect of duty.--_Orders
+and Regulations of the Faculty of Harv. Coll._, July, 1853, pp. 1,
+2.
+
+Of this regulation as it obtained at Harvard during the latter
+part of the last century, Professor Sidney Willard says: "Each of
+the Tutors had one class, of which he was charged with a certain
+oversight, and of which he was called the particular Tutor. The
+several Tutors in Latin successively sustained this relation to my
+class. Warnings of various kinds, private admonitions for
+negligence or minor offences, and, in general, intercommunication
+between his class and the Immediate Government, were the duties
+belonging to this relation."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+Vol. I. p. 266, note.
+
+
+TUTOR, COLLEGE. At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, an
+officer connected with a college, whose duties are described in
+the annexed extracts.
+
+With reference to Oxford, De Quincey remarks: "Each college takes
+upon itself the regular instruction of its separate inmates,--of
+these and of no others; and for this office it appoints, after
+careful selection, trial, and probation, the best qualified
+amongst those of its senior members who choose to undertake a
+trust of such heavy responsibility. These officers are called
+Tutors; and they are connected by duties and by accountability,
+not with the University at all, but with their own private
+colleges. The public tutors appointed in each college [are] on the
+scale of one to each dozen or score of students."--_Life and
+Manners_, Boston, 1851, p. 252.
+
+Bristed, writing of Cambridge, says: "When, therefore, a boy, or,
+as we should call him, a young man, leaves his school, public or
+private, at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and 'goes up' to the
+University, he necessarily goes up to some particular college, and
+the first academical authority he makes acquaintance with in the
+regular order of things is the College Tutor. This gentleman has
+usually taken high honors either in classics or mathematics, and
+one of his duties is naturally to lecture. But this by no means
+constitutes the whole, or forms the most important part, of his
+functions. He is the medium of all the students' pecuniary
+relations with the College. He sends in their accounts every term,
+and receives the money through his banker; nay, more, he takes in
+the bills of their tradesmen, and settles them also. Further, he
+has the disposal of the college rooms, and assigns them to their
+respective occupants. When I speak of the College _Tutor_, it must
+not be supposed that one man is equal to all this work in a large
+college,--Trinity, for instance, which usually numbers four
+hundred Undergraduates in residence. A large college has usually
+two Tutors,--Trinity has three,--and the students are equally
+divided among them,--_on their sides_, the phrase is,--without
+distinction of year, or, as we should call it, of _class_. The
+jurisdiction of the rooms is divided in like manner. The Tutor is
+supposed to stand _in loco parentis_; but having sometimes more
+than a hundred young men under him, he cannot discharge his duties
+in this respect very thoroughly, nor is it generally expected that
+he should."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 10, 11.
+
+
+TUTORIAL. Belonging to or exercised by a tutor or instructor.
+
+Even while he is engaged in his "_tutorial_" duties, &c.--_Am.
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. IV. p. 409.
+
+
+TUTORIC. Pertaining to a tutor.
+
+A collection of two was not then considered a sure prognostic of
+rebellion, and spied out vigilantly by _tutoric_
+eyes.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 314.
+
+
+TUTORIFIC. The same as _tutoric_.
+
+  While thus in doubt they hesitating stand,
+  Approaches near the _Tutorific_ band.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+  "Old Yale," of thee we sing, thou art our theme,
+  Of thee with all thy _Tutorific_ host.--_Ibid._
+
+
+TUTORING FRESHMEN. Of the various means used by Sophomores to
+trouble Freshmen, that of _tutoring_ them, as described in the
+following extract from the Sketches of Yale College, is not at all
+peculiar to that institution, except in so far as the name is
+concerned.
+
+"The ancient customs of subordination among the classes, though
+long since abrogated, still preserve a part of their power over
+the students, not only of this, but of almost every similar
+institution. The recently exalted Sophomore, the dignified Junior,
+and the venerable Senior, look back with equal humor at the
+'greenness' of their first year. The former of these classes,
+however, is chiefly notorious in the annals of Freshman capers. To
+them is allotted the duty of fumigating the room of the new-comer,
+and preparing him, by a due induction into the mysteries of Yale,
+for the duties of his new situation. Of these performances, the
+most systematic is commonly styled _Tutoring_, from the character
+assumed by the officiating Sophomore. Seated solemnly in his chair
+of state, arrayed in a pompous gown, with specs and powdered hair,
+he awaits the approach of the awe-struck subject, who has been
+duly warned to attend his pleasure, and fitly instructed to make a
+low reverence and stand speechless until addressed by his
+illustrious superior. A becoming impression has also been conveyed
+of the dignity, talents, and profound learning and influence into
+the congregated presence of which he is summoned. Everything, in
+short, which can increase his sufficiently reverent emotions, or
+produce a readier or more humble obedience, is carefully set
+forth, till he is prepared to approach the door with no little
+degree of that terror with which the superstitious inquirer enters
+the mystic circle of the magician. A shaded light gleams dimly out
+into the room, and pours its fuller radiance upon a ponderous
+volume of Hebrew; a huge pile of folios rests on the table, and
+the eye of the fearful Freshman half ventures to discover that
+they are tomes of the dead languages.
+
+"But first he has, in obedience to his careful monitor, bowed
+lowly before the dignified presence; and, hardly raising his eyes,
+he stands abashed at his awful situation, waiting the supreme
+pleasure of the supposed officer. A benignant smile lights up the
+tutor's grave countenance; he enters strangely enough into
+familiar talk with the recently admitted collegiate; in pathetic
+terms he describes the temptations of this _great_ city, the
+thousand dangers to which he will be exposed, the vortex of ruin
+into which, if he walks unwarily, he will be surely plunged. He
+fires the youthful ambition with glowing descriptions of the
+honors that await the successful, and opens to his eager view the
+dazzling prospect of college fame. Nor does he fail to please the
+youthful aspirant with assurances of the kindly notice of the
+Faculty; he informs him of the satisfactory examination he has
+passed, and the gratification of the President at his uncommon
+proficiency; and having thus filled the buoyant imagination of his
+dupe with the most glowing college air-castles, dismisses him from
+his august presence, after having given him especial permission to
+call on any important occasion hereafter."--pp. 159-162.
+
+
+TUTOR, PRIVATE. At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, an
+instructor, whose position and studies are set forth in the
+following extracts.
+
+"Besides the public tutors appointed in each college," says De
+Quincey, writing of Oxford, "there are also tutors strictly
+private, who attend any students in search of special and
+extraordinary aid, on terms settled privately by themselves. Of
+these persons, or their existence, the college takes no
+cognizance." "These are the working agents in the Oxford system."
+"The _Tutors_ of Oxford correspond to the _Professors_ of other
+universities."--_Life and Manners_, Boston, 1851, pp. 252, 253.
+
+Referring to Cambridge, Bristed remarks: "The private tutor at an
+English university corresponds, as has been already observed, in
+many respects, to the _professor_ at a German. The German
+professor is not _necessarily_ attached to any specific chair; he
+receives no _fixed_ stipend, and has not public lecture-rooms; he
+teaches at his own house, and the number of his pupils depends on
+his reputation. The Cambridge private tutor is also a graduate,
+who takes pupils at his rooms in numbers proportionate to his
+reputation and ability. And although while the German professor is
+regularly licensed as such by his university, and the existence of
+the private tutor _as such_ is not even officially recognized by
+his, still this difference is more apparent than real; for the
+English university has _virtually_ licensed the tutor to instruct
+in a particular branch by the standing she has given him in her
+examinations." "Students come up to the University with all
+degrees of preparation.... To make up for former deficiences, and
+to direct study so that it may not be wasted, are two _desiderata_
+which probably led to the introduction of private tutors, once a
+partial, now a general appliance."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 146-148.
+
+
+TUTORSHIP. The office of a tutor.--_Hooker_.
+
+In the following passage, this word is used as a titulary
+compellation, like the word _lordship_.
+
+  One morning, as the story goes,
+  Before his _tutorship_ arose.--_Rebelliad_, p. 73.
+
+
+TUTORS' PASTURE. In 1645, John Bulkley, the "first Master of Arts
+in Harvard College," by a deed, gave to Mr. Dunster, the President
+of that institution, two acres of land in Cambridge, during his
+life. The deed then proceeds: "If at any time he shall leave the
+Presidency, or shall decease, I then desire the College to
+appropriate the same to itself for ever, as a small gift from an
+alumnus, bearing towards it the greatest good-will." "After
+President Dunster's resignation," says Quincy, "the Corporation
+gave the income of Bulkley's donation to the tutors, who received
+it for many years, and hence the enclosure obtained the name of
+'_Tutors' Pasture_,' or '_Fellows' Orchard_.'" In the Donation
+Book of the College, the deed is introduced as "Extractum Doni
+Pomarii Sociorum per Johannem Bulkleium."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 269, 270.
+
+For further remarks on this subject, see Peirce's "History of
+Harvard University," pp. 15, 81, 113, also Chap. XIII., and
+"Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," pp. 390, 391.
+
+
+TWITCH A TWELVE. At Middlebury College, to make a perfect
+recitation; twelve being the maximum mark for scholarship.
+
+
+
+_U_.
+
+
+UGLY KNIFE. See JACK-KNIFE.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATE. A student, or member of a university or college,
+who has not taken his first degree.--_Webster_.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATE. Noting or pertaining to a student of a college who
+has not taken his first degree.
+
+The _undergraduate_ students shall be divided into four distinct
+classes.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 11.
+
+With these the _undergraduate_ course is not intended to
+interfere.--_Yale Coll. Cat._, 1850-51, p. 33.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATESHIP. The state of being an undergraduate.--_Life of
+Paley_.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY. An assemblage of colleges established in any place,
+with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other
+branches of learning, and where degrees are conferred. A
+_university_ is properly a universal school, in which are taught
+all branches of learning, or the four faculties of theology,
+medicine, law, and the sciences and arts.--_Cyclopædia_.
+
+2. At some American colleges, a name given to a university
+student. The regulation in reference to this class at Union
+College is as follows:--"Students, not regular members of college,
+are allowed, as university students, to prosecute any branches for
+which they are qualified, provided they attend three recitations
+daily, and conform in all other respects to the laws of College.
+On leaving College, they receive certificates of character and
+scholarship."--_Union Coll. Cat._, 1850.
+
+The eyes of several Freshmen and _Universities_ shone with a
+watery lustre.--_The Parthenon_, Vol. I. p. 20.
+
+
+UP. To be _up_ in a subject, is to be informed in regard to it.
+_Posted_ expresses a similar idea. The use of this word, although
+common among collegians, is by no means confined to them.
+
+In our past history, short as it is, we would hardly expect them
+to be well _up_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 28.
+
+
+He is well _up_ in metaphysics.--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+
+UPPER HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+
+_V_.
+
+
+VACATION. The intermission of the regular studies and exercises of
+a college or other seminary, when the students have a
+recess.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., there are three vacations
+during each year. Christmas vacation begins on the 16th of
+December, and ends on the 13th of January. Easter vacation begins
+on the Friday before Palm Sunday, and ends on the eleventh day
+after Easter-day. The Long vacation begins on the Friday
+succeeding the first Tuesday in July, and ends on the 10th of
+October. At the University of Oxford there are four vacations in
+each year. At Dublin University there are also four vacations,
+which correspond nearly with the vacations of Oxford.
+
+See TERM.
+
+
+VALEDICTION. A farewell; a bidding farewell. Used sometimes with
+the meaning of _valedictory_ or _valedictory oration_.
+
+Two publick Orations, by the Candidates: the one to give a
+specimen of their Knowledge, &c., and the other to give a grateful
+and pathetick _Valediction_ to all the Officers and Members of the
+Society.--_Clap's Hist. Yale Coll._, p. 87.
+
+
+VALEDICTORIAN. The student of a college who pronounces the
+valedictory oration at the annual Commencement.--_Webster_.
+
+
+VALEDICTORY. In American colleges, a farewell oration or address
+spoken at Commencement, by a member of the class which receive the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts, and take their leave of college and of
+each other.
+
+
+VARMINT. At Cambridge, England, and also among the whip gentry,
+this word signifies natty, spruce, dashing; e.g. he is quite
+_varmint_; he sports a _varmint_ hat, coat, &c.
+
+A _varmint_ man spurns a scholarship, would consider it a
+degradation to be a fellow.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 122.
+
+The handsome man, my friend and pupil, was naturally enough a bit
+of a swell, or _varmint_ man.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 118.
+
+
+VERGER. At the University of Oxford, an officer who walks first in
+processions, and carries a silver rod.
+
+
+VICE-CHANCELLOR. An officer in a university, in England, a
+distinguished member, who is annually elected to manage the
+affairs in the absence of the Chancellor. He must be the head of a
+college, and during his continuance in office he acts as a
+magistrate for the university, town, and county.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+At Oxford, the Vice-Chancellor holds a court, in which suits may
+be brought against any member of the University. He never walks
+out, without being preceded by a Yeoman-Bedel with his silver
+staff. At Cambridge, the Mayor and Bailiffs of the town are
+obliged, at their election, to take certain oaths before the
+Vice-Chancellor. The Vice-Chancellor has the sole right of
+licensing wine and ale-houses in Cambridge, and of _discommuning_
+any tradesman or inhabitant who has violated the University
+privileges or regulations. In both universities, the
+Vice-Chancellor is nominated by the Heads of Houses, from among
+themselves.
+
+
+VICE-MASTER. An officer of a college in the English universities
+who performs the duties of the Master in his absence.
+
+
+VISITATION. The act of a superior or superintending officer, who
+visits a corporation, college, church, or other house, to examine
+into the manner in which it is conducted, and see that its laws
+and regulations are duly observed and executed.--_Cyc._
+
+In July, 1766, a law was formally enacted, "that twice in the
+year, viz. at the semiannual _visitation_ of the committee of the
+Overseers, some of the scholars, at the direction of the President
+and Tutors, shall publicly exhibit specimens of their
+proficiency," &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 132.
+
+
+VIVA VOCE. Latin; literally, _with the living voice_. In the
+English universities, that part of an examination which is carried
+on orally.
+
+The examination involves a little _viva voce_, and it was said,
+that, if a man did his _viva voce_ well, none of his papers were
+looked at but the Paley.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 92.
+
+In Combination Room, where once I sat at _viva voce_, wretched,
+ignorant, the wine goes round, and wit, and pleasant
+talk.--_Household Words_, Am. ed., Vol. XI. p. 521.
+
+
+
+_W_.
+
+
+WALLING. At the University of Oxford, the punishment of _walling_,
+as it is popularly denominated, consists in confining a student to
+the walls of his college for a certain period.
+
+
+WARDEN. The master or president of a college.--_England_.
+
+
+WARNING. In many colleges, when it is ascertained that a student
+is not living in accordance with the laws of the institution, he
+is usually informed of the fact by a _warning_, as it is called,
+from one of the faculty, which consists merely of friendly caution
+and advice, thus giving him an opportunity, by correcting his
+faults, to escape punishment.
+
+  Sadly I feel I should have been saved by numerous _warnings_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+  No more shall "_warnings_" in their hearing ring,
+  Nor "admonitions" haunt their aching head.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 210.
+
+
+WEDGE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the man whose name is
+the last on the list of honors in the voluntary classical
+examination, which follows the last examination required by
+statute, is called the _wedge_. "The last man is called the
+_wedge_" says Bristed, "corresponding to the Spoon in Mathematics.
+This name originated in that of the man who was last on the first
+Tripos list (in 1824), _Wedgewood_. Some one suggested that the
+_wooden wedge_ was a good counterpart to the _wooden spoon_, and
+the appellation stuck."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+253.
+
+
+WET. To christen a new garment by treating one's friends when one
+first appears in it; e.g.:--A. "Have you _wet_ that new coat yet?"
+B. "No." A. "Well, then, I should recommend to you the propriety
+of so doing." B. "What will you drink?" This word, although much
+used among students, is by no means confined to them.
+
+
+WHINNICK. At Hamilton College, to refuse to fulfil a promise or
+engagement; to retreat from a difficulty; to back out.
+
+
+WHITE-HOOD HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+WIGS. The custom of wearing wigs was, perhaps, observed nowhere in
+America during the last century with so much particularity as at
+the older colleges. Of this the following incident is
+illustrative. Mr. Joseph Palmer, who graduated at Harvard in the
+year 1747, entered college at the age of fourteen; but, although
+so young, was required immediately after admission to cut off his
+long, flowing hair, and to cover his head with an unsightly
+bag-wig. At the beginning of the present century, wigs were not
+wholly discarded, although the fashion of wearing the hair in a
+queue was more in vogue. From a record of curious facts, it
+appears that the last wig which appeared at Commencement in
+Harvard College was worn by Mr. John Marsh, in the year 1819.
+
+See DRESS.
+
+
+WILL. At Harvard College, it was at one time the mode for the
+student to whom had been given the JACK-KNIFE in consequence of
+his ugliness, to transmit the inheritance, when he left, to some
+one of equal pretensions in the class next below him. At one
+period, this transmission was effected by a _will_, in which not
+only the knife, but other articles, were bequeathed. As the 21st
+of June was, till of late years, the day on which the members of
+the Senior Class closed their collegiate studies, and retired to
+make preparations for the ensuing Commencement, Wills were usually
+dated at that time. The first will of this nature of which mention
+is made is that of Mr. William Biglow, a member of the class of
+1794, and the recipient for that year of the knife. It appeared in
+the department entitled "Omnium Gatherum" of the Federal Orrery,
+published at Boston, April 27, 1795, in these words:--
+
+ "A WILL:
+
+BEING THE LAST WORDS OF CHARLES CHATTERBOX, ESQ., LATE WORTHY AND
+MUCH LAMENTED MEMBER OF THE LAUGHING CLUB OF HARVARD UNIVERSITT,
+WHO DEPARTED COLLEGE LIFE, JUNE 21, 1794, IN THE TWENTY-FIRST YEAR
+OF HIS AGE.
+
+ "I, CHARLEY CHATTER, sound of mind,
+  To making fun am much inclined;
+  So, having cause to apprehend
+  My college life is near its end,
+  All future quarrels to prevent,
+  I seal this will and testament.
+
+ "My soul and body, while together,
+  I send the storms of life to weather;
+  To steer as safely as they can,
+  To honor GOD, and profit man.
+
+ "_Imprimis_, then, my bed and bedding,
+  My only chattels worth the sledding,
+  Consisting of a maple stead,
+  A counterpane, and coverlet,
+  Two cases with the pillows in,
+  A blanket, cord, a winch and pin,
+  Two sheets, a feather bed and hay-tick,
+  I order sledded up to _Natick_,
+  And that with care the sledder save them
+  For those kind parents, first who gave them.
+
+ "_Item_. The Laughing Club, so blest,
+  Who think this life what 't is,--a jest,--
+  Collect its flowers from every spray,
+  And laugh its goading thorns away;
+  From whom to-morrow I dissever,
+  Take one sweet grin, and leave for ever;
+  My chest, and all that in it is,
+  I give and I bequeath them, viz.:
+  Westminster grammar, old and poor,
+  Another one, compiled by Moor;
+  A bunch of pamphlets pro and con
+  The doctrine of salva-ti-on;
+  The college laws, I'm freed from minding,
+  A Hebrew psalter, stripped from binding.
+  A Hebrew Bible, too, lies nigh it,
+  Unsold--because no one would buy it.
+
+ "My manuscripts, in prose and verse,
+  They take for better and for worse;
+  Their minds enlighten with the best,
+  And pipes and candles with the rest;
+  Provided that from them they cull
+  My college exercises dull,
+  On threadbare theme, with mind unwilling,
+  Strained out through fear of fine one shilling,
+  To teachers paid t' avert an evil,
+  Like Indian worship to the Devil.
+  The above-named manuscripts, I say.
+  To club aforesaid I convey,
+  Provided that said themes, so given,
+  Full proofs that _genius won't be driven_,
+  To our physicians be presented,
+  As the best opiates yet invented.
+
+ "_Item_. The government of college,
+  Those liberal _helluos_ of knowledge,
+  Who, e'en in these degenerate days,
+  Deserve the world's unceasing praise;
+  Who, friends of science and of men,
+  Stand forth Gomorrah's righteous ten;
+  On them I naught but thanks bestow,
+  For, like my cash, my credit's low;
+  So I can give nor clothes nor wines,
+  But bid them welcome to my fines.
+
+ "_Item_. My study desk of pine,
+  That work-bench, sacred to the nine,
+  Which oft hath groaned beneath my metre,
+  I give to pay my debts to PETER.
+
+ "_Item_. Two penknives with white handles,
+  A bunch of quills, and pound of candles,
+  A lexicon compiled by COLE,
+  A pewter spoon, and earthen bowl,
+  A hammer, and two homespun towels,
+  For which I yearn with tender bowels,
+  Since I no longer can control them,
+  I leave to those sly lads who stole them.
+
+ "_Item_. A gown much greased in Commons,
+  A hat between a man's and woman's,
+  A tattered coat of college blue,
+  A fustian waistcoat torn in two,
+  With all my rust, through college carried,
+  I give to classmate O----,[67] who's _married_.
+
+ "_Item_. C------ P------s[68] has my knife,
+  During his natural college life,--
+  That knife, which ugliness inherits,
+  And due to his superior merits;
+  And when from Harvard he shall steer,
+  I order him to leave it here,
+  That 't may from class to class descend,
+  Till time and ugliness shall end.
+
+ "The said C------ P------s, humor's son,
+  Who long shall stay when I am gone,
+  The Muses' most successful suitor,
+  I constitute my executor;
+  And for his trouble to requite him,
+  Member of Laughing Club I write him.
+
+ "Myself on life's broad sea I throw,
+  Sail with its joy, or stem its woe,
+  No other friend to take my part,
+  Than careless head and honest heart.
+  My purse is drained, my debts are paid,
+  My glass is run, my will is made,
+  To beauteous Cam. I bid adieu,
+  And with the world begin anew."
+
+Following the example of his friend Biglow, Mr. Prentiss, on
+leaving college, prepared a will, which afterwards appeared in one
+of the earliest numbers of the Rural Repository, a literary paper,
+the publication of which he commenced at Leominster, Mass., in the
+autumn of 1795. Thomas Paine, afterwards Robert Treat Paine, Jr.,
+immediately transferred it to the columns of the Federal Orrery,
+which paper he edited, with these introductory remarks: "Having,
+in the second number of 'Omnium Gatherum' presented to our readers
+the last will and testament of Charles Chatterbox, Esq., of witty
+memory, wherein the said Charles, now deceased, did lawfully
+bequeath to Ch----s Pr----s the celebrated 'Ugly Knife,' to be by
+him transmitted, at his collegiate demise, to the next succeeding
+candidate;... and whereas the said Ch-----s Pr-----s, on the 21st
+of June last, departed his aforesaid '_college life_,' thereby
+leaving to the inheritance of his successor the valuable legacy,
+which his illustrious friend had bequeathed, as an _entailed
+estate_, to the poets of the university,--we have thought proper
+to insert a full, true, and attested copy of the will of the last
+deceased heir, in order that the world may be furnished with a
+correct genealogy of this renowned _jack-knife_, whose pedigree
+will become as illustrious in after time as the family of the
+'ROLLES,' and which will be celebrated by future wits as the most
+formidable _weapon_ of modern genius."
+
+"A WILL;
+
+BEING THE LAST WORDS OP CH----S PR----S, LATE WORTHY AND MUCH
+LAMENTED MEMBER OF THE LAUGHING CLUB OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, WHO
+DEPARTED COLLEGE LIFE ON THE 21ST OF JUNE, 1795.
+
+ "I, Pr-----s Ch----s, of judgment sound,
+  In soul, in limb and wind, now found;
+  I, since my head is full of wit,
+  And must be emptied, or must split,
+  In name of _president_ APOLLO,
+  And other gentle folks, that follow:
+  Such as URANIA and CLIO,
+  To whom my fame poetic I owe;
+  With the whole drove of rhyming sisters,
+  For whom my heart with rapture blisters;
+  Who swim in HELICON uncertain
+  Whether a petticoat or shirt on,
+  From vulgar ken their charms do cover,
+  From every eye but _Muses' lover_;
+  In name of every ugly GOD;
+  Whose beauty scarce outshines a toad;
+  In name of PROSERPINE and PLUTO,
+  Who board in hell's sublimest grotto;
+  In name of CERBERUS and FURIES,
+  Those damned _aristocrats_ and tories;
+  In presence of two witnesses,
+  Who are as homely as you please,
+  Who are in truth, I'd not belie 'em,
+  Ten times as ugly, faith, as I am;
+  But being, as most people tell us,
+  A pair of jolly clever fellows,
+  And classmates likewise, at this time,
+  They sha'n't be honored in my rhyme.
+  I--I say I, now make this will;
+  Let those whom I assign fulfil.
+  I give, grant, render, and convey
+  My goods and chattels thus away:
+  That _honor of a college life_,
+  _That celebrated_ UGLY KNIFE,
+  Which predecessor SAWNEY[69] orders,
+  Descending to time's utmost borders,
+  To _noblest bard of homeliest phiz_,
+  To have and hold and use as his;
+  I now present C----s P----y S----r,[70]
+  To keep with his poetic lumber,
+  To scrape his quid, and make a split,
+  To point his pen for sharpening wit;
+  And order that he ne'er abuse
+  Said Ugly Knife, in dirtier use,
+  And let said CHARLES, that best of writers,
+  In prose satiric skilled to bite us,
+  And equally in verse delight us,
+  Take special care to keep it clean
+  From unpoetic hands,--I ween.
+  And when those walls, the Muses' seat,
+  Said S----r is obliged to quit,
+  Let some one of APOLLO'S firing,
+  To such heroic joys aspiring,
+  Who long has borne a poet's name,
+  With said knife cut his way to fame.
+
+ "I give to those that fish for parts,
+  Long sleepless nights, and aching hearts,
+  A little soul, a fawning spirit,
+  With half a grain of plodding merit,
+  Which is, as Heaven I hope will say,
+  Giving what's not my own away.
+
+ "Those _oven baked_ or _goose egg folded_,
+  Who, though so often I have told it,
+  With all my documents to show it,
+  Will scarce believe that I'm a poet,
+  I give of criticism the lens
+  With half an ounce of common sense.
+
+ "And 't would a breach be of humanity,
+  Not to bequeath D---n[71] my vanity;
+  For 'tis a rule direct from Heaven,
+  _To him that hath, more shall be given_.
+
+ "_Item_. Tom M----n,[72] COLLEGE LION,
+  Who'd ne'er spend cash enough to buy one,
+  The BOANERGES of a pun,
+  A man of science and of fun,
+  That quite uncommon witty elf,
+  Who darts his bolts and shoots himself,
+  Who oft hath bled beneath my jokes,
+  I give my old _tobacco-box_.
+
+ "My _Centinels_[73] for some years past,
+  So neatly bound with thread and paste,
+  Exposing Jacobinic tricks,
+  I give my chum _for politics_.
+
+ "My neckcloth, dirty, old, yet _strong_,
+  That round my neck has lasted long,
+  I give BIG BOY, for deed of pith,
+  Namely, to hang himself therewith.
+
+ "To those who've parts at exhibition
+  Obtained by long, unwearied fishing,
+  I say, to such unlucky wretches,
+  I give, for wear, a brace of breeches;
+  Then used; as they're but little tore,
+  I hope they'll show their tails no more.
+
+ "And ere it quite has gone to rot,
+  I, B---- give my blue great-coat,
+  With all its rags, and dirt, and tallow,
+  Because he's such a dirty fellow.
+
+ "Now for my books; first, _Bunyan's Pilgrim_,
+  (As he with thankful pleasure will grin,)
+  Though dog-leaved, torn, in bad type set in,
+  'T will do quite well for classmate B----,
+  And thus, with complaisance to treat her,
+  'T will answer for another Detur.
+
+ "To him that occupies my study,
+  I give, for use of making toddy,
+  A bottle full of _white-face_ STINGO,
+  Another, handy, called a _mingo_.
+  My wit, as I've enough to spare,
+  And many much in want there are,
+  I ne'er intend to keep at _home_,
+  But give to those that handiest come,
+  Having due caution, _where_ and _when_,
+  Never to spatter _gentlemen_.
+  The world's loud call I can't refuse,
+  The fine productions of my muse;
+  If _impudence_ to _fame_ shall waft her,
+  I'll give the public all, hereafter.
+  My love-songs, sorrowful, complaining,
+  (The recollection puts me pain in,)
+  The last sad groans of deep despair,
+  That once could all my entrails tear;
+  My farewell sermon to the ladies;
+  My satire on a woman's head-dress;
+  My epigram so full of glee,
+  Pointed as epigrams should be;
+  My sonnets soft, and sweet as lasses,
+  My GEOGRAPHY of MOUNT PARNASSUS;
+  With all the bards that round it gather,
+  And variations of the weather;
+  Containing more true humorous satire,
+  Than's oft the lot of human nature;
+  ('O dear, what can the matter be!'
+  I've given away my _vanity_;
+  The vessel can't so much contain,
+  It runs o'er and comes back again.)
+  My blank verse, poems so majestic,
+  My rhymes heroic, tales agrestic;
+  The whole, I say, I'll overhaul 'em,
+  Collect and publish in a volume.
+
+ "My heart, which thousand ladies crave,
+  That I intend my wife shall have.
+  I'd give my foibles to the wind,
+  And leave my vices all behind;
+  But much I fear they'll to me stick,
+  Where'er I go, through thin and thick.
+  On WISDOM'S _horse_, oh, might I ride,
+  Whose steps let PRUDENCE' bridle guide.
+  Thy loudest voice, O REASON, lend,
+  And thou, PHILOSOPHY, befriend.
+  May candor all my actions guide,
+  And o'er my every thought preside,
+  And in thy ear, O FORTUNE, one word,
+  Let thy swelled canvas bear me onward,
+  Thy favors let me ever see,
+  And I'll be much obliged to thee;
+  And come with blooming visage meek,
+  Come, HEALTH, and ever flush my cheek;
+  O bid me in the morning rise,
+  When tinges Sol the eastern skies;
+  At breakfast, supper-time, or dinner,
+  Let me against thee be no sinner.
+
+ "And when the glass of life is run,
+  And I behold my setting sun,
+  May conscience sound be my protection,
+  And no ungrateful recollection,
+  No gnawing cares nor tumbling woes,
+  Disturb the quiet of life's close.
+  And when Death's gentle feet shall come
+  To bear me to my endless home,
+  Oh! may my soul, should Heaven but save it,
+  Safely return to GOD who gave it."
+    _Federal Orrery_, Oct. 29, 1795. _Buckingham's Reminiscences_,
+    Vol. II. pp. 228-231, 268-273.
+
+It is probable that the idea of a "College Will" was suggested to
+Biglow by "Father Abbey's Will," portions of which, till the
+present generation, were "familiar to nearly all the good
+housewives of New England." From the history of this poetical
+production, which has been lately printed for private circulation
+by the Rev. John Langdon Sibley of Harvard College, the annexed
+transcript of the instrument itself, together with the love-letter
+which was suggested by it, has been taken. The instances in which
+the accepted text differs from a Broadside copy, in the possession
+of the editor of this work, are noted at the foot of the page.
+
+ "FATHER ABBEY'S WILL:
+
+  TO WHICH IS NOW ADDED, A LETTER OF COURTSHIP TO HIS VIRTUOUS AND
+  AMIABLE WIDOW.
+   "_Cambridge, December_, 1730.
+
+"Some time since died here Mr. Matthew Abbey, in a very advanced
+age: He had for a great number of years served the College in
+quality of Bedmaker and Sweeper: Having no child, his wife
+inherits his whole estate, which he bequeathed to her by his last
+will and testament, as follows, viz.:--
+
+ "To my dear wife
+  My joy and life,
+  I freely now do give her,
+  My whole estate,
+  With all my plate,
+  Being just about to leave her.
+
+ "My tub of soap,
+  A long cart-rope,
+  A frying pan and kettle,
+  An ashes[74] pail,
+  A threshing-flail,
+  An iron wedge and beetle.
+
+ "Two painted chairs,
+  Nine warden pears,
+  A large old dripping platter,
+  This bed of hay
+  On which I lay,
+  An old saucepan for butter.
+
+ "A little mug,
+  A two-quart jug,
+  A bottle full of brandy,
+  A looking-glass
+  To see your face,
+  You'll find it very handy.
+
+ "A musket true,
+  As ever flew,
+  A pound of shot and wallet,
+  A leather sash,
+  My calabash,
+  My powder-horn and bullet.
+
+ "An old sword-blade,
+  A garden spade,
+  A hoe, a rake, a ladder,
+  A wooden can,
+  A close-stool pan,
+  A clyster-pipe and bladder.
+
+ "A greasy hat,
+  My old ram cat,
+  A yard and half of linen,
+  A woollen fleece,
+  A pot of grease,[75]
+  In order for your spinning.
+
+ "A small tooth comb,
+  An ashen broom,
+  A candlestick and hatchet,
+  A coverlid
+  Striped down with red,
+  A bag of rags to patch it.
+
+ "A rugged mat,
+  A tub of fat,
+  A book put out by Bunyan,
+  Another book
+  By Robin Cook,[76]
+  A skein or two of spun-yarn.
+
+ "An old black muff,
+  Some garden stuff,
+  A quantity of borage,[77]
+  Some devil's weed,
+  And burdock seed,
+  To season well your porridge.
+
+ "A chafing-dish,
+  With one salt-fish.
+  If I am not mistaken,
+  A leg of pork,
+  A broken fork,
+  And half a flitch of bacon.
+
+ "A spinning-wheel,
+  One peck of meal,
+  A knife without a handle,
+  A rusty lamp,
+  Two quarts of samp,
+  And half a tallow candle.
+
+ "My pouch and pipes,
+  Two oxen tripes,
+  An oaken dish well carved,
+  My little dog,
+  And spotted hog,
+  With two young pigs just starved.
+
+ "This is my store,
+  I have no more,
+  I heartily do give it:
+  My years are spun,
+  My days are done,
+  And so I think to leave it.
+
+ "Thus Father Abbey left his spouse,
+  As rich as church or college mouse,
+  Which is sufficient invitation
+  To serve the college in his station."
+    _Newhaven, January_ 2, 1731.
+
+"Our sweeper having lately buried his spouse, and accidentally
+hearing of the death and will of his deceased Cambridge brother,
+has conceived a violent passion for the relict. As love softens
+the mind and disposes to poetry, he has eased himself in the
+following strains, which he transmits to the charming widow, as
+the first essay of his love and courtship.
+
+ "MISTRESS Abbey
+  To you I fly,
+  You only can relieve me;
+  To you I turn,
+  For you I burn,
+  If you will but believe me.
+
+ "Then, gentle dame,
+  Admit my flame,
+  And grant me my petition;
+  If you deny,
+  Alas! I die
+  In pitiful condition.
+
+ "Before the news
+  Of your dear spouse
+  Had reached us at New Haven,
+  My dear wife dy'd,
+  Who was my bride
+  In anno eighty-seven.
+
+ "Thus[78] being free,
+  Let's both agree
+  To join our hands, for I do
+  Boldly aver
+  A widower
+  Is fittest for a widow.
+
+ "You may be sure
+  'T is not your dower
+  I make this flowing verse on;
+  In these smooth lays
+  I only praise
+  The glories[79] of your person.
+
+ "For the whole that
+  Was left by[80] _Mat._
+  Fortune to me has granted
+  In equal store,
+  I've[81] one thing more
+  Which Matthew long had wanted.
+
+ "No teeth, 't is true,
+  You have to shew,
+  The young think teeth inviting;
+  But silly youths!
+  I love those mouths[82]
+  Where there's no fear of biting.
+
+ "A leaky eye,
+  That's never dry,
+  These woful times is fitting.
+  A wrinkled face
+  Adds solemn grace
+  To folks devout at meeting.
+
+ "[A furrowed brow,
+  Where corn might grow,
+  Such fertile soil is seen in 't,
+  A long hook nose,
+  Though scorned by foes,
+  For spectacles convenient.][83]
+
+ "Thus to go on
+  I would[84] put down
+  Your charms from head to foot,
+  Set all your glory
+  In verse before ye,
+  But I've no mind to do 't.[85]
+
+ "Then haste away,
+  And make no stay;
+  For soon as you come hither,
+  We'll eat and sleep,
+  Make beds and sweep.
+  And talk and smoke together.
+
+ "But if, my dear,
+  I must move there,
+  Tow'rds Cambridge straight I'll set me.[86]
+  To touse the hay
+  On which you lay,
+  If age and you will let me."[87]
+
+The authorship of Father Abbey's Will and the Letter of Courtship
+is ascribed to the Rev. John Seccombe, who graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1728. The former production was sent to
+England through the hands of Governor Belcher, and in May, 1732,
+appeared both in the Gentleman's Magazine and the London Magazine.
+The latter was also despatched to England, and was printed in the
+Gentleman's Magazine for June, and in the London Magazine for
+August, 1732. Both were republished in the Massachusetts Magazine,
+November, 1794. A most entertaining account of the author of these
+poems, and of those to whom they relate, may be found in the
+"Historical and Biographical Notes" of the pamphlet to which
+allusion has been already made, and in the "Cambridge [Mass.]
+Chronicle" of April 28, 1855.
+
+
+WINE. To drink wine.
+
+After "wining" to a certain extent, we sallied forth from his
+rooms.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 14.
+
+Hither they repair each day after dinner "_to wine_."
+
+_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 95.
+
+After dinner I had the honor of _wining_ with no less a personage
+than a fellow of the college.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 114.
+
+
+In _wining_ with a fair one opposite, a luckless piece of jelly
+adhered to the tip of his still more luckless nose.--_The Blank
+Book of a Small-Colleger_, New York, 1824, p. 75.
+
+
+WINE PARTY. Among students at the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+an entertainment after dinner, which is thus described by Bristed:
+"Many assemble at _wine parties_ to chat over a frugal dessert of
+oranges, biscuits, and cake, and sip a few glasses of not
+remarkably good wine. These wine parties are the most common
+entertainments, being rather the cheapest and very much the most
+convenient, for the preparations required for them are so slight
+as not to disturb the studies of the hardest reading man, and they
+take place at a time when no one pretends to do any work."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+WIRE. At Harvard College, a trick; an artifice; a stratagem; a
+_dodge_.
+
+
+WIRY. Trickish; artful.
+
+
+WITENAGEMOTE. Saxon, _witan_, to know, and _gemot_, a meeting, a
+council.
+
+In the University of Oxford, the weekly meeting of the heads of
+the colleges.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+WOODEN SPOON. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the scholar
+whose name stands last of all on the printed list of honors, at
+the Bachelors' Commencement in January, is scoffingly said to gain
+the _wooden spoon_. He is also very currently himself called the
+_wooden spoon_.
+
+A young academic coming into the country immediately after this
+great competition, in which he had conspicuously distinguished
+himself, was asked by a plain country gentleman, "Pray, Sir, is my
+Jack a Wrangler?" "No, Sir." Now Jack had confidently pledged
+himself to his uncle that he would take his degree with honor. "A
+Senior Optime?" "No, Sir." "Why, what was he then?" "Wooden
+Spoon!" "Best suited to his wooden head," said the mortified
+inquirer.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, Vol. II. p. 258.
+
+It may not perhaps be improper to mention one very remarkable
+personage, I mean "the _Wooden Spoon_." This luckless wight (for
+what cause I know not) is annually the universal butt and
+laughing-stock of the whole Senate-House. He is the last of those
+young men who take honors, in his year, and is called a Junior
+Optime; yet, notwithstanding his being in fact superior to them
+all, the very lowest of the [Greek: oi polloi], or gregarious
+undistinguished bachelors, think themselves entitled to shoot the
+pointless arrows of their clumsy wit against the _wooden spoon_;
+and to reiterate the stale and perennial remark, that "Wranglers
+are born with gold spoons in their mouths, Senior Optimes with
+silver, Junior Optimes with _wooden_, and the [Greek: oi polloi]
+with leaden ones."--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+  Who while he lives must wield the boasted prize,
+  Whose value all can feel, the weak, the wise;
+  Displays in triumph his distinguished boon,
+  The solid honors of the _wooden spoon_.
+    _Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 119.
+
+2. At Yale College, this title is conferred on the student who
+takes the last appointment at the Junior Exhibition. The following
+account of the ceremonies incident to the presentation of the
+Wooden Spoon has been kindly furnished by a graduate of that
+institution.
+
+"At Yale College the honors, or, as they are there termed,
+appointments, are given to a class twice during the course;--upon
+the merits of the two preceding years, at the end of the first
+term, Junior; and at the end of the second term, Senior, upon the
+merits of the whole college course. There are about eight grades
+of appointments, the lowest of which is the Third Colloquy. Each
+grade has its own standard, and if a number of students have
+attained to the same degree, they receive the same appointment. It
+is rarely the case, however, that more than one student can claim
+the distinction of a third colloquy; but when there are several,
+they draw lots to see which is entitled to be considered properly
+_the_ third colloquy man.
+
+"After the Junior appointments are awarded, the members of the
+Junior Class hold an exhibition similar to the regular Junior
+exhibition, and present a _wooden spoon_ to the man who received
+the lowest honor in the gift of the Faculty.
+
+"The exhibition takes place in the evening, at some public hall in
+town. Except to those engaged in the arrangements, nothing is
+known about it among the students at large, until the evening of
+the performances, when notices of the hour and place are quietly
+circulated at prayers, in order that it may not reach the ears of
+the Faculty, who are ever too ready to participate in the sports
+of the students, and to make the result tell unfavorably against
+the college welfare of the more prominent characters.
+
+"As the appointed hour approaches, long files of black coats may
+be seen emerging from the dark halls, and winding their way
+through the classic elms towards the Temple, the favorite scene of
+students' exhibitions and secret festivals. When they reach the
+door, each man must undergo the searching scrutiny of the
+door-keeper, usually disguised as an Indian, to avoid being
+recognized by a college officer, should one chance to be in the
+crowd, and no one is allowed to enter unless he is known.
+
+"By the time the hour of the exercises has arrived, the hall is
+densely packed with undergraduates and professional students. The
+President, who is a non-appointment man, and probably the poorest
+scholar in the class, sits on a stage with his associate
+professors. Appropriate programmes, printed in the college style,
+are scattered throughout the house. As the hour strikes, the
+President arises with becoming dignity, and, instead of the usual
+phrase, 'Musicam audeamus,' restores order among the audience by
+'Silentiam audeamus,' and then addresses the band, 'Musica
+cantetur.'
+
+"Then follow a series of burlesque orations, dissertations, and
+disputes, upon scientific and other subjects, from the wittiest
+and cleverest men in the class, and the house is kept in a
+continual roar of laughter. The highest appointment men frequently
+take part in the speeches. From time to time the band play, and
+the College choir sing pieces composed for the occasion. In one of
+the best, called AUDACIA, composed in imitation of the Crambambuli
+song, by a member of the class to which the writer belonged, the
+Wooden Spoon is referred to in the following stanza:--
+
+ 'But do not think our life is aimless;
+    O no! we crave one blessed boon,
+  It is the prize of value nameless,
+    The honored, classic WOODEN SPOON;
+  But give us this, we'll shout Hurrah!
+    O nothing like Audacia!'
+
+"After the speeches are concluded and the music has ceased, the
+President rises and calls the name of the hero of the evening, who
+ascends the stage and stands before the high dignitary. The
+President then congratulates him upon having attained to so
+eminent a position, and speaks of the pride that he and his
+associates feel in conferring upon him the highest honor in their
+gift,--the Wooden Spoon. He exhorts him to pursue through life the
+noble cruise he has commenced in College,--not seeking glory as
+one of the illiterate,--the [Greek: oi polloi],--nor exactly on
+the fence, but so near to it that he may safely be said to have
+gained the 'happy medium.'
+
+"The President then proceeds to the grand ceremony of the evening,
+--the delivery of the Wooden Spoon,--a handsomely finished spoon,
+or ladle, with a long handle, on which is carved the name of the
+Class, and the rank and honor of the recipient, and the date of
+its presentation. The President confers the honor in Latin,
+provided he and his associates are able to muster a sufficient
+number of sentences.
+
+"When the President resumes his seat, the Third Colloquy man
+thanks his eminent instructors for the honor conferred upon him,
+and thanks (often with sincerity) the class for the distinction he
+enjoys. The exercises close with music by the band, or a burlesque
+colloquy. On one occasion, the colloquy was announced upon the
+programme as 'A Practical Illustration of Humbugging,' with a long
+list of witty men as speakers, to appear in original costumes.
+Curiosity was very much excited, and expectation on the tiptoe,
+when the colloquy became due. The audience waited and waited until
+sufficiently _humbugged_, when they were allowed to retire with
+the laugh turned against them.
+
+"Many men prefer the Wooden Spoon to any other college honor or
+prize, because it comes directly from their classmates, and hence,
+perhaps, the Faculty disapprove of it, considering it as a damper
+to ambition and college distinctions."
+
+This account of the Wooden Spoon Exhibition was written in the
+year 1851. Since then its privacy has been abolished, and its
+exercises are no longer forbidden by the Faculty. Tutors are now
+not unfrequently among the spectators at the presentation, and
+even ladies lend their presence, attention, and applause, to
+beautify, temper, and enliven the occasion.
+
+The "_Wooden Spoon_," tradition says, was in ancient times
+presented to the greatest glutton in the class, by his
+appreciating classmates. It is now given to the one whose name
+comes last on the list of appointees for the Junior Exhibition,
+though this rule is not strictly followed. The presentation takes
+place during the Summer Term, and in vivacity with respect to the
+literary exercises, and brilliance in point of audience, forms a
+rather formidable rival to the regularly authorized Junior
+Exhibition.--_Songs of Tale_, Preface, 1853, p. 4.
+
+Of the songs which are sung in connection with the wooden spoon
+presentation, the following is given as a specimen.
+
+   "Air,--_Yankee Doodle_.
+
+ "Come, Juniors, join this jolly tune
+  Our fathers sang before us;
+  And praise aloud the wooden spoon
+  In one long, swelling chorus.
+    Yes! let us, Juniors, shout and sing
+      The spoon and all its glory,--
+    Until the welkin loudly ring
+      And echo back the story.
+
+ "Who would not place this precious boon
+  Above the Greek Oration?
+  Who would not choose the wooden spoon
+  Before a dissertation?
+    Then, let, &c.
+
+ "Some pore o'er classic works jejune,
+  Through all their life at College,--
+  I would not pour, but use the spoon
+  To fill my mind with knowledge.
+    So let, &c.
+
+ "And if I ever have a son
+  Upon my knee to dandle,
+  I'll feed him with a wooden spoon
+  Of elongated handle.
+    Then let, &c.
+
+ "Most college honors vanish soon,
+  Alas! returning never,
+  But such a noble wooden spoon
+  Is tangible for ever.
+    So let, &c.
+
+ "Now give, in honor of the spoon,
+  Three cheers, long, loud, and hearty,
+  And three for every honored June
+  In coch-le-au-re-a-ti.[88]
+    Yes! let us, Juniors, shout and sing
+      The spoon and all its glory,--
+    Until the welkin loudly ring
+      And echo back the story."
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 37.
+
+
+WRANGLER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., at the conclusion
+of the tenth term, the final examination in the Senate-House takes
+place. A certain number of those who pass this examination in the
+best manner are called _Wranglers_.
+
+The usual number of _Wranglers_--whatever Wrangler may have meant
+once, it now implies a First Class man in Mathematics--is
+thirty-seven or thirty-eight. Sometimes it falls to thirty-five,
+and occasionally rises above forty.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 227.
+
+See SENIOR WRANGLER.
+
+
+WRANGLERSHIP. The office of a _Wrangler_.
+
+
+He may be considered pretty safe for the highest _Wranglership_
+out of Trinity.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 103.
+
+
+WRESTLING-MATCH. At Harvard College, it was formerly the custom,
+on the first Monday of the term succeeding the Commencement
+vacation, for the Sophomores to challenge the Freshmen who had
+just entered College to a wrestling-match. A writer in the New
+England Magazine, 1832, in an article entitled "Harvard College
+Forty Years Ago," remarks as follows on this subject: "Another
+custom, not enjoined by the government, had been in vogue from
+time immemorial. That was for the Sophomores to challenge the
+Freshmen to a wrestling-match. If the Sophomores were thrown, the
+Juniors gave a similar challenge. If these were conquered, the
+Seniors entered the lists, or treated the victors to as much wine,
+punch, &c. as they chose to drink. In my class, there were few who
+had either taste, skill, or bodily strength for this exercise, so
+that we were easily laid on our backs, and the Sophomores were
+acknowledged our superiors, in so far as 'brute force' was
+concerned. Being disgusted with these customs, we held a
+class-meeting, early in our first quarter, and voted unanimously
+that we should never send a Freshman on an errand; and, with but
+one dissenting voice, that we would not challenge the next class
+that should enter to wrestle. When the latter vote was passed, our
+moderator, pointing at the dissenting individual with the finger
+of scorn, declared it to be a vote, _nemine contradicente_. We
+commenced Sophomores, another Freshman Class entered, the Juniors
+challenged them, and were thrown. The Seniors invited them to a
+treat, and these barbarous customs were soon after
+abolished."--Vol. III. p. 239.
+
+The Freshman Class above referred to, as superior to the Junior,
+was the one which graduated in 1796, of which Mr. Thomas Mason,
+surnamed "the College Lion," was a member,--"said," remarks Mr.
+Buckingham, "to be the greatest _wrestler_ that was ever in
+College. He was settled as a clergyman at Northfield, Mass.,
+resigned his office some years after, and several times
+represented that town in the Legislature of Massachusetts."
+Charles Prentiss, the wit of the Class of '95, in a will written
+on his departure from college life, addresses Mason as follows:--
+
+ "Item. Tom M----n, COLLEGE LION,
+  Who'd ne'er spend cash enough to buy one,
+  The BOANERGES of a pun,
+  A man of science and of fun,
+  That quite uncommon witty elf,
+  Who darts his bolts and shoots himself,
+  Who oft has bled beneath my jokes,
+  I give my old _tobacco-box_."
+    _Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. p. 271.
+
+The fame which Mr. Mason had acquired while in College for bodily
+strength and skill in wrestling, did not desert him after he left.
+While settled as a minister at Northfield, a party of young men
+from Vermont challenged the young men of that town to a bout at
+wrestling. The challenge was accepted, and on a given day the two
+parties assembled at Northfield. After several rounds, when it
+began to appear that the Vermonters were gaining the advantage, a
+proposal was made, by some who had heard of Mr. Mason's exploits,
+that he should be requested to take part in the contest. It had
+now grown late, and the minister, who usually retired early, had
+already betaken himself to bed. Being informed of the request of
+the wrestlers, for a long time he refused to go, alleging as
+reasons his ministerial capacity, the force of example, &c.
+Finding these excuses of no avail, he finally arose, dressed
+himself, and repaired to the scene of action. Shouts greeted him
+on his arrival, and he found himself on the wrestling-field, as he
+had stood years ago at Cambridge. The champion of the Vermonters
+came forward, flushed with his former victories. After playing
+around him for some time, Mr. Mason finally threw him. Having by
+this time collected his ideas of the game, when another antagonist
+appeared, tripping up his heels with perfect ease, he suddenly
+twitched him off his centre and laid him on his back. Victory was
+declared in favor of Northfield, and the good minister was borne
+home in triumph.
+
+Similar to these statements are those of Professor Sidney Willard
+relative to the same subject, contained in his late work entitled
+"Memories of Youth and Manhood." Speaking of the observances in
+vogue at Harvard College in the year 1794, he says:--"Next to
+being indoctrinated in the Customs, so called, by the Sophomore
+Class, there followed the usual annual exhibition of the athletic
+contest between that class and the Freshman Class, namely, the
+wrestling-match. On some day of the second week in the term, after
+evening prayers, the two classes assembled on the play-ground and
+formed an extended circle, from which a stripling of the Sophomore
+Class advanced into the area, and, in terms justifying the vulgar
+use of the derivative word Sophomorical, defied his competitors,
+in the name of his associates, to enter the lists. He was matched
+by an equal in stature, from that part of the circle formed by the
+new-comers. Beginning with these puny athletes, as one and another
+was prostrated on either side, the contest advanced through the
+intermediate gradations of strength and skill, with increasing
+excitement of the parties and spectators, until it reached its
+summit by the struggle of the champion or coryphæus in reserve on
+each of the opposite sides. I cannot now affirm with certainty the
+result of the contest; whether it was a drawn battle, whether it
+ended with the day, or was postponed for another trial. It
+probably ended in the defeat of the younger party, for there were
+more and mightier men among their opponents. Had we been
+victorious, it would have behooved us, according to established
+precedents, to challenge the Junior Class, which was not done.
+Such a result, if it had taken place, could not fade from the
+memory of the victors; while failure, on the contrary, being an
+issue to be looked for, would soon be dismissed from the thoughts
+of the vanquished. Instances had occurred of the triumph of the
+Freshman Class, and one of them recent, when a challenge in due
+form was sent to the Juniors, who, thinking the contest too
+doubtful, wisely resolved to let the victors rejoice in their
+laurels already won; and, declining to meet them in the gymnasium,
+invited them to a sumptuous feast instead.
+
+"Wrestling was, at an after period, I cannot say in what year,
+superseded by football; a grovelling and inglorious game in
+comparison. Wrestling is an art; success in the exercise depends
+not on mere bodily strength. It had, at the time of which I have
+spoken, its well-known and acknowledged technical rules, and any
+violation of them, alleged against one who had prostrated his
+adversary, became a matter of inquiry. If it was found that the
+act was not achieved _secundum artem_, it was void, and might be
+followed by another trial."--Vol. I. pp. 260, 261.
+
+Remarks on this subject are continued in another part of the work
+from which the above extract is made, and the story of Thomas
+Mason is related, with a few variations from the generally
+received version. "Wrestling," says Professor Willard, "was
+reduced to an art, which had its technical terms for the movement
+of the limbs, and the manner of using them adroitly, with the
+skill acquired by practice in applying muscular force at the right
+time and in the right degree. Success in the art, therefore,
+depended partly on skill; and a violation of the rules of the
+contest vitiated any apparent triumph gained by mere physical
+strength. There were traditionary accounts of some of our
+predecessors who were commemorated as among the coryphæi of
+wrestlers; a renown that was not then looked upon with contempt.
+The art of wrestling was not then confined to the literary
+gymnasium. It was practised in every rustic village. There were
+even migrating braves and Hectors, who, in their wanderings from
+their places of abode to villages more or less distant, defied the
+chiefest of this order of gymnasts to enter the lists. In a
+country town of Massachusetts remote from the capital, one of
+these wanderers appeared about half a century since, and issued a
+general challenge against the foremost wrestlers. The clergyman of
+the town, a son of Harvard, whose fame in this particular had
+travelled from the academic to the rustic green, was apprised of
+the challenge, and complied with the solicitation of some of his
+young parishioners to accept it in their behalf. His triumph over
+the challenger was completed without agony or delay, and having
+prostrated him often enough to convince him of his folly, he threw
+him over the stone wall, and gravely admonished him against
+repeating his visit, and disturbing the peace of his
+parish."--Vol. I. p. 315.
+
+The peculiarities of Thomas Mason were his most noticeable
+characteristics. As an orator, his eloquence was of the _ore
+rotundo_ order; as a writer, his periods were singularly
+Johnsonian. He closed his ministerial labors in Northfield,
+February 28, 1830, on which occasion he delivered a farewell
+discourse, taking for his text, the words of Paul to Timothy: "The
+time of my departure is at hand. I have fought a good fight, I
+have finished my course, I have kept the faith; henceforth there
+is laid up for me a crown of righteousness."
+
+As a specimen of his style of writing, the following passages are
+presented, taken from this discourse:--"Time, which forms the
+scene of all human enterprise, solicitude, toil, and improvement,
+and which fixes the limitations of all human pleasures and
+sufferings, has at length conducted us to the termination of our
+long-protracted alliance. An assignment of the reasons of this
+measure must open a field too extended and too diversified for our
+present survey. Nor could a development of the whole be any way
+interesting to us, to whom alone this address is now submitted.
+Suffice it to say, that in the lively exercise of mutual and
+unimpaired friendship and confidence, the contracting parties,
+after sober, continued, and unimpassioned deliberation, have
+yielded to existing circumstances, as a problematical expedient of
+social blessing."
+
+After commenting upon the declaration of Paul, he continued: "The
+Apostle proceeds, 'I have fought a good fight' Would to God I
+could say the same! Let me say, however, without the fear of
+contradiction, 'I have fought a fight!' How far it has been
+'good,' I forbear to decide." His summing up was this: "You see,
+my hearers, all I can say, in common with the Apostle in the text,
+is this: 'The time of my departure is at hand,'--and, 'I have
+finished my course.'"
+
+Referring then to the situation which he had occupied, he said:
+"The scene of our alliance and co-operation, my friends, has been
+one of no ordinary cast and character. The last half-century has
+been pregnant with novelty, project, innovation, and extreme
+excitement. The pillars of the social edifice have been shaken,
+and the whole social atmosphere has been decomposed by alchemical
+demagogues and revolutionary apes. The sickly atmosphere has
+suffused a morbid humor over the whole frame, and left the social
+body little more than 'the empty and bloody skin of an immolated
+victim.'
+
+"We pass by the ordinary incidents of alienation, which are too
+numerous, and too evanescent to admit of detail. But seasons and
+circumstances of great alarm are not readily forgotten. We have
+witnessed, and we have felt, my friends, a political convulsion,
+which seemed the harbinger of inevitable desolation. But it has
+passed by with a harmless explosion, and returning friends have
+paused in wonder, at a moment's suspension of friendship. Mingled
+with the factitious mass, there was a large spice of sincerity
+which sanctified the whole composition, and restored the social
+body to sanity, health, and increased strength and vigor.
+
+"Thrice happy must be our reflections could we stop here, and
+contemplate the ascending prosperity and increasing vigor of this
+religious community. But the one half has not yet been told,--the
+beginning has hardly been begun. Could I borrow the language of
+the spirits of wrath,--was my pen transmuted to a viper's tooth
+dipped in gore,--was my paper transformed to a vellum which no
+light could illume, and which only darkness could render legible,
+I could, and I would, record a tale of blood, of which the foulest
+miscreant must burn in ceaseless anguish only once to have been
+suspected. But I refer to imagination what description can never
+reach."
+
+What the author referred to in this last paragraph no one knew,
+nor did he ever advance any explanation of these strange words.
+
+Near the close of his discourse, he said: "Standing in the place
+of a Christian minister among you, through the whole course of my
+ministrations, it has been my great and leading aim ever to
+maintain and exhibit the character and example of a Christian man.
+With clerical foppery, grimace, craft, and hypocrisy, I have had
+no concern. In the free participation of every innocent
+entertainment and delight, I have pursued an open, unreserved
+course, equally removed from the mummery of superstition and the
+dissipation of infidelity. And though I have enjoyed my full share
+of honor from the scandal of bigotry and malice, yet I may safely
+congratulate myself in the reflection, that by this liberal and
+independent progress were men weighed in the balance of
+intellectual, social, and moral worth, I have yet never lost a
+single friend who was worth preserving."--pp. 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11.
+
+
+
+_Y_.
+
+
+YAGER FIGHTS. At Bowdoin College, "_Yager Fights_," says a
+correspondent, "are the annual conflicts which occur between the
+townsmen and the students. The Yagers (from the German _Jager_, a
+hunter, a chaser) were accustomed, when the lumbermen came down
+the river in the spring, to assemble in force, march up to the
+College yard with fife and drum, get famously drubbed, and retreat
+in confusion to their dens. The custom has become extinct within
+the past four years, in consequence of the non-appearance of the
+Yagers."
+
+
+YALENSIAN. A student at or a member of Yale College.
+
+In making this selection, we have been governed partly by poetic
+merit, but more by the associations connected with various pieces
+inserted, in the minds of the present generation of _Yalensians_.
+--_Preface to Songs of Yale_, 1853.
+
+The _Yalensian_ is off for Commencement.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol.
+XIX. p. 355.
+
+
+YANKEE. According to the account of this word as given by Dr.
+William Gordon, it appears to have been in use among the students
+of Harvard College at a very early period. A citation from his
+work will show this fact in its proper light.
+
+"You may wish to know the origin of the term _Yankee_. Take the
+best account of it which your friend can procure. It was a cant,
+favorite word with Farmer Jonathan Hastings, of Cambridge, about
+1713. Two aged ministers, who were at the College in that town,
+have told me, they remembered it to have been then in use among
+the students, but had no recollection of it before that period.
+The inventor used it to express excellency. A _Yankee_ good horse,
+or _Yankee_ cider, and the like, were an excellent good horse and
+excellent cider. The students used to hire horses of him; their
+intercourse with him, and his use of the term upon all occasions,
+led them to adopt it, and they gave him the name of Yankee Jon. He
+was a worthy, honest man, but no conjurer. This could not escape
+the notice of the collegiates. Yankee probably became a by-word
+among them to express a weak, simple, awkward person; was carried
+from the College with them when they left it, and was in that way
+circulated and established through the country, (as was the case
+in respect to Hobson's choice, by the students at Cambridge, in
+Old England,) till, from its currency in New England, it was at
+length taken up and unjustly applied to the New-Englanders in
+common, as a term of reproach."--_American War_, Ed. 1789, Vol. I.
+pp. 324, 325. _Thomas's Spy_, April, 1789, No. 834.
+
+In the Massachusetts Magazine, Vol. VII., p. 301, the editor, the
+Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D.D., of Dorchester, referring to a
+letter written by the Rev. John Seccombe, and dated "Cambridge,
+Sept. 27, 1728," observes: "It is a most humorous narrative of the
+fate of a goose roasted at 'Yankee Hastings's,' and it concludes
+with a poem on the occasion, in the mock-heroic." The fact of the
+name is further substantiated in the following remarks by the Rev.
+John Langdon Sibley, of Harvard College: "Jonathan Hastings,
+Steward of the College from 1750 to 1779,... was a son of Jonathan
+Hastings, a tanner, who was called 'Yankee Hastings,' and lived on
+the spot at the northwest corner of Holmes Place in Old Cambridge,
+where, not many years since, a house was built by the late William
+Pomeroy."--_Father Abbey's Will_, Cambridge, Mass., 1854, pp. 7,
+8.
+
+
+YEAR. At the English universities, the undergraduate course is
+three years and a third. Students of the first year are called
+Freshmen, and the other classes at Cambridge are, in popular
+phrase, designated successively Second-year Men, Third-year Men,
+and Men who are just going out. The word _year_ is often used in
+the sense of class.
+
+The lecturer stands, and the lectured sit, even when construing,
+as the Freshmen are sometimes asked to do; the other _Years_ are
+only called on to listen.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 18.
+
+Of the "_year_" that entered with me at Trinity, three men died
+before the time of graduating.--_Ibid._, p. 330.
+
+
+YEOMAN-BEDELL. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+_yeoman-bedell_ in processions precedes the esquire-bedells,
+carrying an ebony mace, tipped with silver.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+At the University of Oxford, the yeoman-bedels bear the silver
+staves in procession. The vice-chancellor never walks out without
+being preceded by a yeoman-bedel with his insignium of
+office.--_Guide to Oxford_.
+
+See BEADLE.
+
+
+YOUNG BURSCH. In the German universities, a name given to a
+student during his third term, or _semester_.
+
+The fox year is then over, and they wash the eyes of the new-baked
+_Young Bursche_, since during the fox-year he was held to be
+blind, the fox not being endued with reason.--_Howitt's Student
+Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 124.
+
+
+
+
+A LIST OF AMERICAN COLLEGES
+
+REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK, IN CONNECTION WITH PARTICULAR WORDS OR
+CUSTOMS.
+
+AMHERST COLLEGE, Amherst, Mass.,                   10 references.
+ANDERSON COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, Ind.,                3 references.
+BACON COLLEGE, Ky.,                                 1 reference.
+BETHANY COLLEGE, Bethany, Va.,                      2 references.
+BOWDOIN COLLEGE, Brunswick, Me.,                   17 references.
+BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, R.I.,                 2 references.
+CENTRE COLLEGE, Danville, Ky.,                      4 references.
+COLUMBIA [KING'S] COLLEGE, New York.,               5 references.
+COLUMBIAN COLLEGE, Washington, D.C.,                1 reference.
+DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, Hanover, N.H.,                  27 references.
+HAMILTON COLLEGE, Clinton, N.Y.,                   16 references.
+HARVARD COLLEGE, Cambridge, Mass.,                399 references.
+JEFFERSON COLLEGE, Canonsburg, Penn.,               8 references.
+KING'S COLLEGE. See COLUMBIA.
+MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE, Middlebury, Vt.,               11 references.
+NEW JERSEY, COLLEGE OF, Princeton, N.J.,           29 references.
+NEW YORK, UNIVERSITY OF, New York.,                 1 reference.
+NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF, Chapel Hill, N.C.,   3 references.
+PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Philadelphia, Penn.,   3 references.
+PRINCETON COLLEGE. See NEW JERSEY, COLLEGE OF.
+RUTGER'S COLLEGE, New Brunswick, N.J.,              2 references.
+SHELBY COLLEGE, Shelbyville, Ky.,                   2 references.
+SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, Columbia, S.C.,             3 references.
+TRINITY COLLEGE, Hartford, Conn.,                  11 references.
+UNION COLLEGE, Schenectady, N.Y.,                  41 references.
+VERMONT, UNIVERSITY OF, Burlington, Vt.,           25 references.
+VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Albemarle Co., Va.,       14 references.
+WASHINGTON COLLEGE, Washington, Penn.,              5 references.
+WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, Middletown, Conn.,             5 references.
+WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE, Hudson, Ohio.,             1 reference.
+WEST POINT, N.Y.,                                   1 reference.
+WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, Williamsburg, Va.,        3 references.
+WILLIAMS COLLEGE, Williamstown, Mass.,             43 references.
+YALE COLLEGE, New Haven, Conn.,                   264 references.
+
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[01]    Hon. Levi Woodbury, whose subject was "Progress."
+
+[02]    _Vide_ Aristophanes, _Aves_.
+
+[03]    Alcestis of Euripides.
+
+[04]    See BRICK MILL.
+
+[05]    At Harvard College, sixty-eight Commencements were held in
+        the old parish church which "occupied a portion of the
+        space between Dane Hall and the old Presidential House."
+        The period embraced was from 1758 to 1834. There was no
+        Commencement in 1764, on account of the small-pox; nor
+        from 1775 to 1781, seven years, on account of the
+        Revolutionary war. The first Commencement in the new
+        meeting-house was held in 1834. In 1835, there was rain at
+        Commencement, for the first time in thirty-five years.
+
+[06]    The graduating class usually waited on the table at dinner
+        on Commencement Day.
+
+[07]    Rev. John Willard, S.T.D., of Stafford, Conn., a graduate
+        of the class of 1751.
+
+[08]     "Men, some to pleasure, some to business, take;
+          But every woman is at heart a rake."
+
+[09]    Rev. Joseph Willard, S.T.D.
+
+[10]    The Rev. Dr. Simeon Howard, senior clergyman of the
+        Corporation, presided at the public exercises and
+        announced the degrees.
+
+[11]    See under THESIS and MASTER'S QUESTION.
+
+[12]    The old way of spelling the word SOPHOMORE, q.v.
+
+[13]    Speaking of Bachelors who are reading for fellowships,
+        Bristed says, they "wear black gowns with two strings
+        hanging loose in front."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+        Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+[14]    Bristed speaks of the "blue and silver gown" of Trinity
+        Fellow-Commoners.--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+        p. 34.
+
+[15]    "A gold-tufted cap at Cambridge designates a Johnian or
+        Small-College Fellow-Commoner."--_Ibid._, p. 136.
+
+[16]    "The picture is not complete without the 'men,' all in
+        their academicals, as it is Sunday. The blue gown of
+        Trinity has not exclusive possession of its own walks:
+        various others are to be discerned, the Pembroke looped at
+        the sleeve, the Christ's and Catherine curiously crimped
+        in front, and the Johnian with its unmistakable
+        'Crackling.'"--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+        Ed. 2d, p. 73.
+
+        "On Saturday evenings, Sundays, and Saints' days the
+        students wear surplices instead of their gowns, and very
+        innocent and exemplary they look in them."--_Ibid._, p.
+        21.
+
+[17]    "The ignorance of the popular mind has often represented
+        academicians riding, travelling, &c. in cap and gown. Any
+        one who has had experience of the academic costume can
+        tell that a sharp walk on a windy day in it is no easy
+        matter, and a ride or a row would be pretty near an
+        impossibility. Indeed, during these two hours [of hard
+        exercise] it is as rare to see a student in a gown, as it
+        is at other times to find him beyond the college walks
+        without one."--_Ibid._, p. 19.
+
+[18]    Downing College.
+
+[19]    St. John's College.
+
+[20]    See under IMPOSITION.
+
+[21]     "Narratur et prisci Catonis
+          Sæpè mero caluisse virtus."
+            Horace, Ode _Ad Amphoram_.
+
+[22]    Education: a Poem before [Greek: Phi. Beta. Kappa.] Soc.,
+        1799, by William Biglow.
+
+[23]    2 Samuel x. 4.
+
+[24]    A printed "Order of Exhibition" was issued at Harvard
+        College in 1810, for the first time.
+
+[25]    In reference to cutting lead from the old College.
+
+[26]    Senior, as here used, indicates an officer of college, or
+        a member of either of the three upper classes, agreeable
+        to Custom No. 3, above.
+
+[27]    The law in reference to footballs is still observed.
+
+[28]    See SOPHOMORE.
+
+[29]    I.e. TUTOR.
+
+[30]    Abbreviated for Cousin John, i.e. a privy.
+
+[31]    Joseph Willard, President of Harvard College from 1781 to
+        1804.
+
+[32]    Timothy Lindall Jennison, Tutor from 1785 to 1788.
+
+[33]    James Prescott, graduated in 1788.
+
+[34]    Robert Wier, graduated in 1788.
+
+[35]    Joseph Willard.
+
+[36]    Dr. Samuel Williams, Professor of Mathematics and Natural
+        Philosophy.
+
+[37]    Dr. Eliphalet Pearson, Professor of Hebrew and other
+        Oriental Languages.
+
+[38]    Eleazar James, Tutor from 1781 to 1789.
+
+[39]    Jonathan Burr, Tutor 1786, 1787.
+
+[40]     "Flag of the free heart's hope and home!
+          By angel hands to valor given."
+            _The American Flag_, by J.R. Drake.
+
+[41]    Charles Prentiss, who when this was written was a member
+        of the Junior Class. Both he and Mr. Biglow were fellows
+        of "infinite jest," and were noted for the superiority of
+        their talents and intellect.
+
+[42]    Mr. Biglow was known in college by the name of Sawney, and
+        was thus frequently addressed by his familiar friends in
+        after life.
+
+[43]    Charles Pinckney Sumner, afterwards a lawyer in Boston,
+        and for many years sheriff of the county of Suffolk.
+
+[44]    A black man who sold pies and cakes.
+
+[45]    Written after a general pruning of the trees around
+        Harvard College.
+
+[46]    Doctor of Medicine, or Student of Medicine.
+
+[47]    Referring to the masks and disguises worn by the members
+        at their meetings.
+
+[48]    A picture representing an examination and initiation into
+        the Society, fronting the title-page of the Catalogue.
+
+[49]    Leader Dam, _Armig._, M.D. et ex off L.K. et LL.D. et
+        J.U.D. et P.D. et M.U.D, etc., etc., et ASS.
+
+        He was an empiric, who had offices at Boston and
+        Philadelphia, where he sold quack medicines of various
+        descriptions.
+
+[50]    Christophe, the black Prince of Hayti.
+
+[51]    It is said he carried the bones of Tom Paine, the infidel,
+        to England, to make money by exhibiting them, but some
+        difficulty arising about the duty on them, he threw them
+        overboard.
+
+[52]    He promulgated a theory that the earth was hollow, and
+        that there was an entrance to it at the North Pole.
+
+[53]    Alexander the First of Russia was elected a member, and,
+        supposing the society to be an honorable one, forwarded to
+        it a valuable present.
+
+[54]    He made speeches on the Fourth of July at five or six
+        o'clock in the morning, and had them printed and ready for
+        sale, as soon as delivered, from his cart on Boston
+        Common, from which he sold various articles.
+
+[55]    Tibbets, a gambler, was attacked by Snelling through the
+        columns of the New England Galaxy.
+
+[56]    Referring to the degree given to the Russian Alexander,
+        and the present received in return.
+
+[57]    1851.
+
+[58]    See DIG. In this case, those who had parts at two
+        Exhibitions are thus designated.
+
+[59]    Jonathan Leonard, who afterwards graduated in the class of
+        1786.
+
+[60]    1851.
+
+[61]    William A. Barron, who was graduated in 1787, and was
+        tutor from 1793 to 1800, was "among his contemporaries in
+        office ... social and playful, fond of _bon-mots_,
+        conundrums, and puns." Walking one day with Shapleigh and
+        another gentleman, the conversation happened to turn upon
+        the birthplace of Shapleigh, who was always boasting that
+        two towns claimed him as their citizen, as the towns,
+        cities, and islands of Greece claimed Homer as a native.
+        Barron, with all the good humor imaginable, put an end to
+        the conversation by the following epigrammatic
+        impromptu:--
+
+         "Kittery and York for Shapleigh's birth contest;
+          Kittery won the prize, but York came off the best."
+
+[62]    In Brady and Tate, "Hear, O my people."
+
+[63]    In Brady and Tate, "instruction."
+
+[64]    Watts, "hear."
+
+[65]    See BOHN.
+
+[66]    The Triennial Catalogue of Harvard College was first
+        printed in a pamphlet form in the year 1778.
+
+[67]    Jesse Olds, a classmate, afterwards a clergyman in a
+        country town.
+
+[68]    Charles Prentiss, a member of the Junior Class when this
+        was written; afterwards editor of the Rural
+        Repository.--_Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp.
+        273-275.
+
+[69]    William Biglow was known in college by the name of Sawney,
+        and was frequently addressed by this sobriquet in after
+        life, by his familiar friends.
+
+[70]    Charles Pinckney Sumner,--afterwards a lawyer in Boston,
+        and for many years Sheriff of the County of Suffolk.
+
+[71]    Theodore Dehon, afterwards a clergyman of the Episcopal
+        Church, and Bishop of the Diocese of South Carolina.
+
+[72]    Thomas Mason, a member of the class after Prentiss, said
+        to be the greatest _wrestler_ that was ever in College. He
+        was settled as a clergyman at Northfield, Mass.; resigned
+        his office some years after, and several times represented
+        that town in the Legislature of Massachusetts. See under
+        WRESTLING-MATCH.
+
+[73]    The Columbian Centinel, published at Boston, of which
+        Benjamin Russell was the editor.
+
+[74]    "Ashen," on _Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[75]     "A pot of grease,
+          A woollen fleece."--_Ed's Broadside_.
+
+[76]    "Rook."--_Ed.'s Broadside_. "Hook."--_Gent. Mag._, May,
+        1732.
+
+[77]    "Burrage."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[78]    "That."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[79]    "Beauties."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[80]    "My."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[81]    "I've" omitted in _Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+            Nay, I've two more
+          What Matthew always wanted.--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[82]     "But silly youth,
+          I love the mouth."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[83]    This stanza, although found in the London Magazine, does
+        not appear in the Gentleman's Magazine, or on the Editor's
+        Broadside. It is probably an interpolation.
+
+[84]    "Cou'd."--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[85]    "Do it."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[86]    "Tow'rds Cambridge I'll get thee."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[87]    "If, madam, you will let me."--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[88]    See COCHLEAUREATUS.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Collection of College Words and
+Customs, by Benjamin Homer Hall
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diff --git a/old/12864-8.zip b/old/12864-8.zip
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Collection of College Words and Customs
+by Benjamin Homer Hall
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Collection of College Words and Customs
+
+Author: Benjamin Homer Hall
+
+Release Date: July 9, 2004 [EBook #12864]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLLEGE WORDS AND CUSTOMS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Rick Niles, John Hagerson, Tony Browne and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+COLLECTION
+
+OF
+
+COLLEGE WORDS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+BY B.H. HALL.
+
+ "Multa renascentur quae jam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in
+  honore, vocabula."
+
+ "Notandi sunt tibi mores."
+    HOR. _Ars Poet._
+
+REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION.
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by
+
+B.H. HALL,
+
+in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of
+Massachusetts.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The first edition of this publication was mostly compiled during
+the leisure hours of the last half-year of a Senior's collegiate
+life, and was presented anonymously to the public with the
+following
+
+"PREFACE.
+
+"The Editor has an indistinct recollection of a sheet of foolscap
+paper, on one side of which was written, perhaps a year and a half
+ago, a list of twenty or thirty college phrases, followed by the
+euphonious titles of 'Yale Coll.,' 'Harvard Coll.' Next he calls
+to mind two blue-covered books, turned from their original use, as
+receptacles of Latin and Greek exercises, containing explanations
+of these and many other phrases. His friends heard that he was
+hunting up odd words and queer customs, and dubbed him
+'Antiquarian,' but in a kindly manner, spared his feelings, and
+did not put the vinegar 'old' before it.
+
+"Two and one half quires of paper were in time covered with a
+strange medley, an olla-podrida of student peculiarities. Thus did
+he amuse himself in his leisure hours, something like one who, as
+Dryden says, 'is for raking in Chaucer for antiquated words.' By
+and by he heard a wish here and a wish there, whether real or
+otherwise he does not know, which said something about 'type,'
+'press,' and used other cabalistic words, such as 'copy,' 'devil,'
+etc. Then there was a gathering of papers, a transcribing of
+passages from letters, an arranging in alphabetical order, a
+correcting of proofs, and the work was done,--poorly it may be,
+but with good intent.
+
+"Some things will be found in the following pages which are
+neither words nor customs peculiar to colleges, and yet they have
+been inserted, because it was thought they would serve to explain
+the character of student life, and afford a little amusement to
+the student himself. Society histories have been omitted, with the
+exception of an account of the oldest affiliated literary society
+in the United States.
+
+"To those who have aided in the compilation of this work, the
+Editor returns his warmest thanks. He has received the assistance
+of many, whose names he would here and in all places esteem it an
+honor openly to acknowlege, were he not forbidden so to do by the
+fact that he is himself anonymous. Aware that there is information
+still to be collected, in reference to the subjects here treated,
+he would deem it a favor if he could receive through the medium of
+his publisher such morsels as are yet ungathered.
+
+"Should one pleasant thought arise within the breast of any
+Alumnus, as a long-forgotten but once familiar word stares him in
+the face, like an old and early friend; or should one who is still
+guarded by his Alma Mater be led to a more summer-like
+acquaintance with those who have in years past roved, as he now
+roves, through classic shades and honored halls, the labors of
+their friend, the Editor, will have been crowned with complete
+success.
+
+"CAMBRIDGE, July 4th, 1851."
+
+Fearing lest venerable brows should frown with displeasure at the
+recital of incidents which once made those brows bright and
+joyous; dreading also those stern voices which might condemn as
+boyish, trivial, or wrong an attempt to glean a few grains of
+philological lore from the hitherto unrecognized corners of the
+fields of college life, the Editor chose to regard the brows and
+hear the voices from an innominate position. Not knowing lest he
+should at some future time regret the publication of pages which
+might be deemed heterodox, he caused a small edition of the work
+to be published, hoping, should it be judged as evil, that the
+error would be circumscribed in its effects, and the medium of the
+error buried between the dusty shelves of the second-hand
+collection of some rusty old bibliopole. By reason of this extreme
+caution, the volume has been out of print for the last four years.
+
+In the present edition, the contents of the work have been
+carefully revised, and new articles, filling about two hundred
+pages, have been interspersed throughout the volume, arranged
+under appropriate titles. Numerous additions have been made to the
+collection of technicalities peculiar to the English universities,
+and the best authorities have been consulted in the preparation of
+this department. An index has also been added, containing a list
+of the American colleges referred to in the text in connection
+with particular words or customs.
+
+The Editor is aware that many of the words here inserted are
+wanting in that refinement of sound and derivation which their use
+in classical localities might seem to imply, and that some of the
+customs here noticed and described are
+ "More honored in the breach than the observance."
+These facts are not, however, sufficient to outweigh his
+conviction that there is nothing in language or manners too
+insignificant for the attention of those who are desirous of
+studying the diversified developments of the character of man. For
+this reason, and for the gratification of his own taste and the
+tastes of many who were pleased at the inceptive step taken in the
+first edition, the present volume has been prepared and is now
+given to the public.
+
+TROY, N.Y., February 2, 1856.
+
+
+
+
+A COLLECTION OF COLLEGE WORDS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+
+
+_A_.
+
+
+A.B. An abbreviation for _Artium Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of Arts.
+The first degree taken by students at a college or university. It
+is usually written B.A., q.v.
+
+
+ABSIT. Latin; literally, _let him be absent_; leave of absence
+from commons, given to a student in the English
+universities.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+ACADEMIAN. A member of an academy; a student in a university or
+college.
+
+
+ACADEMIC. A student in a college or university.
+
+A young _academic_ coming into the country immediately after this
+great competition, &c.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, under _Pin-basket_.
+
+A young _academic_ shall dwell upon a journal that treats of
+trade, and be lavish in the praise of the author; while persons
+skilled in those subjects hear the tattle with contempt.--_Watts's
+Improvement of the Mind_.
+
+
+ACADEMICALS. In the English universities, the dress peculiar to
+the students and officers.
+
+I must insist on your going to your College and putting on your
+_academicals_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 382.
+
+The Proctor makes a claim of 6s. 8d. on every undergraduate whom
+he finds _inermem_, or without his _academicals_.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 8.
+
+If you say you are going for a walk, or if it appears likely, from
+the time and place, you are allowed to pass, otherwise you may be
+sent back to college to put on your _academicals_.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 177.
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENT. At Harvard College, every student admitted upon
+examination, after giving a bond for the payment of all college
+dues, according to the established laws and customs, is required
+to sign the following _acknowledgment_, as it is called:--"I
+acknowledge that, having been admitted to the University at
+Cambridge, I am subject to its laws." Thereupon he receives from
+the President a copy of the laws which he has promised to
+obey.--_Laws Univ. of Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 13.
+
+
+ACT. In English universities, a thesis maintained in public by a
+candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a
+student.--_Webster_.
+
+The student proposes certain questions to the presiding officer of
+the schools, who then nominates other students to oppose him. The
+discussion is syllogistical and in Latin and terminates by the
+presiding officer questioning the respondent, or person who is
+said _to keep the act_, and his opponents, and dismissing them
+with some remarks upon their respective merits.--_Brande_.
+
+The effect of practice in such matters may be illustrated by the
+habit of conversing in Latin, which German students do much more
+readily than English, simply because the former practise it, and
+hold public disputes in Latin, while the latter have long left off
+"_keeping Acts_," as the old public discussions required of
+candidates for a degree used to be called.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 184.
+
+The word was formerly used in Harvard College. In the "Orders of
+the Overseers," May 6th, 1650, is the following: "Such that expect
+to proceed Masters of Arts [are ordered] to exhibit their synopsis
+of _acts_ required by the laws of the College."--_Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+Nine Bachelors commenced at Cambridge; they were young men of good
+hope, and performed their _acts_ so as to give good proof of their
+proficiency in the tongues and arts.--_Winthrop's Journal, by Mr.
+Savage_, Vol. I. p. 87.
+
+The students of the first classis that have beene these foure
+years trained up in University learning (for their ripening in the
+knowledge of the tongues, and arts) and are approved for their
+manners, as they have _kept_ their publick _Acts_ in former
+yeares, ourselves being present at them; so have they lately
+_kept_ two solemn _Acts_ for their Commencement.--_New England's
+First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 245.
+
+But in the succeeding _acts_ ... the Latin syllogism seemed to
+give the most content.--_Harvard Register_, 1827-28, p. 305.
+
+2. The close of the session at Oxford, when Masters and Doctors
+complete their degrees, whence the _Act Term_, or that term in
+which the _act_ falls. It is always held with great solemnity. At
+Cambridge, and in American colleges, it is called _Commencement_.
+In this sense Mather uses it.
+
+They that were to proceed Bachelors, held their _Act_ publickly in
+Cambridge.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. 4, pp. 127, 128.
+
+At some times in the universities of England they have no public
+_acts_, but give degrees privately and silently.--_Letter of
+Increase Mather, in App. to Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, p. 87.
+
+
+AD EUNDEM GRADUM. Latin, _to the same degree_. In American
+colleges, a Bachelor or Master of one institution was formerly
+allowed to take _the same_ degree at another, on payment of a
+certain fee. By this he was admitted to all the privileges of a
+graduate of his adopted Alma Mater. _Ad eundem gradum_, to the
+same degree, were the important words in the formula of admission.
+A similar custom prevails at present in the English universities.
+
+Persons who have received a degree in any other college or
+university may, upon proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_,
+upon payment of the customary fees to the President.--_Laws Union
+Coll._, 1807, p. 47.
+
+Persons who have received a degree in any other university or
+college may, upon proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_,
+upon paying five dollars to the Steward for the President.--_Laws
+of the Univ. in Cam., Mass._, 1828.
+
+Persons who have received a degree at any other college may, upon
+proper application, be admitted _ad eundem_, upon payment of the
+customary fee to the President.--_Laws Mid. Coll._, 1839, p. 24.
+
+The House of Convocation consists both of regents and non-regents,
+that is, in brief, all masters of arts not honorary, or _ad
+eundems_ from Cambridge or Dublin, and of course graduates of a
+higher order.--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xi.
+
+Fortunately some one recollected that the American Minister was a
+D.C.L. of Trinity College, Dublin, members of which are admitted
+_ad eundem gradum_ at Cambridge.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 112.
+
+
+ADJOURN. At Bowdoin College, _adjourns_ are the occasional
+holidays given when a Professor unexpectedly absents himself from
+recitation.
+
+
+ADJOURN. At the University of Vermont, this word as a verb is used
+in the same sense as is the verb BOLT at Williams College; e.g.
+the students _adjourn_ a recitation, when they leave the
+recitation-room _en masse_, despite the Professor.
+
+
+ADMISSION. The act of admitting a person as a member of a college
+or university. The requirements for admission are usually a good
+moral character on the part of the candidate, and that he shall be
+able to pass a satisfactory examination it certain studies. In
+some colleges, students are not allowed to enter until they are of
+a specified age.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 12. _Laws
+Tale Coll._, 1837, p. 8.
+
+The requisitions for entrance at Harvard College in 1650 are given
+in the following extract. "When any scholar is able to read Tully,
+or such like classical Latin author, _extempore_, and make and
+speak true Latin in verse and prose _suo (ut aiunt) Marte_, and
+decline perfectly the paradigms of nouns and verbs in the Greek
+tongue, then may he be admitted into the College, nor shall any
+claim admission before such qualifications."--_Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 515.
+
+
+ADMITTATUR. Latin; literally, _let him be admitted_. In the older
+American colleges, the certificate of admission given to a student
+upon entering was called an _admittatur_, from the word with which
+it began. At Harvard no student was allowed to occupy a room in
+the College, to receive the instruction there given, or was
+considered a member thereof, until he had been admitted according
+to this form.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798.
+
+Referring to Yale College, President Wholsey remarks on this
+point: "The earliest known laws of the College belong to the years
+1720 and 1726, and are in manuscript; which is explained by the
+custom that every Freshman, on his admission, was required to
+write off a copy of them for himself, to which the _admittatur_ of
+the officers was subscribed."--_Hist. Disc, before Grad. Yale
+Coll._, 1850, p. 45.
+
+He travels wearily over in visions the term he is to wait for his
+initiation into college ways and his _admittatur_.--_Harvard
+Register_, p. 377.
+
+I received my _admittatur_ and returned home, to pass the vacation
+and procure the college uniform.--_New England Magazine_, Vol.
+III. p. 238.
+
+It was not till six months of further trial, that we received our
+_admittatur_, so called, and became matriculated.--_A Tour through
+College_, 1832, p. 13.
+
+
+ADMITTO TE AD GRADUM. _I admit you to a degree_; the first words
+in the formula used in conferring the honors of college.
+
+  The scholar-dress that once arrayed him,
+  The charm _Admitto te ad gradum_,
+  With touch of parchment can refine,
+  And make the veriest coxcomb shine,
+  Confer the gift of tongues at once,
+  And fill with sense the vacant dunce.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Ed. 1794, Exeter, p. 12.
+
+
+ADMONISH. In collegiate affairs, to reprove a member of a college
+for a fault, either publicly or privately; the first step of
+college discipline. It is followed by _of_ or _against_; as, to
+admonish of a fault committed, or against committing a fault.
+
+
+ADMONITION. Private or public reproof; the first step of college
+discipline. In Harvard College, both private and public admonition
+subject the offender to deductions from his rank, and the latter
+is accompanied in most cases with official notice to his parents
+or guardian.--See _Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 21. _Laws
+Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 23.
+
+Mr. Flynt, for many years a tutor in Harvard College, thus records
+an instance of college punishment for stealing poultry:--"November
+4th, 1717. Three scholars were publicly admonished for thievery,
+and one degraded below five in his class, because he had been
+before publicly admonished for card-playing. They were ordered by
+the President into the middle of the Hall (while two others,
+concealers of the theft, were ordered to stand up in their places,
+and spoken to there). The crime they were charged with was first
+declared, and then laid open as against the law of God and the
+House, and they were admonished to consider the nature and
+tendency of it, with its aggravations; and all, with them, were
+warned to take heed and regulate themselves, so that they might
+not be in danger of so doing for the future; and those who
+consented to the theft were admonished to beware, lest God tear
+them in pieces, according to the text. They were then fined, and
+ordered to make restitution twofold for each theft."--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 443.
+
+
+ADOPTED SON. Said of a student in reference to the college of
+which he is or was a member, the college being styled his _alma
+mater_.
+
+There is something in the affection of our Alma Mater which
+changes the nature of her _adopted sons_; and let them come from
+wherever they may, she soon alters them and makes it evident that
+they belong to the same brood.--_Harvard Register_, p. 377.
+
+
+ADVANCE. The lesson which a student prepares for the first time is
+called _the advance_, in contradistinction to _the review_.
+
+                Even to save him from perdition,
+  He cannot get "_the advance_," forgets "_the review_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 13.
+
+
+AEGROTAL. Latin, _aegrotus_, sick. A certificate of illness. Used
+in the Univ. of Cam., Eng.
+
+A lucky thought; he will get an "_aegrotal_," or medical
+certificate of illness.--_Household Words_, Vol. II. p. 162.
+
+
+AEGROTAT. Latin; literally, _he is sick_. In the English
+universities, a certificate from a doctor or surgeon, to the
+effect that a student has been prevented by illness from attending
+to his college duties, "though, commonly," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "the real complaint is much more serious; viz.
+indisposition of the mind! _aegrotat_ animo magis quam corpore."
+This state is technically called _aegritude_, and the person thus
+affected is said to be _aeger_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. pp. 386,
+387.
+
+To prove sickness nothing more is necessary than to send to some
+medical man for a pill and a draught, and a little bit of paper
+with _aegrotat_ on it, and the doctor's signature. Some men let
+themselves down off their horses, and send for an _aegrotat_ on
+the score of a fall.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+235.
+
+During this term I attended another course of Aristotle lectures,
+--but not with any express view to the May examination, which I
+had no intention of going in to, if it could be helped, and which
+I eventually escaped by an _aegrotat_ from my
+physician.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+198.
+
+Mr. John Trumbull well describes this state of indisposition in
+his Progress of Dullness:--
+
+ "Then every book, which ought to please,
+  Stirs up the seeds of dire disease;
+  Greek spoils his eyes, the print's so fine,
+  Grown dim with study, and with wine;
+  Of Tully's Latin much afraid,
+  Each page he calls the doctor's aid;
+  While geometry, with lines so crooked,
+  Sprains all his wits to overlook it.
+  His sickness puts on every name,
+  Its cause and uses still the same;
+  'Tis toothache, colic, gout, or stone,
+  With phases various as the moon,
+  But tho' thro' all the body spread,
+  Still makes its cap'tal seat, the head.
+  In all diseases, 'tis expected,
+  The weakest parts be most infected."
+    Ed. 1794, Part I. p. 8.
+
+
+AEGROTAT DEGREE. One who is sick or so indisposed that he cannot
+attend the Senate-House examination, nor consequently acquire any
+honor, takes what is termed an _AEgrotat degree_.--_Alma Mater_,
+Vol. II. p. 105.
+
+
+ALMA MATER, _pl._ ALMAE MATRES. Fostering mother; a college or
+seminary where one is educated. The title was originally given to
+Oxford and Cambridge, by such as had received their education in
+either university.
+
+It must give pleasure to the alumni of the College to hear of his
+good name, as he [Benjamin Woodbridge] was the eldest son of our
+_alma mater_.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 57.
+
+I see the truths I have uttered, in relation to our _Almae
+Matres_, assented to by sundry of their
+children.--_Terrae-Filius_, Oxford, p. 41.
+
+
+ALUMNI, SOCIETY OF. An association composed of the graduates of a
+particular college. The object of societies of this nature is
+stated in the following extract from President Hopkins's Address
+before the Society of Alumni of Williams College, Aug. 16, 1843.
+"So far as I know, the Society of the Alumni of Williams College
+was the first association of the kind in this country, certainly
+the first which acted efficiently, and called forth literary
+addresses. It was formed September 5, 1821, and the preamble to
+the constitution then adopted was as follows: 'For the promotion
+of literature and good fellowship among ourselves, and the better
+to advance the reputation and interests of our Alma Mater, we the
+subscribers, graduates of Williams College, form ourselves into a
+Society.' The first president was Dr. Asa Burbank. The first
+orator elected was the Hon. Elijah Hunt Mills, a distinguished
+Senator of the United States. That appointment was not fulfilled.
+The first oration was delivered in 1823, by the Rev. Dr.
+Woodbridge, now of Hadley, and was well worthy of the occasion;
+and since that time the annual oration before the Alumni has
+seldom failed.... Since this Society was formed, the example has
+been followed in other institutions, and bids fair to extend to
+them all. Last year, for the first time, the voice of an Alumnus
+orator was heard at Harvard and at Yale; and one of these
+associations, I know, sprung directly from ours. It is but three
+years since a venerable man attended the meeting of our Alumni,
+one of those that have been so full of interest, and he said he
+should go directly home and have such an association formed at the
+Commencement of his Alma Mater, then about to occur. He did so.
+That association was formed, and the last year the voice of one of
+the first scholars and jurists in the nation was heard before
+them. The present year the Alumni of Dartmouth were addressed for
+the first time, and the doctrine of Progress was illustrated by
+the distinguished speaker in more senses than one.[01] Who can
+tell how great the influence of such associations may become in
+cherishing kind feeling, in fostering literature, in calling out
+talent, in leading men to act, not selfishly, but more efficiently
+for the general cause through particular institutions?"--_Pres.
+Hopkins's Miscellaneous Essays and Discourses_, pp. 275-277.
+
+To the same effect also, Mr. Chief Justice Story, who, in his
+Discourse before the Society of the Alumni of Harvard University,
+Aug. 23, 1842, says: "We meet to celebrate the first anniversary
+of the society of all the Alumni of Harvard. We meet without any
+distinction of sect or party, or of rank or profession, in church
+or in state, in literature or in science.... Our fellowship is
+designed to be--as it should be--of the most liberal and
+comprehensive character, conceived in the spirit of catholic
+benevolence, asking no creed but the love of letters, seeking no
+end but the encouragement of learning, and imposing no conditions,
+which say lead to jealousy or ambitious strife. In short, we meet
+for peace and for union; to devote one day in the year to
+academical intercourse and the amenities of scholars."--p. 4.
+
+An Alumni society was formed at Columbia College in the year 1829,
+and at Rutgers College in 1837. There are also societies of this
+nature at the College of New Jersey, Princeton; University of
+Virginia, Charlottesville; and at Columbian College, Washington.
+
+
+ALUMNUS, _pl._ ALUMNI. Latin, from _alo_, to nourish. A pupil; one
+educated at a seminary or college is called an _alumnus_ of that
+institution.
+
+
+A.M. An abbreviation for _Artium Magister_, Master of Arts. The
+second degree given by universities and colleges. It is usually
+written M.A., q.v.
+
+
+ANALYSIS. In the following passage, the word _analysis_ is used as
+a verb; the meaning being directly derived from that of the noun
+of the same orthography.
+
+If any resident Bachelor, Senior, or Junior Sophister shall
+neglect to _analysis_ in his course, he shall be punished not
+exceeding ten shillings.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p.
+129.
+
+
+ANNARUGIANS. At Centre College, Kentucky, is a society called the
+_Annarugians_, "composed," says a correspondent "of the wildest of
+the College boys, who, in the most fantastic disguises, are always
+on hand when a wedding is to take place, and join in a most
+tremendous Charivari, nor can they be forced to retreat until they
+have received a due proportion of the sumptuous feast prepared."
+
+
+APOSTLES. At Cambridge, England, the last twelve on the list of
+Bachelors of Arts; a degree lower than the [Greek: oi polloi]
+"Scape-goats of literature, who have at length scrambled through
+the pales and discipline of the Senate-House, without being
+_plucked_, and miraculously obtained the title of A.B."--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._
+
+At Columbian College, D.C., the members of the Faculty are called
+after the names of the _Apostles_.
+
+
+APPLICANT. A diligent student. "This word," says Mr. Pickering, in
+his Vocabulary, "has been much used at our colleges. The English
+have the verb _to apply_, but the noun _applicant_, in this sense,
+does not appear to be in use among them. The only Dictionary in
+which I have found it with this meaning is Entick's, in which it
+is given under the word _applier_. Mr. Todd has the term
+_applicant_, but it is only in the sense of 'he who applies for
+anything.' An American reviewer, in his remarks on Mr. Webster's
+Dictionary, takes notice of the word, observing, that it 'is a
+mean word'; and then adds, that 'Mr. Webster has not explained it
+in the most common sense, a _hard student_.'--_Monthly Anthology_,
+Vol. VII. p. 263. A correspondent observes: 'The utmost that can
+be said of this word among the English is, that perhaps it is
+occasionally used in conversation; at least, to signify one who
+asks (or applies) for something.'" At present the word _applicant_
+is never used in the sense of a diligent student, the common
+signification being that given by Mr. Webster, "One who applies;
+one who makes request; a petitioner."
+
+
+APPOINTEE. One who receives an appointment at a college exhibition
+or commencement.
+
+The _appointees_ are writing their pieces.--_Scenes and Characters
+in College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 193.
+
+To the gratified _appointee_,--if his ambition for the honor has
+the intensity it has in some bosoms,--the day is the proudest he
+will ever see.--_Ibid._, p. 194.
+
+I suspect that a man in the first class of the "Poll" has usually
+read mathematics to more profit than many of the "_appointees_,"
+even of the "oration men" at Yale.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 382.
+
+He hears it said all about him that the College _appointees_ are
+for the most part poor dull fellows.--_Ibid._, p. 389.
+
+
+APPOINTMENT. In many American colleges, students to whom are
+assigned a part in the exercises of an exhibition or commencement,
+are said to receive an _appointment_. Appointments are given as a
+reward for superiority in scholarship.
+
+As it regards college, the object of _appointments_ is to incite
+to study, and promote good scholarship.--_Scenes and Characters in
+College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 69.
+
+  If e'er ye would take an "_appointment_" young man,
+  Beware o' the "blade" and "fine fellow," young man!
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 210.
+
+  Some have crammed for _appointments_, and some for degrees.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+See JUNIOR APPOINTMENTS.
+
+
+APPROBAMUS. Latin; _we approve_. A certificate, given to a
+student, testifying of his fitness for the performance of certain
+duties.
+
+In an account of the exercises at Dartmouth College during the
+Commencement season in 1774, Dr. Belknap makes use of this word in
+the following connection: "I attended, with several others, the
+examination of Joseph Johnson, an Indian, educated in this school,
+who, with the rest of the New England Indians, are about moving up
+into the country of the Six Nations, where they have a tract of
+land fifteen miles square given them. He appeared to be an
+ingenious, sensible, serious young man; and we gave him an
+_approbamus_, of which there is a copy on the next page. After
+which, at three P.M., he preached in the college hall, and a
+collection of twenty-seven dollars and a half was made for him.
+The auditors were agreeably entertained.
+
+"The _approbamus_ is as follows."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._,
+pp. 71, 72.
+
+
+APPROBATE. To express approbation of; to manifest a liking, or
+degree of satisfaction.--_Webster_.
+
+The cause of this battle every man did allow and
+_approbate_.--_Hall, Henry VII., Richardson's Dict._
+
+"This word," says Mr. Pickering, "was formerly much used at our
+colleges instead of the old English verb _approve_. The students
+used to speak of having their performances _approbated_ by the
+instructors. It is also now in common use with our clergy as a
+sort of technical term, to denote a person who is licensed to
+preach; they would say, such a one is _approbated_, that is,
+licensed to preach. It is also common in New England to say of a
+person who is licensed by the county courts to sell spirituous
+liquors, or to keep a public house, that he is approbated; and the
+term is adopted in the law of Massachusetts on this subject." The
+word is obsolete in England, is obsolescent at our colleges, and
+is very seldom heard in the other senses given above.
+
+By the twelfth statute, a student incurs ... no penalty by
+declaiming or attempting to declaim without having his piece
+previously _approbated_.--_MS. Note to Laws of Harvard College_,
+1798.
+
+Observe their faces as they enter, and you will perceive some
+shades there, which, if they are _approbated_ and admitted, will
+be gone when they come out.--_Scenes and Characters in College_,
+New Haven, 1847, p. 18.
+
+How often does the professor whose duty it is to criticise and
+_approbate_ the pieces for this exhibition wish they were better!
+--_Ibid._, p. 195.
+
+I was _approbated_ by the Boston Association, I suspect, as a
+person well known, but known as an anomaly, and admitted in
+charity.--_Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. lxxxv.
+
+
+ASSES' BRIDGE. The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid
+is called the _Asses' Bridge_, or rather "Pons Asinorum," from the
+difficulty with which many get over it.
+
+The _Asses' Bridge_ in Euclid is not more difficult to be got
+over, nor the logarithms of Napier so hard to be unravelled, as
+many of Hoyle's Cases and Propositions.--_The Connoisseur_, No.
+LX.
+
+After Mr. Brown had passed us over the "_Asses' Bridge_," without
+any serious accident, and conducted us a few steps further into
+the first book, he dismissed us with many compliments.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 126.
+
+I don't believe he passed the _Pons Asinorum_ without many a halt
+and a stumble.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 146.
+
+
+ASSESSOR. In the English universities, an officer specially
+appointed to assist the Vice-Chancellor in his court.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+AUCTION. At Harvard College, it was until within a few years
+customary for the members of the Senior Class, previously to
+leaving college, to bring together in some convenient room all the
+books, furniture, and movables of any kind which they wished to
+dispose of, and put them up at public auction. Everything offered
+was either sold, or, if no bidders could be obtained, given away.
+
+
+AUDIT. In the University of Cambridge, England, a meeting of the
+Master and Fellows to examine or _audit_ the college accounts.
+This is succeeded by a feast, on which occasion is broached the
+very best ale, for which reason ale of this character is called
+"audit ale."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+This use of the word thirst made me drink an extra bumper of
+"_Audit_" that very day at dinner.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 3.
+
+After a few draughts of the _Audit_, the company
+disperse.--_Ibid._ Vol. I. p. 161.
+
+
+AUTHORITY. "This word," says Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "is
+used in some of the States, in speaking collectively of the
+Professors, &c. of our colleges, to whom the _government_ of these
+institutions is intrusted."
+
+Every Freshman shall be obliged to do any proper errand or message
+for the _Authority_ of the College.--_Laws Middlebury Coll._,
+1804, p. 6.
+
+
+AUTOGRAPH BOOK. It is customary at Yale College for each member of
+the Senior Class, before the close of his collegiate life, to
+obtain, in a book prepared for that purpose, the signatures of the
+President, Professors, Tutors, and of all his classmates, with
+anything else which they may choose to insert. Opposite the
+autographs of the college officers are placed engravings of them,
+so far as they are obtainable; and the whole, bound according to
+the fancy of each, forms a most valuable collection of agreeable
+mementos.
+
+When news of his death reached me. I turned to my _book of
+classmate autographs_, to see what he had written there, and to
+read a name unusually dear.--_Scenes and Characters in College_,
+New Haven, 1847, p. 201.
+
+
+AVERAGE BOOK. At Harvard College, a book in which the marks
+received by each student, for the proper performance of his
+college duties, are entered; also the deductions from his rank
+resulting from misconduct. These unequal data are then arranged in
+a mean proportion, and the result signifies the standing which the
+student has held for a given period.
+
+  In vain the Prex's grave rebuke,
+  Deductions from the _average book_.
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen, 1848.
+
+
+
+_B_.
+
+
+B.A. An abbreviation of _Baccalaureus Artium_, Bachelor of Arts.
+The first degree taken by a student at a college or university.
+Sometimes written A.B., which is in accordance with the proper
+Latin arrangement. In American colleges this degree is conferred
+in course on each member of the Senior Class in good standing. In
+the English universities, it is given to the candidate who has
+been resident at least half of each of ten terms, i.e. during a
+certain portion of a period extending over three and a third
+years, and who has passed the University examinations.
+
+The method of conferring the degree of B.A. at Trinity College,
+Hartford, is peculiar. The President takes the hands of each
+candidate in his own as he confers the degree. He also passes to
+the candidate a book containing the College Statutes, which the
+candidate holds in his right hand during the performance of a part
+of the ceremony.
+
+The initials of English academical titles always correspond to the
+_English_, not to the Latin of the titles, _B.A._, M.A., D.D.,
+D.C.L., &c.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+13.
+
+See BACHELOR.
+
+
+BACCALAUREATE. The degree of Bachelor of Arts; the first or lowest
+degree. In American colleges, this degree is conferred in course
+on each member of the Senior Class in good standing. In Oxford and
+Cambridge it is attainable in two different ways;--1. By
+examination, to which those students alone are admissible who have
+pursued the prescribed course of study for the space of three
+years. 2. By extraordinary diploma, granted to individuals wholly
+unconnected with the University. The former class are styled
+Baccalaurei Formati, the latter Baccalaurei Currentes. In France
+the degree of Baccalaureat (Baccalaureus Literarum) is conferred
+indiscriminately upon such natives or foreigners and after a
+strict examination in the classics, mathematics, and philosophy,
+are declared to be qualified. In the German universities, the
+title "Doctor Philosophiae" has long been substituted for
+Baccalaureus Artium or Literarum. In the Middle Ages, the term
+Baccalaureus was applied to an inferior order of knights, who came
+into the field unattended by vassals; from them it was transferred
+to the lowest class of ecclesiastics; and thence again, by Pope
+Gregory the Ninth to the universities. In reference to the
+derivation of this word, the military classes maintain that it is
+either derived from the _baculus_ or staff with which knights were
+usually invested, or from _bas chevalier_, an inferior kind of
+knight; the literary classes, with more plausibility, perhaps,
+trace its origin to the custom which prevailed universally among
+the Greeks and Romans, and which was followed even in Italy till
+the thirteenth century, of crowning distinguished individuals with
+laurel; hence the recipient of this honor was style Baccalaureus,
+quasi _baccis laureis_ donatus.--_Brande's Dictionary_.
+
+The subjoined passage, although it may not place the subject in
+any clearer light, will show the difference of opinion which
+exists in reference to the derivation of this work. Speaking of
+the exercises of Commencement at Cambridge Mass., in the early
+days of Harvard College, the writer says "But the main exercises
+were disputations upon questions wherein the respondents first
+made their Theses: For according to Vossius, the very essence of
+the Baccalaureat seems to lye in the thing: Baccalaureus being but
+a name corrupted of Batualius, which Batualius (as well as the
+French Bataile [Bataille]) comes a Batuendo, a business that
+carries beating in it: So that, Batualii fuerunt vocati, quia jam
+quasi _batuissent_ cum adversario, ac manus conseruissent; hoc
+est, publice disputassent, atque ita peritiae suae specimen
+dedissent."--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The Seniors will be examined for the _Baccalaureate_, four weeks
+before Commencement, by a committee, in connection with the
+Faculty.--_Cal. Wesleyan Univ._, 1849, p. 22.
+
+
+BACHELOR. A person who has taken the first degree in the liberal
+arts and sciences, at a college or university. This degree, or
+honor, is called the _Baccalaureate_. This title is given also to
+such as take the first degree in divinity, law, or physic, in
+certain European universities. The word appears in various forms
+in different languages. The following are taken from _Webster's
+Unabridged Dictionary_. "French, _bachelier_; Spanish,
+_bachiller_, a bachelor of arts and a babbler; Portuguese,
+_bacharel_, id., and _bacello_, a shoot or twig of the vine;
+Italian, _baccelliere_, a bachelor of arts; _bacchio_, a staff;
+_bachetta_, a rod; Latin, _bacillus_, a stick, that is, a shoot;
+French, _bachelette_, a damsel, or young woman; Scotch, _baich_, a
+child; Welsh, _bacgen_, a boy, a child; _bacgenes_, a young girl,
+from _bac_, small. This word has its origin in the name of a
+child, or young person of either sex, whence the sense of
+_babbling_ in the Spanish. Or both senses are rather from
+shooting, protruding."
+
+Of the various etymologies ascribed to the term _Bachelor_, "the
+true one, and the most flattering," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "seems to be _bacca laurus_. Those who either are,
+or expect to be, honored with the title of _Bachelor of Arts_,
+will hear with exultation, that they are then 'considered as the
+budding flowers of the University; as the small _pillula_, or
+_bacca_, of the _laurel_ indicates the flowering of that tree,
+which is so generally used in the crowns of those who have
+deserved well, both of the military states, and of the republic of
+learning.'--_Carter's History of Cambridge, [Eng.]_, 1753."
+
+
+BACHELOR FELLOW. A Bachelor of Arts who is maintained on a
+fellowship.
+
+
+BACHELOR SCHOLAR. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a B.A. who
+remains in residence after taking his degree, for the purpose of
+reading for a fellowship or acting as private tutor. He is always
+noted for superiority in scholarship.
+
+Bristed refers to the bachelor scholars in the annexed extract.
+"Along the wall you see two tables, which, though less carefully
+provided than the Fellows', are still served with tolerable
+decency and go through a regular second course instead of the
+'sizings.' The occupants of the upper or inner table are men
+apparently from twenty-two to twenty-six years of age, and wear
+black gowns with two strings hanging loose in front. If this table
+has less state than the adjoining one of the Fellows, it has more
+mirth and brilliancy; many a good joke seems to be going the
+rounds. These are the Bachelors, most of them Scholars reading for
+Fellowships, and nearly all of them private tutors. Although
+Bachelors in Arts, they are considered, both as respects the
+College and the University, to be _in statu pupillari_ until they
+become M.A.'s. They pay a small sum in fees nominally for tuition,
+and are liable to the authority of that mighty man, the Proctor."
+--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+
+BACHELORSHIP. The state of one who has taken his first degree in a
+university or college.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BACK-LESSON. A lesson which has not been learned or recited; a
+lesson which has been omitted.
+
+In a moment you may see the yard covered with hurrying groups,
+some just released from metaphysics or the blackboard, and some
+just arisen from their beds where they have indulged in the luxury
+of sleeping over,--a luxury, however, which is sadly diminished by
+the anticipated necessity of making up _back-lessons_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 202.
+
+
+BALBUS. At Yale College, this term is applied to Arnold's Latin
+Prose Composition, from the fact of its so frequent occurrence in
+that work. If a student wishes to inform his fellow-student that
+he is engaged on Latin Prose Composition, he says he is studying
+_Balbus_. In the first example of this book, the first sentence
+reads, "I and Balbus lifted up our hands," and the name Balbus
+appears in almost every exercise.
+
+
+BALL UP. At Middlebury College, to fail at recitation or
+examination.
+
+
+BANDS. Linen ornaments, worn by professors and clergymen when
+officiating; also by judges, barristers, &c., in court. They form
+a distinguishing mark in the costume of the proctors of the
+English universities, and at Cambridge, the questionists, on
+admission to their degrees, are by the statutes obliged to appear
+in them.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+BANGER. A club-like cane or stick; a bludgeon. This word is one of
+the Yale vocables.
+
+  The Freshman reluctantly turned the key,
+  Expecting a Sophomore gang to see,
+  Who, with faces masked and _bangers_ stout,
+  Had come resolved to smoke him out.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 75.
+
+
+BARBER. In the English universities, the college barber is often
+employed by the students to write out or translate the impositions
+incurred by them. Those who by this means get rid of their
+impositions are said to _barberize_ them.
+
+So bad was the hand which poor Jenkinson wrote, that the many
+impositions which he incurred would have kept him hard at work all
+day long; so he _barberized_ them, that is, handed them over to
+the college barber, who had always some poor scholars in his pay.
+This practice of barberizing is not uncommon among a certain class
+of men.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 155.
+
+
+BARNEY. At Harvard College, about the year 1810, this word was
+used to designate a bad recitation. To _barney_ was to recite
+badly.
+
+
+BARNWELL. At Cambridge, Eng., a place of resort for characters of
+bad report.
+
+One of the most "civilized" undertook to banter me on my
+non-appearance in the classic regions of _Barnwell_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 31.
+
+
+BARRING-OUT SPREE. At Princeton College, when the students find
+the North College clear of Tutors, which is about once a year,
+they bar up the entrance, get access to the bell, and ring it.
+
+In the "Life of Edward Baines, late M.P. for the Borough of
+Leeds," is an account of a _barring-out_, as managed at the
+grammar school at Preston, England. It is related in Dickens's
+Household Words to this effect. "His master was pompous and
+ignorant, and smote his pupils liberally with cane and tongue. It
+is not surprising that the lads learnt as much from the spirit of
+their master as from his preceptions and that one of those
+juvenile rebellions, better known as old than at present as a
+'_barring-out_,' was attempted. The doors of the school, the
+biographer narrates, were fastened with huge nails, and one of the
+younger lads was let out to obtain supplies of food for the
+garrison. The rebellion having lasted two or three days, the
+mayor, town-clerk, and officers were sent for to intimidate the
+offenders. Young Baines, on the part of the besieged, answered the
+magisterial summons to surrender, by declaring that they would
+never give in, unless assured of full pardon and a certain length
+of holidays. With much good sense, the mayor gave them till the
+evening to consider; and on his second visit the doors were found
+open, the garrison having fled to the woods of Penwortham. They
+regained their respective homes under the cover of night, and some
+humane interposition averted the punishment they had
+deserved."-- Am. Ed. Vol. III. p. 415.
+
+
+BATTEL. To stand indebted on the college books at Oxford for
+provisions and drink from the buttery.
+
+Eat my commons with a good stomach, and _battled_ with discretion.
+--_Puritan_, Malone's Suppl. 2, p. 543.
+
+Many men "_battel_" at the rate of a guinea a week. Wealthier men,
+more expensive men, and more careless men, often "_battelled_"
+much higher.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 274.
+
+Cotgrave says, "To _battle_ (as scholars do in Oxford) etre
+debteur an college pour ses vivres." He adds, "Mot use seulement
+des jeunes ecoliers de l'universite d'Oxford."
+
+2. To reside at the university; to keep terms.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BATTEL. Derived from the old monkish word _patella_, or _batella_,
+a plate. At Oxford, "whatsoever is furnished for dinner and for
+supper, including malt liquor, but not wine, as well as the
+materials for breakfast, or for any casual refreshment to country
+visitors, excepting only groceries," is expressed by the word
+_battels_.--_De Quincey_.
+
+  I on the nail my _Battels_ paid,
+  The monster turn'd away dismay'd.
+    _The Student_, Vol. I. p. 115, 1750.
+
+
+BATTELER, BATTLER. A student at Oxford who stands indebted, in the
+college books, for provisions and drink at the
+buttery.--_Webster_.
+
+Halliwell, in his Dict. Arch. and Prov. Words, says, "The term is
+used in contradistinction to gentleman commoner." In _Gent. Mag._,
+1787, p. 1146, is the following:--"There was formerly at Oxford an
+order similar to the sizars of Cambridge, called _battelers_
+(_batteling_ having the same signification as sizing). The _sizar_
+and _batteler_ were as independent as any other members of the
+college, though of an inferior order, and were under no obligation
+to wait upon anybody."
+
+2. One who keeps terms, or resides at the University.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BATTELING. At Oxford, the act of taking provisions from the
+buttery. Batteling has the same signification as SIZING at the
+University of Cambridge.--_Gent. Mag._, 1787, p. 1146.
+
+_Batteling in a friend's name_, implies eating and drinking at his
+expense. When a person's name is _crossed in the buttery_, i.e.
+when he is not allowed to take any articles thence, he usually
+comes into the hall and battels for buttery supplies in a friend's
+name, "for," says the Collegian's Guide, "every man can 'take out'
+an extra commons, and some colleges two, at each meal, for a
+visitor: and thus, under the name of a guest, though at your own
+table, you escape part of the punishment of being crossed."--p.
+158.
+
+2. Spending money.
+
+The business of the latter was to call us of a morning, to
+distribute among us our _battlings_, or pocket money,
+&c.--_Dicken's Household Words_, Vol. I. p. 188.
+
+
+BAUM. At Hamilton College, to fawn upon; to flatter; to court the
+favor of any one.
+
+
+B.C.L. Abbreviated for _Baccalaureus Civilis Legis_, Bachelor in
+Civil Law. In the University of Oxford, a Bachelor in Civil Law
+must be an M.A. and a regent of three years' standing. The
+exercises necessary to the degree are disputations upon two
+distinct days before the Professors of the Faculty of Law.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, the candidate for this degree must
+have resided nine terms (equal to three years), and been on the
+boards of some College for six years, have passed the "previous
+examination," attended the lectures of the Professor of Civil Law
+for three terms, and passed a _series_ of examinations in the
+subject of them; that is to say in General Jurisprudence, as
+illustrated by Roman and English law. The names of those who pass
+creditably are arranged in three classes according to
+merit.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 284.
+
+This degree is not conferred in the United States.
+
+
+B.D. An abbreviation for _Baccalaureus Divinitatis_, Bachelor in
+Divinity. In both the English Universities a B.D. must be an M.A.
+of seven years' standing, and at Oxford, a regent of the same
+length of time. The exercises necessary to the degree are at
+Cambridge one act after the fourth year, two opponencies, a
+clerum, and an English sermon. At Oxford, disputations are
+enjoined upon two distinct days before the Professors of the
+Faculty of Divinity, and a Latin sermon is preached before the
+Vice-Chancellor. The degree of Theologiae Baccalaureus was
+conferred at Harvard College on Mr. Leverett, afterwards President
+of that institution, in 1692, and on Mr. William Brattle in the
+same year, the only instances, it is believed, in which this
+degree has been given in America.
+
+
+BEADLE, BEDEL, BEDELL. An officer in a university, whose chief
+business is to walk with a mace, before the masters, in a public
+procession; or, as in America, before the president, trustees,
+faculty, and students of a college, in a procession, at public
+commencements.--_Webster_.
+
+In the English universities there are two classes of Bedels,
+called the _Esquire_ and the _Yeoman Bedel_.
+
+Of this officer as connected with Yale College, President Woolsey
+speaks as follows:--"The beadle or his substitute, the vice-beadle
+(for the sheriff of the county came to be invested with the
+office), was the master of processions, and a sort of
+gentleman-usher to execute the commands of the President. He was a
+younger graduate settled at or near the College. There is on
+record a diploma of President Clap's, investing with this office a
+graduate of three years' standing, and conceding to him 'omnia
+jura privilegia et auctoritates ad Bedelli officium, secundum
+collegiorum aut universitatum leges et consuetudines usitatas;
+spectantia.' The office, as is well known, still exists in the
+English institutions of learning, whence it was transferred first
+to Harvard and thence to this institution."--_Hist. Disc._, Aug.,
+1850, p. 43.
+
+In an account of a Commencement at Williams College, Sept. 8,
+1795, the order in which the procession was formed was as follows:
+"First, the scholars of the academy; second, students of college;
+third, the sheriff of the county acting as _Bedellus_,"
+&c.--_Federal Orrery_, Sept. 28, 1795.
+
+The _Beadle_, by order, made the following declaration.--_Clap's
+Hist. Yale Coll._, 1766, p. 56.
+
+It shall be the duty of the Faculty to appoint a _College Beadle_,
+who shall direct the procession on Commencement day, and preserve
+order during the exhibitions.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 43.
+
+
+BED-MAKER. One whose occupation is to make beds, and, as in
+colleges and universities, to take care of the students' rooms.
+Used both in the United States and England.
+
+T' other day I caught my _bed-maker_, a grave old matron, poring
+very seriously over a folio that lay open upon my table. I asked
+her what she was reading? "Lord bless you, master," says she, "who
+I reading? I never could read in my life, blessed be God; and yet
+I loves to look into a book too."--_The Student_, Vol. I. p. 55,
+1750.
+
+I asked a _bed-maker_ where Mr. ----'s chambers were.--_Gent.
+Mag._, 1795, p. 118.
+
+  While the grim _bed-maker_ provokes the dust,
+  And soot-born atoms, which his tomes encrust.
+    _The College.--A sketch in verse_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May,
+    1849.
+
+The _bed-makers_ are the women who take care of the rooms: there
+is about one to each staircase, that is to say, to every eight
+rooms. For obvious reasons they are selected from such of the fair
+sex as have long passed the age at which they might have had any
+personal attractions. The first intimation which your bed-maker
+gives you is that she is bound to report you to the tutor if ever
+you stay out of your rooms all night.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 15.
+
+
+BEER-COMMENT. In the German universities, the student's drinking
+code.
+
+The _beer-comment_ of Heidelberg, which gives the student's code
+of drinking, is about twice the length of our University book of
+statutes.--_Lond. Quar. Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. LXXIII. p. 56.
+
+
+BEMOSSED HEAD. In the German universities, a student during the
+sixth and last term, or _semester_, is called a _Bemossed Head_,
+"the highest state of honor to which man can attain."--_Howitt_.
+
+See MOSS-COVERED HEAD.
+
+
+BENE. Latin, _well_. A word sometimes attached to a written
+college exercise, by the instructor, as a mark of approbation.
+
+  When I look back upon my college life,
+  And think that I one starveling _bene_ got.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 402.
+
+
+BENE DISCESSIT. Latin; literally, _he has departed honorably_.
+This phrase is used in the English universities to signify that
+the student leaves his college to enter another by the express
+consent and approbation of the Master and Fellows.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+Mr. Pope being about to remove from Trinity to Emmanuel, by
+_Bene-Discessit_, was desirous of taking my rooms.--_Alma Mater_,
+Vol. I. p. 167.
+
+
+BENEFICIARY. One who receives anything as a gift, or is maintained
+by charity.--_Blackstone_.
+
+In American colleges, students who are supported on established
+foundations are called _beneficiaries_. Those who receive
+maintenance from the American Education Society are especially
+designated in this manner.
+
+No student who is a college _beneficiary_ shall remain such any
+longer than he shall continue exemplary for sobriety, diligence,
+and orderly conduct.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 19.
+
+
+BEVER. From the Italian _bevere_, to drink. An intermediate
+refreshment between breakfast and dinner.--_Morison_.
+
+At Harvard College, dinner was formerly the only meal which was
+regularly taken in the hall. Instead of breakfast and supper, the
+students were allowed to receive a bowl of milk or chocolate, with
+a piece of bread, from the buttery hatch, at morning and evening;
+this they could eat in the yard, or take to their rooms and eat
+there. At the appointed hour for _bevers_, there was a general
+rush for the buttery, and if the walking happened to be bad, or if
+it was winter, many ludicrous accidents usually occurred. One
+perhaps would slip, his bowl would fly this way and his bread
+that, while he, prostrate, afforded an excellent stumbling-block
+to those immediately behind him; these, falling in their turn,
+spattering with the milk themselves and all near them, holding
+perhaps their spoons aloft, the only thing saved from the
+destruction, would, after disentangling themselves from the mass
+of legs, arms, etc., return to the buttery, and order a new bowl,
+to be charged with the extras at the close of the term.
+
+Similar in thought to this account are the remarks of Professor
+Sidney Willard concerning Harvard College in 1794, in his late
+work, entitled, "Memories of Youth and Manhood." "The students who
+boarded in commons were obliged to go to the kitchen-door with
+their bowls or pitchers for their suppers, when they received
+their modicum of milk or chocolate in their vessel, held in one
+hand, and their piece of bread in the other, and repaired to their
+rooms to take their solitary repast. There were suspicions at
+times that the milk was diluted by a mixture of a very common
+tasteless fluid, which led a sagacious Yankee student to put the
+matter to the test by asking the simple carrier-boy why his mother
+did not mix the milk with warm water instead of cold. 'She does,'
+replied the honest youth. This mode of obtaining evening commons
+did not prove in all cases the most economical on the part of the
+fed. It sometimes happened, that, from inadvertence or previous
+preparation for a visit elsewhere, some individuals had arrayed
+themselves in their dress-coats and breeches, and in their haste
+to be served, and by jostling in the crowd, got sadly sprinkled
+with milk or chocolate, either by accident or by the stealthy
+indulgence of the mischievous propensities of those with whom they
+came in contact; and oftentimes it was a scene of confusion that
+was not the most pleasant to look upon or be engaged in. At
+breakfast the students were furnished, in Commons Hall, with tea,
+coffee, or milk, and a small loaf of bread. The age of a beaker of
+beer with a certain allowance of bread had expired."--Vol. I. pp.
+313, 314.
+
+No scholar shall be absent above an hour at morning _bever_, half
+an hour at evening _bever_, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 517.
+
+The butler is not bound to stay above half an hour at _bevers_ in
+the buttery after the tolling of the bell.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p.
+584.
+
+
+BEVER. To take a small repast between meals.--_Wallis_.
+
+
+BIBLE CLERK. In the University of Oxford, the _Bible clerks_ are
+required to attend the service of the chapel, and to deliver in a
+list of the absent undergraduates to the officer appointed to
+enforce the discipline of the institution. Their duties are
+different in different colleges.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+A _Bible clerk_ has seldom too many friends in the
+University.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Vol. LX., Eng. ed., p. 312.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., "a very ancient scholarship,
+so called because the student who was promoted to that office was
+enjoined to read the Bible at meal-times."--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+BIENNIAL EXAMINATION. At Yale College, in addition to the public
+examinations of the classes at the close of each term, on the
+studies of the term, private examinations are also held twice in
+the college course, at the close of the Sophomore and Senior
+years, on the studies of the two preceding years. The latter are
+called _biennial_.--_Yale Coll. Cat._
+
+"The _Biennial_," remarks the writer of the preface to the _Songs
+of Yale_, "is an examination occurring twice during the
+course,--at the close of the Sophomore and of the Senior
+years,--in all the studies pursued during the two years previous.
+It was established in 1850."--Ed. 1853, p. 4.
+
+The system of examinations has been made more rigid, especially by
+the introduction of _biennials_.--_Centennial Anniversary of the
+Linonian Soc._, Yale Coll., 1853, p. 70.
+
+  Faculty of College got together one night,
+    To have a little congratulation,
+  For they'd put their heads together and hatched out a load,
+    And called it "_Bien. Examination_."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+BIG-WIG. In the English universities, the higher dignitaries among
+the officers are often spoken of as the _big-wigs._
+
+Thus having anticipated the approbation of all, whether Freshman,
+Sophomore, Bachelor, or _Big-Wig_, our next care is the choice of
+a patron.--_Pref._ to _Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+BISHOP. At Cambridge, Eng., this beverage is compounded of
+port-wine mulled and burnt, with the addenda of roasted lemons and
+cloves.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+  We'll pass round the _Bishop_, the spice-breathing cup.
+    _Will. Sentinel's Poems_.
+
+
+BITCH. Among the students of the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+common name for tea.
+
+The reading man gives no swell parties, runs very little into
+debt, takes his cup of _bitch_ at night, and goes quietly to bed.
+--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 131.
+
+With the Queens-men it is not unusual to issue an "At home" Tea
+and Vespers, alias _bitch_ and _hymns_.--_Ibid., Dedication_.
+
+
+BITCH. At Cambridge, Eng., to take or drink a dish of tea.
+
+I followed, and, having "_bitched_" (that is, taken a dish of tea)
+arranged my books and boxes.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+I dined, wined, or _bitched_ with a Medallist or Senior Wrangler.
+--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 218.
+
+A young man, who performs with great dexterity the honors of the
+tea-table, is, if complimented at all, said to be "an excellent
+_bitch_."--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 18.
+
+
+BLACK BOOK. In the English universities, a gloomy volume
+containing a register of high crimes and misdemeanors.
+
+At the University of Goettingen, the expulsion of students is
+recorded on a _blackboard_.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+Sirrah, I'll have you put in the _black book_, rusticated,
+expelled.--_Miller's Humors of Oxford_, Act II. Sc. I.
+
+All had reason to fear that their names were down in the proctor's
+_black book_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 277.
+
+So irksome and borish did I ever find this early rising, spite of
+the health it promised, that I was constantly in the _black book_
+of the dean.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+
+BLACK-HOOD HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+BLACK RIDING. At the College of South Carolina, it has until
+within a few years been customary for the students, disguised and
+painted black, to ride across the college-yard at midnight, on
+horseback, with vociferations and the sound of horns. _Black
+riding_ is recognized by the laws of the College as a very high
+offence, punishable with expulsion.
+
+
+BLEACH. At Harvard College, he was formerly said to _bleach_ who
+preferred to be _spiritually_ rather than _bodily_ present at
+morning prayers.
+
+  'T is sweet Commencement parts to reach,
+  But, oh! 'tis doubly sweet to _bleach_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+BLOOD. A hot spark; a man of spirit; a rake. A word long in use
+among collegians and by writers who described them.
+
+With some rakes from Boston and a few College _bloods_, I got very
+drunk.--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 154.
+
+  Indulgent Gods! exclaimed our _bloods_.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 15.
+
+
+BLOOD. At some of the Western colleges this word signifies
+excellent; as, a _blood_ recitation. A student who recites well is
+said to _make a blood_.
+
+
+BLOODEE. In the Farmer's Weekly Museum, formerly printed at
+Walpole, N.H., appeared August 21, 1797, a poetic production, in
+which occurred these lines:--
+
+  Seniors about to take degrees,
+  Not by their wits, but by _bloodees_.
+
+In a note the word _bloodee_ was thus described: "A kind of cudgel
+worn, or rather borne, by the bloods of a certain college in New
+England, 2 feet 5 inches in length, and 1-7/8 inch in diameter,
+with a huge piece of lead at one end, emblematical of its owner. A
+pretty prop for clumsy travellers on Parnassus."
+
+
+BLOODY. Formerly a college term for daring, rowdy, impudent.
+
+  Arriving at Lord Bibo's study,
+  They thought they'd be a little _bloody_;
+  So, with a bold, presumptuous look,
+  An honest pinch of snuff they took.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 44.
+
+  They roar'd and bawl'd, and were so _bloody_,
+  As to besiege Lord Bibo's study.
+
+  _Ibid._, p. 76.
+
+
+BLOW. A merry frolic with drinking; a spree. A person intoxicated
+is said to be _blown_, and Mr. Halliwell, in his Dict. Arch. and
+Prov. Words, has _blowboll_, a drunkard.
+
+This word was formerly used by students to designate their frolics
+and social gatherings; at present, it is not much heard, being
+supplanted by the more common words _spree_, _tight_, &c.
+
+My fellow-students had been engaged at a _blow_ till the stagehorn
+had summoned them to depart.--_Harvard Register_, 1827-28, p. 172.
+
+  No soft adagio from the muse of _blows_,
+  E'er roused indignant from serene repose.
+    _Ibid._, p. 233.
+
+  And, if no coming _blow_ his thoughts engage,
+  Lights candle and cigar.
+    _Ibid._, p. 235.
+
+The person who engages in a blow is also called a _blow_.
+
+I could see, in the long vista of the past, the many hardened
+_blows_ who had rioted here around the festive
+board.--_Collegian_, p. 231.
+
+
+BLUE. In several American colleges, a student who is very strict
+in observing the laws, and conscientious in performing his duties,
+is styled a _blue_. "Our real delvers, midnight students," says a
+correspondent from Williams College, "are called _blue_."
+
+I wouldn't carry a novel into chapel to read, not out of any
+respect for some people's old-womanish twaddle about the
+sacredness of the place,--but because some of the _blues_ might
+see you.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 81.
+
+  Each jolly soul of them, save the _blues_,
+  Were doffing their coats, vests, pants, and shoes.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+  None ever knew a sober "_blue_"
+    In this "blood crowd" of ours.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+Lucian called him a _blue_, and fell back in his chair in a
+pouting fit.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 118.
+
+To acquire popularity,... he must lose his money at bluff and
+euchre without a sigh, and damn up hill and down the sober
+church-going man, as an out-and-out _blue_.--_The Parthenon, Union
+Coll._, 1851, p. 6.
+
+
+BLUE-LIGHT. At the University of Vermont this term is used, writes
+a correspondent, to designate "a boy who sneaks about college, and
+reports to the Faculty the short-comings of his fellow-students. A
+_blue-light_ is occasionally found watching the door of a room
+where a party of jolly ones are roasting a turkey (which in
+justice belongs to the nearest farm-house), that he may go to the
+Faculty with the story, and tell them who the boys are."
+
+BLUES. The name of a party which formerly existed at Dartmouth
+College. In The Dartmouth, Vol. IV. p. 117, 1842, is the
+following:--"The students here are divided into two parties,--the
+_Rowes_ and the _Blues_. The Rowes are very liberal in their
+notions; the _Blues_ more strict. The Rowes don't pretend to say
+anything worse of a fellow than to call him a Blue, and _vice
+versa_"
+
+See INDIGO and ROWES.
+
+
+BLUE-SKIN. This word was formerly in use at some American
+colleges, with the meaning now given to the word BLUE, q.v.
+
+  I, with my little colleague here,
+    Forth issued from my cell,
+  To see if we could overhear,
+    Or make some _blue-skin_ tell.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 22.
+
+
+BOARD. The _boards_, or _college boards_, in the English
+universities, are long wooden tablets on which the names of the
+members of each college are inscribed, according to seniority,
+generally hung up in the buttery.--_Gradus ad Cantab. Webster_.
+
+I gave in my resignation this time without recall, and took my
+name off the _boards_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 291.
+
+Similar to this was the list of students which was formerly kept
+at Harvard College, and probably at Yale. Judge Wingate, who
+graduated at the former institution in 1759, writes as follows in
+reference to this subject:--"The Freshman Class was, in my day at
+college, usually _placed_ (as it was termed) within six or nine
+months after their admission. The official notice of this was
+given by having their names written in a large German text, in a
+handsome style, and placed in a conspicuous part of the College
+Buttery, where the names of the four classes of undergraduates
+were kept suspended until they left College. If a scholar was
+expelled, his name was taken from its place; or if he was degraded
+(which was considered the next highest punishment to expulsion),
+it was moved accordingly."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 311.
+
+
+BOGS. Among English Cantabs, a privy.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+BOHN. A translation; a pony. The volumes of Bohn's Classical
+Library are in such general use among undergraduates in American
+colleges, that _Bohn_ has come to be a common name for a
+translation.
+
+  'Twas plenty of skin with a good deal of _Bohn_.
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, Yale Coll., 1855.
+
+
+BOLT. An omission of a recitation or lecture. A correspondent from
+Union College gives the following account of it:--"In West
+College, where the Sophomores and Freshmen congregate, when there
+was a famous orator expected, or any unusual spectacle to be
+witnessed in the city, we would call a 'class meeting,' to
+consider upon the propriety of asking Professor ---- for a _bolt_.
+We had our chairman, and the subject being debated, was generally
+decided in favor of the remission. A committee of good steady
+fellows were selected, who forthwith waited upon the Professor,
+and, after urging the matter, commonly returned with the welcome
+assurance that we could have a _bolt_ from the next recitation."
+
+One writer defines a _bolt_ in these words:--"The promiscuous
+stampede of a class collectively. Caused generally by a few
+seconds' tardiness of the Professor, occasionally by finding the
+lock of the recitation-room door filled with shot."--_Sophomore
+Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+The quiet routine of college life had remained for some days
+undisturbed, even by a single _bolt_.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol.
+II. p. 192.
+
+
+BOLT. At Union College, to be absent from a recitation, on the
+conditions related under the noun BOLT. Followed by _from_. At
+Williams College, the word is applied with a different
+signification. A correspondent writes: "We sometimes _bolt_ from a
+recitation before the Professor arrives, and the term most
+strikingly suggests the derivation, as our movements in the case
+would somewhat resemble a 'streak of lightning,'--a
+thunder-_bolt_."
+
+
+BOLTER. At Union College, one who _bolts_ from a recitation.
+
+2. A correspondent from the same college says: "If a student is
+unable to answer a question in the class, and declares himself
+unprepared, he also is a '_bolter_.'"
+
+
+BONFIRE. The making of bonfires, by students, is not an unfrequent
+occurrence at many of our colleges, and is usually a demonstration
+of dissatisfaction, or is done merely for the sake of the
+excitement. It is accounted a high offence, and at Harvard College
+is prohibited by the following law:--"In case of a bonfire, or
+unauthorized fireworks or illumination, any students crying fire,
+sounding an alarm, leaving their rooms, shouting or clapping from
+the windows, going to the fire or being seen at it, going into the
+college yard, or assembling on account of such bonfire, shall be
+deemed aiding and abetting such disorder, and punished
+accordingly."--_Laws_, 1848, _Bonfires_.
+
+A correspondent from Bowdoin College writes: "Bonfires occur
+regularly twice a year; one on the night preceding the annual
+State Fast, and the other is built by the Freshmen on the night
+following the yearly examination. A pole some sixty or seventy
+feet long is raised, around which brush and tar are heaped to a
+great height. The construction of the pile occupies from four to
+five hours."
+
+  Not ye, whom midnight cry ne'er urged to run
+  In search of fire, when fire there had been none;
+  Unless, perchance, some pump or hay-mound threw
+  Its _bonfire_ lustre o'er a jolly crew.
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 233.
+
+
+BOOK-KEEPER. At Harvard College, students are allowed to go out of
+town on Saturday, after the exercises, but are required, if not at
+evening prayers, to enter their names before 10 P.M. with one of
+the officers appointed for that purpose. Students were formerly
+required to report themselves before 8 P.M., in winter, and 9, in
+summer, and the person who registered the names was a member of
+the Freshman Class, and was called the _book-keeper_.
+
+I strode over the bridge, with a rapidity which grew with my
+vexation, my distaste for wind, cold, and wet, and my anxiety to
+reach my goal ere the hour appointed should expire, and the
+_book-keeper's_ light should disappear from his window;
+ "For while his light holds out to burn,
+  The vilest sinner may return."--_Collegian_, p. 225.
+
+See FRESHMAN, COLLEGE.
+
+
+BOOK-WORK. Among students at Cambridge, Eng., all mathematics that
+can be learned verbatim from books,--all that are not
+problems.--_Bristed_.
+
+He made a good fight of it, and ... beat the Trinity man a little
+on the _book-work_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 96.
+
+The men are continually writing out _book-work_, either at home or
+in their tutor's rooms.--_Ibid._, p. 149.
+
+
+BOOT-FOX. This name was at a former period given, in the German
+universities, to a fox, or a student in his first half-year, from
+the fact of his being required to black the boots of his more
+advanced comrades.
+
+
+BOOTLICK. To fawn upon; to court favor.
+
+Scorns the acquaintance of those he deems beneath him; refuses to
+_bootlick_ men for their votes.--_The Parthenon_, Union Coll.,
+Vol. I. p. 6.
+
+The "Wooden Spoon" exhibition passed off without any such hubbub,
+except where the pieces were of such a character as to offend the
+delicacy and modesty of some of those crouching, fawning,
+_bootlicking_ hypocrites.--_The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+BOOTLICKER. A student who seeks or gains favor from a teacher by
+flattery or officious civilities; one who curries favor. A
+correspondent from Union College writes: "As you watch the
+students more closely, you will perhaps find some of them
+particularly officious towards your teacher, and very apt to
+linger after recitation to get a clearer knowledge of some
+passage. They are _Bootlicks_, and that is known as _Bootlicking_;
+a reproach, I am sorry to say, too indiscriminately applied." At
+Yale, and _other colleges_, a tutor or any other officer who
+informs against the students, or acts as a spy upon their conduct,
+is also called a _bootlick_.
+
+Three or four _bootlickers_ rise.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+  The rites of Wooden Spoons we next recite,
+  When _bootlick_ hypocrites upraised their might.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+Then he arose, and offered himself as a "_bootlick_" to the
+Faculty.--_Yale Battery_, Feb. 14, 1850.
+
+
+BOOTS. At the College of South Carolina it is customary to present
+the most unpopular member of a class with a pair of handsome
+red-topped boots, on which is inscribed the word BEAUTY. They were
+formerly given to the ugliest person, whence the inscription.
+
+
+BORE. A tiresome person or unwelcome visitor, who makes himself
+obnoxious by his disagreeable manners, or by a repetition of
+visits.--_Bartlett_.
+
+A person or thing that wearies by iteration.--_Webster_.
+
+Although the use of this word is very general, yet it is so
+peculiarly applicable to the many annoyances to which a collegian
+is subjected, that it has come by adoption to be, to a certain
+extent, a student term. One writer classes under this title
+"text-books generally; the Professor who marks _slight_ mistakes;
+the familiar young man who calls continually, and when he finds
+the door fastened demonstrates his verdant curiosity by revealing
+an inquisitive countenance through the ventilator."--_Sophomore
+Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+In college parlance, prayers, when the morning is cold or rainy,
+are a _bore_; a hard lesson is a _bore_; a dull lecture or
+lecturer is a _bore_; and, _par excellence_, an unwelcome visitor
+is a _bore_ of _bores_. This latter personage is well described in
+the following lines:--
+
+ "Next comes the bore, with visage sad and pale,
+  And tortures you with some lugubrious tale;
+  Relates stale jokes collected near and far,
+  And in return expects a choice cigar;
+  Your brandy-punch he calls the merest sham,
+  Yet does not _scruple_ to partake a _dram_.
+  His prying eyes your secret nooks explore;
+  No place is sacred to the college bore.
+  Not e'en the letter filled with Helen's praise,
+  Escapes the sight of his unhallowed gaze;
+  Ere one short hour its silent course has flown,
+  Your Helen's charms to half the class are known.
+  Your books he takes, nor deigns your leave to ask,
+  Such forms to him appear a useless task.
+  When themes unfinished stare you in the face,
+  Then enters one of this accursed race.
+  Though like the Angel bidding John to write,
+  Frail ------ form uprises to thy sight,
+  His stupid stories chase your thoughts away,
+  And drive you mad with his unwelcome stay.
+  When he, departing, creaks the closing door,
+  You raise the Grecian chorus, [Greek: kikkabau]."[02]
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton, Harv. Coll.
+
+
+BOS. At the University of Virginia, the desserts which the
+students, according to the statutes of college, are allowed twice
+per week, are respectively called the _Senior_ and _Junior Bos_.
+
+
+BOSH. Nonsense, trash, [Greek: phluaria]. An English Cantab's
+expression.--_Bristed_.
+
+But Spriggins's peculiar forte is that kind of talk which some
+people irreverently call "_bosh_."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p.
+259.
+
+
+BOSKY. In the cant of the Oxonians, being tipsy.--_Grose_.
+
+Now when he comes home fuddled, alias _Bosky_, I shall not be so
+unmannerly as to say his Lordship ever gets drunk.--_The Sizar_,
+cited in _Gradus ad Cantab._, pp. 20, 21.
+
+
+BOWEL. At Harvard College, a student in common parlance will
+express his destitution or poverty by saying, "I have not a
+_bowel_." The use of the word with this signification has arisen,
+probably, from a jocular reference to a quaint Scriptural
+expression.
+
+
+BRACKET. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the result of the
+final examination in the Senate-House is published in lists signed
+by the examiners. In these lists the names of those who have been
+examined are "placed in individual order of merit." When the rank
+of two or three men is the same, their names are inclosed in
+_brackets_.
+
+At the close of the course, and before the examination is
+concluded, there is made out a new arrangement of the classes
+called the _Brackets_. These, in which each is placed according to
+merit, are hung upon the pillars in the Senate-House.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. II. p. 93.
+
+As there is no provision in the printed lists for expressing the
+number of marks by which each man beats the one next below him,
+and there may be more difference between the twelfth and
+thirteenth than between the third and twelfth, it has been
+proposed to extend the use of the _brackets_ (which are now only
+employed in cases of literal equality between two or three men),
+and put together six, eight, or ten, whose marks are nearly equal.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 227.
+
+
+BRACKET. In a general sense, to place in a certain order.
+
+I very early in the Sophomore year gave up all thoughts of
+obtaining high honors, and settled down contentedly among the
+twelve or fifteen who are _bracketed_, after the first two or
+three, as "English Orations."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 6.
+
+There remained but two, _bracketed_ at the foot of the
+class.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+The Trinity man who was _bracketed_ Senior Classic.--_Ibid._, p.
+187.
+
+
+BRANDER. In the German universities a name given to a student
+during his second term.
+
+Meanwhile large tufts and strips of paper had been twisted into
+the hair of the _Branders_, as those are called who have been
+already one term at the University, and then at a given signal
+were set on fire, and the _Branders_ rode round the table on
+chairs, amid roars of laughter.--_Longfellow's Hyperion_, p. 114.
+
+See BRAND-FOX, BURNT FOX.
+
+
+BRAND-FOX. A student in a German university "becomes a
+_Brand-fuchs_, or fox with a brand, after the foxes of Samson," in
+his second half-year.--_Howitt_.
+
+
+BRICK. A gay, wild, thoughtless fellow, but not so _hard_ as the
+word itself might seem to imply.
+
+He is a queer fellow,--not so bad as he seems,--his own enemy, but
+a regular _brick_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 143.
+
+He will come himself (public tutor or private), like a _brick_ as
+he is, and consume his share of the generous potables.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 78.
+
+See LIKE A BRICK.
+
+
+BRICK MILL. At the University of Vermont, the students speak of
+the college as the _Brick Mill_, or the _Old Brick Mill_.
+
+
+BUCK. At Princeton College, anything which is in an intensive
+degree good, excellent, pleasant, or agreeable, is called _buck_.
+
+
+BULL. At Dartmouth College, to recite badly; to make a poor
+recitation. From the substantive _bull_, a blunder or
+contradiction, or from the use of the word as a prefix, signifying
+large, lubberly, blundering.
+
+
+BULL-DOG. In the English universities, the lictor or servant who
+attends a proctor when on duty.
+
+Sentiments which vanish for ever at the sight of the proctor with
+his _bull-dogs_, as they call them, or four muscular fellows which
+always follow him, like so many bailiffs.--_Westminster Rev._, Am.
+Ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 232.
+
+The proctors, through their attendants, commonly called
+_bull-dogs_, received much certain information, &c.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 170.
+
+  And he had breathed the proctor's _dogs_.
+    _Tennyson, Prologue to Princess_.
+
+
+BULLY CLUB. The following account of the _Bully Club_, which was
+formerly a most honored transmittendum at Yale College, is taken
+from an entertaining little work, entitled Sketches of Yale
+College. "_Bullyism_ had its origin, like everything else that is
+venerated, far back in antiquity; no one pretends to know the era
+of its commencement, nor to say with certainty what was the cause
+of its establishment, or the original design of the institution.
+We can only learn from dim and doubtful tradition, that many years
+ago, no one knows how many, there was a feud between students and
+townsmen: a sort of general ill-feeling, which manifested itself
+in the lower classes of society in rudeness and insult. Not
+patiently borne with, it grew worse and worse, until a regular
+organization became necessary for defence against the nightly
+assaults of a gang of drunken rowdies. Nor were their opponents
+disposed to quit the unequal fight. An organization in opposition
+followed, and a band of tipsy townsmen, headed by some hardy tars,
+took the field, were met, no one knows whether in offence or
+defence, and after a fight repulsed, and a huge knotty club
+wrested from their leader. This trophy of personal courage was
+preserved, the organization perpetuated, and the _Bully Club_ was
+every year, with procession and set form of speech, bestowed upon
+the newly acknowledged leader. But in process of time the
+organization has assumed a different character: there was no
+longer need of a system of defence,--the "Bully" was still
+acknowledged as class leader. He marshalled all processions, was
+moderator of all meetings, and performed the various duties of a
+chief. The title became now a matter of dispute; it sounded harsh
+and rude to ears polite, and a strong party proposed a change: but
+the supporters of antiquity pleaded the venerable character of the
+customs identified almost with the College itself. Thus the
+classes were divided, a part electing a marshal, class-leader, or
+moderator, and a part still choosing a _bully_ and _minor
+bully_--the latter usually the least of their number--from each
+class, and still bestowing on them the wonted clubs, mounted with
+gold, the badges of their office.
+
+"Unimportant as these distinctions seem, they formed the ground of
+constant controversy, each party claiming for its leader the
+precedence, until the dissensions ended in a scene of confusion
+too well known to need detail: the usual procession on
+Commencement day was broken up, and the partisans fell upon each
+other pell-mell; scarce heeding, in their hot fray, the orders of
+the Faculty, the threats of the constables, or even the rebuke of
+the chief magistrate of the State; the alumni were left to find
+their seats in church as they best could, the aged and beloved
+President following in sorrow, unescorted, to perform the duties
+of the day. It need not be told that the disputes were judicially
+ended by a peremptory ordinance, prohibiting all class
+organizations of any name whatever."
+
+A more particular account of the Bully Club, and of the manner in
+which the students of Yale came to possess it, is given in the
+annexed extract.
+
+"Many years ago, the farther back towards the Middle Ages the
+better, some students went out one evening to an inn at Dragon, as
+it was then called, now the populous and pretty village of Fair
+Haven, to regale themselves with an oyster supper, or for some
+other kind of recreation. They there fell into an affray with the
+young men of the place, a hardy if not a hard set, who regarded
+their presence there, at their own favorite resort, as an
+intrusion. The students proved too few for their adversaries. They
+reported the matter at College, giving an aggravated account of
+it, and, being strongly reinforced, went out the next evening to
+renew the fight. The oystermen and sailors were prepared for them.
+A desperate conflict ensued, chiefly in the house, above stairs
+and below, into which the sons of science entered pell-mell. Which
+came off the worse, I neither know nor care, believing defeat to
+be far less discreditable to either party, and especially to the
+students, than the fact of their engaging in such a brawl. Where
+the matter itself is essentially disgraceful, success or failure
+is indifferent, as it regards the honor of the actors. Among the
+Dragoners, a great bully of a fellow, who appeared to be their
+leader, wielded a huge club, formed from an oak limb, with a
+gnarled excrescence on the end, heavy enough to battle with an
+elephant. A student remarkable for his strength in the arms and
+hands, griped the fellow so hard about the wrist that his fingers
+opened, and let the club fall. It was seized, and brought off as a
+trophy. Such is the history of the Bully Club. It became the
+occasion of an annual election of a person to take charge of it,
+and to act as leader of the students in case of a quarrel between
+them, and others. 'Bully' was the title of this chivalrous and
+high office."--_Scenes and Characters in College_, New Haven,
+1847, pp. 215, 216.
+
+
+BUMPTIOUS. Conceited, forward, pushing. An English Cantab's
+expression.--_Bristed_.
+
+About nine, A.M., the new scholars are announced from the chapel
+gates. On this occasion it is not etiquette for the candidates
+themselves to be in waiting,--it looks too
+"_bumptious_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 193.
+
+
+BURIAL OF EUCLID. "The custom of bestowing burial honors upon the
+ashes of Euclid with becoming demonstrations of respect has been
+handed down," says the author of the Sketches of Yale College,
+"from time immemorial." The account proceeds as follows:--"This
+book, the terror of the dilatory and unapt, having at length been
+completely mastered, the class, as their acquaintance with the
+Greek mathematician is about to close, assemble in their
+respective places of meeting, and prepare (secretly for fear of
+the Faculty) for the anniversary. The necessary committee having
+been appointed, and the regular preparations ordered, a ceremony
+has sometimes taken place like the following. The huge poker is
+heated in the old stove, and driven through the smoking volume,
+and the division, marshalled in line, for _once_ at least see
+_through_ the whole affair. They then march over it in solemn
+procession, and are enabled, as they step firmly on its covers, to
+assert with truth that they have gone over it,--poor jokes indeed,
+but sufficient to afford abundant laughter. And then follow
+speeches, comical and pathetic, and shouting and merriment. The
+night assigned having arrived, how carefully they assemble, all
+silent, at the place appointed. Laid on its bier, covered with
+sable pall, and borne in solemn state, the corpse (i.e. the book)
+is carried with slow procession, with the moaning music of flutes
+and fifes, the screaming of fiddles, and the thumping and mumbling
+of a cracked drum, to the open grave or the funeral pyre. A
+gleaming line of blazing torches and twinkling lanterns wave along
+the quiet streets and through the opened fields, and the snow
+creaks hoarsely under the tread of a hundred men. They reach the
+scene, and a circle forms around the consecrated spot; if the
+ceremony is a burial, the defunct is laid all carefully in his
+grave, and then his friends celebrate in prose or verse his
+memory, his virtues, and his untimely end: and three oboli are
+tossed into his tomb to satisfy the surly boatman of the Styx.
+Lingeringly is the last look taken of the familiar countenance, as
+the procession passes slowly around the tomb; and the moaning is
+made,--a sound of groans going up to the seventh heavens,--and the
+earth is thrown in, and the headstone with epitaph placed duly to
+hallow the grave of the dead. Or if, according to the custom of
+his native land, the body of Euclid is committed to the funeral
+flames, the pyre, duly prepared with combustibles, is made the
+centre of the ring; a ponderous jar of turpentine or whiskey is
+the fragrant incense, and as the lighted fire mounts up in the
+still night, and the alarm in the city sounds dim in the distance,
+the eulogium is spoken, and the memory of the illustrious dead
+honored; the urn receives the sacred ashes, which, borne in solemn
+procession, are placed in some conspicuous situation, or solemnly
+deposited in some fitting sarcophagus. So the sport ends; a song,
+a loud hurrah, and the last jovial roysterer seeks short and
+profound slumber."--pp. 166-169.
+
+The above was written in the year 1843. That the interest in the
+observance of this custom at Yale College has not since that time
+diminished, may be inferred from the following account of the
+exercises of the Sophomore Class of 1850, on parting company with
+their old mathematical friend, given by a correspondent of the New
+York Tribune.
+
+"Arrangements having been well matured, notice was secretly given
+out on Wednesday last that the obsequies would be celebrated that
+evening at 'Barney's Hall,' on Church Street. An excellent band of
+music was engaged for the occasion, and an efficient Force
+Committee assigned to their duty, who performed their office with
+great credit, taking singular care that no 'tutor' or 'spy' should
+secure an entrance to the hall. The 'countersign' selected was
+'Zeus,' and fortunately was not betrayed. The hall being full at
+half past ten, the doors were closed, and the exercises commenced
+with music. Then followed numerous pieces of various character,
+and among them an _Oration_, a _Poem_, _Funeral Sermon_ (of a very
+metaphysical character), a _Dirge_, and, at the grave, a _Prayer
+to Pluto_. These pieces all exhibited taste and labor, and were
+acknowledged to be of a higher tone than that of any productions
+which have ever been delivered on a similar occasion. Besides
+these, there were several songs interspersed throughout the
+Programme, in both Latin and English, which were sung with great
+jollity and effect. The band added greatly to the character of the
+performances, by their frequent and appropriate pieces. A large
+coffin was placed before the altar, within which, lay the
+veritable Euclid, arranged in a becoming winding-sheet, the body
+being composed of combustibles, and these thoroughly saturated
+with turpentine. The company left the hall at half past twelve,
+formed in an orderly procession, preceded by the band, and bearing
+the coffin in their midst. Those who composed the procession were
+arrayed in disguises, to avoid detection, and bore a full
+complement of brilliant torches. The skeleton of Euclid (a
+faithful caricature), himself bearing a torch, might have been
+seen dancing in the midst, to the great amusement of all
+beholders. They marched up Chapel Street as far as the south end
+of the College, where they were saluted with three hearty cheers
+by their fellow-students, and then continued through College
+Street in front of the whole College square, at the north
+extremity of which they were again greeted by cheers, and thence
+followed a circuitous way to _quasi_ Potter's Field, about a mile
+from the city, where the concluding ceremonies were performed.
+These consist of walking over the coffin, thus _surmounting the
+difficulties_ of the author; boring a hole through a copy of
+Euclid with a hot iron, that the class may see _through_ it; and
+finally burning it upon the funeral pyre, in order to _throw
+light_ upon the subject. After these exercises, the procession
+returned, with music, to the State-House, where they disbanded,
+and returned to their desolate habitations. The affair surpassed
+anything of the kind that has ever taken place here, and nothing
+was wanting to render it a complete performance. It testifies to
+the spirit and character of the class of '53."--_Literary World_,
+Nov. 23, 1850, from the _New York Tribune_.
+
+In the Sketches of Williams College, printed in the year 1847, is
+a description of the manner in which the funeral exercises of
+Euclid are sometimes conducted in that institution. It is as
+follows:--"The burial took place last night. The class assembled
+in the recitation-room in full numbers, at 9 o'clock. The
+deceased, much emaciated, and in a torn and tattered dress, was
+stretched on a black table in the centre of the room. This table,
+by the way, was formed of the old blackboard, which, like a
+mirror, had so often reflected the image of old Euclid. In the
+body of the corpse was a triangular hole, made for the _post
+mortem_ examination, a report of which was read. Through this
+hole, those who wished were allowed to look; and then, placing the
+body on their heads, they could say with truth that they had for
+once seen through and understood Euclid.
+
+"A eulogy was then pronounced, followed by an oration and the
+reading of the epitaph, after which the class formed a procession,
+and marched with slow and solemn tread to the place of burial. The
+spot selected was in the woods, half a mile south of the College.
+As we approached the place, we saw a bright fire burning on the
+altar of turf, and torches gleaming through the dark pines. All
+was still, save the occasional sympathetic groans of some forlorn
+bull-frogs, which came up like minute-guns from the marsh below.
+
+"When we arrived at the spot, the sexton received the body. This
+dignitary presented rather a grotesque appearance. He wore a white
+robe bound around his waist with a black scarf, and on his head a
+black, conical-shaped hat, some three feet high. Haying fastened
+the remains to the extremity of a long, black wand, he held them
+in the fire of the altar until they were nearly consumed, and then
+laid the charred mass in the urn, muttering an incantation in
+Latin. The urn being buried deep in the ground, we formed a ring
+around the grave, and sung the dirge. Then, lighting our larches
+by the dying fire, we retraced our steps with feelings suited to
+the occasion."--pp. 74-76.
+
+Of this observance the writer of the preface to the "Songs of
+Yale" remarks: "The _Burial of Euclid_ is an old ceremony
+practised at many colleges. At Yale it is conducted by the
+Sophomore Class during the first term of the year. After literary
+exercises within doors, a procession is formed, which proceeds at
+midnight through the principal streets of the city, with music and
+torches, conveying a coffin, supposed to contain the body of the
+old mathematician, to the funeral pile, when the whole is fired
+and consumed to ashes."--1853, p. 4.
+
+From the lugubrious songs which are usually sung on these sad
+occasions, the following dirge is selected. It appears in the
+order of exercises for the "Burial of Euclid by the Class of '57,"
+which took place at Yale College, November 8, 1854.
+
+    Tune,--"_Auld Lang Syne_."
+
+              I.
+
+  Come, gather all ye tearful Sophs,
+    And stand around the ring;
+  Old Euclid's dead, and to his shade
+    A requiem we'll sing:
+  Then join the saddening chorus, all
+    Ye friends of Euclid true;
+  Defunct, he can no longer bore,
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"[03]
+
+              II.
+
+  Though we to Pluto _dead_icate,
+    No god to take him deigns,
+  So, one short year from now will Fate
+    Bring back his sad _re-manes_:
+  For at Biennial his ghost
+    Will prompt the tutor blue,
+  And every fizzling Soph will cry,
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"
+
+              III.
+
+  Though here we now his _corpus_ burn,
+    And flames about him roar,
+  The future Fresh shall say, that he's
+    "Not dead, but gone before":
+  We close around the dusky bier,
+    And pall of sable hue,
+  And silently we drop the tear;
+    "[Greek: Pheu pheu, oi moi, pheu pheu.]"
+
+
+BURLESQUE BILL. At Princeton College, it is customary for the
+members of the Sophomore Class to hold annually a Sophomore
+Commencement, caricaturing that of the Senior Class. The Sophomore
+Commencement is in turn travestied by the Junior Class, who
+prepare and publish _Burlesque Bills_, as they are called, in
+which, in a long and formal programme, such subjects and speeches
+are attributed to the members of the Sophomore Class as are
+calculated to expose their weak points.
+
+See SOPHOMORE COMMENCEMENT.
+
+
+BURLINGTON. At Middlebury College, a water-closet, privy. So
+called on account of the good-natured rivalry between that
+institution and the University of Vermont at Burlington.
+
+
+BURNING OF CONIC SECTIONS. "This is a ceremony," writes a
+correspondent, "observed by the Sophomore Class of Trinity
+College, on the Monday evening of Commencement week. The
+incremation of this text-book is made by the entire class, who
+appear in fantastic rig and in torch-light procession. The
+ceremonies are held in the College grove, and are graced with an
+oration and poem. The exercises are usually closed by a class
+supper."
+
+
+BURNING OF CONVIVIUM. Convivium is a Greek book which is studied
+at Hamilton College during the last term of the Freshman year, and
+is considered somewhat difficult. Upon entering Sophomore it is
+customary to burn it, with exercises appropriate to the occasion.
+The time being appointed, the class hold a meeting and elect the
+marshals of the night. A large pyre is built during the evening,
+of rails and pine wood, on the middle of which is placed a barrel
+of tar, surrounded by straw saturated with turpentine. Notice is
+then given to the upper classes that Convivium will be burnt that
+night at twelve o'clock. Their company is requested at the
+exercises, which consist of two poems, a tragedy, and a funeral
+oration. A coffin is laid out with the "remains" of the book, and
+the literary exercises are performed. These concluded, the class
+form a procession, preceded by a brass band playing a dirge, and
+march to the pyre, around which, with uncovered heads, they
+solemnly form. The four bearers with their torches then advance
+silently, and place the coffin upon the funeral pile. The class,
+each member bearing a torch, form a circle around the pyre. At a
+given signal they all bend forward together, and touch their
+torches to the heap of combustibles. In an instant "a lurid flame
+arises, licks around the coffin, and shakes its tongue to heaven."
+To these ceremonies succeed festivities, which are usually
+continued until daylight.
+
+
+BURNING OF ZUMPT'S LATIN GRAMMAR. The funeral rites over the body
+of this book are performed by the students in the University of
+New York. The place of turning and burial is usually at Hoboken.
+Scenes of this nature often occur in American colleges, having
+their origin, it is supposed, in the custom at Yale of burying
+Euclid.
+
+
+BURNT FOX. A student during his second half-year, in the German
+universities, is called a _burnt fox_.
+
+
+BURSAR, _pl._ BURSARII. A treasurer or cash-keeper; as, the
+_bursar_ of a college or of a monastery. The said College in
+Cambridge shall be a corporation consisting of seven persons, to
+wit, a President, five Fellows, and a Treasurer or
+_Bursar_.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 11.
+
+Every student is required on his arrival, at the commencement of
+each session, to deliver to the _Bursar_ the moneys and drafts for
+money which he has brought with him. It is the duty of the
+_Bursar_ to attend to the settlement of the demands for board,
+&c.; to pay into the hands of the student such sums as are
+required for other necessary expenses, and to render a statement
+of the same to the parent or guardian at the close of the session.
+--_Catalogue of Univ. of North Carolina_, 1848-49, p. 27.
+
+2. A student to whom a stipend is paid out of a burse or fund
+appropriated for that purpose, as the exhibitioners sent to the
+universities in Scotland, by each presbytery.--_Webster_.
+
+See a full account in _Brande's Dict. Science, Lit., and Art_.
+
+
+BURSARY. The treasury of a college or monastery.--_Webster_.
+
+2. In Scotland, an exhibition.--_Encyc._
+
+
+BURSCH (bursh), _pl._ BURSCHEN. German. A youth; especially a
+student in a German university.
+
+"By _bursche_," says Howitt, "we understand one who has already
+spent a certain time at the university,--and who, to a certain
+degree, has taken part in the social practices of the
+students."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. Ed., p. 27.
+
+  Und hat der _Bursch_ kein Geld im Beutel,
+    So pumpt er die Philister an,
+  Und denkt: es ist doch Alles eitel
+    Vom _Burschen_ bis zum Bettleman.
+    _Crambambuli Song_.
+
+Student life! _Burschen_ life! What a magic sound have these words
+for him who has learnt for himself their real meaning.--_Howitt's
+Student Life of Germany_.
+
+
+BURSCHENSCHAFT. A league or secret association of students, formed
+in 1815, for the purpose, as was asserted, of the political
+regeneration of Germany, and suppressed, at least in name, by the
+exertions of the government.--_Brandt_.
+
+"The Burschenschaft," says the Yale Literary Magazine, "was a
+society formed in opposition to the vices and follies of the
+Landsmannschaft, with the motto, 'God, Honor, Freedom,
+Fatherland.' Its object was 'to develop and perfect every mental
+and bodily power for the service of the Fatherland.' It exerted a
+mighty and salutary influence, was almost supreme in its power,
+but was finally suppressed by the government, on account of its
+alleged dangerous political tendencies."--Vol. XV. p. 3.
+
+
+BURSE. In France, a fund or foundation for the maintenance of poor
+scholars in their studies. In the Middle Ages, it signified a
+little college, or a hall in a university.--_Webster_.
+
+
+BURST. To fail in reciting; to make a bad recitation. This word is
+used in some of the Southern colleges.
+
+
+BURT. At Union College, a privy is called _the Burt_, from a
+person of that name, who many years ago was employed as the
+architect and builder of the _latrinae_ of that institution.
+
+
+BUSY. An answer often given by a student, when he does not wish to
+see visitors.
+
+Poor Croak was almost annihilated by this summons, and, clinging
+to the bed-clothes in all the agony of despair, forgot to _busy_
+his midnight visitor.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 84.
+
+Whenever, during that sacred season, a knock salutes my door, I
+respond with a _busy_.--_Collegian_, p. 25.
+
+"_Busy_" is a hard word to utter, often, though heart and
+conscience and the college clock require it.--_Scenes and
+Characters in College_, p. 58.
+
+
+BUTLER. Anciently written BOTILER. A servant or officer whose
+principal business is to take charge of the liquors, food, plate,
+&c. In the old laws of Harvard College we find an enumeration of
+the duties of the college butler. Some of them were as follows.
+
+He was to keep the rooms and utensils belonging to his office
+sweet and clean, fit for use; his drinking-vessels were to be
+scoured once a week. The fines imposed by the President and other
+officers were to be fairly recorded by him in a book, kept for
+that purpose. He was to attend upon the ringing of the bell for
+prayer in the hall, and for lectures and commons. Providing
+candles for the hall was a part of his duty. He was obliged to
+keep the Buttery supplied, at his own expense, with beer, cider,
+tea, coffee, chocolate, sugar, biscuit, butter, cheese, pens, ink,
+paper, and such other articles as the President or Corporation
+ordered or permitted; "but no permission," it is added in the
+laws, "shall be given for selling wine, distilled spirits, or
+foreign fruits, on credit or for ready money." He was allowed to
+advance twenty per cent. on the net cost of the articles sold by
+him, excepting beer and cider, which were stated quarterly by the
+President and Tutors. The Butler was allowed a Freshman to assist
+him, for an account of whom see under FRESHMAN,
+BUTLER'S.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., pp. 138, 139. _Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1798, pp. 60-62.
+
+President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse pronounced before
+the Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850, remarks as
+follows concerning the Butler, in connection with that
+institution:--
+
+"The classes since 1817, when the office of Butler was, abolished,
+are probably but little aware of the meaning of that singular
+appendage to the College, which had been in existence a hundred
+years. To older graduates, the lower front corner room of the old
+middle college in the south entry must even now suggest many
+amusing recollections. The Butler was a graduate of recent
+standing, and, being invested with rather delicate functions, was
+required to be one in whom confidence might be reposed. Several of
+the elder graduates who have filled this office are here to-day,
+and can explain, better than I can, its duties and its bearings
+upon the interests of College. The chief prerogative of the Butler
+was to have the monopoly of certain eatables, drinkables, and
+other articles desired by students. The Latin laws of 1748 give
+him leave to sell in the buttery, cider, metheglin, strong beer to
+the amount of not more than twelve barrels annually,--which amount
+as the College grew was increased to twenty,--together with
+loaf-sugar ('saccharum rigidum'), pipes, tobacco, and such
+necessaries of scholars as were not furnished in the commons hall.
+Some of these necessaries were books and stationery, but certain
+fresh fruits also figured largely in the Butler's supply. No
+student might buy cider or beer elsewhere. The Butler, too, had
+the care of the bell, and was bound to wait upon the President or
+a Tutor, and notify him of the time for prayers. He kept the book
+of fines, which, as we shall see, was no small task. He
+distributed the bread and beer provided by the Steward in the Hall
+into equal portions, and had the lost commons, for which privilege
+he paid a small annual sum. He was bound, in consideration of the
+profits of his monopoly, to provide candles at college prayers and
+for a time to pay also fifty shillings sterling into the treasury.
+The more menial part of these duties he performed by his
+waiter."--pp. 43, 44.
+
+At both Harvard and Yale the students were restricted in expending
+money at the Buttery, being allowed at the former "to contract a
+debt" of five dollars a quarter; at the latter, of one dollar and
+twenty-five cents per month.
+
+
+BUTTER. A size or small portion of butter. "Send me a roll and two
+Butters."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Six cheeses, three _butters_, and two beers.--_The Collegian's
+Guide_.
+
+Pertinent to this singular use of the word, is the following
+curious statement. At Cambridge, Eng., "there is a market every
+day in the week, except Monday, for vegetables, poultry, eggs, and
+butter. The sale of the last article is attended with the
+peculiarity of every pound designed for the market being rolled
+out to the length of a yard; each pound being in that state about
+the thickness of a walking-cane. This practice, which is confined
+to Cambridge, is particularly convenient, as it renders the butter
+extremely easy of division into small portions, called _sizes_, as
+used in the Colleges."--_Camb. Guide_, Ed. 1845, p. 213.
+
+
+BUTTERY. An apartment in a house where butter, milk, provisions,
+and utensils are kept. In some colleges, a room where liquors,
+fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the
+students.--_Webster_.
+
+Of the Buttery, Mr. Peirce, in his History of Harvard University,
+speaks as follows: "As the Commons rendered the College
+independent of private boarding-houses, so the _Buttery_ removed
+all just occasion for resorting to the different marts of luxury,
+intemperance, and ruin. This was a kind of supplement to the
+Commons, and offered for sale to the students, at a moderate
+advance on the cost, wines, liquors, groceries, stationery, and,
+in general, such articles as it was proper and necessary for them
+to have occasionally, and which for the most part were not
+included in the Commons' fare. The Buttery was also an office,
+where, among other things, records were kept of the times when the
+scholars were present and absent. At their admission and
+subsequent returns they entered their names in the Buttery, and
+took them out whenever they had leave of absence. The Butler, who
+was a graduate, had various other duties to perform, either by
+himself or by his _Freshman_, as ringing the bell, seeing that the
+Hall was kept clean, &c., and was allowed a salary, which, after
+1765, was L60 per annum."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 220.
+
+With particular reference to the condition of Harvard College a
+few years prior to the Revolution, Professor Sidney Willard
+observes: "The Buttery was in part a sort of appendage to Commons,
+where the scholars could eke out their short commons with sizings
+of gingerbread and pastry, or needlessly or injuriously cram
+themselves to satiety, as they had been accustomed to be crammed
+at home by their fond mothers. Besides eatables, everything
+necessary for a student was there sold, and articles used in the
+play-grounds, as bats, balls, &c.; and, in general, a petty trade
+with small profits was carried on in stationery and other matters,
+--in things innocent or suitable for the young customers, and in
+some things, perhaps, which were not. The Butler had a small
+salary, and was allowed the service of a Freshman in the Buttery,
+who was also employed to ring the college bell for prayers,
+lectures, and recitations, and take some oversight of the public
+rooms under the Butler's directions. The Buttery was also the
+office of record of the names of undergraduates, and of the rooms
+assigned to them in the college buildings; of the dates of
+temporary leave of absence given to individuals, and of their
+return; and of fines inflicted by the immediate government for
+negligence or minor offences. The office was dropped or abolished
+in the first year of the present century, I believe, long after it
+ceased to be of use for most of its primary purposes. The area
+before the entry doors of the Buttery had become a sort of
+students' exchange for idle gossip, if nothing worse. The rooms
+were now redeemed from traffic, and devoted to places of study,
+and other provision was made for the records which had there been
+kept. The last person who held the office of Butler was Joseph
+Chickering, a graduate of 1799."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+1855, Vol. I. pp. 31, 32.
+
+President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse pronounced before
+the Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850, makes the
+following remarks on this subject: "The original motives for
+setting up a buttery in colleges seem to have been, to put the
+trade in articles which appealed to the appetite into safe hands;
+to ascertain how far students were expensive in their habits, and
+prevent them from running into debt; and finally, by providing a
+place where drinkables of not very stimulating qualities were
+sold, to remove the temptation of going abroad after spirituous
+liquors. Accordingly, laws were passed limiting the sum for which
+the Butler might give credit to a student, authorizing the
+President to inspect his books, and forbidding him to sell
+anything except permitted articles for ready money. But the whole
+system, as viewed from our position as critics of the past, must
+be pronounced a bad one. It rather tempted the student to
+self-indulgence by setting up a place for the sale of things to
+eat and drink within the College walls, than restrained him by
+bringing his habits under inspection. There was nothing to prevent
+his going abroad in quest of stronger drinks than could be bought
+at the buttery, when once those which were there sold ceased to
+allay his thirst. And a monopoly, such as the Butler enjoyed of
+certain articles, did not tend to lower their price, or to remove
+suspicion that they were sold at a higher rate than free
+competition would assign to them."--pp. 44, 45.
+
+"When," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "the 'punishment
+obscene,' as Cowper, the poet, very properly terms it, of
+_flagellation_, was enforced at our University, it appears that
+the Buttery was the scene of action. In The Poor Scholar, a
+comedy, written by Robert Nevile, Fellow of King's College in
+Cambridge, London, 1662, one of the students having lost his gown,
+which is picked up by the President of the College, the tutor
+says, 'If we knew the owner, we 'd take him down to th' Butterie,
+and give him due correction.' To which the student, (_aside_,)
+'Under correction, Sir; if you're for the Butteries with me, I'll
+lie as close as Diogenes in dolio. I'll creep in at the bunghole,
+before I'll _mount a barrel_,' &c. (Act II. Sc. 6.)--Again: 'Had I
+been once i' th' Butteries, they'd have their rods about me. But
+let us, for joy that I'm escaped, go to the Three Tuns and drink
+a pint of wine, and laugh away our cares.--'T is drinking at the
+Tuns that keeps us from ascending Buttery barrels,' &c." By a
+reference to the word PUNISHMENT, it will be seen that, in the
+older American colleges, corporal punishment was inflicted upon
+disobedient students in a manner much more solemn and imposing,
+the students and officers usually being present.
+
+The effect of _crossing the name in the buttery_ is thus stated in
+the Collegian's Guide. "To keep a term requires residence in the
+University for a certain number of days within a space of time
+known by the calendar, and the books of the buttery afford the
+appointed proof of residence; it being presumed that, if neither
+bread, butter, pastry, beer, or even toast and water (which is
+charged one farthing), are entered on the buttery books in a given
+name, the party could not have been resident that day. Hence the
+phrase of 'eating one's way into the church or to a doctor's
+degree.' Supposing, for example, twenty-one days' residence is
+required between the first of May and the twenty-fourth inclusive,
+then there will be but three days to spare; consequently, should
+our names be crossed for more than three days in all in that term,
+--say for four days,--the other twenty days would not count, and
+the term would be irrecoverably lost. Having our names crossed in
+the buttery, therefore, is a punishment which suspends our
+collegiate existence while the cross remains, besides putting an
+embargo on our pudding, beer, bread and cheese, milk, and butter;
+for these articles come out of the buttery."--p. 157.
+
+These remarks apply both to the Universities of Oxford and
+Cambridge; but in the latter the phrase _to be put out of commons_
+is used instead of the one given above, yet with the same meaning.
+See _Gradus ad Cantabrigiam_, p. 32.
+
+The following extract from the laws of Harvard College, passed in
+1734, shows that this term was formerly used in that institution:
+"No scholar shall be _put in or out of Commons_, but on Tuesdays
+or Fridays, and no Bachelor or Undergraduate, but by a note from
+the President, or one of the Tutors (if an Undergraduate, from his
+own Tutor, if in town); and when any Bachelors or Undergraduates
+have been out of Commons, the waiters, at their respective tables,
+shall, on the first Tuesday or Friday after they become obliged by
+the preceding law to be in Commons, _put them into Commons_ again,
+by note, after the manner above directed. And if any Master
+neglects to put himself into Commons, when, by the preceding law,
+he is obliged to be in Commons, the waiters on the Masters' table
+shall apply to the President or one of the Tutors for a note to
+put him into Commons, and inform him of it."
+
+  Be mine each morn, with eager appetite
+  And hunger undissembled, to repair
+  To friendly _Buttery_; there on smoking Crust
+  And foaming Ale to banquet unrestrained,
+  Material breakfast!
+    _The Student_, 1750, Vol. I. p. 107.
+
+
+BUTTERY-BOOK. In colleges, a book kept at the _buttery_, in which
+was charged the prices of such articles as were sold to the
+students. There was also kept a list of the fines imposed by the
+president and professors, and an account of the times when the
+students were present and absent, together with a register of the
+names of all the members of the college.
+
+  My name in sure recording page
+    Shall time itself o'erpower,
+  If no rude mice with envious rage
+    The _buttery-books_ devour.
+    _The Student_, Vol. I. p. 348.
+
+
+BUTTERY-HATCH. A half-door between the buttery or kitchen and the
+hall, in colleges and old mansions. Also called a
+_buttery-bar_.--_Halliwell's Arch. and Prov. Words_.
+
+If any scholar or scholars at any time take away or detain any
+vessel of the colleges, great or small, from the hall out of the
+doors from the sight of the _buttery-hatch_ without the butler's
+or servitor's knowledge, or against their will, he or they shall
+be punished three pence.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Coll._, Vol. I. p.
+584.
+
+He (the college butler) domineers over Freshmen, when they first
+come to the _hatch_.--_Earle's Micro-cosmographie_, 1628, Char.
+17.
+
+There was a small ledging or bar on this hatch to rest the
+tankards on.
+
+I pray you, bring your hand to the _buttery-bar_, and let it
+drink.--_Twelfth Night_, Act I. Sc. 3.
+
+
+BYE-FELLOW. In England, a name given in certain cases to a fellow
+in an inferior college. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+bye-fellow can be elected to one of the regular fellowships when a
+vacancy occurs.
+
+
+BYE-FELLOWSHIP. An inferior establishment in a college for the
+nominal maintenance of what is called a _bye-fellow_, or a fellow
+out of the regular course.
+
+The emoluments of the fellowships vary from a merely nominal
+income, in the case of what are called _Bye-fellowships_, to
+$2,000 per annum.--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+BYE-FOUNDATION. In the English universities, a foundation from
+which an insignificant income and an inferior maintenance are
+derived.
+
+
+BYE-TERM. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., students who take
+the degree of B.A. at any other time save January, are said to
+"_go out in a bye-term_."
+
+Bristed uses this word, as follows: "I had a double
+disqualification exclusive of illness. First, as a Fellow
+Commoner.... Secondly, as a _bye-term man_, or one between two
+years. Although I had entered into residence at the same time with
+those men who were to go out in 1844, my name had not been placed
+on the College Books, like theirs, previously to the commencement
+of 1840. I had therefore lost a term, and for most purposes was
+considered a Freshman, though I had been in residence as long as
+any of the Junior Sophs. In fact, I was _between two
+years_."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 97, 98.
+
+
+
+_C_.
+
+
+CAD. A low fellow, nearly equivalent to _snob_. Used among
+students in the University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+CAHOOLE. At the University of North Carolina, this word in its
+application is almost universal, but generally signifies to
+cajole, to wheedle, to deceive, to procure.
+
+
+CALENDAR. At the English universities the information which in
+American colleges is published in a catalogue, is contained in a
+similar but far more comprehensive work, called a _calendar_.
+Conversation based on the topics of which such a volume treats is
+in some localities denominated _calendar_.
+
+"Shop," or, as it is sometimes here called, "_Calendar_,"
+necessarily enters to a large extent into the conversation of the
+Cantabs.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 82.
+
+I would lounge about into the rooms of those whom I knew for
+general literary conversation,--even to talk _Calendar_ if there
+was nothing else to do.--_Ibid._, p. 120.
+
+
+CALVIN'S FOLLY. At the University of Vermont, "this name," writes
+a correspondent, "is given to a door, four inches thick and
+closely studded with spike-nails, dividing the chapel hall from
+the staircase leading to the belfry. It is called _Calvin's
+Folly_, because it was planned by a professor of that (Christian)
+name, in order to keep the students out of the belfry, which
+dignified scheme it has utterly failed to accomplish. It is one of
+the celebrities of the Old Brick Mill,[04] and strangers always
+see it and hear its history."
+
+
+CAMEL. In Germany, a student on entering the university becomes a
+_Kameel_,--a camel.
+
+
+CAMPUS. At the College of New Jersey, the college yard is
+denominated the _Campus_. _Back Campus_, the privies.
+
+
+CANTAB. Abridged for CANTABRIGIAN.
+
+It was transmitted to me by a respectable _Cantab_ for insertion.
+--_Hone's Every-day Book_, Vol. I. p. 697.
+
+Should all this be a mystery to our uncollegiate friends, or even
+to many matriculated _Cantabs_, we advise them not to attempt to
+unriddle it.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 39.
+
+
+CANTABRIGIAN. A student or graduate of the University of
+Cambridge, Eng. Used also at Cambridge, Mass., of the students and
+inhabitants.
+
+
+CANTABRIGICALLY. According to Cambridge.
+
+To speak _Cantabrigically_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 28.
+
+
+CAP. The cap worn by students at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., is described by Bristed in the following passage: "You must
+superadd the academical costume. This consists of a gown, varying
+in color and ornament according to the wearer's college and rank,
+but generally black, not unlike an ordinary clerical gown, and a
+square-topped cap, which fits close to the head like a truncated
+helmet, while the covered board which forms the crown measures
+about a foot diagonally across."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 4.
+
+A similar cap is worn at Oxford and at some American colleges on
+particular occasions.
+
+See OXFORD.
+
+
+CAP. To uncover the head in reverence or civility.
+
+The youth, ignorant who they were, had omitted to _cap_
+them.--_Gent. Mag._, Vol. XXIV. p. 567.
+
+I could not help smiling, when, among the dignitaries whom I was
+bound to make obeisance to by _capping_ whenever I met them, Mr.
+Jackson's catalogue included his all-important self in the number.
+--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 217.
+
+The obsequious attention of college servants, and the more
+unwilling "_capping_" of the undergraduates, to such a man are
+real luxuries.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LVI. p. 572.
+
+Used in the English universities.
+
+
+CAPTAIN OF THE POLL. The first of the Polloi.
+
+He had moreover been _Captain_ (Head) _of the Poll_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 96.
+
+
+CAPUT SENATUS. Latin; literally, _the head of the Senate_. In
+Cambridge, Eng., a council of the University by which every grace
+must be approved, before it can be submitted to the senate. The
+Caput Senatus is formed of the vice-chancellor, a doctor in each
+of the faculties of divinity, law, and medicine, and one regent
+M.A., and one non-regent M.A. The vice-chancellor's five
+assistants are elected annually by the heads of houses and the
+doctors of the three faculties, out of fifteen persons nominated
+by the vice-chancellor and the proctors.--_Webster. Cam. Cal. Lit.
+World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+See GRACE.
+
+
+CARCER. Latin. In German schools and universities, a
+prison.--_Adler's Germ, and Eng. Dict._
+
+  Wollten ihn drauf die Nuernberger Herren
+  Mir nichts, dir nichts ins _Carcer_ sperren.
+    _Wallenstein's Lager_.
+
+  And their Nur'mberg worships swore he should go
+  To _jail_ for his pains,--if he liked it, or no.
+    _Trans. Wallenstein's Camp, in Bohn's Stand. Lib._, p. 155.
+
+
+CASTLE END. At Cambridge, Eng., a noted resort for Cyprians.
+
+
+CATHARINE PURITANS. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+members of St. Catharine's Hall are thus designated, from the
+implied derivation of the word Catharine from the Greek [Greek:
+katharos], pure.
+
+
+CAUTION MONEY. In the English universities, a deposit in the hands
+of the tutor at entrance, by way of security.
+
+With reference to Oxford, De Quincey says of _caution money_:
+"This is a small sum, properly enough demanded of every student,
+when matriculated, as a pledge for meeting any loss from unsettled
+arrears, such as his sudden death or his unannounced departure
+might else continually be inflicting upon his college. In most
+colleges it amounts to L25; in one only it was considerably less."
+--_Life and Manners_, p. 249.
+
+In American colleges, a bond is usually given by a student upon
+entering college, in order to secure the payment of all his
+college dues.
+
+
+CENSOR. In the University of Oxford, Eng., a college officer whose
+duties are similar to those of the Dean.
+
+
+CEREVIS. From Latin _cerevisia_, beer. Among German students, a
+small, round, embroidered cap, otherwise called a beer-cap.
+
+Better authorities ... have lately noted in the solitary student
+that wends his way--_cerevis_ on head, note-book in hand--to the
+professor's class-room,... a vast improvement on the _Bursche_ of
+twenty years ago.--_Lond. Quart. Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. LXXIII. p.
+59.
+
+
+CHAMBER. The apartment of a student at a college or university.
+This word, although formerly used in American colleges, has been
+of late almost entirely supplanted by the word _room_, and it is
+for this reason that it is here noticed.
+
+If any of them choose to provide themselves with breakfasts in
+their own _chambers_, they are allowed so to do, but not to
+breakfast in one another's _chambers_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. II. p. 116.
+
+Some ringleaders gave up their _chambers_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p.
+116.
+
+
+CHAMBER-MATE. One who inhabits the same room or chamber with
+another. Formerly used at our colleges. The word CHUM is now very
+generally used in its place; sometimes _room-mate_ is substituted.
+
+If any one shall refuse to find his proportion of furniture, wood,
+and candles, the President and Tutors shall charge such
+delinquent, in his quarter bills, his full proportion, which sum
+shall be paid to his _chamber-mate_.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+35.
+
+
+CHANCELLOR. The chancellor of a university is an officer who seals
+the diplomas, or letters of degree, &c. The Chancellor of Oxford
+is usually one of the prime nobility, elected by the students in
+convocation; and he holds the office for life. He is the chief
+magistrate in the government of the University. The Chancellor of
+Cambridge is also elected from among the prime nobility. The
+office is biennial, or tenable for such a length of time beyond
+two years as the tacit consent of the University may choose to
+allow.--_Webster. Cam. Guide_.
+
+"The Chancellor," says the Oxford Guide, "is elected by
+convocation, and his office is for life; but he never, according
+to usage, is allowed to set foot in this University, excepting on
+the occasion of his installation, or when he is called upon to
+accompany any royal visitors."--Ed. 1847, p. xi.
+
+At Cambridge, the office of Chancellor is, except on rare
+occasions, purely honorary, and the Chancellor himself seldom
+appears at Cambridge. He is elected by the Senate.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Chancellor_ is the Bishop of
+the Diocese of Connecticut, and is also the Visitor of the
+College. He is _ex officio_ the President of the
+Corporation.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+CHAPEL. A house for public worship, erected separate from a
+church. In England, chapels in the universities are places of
+worship belonging to particular colleges. The chapels connected
+with the colleges in the United States are used for the same
+purpose. Religious exercises are usually held in them twice a day,
+morning and evening, besides the services on the Sabbath.
+
+
+CHAPEL. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the attendance at
+daily religious services in the chapel of each college at morning
+and evening is thus denominated.
+
+Some time ago, upon an endeavor to compel the students of one
+college to increase their number of "_chapels_," as the attendance
+is called, there was a violent outcry, and several squibs were
+written by various hands.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV.
+p. 235.
+
+It is rather surprising that there should be so much shirking of
+_chapel_, when the very moderate amount of attendance required is
+considered.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+16.
+
+To _keep chapel_, is to be present at the daily religious services
+of college.
+
+The Undergraduate is expected to go to chapel eight times, or, in
+academic parlance, to _keep eight chapels_ a week, two on Sunday,
+and one on every week-day, attending morning or evening _chapel_
+on week-days at his option. Nor is even this indulgent standard
+rigidly enforced. I believe if a Pensioner keeps six chapels, or a
+Fellow-Commoner four, and is quite regular in all other respects,
+he will never be troubled by the Dean. It certainly is an argument
+in favor of severe discipline, that there is more grumbling and
+hanging back, and unwillingness to conform to these extremely
+moderate requisitions, than is exhibited by the sufferers at a New
+England college, who have to keep sixteen chapels a week, seven of
+them at unreasonable hours. Even the scholars, who are literally
+paid for going, every chapel being directly worth two shillings
+sterling to them, are by no means invariable in attending the
+proper number of times.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 16, 17.
+
+
+CHAPEL CLERK. At Cambridge, Eng., in some colleges, it is the duty
+of this officer to _mark_ the students as they enter chapel; in
+others, he merely sees that the proper lessons are read, by the
+students appointed by the Dean for that purpose.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+The _chapel clerk_ is sent to various parties by the deans, with
+orders to attend them after chapel and be reprimanded, but the
+_chapel clerk_ almost always goes to the wrong
+person.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 235.
+
+
+CHAPLAIN. In universities and colleges, the clergyman who performs
+divine service, morning and evening.
+
+
+CHAW. A deception or trick.
+
+To say, "It's all a gum," or "a regular _chaw_" is the same thing.
+--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+CHAW. To use up.
+
+Yesterday a Junior cracked a joke on me, when all standing round
+shouted in great glee, "Chawed! Freshman chawed! Ha! ha! ha!" "No
+I a'n't _chawed_," said I, "I'm as whole as ever." But I didn't
+understand, when a fellow is _used up_, he is said to be _chawed_;
+if very much used up, he is said to be _essentially chawed_.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+The verb _to chaw up_ is used with nearly the same meaning in some
+of the Western States.
+
+Miss Patience said she was gratified to hear Mr. Cash was a
+musician; she admired people who had a musical taste. Whereupon
+Cash fell into a chair, as he afterwards observed, _chawed
+up_.--_Thorpe's Backwoods_, p. 28.
+
+
+CHIP DAY. At Williams College a day near the beginning of spring
+is thus designated, and is explained in the following passage.
+"They give us, near the close of the second term, what is called
+'_chip day_,' when we put the grounds in order, and remove the
+ruins caused by a winter's siege on the woodpiles."--_Sketches of
+Williams College_, 1847, p. 79.
+
+Another writer refers to the day, in a newspaper paragraph.
+"'_Chip day_,' at the close of the spring term, is still observed
+in the old-fashioned way. Parties of students go off to the hills,
+and return with brush, and branches of evergreen, with which the
+chips, which have accumulated during the winter, are brushed
+together, and afterwards burnt."--_Boston Daily Evening
+Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+About college there had been, in early spring, the customary
+cleaning up of "_chip day_."--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p.
+186.
+
+
+CHOPPING AT THE TREE. At University College in the University of
+Oxford, "a curious and ancient custom, called '_chopping at the
+tree_,' still prevails. On Easter Sunday, every member, as he
+leaves the hall after dinner, chops with a cleaver at a small tree
+dressed up for the occasion with evergreens and flowers, and
+placed on a turf close to the buttery. The cook stands by for his
+accustomed largess."--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 144, note.
+
+
+CHORE. In the German universities, a club or society of the
+students is thus designated.
+
+Duels between members of different _chores_ were once
+frequent;--sometimes one man was obliged to fight the members of a
+whole _chore_ in succession.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 5.
+
+
+CHRISTIAN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of
+Christ's College.
+
+
+CHUM. Armenian, _chomm_, or _chommein_, or _ham_, to dwell, stay,
+or lodge; French, _chomer_, to rest; Saxon, _ham_, home. A
+chamber-fellow; one who lodges or resides in the same
+room.--_Webster_.
+
+This word is used at the universities and colleges, both in
+England and the United States.
+
+A young student laid a wager with his _chum_, that the Dean was at
+that instant smoking his pipe.--_Philip's Life and Poems_, p. 13.
+
+          But his _chum_
+  Had wielded, in his just defence,
+  A bowl of vast circumference.--_Rebelliad_, p. 17.
+
+Every set of chambers was possessed by two co-occupants; they had
+generally the same bedroom, and a common study; and they were
+called _chums_.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 251.
+
+I am again your petitioner in behalf of that great _chum_ of
+literature, Samuel Johnson.--_Smollett, in Boswell_.
+
+In this last instance, the word _chum_ is used either with the
+more extended meaning of companion, friend, or, as the sovereign
+prince of Tartary is called the _Cham_ or _Khan_, so Johnson is
+called the _chum_ (cham) or prince of literature.
+
+
+CHUM. To occupy a chamber with another.
+
+
+CHUMMING. Occupying a room with another.
+
+Such is one of the evils of _chumming_.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. I. p.
+324.
+
+
+CHUMSHIP. The state of occupying a room in company with another;
+chumming.
+
+In the seventeenth century, in Milton's time, for example, (about
+1624,) and for more than sixty years after that era, the practice
+of _chumship_ prevailed.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 251.
+
+
+CIVILIAN. A student of the civil law at the university.--_Graves.
+Webster_.
+
+
+CLARIAN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of Clare
+Hall.
+
+
+CLASS. A number of students in a college or school, of the same
+standing, or pursuing the same studies. In colleges, the students
+entering or becoming members the same year, and pursuing the same
+studies.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Oxford, _class_ is the division of the
+candidates who are examined for their degrees according to their
+rate of merit. Those who are entitled to this distinction are
+denominated _Classmen_, answering to the _optimes_ and _wranglers_
+in the University of Cambridge.--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+See an interesting account of "reading for a first class," in the
+Collegian's Guide, Chap. XII.
+
+
+CLASS. To place in ranks or divisions students that are pursuing
+the same studies; to form into a class or classes.--_Webster_.
+
+
+CLASS BOOK. Within the last thirty or forty years, a custom has
+arisen at Harvard College of no small importance in an historical
+point of view, but which is principally deserving of notice from
+the many pleasing associations to which its observance cannot fail
+to give rise. Every graduating class procures a beautiful and
+substantial folio of many hundred pages, called the _Class Book_,
+and lettered with the year of the graduation of the class. In this
+a certain number of pages is allotted to each individual of the
+class, in which he inscribes a brief autobiography, paying
+particular attention to names and dates. The book is then
+deposited in the hands of the _Class Secretary_, whose duty it is
+to keep a faithful record of the marriage, birth of children, and
+death of each of his classmates, together with their various
+places of residence, and the offices and honors to which each may
+have attained. This information is communicated to him by letter
+by his classmates, and he is in consequence prepared to answer any
+inquiries relative to any member of the class. At his death, the
+book passes into the hands of one of the _Class Committee_, and at
+their death, into those of some surviving member of the class; and
+when the class has at length become extinct, it is deposited on
+the shelves of the College Library.
+
+The Class Book also contains a full list of all persons who have
+at any time been members of the class, together with such
+information as can be gathered in reference to them; and an
+account of the prizes, deturs, parts at Exhibitions and
+Commencement, degrees, etc., of all its members. Into it are also
+copied the Class Oration, Poem, and Ode, and the Secretary's
+report of the class meeting, at which the officers were elected.
+It is also intended to contain the records of all future class
+meetings, and the accounts of the Class Secretary, who is _ex
+officio_ Class Treasurer and Chairman of the Class Committee. By
+virtue of his office of Class Treasurer, he procures the _Cradle_
+for the successful candidate, and keeps in his possession the
+Class Fund, which is sometimes raised to defray the accruing
+expenses of the Class in future times.
+
+In the Harvardiana, Vol. IV., is an extract from the Class Book of
+1838, which is very curious and unique. To this is appended the
+following note:--"It may be necessary to inform many of our
+readers, that the _Class Book_ is a large volume, in which
+autobiographical sketches of the members of each graduating class
+are recorded, and which is left in the hands of the Class
+Secretary."
+
+
+CLASS CANE. At Union College, as a mark of distinction, a _class
+cane_ was for a time carried by the members of the Junior Class.
+
+The Juniors, although on the whole a clever set of fellows, lean
+perhaps with too nonchalant an air on their _class
+canes_.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+They will refer to their _class cane_, that mark of decrepitude
+and imbecility, for old men use canes.--_Ibid._
+
+
+CLASS CAP. At Hamilton College, it is customary for the Sophomores
+to appear in a _class cap_ on the Junior Exhibition day, which is
+worn generally during part of the third term.
+
+In American colleges, students frequently endeavor to adopt
+distinctive dresses, but the attempt is usually followed by
+failure. One of these attempts is pleasantly alluded to in the
+Williams Monthly Miscellany. "In a late number, the ambition for
+whiskers was made the subject of a remark. The ambition of college
+has since taken a somewhat different turn. We allude to the class
+caps, which have been introduced in one or two of the classes. The
+Freshmen were the first to appear in this species of uniform, a
+few days since at evening prayers; the cap which they have adopted
+is quite tasteful. The Sophomores, not to be outdone, have voted
+to adopt the tarpaulin, having, no doubt, become proficients in
+navigation, as lucidly explained in one of their text-books. The
+Juniors we understand, will follow suit soon. We hardly know what
+is left for the Seniors, unless it be to go bare-headed."--1845,
+p. 464.
+
+
+CLASS COMMITTEE. At Harvard College a committee of two persons,
+joined with the _Class Secretary_, who is _ex officio_ its
+chairman, whose duty it is, after the class has graduated, during
+their lives to call class meetings, whenever they deem it
+advisable, and to attend to all other business relating to the
+class.
+
+See under CLASS BOOK.
+
+
+CLASS CRADLE. For some years it has been customary at Harvard
+College for the Senior Class, at the meeting for the election of
+the officers of Class Day, &c., to appropriate a certain sum of
+money, usually not exceeding fifty dollars, for the purchase of a
+cradle, to be given to the first member of the class to whom a
+child is born in lawful wedlock at a suitable time after marriage.
+This sum is intrusted to the hands of the _Class Secretary_, who
+is expected to transmit the present to the successful candidate
+upon the receipt of the requisite information. In one instance a
+_Baby-jumper_ was voted by the class, to be given to the second
+member who should be blessed as above stated.
+
+
+CLASS CUP. It is a theory at Yale College, that each class
+appropriates at graduating a certain amount of money for the
+purchase of a silver cup, to be given, in the name of the class,
+to the first member to whom a child shall be born in lawful
+wedlock at a suitable time after marriage. Although the
+presentation of the _class cup_ is often alluded to, yet it is
+believed that the gift has in no instance been bestowed. It is to
+be regretted that a custom so agreeable in theory could not be
+reduced to practice.
+
+  Each man's mind was made up
+  To obtain the "_Class Cup_."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+See SILVER CUP.
+
+
+CLASS DAY. The custom at Harvard College of observing with
+appropriate exercises the day on which the Senior Class finish
+their studies, is of a very early date. The first notice which
+appears in reference to this subject is contained in an account of
+the disorders which began to prevail among the students about the
+year 1760. Among the evils to be remedied are mentioned the
+"disorders upon the day of the Senior Sophisters meeting to choose
+the officers of the class," when "it was usual for each scholar to
+bring a bottle of wine with him, which practice the committee
+(that reported upon it) apprehend has a natural tendency to
+produce disorders." But the disturbances were not wholly confined
+to the _meeting_ when the officers of Class Day were chosen; they
+occurred also on Class Day, and it was for this reason that
+frequent attempts were made at this period, by the College
+government, to suppress its observance. How far their efforts
+succeeded is not known, but it is safe to conclude that greater
+interruptions were occasioned by the war of the Revolution, than
+by the attempts to abolish what it would have been wiser to have
+reformed.
+
+In a MS. Journal, under date of June 21st, 1791, is the following
+entry: "Neither the valedictory oration by Ward, nor poem by
+Walton, was delivered, on account of a division in the class, and
+also because several were gone home." How long previous to this
+the 21st of June had been the day chosen for the exercises of the
+class, is uncertain; but for many years after, unless for special
+reasons, this period was regularly selected for that purpose.
+Another extract from the MS. above mentioned, under date of June
+21st, 1792, reads: "A valedictory poem was delivered by Paine 1st,
+and a valedictory Latin oration by Abiel Abbott."
+
+The biographer of Mr. Robert Treat Paine, referring to the poem
+noticed in the above memorandum, says: "The 21st of every June,
+till of late years, has been the day on which the members of the
+Senior Class closed their collegiate studies, and retired to make
+preparations for the ensuing Commencement. On this day it was
+usual for one member to deliver an oration, and another a poem;
+such members being appointed by their classmates. The Valedictory
+Poem of Mr. Paine, a tender, correct, and beautiful effusion of
+feeling and taste, was received by the audience with applause and
+tears." In another place he speaks on the same subject, as
+follows: "The solemnity which produced this poem is extremely
+interesting; and, being of ancient date, it is to be hoped that it
+may never fall into disuse. His affection for the University Mr.
+Paine cherished as one of his most sacred principles. Of this
+poem, Mr. Paine always spoke as one of his happiest efforts.
+Coming from so young a man, it is certainly very creditable, and
+promises more, I fear, than the untoward circumstances of his
+after life would permit him to perform."--_Paine's Works_, Ed.
+1812, pp. xxvii., 439.
+
+It was always customary, near the close of the last century, for
+those who bore the honors of Class Day, to treat their friends
+according to the style of the time, and there was scarcely a
+graduate who did not provide an entertainment of such sort as he
+could afford. An account of the exercises of the day at this
+period may not be uninteresting. It is from the Diary which is
+above referred to.
+
+"20th (Thursday). This day for special reasons the valedictory
+poem and oration were performed. The order of the day was this. At
+ten, the class walked in procession to the President's, and
+escorted him, the Professors, and Tutors, to the Chapel, preceded
+by the band playing solemn music.
+
+"The President began with a short prayer. He then read a chapter
+in the Bible; after this he prayed again; Cutler then delivered
+his poem. Then the singing club, accompanied by the band,
+performed Williams's _Friendship_. This was succeeded by a
+valedictory Latin Oration by Jackson. We then formed, and waited
+on the government to the President's, where we were very
+respectably treated with wine, &c.
+
+"We then marched in procession to Jackson's room, where we drank
+punch. At one we went to Mr. Moore's tavern and partook of an
+elegant entertainment, which cost 6/4 a piece. Marching then to
+Cutler's room, we shook hands, and parted with expressing the
+sincerest tokens of friendship." June, 1793.
+
+The incidents of Class Day, five years subsequent to the last
+date, are detailed by Professor Sidney Willard, and may not be
+omitted in this connection.
+
+"On the 21st of June, 1798, the day of the dismission of the
+Senior Class from all academic exercises, the class met in the
+College chapel to attend the accustomed ceremonies of the
+occasion, and afterwards to enjoy the usual festivities of the
+day, since called, for the sake of a name, and for brevity's sake,
+Class Day. There had been a want of perfect harmony in the
+previous proceedings, which in some degree marred the social
+enjoyments of the day; but with the day all dissension closed,
+awaiting the dawn of another day, the harbinger of the brighter
+recollections of four years spent in pleasant and peaceful
+intercourse. There lingered no lasting alienations of feeling.
+Whatever were the occasions of the discontent, it soon expired,
+was buried in the darkest recesses of discarded memories, and
+there lay lost and forgotten.
+
+"After the exercises of the chapel, and visiting the President,
+Professors, and Tutors at the President's house, according to the
+custom still existing, we marched in procession round the College
+halls, to another hall in Porter's tavern, (which some dozen or
+fifteen of the oldest living graduates may perhaps remember as
+Bradish's tavern, of ancient celebrity,) where we dined. After
+dining, we assembled at the Liberty Tree, (according to another
+custom still existing,) and in due time, having taken leave of
+each other, we departed, some of us to our family homes, and
+others to their rooms to make preparations for their
+departure."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. pp. 1, 3.
+
+Referring to the same event, he observes in another place: "In
+speaking of the leave-taking of the College by my class, on the
+21st of June, 1798,--Class Day, as it is now called,--I
+inadvertently forgot to mention, that according to custom, at that
+period, [Samuel P.P.] Fay delivered a Latin Valedictory Oration in
+the Chapel, in the presence of the Immediate Government, and of
+the students of other classes who chose to be present. Speaking to
+him on the subject some time since, he told me that he believed
+[Judge Joseph] Story delivered a Poem on the same occasion....
+There was no poetical performance in the celebration of the day in
+the class before ours, on the same occasion; Dr. John C. Warren's
+Latin oration being the only performance, and his class counting
+as many reputed poets as ours did."--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 320.
+
+Alterations were continually made in the observances of Class Day,
+and in twenty years after the period last mentioned, its character
+had in many particulars changed. Instead of the Latin, an English
+oration of a somewhat sportive nature had been introduced; the
+Poem was either serious or comic, at the writer's option; usually,
+however, the former. After the exercises in the Chapel, the class
+commonly repaired to Porter's Hall, and there partook of a dinner,
+not always observing with perfect strictness the rules of
+temperance either in eating or drinking. This "cenobitical
+symposium" concluded, they again returned to the college yard,
+where, scattered in groups under the trees, the rest of the day
+was spent in singing, smoking, and drinking, or pretending to
+drink, punch; for the negroes who supplied it in pails usually
+contrived to take two or more glasses to every one glass that was
+drank by those for whom it was provided. The dance around the
+Liberty Tree,
+  "Each hand in comrade's hand,"
+closed the regular ceremonies of the day; but generally the
+greater part of the succeeding night was spent in feasting and
+hilarity.
+
+The punch-drinking in the yard increased to such an extent, that
+it was considered by the government of the college as a matter
+which demanded their interference; and in the year 1842, on one of
+these occasions, an instructor having joined with the students in
+their revellings in the yard, the Faculty proposed that, instead
+of spending the afternoon in this manner, dancing should be
+introduced, which was accordingly done, with the approbation of
+both parties.
+
+The observances of the day, which in a small way may be considered
+as a rival of Commencement, are at present as follows. The Orator,
+Poet, Odist, Chaplain, and Marshals having been previously chosen,
+on the morning of Class Day the Seniors assemble in the yard, and,
+preceded by the band, walk in procession to one of the halls of
+the College, where a prayer is offered by the Class Chaplain. They
+then proceed to the President's house, and escort him to the
+Chapel where the following order is observed. A prayer by one of
+the College officers is succeeded by the Oration, in which the
+transactions of the class from their entrance into College to the
+present time are reviewed with witty and appropriate remarks. The
+Poem is then pronounced, followed by the Ode, which is sung by the
+whole class to the tune of "Fair Harvard." Music is performed at
+intervals by the band. The class then withdraw to Harvard Hall,
+accompanied by their friends and invited guests, where a rich
+collation is provided.
+
+After an interval of from one to two hours, the dancing commences
+in the yard. Cotillons and the easier dances are here performed,
+but the sport closes in the hall with the Polka and other
+fashionable steps. The Seniors again form, and make the circuit of
+the yard, cheering the buildings, great and small. They then
+assemble under the Liberty Tree, around which with hands joined
+they run and dance, after singing the student's adopted song,
+"Auld Lang Syne." At parting, each member takes a sprig or a
+flower from the beautiful "Wreath" which surrounds the "farewell
+tree," which is sacredly treasured as a last memento of college
+scenes and enjoyments. Thus close the exercises of the day, after
+which the class separate until Commencement.
+
+The more marked events in the observance of Class Day have been
+graphically described by Grace Greenwood, in the accompanying
+paragraphs.
+
+"The exercises on this occasion were to me most novel and
+interesting. The graduating class of 1848 are a fine-looking set
+of young men certainly, and seem to promise that their country
+shall yet be greater and better for the manly energies, the talent
+and learning, with which they are just entering upon life.
+
+"The spectators were assembled in the College Chapel, whither the
+class escorted the Faculty, headed by President Everett, in his
+Oxford hat and gown.
+
+"The President is a man of most imperial presence; his figure has
+great dignity, and his head is grand in form and expression. But
+to me he looks the governor, the foreign minister and the
+President, more than the orator or the poet.
+
+"After a prayer from the Chaplain, we listened to an eloquent
+oration from the class orator, Mr. Tiffany, of Baltimore and to a
+very elegant and witty poem from the class poet Mr. Clarke, of
+Boston. The 'Fair Harvard' having been sung by the class, all
+adjourned to the College green, where such as were so disposed
+danced to the music of a fine band. From the green we repaired to
+Harvard Hall, where an excellent collation was served, succeeded
+by dancing. From the hall the students of 1848 marched and cheered
+successively every College building, then formed a circle round a
+magnificent elm, whose trunk was beautifully garlanded will
+flowers, and, with hands joined in a peculiar manner, sung 'Auld
+Lang Syne.' The scene was in the highest degree touching and
+impressive, so much of the beauty and glory of life was there, so
+much of the energy, enthusiasm, and proud unbroken strength of
+manhood. With throbbing hearts and glowing lips, linked for a few
+moments with strong, fraternal grasps, they stood, with one deep,
+common feeling, thrilling like one pulse through all. An
+involuntary prayer sprang to my lips, that they might ever prove
+true to _Alma Mater_, to one another, to their country, and to
+Heaven.
+
+"As the singing ceased, the students began running swiftly around
+the tree, and at the cry, 'Harvard!' a second circle was formed by
+the other students, which gave a tumultuous excitement to the
+scene. It broke up at last with a perfect storm of cheers, and a
+hasty division among the class of the garland which encircled the
+elm, each taking a flower in remembrance of the day."--_Greenwood
+Leaves_, Ed. 3d, 1851, pp. 350, 351.
+
+In the poem which was read before the class of 1851, by William C.
+Bradley, the comparisons of those about to graduate with the youth
+who is attaining to his majority, and with the traveller who has
+stopped a little for rest and refreshment, are so genial and
+suggestive, that their insertion in this connection will not be
+deemed out of place.
+
+ "'T is a good custom, long maintained,
+  When the young heir has manhood gained,
+  To solemnize the welcome date,
+  Accession to the man's estate,
+  With open house and rousing game,
+  And friends to wish him joy and fame:
+  So Harvard, following thus the ways
+  Of careful sires of older days,
+  Directs her children till they grow
+  The strength of ripened years to know,
+  And bids their friends and kindred, then,
+  To come and hail her striplings--men.
+
+ "And as, about the table set,
+  Or on the shady grass-plat met,
+  They give the youngster leave to speak
+  Of vacant sport, and boyish freak,
+  So now would we (such tales have power
+  At noon-tide to abridge the hour)
+  Turn to the past, and mourn or praise
+  The joys and pains of boyhood's days.
+
+ "Like travellers with their hearts intent
+  Upon a distant journey bent,
+  We rest upon the earliest stage
+  Of life's laborious pilgrimage;
+  But like the band of pilgrims gay
+  (Whom Chaucer sings) at close of day,
+  That turned with mirth, and cheerful din,
+  To pass their evening at the inn,
+  Hot from the ride and dusty, we,
+  But yet untired and stout and free,
+  And like the travellers by the door,
+  Sit down and talk the journey o'er."
+
+As a specimen of the character of the Ode which is always sung on
+Class Day to the tune "Fair Harvard,"--which is the name by which
+the melody "Believe me, if all those endearing young charms" has
+been adopted at Cambridge,--that which was written by Joshua
+Danforth Robinson for the class of 1851 is here inserted.
+
+ "The days of thy tenderly nurture are done,
+    We call for the lance and the shield;
+  There's a battle to fight and a crown to be won,
+    And onward we press to the field!
+  But yet, Alma Mater, before we depart,
+    Shall the song of our farewell be sung,
+  And the grasp of the hand shall express for the heart
+    Emotions too deep for the tongue.
+
+ "This group of thy sons, Alma Mater, no more
+    May gladden thine ear with their song,
+  For soon we shall stand upon Time's crowded shore,
+    And mix in humanity's throng.
+  O, glad be the voices that ring through thy halls
+    When the echo of ours shall have flown,
+  And the footsteps that sound when no longer thy walls
+    Shall answer the tread of our own!
+
+ "Alas! our dear Mother, we see on thy face
+    A shadow of sorrow to-day;
+  For while we are clasped in thy farewell embrace,
+    And pass from thy bosom away,
+  To part with the living, we know, must recall
+    The lost whom thy love still embalms,
+  That one sigh must escape and one tear-drop must fall
+    For the children that died in thy arms.
+
+ "But the flowers of affection, bedewed by the tears
+    In the twilight of Memory distilled,
+  And sunned by the love of our earlier years,
+    When the soul with their beauty was thrilled,
+  Untouched by the frost of life's winter, shall blow,
+    And breathe the same odor they gave
+  When the vision of youth was entranced by their glow,
+    Till, fadeless, they bloom o'er the grave."
+
+A most genial account of the exercises of the Class Day of the
+graduates of the year 1854 may be found in Harper's Magazine, Vol.
+IX. pp. 554, 555.
+
+
+CLASSIC. One learned in classical literature; a student of the
+ancient Greek and Roman authors of the first rank.
+
+These men, averaging about twenty-three years of age, the best
+_Classics_ and Mathematicians of their years, were reading for
+Fellowships.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+35.
+
+A quiet Scotchman irreproachable as a _classic_ and a
+whist-player.--_Ibid._, p. 57.
+
+The mathematical examination was very difficult, and made great
+havoc among the _classics_.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+
+CLASSIC SHADES. A poetical appellation given to colleges and
+universities.
+
+  He prepares for his departure,--but he must, ere he repair
+  To the "_classic shades_," et cetera,--visit his "ladye fayre."
+    _Poem before Iadma_, Harv. Coll., 1850.
+
+I exchanged the farm-house of my father for the "_classic shades_"
+of Union.--_The Parthenon_, Union Coll., 1851, p. 18.
+
+
+CLASSIS. Same meaning as Class. The Latin for the English.
+
+[They shall] observe the generall hours appointed for all the
+students, and the speciall houres for their own _classis_.--_New
+England's First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 243.
+
+
+CLASS LIST. In the University of Oxford, a list in which are
+entered the names of those who are examined for their degrees,
+according to their rate of merit.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the names of those who are
+examined at stated periods are placed alphabetically in the class
+lists, but the first eight or ten individual places are generally
+known.
+
+There are some men who read for honors in that covetous and
+contracted spirit, and so bent upon securing the name of
+scholarship, even at the sacrifice of the reality, that, for the
+pleasure of reading their names at the top of the _class list_,
+they would make the examiners a present of all their Latin and
+Greek the moment they left the schools.--_Collegian's Guide_, p.
+327.
+
+
+CLASSMAN. See CLASS.
+
+
+CLASS MARSHAL. In many colleges in the United States, a _class
+marshal_ is chosen by the Senior Class from their own number, for
+the purpose of regulating the procession on the day of
+Commencement, and, as at Harvard College, on Class Day also.
+
+"At Union College," writes a correspondent, "the class marshal is
+elected by the Senior Class during the third term. He attends to
+the order of the procession on Commencement Day, and walks into
+the church by the side of the President. He chooses several
+assistants, who attend to the accommodation of the audience. He is
+chosen from among the best-looking and most popular men of the
+class, and the honor of his office is considered next to that of
+the Vice-President of the Senate for the third term."
+
+
+CLASSMATE. A member of the same class with another.
+
+The day is wound up with a scene of careless laughter and
+merriment, among a dozen of joke-loving _classmates_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 202.
+
+
+CLASS MEETING. A meeting where all the class are assembled for the
+purpose of carrying out some measure, appointing class officers,
+or transacting business of interest to the whole class.
+
+In Harvard College, no class, or general, or other meeting of
+students can be called without an application in writing of three
+students, and no more, expressing the purpose of such meeting, nor
+otherwise than by a printed notice, signed by the President,
+expressing the time, the object, and place of such meeting, and
+the three students applying for such meeting are held responsible
+for any proceedings at it contrary to the laws of the
+College.--_Laws Univ. Cam., Mass._, 1848, Appendix.
+
+Similar regulations are in force at all other American colleges.
+At Union College the statute on this subject was formerly in these
+words: "No class meetings shall be held without special license
+from the President; and for such purposes only as shall be
+expressed in the license; nor shall any class meeting be continued
+by adjournment or otherwise, without permission; and all class
+meetings held without license shall be considered as unlawful
+combinations, and punished accordingly."--_Laws Union Coll._,
+1807, pp. 37, 38.
+
+  While one, on fame alone intent,
+  Seek to be chosen President
+    Of clubs, or a _class meeting_.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 247.
+
+
+CLASSOLOGY. That science which treats of the members of the
+classes of a college. This word is used in the title of a pleasant
+_jeu d'esprit_ by Mr. William Biglow, on the class which graduated
+at Harvard College in 1792. It is called, "_Classology_: an
+Anacreontic Ode, in Imitation of 'Heathen Mythology.'"
+
+See under HIGH GO.
+
+
+CLASS SECRETARY. For an account of this officer, see under CLASS
+BOOK.
+
+
+CLASS SUPPER. In American colleges, a supper attended only by the
+members of a collegiate class. Class suppers are given in some
+colleges at the close of each year; in others, only at the close
+of the Sophomore and Senior years, or at one of these periods.
+
+
+CLASS TREES. At Bowdoin College, "immediately after the annual
+examination of each class," says a correspondent, "the members
+that compose it are accustomed to form a ring round a tree, and
+then, not dance, but run around it. So quickly do they revolve,
+that every individual runner has a tendency 'to go off in a
+tangent,' which it is difficult to resist for any length of time.
+The three lower classes have a tree by themselves in front of
+Massachusetts Hall. The Seniors have one of their own in front of
+King Chapel."
+
+For an account of a similar and much older custom, prevalent at
+Harvard College, see under CLASS DAY and LIBERTY TREE.
+
+
+CLIMBING. In reference to this word, a correspondent from
+Dartmouth College writes: "At the commencement of this century,
+the Greek, Latin, and Philosophical Orations were assigned by the
+Faculty to the best scholars, while the Valedictorian was chosen
+from the remainder by his classmates. It was customary for each
+one of these four to treat his classmates, which was called
+'_Climbing_,' from the effect which the liquor would have in
+elevating the class to an equality with the first scholars."
+
+
+CLIOSOPHIC. A word compounded from _Clio_, the Muse who presided
+over history, and [Greek: sophos], intelligent. At Yale College,
+this word was formerly used to designate an oration on the arts
+and sciences, which was delivered annually at the examination in
+July.
+
+Having finished his academic course, by the appointment of the
+President he delivered the _cliosophic_ oration in the College
+Hall.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 13.
+
+
+COACH. In the English universities, this term is variously
+applied, as will be seen by a reference to the annexed examples.
+It is generally used to designate a private tutor.
+
+Everything is (or used to be) called a "_coach_" at Oxford: a
+lecture-class, or a club of men meeting to take wine, luncheon, or
+breakfast alternately, were severally called a "wine, luncheon, or
+breakfast _coach_"; so a private tutor was called a "private
+_coach_"; and one, like Hilton of Worcester, very famed for
+getting his men safe through, was termed "a Patent Safety."--_The
+Collegian's Guide_, p. 103.
+
+It is to his private tutors, or "_coaches_," that he looks for
+instruction.--_Household Words_, Vol. II. p. 160.
+
+He applies to Mr. Crammer. Mr. Crammer is a celebrated "_coach_"
+for lazy and stupid men, and has a system of his own which has met
+with decided success.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 162.
+
+
+COACH. To prepare a student to pass an examination; to make use of
+the aid of a private tutor.
+
+He is putting on all steam, and "_coaching_" violently for the
+Classical Tripos.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d. p. 10.
+
+It is not every man who can get a Travis to _coach_ him.--_Ibid._,
+p. 69.
+
+
+COACHING. A cant term, in the British universities, for preparing
+a student, by the assistance of a private tutor, to pass an
+examination.
+
+Whether a man shall throw away every opportunity which a
+university is so eminently calculated to afford, and come away
+with a mere testamur gained rather by the trickery of private
+_coaching_ (tutoring) than by mental improvement, depends,
+&c.--_The Collegian's Guide_, p. 15.
+
+
+COAX. This word was formerly used at Yale College in the same
+sense as the word _fish_ at Harvard, viz. to seek or gain the
+favor of a teacher by flattery. One of the Proverbs of Solomon was
+often changed by the students to read as follows: "Surely the
+churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the
+nose bringeth forth blood; so the _coaxing_ of tutors bringeth
+forth parts."--_Prov._ xxx. 33.
+
+
+COCHLEAUREATUS, _pl._ COCHLEAUREATI. Latin, _cochlear_, a spoon,
+and _laureatus_, laurelled. A free translation would be, _one
+honored with a spoon_.
+
+At Yale College, the wooden spoon is given to the one whose name
+comes last on the list of appointees for the Junior Exhibition.
+The recipient of this honor is designated _cochleaureatus_.
+
+  Now give in honor of the spoon
+    Three cheers, long, loud, and hearty,
+  And three for every honored June
+    In _coch-le-au-re-a-ti_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 37.
+
+See WOODEN SPOON.
+
+
+COFFIN. At the University of Vermont, a boot, especially a large
+one. A companion to the word HUMMEL, q.v.
+
+
+COLLAR. At Yale College, "to come up with; to seize; to lay hold
+on; to appropriate."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p. 144.
+
+By that means the oration marks will be effectually _collared_,
+with scarce an effort.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+
+COLLECTION. In the University of Oxford, a college examination,
+which takes place at the end of every term before the Warden and
+Tutor.
+
+Read some Herodotus for _Collections_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+348.
+
+The College examinations, called _collections_, are strictly
+private.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 139.
+
+
+COLLECTOR. A Bachelor of Arts in the University of Oxford, who is
+appointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in
+Lent.--_Todd_.
+
+The Collectors, who are two in number, Bachelors of Arts, are
+appointed to collect the names of _determining_ bachelors, during
+Lent. Their office begins and ends with that season.--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+
+COLLECTORSHIP. The office of a _collector_ in the University of
+Oxford.--_Todd_.
+
+This Lent the _collectors_ ceased from entertaining the Bachelors
+by advice and command of the proctors; so that now they got by
+their _collectorships_, whereas before they spent about 100_l._,
+besides their gains, on clothes or needless entertainments.--_Life
+of A. Wood_, p. 286.
+
+
+COLLEGE. Latin, _collegium_; _con_ and _lego_, to gather. In its
+primary sense, a collection or assembly; hence, in a general
+sense, a collection, assemblage, or society of men, invested with
+certain powers and rights, performing certain duties, or engaged
+in some common employment or pursuit.
+
+1. An establishment or edifice appropriated to the use of students
+who are acquiring the languages and sciences.
+
+2. The society of persons engaged in the pursuits of literature,
+including the officers and students. Societies of this kind are
+incorporated, and endowed with revenues.
+
+"A college, in the modern sense of that word, was an institution
+which arose within a university, probably within that of Paris or
+of Oxford first, being intended either as a kind of
+boarding-school, or for the support of scholars destitute of
+means, who were here to live under particular supervision. By
+degrees it became more and more the custom that teachers should be
+attached to these establishments. And as they grew in favor, they
+were resorted to by persons of means, who paid for their board;
+and this to such a degree, that at one time the colleges included
+nearly all the members of the University of Paris. In the English
+universities the colleges may have been first established by a
+master who gathered pupils around him, for whose board and
+instruction he provided. He exercised them perhaps in logic and
+the other liberal arts, and repeated the university lectures, as
+well as superintended their morals. As his scholars grew in
+number, he associated with himself other teachers, who thus
+acquired the name of _fellows_. Thus it naturally happened that
+the government of colleges, even of those which were founded by
+the benevolence of pious persons, was in the hands of a principal
+called by various names, such as rector, president, provost, or
+master, and of fellows, all of whom were resident within the walls
+of the same edifices where the students lived. Where charitable
+munificence went so far as to provide for the support of a greater
+number of fellows than were needed, some of them were intrusted,
+as tutors, with the instruction of the undergraduates, while
+others performed various services within their college, or passed
+a life of learned leisure."--_Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, New
+Haven, Aug. 14, 1850, p. 8.
+
+3. In _foreign universities_, a public lecture.--_Webster_.
+
+
+COLLEGE BIBLE. The laws of a college are sometimes significantly
+called _the College Bible_.
+
+  He cons _the College Bible_ with eager, longing eyes,
+  And wonders how poor students at six o'clock can rise.
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+COLLEGER. A member of a college.
+
+We stood like veteran _Collegers_ the next day's
+screw.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 9. [_Little used_.]
+
+2. The name by which a member of a certain class of the pupils of
+Eton is known. "The _Collegers_ are educated gratuitously, and
+such of them as have nearly but not quite reached the age of
+nineteen, when a vacancy in King's College, Cambridge, occurs, are
+elected scholars there forthwith and provided for during life--or
+until marriage."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+pp. 262, 263.
+
+They have nothing in lieu of our seventy _Collegers_.--_Ibid._, p.
+270.
+
+The whole number of scholars or "_Collegers_" at Eton is seventy.
+--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+COLLEGE YARD. The enclosure on or within which the buildings of a
+college are situated. Although college enclosures are usually open
+for others to pass through than those connected with the college,
+yet by law the grounds are as private as those connected with
+private dwellings, and are kept so, by refusing entrance, for a
+certain period, to all who are not members of the college, at
+least once in twenty years, although the time differs in different
+States.
+
+  But when they got to _College yard_,
+  With one accord they all huzza'd.--_Rebelliad_, p. 33.
+
+  Not ye, whom science never taught to roam
+  Far as a _College yard_ or student's home.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 232.
+
+
+COLLEGIAN. A member of a college, particularly of a literary
+institution so called; an inhabitant of a college.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+COLLEGIATE. Pertaining to a college; as, _collegiate_ studies.
+
+2. Containing a college; instituted after the manner of a college;
+as, a _collegiate_ society.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+COLLEGIATE. A member of a college.
+
+
+COMBINATION. An agreement, for effecting some object by joint
+operation; in _an ill sense_, when the purpose is illegal or
+iniquitous. An agreement entered into by students to resist or
+disobey the Faculty of the College, or to do any unlawful act, is
+a _combination_. When the number concerned is so great as to
+render it inexpedient to punish all, those most culpable are
+usually selected, or as many as are deemed necessary to satisfy
+the demands of justice.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 27. _Laws
+Univ. Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 23.
+
+
+COMBINATION ROOM. In the University of Cambridge Eng., a room into
+which the fellows, and others in authority withdraw after dinner,
+for wine, dessert, and conversation.--_Webster_.
+
+In popular phrase, the word _room_ is omitted.
+
+"There will be some quiet Bachelors there, I suppose," thought I,
+"and a Junior Fellow or two, some of those I have met in
+_combination_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 52.
+
+
+COMITAT. In the German universities, a procession formed to
+accompany a departing fellow-student with public honor out of the
+city.--_Howitt_.
+
+
+COMMEMORATION DAY. At the University of Oxford, Eng., this day is
+an annual solemnity in honor of the benefactors of the University,
+when orations are delivered, and prize compositions are read in
+the theatre. It is the great day of festivity for the
+year.--_Huber_.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., there is always a sermon on
+this day. The lesson which is read in the course of the service is
+from Ecclus. xliv.: "Let us now praise famous men," &c. It is "a
+day," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "devoted to prayers, and
+good living." It was formerly called _Anniversary Day_.
+
+
+COMMENCE. To take a degree, or the first degree, in a university
+or college.--_Bailey_.
+
+Nine Bachelors _commenced_ at Cambridge; they were young men of
+good hope, and performed their acts so as to give good proof of
+their proficiency in the tongues and arts.--_Winthrop's Journal,
+by Mr. Savage_, Vol. II. p. 87.
+
+Four Senior Sophisters came from Saybrook, and received the Degree
+of Bachelor of Arts, and several others _commenced_
+Masters.--_Clap's Hist. Yale Coll._, p. 20.
+
+  A scholar see him now _commence_,
+  Without the aid of books or sense.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, 1794, p. 12.
+
+Charles Chauncy ... was afterwards, when qualified, sent to the
+University of Cambridge, where he _commenced_ Bachelor of
+Divinity.--_Hist. Sketch of First Ch. in Boston_, 1812, p. 211.
+
+
+COMMENCEMENT. The time when students in colleges _commence_
+Bachelors; a day in which degrees are publicly conferred in the
+English and American universities.--_Webster_.
+
+At Harvard College, in its earliest days, Commencements were
+attended, as at present, by the highest officers in the State. At
+the first Commencement, on the second Tuesday of August, 1642, we
+are told that "the Governour, Magistrates, and the Ministers, from
+all parts, with all sorts of schollars, and others in great
+numbers, were present."--_New England's First Fruits_, in _Mass.
+Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 246.
+
+In the MS. Diary of Judge Sewall, under date of July 1, 1685,
+Commencement Day, is this remark: "Gov'r there, whom I accompanied
+to Charlestown"; and again, under date of July 2, 1690, is the
+following entry respecting the Commencement of that year: "Go to
+Cambridge by water in ye Barge wherein the Gov'r, Maj. Gen'l,
+Capt. Blackwell, and others." In the Private Journal of Cotton
+Mather, under the dates of 1708 and 1717, there are notices of the
+Boston troops waiting on the Governor to Cambridge on Commencement
+Day. During the presidency of Wadsworth, which continued from 1725
+to 1737, "it was the custom," says Quincy, "on Commencement Day,
+for the Governor of the Province to come from Boston through
+Roxbury, often by the way of Watertown, attended by his body
+guards, and to arrive at the College about ten or eleven o'clock
+in the morning. A procession was then formed of the Corporation,
+Overseers, magistrates, ministers, and invited gentlemen, and
+immediately moved from Harvard Hall to the Congregational church."
+After the exercises of the day were over, the students escorted
+the Governor, Corporation, and Overseers, in procession, to the
+President's house. This description would answer very well for the
+present day, by adding the graduating class to the procession, and
+substituting the Boston Lancers as an escort, instead of the "body
+guards."
+
+The exercises of the first Commencement are stated in New
+England's First Fruits, above referred to, as follows:--"Latine
+and Greeke Orations, and Declamations, and Hebrew Analysis,
+Grammaticall, Logicall, and Rhetoricall of the Psalms: And their
+answers and disputations in Logicall, Ethicall, Physicall, and
+Metaphysicall questions." At Commencement in 1685, the exercises
+were, besides Disputes, four Orations, one Latin, two Greek, and
+one Hebrew In the presidency of Wadsworth, above referred to, "the
+exercises of the day," says Quincy, "began with a short prayer by
+the President; a salutatory oration in Latin, by one of the
+graduating class, succeeded; then disputations on theses or
+questions in Logic, Ethics, and Natural Philosophy commenced. When
+the disputation terminated, one of the candidates pronounced a
+Latin 'gratulatory oration.' The graduating class were then
+called, and, after asking leave of the Governor and Overseers, the
+President conferred the Bachelor's degree, by delivering a book to
+the candidates (who came forward successively in parties of four),
+and pronouncing a form of words in Latin. An adjournment then took
+place to dinner, in Harvard Hall; thence the procession returned
+to the church, and, after the Masters' disputations, usually three
+in number, were finished, their degrees were conferred, with the
+same general forms as those of the Bachelors. An occasional
+address was then made by the President. A Latin valedictory
+oration by one of the Masters succeeded, and the exercises
+concluded with a prayer by the President."
+
+Similar to this is the account given by the Hon. Paine Wingate, a
+graduate of the class of 1759, of the exercises of Commencement as
+conducted while he was in College. "I do not recollect now," he
+says, "any part of the public exercises on Commencement Day to be
+in English, excepting the President's prayers at opening and
+closing the services. Next after the prayer followed the
+Salutatory Oration in Latin, by one of the candidates for the
+first degree. This office was assigned by the President, and was
+supposed to be given to him who was the best orator in the class.
+Then followed a Syllogistic Disputation in Latin, in which four or
+five or more of those who were distinguished as good scholars in
+the class were appointed by the President as Respondents, to whom
+were assigned certain questions, which the Respondents maintained,
+and the rest of the class severally opposed, and endeavored to
+invalidate. This was conducted wholly in Latin, and in the form of
+Syllogisms and Theses. At the close of the Disputation, the
+President usually added some remarks in Latin. After these
+exercises the President conferred the degrees. This, I think, may
+be considered as the summary of the public performances on a
+Commencement Day. I do not recollect any Forensic Disputation, or
+a Poem or Oration spoken in English, whilst I was in
+College."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, pp. 307, 308.
+
+As far back as the year 1685, it was customary for the President
+to deliver an address near the close of the exercises. Under this
+date, in the MS. Diary of Judge Sewall, are these words: "Mr.
+President after giving ye Degrees made an Oration in Praise of
+Academical Studies and Degrees, Hebrew tongue." In 1688, at the
+Commencement, according to the same gentleman, Mr. William
+Hubbard, then acting as President under the appointment of Sir
+Edmund Andros, "made an oration."
+
+The disputations were always in Latin, and continued to be a part
+of the exercises of Commencement until the year 1820. The orations
+were in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and sometimes French; in 1818 a
+Spanish oration was delivered at the Commencement for that year by
+Mr. George Osborne. The first English oration was made by Mr.
+Jedidiah Huntington, in the year 1763, and the first English poem
+by Mr. John Davis, in 1781. The last Latin syllogisms were in
+1792, on the subjects, "Materia cogitare non potest," and "Nil
+nisi ignis natura est fluidum." The first year in which the
+performers spoke without a prompter was 1837. There were no
+Master's exercises for the first time in 1844. To prevent
+improprieties, in the year 1760, "the duty of inspecting the
+performances on the day," says Quincy, "and expunging all
+exceptionable parts, was assigned to the President; on whom it was
+particularly enjoined 'to put an end to the practice of addressing
+the female sex.'" At a later period, in 1792, by referring to the
+"Order of the Exercises of Commencement," we find that in the
+concluding oration "honorable notice is taken, from year to year,
+of those who have been the principal Benefactors of the
+University." The practice is now discontinued.
+
+At the first Commencement, all the magistrates, elders, and
+invited guests who were present "dined," says Winthrop in his
+Journal, Vol. II. pp. 87, 88, "at the College with the scholars'
+ordinary commons, which was done on purpose for the students'
+encouragement, &c., and it gave good content to all." After
+dinner, a Psalm was usually sung. In 1685, at Commencement, Sewall
+says: "After dinner ye 3d part of ye 103d Ps. was sung in ye
+Hall." The seventy-eighth Psalm was the one usually sung, an
+account of which will be found under that title. The Senior Class
+usually waited on the table on Commencement Day. After dinner,
+they were allowed to take what provisions were left, and eat them
+at their rooms, or in the hall. This custom was not discontinued
+until the year 1812.
+
+In 1754, owing to the expensive habits worn on Commencement Day, a
+law was passed, ordering that on that day "every candidate for his
+degree appear in black, or dark blue, or gray clothes; and that no
+one wear any silk night-gowns; and that any candidate, who shall
+appear dressed contrary to such regulations, may not expect his
+degree." At present, on Commencement Day, every candidate for a
+first degree wears, according to the law, "a black dress and the
+usual black gown."
+
+It was formerly customary, on this day, for the students to
+provide entertainment in their rooms. But great care was taken, as
+far as statutory enactments were concerned, that all excess should
+be avoided. During the presidency of Increase Mather was developed
+among the students a singular phase of gastronomy, which was
+noticed by the Corporation in their records, under the date of
+June 22, 1693, in these words: "The Corporation, having been
+informed that the custom taken up in the College, not used in any
+other Universities, for the commencers [graduating class] to have
+plumb-cake, is dishonorable to the College, not grateful to wise
+men, and chargeable to the parents of the commencers, do therefore
+put an end to that custom, and do hereby order that no commencer,
+or other scholar, shall have any such cakes in their studies or
+chambers; and that, if any scholar shall offend therein, the cakes
+shall be taken from him, and he shall moreover pay to the College
+twenty shillings for each such offence." This stringent regulation
+was, no doubt, all-sufficient for many years; but in the lapse of
+time the taste for the forbidden delicacy, which was probably
+concocted with a skill unknown to the moderns, was again revived,
+accompanied with confessions to a fondness for several kinds of
+expensive preparations, the recipes for which preparations, it is
+to be feared, are inevitably lost. In 1722, in the latter part of
+President Leverett's administration, an act was passed "for
+reforming the Extravagancys of Commencements," and providing "that
+henceforth no preparation nor provision of either Plumb Cake, or
+Roasted, Boyled, or Baked Meates or Pyes of any kind shal be made
+by any Commencer," and that no "such have any distilled Lyquours
+in his Chamber or any composition therewith," under penalty of
+being "punished twenty shillings, to be paid to the use of the
+College," and of forfeiture of the provisions and liquors, "_to be
+seized by the tutors_." The President and Corporation were
+accustomed to visit the rooms of the Commencers, "to see if the
+laws prohibiting certain meats and drinks were not violated."
+These restrictions not being sufficient, a vote passed the
+Corporation in 1727, declaring, that "if any, who now doe, or
+hereafter shall, stand for their degrees, presume to doe any thing
+contrary to the act of 11th June, 1722, or _go about to evade it
+by plain cake_, they shall not be admitted to their degree, and if
+any, after they have received their degree, shall presume to make
+any forbidden provisions, their names shall be left or rased out
+of the Catalogue of the Graduates."
+
+In 1749, the Corporation strongly recommended to the parents and
+guardians of such as were to take degrees that year, "considering
+the awful judgments of God upon the land," to "retrench
+Commencement expenses, so as may best correspond with the frowns
+of Divine Providence, and that they take effectual care to have
+their sons' chambers cleared of company, and their entertainments
+finished, on the evening of said Commencement Day, or, at
+furthest, by next morning." In 1755, attempts were made to prevent
+those "who proceeded Bachelors of Arts from having entertainments
+of any kind, either in the College or any house in Cambridge,
+after the Commencement Day." This and several other propositions
+of the Overseers failing to meet with the approbation of the
+Corporation, a vote finally passed both boards in 1757, by which
+it was ordered, that, on account of the "distressing drought upon
+the land," and "in consideration of the dark state of Providence
+with respect to the war we are engaged in, which Providences call
+for humiliation and fasting rather than festival entertainments,"
+the "first and second degrees be given to the several candidates
+without their personal attendance"; a general diploma was
+accordingly given, and Commencement was omitted for that year.
+Three years after, "all unnecessary expenses were forbidden," and
+also "dancing in any part of Commencement week, in the Hall, or in
+any College building; nor was any undergraduate allowed to give
+any entertainment, after dinner, on Thursday of that week, under
+severe penalties." But the laws were not always so strict, for we
+find that, on account of a proposition made by the Overseers to
+the Corporation in 1759, recommending a "repeal of the law
+prohibiting the drinking of _punch_," the latter board voted, that
+"it shall be no offence if any scholar shall, at Commencement,
+make and entertain guests at his chamber with _punch_," which they
+afterwards declare, "as it is now usually made, is no intoxicating
+liquor."
+
+To prevent the disturbances incident to the day, an attempt was
+made in 1727 to have the "Commencements for time to come more
+private than has been usual," and for several years after, the
+time of Commencement was concealed; "only a short notice," says
+Quincy, "being given to the public of the day on which it was to
+be held." Friday was the day agreed on, for the reason, says
+President Wadsworth in his Diary, "that there might be a less
+remaining time of the week spent in frolicking." This was very ill
+received by the people of Boston and the vicinity, to whom
+Commencement was a season of hilarity and festivity; the ministers
+were also dissatisfied, not knowing the day in some cases, and in
+others being subjected to great inconvenience on account of their
+living at a distance from Cambridge. The practice was accordingly
+abandoned in 1736, and Commencement, as formerly, was held on
+Wednesday, to general satisfaction. In 1749, "three gentlemen,"
+says Quincy, "who had sons about to be graduated, offered to give
+the College a thousand pounds old tenor, provided 'a trial was
+made of Commencements this year, in a more private manner.'" The
+proposition, after much debate, was rejected, and "public
+Commencements were continued without interruption, except during
+the period of the Revolutionary war, and occasionally, from
+temporary causes, during the remainder of the century,
+notwithstanding their evils, anomalies, and inconsistencies."[05]
+
+The following poetical account of Commencement at Harvard College
+is supposed to have been written by Dr. Mather Byles, in the year
+1742 or thereabouts. Of its merits, this is no place to speak. As
+a picture of the times it is valuable, and for this reason, and to
+show the high rank which Commencement Day formerly held among
+other days, it is here presented.
+
+ "COMMENCEMENT.
+
+ "I sing the day, bright with peculiar charms,
+  Whose rising radiance ev'ry bosom warms;
+  The day when _Cambridge_ empties all the towns,
+  And youths commencing, take their laurel crowns:
+  When smiling joys, and gay delights appear,
+  And shine distinguish'd, in the rolling year.
+
+ "While the glad theme I labour to rehearse,
+  In flowing numbers, and melodious verse,
+  Descend, immortal nine, my soul inspire,
+  Amid my bosom lavish all your fire,
+  While smiling _Phoebus_, owns the heavenly layes
+  And shades the poet with surrounding bayes.
+  But chief ye blooming nymphs of heavenly frame,
+  Who make the day with double glory flame,
+  In whose fair persons, art and nature vie,
+  On the young muse cast an auspicious eye:
+  Secure of fame, then shall the goddess sing,
+  And rise triumphant with a tow'ring wing,
+  Her tuneful notes wide-spreading all around,
+  The hills shall echo, and the vales resound.
+
+ "Soon as the morn in crimson robes array'd
+  With chearful beams dispels the flying shade,
+  While fragrant odours waft the air along,
+  And birds melodious chant their heavenly song,
+  And all the waste of heav'n with glory spread,
+  Wakes up the world, in sleep's embraces dead.
+  Then those whose dreams were on th' approaching day,
+  Prepare in splendid garbs to make their way
+  To that admired solemnity, whose date,
+  Tho' late begun, will last as long as fate.
+  And now the sprightly Fair approach the glass
+  To heighten every feature of the face.
+  They view the roses flush their glowing cheeks,
+  The snowy lillies towering round their necks,
+  Their rustling manteaus huddled on in haste,
+  They clasp with shining girdles round their waist.
+  Nor less the speed and care of every beau,
+  To shine in dress and swell the solemn show.
+  Thus clad, in careless order mixed by chance,
+  In haste they both along the streets advance:
+  'Till near the brink of _Charles's_ beauteous stream,
+  They stop, and think the lingering boat to blame.
+  Soon as the empty skiff salutes the shore,
+  In with impetuous haste they clustering pour,
+  The men the head, the stern the ladies grace,
+  And neighing horses fill the middle space.
+  Sunk deep, the boat floats slow the waves along,
+  And scarce contains the thickly crowded throng;
+  A gen'ral horror seizes on the fair,
+  While white-look'd cowards only not despair.
+  'Till rowed with care they reach th' opposing side,
+  Leap on the shore, and leave the threat'ning tide.
+  While to receive the pay the boatman stands,
+  And chinking pennys jingle in his hands.
+  Eager the sparks assault the waiting cars,
+  Fops meet with fops, and clash in civil wars.
+  Off fly the wigs, as mount their kicking heels,
+  The rudely bouncing head with anguish swells,
+  A crimson torrent gushes from the nose,
+  Adown the cheeks, and wanders o'er the cloaths.
+  Taunting, the victor's strait the chariots leap,
+  While the poor batter'd beau's for madness weep.
+
+ "Now in calashes shine the blooming maids,
+  Bright'ning the day which blazes o'er their heads;
+  The seats with nimble steps they swift ascend,
+  And moving on the crowd, their waste of beauties spend.
+  So bearing thro' the boundless breadth of heav'n,
+  The twinkling lamps of light are graceful driv'n;
+  While on the world they shed their glorious rays,
+  And set the face of nature in a blaze.
+
+ "Now smoak the burning wheels along the ground,
+  While rapid hoofs of flying steeds resound,
+  The drivers by no vulgar flame inspir'd,
+  But with the sparks of love and glory fir'd,
+  With furious swiftness sweep along the way,
+  And from the foremost chariot snatch the day.
+  So at Olympick games when heros strove,
+  In rapid cars to gain the goal of love.
+  If on her fav'rite youth the goddess shone
+  He left his rival and the winds out-run.
+
+ "And now thy town, _O Cambridge_! strikes the sight
+  Of the beholders with confus'd delight;
+  Thy green campaigns wide open to the view,
+  And buildings where bright youth their fame pursue.
+  Blest village! on whose plains united glows,
+  A vast, confus'd magnificence of shows.
+  Where num'rous crowds of different colours blend,
+  Thick as the trees which from the hills ascend:
+  Or as the grass which shoots in verdant spires,
+  Or stars which dart thro' natures realms their fires.
+
+ "How am I fir'd with a profuse delight,
+  When round the yard I roll my ravish'd sight!
+  From the high casements how the ladies show!
+  And scatter glory on the crowds below.
+  From sash to sash the lovely lightening plays
+  And blends their beauties in a radiant blaze.
+  So when the noon of night the earth invades
+  And o'er the landskip spreads her silent shades.
+  In heavens high vault the twinkling stars appear,
+  And with gay glory's light the gleemy sphere.
+  From their bright orbs a flame of splendors shows,
+  And all around th' enlighten'd ether glows.
+
+ "Soon as huge heaps have delug'd all the plains,
+  Of tawny damsels, mixt with simple swains,
+  Gay city beau's, grave matrons and coquats,
+  Bully's and cully's, clergymen and wits.
+  The thing which first the num'rous crowd employs,
+  Is by a breakfast to begin their joys.
+  While wine, which blushes in a crystal glass,
+  Streams down in floods, and paints their glowing face.
+  And now the time approaches when the bell,
+  With dull continuance tolls a solemn knell.
+  Numbers of blooming youth in black array
+  Adorn the yard, and gladden all the day.
+  In two strait lines they instantly divide,
+  While each beholds his partner on th' opposing side,
+  Then slow, majestick, walks the learned _head_,
+  The _senate_ follow with a solemn tread,
+  Next _Levi's_ tribe in reverend order move,
+  Whilst the uniting youth the show improve.
+  They glow in long procession till they come,
+  Near to the portals of the sacred dome;
+  Then on a sudden open fly the doors,
+  The leader enters, then the croud thick pours.
+  The temple in a moment feels its freight,
+  And cracks beneath its vast unwieldy weight,
+  So when the threatning Ocean roars around
+  A place encompass'd with a lofty mound,
+  If some weak part admits the raging waves,
+  It flows resistless, and the city laves;
+  Till underneath the waters ly the tow'rs,
+  Which menac'd with their height the heav'nly pow'rs.
+
+ "The work begun with pray'r, with modest pace,
+  A youth advancing mounts the desk with grace,
+  To all the audience sweeps a circling bow,
+  Then from his lips ten thousand graces flow.
+  The next that comes, a learned thesis reads,
+  The question states, and then a war succeeds.
+  Loud major, minor, and the consequence,
+  Amuse the crowd, wide-gaping at their fence.
+  Who speaks the loudest is with them the best,
+  And impudence for learning is confest.
+
+  "The battle o'er, the sable youth descend,
+  And to the awful chief, their footsteps bend.
+  With a small book, the laurel wreath he gives
+  Join'd with a pow'r to use it all their lives.
+  Obsequious, they return what they receive,
+  With decent rev'rence, they his presence leave.
+  Dismiss'd, they strait repeat their back ward way
+  And with white napkins grace the sumptuous day.[06]
+
+  "Now plates unnumber'd on the tables shine,
+  And dishes fill'd invite the guests to dine.
+  The grace perform'd, each as it suits him best,
+  Divides the sav'ry honours of the feast,
+  The glasses with bright sparkling wines abound
+  And flowing bowls repeat the jolly round.
+  Thanks said, the multitude unite their voice,
+  In sweetly mingled and melodious noise.
+  The warbling musick floats along the air,
+  And softly winds the mazes of the ear;
+  Ravish'd the crowd promiscuously retires,
+  And each pursues the pleasure he admires.
+
+ "Behold my muse far distant on the plains,
+  Amidst a wrestling ring two jolly swains;
+  Eager for fame, they tug and haul for blood,
+  One nam'd _Jack Luby_, t' other _Robin Clod_,
+  Panting they strain, and labouring hard they sweat,
+  Mix legs, kick shins, tear cloaths, and ply their feet.
+  Now nimbly trip, now stiffly stand their ground,
+  And now they twirl, around, around, around;
+  Till overcome by greater art or strength,
+  _Jack Luby_ lays along his lubber length.
+  A fall! a fall! the loud spectators cry,
+  A fall! a fall! the echoing hills reply.
+
+ "O'er yonder field in wild confusion runs,
+  A clam'rous troop of _Affric's_ sable sons,
+  Behind the victors shout, with barbarous roar,
+  The vanquish'd fly with hideous yells before,
+  The gloomy squadron thro' the valley speeds
+  Whilst clatt'ring cudgels rattle o'er their heads.
+
+ "Again to church the learned tribe repair,
+  Where syllogisms battle in the air,
+  And then the elder youth their second laurels wear.
+  Hail! Happy laurels! who our hopes inspire,
+  And set our ardent wishes all on fire.
+  By you the pulpit and the bar will shine
+  In future annals; while the ravish'd nine
+  Will in your bosom breathe caelestial flames,
+  And stamp _Eternity_ upon your names.
+  Accept my infant muse, whose feeble wings
+  Can scarce sustain her flight, while you she sings.
+  With candour view my rude unfinish'd praise
+  And see my _Ivy_ twist around your _bayes_.
+  So _Phidias_ by immortal _Jove_ inspir'd,
+  His statue carv'd, by all mankind admir'd.
+  Nor thus content, by his approving nod,
+  He cut himself upon the shining god.
+  That shaded by the umbrage of his name,
+  Eternal honours might attend his fame."
+
+In his almanacs, Nathaniel Ames was wont to insert, opposite the
+days of Commencement week, remarks which he deemed appropriate to
+that period. His notes for the year 1764 were these:--
+
+"Much talk and nothing said."
+
+"The loquacious more talkative than ever, and fine Harangues
+preparing."
+
+ "Much Money sunk,
+  Much Liquor drunk."
+
+His only note for the year 1765 was this:--
+
+ "Many Crapulae to Day
+  Give the Head-ach to the Gay."
+
+Commencement Day was generally considered a holiday throughout the
+Province, and in the metropolis the shops were usually closed, and
+little or no business was done. About ten days before this period,
+a body of Indians from Natick--men, women, and pappooses--commonly
+made their appearance at Cambridge, and took up their station
+around the Episcopal Church, in the cellar of which they were
+accustomed to sleep, if the weather was unpleasant. The women sold
+baskets and moccasons; the boys gained money by shooting at it,
+while the men wandered about and spent the little that was earned
+by their squaws in rum and tobacco. Then there would come along a
+body of itinerant negro fiddlers, whose scraping never intermitted
+during the time of their abode.
+
+The Common, on Commencement week, was covered with booths, erected
+in lines, like streets, intended to accommodate the populace from
+Boston and the vicinity with the amusements of a fair. In these
+were carried on all sorts of dissipation. Here was a knot of
+gamblers, gathered around a wheel of fortune, or watching the
+whirl of the ball on a roulette-table. Further along, the jolly
+hucksters displayed their tempting wares in the shape of cooling
+beverages and palate-tickling confections. There was dancing on
+this side, auction-selling on the other; here a pantomimic show,
+there a blind man, led by a dog, soliciting alms; organ-grinders
+and hurdy-gurdy grinders, bears and monkeys, jugglers and
+sword-swallowers, all mingled in inextricable confusion.
+
+In a neighboring field, a countryman had, perchance, let loose a
+fox, which the dogs were worrying to death, while the surrounding
+crowd testified their pleasure at the scene by shouts of
+approbation. Nor was there any want of the spirituous; pails of
+punch, guarded by stout negroes, bore witness to their own subtle
+contents, now by the man who lay curled up under the adjoining
+hedge, "forgetting and forgot," and again by the drunkard,
+reeling, cursing, and fighting among his comrades.
+
+The following observations from the pen of Professor Sidney
+Willard, afford an accurate description of the outward
+manifestations of Commencement Day at Harvard College, during the
+latter part of the last century. "Commencement Day at that time
+was a widely noted day, not only among men and women of all
+characters and conditions, but also among boys. It was the great
+literary and mob anniversary of Massachusetts, surpassed only in
+its celebrities by the great civil and mob anniversary, namely,
+the Fourth of July, and the last Wednesday of May, Election day,
+so called, the anniversary of the organization of the government
+of the State for the civil year. But Commencement, perhaps most of
+all, exhibited an incongruous mixture of men and things. Besides
+the academic exercises within the sanctuary of learning and
+religion, followed by the festivities in the College dining-hall,
+and under temporary tents and awnings erected for the
+entertainments given to the numerous guests of wealthy parents of
+young men who had come out successful competitors for prizes in
+the academic race, the large common was decked with tents filled
+with various refreshments for the hungry and thirsty multitudes,
+and the intermediate spaces crowded with men, women, and boys,
+white and black, many of them gambling, drinking, swearing,
+dancing, and fighting from morning to midnight. Here and there the
+scene was varied by some show of curiosities, or of monkeys or
+less common wild animals, and the gambols of mountebanks, who by
+their ridiculous tricks drew a greater crowd than the abandoned
+group at the gaming-tables, or than the fooleries, distortions,
+and mad pranks of the inebriates. If my revered uncle[07] took a
+glimpse at these scenes, he did not see there any of our red
+brethren, as Mr. Jefferson kindly called them, who formed a
+considerable part of the gathering at the time of his graduation,
+forty-two years before; but he must have seen exhibitions of
+depravity which would disgust the most untutored savage. Near the
+close of the last century these outrages began to disappear, and
+lessened from year to year, until by public opinion, enforced by
+an efficient police, they were many years ago wholly suppressed,
+and the vicinity of the College halls has become, as it should be,
+a classic ground."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp.
+251, 252.
+
+It is to such scenes as these that Mr. William Biglow refers, in
+his poem recited before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, in their
+dining-hall, August 29th, 1811.
+
+ "All hail, Commencement! when all classes free
+  Throng learning's fount, from interest, taste, or glee;
+  When sutlers plain in tents, like Jacob, dwell,
+  Their goods distribute, and their purses swell;
+  When tipplers cease on wretchedness to think,
+  Those born to sell, as well as these to drink;
+  When every day each merry Andrew clears
+  More cash than useful men in many years;
+  When men to business come, or come to rake,
+  And modest women spurn at Pope's mistake.[08]
+
+ "All hail, Commencement! when all colors join,
+  To gamble, riot, quarrel, and purloin;
+  When Afric's sooty sons, a race forlorn,
+  Play, swear, and fight, like Christians freely born;
+  And Indians bless our civilizing merit,
+  And get dead drunk with truly _Christian spirit_;
+  When heroes, skilled in pocket-picking sleights,
+  Of equal property and equal rights,
+  Of rights of man and woman, boldest friends,
+  Believing means are sanctioned by their ends,
+  Sequester part of Gripus' boundless store,
+  While Gripus thanks god Plutus he has more;
+  And needy poet, from this ill secure,
+  Feeling his fob, cries, 'Blessed are the poor.'"
+
+On the same subject, the writer of Our Chronicle of '26, a
+satirical poem, versifies in the following manner:--
+
+ "Then comes Commencement Day, and Discord dire
+  Strikes her confusion-string, and dust and noise
+  Climb up the skies; ladies in thin attire,
+  For 't is in August, and both men and boys,
+  Are all abroad, in sunshine and in glee
+  Making all heaven rattle with their revelry!
+
+ "Ah! what a classic sight it is to see
+  The black gowns flaunting in the sultry air,
+  Boys big with literary sympathy,
+  And all the glories of this great affair!
+  More classic sounds!--within, the plaudit shout,
+  While Punchinello's rabble echoes it without."
+
+To this the author appends a note, as follows:--
+
+"The holiday extends to thousands of those who have no particular
+classical pretensions, further than can be recognized in a certain
+_penchant_ for such jubilees, contracted by attending them for
+years as hangers-on. On this devoted day these noisy do-nothings
+collect with mummers, monkeys, bears, and rope-dancers, and hold
+their revels just beneath the windows of the tabernacle where the
+literary triumph is enacting.
+
+                             'Tum saeva sonare
+  Verbera, tum stridor ferri tractaeque catenae.'"
+
+A writer in Buckingham's New England Magazine, Vol. III., 1832, in
+an article entitled "Harvard College Forty Years ago," thus
+describes the customs which then prevailed:--
+
+"As I entered Cambridge, what were my 'first impressions'? The
+College buildings 'heaving in sight and looming up,' as the
+sailors say. Pyramids of Egypt! can ye surpass these enormous
+piles? The Common covered with tents and wigwams, and people of
+all sorts, colors, conditions, nations, and tongues. A country
+muster or ordination dwindles into nothing in comparison. It was a
+second edition of Babel. The Governor's life-guard, in splendid
+uniform, prancing to and fro,
+ 'Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.'
+Horny-hoofed, galloping quadrupeds make all the common to tremble.
+
+"I soon steered for the meeting-house, and obtained a seat, or
+rather standing, in the gallery, determined to be an eyewitness of
+all the sport of the day. Presently music was heard approaching,
+such as I had never heard before. It must be 'the music of the
+spheres.' Anon, three enormous white wigs, supported by three
+stately, venerable men, yclad in black, flowing robes, were
+located in the pulpit. A platform of wigs was formed in the body
+pews, on which one might apparently walk as securely as on the
+stage. The _candidates_ for degrees seemed to have made a mistake
+in dressing themselves in _black togas_ instead of _white_ ones,
+_pro more Romanorum_. The musicians jammed into their pew in the
+gallery, very near to me, with enormous fiddles and fifes and
+ramshorns. _Terribile visu_! They sounded. I stopped my ears, and
+with open mouth and staring eyes stood aghast with wonderment. The
+music ceased. The performances commenced. English, Latin, Greek,
+Hebrew, French! These scholars knew everything."
+
+More particular is the account of the observances, at this period,
+of the day, at Harvard College, as given by Professor Sidney
+Willard:--
+
+"Commencement Day, in the year 1798, was a day bereft, in some
+respects, of its wonted cheerfulness. Instead of the serene
+summer's dawn, and the clear rising of the sun,
+ 'The dawn was overcast, the morning lowered,
+  And heavily in clouds brought on the day.'
+In the evening, from the time that the public exercises closed
+until twilight, the rain descended in torrents. The President[09]
+lay prostrate on his bed from the effects of a violent disease,
+from which it was feared he could not recover.[10] His house,
+which on all occasions was the abode of hospitality, and on
+Commencement Day especially so, (being the great College
+anniversary,) was now a house of stillness, anxiety, and watching.
+For seventeen successive years it had been thronged on this
+anniversary from morn till night, by welcome visitors, cheerfully
+greeted and cared for, and now it was like a house of mourning for
+the dead.
+
+"After the literary exercises of the day were closed, the officers
+in the different branches of the College government and
+instruction, Masters of Arts, and invited guests, repaired to the
+College dining-hall without the ceremony of a procession formed
+according to dignity or priority of right. This the elements
+forbade. Each one ran the short race as he best could. But as the
+Alumni arrived, they naturally avoided taking possession of the
+seats usually occupied by the government of the College. The
+Governor, Increase Sumner, I suppose, was present, and no doubt
+all possible respect was paid to the Overseers as well as to the
+Corporation. I was not present, but dined at my father's house
+with a few friends, of whom the late Hon. Moses Brown of Beverly
+was one. We went together to the College hall after dinner; but
+the honorable and reverend Corporation and Overseers had retired,
+and I do not remember whether there was any person presiding. If
+there were, a statue would have been as well. The age of wine and
+wassail, those potent aids to patriotism, mirth, and song, had not
+wholly passed away. The merry glee was at that time outrivalled by
+_Adams and Liberty_, the national patriotic song, so often and on
+so many occasions sung, and everywhere so familiarly known that
+all could join in grand chorus."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+Vol. II. pp. 4, 5.
+
+The irregularities of Commencement week seem at a very early
+period to have attracted the attention of the College government;
+for we find that in 1728, to prevent disorder, a formal request
+was made by the President, at the suggestion of the immediate
+government, to Lieutenant-Governor Dummer, praying him to direct
+the sheriff of Middlesex to prohibit the setting up of booths and
+tents on those public days. Some years after, in 1732, "an
+interview took place between the Corporation and three justices of
+the peace in Cambridge, to concert measures to keep order at
+Commencement, and under their warrant to establish a constable
+with six men, who, by watching and walking towards the evening on
+these days, and also the night following, and in and about the
+entry at the College Hall at dinner-time, should prevent
+disorders." At the beginning of the present century, it was
+customary for two special justices to give their attendance at
+this period, in order to try offences, and a guard of twenty
+constables was usually present to preserve order and attend on the
+justices. Among the writings of one, who for fifty years was a
+constant attendant on these occasions, are the following
+memoranda, which are in themselves an explanation of the customs
+of early years. "Commencement, 1828; no tents on the Common for
+the first time." "Commencement, 1836; no persons intoxicated in
+the hall or out of it; the first time."
+
+The following extract from the works of a French traveller will be
+read with interest by some, as an instance of the manner in which
+our institutions are sometimes regarded by foreigners. "In a free
+country, everything ought to bear the stamp of patriotism. This
+patriotism appears every year in a solemn feast celebrated at
+Cambridge in honor of the sciences. This feast, which takes place
+once a year in all the colleges of America, is called
+_Commencement_. It resembles the exercises and distribution of
+prizes in our colleges. It is a day of joy for Boston; almost all
+its inhabitants assemble in Cambridge. The most distinguished of
+the students display their talents in the presence of the public;
+and these exercises, which are generally on patriotic subjects,
+are terminated by a feast, where reign the freest gayety and the
+most cordial fraternity."--_Brissot's Travels in U.S._, 1788.
+London, 1794, Vol. I. pp. 85, 86.
+
+For an account of the _chair_ from which the President delivers
+diplomas on Commencement Day, see PRESIDENT'S CHAIR.
+
+At Yale College, the first Commencement was held September 13th,
+1702, while that institution was located at Saybrook, at which
+four young men who had before graduated at Harvard College, and
+one whose education had been private, received the degree of
+Master of Arts. This and several Commencements following were held
+privately, according to an act which had been passed by the
+Trustees, in order to avoid unnecessary expense and other
+inconveniences. In 1718, the year in which the first College
+edifice was completed, was held at New Haven the first public
+Commencement. The following account of the exercises on this
+occasion was written at the time by one of the College officers,
+and is cited by President Woolsey in his Discourse before the
+Graduates of Yale College, August 14th, 1850. "[We were] favored
+and honored with the presence of his Honor, Governor Saltonstall,
+and his lady, and the Hon. Col. Taylor of Boston, and the
+Lieutenant-Governor, and the whole Superior Court, at our
+Commencement, September 10th, 1718, where the Trustees
+present,--those gentlemen being present,--in the hall of our new
+College, first most solemnly named our College by the name of Yale
+College, to perpetuate the memory of the honorable Gov. Elihu
+Yale, Esq., of London, who had granted so liberal and bountiful a
+donation for the perfecting and adorning of it. Upon which the
+honorable Colonel Taylor represented Governor Yale in a speech
+expressing his great satisfaction; which ended, we passed to the
+church, and there the Commencement was carried on. In which
+affair, in the first place, after prayer an oration was had by the
+saluting orator, James Pierpont, and then the disputations as
+usual; which concluded, the Rev. Mr. Davenport [one of the
+Trustees and minister of Stamford] offered an excellent oration in
+Latin, expressing their thanks to Almighty God, and Mr. Yale under
+him, for so public a favor and so great regard to our languishing
+school. After which were graduated ten young men, whereupon the
+Hon. Gov. Saltonstall, in a Latin speech, congratulated the
+Trustees in their success and in the comfortable appearance of
+things with relation to their school. All which ended, the
+gentlemen returned to the College Hall, where they were
+entertained with a splendid dinner, and the ladies, at the same
+time, were also entertained in the Library; after which they sung
+the four first verses in the 65th Psalm, and so the day
+ended."--p. 24.
+
+The following excellent and interesting account of the exercises
+and customs of Commencement at Yale College, in former times, is
+taken from the entertaining address referred to
+above:--"Commencements were not to be public, according to the
+wishes of the first Trustees, through fear of the attendant
+expense; but another practice soon prevailed, and continued with
+three or four exceptions until the breaking out of the war in
+1775. They were then private for five years, on account of the
+times. The early exercises of the candidates for the first degree
+were a 'saluting' oration in Latin, succeeded by syllogistic
+disputations in the same language; and the day was closed by the
+Masters' exercises,--disputations and a valedictory. According to
+an ancient academical practice, theses were printed and
+distributed upon this occasion, indicating what the candidates for
+a degree had studied, and were prepared to defend; yet, contrary
+to the usage still prevailing at universities which have adhered
+to the old method of testing proficiency, it does not appear that
+these theses were ever defended in public. They related to a
+variety of subjects in Technology, Logic, Grammar, Rhetoric,
+Mathematics, Physics, Metaphysics, Ethics, and afterwards
+Theology. The candidates for a Master's degree also published
+theses at this time, which were called _Quaestiones magistrales_.
+The syllogistic disputes were held between an affirmant and
+respondent, who stood in the side galleries of the church opposite
+to one another, and shot the weapons of their logic over the heads
+of the audience. The saluting Bachelor and the Master who
+delivered the valedictory stood in the front gallery, and the
+audience huddled around below them to catch their Latin eloquence
+as it fell. It seems also to have been usual for the President to
+pronounce an oration in some foreign tongue upon the same
+occasion.[11]
+
+"At the first public Commencement under President Stiles, in 1781,
+we find from a particular description which has been handed down,
+that the original plan, as above described, was subjected for the
+time to considerable modifications. The scheme, in brief, was as
+follows. The salutatory oration was delivered by a member of the
+graduating class, who is now our aged and honored townsman, Judge
+Baldwin. This was succeeded by the syllogistic disputations, and
+these by a Greek oration, next to which came an English colloquy.
+Then followed a forensic disputation, in which James Kent was one
+of the speakers. Then President Stiles delivered an oration in
+Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Arabic,--it being an extraordinary occasion.
+After which the morning was closed with an English oration by one
+of the graduating class. In the afternoon, the candidates for the
+second degree had the time, as usual, to themselves, after a Latin
+discourse by President Stiles. The exhibiters appeared in
+syllogistic disputes, a dissertation, a poem, and an English
+oration. Among these performers we find the names of Noah Webster,
+Joel Barlow, and Oliver Wolcott. Besides the Commencements there
+were exhibitions upon quarter-days, as they were called, in
+December and March, as well as at the end of the third term, when
+the younger classes performed; and an exhibition of the Seniors in
+July, at the time of their examination for degrees, when the
+valedictory orator was one of their own choice. This oration was
+transferred to the Commencement about the year 1798, when the
+Masters' valedictories had fallen into disuse; and being in
+English, gave a new interest to the exercises of the day.
+
+"Commencements were long occasions of noisy mirth, and even of
+riot. The older records are full of attempts, on the part of the
+Corporation, to put a stop to disorder and extravagance at this
+anniversary. From a document of 1731, it appears that cannons had
+been fired in honor of the day, and students were now forbidden to
+have a share in this on pain of degradation. The same prohibition
+was found necessary again in 1755, at which time the practice had
+grown up of illuminating the College buildings upon Commencement
+eve. But the habit of drinking spirituous liquor, and of
+furnishing it to friends, on this public occasion, grew up into
+more serious evils. In the year 1737, the Trustees, having found
+that there was a great expense in spirituous distilled liquors
+upon Commencement occasions, ordered that for the future no
+candidate for a degree, or other student, should provide or allow
+any such liquors to be drunk in his chamber during Commencement
+week. And again, it was ordered in 1746, with the view of
+preventing several extravagant and expensive customs, that there
+should be 'no kind of public treat but on Commencement,
+quarter-days, and the day on which the valedictory oration was
+pronounced; and on that day the Seniors may provide and give away
+a barrel of metheglin, and nothing more.' But the evil continued a
+long time. In 1760, it appears that it was usual for the
+graduating class to provide a pipe of wine, in the payment of
+which each one was forced to join. The Corporation now attempted
+by very stringent law to break up this practice; but the Senior
+Class having united in bringing large quantities of rum into
+College, the Commencement exercises were suspended, and degrees
+were withheld until after a public confession of the class. In the
+two next years degrees were given at the July examination, with a
+view to prevent such disorders, and no public Commencement was
+celebrated. Similar scenes are not known to have occurred
+afterwards, although for a long time that anniversary wore as much
+the aspect of a training-day as of a literary festival.
+
+"The Commencement Day in the modern sense of the term--that is, a
+gathering of graduated members and of others drawn together by a
+common interest in the College, and in its young members who are
+leaving its walls--has no counterpart that I know of in the older
+institutions of Europe. It arose by degrees out of the former
+exercises upon this occasion, with the addition of such as had
+been usual before upon quarter-days, or at the presentation in
+July. For a time several of the commencing Masters appeared on the
+stage to pronounce orations, as they had done before. In process
+of time, when they had nearly ceased to exhibit, this anniversary
+began to assume a somewhat new feature; the peculiarity of which
+consists in this, that the graduates have a literary festival more
+peculiarly their own, in the shape of discourses delivered before
+their assembled body, or before some literary
+society."--_Woolsey's Historical Discourse_, pp. 65-68.
+
+Further remarks concerning the observance of Commencement at Yale
+College may be found in Ebenezer Baldwin's "Annals" of that
+institution, pp. 189-197.
+
+An article "On the Date of the First Public Commencement at Yale
+College, in New Haven," will be read with pleasure by those who
+are interested in the deductions of antiquarian research. It is
+contained in the "Yale Literary Magazine," Vol. XX. pp. 199, 200.
+
+The following account of Commencement at Dartmouth College, on
+Wednesday, August 24th, 1774, written by Dr. Belknap, may not
+prove uninteresting.
+
+"About eleven o'clock, the Commencement began in a large tent
+erected on the east side of the College, and covered with boards;
+scaffolds and seats being prepared.
+
+"The President began with a prayer in the usual _strain_. Then an
+English oration was spoken by one of the Bachelors, complimenting
+the Trustees, &c. A syllogistic disputation on this question:
+_Amicitia vera non est absque amore divina_. Then a cliosophic
+oration. Then an anthem, 'The voice of my beloved sounds,' &c.
+Then a forensic dispute, _Whether Christ died for all men_? which
+was well supported on both sides. Then an anthem, 'Lift up your
+heads, O ye gates,' &c.
+
+"The company were invited to dine at the President's and the hall.
+The Connecticut lads and lasses, I observed, walked about hand in
+hand in procession, as 't is said they go to a wedding.
+
+"Afternoon. The exercises began with a Latin oration on the state
+of society by Mr. Kipley. Then an English _Oration on the
+Imitative Arts_, by Mr. J. Wheelock. The degrees were then
+conferred, and, in addition to the usual ceremony of the book,
+diplomas were delivered to the candidates, with this form of
+words: 'Admitto vos ad primum (vel secundum) gradum in artibus pro
+more Academiarum in Anglia, vobisque trado hunc librum, una cum
+potestate publice prelegendi ubicumque ad hoc munus avocati
+fueritis (to the masters was added, fuistis vel fueritis), cujus
+rei haec diploma membrana scripta est testimonium.' Mr. Woodward
+stood by the President, and held the book and parchments,
+delivering and exchanging them as need required. Rev. Mr. Benjamin
+Pomeroy, of Hebron, was admitted to the degree of Doctor in
+Divinity.
+
+"After this, McGregore and Sweetland, two Bachelors, spoke a
+dialogue of Lord Lyttleton's between Apicius and Darteneuf, upon
+good eating and drinking. The Mercury (who comes in at the close
+of the piece) performed his part but clumsily; but the two
+epicures did well, and the President laughed as heartily as the
+rest of the audience; though considering the circumstances, it
+might admit of some doubt, whether the dialogue were really a
+burlesque, or a compliment to the College.
+
+"An anthem and prayer concluded the public exercises. Much decency
+and regularity were observable through the day, in the numerous
+attending concourse of people."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._,
+pp. 69-71.
+
+At Shelby College, Ky., it is customary at Commencement to perform
+plays, with appropriate costumes, at stated intervals during the
+exercises.
+
+An account of the manner in which Commencement has been observed
+at other colleges would only be a repetition of what has been
+stated above, in reference to Harvard and Yale. These being, the
+former the first, and the latter the third institution founded in
+our country, the colleges which were established at a later period
+grounded, not only their laws, but to a great extent their
+customs, on the laws and customs which prevailed at Cambridge and
+New Haven.
+
+
+COMMENCEMENT CARD. At Union College, there is issued annually at
+Commencement a card containing a programme of the exercises of the
+day, signed with the names of twelve of the Senior Class, who are
+members of the four principal college societies. These cards are
+worded in the form of invitations, and are to be sent to the
+friends of the students. To be "_on the Commencement card_" is
+esteemed an honor, and is eagerly sought for. At other colleges,
+invitations are often issued at this period, usually signed by the
+President.
+
+
+COMMENCER. In American colleges, a member of the Senior Class,
+after the examination for degrees; generally, one who _commences_.
+
+These exercises were, besides an oration usually made by the
+President, orations both salutatory and valedictory, made by some
+or other of the _commencers_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The Corporation with the Tutors shall visit the chambers of the
+_commencers_ to see that this law be well observed.--_Peirce's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 137.
+
+Thirty _commencers_, besides Mr. Rogers, &c.--_Ibid._, App., p.
+150.
+
+
+COMMERS. In the German universities, a party of students assembled
+for the purpose of making an excursion to some place in the
+country for a day's jollification. On such an occasion, the
+students usually go "in a long train of carriages with outriders";
+generally, a festive gathering of the students.--_Howitt's Student
+Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 56; see also Chap. XVI.
+
+
+COMMISSARY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., an officer under
+the Chancellor, and appointed by him, who holds a court of record
+for all privileged persons and scholars under the degree of M.A.
+In this court, all causes are tried and determined by the civil
+and statute law, and by the custom of the University.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+COMMON. To board together; to eat at a table in common.
+
+
+COMMONER. A student of the second rank in the University of
+Oxford, Eng., who is not dependent on the foundation for support,
+but pays for his board or _commons_, together with all other
+charges. Corresponds to a PENSIONER at Cambridge. See GENTLEMAN
+COMMONER.
+
+2. One who boards in commons.
+
+In all cases where those who do damage to the table furniture, or
+in the steward's kitchen, cannot be detected, the amount shall be
+charged to the _commoners_.--_Laws Union Coll._, 1807, p. 34.
+
+The steward shall keep an accurate list of the
+_commoners_.--_Ibid._, 1807, p. 34.
+
+
+COMMON ROOM. The room to which all the members of the college have
+access. There is sometimes one _common room_ for graduates, and
+another for undergraduates.--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+  Oh, could the days once more but come,
+  When calm I smoak'd in _common room_.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., 1750, Vol. I. p. 237.
+
+
+COMMONS. Food provided at a common table, as in colleges, where
+many persons eat at the same table, or in the same
+hall.--_Webster_.
+
+Commons were introduced into Harvard College at its first
+establishment, in the year 1636, in imitation of the English
+universities, and from that time until the year 1849, when they
+were abolished, seem to have been a never-failing source of
+uneasiness and disturbance. While the infant College with the
+title only of "school," was under the superintendence of Mr.
+Nathaniel Eaton, its first "master," the badness of commons was
+one of the principal causes of complaint. "At no subsequent period
+of the College history," says Mr. Quincy, "has discontent with
+commons been more just and well founded, than under the huswifery
+of Mrs. Eaton." "It is perhaps owing," Mr. Winthrop observes in
+his History of New England, "to the gallantry of our fathers, that
+she was not enjoined in the perpetual malediction they bestowed on
+her husband." A few years after, we read, in the "Information
+given by the Corporation and Overseers to the General Court," a
+proposition either to make "the scholars' charges less, or their
+commons better." For a long period after this we have no account
+of the state of commons, "but it is not probable," says Mr.
+Peirce, "they were materially different from what they have been
+since."
+
+During the administration of President Holyoke, from 1737 to 1769,
+commons were the constant cause of disorders among the students.
+There appears to have been a very general permission to board in
+private families before the year 1737: an attempt was then made to
+compel the undergraduates to board in commons. After many
+resolutions, a law was finally passed, in 1760, prohibiting them
+"from dining or supping in any house in town, except on an
+invitation to dine or sup _gratis_." "The law," says Quincy, "was
+probably not very strictly enforced. It was limited to one year,
+and was not renewed."
+
+An idea of the quality of commons may be formed from the following
+accounts furnished by Dr. Holyoke and Judge Wingate. According to
+the former of these gentlemen, who graduated in 1746, the
+"breakfast was two sizings of bread and a cue of beer"; and
+"evening commons were a pye." The latter, who graduated thirteen
+years after, says: "As to the commons, there were in the morning
+none while I was in College. At dinner, we had, of rather ordinary
+quality, a sufficiency of meat of some kind, either baked or
+boiled; and at supper, we had either a pint of milk and half a
+biscuit, or a meat pye of some other kind. Such were the commons
+in the hall in my day. They were rather ordinary; but I was young
+and hearty, and could live comfortably upon them. I had some
+classmates who paid for their commons and never entered the hall
+while they belonged to the College. We were allowed at dinner a
+cue of beer, which was a half-pint, and a sizing of bread, which I
+cannot describe to you. It was quite sufficient for one dinner."
+By a vote of the Corporation in 1750, a law was passed, declaring
+"that the quantity of commons be as hath been usual, viz. two
+sizes of bread in the morning; one pound of meat at dinner, with
+sufficient sauce" (vegetables), "and a half a pint of beer; and at
+night that a part pie be of the same quantity as usual, and also
+half a pint of beer; and that the supper messes be but of four
+parts, though the dinner messes be of six." This agrees in
+substance with the accounts given above. The consequence of such
+diet was, "that the sons of the rich," says Mr. Quincy,
+"accustomed to better fare, paid for commons, which they would not
+eat, and never entered the hall; while the students whose
+resources did not admit of such an evasion were perpetually
+dissatisfied."
+
+About ten years after, another law was made, "to restrain scholars
+from breakfasting in the houses of town's people," and provision
+was made "for their being accommodated with breakfast in the hall,
+either milk, chocolate, tea, or coffee, as they should
+respectively choose." They were allowed, however, to provide
+themselves with breakfasts in their own chambers, but not to
+breakfast in one another's chambers. From this period breakfast
+was as regularly provided in commons as dinner, but it was not
+until about the year 1807 that an evening meal was also regularly
+provided.
+
+In the year 1765, after the erection of Hollis Hall, the
+accommodations for students within the walls were greatly
+enlarged; and the inconvenience being thus removed which those had
+experienced who, living out of the College buildings, were
+compelled to eat in commons, a system of laws was passed, by which
+all who occupied rooms within the College walls were compelled to
+board constantly in common, "the officers to be exempted only by
+the Corporation, with the consent of the Overseers; the students
+by the President only when they were about to be absent for at
+least one week." Scarcely a year had passed under this new
+_regime_ "before," says Quincy, "an open revolt of the students
+took place on account of the provisions, which it took more than a
+month to quell." "Although," he continues, "their proceedings were
+violent, illegal, and insulting, yet the records of the immediate
+government show unquestionably, that the disturbances, in their
+origin, were not wholly without cause, and that they were
+aggravated by want of early attention to very natural and
+reasonable complaints."
+
+During the war of the American Revolution, the difficulty of
+providing satisfactory commons was extreme, as may be seen from
+the following vote of the Corporation, passed Aug. 11th, 1777.
+
+"Whereas by law 9th of Chap. VI. it is provided, 'that there shall
+always be chocolate, tea, coffee, and milk for breakfast, with
+bread and biscuit and butter,' and whereas the foreign articles
+above mentioned are now not to be procured without great
+difficulty, and at a very exorbitant price; therefore, that the
+charge of commons may be kept as low as possible,--
+
+"_Voted_, That the Steward shall provide at the common charge only
+bread or biscuit and milk for breakfast; and, if any of the
+scholars choose tea, coffee, or chocolate for breakfast, they
+shall procure those articles for themselves, and likewise the
+sugar and butter to be used with them; and if any scholars choose
+to have their milk boiled, or thickened with flour, if it may be
+had, or with meal, the Steward, having reasonable notice, shall
+provide it; and further, as salt fish alone is appointed by the
+aforesaid law for the dinner on Saturdays, and this article is now
+risen to a very high price, and through the scarcity of salt will
+probably be higher, the Steward shall not be obliged to provide
+salt fish, but shall procure fresh fish as often as he
+can."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 541.
+
+Many of the facts in the following account of commons prior to,
+and immediately succeeding, the year 1800, have been furnished by
+Mr. Royal Morse of Cambridge.
+
+The hall where the students took their meals was usually provided
+with ten tables; at each table were placed two messes, and each
+mess consisted of eight persons. The tables where the Tutors and
+Seniors sat were raised eighteen or twenty inches, so as to
+overlook the rest. It was the duty of one of the Tutors or of the
+Librarian to "ask a blessing and return thanks," and in their
+absence, the duty devolved on "the senior graduate or
+undergraduate." The waiters were students, chosen from the
+different classes, and receiving for their services suitable
+compensation. Each table was waited on by members of the class
+which occupied it, with the exception of the Tutor's table, at
+which members of the Senior Class served. Unlike the _sizars_ and
+_servitors_ at the English universities, the waiters were usually
+much respected, and were in many cases the best scholars in their
+respective classes.
+
+The breakfast consisted of a specified quantity of coffee, a
+_size_ of baker's biscuit, which was one biscuit, and a _size_ of
+butter, which was about an ounce. If any one wished for more than
+was provided, he was obliged to _size_ it, i.e. order from the
+kitchen or buttery, and this was charged as extra commons or
+_sizings_ in the quarter-bill.
+
+At dinner, every mess was served with eight pounds of meat,
+allowing a pound to each person. On Monday and Thursday the meat
+was boiled; these days were on this account commonly called
+"boiling days." On the other days the meat was roasted; these were
+accordingly named "roasting days." Two potatoes were allowed to
+each person, which he was obliged to pare for himself. On _boiling
+days_, pudding and cabbage were added to the bill of fare, and in
+their season, greens, either dandelion or the wild pea. Of bread,
+a _size_ was the usual quantity apiece, at dinner. Cider was the
+common beverage, of which there was no stated allowance, but each
+could drink as much as he chose. It was brought, on in pewter
+quart cans, two to a mess, out of which they drank, passing them
+from mouth to mouth like the English wassail-bowl. The waiters
+replenished them as soon as they were emptied.
+
+No regular supper was provided, but a bowl of milk, and a size of
+bread procured at the kitchen, supplied the place of the evening
+meal.
+
+Respecting the arrangement of the students at table, before
+referred to, Professor Sidney Willard remarks: "The intercourse
+among students at meals was not casual or promiscuous. Generally,
+the students of the same class formed themselves into messes, as
+they were called, consisting each of eight members; and the length
+of one table was sufficient to seat two messes. A mess was a
+voluntary association of those who liked each other's company; and
+each member had his own place. This arrangement was favorable for
+good order; and, where the members conducted themselves with
+propriety, their cheerful conversation, and even exuberant spirits
+and hilarity, if not too boisterous, were not unpleasant to that
+portion of the government who presided at the head table. But the
+arrangement afforded opportunities also for combining in factious
+plans and organizations, tending to disorders, which became
+infectious, and terminated unhappily for all
+concerned."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. pp. 192,
+193.
+
+A writer in the New England Magazine, referring to the same
+period, says: "In commons, we fared as well as one half of us had
+been accustomed to at home. Our breakfast consisted of a
+good-sized biscuit of wheaten flour, with butter and coffee,
+chocolate, or milk, at our option. Our dinner was served up on
+dishes of pewter, and our drink, which was cider, in cans of the
+same material. For our suppers, we went with our bowls to the
+kitchen, and received our rations of milk, or chocolate, and
+bread, and returned with them to our rooms."--Vol. III. p. 239.
+
+Although much can be said in favor of the commons system, on
+account of its economy and its suitableness to health and study,
+yet these very circumstances which were its chief recommendation
+were the occasion also of all the odium which it had to encounter.
+"That simplicity," says Peirce, "which makes the fare cheap, and
+wholesome, and philosophical, renders it also unsatisfactory to
+dainty palates; and the occasional appearance of some unlucky
+meat, or other food, is a signal for a general outcry against the
+provisions." In the plain but emphatic words of one who was
+acquainted with the state of commons, as they once were at Harvard
+College, "the butter was sometimes so bad, that a farmer would not
+take it to grease his cart-wheels with." It was the usual practice
+of the Steward, when veal was cheap, to furnish it to the students
+three, four, and sometimes five times in the week; the same with
+reference to other meats when they could be bought at a low price,
+and especially with lamb. The students, after eating this latter
+kind of meat for five or six successive weeks would often assemble
+before the Steward's house, and, as if their natures had been
+changed by their diet, would bleat and blatter until he was fain
+to promise them a change of food, upon which they would separate
+until a recurrence of the same evil compelled them to the same
+measures.
+
+The annexed account of commons at Yale College, in former times,
+is given by President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse,
+pronounced at New Haven, August 14th, 1850.
+
+"At first, a college without common meals was hardly conceived of;
+and, indeed, if we trace back the history of college as they grew
+up at Paris, nothing is more of their essence than that students
+lived and ate together in a kind of conventual system. No doubt,
+also, when the town of New Haven was smaller, it was far more
+difficult to find desirable places for boarding than at present.
+But however necessary, the Steward's department was always beset
+with difficulties and exposed to complaints which most gentlemen
+present can readily understand. The following rations of commons,
+voted by the Trustees in 1742, will show the state of college fare
+at that time. 'Ordered, that the Steward shall provide the commons
+for the scholars as follows, viz.: For breakfast, one loaf of
+bread for four, which [the dough] shall weigh one pound. For
+dinner for four, one loaf of bread as aforesaid, two and a half
+pounds beef, veal, or mutton, or one and three quarter pounds salt
+pork about twice a week in the summer time, one quart of beer, two
+pennyworth of sauce [vegetables]. For supper for four, two quarts
+of milk and one loaf of bread, when milk can conveniently be had,
+and when it cannot, then apple-pie, which shall be made of one and
+three fourth pounds dough, one quarter pound hog's fat, two ounces
+sugar, and half a peck apples.' In 1759 we find, from a vote
+prohibiting the practice, that beer had become one of the articles
+allowed for the evening meal. Soon after this, the evening meal
+was discontinued, and, as is now the case in the English colleges,
+the students had supper in their own rooms, which led to
+extravagance and disorder. In the Revolutionary war the Steward
+was quite unable once or twice to provide food for the College,
+and this, as has already appeared, led to the dispersion of the
+students in 1776 and 1777, and once again in 1779 delayed the
+beginning of the winter term several weeks. Since that time,
+nothing peculiar has occurred with regard to commons, and they
+continued with all their evils of coarse manners and wastefulness
+for sixty years. The conviction, meanwhile, was increasing, that
+they were no essential part of the College, that on the score of
+economy they could claim no advantage, that they degraded the
+manners of students and fomented disorder. The experiment of
+suppressing them has hitherto been only a successful one. No one,
+who can retain a lively remembrance of the commons and the manners
+as they were both before and since the building of the new hall in
+1819, will wonder that this resolution was adopted by the
+authorities of the College."--pp. 70-72.
+
+The regulations which obtained at meal-time in commons were at one
+period in these words: "The waiters in the hall, appointed by the
+President, are to put the victuals on the tables spread with
+decent linen cloths, which are to be washed every week by the
+Steward's procurement, and the Tutors, or some of the senior
+scholars present, are to ask a blessing on the food, and to return
+thanks. All the scholars at mealtime are required to behave
+themselves decently and gravely, and abstain from loud talking. No
+victuals, platters, cups, &c. may be carried out of the hall,
+unless in case of sickness, and with liberty from one of the
+Tutors. Nor may any scholar go out before thanks are returned. And
+when dinner is over, the waiters are to carry the platters and
+cloths back into the kitchen. And if any one shall offend in
+either of these things, or carry away anything belonging to the
+hall without leave, he shall be fined sixpence."--_Laws of Yale
+Coll._, 1774, p. 19.
+
+From a little work by a graduate at Yale College of the class of
+1821, the accompanying remarks, referring to the system of commons
+as generally understood, are extracted.
+
+"The practice of boarding the students in commons was adopted by
+our colleges, naturally, and perhaps without reflection, from the
+old universities of Europe, and particularly from those of
+England. At first those universities were without buildings,
+either for board or lodging; being merely rendezvous for such as
+wished to pursue study. The students lodged at inns, or at private
+houses, defraying out of their own pockets, and in their own way,
+all charges for board and education. After a while, in consequence
+of the exorbitant demands of landlords, _halls_ were built, and
+common tables furnished, to relieve them from such exactions.
+Colleges, with chambers for study and lodging, were erected for a
+like reason. Being founded, in many cases, by private munificence,
+for the benefit of indigent students, they naturally included in
+their economy both lodging-rooms and board. There was also a
+_police_ reason for the measure. It was thought that the students
+could be better regulated as to their manners and behavior, being
+brought together under the eye of supervisors."
+
+Omitting a few paragraphs, we come to a more particular account of
+some of the jocose scenes which resulted from the commons system
+as once developed at Yale College.
+
+"The Tutors, who were seated at raised tables, could not, with all
+their vigilance, see all that passed, and they winked at much they
+did see. Boiled potatoes, pieces of bread, whole loaves, balls of
+butter, dishes, would be flung back and forth, especially between
+Sophomores and Freshmen; and you were never sure, in raising a cup
+to your lips, that it would not be dashed out of your hands, and
+the contents spilt upon your clothes, by one of these flying
+articles slyly sent at random. Whatever damage was done was
+averaged on our term-bills; and I remember a charge of six hundred
+tumblers, thirty coffee-pots, and I know not how many other
+articles of table furniture, destroyed or carried off in a single
+term. Speaking of tumblers, it may be mentioned as an instance of
+the progress of luxury, even there, that down to about 1815 such a
+thing was not known, the drinking-vessels at dinner being
+capacious pewter mugs, each table being furnished with two. We
+were at one time a good deal incommoded by the diminutive size of
+the milk-pitchers, which were all the while empty and gone for
+more. A waiter mentioned, for our patience, that, when these were
+used up, a larger size would be provided. 'O, if that's the case,
+the remedy is easy.' Accordingly the hint was passed through the
+room, the offending pitchers were slyly placed upon the floor,
+and, as we rose from the tables, were crushed under foot. The next
+morning the new set appeared. One of the classes being tired of
+_lamb, lamb, lamb_, wretchedly cooked, during the season of it,
+expressed their dissatisfaction by entering the hall bleating; no
+notice of which being taken, a day or two after they entered in
+advance of the Tutors, and cleared the tables of it, throwing it
+out of the windows, platters and all, and immediately retired.
+
+"In truth, not much could be said in commendation of our Alma
+Mater's table. A worse diet for sedentary men than that we had
+during the last days of the _old_ hall, now the laboratory, cannot
+be imagined. I will not go into particulars, for I hate to talk
+about food. It was absolutely destructive of health. I know it to
+have ruined, permanently, the health of some, and I have not the
+least doubt of its having occasioned, in certain instances which I
+could specify, incurable debility and premature death."--_Scenes
+and Characters in College_, New Haven, 1847, pp. 113-117.
+
+See INVALID'S TABLE. SLUM.
+
+That the commons at Dartmouth College were at times of a quality
+which would not be called the best, appears from the annexed
+paragraph, written in the year 1774. "He [Eleazer Wheelock,
+President of the College] has had the mortification to lose two
+cows, and the rest were greatly hurt by a contagious distemper, so
+that they _could not have a full supply of milk_; and once the
+pickle leaked out of the beef-barrel, so that the _meat was not
+sweet_. He had also been ill-used with respect to the purchase of
+some wheat, so that they had smutty bread for a while, &c. The
+scholars, on the other hand, say they scarce ever have anything
+but pork and greens, without vinegar, and pork and potatoes; that
+fresh meat comes but very seldom, and that the victuals are very
+badly dressed."--_Life of Jeremy Belknap, D.D._, pp. 68, 69.
+
+The above account of commons applies generally to the system as it
+was carried out in the other colleges in the United States. In
+almost every college, commons have been abolished, and with them
+have departed the discords, dissatisfactions, and open revolts, of
+which they were so often the cause.
+
+See BEVER.
+
+
+COMMORANTES IN VILLA. Latin; literally, _those abiding in town_.
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the designation of Masters
+of Arts, and others of higher degree, who, residing within the
+precincts of the University, enjoy the privilege of being members
+of the Senate, without keeping their names on the college boards.
+--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+To have a vote in the Senate, the graduate must keep his name on
+the books of some college, or on the list of the _commorantes in
+villa_.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+
+COMPOSITION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., translating
+English into Greek or Latin is called _composition_.--_Bristed_.
+
+In _composition_ and cram I was yet untried.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+You will have to turn English prose into Greek and Latin prose,
+English verse into Greek Iambic Trimeters, and part of some chorus
+in the Agamemnon into Latin, and possibly also into English verse.
+This is the "_composition_," and is to be done, remember, without
+the help of books or any other assistance.--_Ibid._, p. 68.
+
+The term _Composition_ seems in itself to imply that the
+translation is something more than a translation.--_Ibid._, p.
+185.
+
+Writing a Latin Theme, or original Latin verses, is designated
+_Original Composition_.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+COMPOSUIST. A writer; composer. "This extraordinary word," says
+Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "has been much used at some of
+our colleges, but very seldom elsewhere. It is now rarely heard
+among us. A correspondent observes, that 'it is used in England
+among _musicians_.' I have never met with it in any English
+publications upon the subject of music."
+
+The word is not found, I believe, in any dictionary of the English
+tongue.
+
+
+COMPOUNDER. One at a university who pays extraordinary fees,
+according to his means, for the degree he is to take. A _Grand
+Compounder_ pays double fees. See the _Customs and Laws of Univ.
+of Cam., Eng._, p. 297.
+
+
+CONCIO AD CLERUM. A sermon to the clergy. In the English
+universities, an exercise or Latin sermon, which is required of
+every candidate for the degree of D.D. Used sometimes in America.
+
+In the evening the "_concio ad clerum_" will be preached.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 426.
+
+
+CONDITION. A student on being examined for admission to college,
+if found deficient in certain studies, is admitted on _condition_
+he will make up the deficiency, if it is believed on the whole
+that he is capable of pursuing the studies of the class for which
+he is offered. The branches in which he is deficient are called
+_conditions_.
+
+  Talks of Bacchus and tobacco, short sixes, sines, transitions,
+  And Alma Mater takes him in on ten or twelve _conditions_.
+    _Poem before Y.H. Soc., Harv. Coll._
+
+                          Praying his guardian powers
+  To assist a poor Sub Fresh at the dread Examination,
+  And free from all _conditions_ to insure his first vacation.
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._
+
+
+CONDITION. To admit a student as member of a college, who on being
+examined has been found deficient in some particular, the
+provision of his admission being that he will make up the
+deficiency.
+
+A young man shall come down to college from New Hampshire, with no
+preparation save that of a country winter-school, shall be
+examined and "_conditioned_" in everything, and yet he shall come
+out far ahead of his city Latin-school classmate.--_A Letter to a
+Young Man who has just entered College_, 1849, p. 8.
+
+They find themselves _conditioned_ on the studies of the term, and
+not very generally respected.--_Harvard Mag._, Vol. I. p. 415.
+
+
+CONDUCT. The title of two clergymen appointed to read prayers at
+Eton College, in England.--_Mason. Webster_.
+
+
+CONFESSION. It was formerly the custom in the older American
+colleges, when a student had rendered himself obnoxious to
+punishment, provided the crime was not of an aggravated nature, to
+pardon and restore him to his place in the class, on his
+presenting a confession of his fault, to be read publicly in the
+hall. The Diary of President Leverett, of Harvard College, under
+date of the 20th of March, 1714, contains an interesting account
+of the confession of Larnel, an Indian student belonging to the
+Junior Sophister class, who had been guilty of some offence for
+which he had been dismissed from college.
+
+"He remained," says Mr. Leverett, "a considerable time at Boston,
+in a state of penance. He presented his confession to Mr.
+Pemberton, who thereupon became his intercessor, and in his letter
+to the President expresses himself thus: 'This comes by Larnel,
+who brings a confession as good as Austin's, and I am charitably
+disposed to hope it flows from a like spirit of penitence.' In the
+public reading of his confession, the flowing of his passions was
+extraordinarily timed, and his expressions accented, and most
+peculiarly and emphatically those of the grace of God to him;
+which indeed did give a peculiar grace to the performance itself,
+and raised, I believe, a charity in some that had very little I am
+sure, and ratified wonderfully that which I had conceived of him.
+Having made his public confession, he was restored to his standing
+in the College."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 443,
+444.
+
+
+CONGREGATION. At Oxford, the house of _congregation_ is one of the
+two assemblies in which the business of the University, as such,
+is carried on. In this house the Chancellor, or his vicar the
+Vice-Chancellor, or in his absence one of his four deputies,
+termed Pro-Vice-Chancellors, and the two Proctors, either by
+themselves or their deputies, always preside. The members of this
+body are regents, "either regents '_necessary_' or '_ad
+placitum_,' that is, on the one hand, all doctors and masters of
+arts, during the first year of their degree; and on the other, all
+those who have gone through the year of their necessary regency,
+and which includes all resident doctors, heads of colleges and
+halls, professors and public lecturers, public examiners, masters
+of the schools, or examiners for responsions or 'little go,' deans
+and censors of colleges, and all other M.A.'s during the second
+year of their regency." The business of the house of congregation,
+which may be regarded as the oligarchical body, is chiefly to
+grant degrees, and pass graces and dispensations.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+CONSERVATOR. An officer who has the charge of preserving the
+rights and privileges of a city, corporation, or community, as in
+Roman Catholic universities.--_Webster_.
+
+
+CONSILIUM ABEUNDI. Latin; freely, _the decree of departure_. In
+German universities, the _consilium abeundi_ "consists in
+expulsion out of the district of the court of justice within which
+the university is situated. This punishment lasts a year; after
+the expiration of which, the banished student can renew his
+matriculation."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+33.
+
+
+CONSISTORY COURT. In the University of Cambridge, England, there
+is a _consistory court_ of the Chancellor and of the Commissary.
+"For the former," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "the
+Chancellor, and in his absence the Vice-Chancellor, assisted by
+some of the heads of houses, and one or more doctors of the civil
+law, administers justice desired by any member of the University,
+&c. In the latter, the Commissary acts by authority given him
+under the seal of the Chancellor, as well in the University as at
+Stourbridge and Midsummer fairs, and takes cognizance of all
+offences, &c. The proceedings are the same in both courts."
+
+
+CONSTITUTIONAL. Among students at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., a walk for exercise.
+
+The gallop over Bullington, and the "_constitutional_" up
+Headington.--_Lond. Quart. Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. LXXIII. p. 53.
+
+Instead of boots he [the Cantab] wears easy low-heeled shoes, for
+greater convenience in fence and ditch jumping, and other feats of
+extempore gymnastics which diversify his
+"_constitutionals_".--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 4.
+
+Even the mild walks which are dignified with the name of exercise
+there, how unlike the Cantab's _constitutional_ of eight miles in
+less than two hours.--_Ibid._, p. 45.
+
+Lucky is the man who lives a mile off from his private tutor, or
+has rooms ten minutes' walk from chapel: he is sure of that much
+_constitutional_ daily.--_Ibid._, p. 224.
+
+"_Constitutionals_" of eight miles in less than two hours, varied
+with jumping hedges, ditches, and gates; "pulling" on the river,
+cricket, football, riding twelve miles without drawing bridle,...
+are what he understands by his two hours' exercise.--_Ibid._, p.
+328.
+
+
+CONSTITUTIONALIZING. Walking.
+
+The most usual mode of exercise is walking,--_constitutionalizing_
+is the Cantab for it.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 19.
+
+
+CONVENTION. In the University of Cambridge, England, a court
+consisting of the Master and Fellows of a college, who sit in the
+_Combination Room_, and pass sentence on any young offender
+against the laws of soberness and chastity.--_Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam_.
+
+
+CONVICTOR. Latin, _a familiar acquaintance_. In the University of
+Oxford, those are called _convictores_ who, although not belonging
+to the foundation of any college or hall, have at any time been
+regents, and have constantly kept their names on the books of some
+college or hall, from the time of their admission to the degree of
+M.A., or Doctors in either of the three faculties.--_Oxf. Cal._
+
+
+CONVOCATION. At Oxford, the house of _convocation_ is one of the
+two assemblies in which the business of the University, as such,
+is transacted. It consists both of regents and non-regents, "that
+is, in brief, all masters of arts not 'honorary,' or 'ad eundems'
+from Cambridge or Dublin, and of course graduates of a higher
+order." In this house, the Chancellor, or his vicar the
+Vice-Chancellor, or in his absence one of his four deputies,
+termed Pro-Vice-Chancellors, and the two Proctors, either by
+themselves or their deputies, always preside. The business of this
+assembly--which may be considered as the house of commons,
+excepting that the lords have a vote here equally as in their own
+upper house, i.e. the house of congregation--is unlimited,
+extending to all subjects connected with the well-being of the
+University, including the election of Chancellor, members of
+Parliament, and many of the officers of the University, the
+conferring of extraordinary degrees, and the disposal of the
+University ecclesiastical patronage. It has no initiative power,
+this resting solely with the hebdomadal board, but it can debate,
+and accept or refuse, the measures which originate in that
+board.--_Oxford Guide. Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 223.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, England, an assembly of the Senate
+out of term time is called a _convocation_. In such a case a grace
+is immediately passed to convert the convocation into a
+congregation, after which the business proceeds as usual.--_Cam.
+Cal._
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the house of _convocation_
+consists of the Fellows and Professors, with all persons who have
+received any academic degree whatever in the same, except such as
+may be lawfully deprived of their privileges. Its business is such
+as may from time to time be delegated by the Corporation, from
+which it derives its existence; and is, at present, limited to
+consulting and advising for the good of the College, nominating
+the Junior Fellows, and all candidates for admissions _ad eundem_;
+making laws for its own regulation; proposing plans, measures, or
+counsel to the Corporation; and to instituting, endowing, and
+naming with concurrence of the same, professorships, scholarships,
+prizes, medals, and the like. This and the _Corporation_ compose
+the _Senatus Academicus_.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+COPE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the ermined robe worn
+by a Doctor in the Senate House, on Congregation Day, is called a
+_cope_.
+
+
+COPUS. "Of mighty ale, a large quarte."--_Chaucer_.
+
+The word _copus_ and the beverage itself are both extensively used
+among the _men_ of the University of Cambridge, England. "The
+conjecture," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "is surely
+ridiculous and senseless, that _Copus_ is contracted from
+_Epis_copus, a bishop, 'a mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar.' A
+copus of ale is a common fine at the student's table in hall for
+speaking Latin, or for some similar impropriety."
+
+
+COPY. At Cambridge, Eng., this word is applied exclusively to
+papers of verse composition. It is a public-school term
+transplanted to the University.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+CORK, CALK. In some of the Southern colleges, this word, with a
+derived meaning, signifies a _complete stopper_. Used in the sense
+of an entire failure in reciting; an utter inability to answer an
+instructor's interrogatories.
+
+
+CORPORAL PUNISHMENT. In the older American colleges, corporal
+punishment was formerly sanctioned by law, and several instances
+remain on record which show that its infliction was not of rare
+occurrence.
+
+Among the laws, rules, and scholastic forms established between
+the years 1642 and 1646, by Mr. Dunster, the first President of
+Harvard College, occurs the following: "Siquis scholarium ullam
+Dei et hujus Collegii legem, sive animo perverso, seu ex supina
+negligentia, violarit, postquam fuerit bis admonitus, si non
+adultus, _virgis coerceatur_, sin adultus, ad Inspectores Collegii
+deferendus erit, ut publice in eum pro meritis animadversio fiat."
+In the year 1656, this law was strengthened by another, recorded
+by Quincy, in these words: "It is hereby ordered that the
+President and Fellows of Harvard College, for the time being, or
+the major part of them, are hereby empowered, according to their
+best discretion, to punish all misdemeanors of the youth in their
+society, either by fine, or _whipping in the Hall openly_, as the
+nature of the offence shall require, not exceeding ten shillings
+or _ten stripes_ for one offence; and this law to continue in
+force until this Court or the Overseers of the College provide
+some other order to punish such offences."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 578, 513.
+
+A knowledge of the existence of such laws as the above is in some
+measure a preparation for the following relation given by Mr.
+Peirce in his History of Harvard University.
+
+"At the period when Harvard College was founded," says that
+gentleman, "one of the modes of punishment in the great schools of
+England and other parts of Europe was corporal chastisement. It
+was accordingly introduced here, and was, no doubt, frequently put
+in practice. An instance of its infliction, as part of the
+sentence upon an offender, is presented in Judge Sewall's MS.
+Diary, with the particulars of a ceremonial, which was reserved
+probably for special occasions. His account will afford some idea
+of the manners and spirit of the age:--
+
+"'June 15, 1674, Thomas Sargeant was examined by the Corporation
+finally. The advice of Mr. Danforth, Mr. Stoughton, Mr. Thacher,
+Mr. Mather (the present), was taken. This was his sentence:
+
+"'That being convicted of speaking blasphemous words concerning
+the H.G., he should be therefore publickly whipped before all the
+scholars.
+
+"'2. That he should be suspended as to taking his degree of
+Bachelor. (This sentence read before him twice at the President's
+before the Committee and in the Library, before execution.)
+
+"'3. Sit alone by himself in the Hall uncovered at meals, during
+the pleasure of the President and Fellows, and be in all things
+obedient, doing what exercise was appointed him by the President,
+or else be finally expelled the College. The first was presently
+put in execution in the Library (Mr. Danforth, Jr. being present)
+before the scholars. He kneeled down, and the instrument, Goodman
+Hely, attended the President's word as to the performance of his
+part in the work. Prayer was had before and after by the
+President, July 1, 1674.'"
+
+"Men's ideas," continues Mr. Peirce, "must have been very
+different from those of the present day, to have tolerated a law
+authorizing so degrading a treatment of the members of such a
+society. It may easily be imagined what complaints and uneasiness
+its execution must frequently have occasioned among the friends
+and connections of those who were the subjects of it. In one
+instance, it even occasioned the prosecution of a Tutor; but this
+was as late as 1733, when old rudeness had lost much of the
+people's reverence. The law, however, was suffered, with some
+modification, to continue more than a century. In the revised body
+of Laws made in the year 1734, we find this article:
+'Notwithstanding the preceding pecuniary mulcts, it shall be
+lawful for the President, Tutors, and Professors, to punish
+Undergraduates by Boxing, when they shall judge the nature or
+circumstances of the offence call for it.' This relic of
+barbarism, however, was growing more and more repugnant to the
+general taste and sentiment. The late venerable Dr. Holyoke, who
+was of the class of 1746, observed, that in his day 'corporal
+punishment was going out of use'; and at length it was expunged
+from the code, never, we trust, to be recalled from the rubbish of
+past absurdities."--pp. 227, 228.
+
+The last movements which were made in reference to corporal
+punishment are thus stated by President Quincy, in his History of
+Harvard University. "In July, 1755, the Overseers voted, that it
+[the right of boxing] should be 'taken away.' The Corporation,
+however, probably regarded it as too important an instrument of
+authority to be for ever abandoned, and voted, 'that it should be
+suspended, as to the execution of it, for one year.' When this
+vote came before the Overseers for their sanction, the board
+hesitated, and appointed a large committee 'to consider and make
+report what punishments they apprehend proper to be substituted
+instead of boxing, in case it be thought expedient to repeal or
+suspend the law which allows or establishes the same.' From this
+period the law disappeared, and the practice was
+discontinued."--Vol. II. p. 134.
+
+The manner in which corporal punishment was formerly inflicted at
+Yale College is stated by President Woolsey, in his Historical
+Discourse, delivered at New Haven, August, 1850. After speaking of
+the methods of punishing by fines and degradation, he thus
+proceeds to this topic: "There was a still more remarkable
+punishment, as it must strike the men of our times, and which,
+although for some reason or other no traces of it exist in any of
+our laws so far as I have discovered, was in accordance with the
+'good old plan,' pursued probably ever since the origin of
+universities. I refer--'horresco referens'--to the punishment of
+boxing or cuffing. It was applied before the Faculty to the
+luckless offender by the President, towards whom the culprit, in a
+standing position, inclined his head, while blows fell in quick
+succession upon either ear. No one seems to have been served in
+this way except Freshmen and commencing 'Sophimores.'[12] I do not
+find evidence that this usage much survived the first jubilee of
+the College. One of the few known instances of it, which is on
+other accounts remarkable, was as follows. A student in the first
+quarter of his Sophomore year, having committed an offence for
+which he had been boxed when a Freshman, was ordered to be boxed
+again, and to have the additional penalty of acting as butler's
+waiter for one week. On presenting himself, _more academico_, for
+the purpose of having his ears boxed, and while the blow was
+falling, he dodged and fled from the room and the College. The
+beadle was thereupon ordered to try to find him, and to command
+him to keep himself out of College and out of the yard, and to
+appear at prayers the next evening, there to receive further
+orders. He was then publicly admonished and suspended; but in four
+days after submitted to the punishment adjudged, which was
+accordingly inflicted, and upon his public confession his
+suspension was taken off. Such public confessions, now unknown,
+were then exceedingly common."
+
+After referring to the instance mentioned above, in which corporal
+punishment was inflicted at Harvard College, the author speaks as
+follows, in reference to the same subject, as connected with the
+English universities. "The excerpts from the body of Oxford
+statutes, printed in the very year when this College was founded,
+threaten corporal punishment to persons of the proper age,--that
+is, below the age of eighteen,--for a variety of offences; and
+among the rest for disrespect to Seniors, for frequenting places
+where 'vinum aut quivis alius potus aut herba Nicotiana ordinarie
+venditur,' for coming home to their rooms after the great Tom or
+bell of Christ's Church had sounded, and for playing football
+within the University precincts or in the city streets. But the
+statutes of Trinity College, Cambridge, contain more remarkable
+rules, which are in theory still valid, although obsolete in fact.
+All the scholars, it is there said, who are absent from
+prayers,--Bachelors excepted,--if over eighteen years of age,
+'shall be fined a half-penny, but if they have not completed the
+year of their age above mentioned, they shall be chastised with
+rods in the hall on Friday.' At this chastisement all
+undergraduates were required to be lookers on, the Dean having the
+rod of punishment in his hand; and it was provided also, that
+whosoever should not answer to his name on this occasion, if a
+boy, should be flogged on Saturday. No doubt this rigor towards
+the younger members of the society was handed down from the
+monastic forms which education took in the earlier schools of the
+Middle Ages. And an advance in the age of admission, as well as a
+change in the tone of treatment of the young, may account for this
+system being laid aside at the universities; although, as is well
+known, it continues to flourish at the great public schools of
+England."--pp. 49-51.
+
+
+CORPORATION. The general government of colleges and universities
+is usually vested in a corporation aggregate, which is preserved
+by a succession of members. "The President and Fellows of Harvard
+College," says Mr. Quincy in his History of Harvard University,
+"being the only Corporation in the Province, and so continuing
+during the whole of the seventeenth century, they early assumed,
+and had by common usage conceded to them, the name of "_The
+Corporation_," by which they designate themselves in all the early
+records. Their proceedings are recorded as being done 'at a
+meeting of _the Corporation_,' or introduced by the formula, 'It
+is ordered by _the Corporation_,' without stating the number or
+the names of the members present, until April 19th, 1675, when,
+under President Oakes, the names of those present were first
+entered on the records, and afterwards they were frequently,
+though not uniformly, inserted."--Vol. I. p. 274.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Corporation_, on which the
+_House of Convocation_ is wholly dependent, and to which, by law,
+belongs the supreme control of the College, consists of not more
+than twenty-four Trustees, resident within the State of
+Connecticut; the Chancellor and President of the College being _ex
+officio_ members, and the Chancellor being _ex officio_ President
+of the same. They have authority to fill their own vacancies; to
+appoint to offices and professorships; to direct and manage the
+funds for the good of the College; and, in general, to exercise
+the powers of a collegiate society, according to the provisions of
+the charter.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 6.
+
+
+COSTUME. At the English universities there are few objects that
+attract the attention of the stranger more than the various
+academical dresses worn by the members of those institutions. The
+following description of the various costumes assumed in the
+University of Cambridge is taken from "The Cambridge Guide," Ed.
+1845.
+
+"A _Doctor in Divinity_ has three robes: the _first_, a gown made
+of scarlet cloth, with ample sleeves terminating in a point, and
+lined with rose-colored silk, which is worn in public processions,
+and on all state and festival days;--the _second_ is the cope,
+worn at Great St. Mary's during the service on Litany-days, in the
+Divinity Schools during an Act, and at Conciones ad Clerum; it is
+made of scarlet cloth, and completely envelops the person, being
+closed down the front, which is trimmed with an edging of ermine;
+at the back of it is affixed a hood of the same costly fur;--the
+_third_ is a gown made of black silk or poplin, with full, round
+sleeves, and is the habit commonly worn in public by a D.D.;
+Doctors, however, sometimes wear a Master of Arts' gown, with a
+silk scarf. These several dresses are put over a black silk
+cassock, which covers the entire body, around which it is fastened
+by a broad sash, and has sleeves coming down to the wrists, like a
+coat. A handsome scarf of the same materials, which hangs over the
+shoulders, and extends to the feet, is always worn with the
+scarlet and black gowns. A square black cloth cap, with silk
+tassel, completes the costume.
+
+"_Doctors in the Civil Law and in Physic_ have two robes: the
+_first_ is the scarlet gown, as just described, and the _second_,
+or ordinary dress of a D.C.L., is a black silk gown, with a plain
+square collar, the sleeves hanging down square to the feet;--the
+ordinary gown of an M.D. is of the same shape, but trimmed at the
+collar, sleeves, and front with rich black silk lace.
+
+"A _Doctor in Music_ commonly wears the same dress as a D.C.L.;
+but on festival and scarlet-days is arrayed in a gown made of rich
+white damask silk, with sleeves and facings of rose-color, a hood
+of the same, and a round black velvet cap with gold tassel.
+
+"_Bachelors in Divinity_ and _Masters of Arts_ wear a black gown,
+made of bombazine, poplin, or silk. It has sleeves extending to
+the feet, with apertures for the arms just above the elbow, and
+may be distinguished by the shape of the sleeves, which hang down
+square, and are cut out at the bottom like the section of a
+horseshoe.
+
+"_Bachelors in the Civil Law and in Physic_ wear a gown of the
+same shape as that of a Master of Arts.
+
+"All Graduates of the above ranks are entitled to wear a hat,
+instead of the square black cloth cap, with their gowns, and the
+custom of doing so is generally adopted, except by the HEADS,
+_Tutors_, and _University_ and _College Officers_, who consider it
+more correct to appear in the full academical costume.
+
+"A _Bachelor of Arts'_ gown is made of bombazine or poplin, with
+large sleeves terminating in a point, with apertures for the arms,
+just below the shoulder-joint.[13] _Bachelor Fellow-Commoners_
+usually wear silk gowns, and square velvet caps. The caps of other
+Bachelors are of cloth.
+
+"All the above, being _Graduates_, when they use surplices in
+chapel wear over them their _hoods_, which are peculiar to the
+several degrees. The hoods of _Doctors_ are made of scarlet cloth,
+lined with rose-colored silk; those of _Bachelors in Divinity_,
+and _Non-Regent Masters of Arts_, are of black silk; those of
+_Regent Masters of Arts_ and _Bachelors in the Civil Law and in
+Physic_, of black silk lined with white; and those of _Bachelors
+of Arts_, of black serge, trimmed with a border of white
+lamb's-wool.
+
+"The dresses of the _Undergraduates_ are the following:--
+
+"A _Nobleman_ has two gowns: the _first_ in shape like that of the
+Fellow-Commoners, is made of purple Ducape, very richly
+embroidered with gold lace, and is worn in public processions, and
+on festival-days: a square black velvet cap with a very large gold
+tassel is worn with it;--the _second_, or ordinary gown, is made
+of black silk, with full round sleeves, and a hat is worn with it.
+The latter dress is worn also by the Bachelor Fellows of King's
+College.
+
+"A _Fellow-Commoner_ wears a black prince's stuff gown, with a
+square collar, and straight hanging sleeves, which are decorated
+with gold lace; and a square black velvet cap with a gold tassel.
+
+"The Fellow-Commoners of Emmanuel College wear a similar gown,
+with the addition of several gold-lace buttons attached to the
+trimmings on the sleeves;--those of Trinity College have a purple
+prince's stuff gown, adorned with silver lace,[14] and a silver
+tassel is attached to the cap;--at Downing the gown is made of
+black silk, of the same shape, ornamented with tufts and silk
+lace; and a square cap of velvet with a gold tassel is worn. At
+Jesus College, a Bachelor's silk gown is worn, plaited up at the
+sleeve, and with a gold lace from the shoulder to the bend of the
+arm. At Queen's a Bachelor's silk gown, with a velvet cap and gold
+tassel, is worn: the same at Corpus and Magdalene; at the latter
+it is gathered and looped up at the sleeve,--at the former
+(Corpus) it has velvet facings. Married Fellow-Commoners usually
+wear a black silk gown, with full, round sleeves, and a square
+velvet cap with silk tassel.[15]
+
+"The _Pensioner's_ gown and cap are mostly of the same material
+and shape as those of the Bachelor's: the gown differs only in the
+mode of trimming. At Trinity and Caius Colleges the gown is
+purple, with large sleeves, terminating in a point. At St. Peter's
+and Queen's, the gown is precisely the same as that of a Bachelor;
+and at King's, the same, but made of fine black woollen cloth. At
+Corpus Christi is worn a B.A. gown, with black velvet facings. At
+Downing and Trinity Hall the gown is made of black bombazine, with
+large sleeves, looped up at the elbows.[16]
+
+"_Students in the Civil Law and in Physic_, who have kept their
+Acts, wear a full-sleeved gown, and are entitled to use a B.A.
+hood.
+
+"Bachelors of Arts and Undergraduates are obliged by the statutes
+to wear their academical costume constantly in public, under a
+penalty of 6s. 8d. for every omission.[17]
+
+"Very few of the _University Officers_ have distinctive dresses.
+
+"The _Chancellor's_ gown is of black damask silk, very richly
+embroidered with gold. It is worn with a broad, rich lace band,
+and square velvet cap with large gold tassel.
+
+"The _Vice-Chancellor_ dresses merely as a Doctor, except at
+Congregations in the Senate-House, when he wears a cope. When
+proceeding to St. Mary's, or elsewhere, in his official capacity,
+he is preceded by the three Esquire-Bedells with their silver
+maces, which were the gift of Queen Elizabeth.
+
+"The _Regius Professors of the Civil Law and of Physic_, when they
+preside at Acts in the Schools, wear copes, and round black velvet
+caps with gold tassels.
+
+"The _Proctors_ are not distinguishable from other Masters of
+Arts, except at St. Mary's Church and at Congregations, when they
+wear cassocks and black silk ruffs, and carry the Statutes of the
+University, being attended by two servants, dressed in large blue
+cloaks, ornamented with gold-lace buttons.
+
+"The _Yeoman-Bedell_, in processions, precedes the
+Esquire-Bedells, carrying an ebony mace, tipped with silver; his
+gown, as well as those of the _Marshal_ and _School-Keeper_, is
+made of black prince's stuff, with square collar, and square
+hanging sleeves."--pp. 28-33.
+
+At the University of Oxford, Eng., the costume of the Graduates is
+as follows:--
+
+"The Doctor in Divinity has three dresses: the first consists of a
+gown of scarlet cloth, with black velvet sleeves and facings, a
+cassock, sash, and scarf. This dress is worn on all public
+occasions in the Theatre, in public processions, and on those
+Sundays and holidays marked (*) in the _Oxford Calendar_. The
+second is a habit of scarlet cloth, and a hood of the same color
+lined with black, and a black silk scarf: the Master of Arts' gown
+is worn under this dress, the sleeves appearing through the
+arm-holes of the habit. This is the dress of business; it is used
+in Convocation, Congregation, at Morning Sermons at St. Mary's
+during the term, and at Afternoon Sermons at St. Peter's during
+Lent, with the exception of the Morning Sermon on Quinquagesima
+Sunday, and the Morning Sermons in Lent. The third, which is the
+usual dress in which a Doctor of Divinity appears, is a Master of
+Arts' gown, with cassock, sash, and scarf. The Vice-Chancellor and
+Heads of Colleges and Halls have no distinguishing dress, but
+appear on all occasions as Doctors in the faculty to which they
+belong.
+
+"The dresses worn by Graduates in Law and Physic are nearly the
+same. The Doctor has three. The first is a gown of scarlet cloth,
+with sleeves and facings of pink silk, and a round black velvet
+cap. This is the dress of state. The second consists of a habit
+and hood of scarlet cloth, the habit faced and the hood lined with
+pink silk. This habit, which is perfectly analogous to the second
+dress of the Doctor in Divinity, has lately grown into disuse; it
+is, however, retained by the Professors, and is always used in
+presenting to Degrees. The third or common dress of a Doctor in
+Law or Physic nearly resembles that of the Bachelor in these
+faculties; it is a black silk gown richly ornamented with black
+lace; the hood of the Bachelor of Laws (worn as a dress) is of
+purple silk, lined with white fur.
+
+"The dress worn by the Doctor of Music on public occasions is a
+rich white damask silk gown, with sleeves and facings of crimson
+satin, a hood of the same material, and a round black velvet cap.
+The usual dresses of the Doctor and of the Bachelor in Music are
+nearly the same as those of Law and Physic.
+
+"The Master of Arts wears a black gown, usually made of prince's
+stuff or crape, with long sleeves which are remarkable for the
+circular cut at the bottom. The arm comes through an aperture in
+the sleeve, which hangs down. The hood of a Master of Arts is
+black silk lined with crimson.
+
+"The gown of a Bachelor of Arts is also usually made of prince's
+stuff or crape. It has a full sleeve, looped up at the elbow, and
+terminating in a point; the dress hood is black, trimmed with
+white fur. In Lent, at the time of _determining_ in the Schools, a
+strip of lamb's-wool is worn in addition to the hood. Noblemen and
+Gentlemen-Commoners, who take the Degrees of Bachelor and Master
+of Arts, wear their gowns of silk."
+
+The costume of the Undergraduates is thus described:--
+
+"The Nobleman has two dresses; the first, which is worn in the
+Theatre, in processions, and on all public occasions, is a gown of
+purple damask silk, richly ornamented with gold lace. The second
+is a black silk gown, with full sleeves; it has a tippet attached
+to the shoulders. With both these dresses is worn a square cap of
+black velvet, with a gold tassel.
+
+"The Gentleman-Commoner has two gowns, _both of black silk_; the
+first, which is considered as a dress gown, although worn on all
+occasions, at pleasure, is richly ornamented with tassels. The
+second, or undress gown, is ornamented with plaits at the sleeves.
+A square black velvet cap with a silk tassel, is worn with both.
+
+"The dress of Commoners is a gown of black prince's stuff, without
+sleeves; from each shoulder is appended a broad strip, which
+reaches to the bottom of the dress, and towards the top is
+gathered into plaits. Square cap of black cloth and silk tassel.
+
+"The student in Civil Law, or Civilian, wears a plain black silk
+gown, and square cloth cap, with silk tassel.
+
+"Scholars and Demies of Magdalene, and students of Christ Church
+who have not taken a degree, wear a plain black gown of prince's
+stuff, with round, full sleeves half the length of the gown, and a
+square black cap, with silk tassel.
+
+"The dress of the Servitor is the same as that of the Commoner,
+but it has no plaits at the shoulder, and the cap is without a
+tassel."
+
+The costume of those among the University Officers who are
+distinguished by their dress, may be thus noted:--
+
+"The dress of the Chancellor is of black damask silk, richly
+ornamented with gold embroidery, a rich lace band, and square
+velvet cap, with a large gold tassel.
+
+"The Proctors wear gowns of prince's stuff, the sleeves and
+facings of black velvet; to the left shoulder is affixed a small
+tippet. To this is added, as a dress, a large ermine hood.
+
+"The Pro-Proctor wears a Master of Arts' gown, faced with velvet,
+with a tippet attached to the left shoulder."
+
+The Collectors wear the same dress as the Proctors, with the
+exception of the hood and tippet.
+
+The Esquire Bedels wear silk gowns, similar to those of Bachelors
+of Law, and round velvet caps. The Yeoman Bedels have black stuff
+gowns, and round silk caps.
+
+The dress of the Verger is nearly the same as that of the Yeoman
+Bedel.
+
+"Bands at the neck are considered as necessary appendages to the
+academic dress, particularly on all public occasions."--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+See DRESS.
+
+
+COURTS. At the English universities, the squares or acres into
+which each college is divided. Called also quadrangles,
+abbreviated quads.
+
+All the colleges are constructed in quadrangles or _courts_; and,
+as in course of years the population of every college, except
+one,[18] has outgrown the original quadrangle, new courts have
+been added, so that the larger foundations have three, and one[19]
+has four courts.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 2.
+
+
+CRACKLING. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., in common
+parlance, the three stripes of velvet which a member of St. John's
+College wears on his sleeve, are designated by this name.
+
+Various other gowns are to be discerned, the Pembroke looped at
+the sleeve, the Christ's and Catherine curiously crimped in front,
+and the Johnian with its unmistakable "_Crackling_"--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 73.
+
+
+CRAM. To prepare a student to pass an examination; to study in
+view of examination. In the latter sense used in American
+colleges.
+
+In the latter [Euclid] it is hardly possible, at least not near so
+easy as in Logic, to present the semblance of preparation by
+learning questions and answers by rote:--in the cant phrase of
+undergraduates, by getting _crammed_.--_Whalely's Logic, Preface_.
+
+  For many weeks he "_crams_" him,--daily does he rehearse.
+    _Poem before the Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+A class of men arose whose business was to _cram_ the candidates.
+--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 246.
+
+In a wider sense, to prepare another, or one's self, by study, for
+any occasion.
+
+The members of the bar were lounging about that tabooed precinct,
+some smoking, some talking and laughing, some poring over long,
+ill-written papers or large calf-bound books, and all big with the
+ponderous interests depending upon them, and the eloquence and
+learning with which they were "_crammed_" for the
+occasion.--_Talbot and Vernon_.
+
+When he was to write, it was necessary to _cram_ him with the
+facts and points.--_F.K. Hunt's Fourth Estate_, 1850.
+
+
+CRAM. All miscellaneous information about Ancient History,
+Geography, Antiquities, Law, &c.; all classical matter not
+included under the heads of TRANSLATION and COMPOSITION, which can
+be learned by CRAMMING. Peculiar to the English
+Universities.--_Bristed_.
+
+2. The same as CRAMMING, which see.
+
+I have made him promise to give me four or five evenings of about
+half an hour's _cram_ each.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 240.
+
+It is not necessary to practise "_cram_" so outrageously as at
+some of the college examinations.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed.,
+Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+3. A paper on which is written something necessary to be learned,
+previous to an examination.
+
+"Take care what you light your cigars with," said Belton, "you'll
+be burning some of Tufton's _crams_: they are stuck all about the
+pictures."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 223.
+
+He puzzled himself with his _crams_ he had in his pocket, and
+copied what he did not understand.--_Ibid._, p. 279.
+
+
+CRAMBAMBULI. A favorite drink among the students in the German
+universities, composed of burnt rum and sugar.
+
+  _Crambambuli_, das ist der Titel
+    Des Tranks, der sich bei uns bewaehrt.
+    _Drinking song_.
+
+To the next! let's have the _crambambuli_ first, however.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 117.
+
+
+CRAM BOOK. A book in which are laid down such topics as constitute
+an examination, together with the requisite answers to the
+questions proposed on that occasion.
+
+He in consequence engages a private tutor, and buys all the _cram
+books_ published for the occasion.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 128.
+
+
+CRAMINATION. A farcical word, signifying the same as _cramming_;
+the termination _tion_ being suffixed for the sake of mock
+dignity.
+
+The ---- scholarship is awarded to the student in each Senior
+Class who attends most to _cramination_ on the College
+course.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+CRAM MAN. One who is cramming for an examination.
+
+He has read all the black-lettered divinity in the Bodleian, and
+says that none of the _cram men_ shall have a chance with
+him.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 274.
+
+
+CRAMMER. One who prepares another for an examination.
+
+The qualifications of a _crammer_ are given in the following
+extract from the Collegian's Guide.
+
+"The first point, therefore, in which a crammer differs from other
+tutors, is in the selection of subjects. While another tutor would
+teach every part of the books given up, he virtually reduces their
+quantity, dwelling chiefly on the 'likely parts.'
+
+"The second point in which a crammer excels is in fixing the
+attention, and reducing subjects to the comprehension of
+ill-formed and undisciplined minds.
+
+"The third qualification of a crammer is a happy manner and
+address, to encourage the desponding, to animate the idle, and to
+make the exertions of the pupil continually increase in such a
+ratio, that he shall be wound up to concert pitch by the day of
+entering the schools."--pp. 231, 232.
+
+
+CRAMMING. A cant term, in the British universities, for the act of
+preparing a student to pass an examination, by going over the
+topics with him beforehand, and furnishing him with the requisite
+answers.--_Webster_.
+
+The author of the Collegian's Guide, speaking of examinations,
+says: "First, we must observe that all examinations imply the
+existence of examiners, and examiners, like other mortal beings,
+lie open to the frauds of designing men, through the uniformity
+and sameness of their proceedings. This uniformity inventive men
+have analyzed and reduced to a system, founding thereon a certain
+science, and corresponding art, called _Cramming_."--p. 229.
+
+The power of "_cramming_"--of filling the mind with knowledge
+hastily acquired for a particular occasion, and to be forgotten
+when that occasion is past--is a power not to be despised, and of
+much use in the world, especially at the bar.--_Westminster Rev._,
+Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+I shall never forget the torment I suffered in _cramming_ long
+lessons in Greek Grammar.--_Dickens's Household Words_, Vol. I. p.
+192.
+
+
+CRAM PAPER. A paper in which are inserted such questions as are
+generally asked at an examination. The manner in which these
+questions are obtained is explained in the following extract.
+"Every pupil, after his examination, comes to thank him as a
+matter of course; and as every man, you know, is loquacious enough
+on such occasions, Tufton gets out of him all the questions he was
+asked in the schools; and according to these questions, he has
+moulded his _cram papers_."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 239.
+
+We should be puzzled to find any questions more absurd and
+unreasonable than those in the _cram papers_ in the college
+examination.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 237.
+
+
+CRIB. Probably a translation; a pony.
+
+Of the "Odes and Epodes of Horace, translated literally and
+rhythmically" by W. Sewell, of Oxford, the editor of the Literary
+World remarks: "Useful as a '_crib_,' it is also poetical."--Vol.
+VIII. p. 28.
+
+
+CROW'S-FOOT. At Harvard College a badge formerly worn on the
+sleeve, resembling a crow's foot, to denote the class to which a
+student belongs. In the regulations passed April 29, 1822, for
+establishing the style of dress among the students at Harvard
+College, we find the following. A part of the dress shall be
+"three crow's-feet, made of black silk cord, on the lower part of
+the sleeve of a Senior, two on that of a Junior, and one on that
+of a Sophomore." The Freshmen were not allowed to wear the
+crow's-foot, and the custom is now discontinued, although an
+unsuccessful attempt was made to revive it a few years ago.
+
+The Freshman scampers off at the first bell for the chapel, where,
+finding no brother student of a higher class to encourage his
+punctuality, he crawls back to watch the starting of some one
+blessed with a _crow's-foot_, to act as vanguard.--_Harv. Reg._,
+p. 377.
+
+  The corded _crow's-feet_, and the collar square,
+  The change and chance of earthly lot must share.
+    _Class Poem at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 18.
+
+  What if the creature should arise,--
+    For he was stout and tall,--
+  And swallow down a Sophomore,
+    Coat, _crow's-foot_, cap, and all.
+    _Holmes's Poems_, 1850, p. 109.
+
+
+CUE, KUE, Q. A small portion of bread or beer; a term formerly
+current in both the English universities, the letter q being the
+mark in the buttery books to denote such a piece. Q would seem to
+stand for _quadrans_, a farthing; but Minsheu says it was only
+half that sum, and thus particularly explains it: "Because they
+set down in the battling or butterie bookes in Oxford and
+Cambridge, the letter q for half a farthing; and in Oxford when
+they make that cue or q a farthing, they say, _cap my q_, and make
+it a farthing, thus, [Symbol: small q with a line over]. But in
+Cambridge they use this letter, a little f; thus, f, or thus, s,
+for a farthing." He translates it in Latin _calculus panis_. Coles
+has, "A _cue_ [half a farthing] minutum."--_Nares's Glossary_.
+
+"A cue of bread," says Halliwell, "is the fourth part of a
+half-penny crust. A cue of beer, one draught."
+
+J. Woods, under-butler of Christ Church, Oxon, said he would never
+sitt capping of _cues_.--_Urry's MS._ add. to Ray.
+
+You are still at Cambridge with size _kue_.--_Orig. of Dr._, III.
+p. 271.
+
+He never drank above size _q_ of Helicon.--_Eachard, Contempt of
+Cl._, p. 26.
+
+"_Cues_ and _cees_," says Nares, "are generally mentioned
+together, the _cee_ meaning a small measure of beer; but why, is
+not equally explained." From certain passages in which they are
+used interchangeably, the terms do not seem to have been well
+defined.
+
+Hee [the college butler] domineers over freshmen, when they first
+come to the hatch, and puzzles them with strange language of
+_cues_ and _cees_, and some broken Latin, which he has learnt at
+his bin.--_Earle's Micro-cosmographie_, (1628,) Char. 17.
+
+The word _cue_ was formerly used at Harvard College. Dr. Holyoke,
+who graduated in 1746, says, the "breakfast was two sizings of
+bread and a _cue_ of beer." Judge Wingate, who graduated thirteen
+years after, says: "We were allowed at dinner a _cue_ of beer,
+which was a half-pint."
+
+It is amusing to see, term after term, and year after year, the
+formal votes, passed by this venerable body of seven ruling and
+teaching elders, regulating the price at which a _cue_ (a
+half-pint) of cider, or a _sizing_ (ration) of bread, or beef,
+might be sold to the student by the butler.--_Eliot's Sketch of
+Hist. Harv. Coll._, p. 70.
+
+
+CUP. Among the English Cantabs, "an odious mixture ... compounded
+of spice and cider."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+239.
+
+
+CURL. In the University of Virginia, to make a perfect recitation;
+to overwhelm a Professor with student learning.
+
+
+CUT. To be absent from; to neglect. Thus, a person is said to
+"_cut_ prayers," to "_cut_ lecture," &c. Also, to "_cut_ Greek" or
+"Latin"; i.e. to be absent from the Greek or Latin recitation.
+Another use of the word is, when one says, "I _cut_ Dr. B----, or
+Prof. C----, this morning," meaning that he was absent from their
+exercises.
+
+Prepare to _cut_ recitations, _cut_ prayers, _cut_ lectures,--ay,
+to _cut_ even the President himself.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O.
+of O.F._ 1848.
+
+Next morn he _cuts_ his maiden prayer, to his last night's text
+abiding.--_Poem before Y.H. of Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+  As soon as we were Seniors,
+    We _cut_ the morning prayers,
+  We showed the Freshmen to the door,
+    And helped them down the stairs.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 15, 1854.
+
+We speak not of individuals but of majorities, not of him whose
+ambition is to "_cut_" prayers and recitations so far as possible.
+--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 15.
+
+The two rudimentary lectures which he was at first forced to
+attend, are now pressed less earnestly upon his notice. In fact,
+he can almost entirely "_cut_" them, if he likes, and does _cut_
+them accordingly, as a waste of time,--_Household Words_, Vol. II.
+p. 160.
+
+_To cut dead_, in student use, to neglect entirely.
+
+I _cut_ the Algebra and Trigonometry papers _dead_ my first year,
+and came out seventh.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 51.
+
+This word is much used in the University of Cambridge, England, as
+appears from the following extract from a letter in the
+Gentleman's Magazine, written with reference to some of the
+customs there observed:--"I remarked, also, that they frequently
+used the words _to cut_, and to sport, in senses to me totally
+unintelligible. A man had been cut in chapel, cut at afternoon
+lectures, cut in his tutor's rooms, cut at a concert, cut at a
+ball, &c. Soon, however, I was told of men, _vice versa_, who cut
+a figure, _cut_ chapel, _cut_ gates, _cut_ lectures, _cut_ hall,
+_cut_ examinations, cut particular connections; nay, more, I was
+informed of some who _cut_ their tutors!"--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p.
+1085.
+
+The instances in which the verb _to cut_ is used in the above
+extract without Italics, are now very common both in England and
+America.
+
+_To cut Gates_. To enter college after ten o'clock,--the hour of
+shutting them.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 40.
+
+
+CUT. An omission of a recitation. This phrase is frequently heard:
+"We had a cut to-day in Greek," i.e. no recitation in Greek.
+Again, "Prof. D---- gave us a cut," i.e. he had no recitation. A
+correspondent from Bowdoin College gives, in the following
+sentence, the manner in which this word is there used:--"_Cuts_.
+When a class for any reason become dissatisfied with one of the
+Faculty, they absent themselves from his recitation, as an
+expression of their feelings"
+
+
+
+_D_.
+
+
+D.C.L. An abbreviation for _Doctor Civilis Legis_, Doctor in Civil
+Law. At the University of Oxford, England, this degree is
+conferred four years after receiving the degree of B.C.L. The
+exercises are three lectures. In the University of Cambridge,
+England, a D.C.L. must be a B.C.L. of five years' standing, or an
+M.A. of seven years' standing, and must have kept two acts.
+
+
+D.D. An abbreviation of _Divinitatis Doctor_, Doctor in Divinity.
+At the University of Cambridge, England, this degree is conferred
+on a B.D. of five, or an M.A. of twelve years' standing. The
+exercises are one act, two opponencies, a clerum, and an English
+sermon. At Oxford it is given to a B.D. of four, or a regent M.A.
+of eleven years' standing. The exercises are three lectures. In
+American colleges this degree is honorary, and is conferred _pro
+meritis_ on those who are distinguished as theologians.
+
+
+DEAD. To be unable to recite; to be ignorant of the lesson; to
+declare one's self unprepared to recite.
+
+Be ready, in fine, to cut, to drink, to smoke, to
+_dead_.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+I see our whole lodge desperately striving to _dead_, by doing
+that hardest of all work, nothing.--_Ibid._, 1849.
+
+_Transitively_; to cause one to fail in reciting. Said of a
+teacher who puzzles a scholar with difficult questions, and
+thereby causes him to fail.
+
+  Have I been screwed, yea, _deaded_ morn and eve,
+  Some dozen moons of this collegiate life,
+  And not yet taught me to philosophize?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 255.
+
+
+DEAD. A complete failure; a declaration that one is not prepared
+to recite.
+
+One must stand up in the singleness of his ignorance to understand
+all the mysterious feelings connected with a _dead_.--_Harv.
+Reg._, p. 378.
+
+  And fearful of the morrow's screw or _dead_,
+  Takes book and candle underneath his bed.
+    _Class Poem, by B.D. Winslow, at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 10.
+
+  He, unmoved by Freshman's curses,
+  Loves the _deads_ which Freshmen make.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+  But oh! what aching heads had they!
+  What _deads_ they perpetrated the succeeding day.--_Ibid._
+
+It was formerly customary in many colleges, and is now in a few,
+to talk about "taking a dead."
+
+  I have a most instinctive dread
+  Of getting up to _take a dead_,
+    Unworthy degradation!--_Harv. Reg._, p. 312.
+
+
+DEAD-SET. The same as a DEAD, which see.
+
+  Now's the day and now's the hour;
+  See approach Old Sikes's power;
+  See the front of Logic lower;
+    Screws, _dead-sets_, and fines.--_Rebelliad_, p. 52.
+
+Grose has this word in his Slang Dictionary, and defines it "a
+concerted scheme to defraud a person by gaming." "This phrase,"
+says Bartlett, in his Dictionary of Americanisms, "seems to be
+taken from the lifeless attitude of a pointer in marking his
+game."
+
+"The lifeless attitude" seems to be the only point of resemblance
+between the above definitions, and the appearance of one who is
+_taking a dead set_. The word has of late years been displaced by
+the more general use of the word _dead_, with the same meaning.
+
+The phrase _to be at a dead-set_, implying a fixed state or
+condition which precludes further progress, is in general use.
+
+
+DEAN. An officer in each college of the universities in England,
+whose duties consist in the due preservation of the college
+discipline.
+
+"Old Holingshed," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "in his
+Chronicles, describing Cambridge, speaks of 'certain censors, or
+_deanes_, appointed to looke to the behaviour and manner of the
+Students there, whom they punish _very severely_, if they make any
+default, according to the quantitye and qualitye of their
+trespasses.' When _flagellation_ was enforced at the universities,
+the Deans were the ministers of vengeance."
+
+At the present time, a person applying for admission to a college
+in the University of Cambridge, Eng., is examined by the Dean and
+the Head Lecturer. "The Dean is the presiding officer in chapel,
+and the only one whose presence there is indispensable. He
+oversees the markers' lists, pulls up the absentees, and receives
+their excuses. This office is no sinecure in a large college." At
+Oxford "the discipline of a college is administered by its head,
+and by an officer usually called Dean, though, in some colleges,
+known by other names."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 12, 16. _Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 223.
+
+In the older American colleges, whipping and cuffing were
+inflicted by a tutor, professor, or president; the latter,
+however, usually employed an agent for this purpose.
+
+See under CORPORAL PUNISHMENT.
+
+2. In the United States, a registrar of the faculty in some
+colleges, and especially in medical institutions.--_Webster_.
+
+A _dean_ may also be appointed by the Faculty of each Professional
+School, if deemed expedient by the Corporation.--_Laws Univ. at
+Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 8.
+
+3. The head or president of a college.
+
+You rarely find yourself in a shop, or other place of public
+resort, with a Christ-Church-man, but he takes occasion, if young
+and frivolous, to talk loudly of the _Dean_, as an indirect
+expression of his own connection with this splendid college; the
+title of _Dean_ being exclusively attached to the headship of
+Christ Church.--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 245.
+
+
+DEAN OF CONVOCATION. At Trinity College, Hartford, this officer
+presides in the _House of Convocation_, and is elected by the
+same, biennially.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 7.
+
+
+DEAN'S BOUNTY. In 1730, the Rev. Dr. George Berkeley, then Dean of
+Derry, in Ireland, came to America, and resided a year or two at
+Newport, Rhode Island, "where," says Clap, in his History of Yale
+College, "he purchased a country seat, with about ninety-six acres
+of land." On his return to London, in 1733, he sent a deed of his
+farm in Rhode Island to Yale College, in which it was ordered,
+"that the rents of the farm should be appropriated to the
+maintenance of the three best scholars in Greek and Latin, who
+should reside at College at least nine months in a year, in each
+of the three years between their first and second degrees."
+President Clap further remarks, that "this premium has been a
+great incitement to a laudable ambition to excel in the knowledge
+of the classics." It was commonly known as the _Dean's
+bounty_.--_Clap's Hist. of Yale Coll._, pp. 37, 38.
+
+The Dean afterwards conveyed to it [Yale College], by a deed
+transmitted to Dr. Johnson, his Rhode Island farm, for the
+establishment of that _Dean's bounty_, to which sound classical
+learning in Connecticut has been much indebted.--_Hist. Sketch of
+Columbia Coll._, p. 19.
+
+
+DEAN SCHOLAR. The person who received the money appropriated by
+Dean Berkeley was called the _Dean scholar_.
+
+This premium was formerly called the Dean's bounty, and the person
+who received it the _Dean scholar_.--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p.
+87.
+
+
+DECENT. Tolerable; pretty good. He is a _decent_ scholar; a
+_decent_ writer; he is nothing more than _decent_. "This word,"
+says Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, "has been in common use at
+some of our colleges, but only in the language of conversation.
+The adverb _decently_ (and possibly the adjective also) is
+sometimes used in a similar manner in some parts of Great
+Britain."
+
+The greater part of the pieces it contains may be said to be very
+_decently_ written.--_Edinb. Rev._, Vol. I. p. 426.
+
+
+DECLAMATION. The word is applied especially to the public speaking
+and speeches of students in colleges, practised for exercises in
+oratory.--_Webster_.
+
+It would appear by the following extract from the old laws of
+Harvard College, that original declamations were formerly required
+of the students. "The Undergraduates shall in their course declaim
+publicly in the hall, in one of the three learned languages; and
+in no other without leave or direction from the President, and
+immediately give up their declamations fairly written to the
+President. And he that neglects this exercise shall be punished by
+the President or Tutor that calls over the weekly bill, not
+exceeding five shillings. And such delinquent shall within one
+week after give in to the President a written declamation
+subscribed by himself."--_Laws 1734, in Peirce's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, App., p. 129.
+
+2. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an essay upon a given
+subject, written in view of a prize, and publicly recited in the
+chapel of the college to which the writer belongs.
+
+
+DECLAMATION BOARDS. At Bowdoin College, small establishments in
+the rear of each building, for urinary purposes.
+
+
+DEDUCTION. In some of the American colleges, one of the minor
+punishments for non-conformity with laws and regulations is
+deducting from the marks which a student receives for recitations
+and other exercises, and by which his standing in the class is
+determined.
+
+Soften down the intense feeling with which he relates heroic
+Rapid's _deductions_.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 267.
+
+2. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an original proposition
+in geometry.
+
+"How much Euclid did you do? Fifteen?"
+
+"No, fourteen; one of them was a _deduction_."--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 75.
+
+With a mathematical tutor, the hour of tuition is a sort of
+familiar examination, working out examples, _deductions_,
+&c.--_Ibid._, pp. 18, 19.
+
+
+DEGRADATION. In the older American colleges, it was formerly
+customary to arrange the members of each class in an order
+determined by the rank of the parent. "Degradation consisted in
+placing a student on the list, in consequence of some offence,
+below the level to which his father's condition would assign him;
+and thus declared that he had disgraced his family."
+
+In the Immediate Government Book, No. IV., of Harvard College,
+date July 20th, 1776, is the following entry: "Voted, that
+Trumbal, a Middle Bachelor, who was degraded to the bottom of his
+class for his misdemeanors when an undergraduate, having presented
+an humble confession of his faults, with a petition to be restored
+to his place in the class in the Catalogue now printing, be
+restored agreeable to his request." The Triennial Catalogue for
+that year was the first in which the names of the students
+appeared in an alphabetical order. The class of 1773 was the first
+in which the change was made.
+
+"The punishment of degradation," says President Woolsey, in his
+Historical Discourse before the Graduates of Yale College, "laid
+aside not very long before the beginning of the Revolutionary war,
+was still more characteristic of the times. It was a method of
+acting upon the aristocratic feelings of family; and we at this
+day can hardly conceive to what extent the social distinctions
+were then acknowledged and cherished. In the manuscript laws of
+the infant College, we find the following regulation, which was
+borrowed from an early ordinance of Harvard under President
+Dunster. 'Every student shall be called by his surname, except he
+be the son of a nobleman, or a knight's eldest son.' I know not
+whether such a 'rara avis in terris' ever received the honors of
+the College; but a kind of colonial, untitled aristocracy grew up,
+composed of the families of chief magistrates, and of other
+civilians and ministers. In the second year of college life,
+precedency according to the aristocratic scale was determined, and
+the arrangement of names on the class roll was in accordance. This
+appears on our Triennial Catalogue until 1768, when the minds of
+men began to be imbued with the notion of equality. Thus, for
+instance, Gurdon Saltonstall, son of the Governor of that name,
+and descendant of Sir Richard, the first emigrant of the family,
+heads the class of 1725, and names of the same stock begin the
+lists of 1752 and 1756. It must have been a pretty delicate matter
+to decide precedence in a multitude of cases, as in that of the
+sons of members of the Council or of ministers, to which class
+many of the scholars belonged. The story used to circulate, as I
+dare say many of the older graduates remember, that a shoemaker's
+son, being questioned as to the quality of his father, replied,
+that _he was upon the bench_, which gave him, of course, a high
+place."--pp. 48, 49.
+
+See under PLACE.
+
+
+DEGRADE. At the English universities to go back a year.
+
+"'_Degrading_,' or going back a year," says Bristed, "is not
+allowed except in case of illness (proved by a doctor's
+certificate). A man _degrading_ for any other reason cannot go out
+afterwards in honors."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+98.
+
+I could choose the year below without formally
+_degrading_.--_Ibid._, p. 157.
+
+
+DEGREE. A mark of distinction conferred on students, as a
+testimony of their proficiency in arts and sciences; giving them a
+kind of rank, and entitling them to certain privileges. This is
+usually evidenced by a diploma. Degrees are conferred _pro
+meritis_ on the alumni of a college; or they are honorary tokens
+of respect, conferred on strangers of distinguished reputation.
+The _first degree_ is that of _Bachelor of Arts_; the _second_,
+that _of Master of Arts_. Honorary degrees are those of _Doctor of
+Divinity_, _Doctor of Laws_, &c. Physicians, also, receive the
+degree of _Doctor of Medicine_.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DEGREE EXAMINATION. At the English universities, the final
+university examination, which must be passed before the B.A.
+degree is conferred.
+
+The Classical Tripos is generally spoken of as _the_ Tripos, the
+Mathematical one as _the Degree Examination_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 170.
+
+
+DELTA. A piece of land in Cambridge, which belongs to Harvard
+College, where the students kick football, and play at cricket,
+and other games. The shape of the land is that of the Greek
+Delta, whence its name.
+
+What was unmeetest of all, timid strangers as we were, it was
+expected on the first Monday eventide after our arrival, that we
+should assemble on a neighboring green, the _Delta_, since devoted
+to the purposes of a gymnasium, there to engage in a furious
+contest with those enemies, the Sophs, at kicking football and
+shins.--_A Tour through College_, 1823-1827, p. 13.
+
+Where are the royal cricket-matches of old, the great games of
+football, when the obtaining of victory was a point of honor, and
+crowds assembled on the _Delta_ to witness the all-absorbing
+contest?--_Harvardiana_, Vol. I. p. 107.
+
+I must have another pair of pantaloons soon, for I have burst the
+knees of two, in kicking football on the _Delta_.--_Ibid._, Vol.
+III. p. 77.
+
+  The _Delta_ can tell of the deeds we've done,
+  The fierce-fought fields we've lost and won,
+    The shins we've cracked,
+    And noses we've whacked,
+  The eyes we've blacked, and all in fun.
+    _Class Poem, 1849, Harv. Coll._
+
+A plat at Bowdoin College, of this shape, and used for similar
+purposes, is known by the same name.
+
+
+DEMI, DEMY. The name of a scholar at Magdalene College, Oxford,
+where there are thirty _demies_ or half-fellows, as it were, who,
+like scholars in other colleges, succeed to
+fellowships.--_Johnson_.
+
+
+DEN. One of the buildings formerly attached to Harvard College,
+which was taken down in the year 1846, was for more than a
+half-century known by the name of the _Den_. It was occupied by
+students during the greater part of that period, although it was
+originally built for private use. In later years, from its
+appearance, both externally and internally, it fully merited its
+cognomen; but this is supposed to have originated from the
+following incident, which occurred within its walls about the year
+1770, the time when it was built. The north portion of the house
+was occupied by Mr. Wiswal (to whom it belonged) and his family.
+His wife, who was then ill, and, as it afterwards proved, fatally,
+was attended by a woman who did not bear a very good character, to
+whom Mr. Wiswal seemed to be more attentive than was consistent
+with the character of a true and loving husband. About six weeks
+after Mrs. Wiswal's death, Mr. Wiswal espoused the nurse, which,
+circumstance gave great offence to the good people of Cambridge,
+and was the cause of much scandal among the gossips. One Sunday,
+not long after this second marriage, Mr. Wiswal having gone to
+church, his wife, who did not accompany him, began an examination
+of her predecessor's wardrobe and possessions, with the intention,
+as was supposed, of appropriating to herself whatever had been
+left by the former Mrs. Wiswal to her children. On his return from
+church, Mr. Wiswal, missing his wife, after searching for some
+time, found her at last in the kitchen, convulsively clutching the
+dresser, her eyes staring wildly, she herself being unable to
+speak. In this state of insensibility she remained until her
+decease, which occurred shortly after. Although it was evident
+that she had been seized with convulsions, and that these were the
+cause of her death, the old women were careful to promulgate, and
+their daughters to transmit the story, that the Devil had appeared
+to her _in propria persona_, and shaken her in pieces, as a
+punishment for her crimes. The building was purchased by Harvard
+College in the year 1774.
+
+In the Federal Orrery, March 26, 1795, is an article dated
+_Wiswal-Den_, Cambridge, which title it also bore, from the name
+of its former occupant.
+
+In his address spoken at the Harvard Alumni Festival, July 22,
+1852, Hon. Edward Everett, with reference to this mysterious
+building as it appeared in the year 1807, said:--
+
+"A little further to the north, and just at the corner of Church
+Street (which was not then opened), stood what was dignified in
+the annual College Catalogue--(which was printed on one side of a
+sheet of paper, and was a novelty)--as 'the College House.' The
+cellar is still visible. By the students, this edifice was
+disrespectfully called 'Wiswal's Den,' or, for brevity, 'the Den.'
+I lived in it in my Freshman year. Whence the name of 'Wiswal's
+Den' I hardly dare say: there was something worse than 'old fogy'
+about it. There was a dismal tradition that, at some former
+period, it had been the scene of a murder. A brutal husband had
+dragged his wife by the hair up and down the stairs, and then
+killed her. On the anniversary of the murder,--and what day that
+was no one knew,--there were sights and sounds,--flitting garments
+daggled in blood, plaintive screams,--_stridor ferri tractaeque
+catenae_,--enough to appall the stoutest Sophomore. But for
+myself, I can truly say, that I got through my Freshman year
+without having seen the ghost of Mr. Wiswal or his lamented lady.
+I was not, however, sorry when the twelvemonth was up, and I was
+transferred to that light, airy, well-ventilated room, No. 20
+Hollis; being the inner room, ground floor, north entry of that
+ancient and respectable edifice."--_To-Day_, Boston, Saturday,
+July 31, 1852, p. 66.
+
+Many years ago there emigrated to this University, from the wilds
+of New Hampshire, an odd genius, by the name of Jedediah Croak,
+who took up his abode as a student in the old _Den_.--_Harvard
+Register_, 1827-28, _A Legend of the Den_, pp. 82-86.
+
+
+DEPOSITION. During the first half of the seventeenth century, in
+the majority of the German universities, Catholic as well as
+Protestant, the matriculation of a student was preceded by a
+ceremony called the _deposition_. See _Howitt's Student Life in
+Germany_, Am. ed., pp. 119-121.
+
+
+DESCENDAS. Latin; literally, _you may descend_. At the University
+of Cambridge, Eng., when a student who has been appointed to
+declaim in chapel fails in eloquence, memory, or taste, his
+harangue is usually cut short "by a testy _descendas_."--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+DETERMINING. In the University of Oxford, a Bachelor is entitled
+to his degree of M.A. twelve terms after the regular time for
+taking his first degree, having previously gone through the
+ceremony of _determining_, which exercise consists in reading two
+dissertations in Latin prose, or one in prose and a copy of Latin
+verses. As this takes place in Lent, it is commonly called
+_determining in Lent_.--_Oxf. Guide_.
+
+
+DETUR. Latin; literally, _let it be given_.
+
+In 1657, the Hon. Edward Hopkins, dying, left, among other
+donations to Harvard College, one "to be applied to the purchase
+of books for presents to meritorious undergraduates." The
+distribution of these books is made, at the commencement of each
+academic year, to students of the Sophomore Class who have made
+meritorious progress in their studies during their Freshman year;
+also, as far as the state of the funds admits, to those members of
+the Junior Class who entered as Sophomores, and have made
+meritorious progress in their studies during the Sophomore year,
+and to such Juniors as, having failed to receive a _detur_ at the
+commencement of the Sophomore year, have, during that year, made
+decided improvement in scholarship.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam.,
+Mass._, 1848, p. 18.
+
+"From the first word in the short Latin label," Peirce says,
+"which is signed by the President, and attached to the inside of
+the cover, a book presented from this fund is familiarly called a
+_Detur_."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 103.
+
+  Now for my books; first Bunyan's Pilgrim,
+  (As he with thankful pleasure will grin,)
+  Tho' dogleaved, torn, in bad type set in,
+  'T will do quite well for classmate B----,
+  And thus with complaisance to treat her,
+  'T will answer for another _Detur_.
+    _The Will of Charles Prentiss_.
+
+Be not, then, painfully anxious about the Greek particles, and sit
+not up all night lest you should miss prayers, only that you may
+have a "_Detur_," and be chosen into the Phi Beta Kappa among the
+first eight. Get a "_Detur_" by all means, and the square medal
+with its cabalistic signs, the sooner the better; but do not
+"stoop and lie in wait" for them.--_A Letter to a Young Man who
+has just entered College_, 1849, p. 36.
+
+  Or yet,--though 't were incredible,
+        --say hast obtained a _detur_!
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850.
+
+
+DIG. To study hard; to spend much time in studying.
+
+  Another, in his study chair,
+  _Digs_ up Greek roots with learned care,--
+    Unpalatable eating.--_Harv. Reg._, 1827-28, p. 247.
+
+Here the sunken eye and sallow countenance bespoke the man who
+_dug_ sixteen hours "per diem."--_Ibid._, p. 303.
+
+Some have gone to lounge away an hour in the libraries,--some to
+ditto in the grove,--some to _dig_ upon the afternoon
+lesson.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 77.
+
+
+DIG. A diligent student; one who learns his lessons by hard and
+long-continued exertion.
+
+  A clever soul is one, I say,
+  Who wears a laughing face all day,
+  Who never misses declamation,
+  Nor cuts a stupid recitation,
+  And yet is no elaborate _dig_,
+  Nor for rank systems cares a fig.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 283.
+
+I could see, in the long vista of the past, the many honest _digs_
+who had in this room consumed the midnight oil.--_Collegian_, p.
+231.
+
+And, truly, the picture of a college "_dig_" taking a walk--no, I
+say not so, for he never "takes a walk," but "walking for
+exercise"--justifies the contemptuous estimate.--_A Letter to a
+Young Man who has just entered College_, 1849, p. 14.
+
+He is just the character to enjoy the treadmill, which perhaps
+might be a useful appendage to a college, not as a punishment, but
+as a recreation for "_digs_."--_Ibid._, p. 14.
+
+  Resolves that he will be, in spite of toil or of fatigue,
+  That humbug of all humbugs, the staid, inveterate "_dig_."
+    _Poem before Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+          There goes the _dig_, just look!
+  How like a parson he eyes his book!
+    _The Jobsiad_, in _Lit. World_, Oct. 11, 1851.
+
+The fact that I am thus getting the character of a man of no
+talent, and a mere "_dig_," does, I confess, weigh down my
+spirits.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 224.
+
+  By this 't is that we get ahead of the _Dig_,
+  'T is not we that prevail, but the wine that we swig.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 252.
+
+
+DIGGING. The act of studying hard; diligent application.
+
+  I find my eyes in doleful case,
+    By _digging_ until midnight.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 312.
+
+I've had an easy time in College, and enjoyed well the "otium cum
+dignitate,"--the learned leisure of a scholar's life,--always
+despised _digging_, you know.--_Ibid._, p. 194.
+
+How often after his day of _digging_, when he comes to lay his
+weary head to rest, he finds the cruel sheets giving him no
+admittance.--_Ibid._, p. 377.
+
+        Hopes to hit the mark
+  By _digging_ nightly into matters dark.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1835.
+
+  He "makes up" for past "_digging_."
+    _Iadma Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+DIGNITY. At Bowdoin College, "_Dignity_," says a correspondent,
+"is the name applied to the regular holidays, varying from one
+half-day per week, during the Freshman year, up to four in the
+Senior."
+
+
+DIKED. At the University of Virginia, one who is dressed with more
+than ordinary elegance is said to be _diked out_. Probably
+corrupted from the word _decked_, or the nearly obsolete
+_dighted_.
+
+
+DIPLOMA. Greek, [Greek: diploma], from [Greek: diploo], to
+_double_ or fold. Anciently, a letter or other composition written
+on paper or parchment, and folded; afterward, any letter, literary
+monument, or public document. A letter or writing conferring some
+power, authority, privilege, or honor. Diplomas are given to
+graduates of colleges on their receiving the usual degrees; to
+clergymen who are licensed to exercise the ministerial functions;
+to physicians who are licensed to practise their profession; and
+to agents who are authorized to transact business for their
+principals. A diploma, then, is a writing or instrument, usually
+under seal, and signed by the proper person or officer, conferring
+merely honor, as in the case of graduates, or authority, as in the
+case of physicians, agents, &c.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DISCIPLINE. The punishments which are at present generally adopted
+in American colleges are warning, admonition, the letter home,
+suspension, rustication, and expulsion. Formerly they were more
+numerous, and their execution was attended with great solemnity.
+"The discipline of the College," says President Quincy, in his
+History of Harvard University, "was enforced and sanctioned by
+daily visits of the tutors to the chambers of the students, fines,
+admonitions, confession in the hall, publicly asking pardon,
+degradation to the bottom of the class, striking the name from the
+College list, and expulsion, according to the nature and
+aggravation of the offence."--Vol. I. p. 442.
+
+Of Yale College, President Woolsey in his Historical Discourse
+says: "The old system of discipline may be described in general as
+consisting of a series of minor punishments for various petty
+offences, while the more extreme measure of separating a student
+from College seems not to have been usually adopted until long
+forbearance had been found fruitless, even in cases which would
+now be visited in all American colleges with speedy dismission.
+The chief of these punishments named in the laws are imposition of
+school exercises,--of which we find little notice after the first
+foundation of the College, but which we believe yet exists in the
+colleges of England;[20] deprivation of the privilege of sending
+Freshmen upon errands, or extension of the period during which
+this servitude should be required beyond the end of the Freshman
+year; fines either specified, of which there are a very great
+number in the earlier laws, or arbitrarily imposed by the
+officers; admonition and degradation. For the offence of
+mischievously ringing the bell, which was very common whilst the
+bell was in an exposed situation over an entry of a college
+building, students were sometimes required to act as the butler's
+waiters in ringing the bell for a certain time."--pp. 46, 47.
+
+See under titles ADMONITION, CONFESSION, CORPORAL PUNISHMENT,
+DEGRADATION, FINES, LETTER HOME, SUSPENSION, &c.
+
+
+DISCOMMUNE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., to prohibit an
+undergraduate from dealing with any tradesman or inhabitant of the
+town who has violated the University privileges or regulations.
+The right to exercise this power is vested in the Vice-Chancellor.
+
+Any tradesman who allows a student to run in debt with him to an
+amount exceeding $25, without informing his college tutor, or to
+incur any debt for wine or spirituous liquors without giving
+notice of it to the same functionary during the current quarter,
+or who shall take any promissory note from a student without his
+tutor's knowledge, is liable to be _discommuned_.--_Lit. World_,
+Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+In the following extracts, this word appears under a different
+orthography.
+
+There is always a great demand for the rooms in college. Those at
+lodging-houses are not so good, while the rules are equally
+strict, the owners being solemnly bound to report all their
+lodgers who stay out at night, under pain of being
+"_discommonsed_," a species of college
+excommunication.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 81.
+
+Any tradesman bringing a suit against an Undergraduate shall be
+"_discommonsed_"; i.e. all the Undergraduates are forbidden to
+deal with him.--_Ibid._, p. 83.
+
+This word is allied to the law term "discommon," to deprive of the
+privileges of a place.
+
+
+DISMISS. To separate from college, for an indefinite or limited
+time.
+
+
+DISMISSION. In college government, dismission is the separation of
+a student from a college, for an indefinite or for a limited time,
+at the discretion of the Faculty. It is required of the dismissed
+student, on applying for readmittance to his own or any other
+class, to furnish satisfactory testimonials of good conduct during
+his separation, and to appear, on examination, to be well
+qualified for such readmission.--_College Laws_.
+
+In England, a student, although precluded from returning to the
+university whence he has been dismissed, is not hindered from
+taking a degree at some other university.
+
+
+DISPENSATION. In universities and colleges, the granting of a
+license, or the license itself, to do what is forbidden by law, or
+to omit something which is commanded. Also, an exemption from
+attending a college exercise.
+
+The business of the first of these houses, or the oligarchal
+portion of the constitution [the House of Congregation], is
+chiefly to grant degrees, and pass graces and
+_dispensations_.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xi.
+
+All the students who are under twenty-one years of age may be
+excused from attending the private Hebrew lectures of the
+Professor, upon their producing to the President a certificate
+from their parents or guardians, desiring a _dispensation_.--_Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 12.
+
+
+DISPERSE. A favorite word with tutors and proctors; used when
+speaking to a number of students unlawfully collected. This
+technical use of the word is burlesqued in the following passages.
+
+Minerva conveys the Freshman to his room, where his cries make
+such a disturbance, that a proctor enters and commands the
+blue-eyed goddess "_to disperse_." This order she reluctantly
+obeys.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 23.
+
+  And often grouping on the chains, he hums his own sweet verse,
+  Till Tutor ----, coming up, commands him to _disperse_.
+    _Poem before Y.H. Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+
+DISPUTATION. An exercise in colleges, in which parties reason in
+opposition to each other, on some question proposed.--_Webster_.
+
+Disputations were formerly, in American colleges, a part of the
+exercises on Commencement and Exhibition days.
+
+
+DISPUTE. To contend in argument; to reason or argue in opposition.
+--_Webster_.
+
+The two Senior classes shall _dispute_ once or twice a week before
+the President, a Professor, or the Tutor.--_Laws Yale Coll._,
+1837, p. 15.
+
+
+DIVINITY. A member of a theological school is often familiarly
+called a _Divinity_, abbreviated for a Divinity student.
+
+      One of the young _Divinities_ passed
+  Straight through the College yard.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 40.
+
+
+DIVISION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., each of the three
+terms is divided into two parts. _Division_ is the time when this
+partition is made.
+
+After "_division_" in the Michaelmas and Lent terms, a student,
+who can assign a good plea for absence to the college authorities,
+may go down and take holiday for the rest of the time.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 63.
+
+
+DOCTOR. One who has passed all the degrees of a faculty, and is
+empowered to practise and teach it; as, a _doctor_ in divinity, in
+physic, in law; or, according to modern usage, a person who has
+received the highest degree in a faculty. The degree of _doctor_
+is conferred by universities and colleges, as an honorary mark of
+literary distinction. It is also conferred on physicians as a
+professional degree.--_Webster_.
+
+
+DOCTORATE. The degree of a doctor.--_Webster_.
+
+The first diploma for a doctorate in divinity given in America was
+presented under the seal of Harvard College to Mr. Increase
+Mather, the President of that institution, in the year
+1692.--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 68.
+
+
+DODGE. A trick; an artifice or stratagem for the purpose of
+deception. Used often with _come_; as, "_to come a dodge_ over
+him."
+
+  No artful _dodge_ to leave my school could I just then prepare.
+    _Poem before Iadma, Harv. Coll._, 1850.
+
+Agreed; but I have another _dodge_ as good as yours.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 240.
+
+We may well admire the cleverness displayed by this would-be
+Chatterton, in his attempt to sell the unwary with an Ossian
+_dodge_.--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 191.
+
+
+DOMINUS. A title bestowed on Bachelors of Arts, in England.
+_Dominus_ Nokes; _Dominus_ Stiles.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+DON. In the English universities, a short generic term for a
+Fellow or any college authority.
+
+He had already told a lie to the _Dons_, by protesting against the
+justice of his sentence.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 169.
+
+Never to order in any wine from an Oxford merchant, at least not
+till I am a _Don_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 288.
+
+  Nor hint how _Dons_, their untasked hours to pass,
+  Like Cato, warm their virtues with the glass.[21]
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+DONKEY. At Washington College, Penn., students of a religious
+character are vulgarly called _donkeys_.
+
+See LAP-EAR.
+
+
+DORMIAT. Latin; literally, _let him sleep_. To take out a
+_dormiat_, i.e. a license to sleep. The licensed person is excused
+from attending early prayers in the Chapel, from a plea of being
+indisposed. Used in the English universities.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+DOUBLE FIRST. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student who
+attains high honors in both the classical and the mathematical
+tripos.
+
+The Calendar does not show an average of two "_Double Firsts_"
+annually for the last ten years out of one hundred and
+thirty-eight graduates in Honors.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 91.
+
+The reported saying of a distinguished judge,... "that the
+standard of a _Double First_ was getting to be something beyond
+human ability," seems hardly an exaggeration.--_Ibid._, p. 224.
+
+
+DOUBLE MAN. In the English universities, a student who is a
+proficient in both classics and mathematics.
+
+"_Double men_," as proficients in both classics and mathematics
+are termed, are very rare.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 91.
+
+It not unfrequently happens that he now drops the intention of
+being a "_double man_," and concentrates himself upon mathematics.
+--_Ibid._, p. 104.
+
+To one danger mathematicians are more exposed than either
+classical or _double men_,--disgust and satiety arising from
+exclusive devotion to their unattractive studies.--_Ibid._, p.
+225.
+
+
+DOUBLE MARKS. It was formerly the custom in Harvard College with
+the Professors in Rhetoric, when they had examined and corrected
+the _themes_ of the students, to draw a straight line on the back
+of each one of them, under the name of the writer. Under the names
+of those whose themes were of more than ordinary correctness or
+elegance, _two_ lines were drawn, which were called _double
+marks_.
+
+They would take particular pains for securing the _double mark_ of
+the English Professor to their poetical compositions.--_Monthly
+Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 104.
+
+Many, if not the greater part of Paine's themes, were written in
+verse; and his vanity was gratified, and his emulation roused, by
+the honor of constant _double marks_.--_Works of R.T. Paine,
+Biography_, p. xxii., Ed. 1812.
+
+See THEME.
+
+
+DOUBLE SECOND. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., one who
+obtains a high place in the second rank, in both mathematical and
+classical honors.
+
+A good _double second_ will make, by his college scholarship, two
+fifths or three fifths of his expenses during two thirds of the
+time he passes at the University.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 427.
+
+
+DOUGH-BALL. At the Anderson Collegiate Institute, Indiana, a name
+given by the town's people to a student.
+
+
+DRESS. A uniformity in dress has never been so prevalent in
+American colleges as in the English and other universities. About
+the middle of the last century, however, the habit among the
+students of Harvard College of wearing gold lace attracted the
+attention of the Overseers, and a law was passed "requiring that
+on no occasion any of the scholars wear any gold or silver lace,
+or any gold or silver brocades, in the College or town of
+Cambridge," and "that no one wear any silk night-gowns." "In
+1786," says Quincy, "in order to lessen the expense of dress, a
+uniform was prescribed, the color and form of which were minutely
+set forth, with a distinction of the classes by means of frogs on
+the cuffs and button-holes; silk was prohibited, and home
+manufactures were recommended." This system of uniform is fully
+described in the laws of 1790, and is as follows:--
+
+"All the Undergraduates shall be clothed in coats of blue-gray,
+and with waistcoats and breeches of the same color, or of a black,
+a nankeen, or an olive color. The coats of the Freshmen shall have
+plain button-holes. The cuffs shall be without buttons. The coats
+of the Sophomores shall have plain button-holes like those of the
+Freshmen, but the cuffs shall have buttons. The coats of the
+Juniors shall have cheap frogs to the button-holes, except the
+button-holes of the cuffs. The coats of the Seniors shall have
+frogs to the button-holes of the cuffs. The buttons upon the coats
+of all the classes shall be as near the color of the coats as they
+can be procured, or of a black color. And no student shall appear
+within the limits of the College, or town of Cambridge, in any
+other dress than in the uniform belonging to his respective class,
+unless he shall have on a night-gown or such an outside garment as
+may be necessary over a coat, except only that the Seniors and
+Juniors are permitted to wear black gowns, and it is recommended
+that they appear in them on all public occasions. Nor shall any
+part of their garments be of silk; nor shall they wear gold or
+silver lace, cord, or edging upon their hats, waistcoats, or any
+other parts of their clothing. And whosoever shall violate these
+regulations shall be fined a sum not exceeding ten shillings for
+each offence."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1790, pp. 36, 37.
+
+It is to this dress that the poet alludes in these lines:--
+
+ "In blue-gray coat, with buttons on the cuffs,
+  First Modern Pride your ear with fustian stuffs;
+ 'Welcome, blest age, by holy seers foretold,
+  By ancient bards proclaimed the age of gold,'" &c.[22]
+
+But it was by the would-be reformers of that day alone that such
+sentiments were held, and it was only by the severity of the
+punishment attending non-conformity with these regulations that
+they were ever enforced. In 1796, "the sumptuary law relative to
+dress had fallen into neglect," and in the next year "it was found
+so obnoxious and difficult to enforce," says Quincy, "that a law
+was passed abrogating the whole system of distinction by 'frogs on
+the cuffs and button-holes,' and the law respecting dress was
+limited to prescribing a blue-gray or dark-blue coat, with
+permission to wear a black gown, and a prohibition of wearing gold
+or silver lace, cord, or edging."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. II. p. 277.
+
+A writer in the New England Magazine, in an article relating to
+the customs of Harvard College at the close of the last century,
+gives the following description of the uniform ordered by the
+Corporation to be worn by the students:--
+
+"Each head supported a three-cornered cocket hat. Yes, gentle
+reader, no man or boy was considered in full dress, in those days,
+unless his pericranium was thus surmounted, with the forward peak
+directly over the right eye. Had a clergyman, especially, appeared
+with a hat of any other form, it would have been deemed as great a
+heresy as Unitarianism is at the present day. Whether or not the
+three-cornered hat was considered as an emblem of Trinitarianism,
+I am not able to determine. Our hair was worn in a _queue_, bound
+with black ribbon, and reached to the small of the back, in the
+shape of the tail of that motherly animal which furnishes
+ungrateful bipeds of the human race with milk, butter, and cheese.
+Where nature had not bestowed a sufficiency of this ornamental
+appendage, the living and the dead contributed of their
+superfluity to supply the deficiency. Our ear-locks,--_horresco
+referens_!--my ears tingle and my countenance is distorted at the
+recollection of the tortures inflicted on them by the heated
+curling-tongs and crimping-irons.
+
+"The bosoms of our shirts were ruffled with lawn or cambric, and
+ 'Our fingers' ends were seen to peep
+  From ruffles, full five inches deep.'
+Our coats were double-breasted, and of a black or priest-gray
+color. The directions were not so particular respecting our
+waistcoats, breeches,--I beg pardon,--small clothes, and
+stockings. Our shoes ran to a point at the distance of two or
+three inches from the extremity of the foot, and turned upward,
+like the curve of a skate. Our dress was ornamented with shining
+stock, knee, and shoe buckles, the last embracing at least one
+half of the foot of ordinary dimensions. If any wore boots, they
+were made to set as closely to the leg as its skin; for a handsome
+calf and ankle were esteemed as great beauties as any portion of
+the frame, or point in the physiognomy."--Vol. III. pp. 238, 239.
+
+In his late work, entitled, "Memories of Youth and Manhood,"
+Professor Sidney Willard has given an entertaining description of
+the style of dress which was in vogue at Harvard College near the
+close of the last century, in the following words:--
+
+"Except on special occasions, which required more than ordinary
+attention to dress, the students, when I was an undergraduate,
+were generally very careless in this particular. They were obliged
+by the College laws to wear coats of blue-gray; but as a
+substitute in warm weather, they were allowed to wear gowns,
+except on public occasions; and on these occasions they were
+permitted to wear black gowns. Seldom, however, did any one avail
+himself of this permission. In summer long gowns of calico or
+gingham were the covering that distinguished the collegian, not
+only about the College grounds, but in all parts of the village.
+Still worse, when the season no longer tolerated this thin outer
+garment, many adopted one much in the same shape, made of
+colorless woollen stuff called lambskin. These were worn by many
+without any under-coat in temperate weather, and in some cases for
+a length of time in which they had become sadly soiled. In other
+respects there was nothing peculiar in the common dress of the
+young men and boys of College to distinguish it from that of
+others of the same age. Breeches were generally worn, buttoned at
+the knees, and tied or buckled a little below; not so convenient a
+garment for a person dressing in haste as trousers or pantaloons.
+Often did I see a fellow-student hurrying to the Chapel to escape
+tardiness at morning prayers, with this garment unbuttoned at the
+knees, the ribbons dangling over his legs, the hose refusing to
+keep their elevation, and the calico or woollen gown wrapped about
+him, ill concealing his dishabille.
+
+"Not all at once did pantaloons gain the supremacy as the nether
+garment. About the beginning of the present century they grew
+rapidly in favor with the young; but men past middle age were more
+slow to adopt the change. Then, last, the aged very gradually were
+converted to the fashion by the plea of convenience and comfort;
+so that about the close of the first quarter of the present
+century it became almost universal. In another particular, more
+than half a century ago, the sons adopted a custom of their wiser
+fathers. The young men had for several years worn shoes and boots
+shaped in the toe part to a point, called peaked toes, while the
+aged adhered to the shape similar to the present fashion; so that
+the shoemaker, in a doubtful case, would ask his customer whether
+he would have square-toed or peaked-toed. The distinction between
+young and old in this fashion was so general, that sometimes a
+graceless youth, who had been crossed by his father or guardian in
+some of his unreasonable humors, would speak of him with the title
+of _Old Square-toes_.
+
+"Boots with yellow tops inverted, and coming up to the knee-band,
+were commonly worn by men somewhat advanced in years; but the
+younger portion more generally wore half-boots, as they were
+called, made of elastic leather, cordovan. These, when worn, left
+a space of two or three inches between the top of the boot and the
+knee-band. The great beauty of this fashion, as it was deemed by
+many, consisted in restoring the boots, which were stretched by
+drawing them on, to shape, and bringing them as nearly as possible
+into contact with the legs; and he who prided himself most on the
+form of his lower limbs would work the hardest in pressure on the
+leather from the ankle upward in order to do this most
+effectually."--Vol. I. pp. 318-320.
+
+In 1822 was passed the "Law of Harvard University, regulating the
+dress of the students." The established uniform was as follows.
+"The coat of black-mixed, single-breasted, with a rolling cape,
+square at the end, and with pocket flaps; waist reaching to the
+natural waist, with lapels of the same length; skirts reaching to
+the bend of the knee; three crow's-feet, made of black-silk cord,
+on the lower part of the sleeve of a Senior, two on that of a
+Junior, and one on that of a Sophomore. The waistcoat of
+black-mixed or of black; or when of cotton or linen fabric, of
+white, single-breasted, with a standing collar. The pantaloons of
+black-mixed or of black bombazette, or when of cotton or linen
+fabric, of white. The surtout or great coat of black-mixed, with
+not more than two capes. The buttons of the above dress must be
+flat, covered with the same cloth as that of the garments, not
+more than eight nor less than six on the front of the coat, and
+four behind. A surtout or outside garment is not to be substituted
+for the coat. But the students are permitted to wear black gowns,
+in which they may appear on all public occasions. Night-gowns, of
+cotton or linen or silk fabric, made in the usual form, or in that
+of a frock coat, may be worn, except on the Sabbath, on exhibition
+and other occasions when an undress would be improper. The
+neckcloths must be plain black or plain white."
+
+No student, while in the State of Massachusetts, was allowed,
+either in vacation or term time, to wear any different dress or
+ornament from those above named, except in case of mourning, when
+he could wear the customary badges. Although dismission was the
+punishment for persisting in the violation of these regulations,
+they do not appear to have been very well observed, and gradually,
+like the other laws of an earlier date on this subject, fell into
+disuse. The night-gowns or dressing-gowns continued to be worn at
+prayers and in public until within a few years. The black-mixed,
+otherwise called OXFORD MIXED cloth, is explained under the latter
+title.
+
+The only law which now obtains at Harvard College on the subject
+of dress is this: "On Sabbath, Exhibition, Examination, and
+Commencement days, and on all other public occasions, each
+student, in public, shall wear a black coat, with buttons of the
+same color, and a black hat or cap."--_Orders and Regulations of
+the Faculty of Harv. Coll._, July, 1853, p. 5.
+
+At one period in the history of Yale College, a passion for
+expensive dress having become manifest among the students, the
+Faculty endeavored to curb it by a direct appeal to the different
+classes. The result was the establishment of the Lycurgan Society,
+whose object was the encouragement of plainness in apparel. The
+benefits which might have resulted from this organization were
+contravened by the rashness of some of its members. The shape
+which this rashness assumed is described in a work entitled
+"Scenes and Characters in College," written by a Yale graduate of
+the class of 1821.
+
+"Some members were seized with the notion of a _distinctive
+dress_. It was strongly objected to; but the measure was carried
+by a stroke of policy. The dress proposed was somewhat like that
+of the Quakers, but less respectable,--a rustic cousin to it, or
+rather a caricature; namely, a close coatee, with stand-up collar,
+and _very_ short skirts,--_skirtees_, they might be called,--the
+color gray; pantaloons and vest the same;--making the wearer a
+monotonous gray man throughout, invisible at twilight. The
+proposers of this metamorphosis, to make it go, selected an
+individual of small and agreeable figure, and procuring a suit of
+fine material, and a good fit, placed him on a platform as a
+specimen. On _him_ it appeared very well, as a belted blouse does
+on a graceful child; and all the more so, as he was a favorite
+with the class, and lent to it the additional effect of agreeable
+association. But it is bad logic to derive a general conclusion
+from a single fact: it did not follow that the dress would be
+universally becoming because it was so on him. However, majorities
+govern; the dress was voted. The tailors were glad to hear of it,
+expecting a fine run of business.
+
+"But when a tall son of Anak appeared in the little bodice of a
+coat, stuck upon the hips; and still worse, when some very clumsy
+forms assumed the dress, and one in particular, that I remember,
+who was equally huge in person and coarse in manners, whose taste,
+or economy, or both,--the one as probably as the other,--had led
+him to the choice of an ugly pepper-and-salt, instead of the true
+Oxford mix, or whatever the standard gray was called, and whose
+tailor, or tailoress, probably a tailoress, had contrived to
+aggravate his natural disproportions by the most awkward fit
+imaginable,--then indeed you might have said that 'some of
+nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well, they
+imitated humanity so abominably.' They looked like David's
+messengers, maltreated and sent back by Hanun.[23]
+
+"The consequence was, the dress was unpopular; very few adopted
+it; and the society itself went quietly into oblivion.
+Nevertheless it had done some good; it had had a visible effect in
+checking extravagance; and had accomplished all it would have
+done, I imagine, had it continued longer.
+
+"There was a time, some three or four years previous to this, when
+a rakish fashion began to be introduced of wearing white-topped
+boots. It was a mere conceit of the wearers, such a fashion not
+existing beyond College,--except as it appeared in here and there
+an antiquated gentleman, a venerable remnant of the olden time, in
+whom the boots were matched with buckles at the knee, and a
+powdered queue. A practical satire quickly put an end to it. Some
+humorists proposed to the waiters about College to furnish them
+with such boots on condition of their wearing them. The offer was
+accepted; a lot of them was ordered at a boot-and-shoe shop, and,
+all at once, sweepers, sawyers, and the rest, appeared in
+white-topped boots. I will not repeat the profaneness of a
+Southerner when he first observed a pair of them upon a tall and
+gawky shoe-black striding across the yard. He cursed the 'negro,'
+and the boots; and, pulling off his own, flung them from him.
+After this the servants had the fashion to themselves, and could
+buy the article at any discount."--pp. 127-129.
+
+At Union College, soon after its foundation, there was enacted a
+law, "forbidding any student to appear at chapel without the
+College badge,--a piece of blue ribbon, tied in the button-hole of
+the coat."--_Account of the First Semi-Centennial Anniversary of
+the Philomathean Society, Union College_, 1847.
+
+Such laws as the above have often been passed in American
+colleges, but have generally fallen into disuse in a very few
+years, owing to the predominancy of the feeling of democratic
+equality, the tendency of which is to narrow, in as great a degree
+as possible, the intervals between different ages and conditions.
+
+See COSTUME.
+
+
+DUDLEIAN LECTURE. An anniversary sermon which is preached at
+Harvard College before the students; supported by the yearly
+interest of one hundred pounds sterling, the gift of Paul Dudley,
+from whom the lecture derives its name. The following topics were
+chosen by him as subjects for this lecture. First, for "the
+proving, explaining, and proper use and improvement of the
+principles of Natural Religion." Second, "for the confirmation,
+illustration, and improvement of the great articles of the
+Christian Religion." Third, "for the detecting, convicting, and
+exposing the idolatry, errors, and superstitions of the Romish
+Church." Fourth, "for maintaining, explaining, and proving the
+validity of the ordination of ministers or pastors of the
+churches, and so their administration of the sacraments or
+ordinances of religion, as the same hath been practised in New
+England from the first beginning of it, and so continued to this
+day."
+
+"The instrument proceeds to declare," says Quincy, "that he does
+not intend to invalidate Episcopal ordination, or that practised
+in Scotland, at Geneva, and among the Dissenters in England and in
+this country, all which 'I esteem very safe, Scriptural, and
+valid.' He directed these subjects to be discussed in rotation,
+one every year, and appointed the President of the College, the
+Professor of Divinity, the pastor of the First Church in
+Cambridge, the Senior Tutor of the College, and the pastor of the
+First Church in Roxbury, trustees of these lectures, which
+commenced in 1755, and have since been annually continued without
+intermission."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 139,
+140.
+
+
+DULCE DECUS. Latin; literally, _sweet honor_. At Williams College
+a name given by a certain class of students to the game of whist;
+the reason for which is evident. Whether Maecenas would have
+considered it an _honor_ to have had the compliment of Horace,
+ "O et praesidium et dulce decus meum,"
+transferred as a title for a game at cards, we leave for others to
+decide.
+
+
+DUMMER JUNGE,--literally, _stupid youth_,--among German students
+"is the highest and most cutting insult, since it implies a denial
+of sound, manly understanding and strength of capacity to him to
+whom it is applied."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed.,
+p. 127.
+
+
+DUN. An importunate creditor who urges for payment. A character
+not wholly unknown to collegians.
+
+  Thanks heaven, flings by his cap and gown, and shuns
+  A place made odious by remorseless _duns_.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+
+_E_.
+
+
+EGRESSES. At the older American colleges, when charges were made
+and excuses rendered in Latin, the student who had left before the
+conclusion of any of the religious services was accused of the
+misdemeanor by the proper officer, who made use of the word
+_egresses_, a kind of barbarous second person singular of some
+imaginary verb, signifying, it is supposed, "you went out."
+
+  Much absence, tardes and _egresses_,
+  The college-evil on him seizes.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+EIGHT. On the scale of merit, at Harvard College, eight is the
+highest mark which a student can receive for a recitation.
+Students speak of "_getting an eight_," which is equivalent to
+saying, that they have made a perfect recitation.
+
+  But since the Fates will not grant all _eights_,
+    Save to some disgusting fellow
+  Who'll fish and dig, I care not a fig,
+    We'll be hard boys and mellow.
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen.
+
+  Numberless the _eights_ he showers
+    Full on my devoted head.--_MS. Ibid._
+
+At the same college, when there were three exhibitions in the
+year, it was customary for the first eight scholars in the Junior
+Class to have "parts" at the first exhibition, the second eight at
+the second exhibition, and the third eight at the third
+exhibition. Eight Seniors performed with them at each of these
+three exhibitions, but they were taken promiscuously from the
+first twenty-four in their class. Although there are now but two
+exhibitions in the year, twelve performing from each of the two
+upper classes, yet the students still retain the old phraseology,
+and you will often hear the question, "Is he in the first or
+second _eight_?"
+
+  The bell for morning prayers had long been sounding!
+    She says, "What makes you look so very pale?"--
+  "I've had a dream."--"Spring to 't, or you'll be late!"--
+  "Don't care! 'T was worth a part among the _Second Eight_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 121.
+
+
+ELECTIONEERING. In many colleges in the United States, where there
+are rival societies, it is customary, on the admission of a
+student to college, for the partisans of the different societies
+to wait upon him, and endeavor to secure him as a member. An
+account of this _Society Electioneering_, as it is called, is
+given in _Sketches of Yale College_, at page 162.
+
+Society _electioneering_ has mostly gone by.--_Williams
+Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 285.
+
+
+ELEGANT EXTRACTS. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a cant
+title applied to some fifteen or twenty men who have just
+succeeded in passing their final examination, and who are
+bracketed together, at the foot of the Polloi list.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 250.
+
+
+EMERITUS, _pl._ EMERITI. Latin; literally, _obtained by service_.
+One who has been honorably discharged from public service, as, in
+colleges and universities, a _Professor Emeritus_.
+
+
+EMIGRANT. In the English universities, one who migrates, or
+removes from one college to another.
+
+At Christ's, for three years successively,... the first man was an
+_emigrant_ from John's.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 100.
+
+See MIGRATION.
+
+
+EMPTY BOTTLE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the sobriquet
+of a fellow-commoner.
+
+Indeed they [fellow-commoners] are popularly denominated "_empty
+bottles_," the first word of the appellation being an adjective,
+though were it taken as a verb there would be no untruth in
+it.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+
+ENCENIA, _pl._ Greek [Greek: enkainia], _a feast of dedication_.
+Festivals anciently kept on the days on which cities were built or
+churches consecrated; and, in later times, ceremonies renewed at
+certain periods, as at Oxford, at the celebration of founders and
+benefactors.--_Hook_.
+
+
+END WOMAN. At Bowdoin College, "end women," says a correspondent,
+"are the venerable females who officiate as chambermaids in the
+different entries." They are so called from the entries being
+placed at the _ends_ of the buildings.
+
+
+ENGAGEMENT. At Yale College, the student, on entering, signs an
+_engagement_, as it is called, in the words following: "I, A.B.,
+on condition of being admitted as a member of Yale College,
+promise, on my faith and honor, to observe all the laws and
+regulations of this College; particularly that I will faithfully
+avoid using profane language, gaming, and all indecent, disorderly
+behavior, and disrespectful conduct to the Faculty, and all
+combinations to resist their authority; as witness my hand. A.B."
+--_Yale Coll. Cat._, 1837, p. 10.
+
+Nearly the same formula is used at Williams College.
+
+
+ENGINE. At Harvard College, for many years before and succeeding
+the year 1800, a fire-engine was owned by the government, and was
+under the management of the students. In a MS. Journal, under date
+of Oct. 29, 1792, is this note: "This day I turned out to exercise
+the engine. P.M." The company were accustomed to attend all the
+fires in the neighboring towns, and were noted for their skill and
+efficiency. But they often mingled enjoyment with their labor, nor
+were they always as scrupulous as they might have been in the
+means used to advance it. In 1810, the engine having been newly
+repaired, they agreed to try its power on an old house, which was
+to be fired at a given time. By some mistake, the alarm was given
+before the house was fairly burning. Many of the town's people
+endeavored to save it, but the company, dragging the engine into a
+pond near by, threw the dirty water on them in such quantities
+that they were glad to desist from their laudable endeavors.
+
+It was about this time that the Engine Society was organized,
+before which so many pleasant poems and orations were annually
+delivered. Of these, that most noted is the "Rebelliad," which was
+spoken in the year 1819, and was first published in the year 1842.
+Of it the editor has well remarked: "It still remains the
+text-book of the jocose, and is still regarded by all, even the
+melancholy, as a most happy production of humorous taste." Its
+author was Dr. Augustus Pierce, who died at Tyngsborough, May 20,
+1849.
+
+The favorite beverage at fires was rum and molasses, commonly
+called _black-strap_, which is referred to in the following lines,
+commemorative of the engine company in its palmier days.
+
+ "But oh! let _black-strap's_ sable god deplore
+  Those _engine-heroes_ so renowned of yore!
+  Gone is that spirit, which, in ancient time,
+  Inspired more deeds than ever shone in rhyme!
+  Ye, who remember the superb array,
+  The deafening cry, the engine's 'maddening play,'
+  The broken windows, and the floating floor,
+  Wherewith those masters of hydraulic lore
+  Were wont to make us tremble as we gazed,
+  Can tell how many a false alarm was raised,
+  How many a room by their o'erflowings drenched,
+  And how few fires by their assistance quenched?"
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 235.
+
+The habit of attending fires in Boston, as it had a tendency to
+draw the attention of the students from their college duties, was
+in part the cause of the dissolution of the company. Their
+presence was always welcomed in the neighboring city, and although
+they often left their engine behind them on returning to
+Cambridge, it was usually sent out to them soon after. The company
+would often parade through the streets of Cambridge in masquerade
+dresses, headed by a chaplain, presenting a most ludicrous
+appearance. In passing through the College yard, it was the custom
+to throw water into any window that chanced to be open. Their
+fellow-students, knowing when they were to appear, usually kept
+their windows closed; but the officers were not always so
+fortunate. About the year 1822, having discharged water into the
+room of the College regent, thereby damaging a very valuable
+library of books, the government disbanded the company, and
+shortly after sold the engine to the then town of Cambridge, on
+condition that it should never be taken out of the place. A few
+years ago it was again sold to some young men of West Cambridge,
+in whose hands it still remains. One of the brakes of the engine,
+a relic of its former glory, was lately discovered in the cellar
+of one of the College buildings, and that perchance has by this
+time been used to kindle the element which it once assisted to
+extinguish.
+
+
+ESQUIRE BEDELL. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., three
+_Esquire Bedells_ are appointed, whose office is to attend the
+Vice-Chancellor, whom they precede with their silver maces upon
+all public occasions.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+At the University of Oxford, the Esquire Bedells are three in
+number. They walk before the Vice-Chancellor in processions, and
+carry golden staves as the insignia of their office.--_Guide to
+Oxford_.
+
+See BEADLE.
+
+
+EVANGELICAL. In student phrase, a religious, orthodox man, one who
+is sound in the doctrines of the Gospel, or one who is reading
+theology, is called an _Evangelical_.
+
+He was a King's College, London, man, an
+_Evangelical_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 265.
+
+It has been said by some of the _Evangelicals_, that nothing can
+be done to improve the state of morality in the Universities so
+long as the present Church system continues.--_Ibid._, p. 348.
+
+
+EXAMINATION. An inquiry into the acquisitions of the students, in
+_colleges_ and _seminaries of learning_, by questioning them in
+literature and the sciences, and by hearing their
+recitals.--_Webster_.
+
+In all colleges candidates for entrance are required to be able to
+pass an examination in certain branches of study before they can
+be admitted. The students are generally examined, in most
+colleges, at the close of each term.
+
+In the revised laws of Harvard College, printed in the year 1790,
+was one for the purpose of introducing examinations, the first
+part of which is as follows: "To animate the students in the
+pursuit of literary merit and fame, and to excite in their breasts
+a noble spirit of emulation, there shall be annually a public
+examination, in the presence of a joint committee of the
+Corporation and Overseers, and such other gentlemen as may be
+inclined to attend it." It then proceeds to enumerate the times
+and text-books for each class, and closes by stating, that,
+"should any student neglect or refuse to attend such examination,
+he shall be liable to be fined a sum not exceeding twenty
+shillings, or to be admonished or suspended." Great discontent was
+immediately evinced by the students at this regulation, and as it
+was not with this understanding that they entered college, they
+considered it as an _ex post facto_ law, and therefore not binding
+upon them. With these views, in the year 1791, the Senior and
+Junior Classes petitioned for exemption from the examination, but
+their application was rejected by the Overseers. When this was
+declared, some of the students determined to stop the exercises
+for that year, if possible. For this purpose they obtained six
+hundred grains of tartar emetic, and early on the morning of April
+12th, the day on which the examination was to begin, emptied it
+into the great cooking boilers in the kitchen. At breakfast, 150
+or more students and officers being present, the coffee was
+brought on, made with the water from the boilers. Its effects were
+soon visible. One after another left the hall, some in a slow,
+others in a hurried manner, but all plainly showing that their
+situation was by no means a pleasant one. Out of the whole number
+there assembled, only four or five escaped without being made
+unwell. Those who put the drug in the coffee had drank the most,
+in order to escape detection, and were consequently the most
+severely affected. Unluckily, one of them was seen putting
+something into the boilers, and the names of the others were soon
+after discovered. Their punishment is stated in the following
+memoranda from a manuscript journal.
+
+"Exhibition, 1791. April 20th. This morning Trapier was rusticated
+and Sullivan suspended to Groton for nine months, for mingling
+tartar emetic with our commons on ye morning of April 12th."
+
+"May 21st. Ely was suspended to Amherst for five months, for
+assisting Sullivan and Trapier in mingling tartar emetic with our
+commons."
+
+Another student, who threw a stone into the examination-room,
+which struck the chair in which Governor Hancock sat, was more
+severely punished. The circumstance is mentioned in the manuscript
+referred to above as follows:--
+
+"April 14th, 1791. Henry W. Jones of H---- was expelled from
+College upon evidence of a little boy that he sent a stone into ye
+Philosopher's room while a committee of ye Corporation and
+Overseers, and all ye Immediate Government, were engaged in
+examination of ye Freshman Class."
+
+Although the examination was delayed for a day or two on account
+of these occurrences, it was again renewed and carried on during
+that year, although many attempts were made to stop it. For
+several years after, whenever these periods occurred, disturbances
+came with them, and it was not until the year 1797 that the
+differences between the officers and the students were
+satisfactorily adjusted, and examinations established on a sure
+basis.
+
+
+EXAMINE. To inquire into the improvements or qualifications of
+students, by interrogatories, proposing problems, or by hearing
+their recitals; as, to _examine_ the classes in college; to
+_examine_ the candidates for a degree, or for a license to preach
+or to practise in a profession.--_Webster_.
+
+
+EXAMINEE. One who is examined; one who undergoes at examination.
+
+What loads of cold beef and lobster vanish before the _examinees_.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 72.
+
+
+EXAMINER. One who examines. In colleges and seminaries of
+learning, the person who interrogates the students, proposes
+questions for them to answer, and problems to solve.
+
+Coming forward with assumed carelessness, he threw towards us the
+formal reply of his _examiners_.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 9.
+
+
+EXEAT. Latin; literally, _let him depart_. Leave of absence given
+to a student in the English universities.--_Webster_.
+
+The students who wish to go home apply for an "_Exeat_," which is
+a paper signed by the Tutor, Master, and Dean.--_Alma Mater_, Vol.
+I. p. 162.
+
+[At King's College], _exeats_, or permission to go down during
+term, were never granted but in cases of life and
+death.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 140.
+
+
+EXERCISE. A task or lesson; that which is appointed for one to
+perform. In colleges, all the literary duties are called
+_exercises_.
+
+It may be inquired, whether a great part of the _exercises_ be not
+at best but serious follies.--_Cotton Mather's Suggestions_, in
+_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 558.
+
+In the English universities, certain exercises, as acts,
+opponencies, &c., are required to be performed for particular
+degrees.
+
+
+EXHIBIT. To take part in an exhibition; to speak in public at an
+exhibition or commencement.
+
+No student who shall receive any appointment to _exhibit_ before
+the class, the College, or the public, shall give any treat or
+entertainment to his class, or any part thereof, for or on account
+of those appointments.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 29.
+
+If any student shall fail to perform the exercise assigned him, or
+shall _exhibit_ anything not allowed by the Faculty, he may be
+sent home.--_Ibid._, 1837, p. 16.
+
+2. To provide for poor students by an exhibition. (See EXHIBITION,
+second meaning.) An instance of this use is given in the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, where one Antony Wood says of Bishop Longland, "He
+was a special friend to the University, in maintaining its
+privileges and in _exhibiting_ to the wants of certain scholars."
+In Mr. Peirce's History of Harvard University occurs this passage,
+in an account of the will of the Hon. William Stoughton: "He
+bequeathed a pasture in Dorchester, containing twenty-three acres
+and four acres of marsh, 'the income of both to be _exhibited_, in
+the first place, to a scholar of the town of Dorchester, and if
+there be none such, to one of the town of Milton, and in want of
+such, then to any other well deserving that shall be most needy.'"
+--p. 77.
+
+
+EXHIBITION. In colleges, a public literary and oratorical display.
+The exercises at _exhibitions_ are original compositions, prose
+translations from the English into Greek and Latin, and from other
+languages into the English, metrical versions, dialogues, &c.
+
+At Harvard College, in the year 1760, it was voted, "that twice in
+a year, in the spring and fall, each class should recite to their
+Tutors, in the presence of the President, Professors, and Tutors,
+in the several books in which they are reciting to their
+respective Tutors, and that publicly in the College Hall or
+Chapel." The next year, the Overseers being informed "that the
+students are not required to translate English into Latin nor
+Latin into English," their committee "thought it would be
+convenient that specimens of such translations and other
+performances in classical and polite literature should be from
+time to time laid before" their board. A vote passed the Board of
+Overseers recommending to the Corporation a conformity to these
+suggestions; but it was not until the year 1766 that a law was
+formally enacted in both boards, "that twice in the year, viz. at
+the semiannual visitation of the committee of the Overseers, some
+of the scholars, at the direction of the President and Tutors,
+shall publicly exhibit specimens of their proficiency, by
+pronouncing orations and delivering dialogues, either in English
+or in one of the learned languages, or hearing a forensic
+disputation, or such other exercises as the President and Tutors
+shall direct."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp.
+128-132.
+
+A few years after this, two more exhibitions were added, and were
+so arranged as to fall one in each quarter of the College year.
+The last year in which there were four exhibitions was 1789. After
+this time there were three exhibitions during the year until 1849,
+when one was omitted, since which time the original plan has been
+adopted.
+
+In the journal of a member of the class which graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1793, under the date of December 23d, 1789,
+Exhibition, is the following memorandum: "Music was intermingled
+with elocution, which (we read) has charms to soothe even a savage
+breast." Again, on a similar occasion, April 13th, 1790, an
+account of the exercises of the day closes with this note: "Tender
+music being interspersed to enliven the audience." Vocal music was
+sometimes introduced. In the same Journal, date October 1st, 1790,
+Exhibition, the writer says: "The performances were enlivened with
+an excellent piece of music, sung by Harvard Singing Club,
+accompanied with a band of music." From this time to the present
+day, music, either vocal or instrumental, has formed a very
+entertaining part of the Exhibition performances.[24]
+
+The exercises for exhibitions are assigned by the Faculty to
+meritorious students, usually of the two higher classes. The
+exhibitions are held under the direction of the President, and a
+refusal to perform the part assigned is regarded as a high
+offence.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 19. _Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1837, p. 16.
+
+2. Allowance of meat and drink; pension; benefaction settled for
+the maintenance of scholars in the English Universities, not
+depending on the foundation.--_Encyc._
+
+  What maintenance he from his friends receives,
+  Like _exhibition_ thou shalt have from me.
+    _Two Gent. Verona_, Act. I. Sc. 3.
+
+This word was formerly used in American colleges.
+
+I order and appoint ... ten pounds a year for one _exhibition_, to
+assist one pious young man.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I.
+p. 530.
+
+As to the extending the time of his _exhibitions_, we agree to it.
+--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 532.
+
+In the yearly "Statement of the Treasurer" of Harvard College, the
+word is still retained.
+
+"A _school exhibition_," says a writer in the Literary World, with
+reference to England, "is a stipend given to the head boys of a
+school, conditional on their proceeding to some particular college
+in one of the universities."--Vol. XII. p. 285.
+
+
+EXHIBITIONER. One who has a pension or allowance, granted for the
+encouragement of learning; one who enjoys an exhibition. Used
+principally in the English universities.
+
+2. One who performs a part at an exhibition in American colleges
+is sometimes called an _exhibitioner_.
+
+
+EXPEL. In college government, to command to leave; to dissolve the
+connection of a student; to interdict him from further connection.
+--_Webster_.
+
+
+EXPULSION. In college government, expulsion is the highest
+censure, and is a final separation from the college or university.
+--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+In the Diary of Mr. Leverett, who was President of Harvard College
+from 1707 to 1724, is an account of the manner in which the
+punishment of expulsion was then inflicted. It is as follows:--"In
+the College Hall the President, after morning prayers, the
+Fellows, Masters of Art, and the several classes of Undergraduates
+being present, after a full opening of the crimes of the
+delinquents, a pathetic admonition of them, and solemn obtestation
+and caution to the scholars, pronounced the sentence of expulsion,
+ordered their names to be rent off the tables, and them to depart
+the Hall."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 442.
+
+In England, "an expelled man," says Bristed, "is shut out from the
+learned professions, as well as from all Colleges at either
+University."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 131.
+
+
+
+_F_.
+
+
+FACILITIES. The means by which the performance of anything is
+rendered easy.--_Webster_.
+
+Among students, a general name for what are technically called
+_ponies_ or translations.
+
+All such subsidiary helps in learning lessons, he classed ...
+under the opprobrious name of "_facilities_," and never scrupled
+to seize them as contraband goods.--_Memorial of John S. Popkin,
+D.D._, p. lxxvii.
+
+
+FACULTY. In colleges, the masters and professors of the several
+sciences.--_Johnson_.
+
+In America, the _faculty_ of a college or university consists of
+the president, professors, and tutors.--_Webster_.
+
+The duties of the faculty are very extended. They have the general
+control and direction of the studies pursued in the college. They
+have cognizance of all offences committed by undergraduates, and
+it is their special duty to enforce the observance of all the laws
+and regulations for maintaining discipline, and promoting good
+order, virtue, piety, and good learning in the institution with
+which they are connected. The faculty hold meetings to communicate
+and compare their opinions and information, respecting the conduct
+and character of the students and the state of the college; to
+decide upon the petitions or requests which may be offered them by
+the members of college, and to consider and suggest such measures
+as may tend to the advancement of learning, and the improvement of
+the college. This assembly is called a _Faculty-meeting_, a word
+very often in the mouths of students.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+2. One of the members or departments of a university.
+
+"In the origin of the University of Paris," says Brande, "the
+seven liberal arts (grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic,
+geometry, astronomy, and music) seem to have been the subjects of
+academic instruction. These constituted what was afterwards
+designated the Faculty of Arts. Three other faculties--those of
+divinity, law, and medicine--were subsequently added. In all these
+four, lectures were given, and degrees conferred by the
+University. The four Faculties were transplanted to Oxford and
+Cambridge, where they are still retained; although, in point of
+fact, the faculty of arts is the only one in which substantial
+instruction is communicated in the academical course."--_Brande's
+Dict._, Art. FACULTY.
+
+In some American colleges, these four departments are established,
+and sometimes a fifth, the Scientific, is added.
+
+
+FAG. Scotch, _faik_, to fail, to languish. Ancient Swedish,
+_wik-a_, cedere. To drudge; to labor to weariness; to become
+weary.
+
+2. To study hard; to persevere in study.
+
+  Place me 'midst every toil and care,
+  A hapless undergraduate still,
+  To _fag_ at mathematics dire, &c.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 8.
+
+Dee, the famous mathematician, appears to have _fagged_ as
+intensely as any man at Cambridge. For three years, he declares,
+he only slept four hours a night, and allowed two hours for
+refreshment. The remaining eighteen hours were spent in
+study.--_Ibid._, p. 48.
+
+  How did ye toil, and _fagg_, and fume, and fret,
+    And--what the bashful muse would blush to say.
+    But, now, your painful tremors are all o'er,
+      Cloath'd in the glories of a full-sleev'd gown,
+      Ye strut majestically up and down,
+    And now ye _fagg_, and now ye fear, no more!
+    _Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 20.
+
+
+FAG. A laborious drudge; a drudge for another. In colleges and
+schools, this term is applied to a boy of a lower form who is
+forced to do menial services for another boy of a higher form or
+class.
+
+But who are those three by-standers, that have such an air of
+submission and awe in their countenances? They are
+_fags_,--Freshmen, poor fellows, called out of their beds, and
+shivering with fear in the apprehension of missing morning
+prayers, to wait upon their lords the Sophomores in their midnight
+revellings.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. II. p. 106.
+
+  His _fag_ he had well-nigh killed by a blow.
+    _Wallenstein in Bohn's Stand. Lib._, p. 155.
+
+A sixth-form schoolboy is not a little astonished to find his
+_fags_ becoming his masters.--_Lond. Quar. Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol.
+LXXIII, p. 53.
+
+Under the title FRESHMAN SERVITUDE will be found as account of the
+manner in which members of that class were formerly treated in the
+older American colleges.
+
+2. A diligent student, i.e. a _dig_.
+
+
+FAG. Time spent in, or period of, studying.
+
+The afternoon's _fag_ is a pretty considerable one, lasting from
+three till dark.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 248.
+
+After another _hard fag_ of a week or two, a land excursion would
+be proposed.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 56.
+
+
+FAGGING. Laborious drudgery; the acting as a drudge for another at
+a college or school.
+
+2. Studying hard, equivalent to _digging, grubbing, &c._
+
+  Thrice happy ye, through toil and dangers past,
+    Who rest upon that peaceful shore,
+    Where all your _fagging_ is no more,
+  And gain the long-expected port at last.
+    _Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+To _fagging_ I set to, therefore, with as keen a relish as ever
+alderman sat down to turtle.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 123.
+
+See what I pay for liberty to leave school early, and to figure in
+every ball-room in the country, and see the world, instead of
+_fagging_ at college.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 307.
+
+
+FAIR HARVARD. At the celebration of the era of the second century
+from the origin of Harvard College, which was held at Cambridge,
+September 8th, 1836, the following Ode, written by the Rev. Samuel
+Gilman, D.D., of Charleston, S.C., was sung to the air, "Believe
+me, if all those endearing young charms."
+
+ "FAIR HARVARD! thy sons to thy Jubilee throng,
+    And with blessings surrender thee o'er,
+  By these festival-rites, from the Age that is past,
+    To the Age that is waiting before.
+  O Relic and Type of our ancestors' worth,
+    That hast long kept their memory warm!
+  First flower of their wilderness! Star of their night,
+    Calm rising through change and through storm!
+
+ "To thy bowers we were led in the bloom of our youth,
+    From the home of our free-roving years,
+  When our fathers had warned, and our mothers had prayed,
+    And our sisters had blest, through their tears.
+  _Thou_ then wert our parent,--the nurse of our souls,--
+    We were moulded to manhood by thee,
+  Till, freighted with treasure-thoughts, friendships, and hopes,
+    Thou didst launch us on Destiny's sea.
+
+ "When, as pilgrims, we come to revisit thy halls,
+    To what kindlings the season gives birth!
+  Thy shades are more soothing, thy sunlight more dear,
+    Than descend on less privileged earth:
+  For the Good and the Great, in their beautiful prime,
+    Through thy precincts have musingly trod,
+  As they girded their spirits, or deepened the streams
+    That make glad the fair City of God.
+
+ "Farewell! be thy destinies onward and bright!
+    To thy children the lesson still give,
+  With freedom to think, and with patience to bear,
+    And for right ever bravely to live.
+  Let not moss-covered Error moor _thee_ at its side,
+    As the world on Truth's current glides by;
+  Be the herald of Light, and the bearer of Love,
+    Till the stock of the Puritans die."
+
+Since the occasion on which this ode was sung, it has been the
+practice with the odists of Class Day at Harvard College to write
+the farewell class song to the tune of "Fair Harvard," the name by
+which the Irish air "Believe me" has been adopted. The deep pathos
+of this melody renders it peculiarly appropriate to the
+circumstances with which it has been so happily connected, and
+from which it is to be hoped it may never be severed.
+
+See CLASS DAY.
+
+
+FAIR LICK. In the game of football, when the ball is fairly caught
+or kicked beyond the bounds, the cry usually heard, is _Fair lick!
+Fair lick!_
+
+  "_Fair lick_!" he cried, and raised his dreadful foot,
+  Armed at all points with the ancestral boot.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 22.
+
+See FOOTBALL.
+
+
+FANTASTICS. At Princeton College, an exhibition on Commencement
+evening, of a number of students on horseback, fantastically
+dressed in masks, &c.
+
+
+FAST. An epithet of one who is showy in dress, expensive or
+apparently so in his mode of living, and inclined to spree.
+Formerly used exclusively among students; now of more general
+application.
+
+Speaking of the student signification of the word, Bristed
+remarks: "A _fast man_ is not necessarily (like the London fast
+man) a _rowing_ man, though the two attributes are often combined
+in the same person; he is one who dresses flashily, talks big, and
+spends, or affects to spend, money very freely."--_Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 23.
+
+  The _Fast_ Man comes, with reeling tread,
+  Cigar in mouth, and swimming head.
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton.
+
+
+FAT. At Princeton College, a letter with money or a draft is thus
+denominated.
+
+
+FATHER or PRAELECTOR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., one of
+the fellows of a college, who attends all the examinations for the
+Bachelor's degree, to see that justice is done to the candidates
+from his own college, who are at that time called his
+_sons_.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+The _Fathers_ of the respective colleges, zealous for the credit
+of the societies of which they are the guardians, are incessantly
+employed in examining those students who appear most likely to
+contest the palm of glory with their _sons_.--_Gent. Mag._, 1773,
+p. 435.
+
+
+FEBRUARY TWENTY-SECOND. At Shelby, Centre, and Bacon Colleges, in
+Kentucky, it is customary to select the best orators and speakers
+from the different literary societies to deliver addresses on the
+twenty-second of February, in commemoration of the birthday of
+Washington. At Bethany College, in Virginia, this day is observed
+in a similar manner.
+
+
+FEEZE. Usually spelled PHEEZE, q.v.
+
+Under FLOP, another, but probably a wrong or obsolete,
+signification is given.
+
+
+FELLOW. A member of a corporation; a trustee. In the English
+universities, a residence at the college, engagement in
+instruction, and receiving therefor a stipend, are essential
+requisites to the character of a _fellow_. In American colleges,
+it is not necessary that a _fellow_ should be a resident, a
+stipendiary, or an instructor. In most cases the greater number of
+the _Fellows of the Corporation_ are non-residents, and have no
+part in the instruction at the college.
+
+With reference to the University of Cambridge, Eng., Bristed
+remarks: "The Fellows, who form the general body from which the
+other college officers are chosen, consist of those four or five
+Bachelor Scholars in each year who pass the best examination in
+classics, mathematics, and metaphysics. This examination being a
+severe one, and only the last of many trials which they have gone
+through, the inference is allowable that they are the most learned
+of the College graduates. They have a handsome income, whether
+resident or not; but if resident, enjoy the additional advantages
+of a well-spread table for nothing, and good rooms at a very low
+price. The only conditions of retaining their Fellowships are,
+that they take orders after a certain time and remain unmarried.
+Of those who do not fill college offices, some occupy themselves
+with private pupils; others, who have property of their own,
+prefer to live a life of literary leisure, like some of their
+predecessors, the monks of old. The eight oldest Fellows at any
+time in residence, together with the Master, have the government
+of the college vested in them."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 16.
+
+For some remarks on the word Fellow, see under the title COLLEGE.
+
+
+FELLOW-COMMONER. In the University of Cambridge, England,
+_Fellow-Commoners_ are generally the younger sons of the nobility,
+or young men of fortune, and have the privilege of dining at the
+Fellows' table, whence the appellation originated.
+
+"Fellow-Commoners," says Bristed, "are 'young men of fortune,' as
+the _Cambridge Calendar_ and _Cambridge Guide_ have it, who, in
+consideration of their paying twice as much for everything as
+anybody else, are allowed the privilege of sitting at the Fellows'
+table in hall, and in their seats at chapel; of wearing a gown
+with gold or silver lace, and a velvet cap with a metallic tassel;
+of having the first choice of rooms; and as is generally believed,
+and believed not without reason, of getting off with a less number
+of chapels per week. Among them are included the Honorables _not_
+eldest sons,--only these wear a hat instead of the velvet cap, and
+are thence popularly known as _Hat_ Fellow-Commoners."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 13.
+
+A _Fellow-Commoner_ at Cambridge is equivalent to an Oxford
+_Gentleman-Commoner_, and is in all respects similar to what in
+private schools and seminaries is called a _parlor boarder_. A
+fuller account of this, the first rank at the University, will be
+found in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 20, and in the Gradus
+ad Cantabrigiam, p. 50.
+
+"Fellow-Commoners have been nicknamed '_Empty Bottles_'! They have
+been called, likewise, 'Useless Members'! 'The licensed Sons of
+Ignorance.'"--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+The Fellow-Commoners, alias _empty bottles_, (not so called
+because they've let out anything during the examination,) are then
+presented.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 101.
+
+In the old laws of Harvard College we find the following: "None
+shall be admitted a _Fellow-Commoner_ unless he first pay thirteen
+pounds six and eight pence to the college. And every
+_Fellow-Commoner_ shall pay double tuition money. They shall have
+the privilege of dining and supping with the Fellows at their
+table in the hall; they shall be excused from going on errands,
+and shall have the title of Masters, and have the privilege of
+wearing their hats as the Masters do; but shall attend all duties
+and exercises with the rest of their class, and be alike subject
+to the laws and government of the College," &c. The Hon. Paine
+Wingate, a graduate of the class of 1759, says in reference to
+this subject: "I never heard anything about _Fellow-Commoners_ in
+college excepting in this paragraph. I am satisfied there has been
+no such description of scholars at Cambridge since I have known
+anything about the place."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Coll._, p. 314.
+
+In the Appendix to "A Sketch of the History of Harvard College,"
+by Samuel A. Eliot, is a memorandum, in the list of donations to
+that institution, under the date 1683, to this effect. "Mr. Joseph
+Brown, Mr. Edward Page, Mr. Francis Wainwright,
+_fellow-commoners_, gave each a silver goblet." Mr. Wainwright
+graduated in 1686. The other two do not appear to have received a
+degree. All things considered, it is probable that this order,
+although introduced from the University of Cambridge, England,
+into Harvard College, received but few members, on account of the
+evil influence which such distinctions usually exert.
+
+
+FELLOW OF THE HOUSE. See under HOUSE.
+
+
+FELLOW, RESIDENT. At Harvard College, the tutors were formerly
+called _resident fellows_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I.
+p. 278.
+
+The _resident fellows_ were tutors to the classes, and instructed
+them in Hebrew, "and led them through all the liberal arts before
+the four years were expired."--_Harv. Reg._, p. 249.
+
+
+FELLOWSHIP. An establishment in colleges, for the maintenance of a
+fellow.--_Webster_.
+
+In Harvard College, tutors were formerly called Fellows of the
+House or College, and their office, _fellowships_. In this sense
+that word is used in the following passage.
+
+Joseph Stevens was chosen "Fellow of the College, or House," and
+as such was approved by that board [the Corporation], in the
+language of the records, "to supply a vacancy in one of the
+_Fellowships_ of the House."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol.
+I. p. 279.
+
+
+FELLOWS' ORCHARD. See TUTORS' PASTURE.
+
+
+FEMUR. Latin; _a thigh-bone_. At Yale College, a _femur_ was
+formerly the badge of a medical bully.
+
+  When hand in hand all joined in band,
+    With clubs, umbrellas, _femurs_,
+  Declaring death and broken teeth
+    'Gainst blacksmiths, cobblers, seamers.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 14.
+
+ "One hundred valiant warriors, who
+    (My Captain bid me say)
+  Three _femurs_ wield, with one to fight,
+    With two to run away,
+
+ "Wait in Scull Castle, to receive,
+    With open gates, your men;
+  Their right arms nerved, their _femurs_ clenched,
+    Safe to protect ye then!"--_Ibid._, p. 23.
+
+
+FERG. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become less
+angry, ardent; to cool. A correspondent from the University of
+Vermont, where this word is used, says: "If a man gets angry, we
+'let him _ferg_,' and he feels better."
+
+
+FESS. Probably abbreviated for CONFESS. In some of the Southern
+Colleges, to fail in reciting; to silently request the teacher not
+to put farther queries.
+
+This word is in use among the cadets at West Point, with the same
+meaning.
+
+  And when you and I, and Benny, and General Jackson too,
+    Are brought before a final board our course of life to view,
+  May we never "_fess_" on any "point," but then be told to go
+    To join the army of the blest, with Benny Havens, O!
+    _Song, Benny Havens, O!_
+
+
+FINES. In many of the colleges in the United States it was
+formerly customary to impose fines upon the students as a
+punishment for non-compliance with the laws. The practice is now
+very generally abolished.
+
+About the middle of the eighteenth century, the custom of
+punishing by pecuniary mulets began, at Harvard College, to be
+considered objectionable. "Although," says Quincy, "little
+regarded by the students, they were very annoying to their
+parents." A list of the fines which were imposed on students at
+that period presents a curious aggregate of offences and
+punishments.
+
+                                                         L  s. d.
+Absence from prayers,                                    0  0  2
+Tardiness at prayers,                                    0  0  1
+Absence from Professor's public lecture,                 0  0  4
+Tardiness at            do.                              0  0  2
+Profanation of Lord's day, not exceeding                 0  3  0
+Absence from public worship,                             0  0  9
+Tardiness at      do.                                    0  0  3
+Ill behavior at   do.      not exceeding                 0  1  6
+Going to meeting before bell-ringing,                    0  0  6
+Neglecting to repeat the sermon,                         0  0  9
+Irreverent behavior at prayers, or public divinity
+    lectures,                                            0  1  6
+Absence from chambers, &c., not exceeding                0  0  6
+Not declaiming, not exceeding                            0  1  6
+Not giving up a declamation, not exceeding               0  1  6
+Absence from recitation, not exceeding                   0  1  6
+Neglecting analyzing, not exceeding                      0  3  0
+Bachelors neglecting disputations, not exceeding         0  1  6
+Respondents neglecting do. from 1s. 6d. to               0  3  0
+Undergraduates out of town without leave, not exceeding  0  2  6
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town without leave, not
+    exceeding _per diem_,                                0  1  3
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town one week without
+    leave, not exceeding                                 0 10  0
+Undergraduates tarrying out of town one month without
+    leave, not exceeding                                 2 10  0
+Lodging strangers without leave, not exceeding           0  1  6
+Entertaining persons of ill character, not exceeding     0  1  6
+Going out of College without proper garb, not exceeding  0  0  6
+Frequenting taverns, not exceeding                       0  1  6
+Profane cursing, not exceeding                           0  2  6
+Graduates playing cards, not exceeding                   0  5  0
+Undergraduates playing cards, not exceeding              0  2  6
+Undergraduates playing any game for money, not exceeding 0  1  6
+Selling and exchanging without leave, not exceeding      0  1  6
+Lying, not exceeding                                     0  1  6
+Opening door by pick-locks, not exceeding                0  5  0
+Drunkenness, not exceeding                               0  1  6
+Liquors prohibited under penalty, not exceeding          0  1  6
+Second offence, not exceeding                            0  3  0
+Keeping prohibited liquors, not exceeding                0  1  6
+Sending for      do.                                     0  0  6
+Fetching         do.                                     0  1  6
+Going upon the top of the College,                       0  1  6
+Cutting off the lead,                                    0  1  6
+Concealing the transgression of the 19th Law,[25]        0  1  6
+Tumultuous noises,                                       0  1  6
+Second offence,                                          0  3  0
+Refusing to give evidence,                               0  3  0
+Rudeness at meals,                                       0  1  0
+Butler and cook to keep utensils clean, not
+    exceeding                                            0  5  0
+Not lodging at their chambers, not exceeding             0  1  6
+Sending Freshmen in studying time,                       0  0  9
+Keeping guns, and going on skating,                      0  1  0
+Firing guns or pistols in College yard,                  0  2  6
+Fighting or hurting any person, not exceeding            0  1  6
+
+In 1761, a committee, of which Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson was
+a member, was appointed to consider of some other method of
+punishing offenders. Although they did not altogether abolish
+mulets, yet "they proposed that, in lieu of an increase of mulcts,
+absences without justifiable cause from any exercise of the
+College should subject the delinquent to warning, private
+admonition, exhortation to duty, and public admonition, with a
+notification to parents; when recitations had been omitted,
+performance of them should be exacted at some other time; and, by
+way of punishment for disorders, confinement, and the performance
+of exercises during its continuance, should be
+enjoined."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 135, 136.
+
+By the laws of 1798, fines not exceeding one dollar were imposed
+by a Professor or Tutor, or the Librarian; not exceeding two
+dollars, by the President; all above two dollars, by the
+President, Professors, and Tutors, at a meeting.
+
+Upon this subject, with reference to Harvard College, Professor
+Sidney Willard remarks: "For a long period fines constituted the
+punishment of undergraduates for negligence in attendance at the
+exercises and in the performance of the lessons assigned to them.
+A fine was the lowest degree in the gradation of punishment. This
+mode of punishment or disapprobation was liable to objections, as
+a tax on the father rather than a rebuke of the son, (except it
+might be, in some cases, for the indirect moral influence produced
+upon the latter, operating on his filial feeling,) and as a
+mercenary exaction, since the money went into the treasury of the
+College. It was a good day for the College when this punishment
+through the purse was abandoned as a part of the system of
+punishments; which, not confined to neglect of study, had been
+extended also to a variety of misdemeanors more or less aggravated
+and aggravating."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. p.
+304.
+
+"Of fines," says President Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse
+relating to Yale College, "the laws are full, and other documents
+show that the laws did not sleep. Thus there was in 1748 a fine of
+a penny for the absence of an undergraduate from prayers, and of a
+half-penny for tardiness or coming in after the introductory
+collect; of fourpence for absence from public worship; of from two
+to six pence for absence from one's chamber during the time of
+study; of one shilling for picking open a lock the first time, and
+two shillings the second; of two and sixpence for playing at cards
+or dice, or for bringing strong liquor into College; of one
+shilling for doing damage to the College, or jumping out of the
+windows,--and so in many other cases.
+
+"In the year 1759, a somewhat unfair pamphlet was written, which
+gave occasion to several others in quick succession, wherein,
+amidst other complaints of President Clap's administration,
+mention is made of the large amount of fines imposed upon
+students. The author, after mentioning that in three years' time
+over one hundred and seventy-two pounds of lawful money was
+collected in this way, goes on to add, that 'such an exorbitant
+collection by fines tempts one to suspect that they have got
+together a most disorderly set of young men training up for the
+service of the churches, or that they are governed and corrected
+chiefly by pecuniary punishments;--that almost all sins in that
+society are purged and atoned for by money.' He adds, with
+justice, that these fines do not fall on the persons of the
+offenders,--most of the students being minors,--but upon their
+parents; and that the practice takes place chiefly where there is
+the least prospect of working a reformation, since the thoughtless
+and extravagant, being the principal offenders against College
+law, would not lay it to heart if their frolics should cost them a
+little more by way of fine. He further expresses his opinion, that
+this way of punishing the children of the College has but little
+tendency to better their hearts and reform their manners; that
+pecuniary impositions act only by touching the shame or
+covetousness or necessities of those upon whom they are levied;
+and that fines had ceased to become dishonorable at College, while
+to appeal to the love of money was expelling one devil by another,
+and to restrain the necessitous by fear of fine would be extremely
+cruel and unequal. These and other considerations are very
+properly urged, and the same feeling is manifested in the laws by
+the gradual abolition of nearly all pecuniary mulcts. The
+practice, it ought to be added, was by no means peculiar to Yale
+College, but was transferred, even in a milder form, from the
+colleges of England."--pp. 47, 48.
+
+In connection with this subject, it may not be inappropriate to
+mention the following occurrence, which is said to have taken
+place at Harvard College.
+
+Dr. ----, _in propria persona_, called upon a Southern student one
+morning in the recitation-room to define logic. The question was
+something in this form. "Mr. ----, what is logic?" Ans. "Logic,
+Sir, is the art of reasoning." "Ay; but I wish you to give the
+definition in the exact words of the _learned author_." "O, Sir,
+he gives a very long, intricate, confused definition, with which I
+did not think proper to burden my memory." "Are you aware who the
+learned author is?" "O, yes! your honor, Sir." "Well, then, I fine
+you one dollar for disrespect." Taking out a two-dollar note, the
+student said, with the utmost _sang froid_, "If you will change
+this, I will pay you on the spot." "I fine you another dollar,"
+said the Professor, emphatically, "for repeated disrespect." "Then
+'tis just the change, Sir," said the student, coolly.
+
+
+FIRST-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, England, the title
+of _First-Year Men_, or _Freshmen_, is given to students during
+the first year of their residence at the University.
+
+
+FISH. At Harvard College, to seek or gain the good-will of an
+instructor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious
+civilities; to curry favor. The German word _fischen_ has a
+secondary meaning, to get by cunning, which is similar to the
+English word _fish_. Students speak of fishing for parts,
+appointments, ranks, marks, &c.
+
+  I give to those that _fish for parts_,
+  Long, sleepless nights, and aching hearts,
+  A little soul, a fawning spirit,
+  With half a grain of plodding merit,
+  Which is, as Heaven I hope will say,
+  Giving what's not my own away.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss, in Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+  Who would let a Tutor knave
+  Screw him like a Guinea slave!
+  Who would _fish_ a fine to save!
+    Let him turn and flee.--_Rebelliad_, p. 35.
+
+  Did I not promise those who _fished_
+  And pimped most, any part they wished?--_Ibid._, p. 33.
+
+  'T is all well here; though 't were a grand mistake
+  To write so, should one "_fish_" for a "forty-eight!"
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 33.
+
+  Still achieving, still intriguing,
+  Learn to labor and to _fish_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849.
+
+The following passage explains more clearly, perhaps, the meaning
+of this word. "Any attempt to raise your standing by ingratiating
+yourself with the instructors, will not only be useless, but
+dishonorable. Of course, in your intercourse with the Professors
+and Tutors, you will not be wanting in that respect and courtesy
+which is due to them, both as your superiors and as
+gentlemen."--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 79.
+
+Washington Allston, who graduated at Harvard College in the year
+1800, left a painting of a fishing scene, to be transmitted from
+class to class. It was in existence in the year 1828, but has
+disappeared of late.
+
+
+FISH, FISHER. One who attempts to ingratiate himself with his
+instructor, thereby to obtain favor or advantage; one who curries
+favor.
+
+You besought me to respect my teachers, and to be attentive to my
+studies, though it shall procure me the odious title of a
+"_fisher_."--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston, 1804, Vol. I. p. 153.
+
+
+FISHING. The act performed by a _fisher_. The full force of this
+word is set forth in a letter from Dr. Popkin, a Professor at
+Harvard College, to his brother William, dated Boston, October
+17th, 1800.
+
+"I am sensible that the good conduct which I have advised you, and
+which, I doubt not, you are inclined to preserve, may expose you
+to the opprobrious epithet, _fishing_. You undoubtedly understand,
+by this time, the meaning of that frightful term, which has done
+more damage in college than all the bad wine, and roasted pigs,
+that have ever fired the frenzy of Genius! The meaning of it, in
+short, is nothing less than this, that every one who acts as a
+reasonable being in the various relations and duties of a scholar
+is using the basest means to ingratiate himself with the
+government, and seeking by mean compliances to purchase their
+honors and favors. At least, I thought this to be true when I was
+in the government. If times and manners are altered, I am heartily
+glad of it; but it will not injure you to hear the tales of former
+times. If a scholar appeared to perform his exercises to his best
+ability, if there were not a marked contempt and indifference in
+his manner, I would hear the whisper run round the class,
+_fishing_. If one appeared firm enough to perform an unpopular
+duty, or showed common civility to his instructors, who certainly
+wished him well, he was _fishing_. If he refused to join in some
+general disorder, he was insulted with _fishing_. If he did not
+appear to despise the esteem and approbation of his instructors,
+and to disclaim all the rewards of diligence and virtue, he was
+suspected of _fishing_. The fear of this suspicion or imputation
+has, I believe, perverted many minds which, from good and
+honorable motives, were better disposed."--_Memorial of John S.
+Popkin, D.D._, pp. xxvi., xxvii.
+
+  To those who've parts at exhibition,
+  Obtained by long, unwearied _fishing_,
+  I say, to such unlucky wretches,
+  I give, for wear, a brace of breeches.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss, in Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+  And, since his _fishing_ on the land was vain,
+  To try his luck upon the azure main.--_Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+Whenever I needed advice or assistance, I did not hesitate,
+through any fear of the charge of what, in the College cant, was
+called "_fishing_," to ask it of Dr. Popkin.--_Memorial of John S.
+Popkin, D.D._, p. ix.
+
+At Dartmouth College, the electioneering for members of the secret
+societies was formerly called _fishing_. At the same institution,
+individuals in the Senior Class were said to be _fishing for
+appointments_, if they tried to gain the good-will of the Faculty
+by any special means.
+
+
+FIVES. A kind of play with a ball against the side of a building,
+resembling tennis; so named, because three _fives_ or _fifteen_
+are counted to the game.--_Smart_.
+
+A correspondent, writing of Centre College, Ky., says: "Fives was
+a game very much in vogue, at which the President would often take
+a hand, and while the students would play for ice-cream or some
+other refreshment, he would never fail to come in for his share."
+
+
+FIZZLE. Halliwell says: "The half-hiss, half-sigh of an animal."
+In many colleges in the United States, this word is applied to a
+bad recitation, probably from the want of distinct articulation
+which usually attends such performances. It is further explained
+in the Yale Banger, November 10, 1846: "This figure of a wounded
+snake is intended to represent what in technical language is
+termed a _fizzle_. The best judges have decided, that to get just
+one third of the meaning right constitutes a _perfect fizzle_."
+
+With a mind and body so nearly at rest, that naught interrupted my
+inmost repose save cloudy reminiscences of a morning "_fizzle_"
+and an afternoon "flunk," my tranquillity was sufficiently
+enviable.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 114.
+
+  Here he could _fizzles_ mark without a sigh,
+  And see orations unregarded die.
+    _The Tomahawk_, Nov., 1849.
+
+  Not a wail was heard, or a "_fizzle's_" mild sigh,
+  As his corpse o'er the pavement we hurried.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec., 1849.
+
+At Princeton College, the word _blue_ is used with _fizzle_, to
+render it intensive; as, he made a _blue fizzle_, he _fizzled
+blue_.
+
+
+FIZZLE. To fail in reciting; to recite badly. A correspondent from
+Williams College says: "Flunk is the common word when some
+unfortunate man makes an utter failure in recitation. He _fizzles_
+when he stumbles through at last." Another from Union writes: "If
+you have been lazy, you will probably _fizzle_." A writer in the
+Yale Literary Magazine thus humorously defines this word:
+"_Fizzle_. To rise with modest reluctance, to hesitate often, to
+decline finally; generally, to misunderstand the question."--Vol.
+XIV. p. 144.
+
+My dignity is outraged at beholding those who _fizzle_ and flunk
+in my presence tower above me.--_The Yale Banger_, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+  I "skinned," and "_fizzled_" through.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+The verb _to fizzle out_, which is used at the West, has a little
+stronger signification, viz. to be quenched, extinguished; to
+prove a failure.--_Bartlett's Dict. Americanisms_.
+
+The factious and revolutionary action of the fifteen has
+interrupted the regular business of the Senate, disgraced the
+actors, and _fizzled out_.--_Cincinnati Gazette_.
+
+2. To cause one to fail in reciting. Said of an instructor.
+
+  _Fizzle_ him tenderly,
+    Bore him with care,
+  Fitted so slenderly,
+    Tutor, beware.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 321.
+
+
+FIZZLING. Reciting badly; the act of making a poor recitation.
+
+Of this word, a writer jocosely remarks: "_Fizzling_ is a somewhat
+_free_ translation of an intricate sentence; proving a proposition
+in geometry from a wrong figure. Fizzling is caused sometimes by a
+too hasty perusal of the pony, and generally by a total loss of
+memory when called upon to recite."--_Sophomore Independent_,
+Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+  Weather drizzling,
+  Freshmen _fizzling_.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 212.
+
+
+FLAM. At the University of Vermont, in student phrase, to _flam_
+is to be attentive, at any time, to any lady or company of ladies.
+E.g. "He spends half his time _flamming_" i.e. in the society of
+the other sex.
+
+
+FLASH-IN-THE-PAN. A student is said to make a _flash-in-the-pan_
+when he commences to recite brilliantly, and suddenly fails; the
+latter part of such a recitation is a FIZZLE. The metaphor is
+borrowed from a gun, which, after being primed, loaded, and ready
+to be discharged, _flashes in the pan_.
+
+
+FLOOR. Among collegians, to answer such questions as may be
+propounded concerning a given subject.
+
+  Then Olmsted took hold, but he couldn't make it go,
+  For we _floored_ the Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+To _floor a paper_, is to answer every question in it.--_Bristed_.
+
+Somehow I nearly _floored the paper_, and came out feeling much
+more comfortable than when I went in.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 12.
+
+Our best classic had not time to _floor_ the _paper_.--_Ibid._, p.
+135.
+
+
+FLOP. A correspondent from the University of Vermont writes: "Any
+'cute' performance by which a man is sold [deceived] is a _good
+flop_, and, by a phrase borrowed from the ball ground, is 'rightly
+played.' The discomfited individual declares that they 'are all on
+a side,' and gives up, or 'rolls over' by giving his opponent
+'gowdy.'" "A man writes cards during examination to 'feeze the
+profs'; said cards are 'gumming cards,' and he _flops_ the
+examination if he gets a good mark by the means." One usually
+_flops_ his marks by feigning sickness.
+
+
+FLOP A TWENTY. At the University of Vermont, to _flop a twenty_ is
+to make a perfect recitation, twenty being the maximum mark for
+scholarship.
+
+
+FLUMMUX. Any failure is called a _flummux_. In some colleges the
+word is particularly applied to a poor recitation. At Williams
+College, a failure on the play-ground is called a _flummux_.
+
+
+FLUMMUX. To fail; to recite badly. Mr. Bartlett, in his Dictionary
+of Americanisms, has the word _flummix_, to be overcome; to be
+frightened; to give way to.
+
+Perhaps Parson Hyme didn't put it into Pokerville for two mortal
+hours; and perhaps Pokerville didn't mizzle, wince, and finally
+_flummix_ right beneath him.--_Field, Drama in Pokerville_.
+
+
+FLUNK. This word is used in some American colleges to denote a
+complete failure in recitation.
+
+This, O, [signifying neither beginning nor end,] Tutor H---- said
+meant a perfect _flunk_.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+I've made some twelve or fourteen _flunks_.--_The Gallinipper_,
+Dec. 1849.
+
+  And that bold man must bear a _flunk_, or die,
+  Who, when John pleased be captious, dared reply.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+The Sabbath dawns upon the poor student burdened with the thought
+of the lesson, or _flunk_ of the morrow morning.--_Ibid._, Feb.
+1851.
+
+    He thought ...
+  First of his distant home and parents, tunc,
+  Of tutors' note-books, and the morrow's _flunk_.
+    _Ibid._, Feb. 1851.
+
+  In moody meditation sunk,
+  Reflecting on my future _flunk_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 54.
+
+  And so, in spite of scrapes and _flunks_,
+    I'll have a sheep-skin too.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+Some amusing anecdotes are told, such as the well-known one about
+the lofty dignitary's macaronic injunction, "Exclude canem, et
+shut the door"; and another of a tutor's dismal _flunk_ on
+faba.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 263.
+
+
+FLUNK. To make a complete failure when called on to recite. A
+writer in the Yale Literary Magazine defines it, "to decline
+peremptorily, and then to whisper, 'I had it all, except that
+confounded little place.'"--Vol. XIV. p. 144.
+
+They know that a man who has _flunked_, because too much of a
+genius to get his lesson, is not in a state to appreciate joking.
+--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 253.
+
+Nestor was appointed to deliver a poem, but most ingloriously
+_flunked_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 256.
+
+The phrase _to flunk out_, which Bartlett, in his Dictionary of
+Americanisms, defines, "to retire through fear, to back out," is
+of the same nature as the above word.
+
+Why, little one, you must be cracked, if you _flunk out_ before we
+begin.--_J.C. Neal_.
+
+It was formerly used in some American colleges as is now the word
+_flunk_.
+
+We must have, at least, as many subscribers as there are students
+in College, or "_flunk out."--The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 3.
+
+
+FLUNKEY. In college parlance, one who makes a complete failure at
+recitation; one who _flunks_.
+
+  I bore him safe through Horace,
+    Saved him from the _flunkey's_ doom.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 76.
+
+
+FLUNKING. Failing completely in reciting.
+
+  _Flunking_ so gloomily,
+  Crushed by contumely.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 322.
+
+
+We made our earliest call while the man first called up in the
+division-room was deliberately and gracefully
+"_flunking_."--_Ibid._, Vol. XIV. p. 190.
+
+  See what a spot a _flunking_ Soph'more made!
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+
+FLUNKOLOGY. A farcical word, designed to express the science _of
+flunking_.
+
+The ---- scholarship, is awarded to the student in each Freshman
+Class who passes the poorest examination in
+_Flunkology_.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+FOOTBALL. For many years, the game of football has been the
+favorite amusement at some of the American colleges, during
+certain seasons of the year. At Harvard and Yale, it is customary
+for the Sophomore Class to challenge the Freshmen to a trial game,
+soon after their entrance into College. The interest excited on
+this occasion is always very great, the Seniors usually siding
+with the former, and the Juniors with the latter class. The result
+is generally in favor of the Sophomores. College poets and
+prose-writers have often chosen the game of football as a topic on
+which to exercise their descriptive powers. One invokes his muse,
+in imitation of a great poet, as follows:--
+
+ "The Freshmen's wrath, to Sophs the direful spring
+  Of shins unnumbered bruised, great goddess, sing!"
+
+Another, speaking of the size of the ball in ancient times
+compared with what it is at present, says:--
+
+ "A ball like this, so monstrous and so hard,
+  Six eager Freshmen scarce could kick a yard!"
+
+Further compositions on this subject are to be found in the
+Harvard Register, Harvardiana, Yale Banger, &c.
+
+See WRESTLING-MATCH.
+
+
+FORENSIC. A written argument, maintaining either the affirmative
+or the negative side of a question.
+
+In Harvard College, the two senior classes are required to write
+_forensics_ once in every four weeks, on a subject assigned by the
+Professor of Moral Philosophy; these they read before him and the
+division of the class to which they belong, on appointed days. It
+was formerly customary for the teacher to name those who were to
+write on the affirmative and those on the negative, but it is now
+left optional with the student which side he will take. This word
+was originally used as an adjective, and it was usual to speak of
+a forensic dispute, which has now been shortened into _forensic_.
+
+For every unexcused omission of a _forensic_, or of reading a
+_forensic_, a deduction shall be made of the highest number of
+marks to which that exercise is entitled. Seventy-two is the
+highest mark for _forensics_.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._,
+1848.
+
+What with themes, _forensics_, letters, memoranda, notes on
+lectures, verses, and articles, I find myself considerably
+hurried.--_Collegian_, 1830, p. 241.
+
+                                  When
+  I call to mind _Forensics_ numberless,
+  With arguments so grave and erudite,
+  I never understood their force myself,
+  But trusted that my sage instructor would.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 403.
+
+
+FORK ON. At Hamilton College, _to fork on_, to appropriate to
+one's self.
+
+
+FORTS. At Jefferson and at Washington Colleges in Pennsylvania,
+the boarding-houses for the students are called _forts_.
+
+
+FOUNDATION. A donation or legacy appropriated to support an
+institution, and constituting a permanent fund, usually for a
+charitable purpose.--_Webster_.
+
+In America it is also applied to a donation or legacy appropriated
+especially to maintain poor and deserving, or other students, at a
+college.
+
+In the selection of candidates for the various beneficiary
+_foundations_, the preference will be given to those who are of
+exemplary conduct and scholarship.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam.,
+Mass._, 1848, p. 19.
+
+Scholars on this _foundation_ are to be called "scholars of the
+house."--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p. 86.
+
+
+FOUNDATIONER. One who derives support from the funds or foundation
+of a college or a great school.--_Jackson_.
+
+This word is not in use in the _United States_.
+
+See BENEFICIARY.
+
+
+FOUNDATION SCHOLAR. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+scholar who enjoys certain privileges, and who is of that class
+whence Fellows are taken.
+
+Of the scholars of this name, Bristed remarks: "The table nearer
+the door is filled by students in the ordinary Undergraduate blue
+gown; but from the better service of their table, and perhaps some
+little consequential air of their own, it is plain that they have
+something peculiar to boast of. They are the Foundation Scholars,
+from whom the future Fellows are to be chosen, in the proportion
+of about one out of three. Their Scholarships are gained by
+examination in the second or third year, and entitle them to a
+pecuniary allowance from the college, and also to their commons
+gratis (these latter subject to certain attendance at and service
+in chapel), a first choice of rooms, and some other little
+privileges, of which they are somewhat proud, and occasionally
+they look as if conscious that some Don may be saying to a chance
+visitor at the high table, 'Those over yonder are the scholars,
+the best men of their year.'"--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 20.
+
+
+FOX. In the German universities, a student during the first
+half-year is called a Fox (Fuchs), the same as Freshman. To this
+the epithet _nasty_ is sometimes added.
+
+On this subject, Howitt remarks: "On entering the University, he
+becomes a _Kameel_,--a Camel. This happy transition-state of a few
+weeks gone by, he comes forth finally, on entering a Chore, a
+_Fox_, and runs joyfully into the new Burschen life. During the
+first _semester_ or half-year, he is a gold fox, which means, that
+he has _foxes_, or rich gold in plenty yet; or he is a
+_Crass-fucks_, or fat fox, meaning that he yet swells or puffs
+himself up with gold."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+124.
+
+"Halloo there, Herdman, _fox_!" yelled another lusty tippler, and
+Herdman, thus appealed to, arose and emptied the contents of his
+glass.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 116.
+
+At the same moment, a door at the end of the hall was thrown open,
+and a procession of new-comers, or _Nasty Foxes_, as they are
+called in the college dialect, entered two by two, looking wild,
+and green, and foolish.--_Longfellow's Hyperion_, p. 109.
+
+See also in the last-mentioned work the Fox song.
+
+
+FREEZE. A correspondent from Williams College writes: "But by far
+the most expressive word in use among us is _Freeze_. The meaning
+of it might be felt, if, some cold morning, you would place your
+tender hand upon some frosty door-latch; it would be a striking
+specimen on the part of the door-latch of what we mean by
+_Freeze_. Thus we _freeze_ to apples in the orchards, to fellows
+whom we electioneer for in our secret societies, and alas! some
+even go so far as to _freeze_ to the ladies."
+
+"Now, boys," said Bob, "_freeze on_," and at it they went.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 111.
+
+
+FRESH. An abbreviation for Freshman or Freshmen; FRESHES is
+sometimes used for the plural.
+
+When Sophs met _Fresh_, power met opposing power. _Harv. Reg._, p.
+251.
+
+The Sophs did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+_Fresh_, as they call us.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+Listen to the low murmurings of some annihilated _Fresh_ upon the
+Delta.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+
+FRESH. Newly come; likewise, awkward, like a Freshman.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+For their behavior at table, spitting and coughing, and speaking
+loud, was counted uncivil in any but a gentleman; as we say in the
+university, that nothing is _fresh_ in a Senior, and to him it was
+a glory.--_Archaeol. Atticae_, Edit. Oxon., 1675, B. VI.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, _pl._ FRESHMEN. In England, a student during his first
+year's residence at the university. In America, one who belongs to
+the youngest of the four classes in college, called the _Freshman
+Class_.--_Webster_.
+
+
+FRESHMAN. Pertaining to a Freshman, or to the class called
+_Freshman_.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, BUTLER'S. At Harvard and Yale Colleges, a Freshman,
+formerly hired by the Butler, to perform certain duties pertaining
+to his office, was called by this name.
+
+The Butler may be allowed a Freshman, to do the foregoing duties,
+and to deliver articles to the students from the Buttery, who
+shall be appointed by the President and Tutors, and he shall be
+allowed the same provision in the Hall as the Waiters; and he
+shall not be charged in the Steward's quarter-bills under the
+heads of Steward and Instruction and Sweepers, Catalogue and
+Dinner.--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1793, p. 61.
+
+With being _butler's freshman_, and ringing the bell the first
+year, waiter the three last, and keeping school in the vacations,
+I rubbed through.--_The Algerine Captive_, Walpole, 1797, Vol. I.
+p. 54.
+
+See BUTLER, BUTTERY.
+
+
+FRESHMAN CLUB. At Hamilton College, it is customary for the new
+Sophomore Class to present to the Freshmen at the commencement of
+the first term a heavy cudgel, six feet long, of black walnut,
+brass bound, with a silver plate inscribed "_Freshman Club_." The
+club is given to the one who can hold it out at arm's length the
+longest time, and the presentation is accompanied with an address
+from one of the Sophomores in behalf of his class. He who receives
+the club is styled the "leader." The "leader" having been
+declared, after an appropriate speech from a Freshman appointed
+for that purpose, "the class," writes a correspondent, "form a
+procession, and march around the College yard, the leader carrying
+the club before them. A trial is then made by the class of the
+virtues of the club, on the Chapel door."
+
+
+FRESHMAN, COLLEGE. In Harvard University, a member of the Freshman
+Class, whose duties are enumerated below. "On Saturday, after the
+exercises, any student not specially prohibited may go out of
+town. If the students thus going out of town fail to return so as
+to be present at evening prayers, they must enter their names with
+the _College Freshman_ within the hour next preceding the evening
+study bell; and all students who shall be absent from evening
+prayers on Saturday must in like manner enter their
+names."--_Statutes and Laws of the Univ. in Cam., Mass._, 1825, p.
+42.
+
+The _College Freshman_ lived in No. 1, Massachusetts Hall, and was
+commonly called the _book-keeper_. The duties of this office are
+now performed by one of the Proctors.
+
+
+FRESHMANHOOD. The state of a _Freshman_, or the time in which one
+is a Freshman, which is in duration a year.
+
+  But yearneth not thy laboring heart, O Tom,
+  For those dear hours of simple _Freshmanhood_?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 405.
+
+  When to the college I came,
+        in the first dear day of _my freshhood_,
+  Like to the school we had left
+        I imagined the new situation.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+
+FRESHMANIC. Pertaining to a _Freshman_; resembling a _Freshman_,
+or his condition.
+
+The Junior Class had heard of our miraculous doings, and asserted
+with that peculiar dignity which should at all times excite terror
+and awe in the _Freshmanic_ breast, that they would countenance no
+such proceedings.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 316.
+
+I do not pine for those _Freshmanic_ days.--_Ibid._, Vol. III. p.
+405.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, PARIETAL. In Harvard College, the member of the Freshman
+Class who gives notice to those whom the chairman of the Parietal
+Committee wishes to see, is known by the name of the _Parietal
+Freshman_. For his services he receives about forty dollars per
+annum, and the rent of his room.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, PRESIDENT'S. A member of the Freshman Class who performs
+the official errands of the President, for which he receives the
+same compensation as the PARIETAL FRESHMAN.
+
+  Then Bibo kicked his carpet thrice,
+  Which brought his _Freshman_ in a trice.
+  "You little rascal! go and call
+  The persons mentioned in this scroll."
+  The fellow, hearing, scarcely feels
+  The ground, so quickly fly his heels.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 27.
+
+
+FRESHMAN, REGENT'S. In Harvard College, a member of the Freshman
+Class whose duties are given below.
+
+"When any student shall return to town, after having had leave of
+absence for one night or more, or after any vacation, he shall
+apply to the _Regent's Freshman_, at his room, to enter the time
+of his return; and shall tarry till he see it entered.
+
+"The _Regent's Freshman_ is not charged under the heads of
+Steward, Instruction, Sweepers, Catalogue, and Dinner."--_Laws of
+Harv. Coll._, 1816, pp. 46, 47.
+
+This office is now abolished.
+
+
+FRESHMAN'S BIBLE. Among collegians, the name by which the body of
+laws, the catalogue, or the calendar of a collegiate institution
+is often designated. The significancy of the word _Bible_ is seen,
+when the position in which the laws are intended to be regarded is
+considered. The _Freshman_ is supposed to have studied and to be
+more familiar with the laws than any one else, hence the propriety
+of using his name in this connection. A copy of the laws are
+usually presented to each student on his entrance into college.
+
+Every year there issues from the warehouse of Messrs. Deighton,
+the publishers to the University of Cambridge, an octavo volume,
+bound in white canvas, and of a very periodical and business-like
+appearance. Among the Undergraduates it is commonly known by the
+name of the "_Freshman's Bible_,"--the public usually ask for the
+"University Calendar."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+230.
+
+See COLLEGE BIBLE.
+
+
+FRESHMAN SERVITUDE. The custom which formerly prevailed in the
+older American colleges of allowing the members of all the upper
+classes to send Freshmen upon errands, and in other ways to treat
+them as inferiors, appears at the present day strange and almost
+unaccountable. That our forefathers had reasons which they deemed
+sufficient, not only for allowing, but sanctioning, this
+subjection, we cannot doubt; but what these were, we are not able
+to know from any accounts which have come down to us from the
+past.
+
+"On attending prayers the first evening," says one who graduated
+at Harvard College near the close of the last century, "no sooner
+had the President pronounced the concluding 'Amen,' than one of
+the Sophomores sung out, 'Stop, Freshmen, and hear the customs
+read.'" An account of these customs is given in President Quincy's
+History of Harvard University, Vol. II. p. 539. It is entitled,
+
+"THE ANCIENT CUSTOMS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, ESTABLISHED BY THE
+GOVERNMENT OF IT."
+
+"1. No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it
+rains, hails, or snows, provided he be on foot, and have not both
+hands full.
+
+"2. No Undergraduate shall wear his hat in the College yard when
+any of the Governors of the College are there; and no Bachelor
+shall wear his hat when the President is there.
+
+"3. Freshmen are to consider all the other classes as their
+seniors.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall speak to a Senior[26] with his hat on, or
+have it on in a Senior's chamber, or in his own, if a Senior be
+there.
+
+"5. All the Undergraduates shall treat those in the Government of
+the College with respect and deference; particularly they shall
+not be seated without leave in their presence; they shall be
+uncovered when they speak to them or are spoken to by them.
+
+"6. All Freshmen (except those employed by the Immediate
+Government of the College) shall be obliged to go on any errand
+(except such as shall be judged improper by some one in the
+Government of the College) for any of his Seniors, Graduates or
+Undergraduates, at any time, except in studying hours, or after
+nine o'clock in the evening.
+
+"7. A Senior Sophister has authority to take a Freshman from a
+Sophomore, a Middle Bachelor from a Junior Sophister, a Master
+from a Senior Sophister, and any Governor of the College from a
+Master.
+
+"8. Every Freshman before he goes for the person who takes him
+away (unless it be one in the Government of the College) shall
+return and inform the person from whom he is taken.
+
+"9. No Freshman, when sent on an errand, shall make any
+unnecessary delay, neglect to make due return, or go away till
+dismissed by the person who sent him.
+
+"10. No Freshman shall be detained by a Senior, when not actually
+employed on some suitable errand.
+
+"11. No Freshman shall be obliged to observe any order of a Senior
+to come to him, or go on any errand for him, unless he be wanted
+immediately.
+
+"12. No Freshman, when sent on an errand, shall tell who he is
+going for, unless he be asked; nor be obliged to tell what he is
+going for, unless asked by a Governor of the College.
+
+"13. When any person knocks at a Freshman's door, except in
+studying time, he shall immediately open the door, without
+inquiring who is there.
+
+"14. No scholar shall call up or down, to or from, any chamber in
+the College.
+
+"15. No scholar shall play football or any other game in the
+College yard, or throw any thing across the yard.
+
+"16. The Freshmen shall furnish bats, balls, and footballs for the
+use of the students, to be kept at the Buttery.[27]
+
+"17. Every Freshman shall pay the Butler for putting up his name
+in the Buttery.
+
+"18. Strict attention shall be paid by all the students to the
+common rules of cleanliness, decency, and politeness.
+
+"The Sophomores shall publish these customs to the Freshmen in the
+Chapel, whenever ordered by any in the Government of the College;
+at which time the Freshmen are enjoined to keep their places in
+their seats, and attend with decency to the reading."
+
+At the close of a manuscript copy of the laws of Harvard College,
+transcribed by Richard Waldron, a graduate of the class of 1738,
+when a Freshman, are recorded the following regulations, which
+differ from those already cited, not only in arrangement, but in
+other respects.
+
+COLLEGE CUSTOMS, ANNO 1734-5.
+
+"1. No Freshman shall ware his hat in the College yard except it
+rains, snows, or hails, or he be on horse back or haith both hands
+full.
+
+"2. No Freshman shall ware his hat in his Seniors Chamber, or in
+his own if his Senior be there.
+
+"3. No Freshman shall go by his Senior, without taking his hat of
+if it be on.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall intrude into his Seniors company.
+
+"5. No Freshman shall laugh in his Seniors face.
+
+"6. No Freshman shall talk saucily to his Senior, or speak to him
+with his hat on.
+
+"7. No Freshman shall ask his Senior an impertinent question.
+
+"8. Freshmen are to take notice that a Senior Sophister can take a
+Freshman from a Sophimore,[28] a Middle Batcelour from a Junior
+Sophister, a Master from a Senior Sophister, and a Fellow[29] from
+a Master.
+
+"9. Freshmen are to find the rest of the Scholars with bats,
+balls, and foot balls.
+
+"10. Freshmen must pay three shillings a peice to the Butler to
+have there names set up in the Buttery.
+
+"11. No Freshman shall loiter by the [way] when he is sent of an
+errand, but shall make hast and give a direct answer when he is
+asked who he is going [for]. No Freshman shall use lying or
+equivocation to escape going of an errand.
+
+"12. No Freshman shall tell who [he] is going [for] except he be
+asked, nor for what except he be asked by a Fellow.
+
+"13. No Freshman shall go away when he haith been sent of an
+errand before he be dismissed, which may be understood by saying,
+it is well, I thank you, you may go, or the like.
+
+"14. When a Freshman knocks at his Seniors door he shall tell
+[his] name if asked who.
+
+"15. When anybody knocks at a Freshmans door, he shall not aske
+who is there, but shall immediately open the door.
+
+"16. No Freshman shall lean at prayrs but shall stand upright.
+
+"17. No Freshman shall call his classmate by the name of Freshmen.
+
+"18. No Freshman shall call up or down to or from his Seniors
+chamber or his own.
+
+"19. No Freshman shall call or throw anything across the College
+yard.
+
+"20. No Freshman shall mingo against the College wall, nor go into
+the Fellows cus john.[30]
+
+"21. Freshmen may ware there hats at dinner and supper, except
+when they go to receive there Commons of bread and bear.
+
+"22. Freshmen are so to carry themselves to there Seniors in all
+respects so as to be in no wise saucy to them, and who soever of
+the Freshmen shall brake any of these customs shall be severely
+punished."
+
+Another manuscript copy of these singular regulations bears date
+September, 1741, and is entitled,
+
+"THE CUSTOMS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, WHICH IF THE FRESHMEN DON'T
+OBSERVE AND OBEY, THEY SHALL BE SEVERELY PUNISHED IF THEY HAVE
+HEARD THEM READ."
+
+"1. No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, except it
+rains, hails, or snows, he be on horseback, or hath both hands
+full.
+
+"2. No Freshman shall pass by his Senior, without pulling his hat
+off.
+
+"3. No Freshman shall be saucy to his Senior, or speak to him with
+his hat on.
+
+"4. No Freshman shall laugh in his Senior's face.
+
+"5. No Freshman shall ask his Senior any impertinent question.
+
+"6. No Freshman shall intrude into his Senior's company.
+
+"7. Freshmen are to take notice that a Senior Sophister can take a
+Freshman from a Sophimore, a Master from a Senior Sophister, and a
+Fellow from a Master.
+
+"8. When a Freshman is sent of an errand, he shall not loiter by
+the way, but shall make haste, and give a direct answer if asked
+who he is going for.
+
+"9. No Freshman shall tell who he is a going for (unless asked),
+or what he is a going for, unless asked by a Fellow.
+
+"10. No Freshman, when he is going of errands, shall go away,
+except he be dismissed, which is known by saying, 'It is well,'
+'You may go,' 'I thank you,' or the like.
+
+"11. Freshman are to find the rest of the scholars with bats,
+balls, and footballs.
+
+"12. Freshmen shall pay three shillings to the Butler to have
+their names set up in the Buttery.
+
+"13. No Freshman shall wear his hat in his Senior's chambers, nor
+in his own if his Senior be there.
+
+"14. When anybody knocks at a Freshman's door, he shall not ask
+who is there, but immediately open the door.
+
+"15. When a Freshman knocks at his Senior's door, he shall tell
+his name immediately.
+
+"16. No Freshman shall call his classmate by the name of Freshman.
+
+"17. No Freshman shall call up or down, to or from his Senior's
+chamber or his own.
+
+"18. No Freshman shall call or throw anything across the College
+yard, nor go into the Fellows' Cuz-John.
+
+"19. No Freshman shall mingo against the College walls.
+
+"20. Freshmen are to carry themselves, in all respects, as to be
+in no wise saucy to their Seniors.
+
+"21. Whatsoever Freshman shall break any of these customs, he
+shall be severely punished."
+
+
+A written copy of these regulations in Latin, of a very early
+date, is still extant. They appear first in English, in the fourth
+volume of the Immediate Government Books, 1781, p. 257. The two
+following laws--one of which was passed soon after the
+establishment of the College, the other in the year 1734--seem to
+have been the foundation of these rules. "Nulli ex scholaribus
+senioribus, solis tutoribus et collegii sociis exceptis, recentem
+sive juniorem, ad itinerandum, aut ad aliud quodvis faciendum,
+minis, verberibus, vel aliis modis impellere licebit. Et siquis
+non gradatus in hanc legem peccaverit, castigatione corporali,
+expulsione, vel aliter, prout praesidi cum sociis visum fuerit
+punietur."--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 133.
+
+"None belonging to the College, except the President, Fellows,
+Professors, and Tutors, shall by threats or blows compel a
+Freshman or any Undergraduate to any duty or obedience; and if any
+Undergraduate shall offend against this law, he shall be liable to
+have the privilege of sending Freshmen taken from him by the
+President and Tutors, or be degraded or expelled, according to the
+aggravation of the offence. Neither shall any Senior scholars,
+Graduates or Undergraduates, send any Freshman on errands in
+studying hours, without leave from one of the Tutors, his own
+Tutor if in College."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, App., p. 141.
+
+That this privilege of sending Freshmen on errands was abused in
+some cases, we see from an account of "a meeting of the
+Corporation in Cambridge, March 27th, 1682," at which time notice
+was given that "great complaints have been made and proved against
+----, for his abusive carriage, in requiring some of the Freshmen
+to go upon his private errands, and in striking the said
+Freshmen."
+
+In the year 1772, "the Overseers having repeatedly recommended
+abolishing the custom of allowing the upper classes to send
+Freshmen on errands, and the making of a law exempting them from
+such services, the Corporation voted, that, 'after deliberate
+consideration and weighing all circumstances, they are not able to
+project any plan in the room of this long and ancient custom, that
+will not, in their opinion, be attended with equal, if not
+greater, inconveniences.'" It seems, however, to have fallen into
+disuse, for a time at least, after this period; for in June, 1786,
+"the retaining men or boys to perform the services for which
+Freshmen had been heretofore employed," was declared to be a
+growing evil, and was prohibited by the Corporation.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 515; Vol. II. pp. 274, 277.
+
+The upper classes being thus forbidden to employ persons not
+connected with the College to wait upon them, the services of
+Freshmen were again brought into requisition, and they were not
+wholly exempted from menial labor until after the year 1800.
+
+Another service which the Freshmen were called on to perform, was
+once every year to shake the carpets of the library and Philosophy
+Chamber in the Chapel.
+
+Those who refused to comply with these regulations were not
+allowed to remain in College, as appears from the following
+circumstance, which happened about the year 1790. A young man from
+the West Indies, of wealthy and highly respectable parents,
+entered Freshman, and soon after, being ordered by a member of one
+of the upper classes to go upon an errand for him, refused, at the
+same time saying, that if he had known it was the custom to
+require the lower class to wait on the other classes, he would
+have brought a slave with him to perform his share of these
+duties. In the common phrase of the day, he was _hoisted_, i.e.
+complained of to a tutor, and on being told that he could not
+remain at College if he did not comply with its regulations, he
+took up his connections and returned home.
+
+With reference to some of the observances which were in vogue at
+Harvard College in the year 1794, the recollections of Professor
+Sidney Willard are these:--
+
+"It was the practice, at the time of my entrance at College, for
+the Sophomore Class, by a member selected for the purpose, to
+communicate to the Freshmen, in the Chapel, 'the Customs,' so
+called; the Freshmen being required to 'keep their places in their
+seats, and attend with decency to the reading.' These customs had
+been handed down from remote times, with some modifications not
+essentially changing them. Not many days after our seats were
+assigned to us in the Chapel, we were directed to remain after
+evening prayers and attend to the reading of the customs; which
+direction was accordingly complied with, and they were read and
+listened to with decorum and gravity. Whether the ancient customs
+of outward respect, which forbade a Freshman 'to wear his hat in
+the College yard, unless it rains, hails, or snows, provided he be
+on foot, and have not both hands full,' as if the ground on which
+he trod and the atmosphere around him were consecrated, and the
+article which extends the same prohibition to all undergraduates,
+when any of the governors of the College are in the yard, were
+read, I cannot say; but I think they were not; for it would have
+disturbed that gravity which I am confident was preserved during
+the whole reading. These prescripts, after a long period of
+obsolescence, had become entirely obsolete.
+
+"The most degrading item in the list of customs was that which
+made Freshmen subservient to all the other classes; which obliged
+those who were not employed by the Immediate Government of the
+College to go on any errand, not judged improper by an officer of
+the government, or in study hours, for any of the other classes,
+the Senior having the prior right to the service.... The privilege
+of claiming such service, and the obligation, on the other hand,
+to perform it, doubtless gave rise to much abuse, and sometimes to
+unpleasant conflict. A Senior having a claim to the service of a
+Freshman prior to that of the classes below them, it had become a
+practice not uncommon, for a Freshman to obtain a Senior, to whom,
+as a patron and friend, he acknowledged and avowed a permanent
+service due, and whom he called _his_ Senior by way of eminence,
+thus escaping the demands that might otherwise be made upon him
+for trivial or unpleasant errands. The ancient custom was never
+abolished by authority, but died with the change of feeling; so
+that what might be demanded as a right came to be asked as a
+favor, and the right was resorted to only as a sort of defensive
+weapon, as a rebuke of a supposed impertinence, or resentment of a
+real injury."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp. 258,
+259.
+
+The following account of this system, as it formerly obtained at
+Yale College, is from President Woolsey's Historical Discourse
+before the Graduates of that Institution, Aug. 14, 1850:--
+
+"Another remarkable particular in the old system here was the
+servitude of Freshmen,--for such it really deserved to be called.
+The new-comers--as if it had been to try their patience and
+endurance in a novitiate before being received into some monastic
+order--were put into the hands of Seniors, to be reproved and
+instructed in manners, and were obliged to run upon errands for
+the members of all the upper classes. And all this was very
+gravely meant, and continued long in use. The Seniors considered
+it as a part of the system to initiate the ignorant striplings
+into the college system, and performed it with the decorum of
+dancing-masters. And, if the Freshmen felt the burden, the upper
+classes who had outlived it, and were now reaping the advantages
+of it, were not willing that the custom should die in their time.
+
+"The following paper, printed I cannot tell when, but as early as
+the year 1764, gives information to the Freshmen in regard to
+their duty of respect towards the officers, and towards the older
+students. It is entitled 'FRESHMAN LAWS,' and is perhaps part of a
+book of customs which was annually read for the instruction of
+new-comers.
+
+"'It being the duty of the Seniors to teach Freshmen the laws,
+usages, and customs of the College, to this end they are empowered
+to order the whole Freshman Class, or any particular member of it,
+to appear, in order to be instructed or reproved, at such time and
+place as they shall appoint; when and where every Freshman shall
+attend, answer all proper questions, and behave decently. The
+Seniors, however, are not to detain a Freshman more than five
+minutes after study bell, without special order from the
+President, Professor, or Tutor.
+
+"'The Freshmen, as well as all other Undergraduates, are to be
+uncovered, and are forbidden to wear their hats (unless in stormy
+weather) in the front door-yard of the President's or Professor's
+house, or within ten rods of the person of the President, eight
+rods of the Professor, and five rods of a Tutor.
+
+"'The Freshmen are forbidden to wear their hats in College yard
+(except in stormy weather, or when they are obliged to carry
+something in their hands) until May vacation; nor shall they
+afterwards wear them in College or Chapel.
+
+"'No Freshman shall wear a gown, or walk with a cane, or appear
+out of his room without being completely dressed, and with his
+hat; and whenever a Freshman either speaks to a superior or is
+spoken to by one, he shall keep his hat off until he is bidden to
+put it on. A Freshman shall not play with any members of an upper
+class, without being asked; nor is he permitted to use any acts of
+familiarity with them, even in study time.
+
+"'In case of personal insult, a Junior may call up a Freshman and
+reprehend him. A Sophomore, in like case, must obtain leave from a
+Senior, and then he may discipline a Freshman, not detaining him
+more than five minutes, after which the Freshman may retire, even
+without being dismissed, but must retire in a respectful manner.
+
+"'Freshmen are obliged to perform all reasonable errands for any
+superior, always returning an account of the same to the person
+who sent them. When called, they shall attend and give a
+respectful answer; and when attending on their superior, they are
+not to depart until regularly dismissed. They are responsible for
+all damage done to anything put into their hands by way of errand.
+They are not obliged to go for the Undergraduates in study time,
+without permission obtained from the authority; nor are they
+obliged to go for a graduate out of the yard in study time. A
+Senior may take a Freshman from a Sophimore, a Bachelor from a
+Junior, and a Master from a Senior. None may order a Freshman in
+one play time, to do an errand in another.
+
+"'When a Freshman is near a gate or door belonging to College or
+College yard, he shall look around and observe whether any of his
+superiors are coming to the same; and if any are coming within
+three rods, he shall not enter without a signal to proceed. In
+passing up or down stairs, or through an entry or any other narrow
+passage, if a Freshman meets a superior, he shall stop and give
+way, leaving the most convenient side,--if on the stairs, the
+banister side. Freshmen shall not run in College yard, or up or
+down stairs, or call to any one through a College window. When
+going into the chamber of a superior, they shall knock at the
+door, and shall leave it as they find it, whether open or shut.
+Upon entering the chamber of a superior, they shall not speak
+until spoken to; they shall reply modestly to all questions, and
+perform their messages decently and respectfully. They shall not
+tarry in a superior's room, after they are dismissed, unless asked
+to sit. They shall always rise whenever a superior enters or
+leaves the room where they are, and not sit in his presence until
+permitted.
+
+"'These rules are to be observed, not only about College, but
+everywhere else within the limits of the city of New Haven.'
+
+"This is certainly a very remarkable document, one which it
+requires some faith to look on as originating in this land of
+universal suffrage, in the same century with the Declaration of
+Independence. He who had been moulded and reduced into shape by
+such a system might soon become expert in the punctilios of the
+court of Louis the Fourteenth.
+
+"This system, however, had more tenacity of life than might be
+supposed. In 1800 we still find it laid down as the Senior's duty
+to inspect the manners and customs of the lower classes, and
+especially of the Freshmen; and as the duty of the latter to do
+any proper errand, not only for the authorities of the College,
+but also, within the limits of one mile, for Resident Graduates
+and for the two upper classes. By degrees the old usage sank down
+so far, that what the laws permitted was frequently abused for the
+purpose of playing tricks upon the inexperienced Freshmen; and
+then all evidence of its ever having been current disappeared from
+the College code. The Freshmen were formally exempted from the
+duty of running upon errands in 1804."--pp. 54-56.
+
+Among the "Laws of Yale College," published in 1774, appears the
+following regulation: "Every Freshman is obliged to do any proper
+Errand or Message, required of him by any one in an upper class,
+which if he shall refuse to do, he shall be punished. Provided
+that in Study Time no Graduate may send a Freshman out of College
+Yard, or an Undergraduate send him anywhere at all without Liberty
+first obtained of the President or Tutor."--pp. 14, 15.
+
+In a copy of the "Laws" of the above date, which formerly belonged
+to Amasa Paine, who entered the Freshman Class at Yale in 1781, is
+to be found a note in pencil appended to the above regulation, in
+these words: "This Law was annulled when Dr. [Matthew] Marvin, Dr.
+M.J. Lyman, John D. Dickinson, William Bradley, and Amasa Paine
+were classmates, and [they] claimed the Honor of abolishing it."
+The first three were graduated at Yale in the class of 1785;
+Bradley was graduated at the same college in 1784 and Paine, after
+spending three years at Yale, was graduated at Harvard College in
+the class of 1785.
+
+As a part of college discipline, the upper classes were sometimes
+deprived of the privilege of employing the services of Freshmen.
+The laws on this subject were these:--
+
+"If any Scholar shall write or publish any scandalous Libel about
+the President, a Fellow, Professor, or Tutor, or shall treat any
+one of them with any reproachful or reviling Language, or behave
+obstinately, refractorily, or contemptuously towards either of
+them, or be guilty of any Kind of Contempt, he may be punished by
+Fine, Admonition, be deprived the Liberty of sending Freshmen for
+a Time; by Suspension from all the Privileges of College; or
+Expulsion, according as the Nature and Aggravation of the Crime
+may require."
+
+"If any Freshman near the Time of Commencement shall fire the
+great Guns, or give or promise any Money, Counsel, or Assistance
+towards their being fired; or shall illuminate College with
+Candles, either on the Inside or Outside of the Windows, or
+exhibit any such Kind of Show, or dig or scrape the College Yard
+otherwise than with the Liberty and according to the Directions of
+the President in the Manner formerly practised, or run in the
+College Yard in Company, they shall be deprived the Privilege of
+sending Freshmen three Months after the End of the Year."--_Laws
+Yale Coll._, 1774, pp. 13, 25, 26.
+
+To the latter of these laws, a clause was subsequently added,
+declaring that every Freshman who should "do anything unsuitable
+for a Freshman" should be deprived of the privilege "of sending
+Freshmen on errands, or teaching them manners, during the first
+three months of _his_ Sophomore year."--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1787,
+in _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 140.
+
+In the Sketches of Yale College, p. 174, is the following
+anecdote, relating to this subject:--"A Freshman was once
+furnished with a dollar, and ordered by one of the upper classes
+to procure for him pipes and tobacco, from the farthest store on
+Long Wharf, a good mile distant. Being at that time compelled by
+College laws to obey the unreasonable demand, he proceeded
+according to orders, and returned with ninety-nine cents' worth of
+pipes and one pennyworth of tobacco. It is needless to add that he
+was not again sent on a similar errand."
+
+The custom of obliging the Freshmen to run on errands for the
+Seniors was done away with at Dartmouth College, by the class of
+1797, at the close of their Freshman year, when, having served
+their own time out, they presented a petition to the Trustees to
+have it abolished.
+
+In the old laws of Middlebury College are the two following
+regulations in regard to Freshmen, which seem to breathe the same
+spirit as those cited above. "Every Freshman shall be obliged to
+do any proper errand or message for the Authority of the College."
+--"It shall be the duty of the Senior Class to inspect the manners
+of the Freshman Class, and to instruct them in the customs of the
+College, and in that graceful and decent behavior toward
+superiors, which politeness and a just and reasonable
+subordination require."--_Laws_, 1804, pp. 6, 7.
+
+
+FRESHMANSHIP. The state of a Freshman.
+
+A man who had been my fellow-pupil with him from the beginning of
+our _Freshmanship_, would meet him there.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 150.
+
+
+FRESHMAN'S LANDMARK. At Cambridge, Eng., King's College Chapel is
+thus designated. "This stupendous edifice may be seen for several
+miles on the London road, and indeed from most parts of the
+adjacent country."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+FRESHMAN, TUTOR'S. In Harvard College, the _Freshman_ who occupies
+a room under a _Tutor_. He is required to do the errands of the
+Tutor which relate to College, and in return has a high choice of
+rooms in his Sophomore year.
+
+The same remarks, _mutatis mutandis_, apply to the _Proctor's
+Freshman_.
+
+
+FRESH-SOPH. An abbreviation of _Freshman-Sophomore_. One who
+enters college in the _Sophomore_ year, having passed the time of
+the _Freshman_ year elsewhere.
+
+I was a _Fresh-Sophomore_ then, and a waiter in the commons' hall.
+--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 114.
+
+
+FROG. In Germany, a student while in the gymnasium, and before
+entering the university, is called a _Frosch_,--a frog.
+
+
+FUNK. Disgust; weariness; fright. A sensation sometimes
+experienced by students in view of an examination.
+
+In Cantab phrase I was suffering examination _funk_.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 61.
+
+A singular case of _funk_ occurred at this examination. The man
+who would have been second, took fright when four of the six days
+were over, and fairly ran away, not only from the examination, but
+out of Cambridge, and was not discovered by his friends or family
+till some time after.--_Ibid._, p. 125.
+
+One of our Scholars, who stood a much better chance than myself,
+gave up from mere _funk_, and resolved to go out in the
+Poll.--_Ibid._, p. 229.
+
+2. Fear or sensibility to fear. The general application of the
+term.
+
+So my friend's first fault is timidity, which is only not
+recognized as such on account of its vast proportions. I grant,
+then, that the _funk_ is sublime, which is a true and friendly
+admission.--_A letter to the N.Y. Tribune_, in _Lit. World_, Nov.
+30, 1850.
+
+
+
+_G_.
+
+
+GAS. To impose upon another by a consequential address, or by
+detailing improbable stories or using "great swelling words"; to
+deceive; to cheat.
+
+Found that Fairspeech only wanted to "_gas_" me, which he did
+pretty effectually.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 72.
+
+
+GATE BILL. In the English universities, the record of a pupil's
+failures to be within his college at or before a specified hour of
+the night.
+
+To avoid gate-bills, he will be out at night as late as he
+pleases, and will defy any one to discover his absence; for he
+will climb over the college walls, and fee his Gyp well, when he
+is out all night--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 128.
+
+
+GATED. At the English universities, students who, for
+misdemeanors, are not permitted to be out of their college after
+ten in the evening, are said to be _gated_.
+
+"_Gated_," i.e. obliged to be within the college walls by ten
+o'clock at night; by this he is prevented from partaking in
+suppers, or other nocturnal festivities, in any other college or
+in lodgings.--Note to _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May,
+1849.
+
+The lighter college offences, such as staying out at night or
+missing chapel, are punished by what they term "_gating_"; in one
+form of which, a man is actually confined to his rooms: in a more
+mild way, he is simply restricted to the precincts of the college.
+--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 241.
+
+
+GAUDY. In the University of Oxford, a feast or festival. The days
+on which they occur are called _gaudies_ or _gaudy days_. "Blount,
+in his Glossographia," says Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary,
+"speaks of a foolish derivation of the word from a Judge _Gaudy_,
+said to have been the institutor of such days. But _such_ days
+were held in all times, and did not want a judge to invent them."
+
+                              Come,
+  Let's have one other _gaudy_ night: call to me
+  All my sad captains; fill our bowls; once more
+  Let's mock the midnight bell.
+    _Antony and Cleopatra_, Act. III. Sc. 11.
+
+            A foolish utensil of state,
+  Which like old plate upon a _gaudy day_,
+  's brought forth to make a show, and that is all.
+    _Goblins_, Old Play, X. 143.
+
+Edmund Riche, called of Pontigny, Archbishop of Canterbury. After
+his death he was canonized by Pope Innocent V., and his day in the
+calendar, 16 Nov., was formerly kept as a "_gaudy_" by the members
+of the hall.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 121.
+
+2. An entertainment; a treat; a spree.
+
+Cut lectures, go to chapel as little as possible, dine in hall
+seldom more than once a week, give _Gaudies_ and spreads.--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._, p. 122.
+
+
+GENTLEMAN-COMMONER. The highest class of Commoners at Oxford
+University. Equivalent to a Cambridge _Fellow-Commoner_.
+
+Gentlemen Commoners "are eldest sons, or only sons, or men already
+in possession of estates, or else (which is as common a case as
+all the rest put together), they are the heirs of newly acquired
+wealth,--sons of the _nouveaux riches_"; they enjoy a privilege as
+regards the choice of rooms; associate at meals with the Fellows
+and other authorities of the College; are the possessors of two
+gowns, "an undress for the morning, and a full dress-gown for the
+evening," both of which are made of silk, the latter being very
+elaborately ornamented; wear a cap, covered with velvet instead of
+cloth; pay double caution money, at entrance, viz. fifty guineas,
+and are charged twenty guineas a year for tutorage, twice the
+amount of the usual fee.--Compiled from _De Quincey's Life and
+Manners_, pp. 278-280.
+
+
+GET UP A SUBJECT. See SUBJECT.
+
+This was the fourth time I had begun Algebra, and essayed with no
+weakness of purpose to _get_ it _up_ properly.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 157.
+
+
+GILL. The projecting parts of a standing collar are, from their
+situation, sometimes denominated _gills_.
+
+  But, O, what rage his maddening bosom fills!
+  Far worse than dust-soiled coat are ruined "_gills_."
+    _Poem before the Class of 1828, Harv. Coll., by J.C.
+    Richmond_, p. 6.
+
+
+GOBBLE. At Yale College, to seize; to lay hold of; to appropriate;
+nearly the same as to _collar_, q.v.
+
+  Alas! how dearly for the fun they paid,
+  Whom the Proffs _gobbled_, and the Tutors too.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+  I never _gobbled_ one poor flat,
+  To cheer me with his soft dark eye, &c.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  I went and performed, and got through the burning,
+  But oh! and alas! I was _gobbled_ returning.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+Upon that night, in the broad street, was I by one of the
+brain-deficient men _gobbled_.--_Yale Battery_, Feb. 1850.
+
+  Then shout for the hero who _gobbles_ the prize.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 39.
+
+At Cambridge, Eng., this word is used in the phrase _gobbling
+Greek_, i.e. studying or speaking that tongue.
+
+Ambitious to "_gobble_" his Greek in the _haute monde_.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 79.
+
+It was now ten o'clock, and up stairs we therefore flew to
+_gobble_ Greek with Professor ----.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 127.
+
+You may have seen him, traversing the grass-plots, "_gobbling
+Greek_" to himself.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 210.
+
+
+GOLGOTHA. _The place of a skull_. At Cambridge, Eng., in the
+University Church, "a particular part," says the Westminster
+Review, "is appropriated to the _heads_ of the houses, and is
+called _Golgotha_ therefrom, a name which the appearance of its
+occupants renders peculiarly fitting, independent of the
+pun."--Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 236.
+
+
+GONUS. A stupid fellow.
+
+He was a _gonus_; perhaps, though, you don't know what _gonus_
+means. One day I heard a Senior call a fellow a _gonus_. "A what?"
+said I. "A great gonus," repeated he. "_Gonus_," echoed I, "what's
+that mean?" "O," said he, "you're a Freshman and don't
+understand." A stupid fellow, a dolt, a boot-jack, an ignoramus,
+is called here a _gonus_. "All Freshmen," continued he gravely,
+"are _gonuses_."--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 116.
+
+If the disquisitionist should ever reform his habits, and turn his
+really brilliant talents to some good account, then future
+_gonuses_ will swear by his name, and quote him in their daily
+maledictions of the appointment system.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol.
+I. p. 76.
+
+The word _goney_, with the same meaning, is often used.
+
+"How the _goney_ swallowed it all, didn't he?" said Mr. Slick,
+with great glee.--_Slick in England_, Chap. XXI.
+
+Some on 'em were fools enough to believe the _goney_; that's a
+fact.--_Ibid._
+
+
+GOOD FELLOW. At the University of Vermont, this term is used with
+a signification directly opposite to that which it usually has. It
+there designates a soft-brained boy; one who is lacking in
+intellect, or, as a correspondent observes, "an _epithetical_
+fool."
+
+
+GOODY. At Harvard College, a woman who has the care of the
+students' rooms. The word seems to be an abbreviated form of the
+word _goodwife_. It has long been in use, as a low term of
+civility or sport, and in some cases with the signification of a
+good old dame; but in the sense above given it is believed to be
+peculiar to Harvard College. In early times, _sweeper_ was in use
+instead of _goody_, and even now at Yale College the word _sweep_
+is retained. The words _bed-maker_ at Cambridge, Eng., and _gyp_
+at Oxford, express the same idea.
+
+The Rebelliad, an epic poem, opens with an invocation to the
+Goody, as follows.
+
+  Old _Goody_ Muse! on thee I call,
+  _Pro more_, (as do poets all,)
+  To string thy fiddle, wax thy bow,
+  And scrape a ditty, jig, or so.
+  Now don't wax wrathy, but excuse
+  My calling you old _Goody_ Muse;
+  Because "_Old Goody_" is a name
+  Applied to every college dame.
+    Aloft in pendent dignity,
+      Astride her magic broom,
+    And wrapt in dazzling majesty,
+      See! see! the _Goody_ come!--p. 11.
+
+  Go on, dear _Goody_! and recite
+  The direful mishaps of the fight.--_Ibid._, p. 20.
+
+  The _Goodies_ hearing, cease to sweep,
+  And listen; while the cook-maids weep.--_Ibid._, p. 47.
+
+  The _Goody_ entered with her broom,
+  To make his bed and sweep his room.--_Ibid._, p. 73.
+
+On opening the papers left to his care, he found a request that
+his effects might be bestowed on his friend, the _Goody_, who had
+been so attentive to him during his declining hours.--_Harvard
+Register_, 1827-28, p. 86.
+
+I was interrupted by a low knock at my door, followed by the
+entrance of our old _Goody_, with a bundle of musty papers in her
+hand, tied round with a soiled red ribbon.--_Collegian_, 1830, p.
+231.
+
+Were there any _Goodies_ when you were in college, father? Perhaps
+you did not call them by that name. They are nice old ladies (not
+so _very_ nice, either), who come in every morning, after we have
+been to prayers, and sweep the rooms, and make the beds, and do
+all that sort of work. However, they don't much like their title,
+I find; for I called one, the other day, _Mrs. Goodie_, thinking
+it was her real name, and she was as sulky as she could
+be.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+  Yet these half-emptied bottles shall I take,
+  And, having purged them of this wicked stuff,
+  Make a small present unto _Goody_ Bush.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 257.
+
+Reader! wert ever beset by a dun? ducked by the _Goody_ from thine
+own window, when "creeping like snail unwillingly" to morning
+prayers?--_Ibid._, Vol. IV. p. 274.
+
+          The crowd delighted
+  Saw them, like _Goodies_, clothed in gowns of satin,
+  Of silk or cotton.--_Childe Harvard_, p. 26, 1848.
+
+  On the wall hangs a Horse-shoe I found in the street;
+  'T is the shoe that to-day sets in motion my feet;
+  Though its charms are all vanished this many a year,
+  And not even my _Goody_ regards it with fear.
+    _The Horse-Shoe, a Poem, by J.B. Felton_, 1849, p. 4.
+
+A very clever elegy on the death of Goody Morse, who
+ "For forty years or more
+  ... contrived the while
+  No little dust to raise"
+in the rooms of the students of Harvard College, is to be found in
+Harvardiana, Vol. I. p. 233. It was written by Mr. (afterwards
+Rev.) Benjamin Davis Winslow. In the poem which he read before his
+class in the University Chapel at Cambridge, July 14, 1835, he
+referred to her in these lines:
+
+ "'New brooms sweep clean': 't was thine, dear _Goody_ Morse,
+  To prove the musty proverb hath no force,
+  Since fifty years to vanished centuries crept,
+  While thy old broom our cloisters duly swept.
+  All changed but thee! beneath thine aged eye
+  Whole generations came and flitted by,
+  Yet saw thee still in office;--e'en reform
+  Spared thee the pelting of its angry storm.
+  Rest to thy bones in yonder church-yard laid,
+  Where thy last bed the village sexton made!"--p. 19.
+
+
+GORM. From _gormandize_. At Hamilton College, to eat voraciously.
+
+
+GOT. In Princeton College, when a student or any one else has been
+cheated or taken in, it is customary to say, he was _got_.
+
+
+GOVERNMENT. In American colleges, the general government is
+usually vested in a corporation or a board of trustees, whose
+powers, rights, and duties are established by the respective
+charters of the colleges over which they are placed. The immediate
+government of the undergraduates is in the hands of the president,
+professors, and tutors, who are styled _the Government_, or _the
+College Government_, and more frequently _the Faculty_, or _the
+College Faculty_.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, pp. 7, 8.
+_Laws of Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 5.
+
+For many years he was the most conspicuous figure among those who
+constituted what was formerly called "the
+_Government_."--_Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. vii.
+
+  [Greek: Kudiste], mighty President!!!
+  [Greek: Kalomen nun] the _Government_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 27.
+
+  Did I not jaw the _Government_,
+  For cheating more than ten per cent?--_Ibid._, p. 32.
+
+  They shall receive due punishment
+  From Harvard College _Government_.--_Ibid._, p. 44.
+
+The annexed production, printed from a MS. in the author's
+handwriting, and in the possession of the editor of this work, is
+now, it is believed, for the first time presented to the public.
+The time is 1787; the scene, Harvard College. The poem was
+"written by John Q. Adams, son of the President, when an
+undergraduate."
+
+   "A DESCRIPTION OF A GOVERNMENT MEETING.
+
+ "The Government of College met,
+  And _Willard_[31] rul'd the stern debate.
+  The witty _Jennison_[32] declar'd
+  As how, he'd been completely scar'd;
+  Last night, quoth he, as I came home,
+  I heard a noise in _Prescott's_[33] room.
+  I went and listen'd at the door,
+  As I had often done before;
+  I found the Juniors in a high rant,
+  They call'd the President a tyrant;
+  And said as how I was a fool,
+  A long ear'd ass, a sottish mule,
+  Without the smallest grain of spunk;
+  So I concluded they were drunk.
+  At length I knock'd, and Prescott came:
+  I told him 't was a burning shame,
+  That he should give his classmates wine;
+  And he should pay a heavy fine.
+  Meanwhile the rest grew so outragious,
+  Altho' I boast of being couragious,
+  I could not help being in a fright,
+  For one of them put out the light.
+  I thought 't was best to come away,
+  And wait for vengeance 'till this day;
+  And he's a fool at any rate
+  Who'll fight, when he can RUSTICATE.
+  When they [had] found that I was gone,
+  They ran through College up and down;
+  And I could hear them very plain
+  Take the Lord's holy name in vain.
+  To Wier's[34] chamber they then repair'd,
+  And there the wine they freely shar'd;
+  They drank and sung till they were tir'd.
+  And then they peacefully retir'd.
+  When this Homeric speech was said,
+  With drolling tongue and hanging head,
+  The learned Doctor took his seat,
+  Thinking he'd done a noble feat.
+  Quoth Joe,[35] the crime is great I own,
+  Send for the Juniors one by one.
+  By this almighty wig I swear,
+  Which with such majesty I wear,
+  Which in its orbit vast contains
+  My dignity, my power and brains,
+  That Wier and Prescott both shall see,
+  That College boys must not be free.
+  He spake, and gave the awful nod
+  Like Homer's Didonean God,
+  The College from its centre shook,
+  And every pipe and wine-glass broke.
+
+ "_Williams_,[36] with countenance humane,
+  While scarce from laughter could refrain,
+  Thought that such youthful scenes of mirth
+  To punishment could not give birth;
+  Nor could he easily divine
+  What was the harm of drinking wine.
+
+ "But _Pearson_,[37] with an awful frown,
+  Full of his article and noun,
+  Spake thus: by all the parts of speech
+  Which I so elegantly teach,
+  By mercy I will never stain
+  The character which I sustain.
+  Pray tell me why the laws were made,
+  If they're not to be obey'd;
+  Besides, _that Wier_ I can't endure,
+  For he's a wicked rake, I'm sure.
+  But whether I am right or not,
+  I'll not recede a single jot.
+
+ "_James_[38] saw 'twould be in vain t' oppose,
+  And therefore to be silent chose.
+
+ "_Burr_,[39] who had little wit or pride,
+  Preferr'd to take the strongest side.
+  And Willard soon receiv'd commission
+  To give a publick admonition.
+  With pedant strut to prayers he came,
+  Call'd out the criminals by name;
+  Obedient to his dire command,
+  Prescott and Wier before him stand.
+  The rulers merciful and kind,
+  With equal grief and wonder find,
+  That you do drink, and play, and sing,
+  And make with noise the College ring.
+  I therefore warn you to beware
+  Of drinking more than you can bear.
+  Wine an incentive is to riot,
+  Disturbance of the publick quiet.
+  Full well your Tutors know the truth,
+  For sad experience taught their youth.
+  Take then this friendly exhortation;
+  The next offence is RUSTICATION."
+
+
+GOWN. A long, loose upper garment or robe, worn by professional
+men, as divines, lawyers, students, &c., who are called _men of
+the gown_, or _gownmen_. It is made of any kind of cloth, worn
+over ordinary clothes, and hangs down to the ankles, or nearly so.
+--_Encyc._
+
+From a letter written in the year 1766, by Mr. Holyoke, then
+President of Harvard College, it would appear that gowns were
+first worn by the members of that institution about the year 1760.
+The gown, although worn by the students in the English
+universities, is now seldom worn in American colleges except on
+Commencement, Exhibition, or other days of a similar public
+character.
+
+The students are permitted to wear black _gowns_, in which they
+may appear on all public occasions.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+37.
+
+Every candidate for a first degree shall wear a black dress and
+the usual black _gown_.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 20.
+
+The performers all wore black _gowns_ with sleeves large enough to
+hold me in, and shouted and swung their arms, till they looked
+like so many Methodist ministers just ordained.--_Harvardiana_,
+Vol. III. p. 111.
+
+  Saw them ... clothed in _gowns_ of satin,
+    Or silk or cotton, black as souls benighted.--
+  All, save the _gowns_, was startling, splendid, tragic,
+  But gowns on men have lost their wonted magic.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 26.
+
+  The door swings open--and--he comes! behold him
+    Wrapt in his mantling _gown_, that round him flows
+  Waving, as Caesar's toga did enfold him.--_Ibid._, p. 36.
+
+On Saturday evenings, Sundays, and Saints' days, the students wear
+surplices instead of their _gowns_, and very innocent and
+exemplary they look in them.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+2. One who wears a gown.
+
+And here, I think, I may properly introduce a very singular
+gallant, a sort of mongrel between town and _gown_,--I mean a
+bibliopola, or (as the vulgar have it) a bookseller.--_The
+Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. II. p. 226.
+
+
+GOWNMAN, GOWNSMAN. One whose professional habit is a gown, as a
+divine or lawyer, and particularly a member of an English
+university.--_Webster_.
+
+  The _gownman_ learned.--_Pope_.
+
+  Oft has some fair inquirer bid me say,
+  What tasks, what sports beguile the _gownsman's_ day.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+For if townsmen by our influence are so enlightened, what must we
+_gownsmen_ be ourselves?--_The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p.
+56.
+
+Nor must it be supposed that the _gownsmen_ are thin, study-worn,
+consumptive-looking individuals.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 5.
+
+See CAP.
+
+
+GRACE. In English universities, an act, vote, or decree of the
+government of the institution.--_Webster_.
+
+"All _Graces_ (as the legislative measures proposed by the Senate
+are termed) have to be submitted first to the Caput, each member
+of which has an absolute veto on the grace. If it passes the
+Caput, it is then publicly recited in both houses, [the regent and
+non-regent,] and at a subsequent meeting voted on, first in the
+Non-Regent House, and then in the other. If it passes both, it
+becomes valid."--_Literary World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+See CAPUT SENATUS.
+
+
+GRADUATE. To honor with a degree or diploma, in a college or
+university; to confer a degree on; as, to _graduate_ a master of
+arts.--_Wotton_.
+
+  _Graduated_ a doctor, and dubb'd a knight.--_Carew_.
+
+Pickering, in his Vocabulary, says of the word _graduate_:
+"Johnson has it as a verb active only. But an English friend
+observes, that 'the active sense of this word is rare in England.'
+I have met with one instance in an English publication where it is
+used in a dialogue, in the following manner: 'You, methinks, _are
+graduated_.' See a review in the British Critic, Vol. XXXIV. p.
+538."
+
+In Mr. Todd's edition of Johnson's Dictionary, this word is given
+as a verb intransitive also: "To take an academical degree; to
+become a graduate; as he _graduated_ at Oxford."
+
+In America, the use of the phrase _he was graduated_, instead of
+_he graduated_, which has been of late so common, "is merely,"
+says Mr. Bartlett in his Dictionary of Americanisms, "a return to
+former practice, the verb being originally active transitive."
+
+He _was graduated_ with the esteem of the government, and the
+regard of his contemporaries--_Works of R.T. Paine_, p. xxix. The
+latter, who _was graduated_ thirteen years after.--_Peirce's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, p. 219.
+
+In this perplexity the President had resolved "to yield to the
+torrent, and _graduate_ Hartshorn."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 398. (The quotation was written in 1737.)
+
+In May, 1749, three gentlemen who had sons about _to be
+graduated_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 92.
+
+Mr. Peirce was born in September, 1778; and, after _being
+graduated_ at Harvard College, with the highest honors of his
+class.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 390, and Chap. XXXVII. _passim_.
+
+He _was graduated_ in 1789 with distinguished honors, at the age
+of nineteen.--_Mr. Young's Discourse on the Life of President
+Kirkland_.
+
+His class when _graduated_, in 1785, consisted of thirty-two
+persons.--_Dr. Palfrey's Discourse on the Life and Character of
+Dr. Ware_.
+
+2. _Intransitively_. To receive a degree from a college or
+university.
+
+He _graduated_ at Leyden in 1691.--_London Monthly Mag._, Oct.
+1808, p. 224.
+
+Wherever Magnol _graduated_.--_Rees's Cyclopaedia_, Art. MAGNOL.
+
+
+GRADUATE. One who has received a degree in a college or
+university, or from some professional incorporated
+society.--_Webster_.
+
+
+GRADUATE IN A SCHOOL. A degree given, in the University of
+Virginia, to those who have been through a course of study less
+than is required for the degree of B.A.
+
+
+GRADUATION. The act of conferring or receiving academical degrees.
+--_Charter of Dartmouth College_.
+
+After his _graduation_ at Yale College, in 1744, he continued his
+studies at Harvard University, where he took his second degree in
+1747.--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia Coll._, p. 122.
+
+Bachelors were called Senior, Middle, or Junior Bachelors
+according to the year since _graduation_, and before taking the
+degree of Master.--_Woolsey's Hist. Disc._, p. 122.
+
+
+GRAND COMPOUNDER. At the English Universities, one who pays double
+fees for his degree.
+
+"Candidates for all degrees, who possess certain property," says
+the Oxford University Calendar, "must go out, as it is termed,
+_Grand Compounders_. The property required for this purpose may
+arise from two distinct sources; either from some ecclesiastical
+benefice or benefices, or else from some other revenue, civil or
+ecclesiastical. The ratio of computation in the first case is
+expressly limited by statute to the value of the benefice or
+benefices, as _rated in the King's books_, without regard to the
+actual estimation at the present period; and the amount of that
+value must not be _less than forty pounds_. In the second
+instance, which includes all other cases, comprising
+ecclesiastical as well as civil income, (academical income alone
+excepted,) property to the extent of _three hundred pounds_ a year
+is required; nor is any difference made between property in land
+and property in money, so that a _legal_ revenue to this extent of
+any description, not arising from a benefice or benefices, and not
+being strictly academical, renders the qualification
+complete."--Ed. 1832, p. 92.
+
+At Oxford "a '_grand compounder_' is one who has income to the
+amount of $1,500, and is made to pay $150 for his degree, while
+the ordinary fee is $42." _Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 247.
+
+
+GRAND TRIBUNAL. The Grand Tribunal is an institution peculiar to
+Trinity College, Hartford. A correspondent describes it as
+follows. "The Grand Tribunal is a mock court composed of the
+Senior and Junior Classes, and has for its special object the
+regulation and discipline of Sophomores. The first officer of the
+Tribunal is the 'Grand High Chancellor,' who presides at all
+business meetings. The Tribunal has its judges, advocates,
+sheriff, and his aids. According to the laws of the Tribunal, no
+Sophomore can be tried who has three votes in his favor. This
+regulation makes a trial a difficult matter; there is rarely more
+than one trial a year, and sometimes two years elapse without
+there being a session of the court. When a selection of an
+offending and unlucky Soph has been made, he is arrested some time
+during the day of the evening on which his trial takes place. The
+court provides him with one advocate, while he has the privilege
+of choosing another. These trials are often the scenes of
+considerable wit and eloquence. One of the most famous of them was
+held in 1853. When the Tribunal is in session, it is customary for
+the Faculty of the College to act as its police, by preserving
+order amongst the Sophs, who generally assemble at the door, to
+disturb, if possible, the proceedings of the Court."
+
+
+GRANTA. The name by which the University of Cambridge, Eng., was
+formerly known. At present it is sometimes designated by this
+title in poetry, and in addresses written in other tongues than
+the vernacular.
+
+  Warm with fond hope, and Learning's sacred flame,
+  To _Granta's_ bowers the youthful Poet came.
+
+    _Lines in Memory of H.K. White, by Prof. William Smyth_, in
+    _Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+GRATULATORY. Expressing gratulation; congratulatory.
+
+At Harvard College, while Wadsworth was President, in the early
+part of the last century, it was customary to close the exercises
+of Commencement day with a _gratulatory oration_, pronounced by
+one of the candidates for a degree. This has now given place to
+what is generally called the _valedictory oration_.
+
+
+GRAVEL DAY. The following account of this day is given in a work
+entitled Sketches of Williams College. "On the second Monday of
+the first term in the year, if the weather be at all favorable, it
+has been customary from time immemorial to hold a college meeting,
+and petition the President for '_Gravel day_.' We did so this
+morning. The day was granted, and, recitations being dispensed
+with, the students turned out _en masse_ to re-gravel the college
+walks. The gravel which we obtain here is of such a nature that it
+packs down very closely, and renders the walks as hard and smooth
+as a pavement. The Faculty grant this day for the purpose of
+fostering in the students the habit of physical labor and
+exercise, so essential to vigorous mental exertion."--1847, pp.
+78, 79.
+
+The improved method of observing this day is noted in the annexed
+extract. "Nearly every college has its own peculiar customs, which
+have been transmitted from far antiquity; but Williams has perhaps
+less than any other. Among ours are '_gravel day_,' 'chip day,'
+and 'mountain day,' occurring one in each of the three terms. The
+first usually comes in the early part of the Fall term. In old
+times, when the students were few, and rather fonder of _work_
+than at the present, they turned out with spades, hoes, and other
+implements, and spread gravel over the walks, to the College
+grounds; but in later days, they have preferred to tax themselves
+to a small amount and delegate the work to others, while they
+spend the day in visiting the Cascade, the Natural Bridge, or
+others of the numerous places of interest near us."--_Boston Daily
+Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+GREAT GO. In the English universities the final and most important
+examination is called the _great go_, in contradistinction to the
+_little go_, an examination about the middle of the course.
+
+In my way back I stepped into the _Great Go_ schools.--_The
+Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 287.
+
+Read through the whole five volumes folio, Latin, previous to
+going up for his _Great Go_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 381.
+
+
+GREEN. Inexperienced, unsophisticated, verdant. Among collegians
+this term is the favorite appellation for Freshmen.
+
+When a man is called _verdant_ or _green_, it means that he is
+unsophisticated and raw. For instance, when a man rushes to chapel
+in the morning at the ringing of the first bell, it is called
+_green_. At least, we were, for it. This greenness, we would
+remark, is not, like the verdure in the vision of the poet,
+necessarily perennial.--_Williams Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol.
+I. p. 463.
+
+
+GRIND. An exaction; an oppressive action. Students speak of a very
+long lesson which they are required to learn, or of any thing
+which it is very unpleasant or difficult to perform, as a _grind_.
+This meaning is derived from the verb _to grind_, in the sense of
+to harass, to afflict; as, to _grind_ the faces of the poor
+(Isaiah iii. 15).
+
+  I must say 't is a _grind_, though
+        --(perchance I spoke too loud).
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 12.
+
+
+GRINDING. Hard study; diligent application.
+
+The successful candidate enjoys especial and excessive _grinding_
+during the four years of his college course. _Burlesque Catalogue,
+Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 28.
+
+
+GROATS. At the English universities, "nine _groats_" says Grose,
+in his Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, "are deposited in the
+hands of an academic officer by every person standing for a
+degree, which, if the depositor obtains with honor, are returned
+to him."
+
+_To save his groats_; to come off handsomely.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+GROUP. A crowd or throng; a number collected without any regular
+form or arrangement. At Harvard College, students are not allowed
+to assemble in _groups_, as is seen by the following extract from
+the laws. Three persons together are considered as a _group_.
+
+Collecting in _groups_ round the doors of the College buildings,
+or in the yard, shall be considered a violation of decorum.--_Laws
+Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, Suppl., p. 4.
+
+
+GROUPING. Collecting together.
+
+It will surely be incomprehensible to most students how so large a
+number as six could be suffered with impunity to horde themselves
+together within the limits of the college yard. In those days the
+very learned laws about _grouping_ were not in existence. A
+collection of two was not then considered a sure prognostic of
+rebellion, and spied out vigilantly by tutoric eyes. A _group_ of
+three was not reckoned a gross outrage of the college peace, and
+punished severely by the subtraction of some dozens from the
+numerical rank of the unfortunate youth engaged in so high a
+misdemeanor. A congregation of four was not esteemed an open,
+avowed contempt of the laws of decency and propriety, prophesying
+utter combustion, desolation, and destruction to all buildings and
+trees in the neighborhood; and lastly, a multitude of five, though
+watched with a little jealousy, was not called an intolerable,
+unparalleled violation of everything approaching the name of
+order, absolute, downright shamelessness, worthy capital
+mark-punishment, alias the loss of 87-3/4 digits!--_Harvardiana_,
+Vol. III. p. 314.
+
+The above passage and the following are both evidently of a
+satirical nature.
+
+  And often _grouping_ on the chains, he hums his own sweet verse,
+  Till Tutor ----, coming up, commands him to disperse!
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849, p. 14.
+
+
+GRUB. A hard student. Used at Williams College, and synonymous
+with DIG at other colleges. A correspondent says, writing from
+Williams: "Our real delvers, midnight students, are familiarly
+called _Grubs_. This is a very expressive name."
+
+A man must not be ashamed to be called a _grub_ in college, if he
+would shine in the world.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 76.
+
+Some there are who, though never known to read or study, are ever
+ready to debate,--not "_grubs_" or "reading men," only "wordy
+men."--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 246.
+
+
+GRUB. To study hard; to be what is denominated a _grub_, or hard
+student. "The primary sense," says Dr. Webster, "is probably to
+rub, to rake, scrape, or scratch, as wild animals dig by
+scratching."
+
+I can _grub out_ a lesson in Latin or mathematics as well as the
+best of them.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. I. p. 223.
+
+
+GUARDING. "The custom of _guarding_ Freshmen," says a
+correspondent from Dartmouth College, "is comparatively a late
+one. Persons masked would go into another's room at night, and
+oblige him to do anything they commanded him, as to get under his
+bed, sit with his feet in a pail of water," &c.
+
+
+GULF. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., one who obtains the
+degree of B.A., but has not his name inserted in the Calendar, is
+said to be in the _gulf_.
+
+He now begins to ... be anxious about ... that classical
+acquaintance who is in danger of the _gulf_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 95.
+
+Some ten or fifteen men just on the line, not bad enough to be
+plucked or good enough to be placed, are put into the "_gulf_," as
+it is popularly called (the Examiners' phrase is "Degrees
+allowed"), and have their degrees given them, but are not printed
+in the Calendar.--_Ibid._, p. 205.
+
+
+GULFING. In the University of Cambridge, England, "those
+candidates for B.A. who, but for sickness or some other sufficient
+cause, might have obtained an honor, have their degree given them
+without examination, and thus avoid having their names inserted in
+the lists. This is called _Gulfing_." A degree taken in this
+manner is called "an AEgrotat Degree."--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. pp.
+60, 105.
+
+I discovered that my name was nowhere to be found,--that I was
+_Gulfed_.--_Ibid._, Vol. II. p. 97.
+
+
+GUM. A trick; a deception. In use at Dartmouth College.
+
+_Gum_ is another word they have here. It means something like
+chaw. To say, "It's all a _gum_," or "a regular chaw," is the same
+thing.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+GUM. At the University of Vermont, to cheat in recitation by using
+_ponies_, _interliners_, &c.; e.g. "he _gummed_ in geometry."
+
+2. To cheat; to deceive. Not confined to college.
+
+He was speaking of the "moon hoax" which "_gummed_" so many
+learned philosophers.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p. 189.
+
+
+GUMMATION. A trick; raillery.
+
+Our reception to college ground was by no means the most
+hospitable, considering our unacquaintance with the manners of the
+place, for, as poor "Fresh," we soon found ourselves subject to
+all manner of sly tricks and "_gummations_" from our predecessors,
+the Sophs.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 13.
+
+
+GYP. A cant term for a servant at Cambridge, England, at _scout_
+is used at Oxford. Said to be a sportive application of [Greek:
+gyps], a vulture.--_Smart_.
+
+The word _Gyp_ very properly characterizes them.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 56.
+
+  And many a yawning _gyp_ comes slipshod in,
+  To wake his master ere the bells begin.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+The Freshman, when once safe through his examination, is first
+inducted into his rooms by a _gyp_, usually recommended to him by
+his tutor. The gyp (from [Greek: gyps], vulture, evidently a
+nickname at first, but now the only name applied to this class of
+persons) is a college servant, who attends upon a number of
+students, sometimes as many as twenty, calls them in the morning,
+brushes their clothes, carries for them parcels and the queerly
+twisted notes they are continually writing to one another, waits
+at their parties, and so on. Cleaning their boots is not in his
+branch of the profession; there is a regular brigade of college
+shoeblacks.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+14.
+
+It is sometimes spelled _Jip_, though probably by mistake.
+
+My _Jip_ brought one in this morning; faith! and told me I was
+focussed.--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p. 1085.
+
+
+
+_H_.
+
+
+HALF-LESSON. In some American colleges on certain occasions the
+students are required to learn only one half of the amount of an
+ordinary lesson.
+
+They promote it [the value of distinctions conferred by the
+students on one another] by formally acknowledging the existence
+of the larger debating societies in such acts as giving
+"_half-lessons_" for the morning after the Wednesday night
+debates.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 386.
+
+
+HALF-YEAR. In the German universities, a collegiate term is called
+a _half-year_.
+
+The annual courses of instruction are divided into summer and
+winter _half-years_.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. Ed.,
+pp. 34, 35.
+
+
+HALL. A college or large edifice belonging to a collegiate
+institution.--_Webster_.
+
+2. A collegiate body in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
+In the former institution a hall differs from a college, in that
+halls are not incorporated; consequently, whatever estate or other
+property they possess is held in trust by the University. In the
+latter, colleges and halls are synonymous.--_Cam. and Oxf.
+Calendars_.
+
+"In Cambridge," says the author of the Collegian's Guide, "the
+halls stand on the same footing as the colleges, but at Oxford
+they did not, in my time, hold by any means so high a place in
+general estimation. Certainly those halls which admit the outcasts
+of other colleges, and of those alone I am now speaking, used to
+be precisely what one would expect to find them; indeed, I had
+rather that a son of mine should forego a university education
+altogether, than that he should have so sorry a counterfeit of
+academic advantages as one of these halls affords."--p. 172.
+
+"All the Colleges at Cambridge," says Bristed, "have equal
+privileges and rights, with the solitary exception of King's, and
+though some of them are called _Halls_, the difference is merely
+one of name. But the Halls at Oxford, of which there are five, are
+not incorporated bodies, and have no vote in University matters,
+indeed are but a sort of boarding-houses at which students may
+remain until it is time for them to take a degree. I dined at one
+of those establishments; it was very like an officers' mess. The
+men had their own wine, and did not wear their gowns, and the only
+Don belonging to the Hall was not present at table. There was a
+tradition of a chapel belonging to the concern, but no one present
+knew where it was. This Hall seemed to be a small Botany Bay of
+both Universities, its members made up of all sorts of incapables
+and incorrigibles."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp.
+140, 141.
+
+3. At Cambridge and Oxford, the public eating-room.
+
+I went into the public "_hall_" [so is called in Oxford the public
+eating-room].--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 231.
+
+Dinner is, in all colleges, a public meal, taken in the refectory
+or "_hall_" of the society.--_Ibid._, p. 273.
+
+4. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., dinner, the name of the
+place where the meal is taken being given to the meal itself.
+
+_Hall_ lasts about three quarters of an hour.--_Bristed's Five
+Year in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+After _Hall_ is emphatically lounging-time, it being the wise
+practice of Englishmen to attempt no hard exercise, physical or
+mental, immediately after a hearty meal.--_Ibid._, p. 21.
+
+It is not safe to read after _Hall_ (i.e. after dinner).--_Ibid._,
+p. 331.
+
+
+HANG-OUT. An entertainment.
+
+I remember the date from the Fourth of July occurring just
+afterwards, which I celebrated by a "_hang-out_."--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 80.
+
+He had kept me six hours at table, on the occasion of a dinner
+which he gave ... as an appendix to and a return for some of my
+"_hangings-out_."--_Ibid._, p. 198.
+
+
+HANG OUT. To treat, to live, to have or possess. Among English
+Cantabs, a verb of all-work.--_Bristed_.
+
+There were but few pensioners who "_hung out_" servants of their
+own.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 90.
+
+I had become ... a man who knew and "_hung out_ to" clever and
+pleasant people, and introduced agreeable lions to one
+another.--_Ibid._, p. 158.
+
+I had gained such a reputation for dinner-giving, that men going
+to "_hang out_" sometimes asked me to compose bills of fare for
+them.--_Ibid._, p. 195.
+
+
+HARRY SOPHS, or HENRY SOPHISTERS; in reality Harisophs, a
+corruption of Erisophs ([Greek: erisophos], _valde eruditus_). At
+Cambridge, England, students who have kept all the terms required
+for a law act, and hence are ranked as Bachelors of Law by
+courtesy.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+See, also, Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 818.
+
+
+HARVARD WASHINGTON CORPS. From a memorandum on a fly leaf of an
+old Triennial Catalogue, it would appear that a military company
+was first established among the students of Harvard College about
+the year 1769, and that its first captain was Mr. William Wetmore,
+a graduate of the Class of 1770. The motto which it then assumed,
+and continued to bear through every period of its existence, was,
+"Tam Marti quam Mercurio." It was called at that time the Marti
+Mercurian Band. The prescribed uniform was a blue coat, the skirts
+turned with white, nankeen breeches, white stockings, top-boots,
+and a cocked hat. This association continued for nearly twenty
+years from the time of its organization, but the chivalrous spirit
+which had called it into existence seems at the end of that time
+to have faded away. The last captain, it is believed, was Mr.
+Solomon Vose, a graduate of the class of 1787.
+
+Under the auspices of Governor Gerry, in December of the year
+1811, it was revived, and through his influence received a new
+loan of arms from the State, taking at the same time the name of
+the Harvard Washington Corps. In 1812, Mr. George Thacher was
+appointed its commander. The members of the company wore a blue
+coat, white vest, white pantaloons, white gaiters, a common black
+hat, and around the waist a white belt, which was always kept very
+neat, and to which were attached a bayonet and cartridge-box. The
+officers wore the same dress, with the exceptions of a sash
+instead of the belt, and a chapeau in place of the hat. Soon after
+this reorganization, in the fall of 1812, a banner, with the arms
+of the College on one side and the arms of the State on the other,
+was presented by the beautiful Miss Mellen, daughter of Judge
+Mellen of Cambridge, in the name of the ladies of that place. The
+presentation took place before the door of her father's house.
+Appropriate addresses were made, both by the fair donor and the
+captain of the company. Mr. Frisbie, a Professor in the College,
+who was at that time engaged to Miss Mellen, whom he afterwards
+married, recited on the occasion the following verses impromptu,
+which were received with great _eclat_.
+
+ "The standard's victory's leading star,
+    'T is danger to forsake it;
+  How altered are the scenes of war,
+    They're vanquished now who take it."
+
+A writer in the Harvardiana, 1836, referring to this banner, says:
+"The gilded banner now moulders away in inglorious quiet, in the
+dusty retirement of a Senior Sophister's study. What a desecration
+for that 'flag by angel hands to valor given'!"[40] Within the
+last two years it has wholly disappeared from its accustomed
+resting-place. Though departed, its memory will be ever dear to
+those who saw it in its better days, and under its shadow enjoyed
+many of the proudest moments of college life.
+
+At its second organization, the company was one of the finest and
+best drilled in the State. The members were from the Senior and
+Junior Classes. The armory was in the fifth story of Hollis Hall.
+The regular time for exercise was after the evening commons. The
+drum would often beat before the meal was finished, and the
+students could then be seen rushing forth with the half-eaten
+biscuit, and at the same time buckling on their armor for the
+accustomed drill. They usually paraded on exhibition-days, when
+the large concourse of people afforded an excellent opportunity
+for showing off their skill in military tactics and manoeuvring.
+On the arrival of the news of the peace of 1815, it appears, from
+an interleaved almanac, that "the H.W. Corps paraded and fired a
+salute; Mr. Porter treated the company." Again, on the 12th of
+May, same year, "H.W. Corps paraded in Charlestown, saluted Com.
+Bainbridge, and returned by the way of Boston." The captain for
+that year, Mr. W.H. Moulton, dying, on the 6th of July, at five
+o'clock, P.M., "the class," says the same authority, "attended the
+funeral of Br. Moulton in Boston. The H.W. Corps attended in
+uniform, without arms, the ceremony of entombing their late
+Captain."
+
+In the year 1825, it received a third loan of arms, and was again
+reorganized, admitting the members of all the classes to its
+ranks. From this period until the year 1834, very great interest
+was manifested in it; but a rebellion having broken out at that
+time among the students, and the guns of the company having been
+considerably damaged by being thrown from the windows of the
+armory, which was then in University Hall, the company was
+disbanded, and the arms were returned to the State.
+
+The feelings with which it was regarded by the students generally
+cannot be better shown than by quoting from some of the
+publications in which reference is made to it. "Many are the grave
+discussions and entry caucuses," says a writer in the Harvard
+Register, published in 1828, "to determine what favored few are to
+be graced with the sash and epaulets, and march as leaders in the
+martial band. Whilst these important canvassings are going on, it
+behooves even the humblest and meekest to beware how he buttons
+his coat, or stiffens himself to a perpendicular, lest he be more
+than suspected of aspiring to some military capacity. But the
+_Harvard Washington Corps_ must not be passed over without further
+notice. Who can tell what eagerness fills its ranks on an
+exhibition-day? with what spirit and bounding step the glorious
+phalanx wheels into the College yard? with what exultation they
+mark their banner, as it comes floating on the breeze from
+Holworthy? And ah! who cannot tell how this spirit expires, this
+exultation goes out, when the clerk calls again and again for the
+assessments."--p. 378.
+
+A college poet has thus immortalized this distinguished band:--
+
+ "But see where yonder light-armed ranks advance!--
+  Their colors gleaming in the noonday glance,
+  Their steps symphonious with the drum's deep notes,
+  While high the buoyant, breeze-borne banner floats!
+  O, let not allied hosts yon band deride!
+  'T is _Harvard Corps_, our bulwark and our pride!
+  Mark, how like one great whole, instinct with life,
+  They seem to woo the dangers of the strife!
+  Who would not brave the heat, the dust, the rain,
+  To march the leader of that valiant train?"
+    _Harvard Register_, p. 235.
+
+Another has sung its requiem in the following strain:--
+
+ "That martial band, 'neath waving stripes and stars
+  Inscribed alike to Mercury and Mars,
+  Those gallant warriors in their dread array,
+  Who shook these halls,--O where, alas! are they?
+  Gone! gone! and never to our ears shall come
+  The sounds of fife and spirit-stirring drum;
+  That war-worn banner slumbers in the dust,
+  Those bristling arms are dim with gathering rust;
+  That crested helm, that glittering sword, that plume,
+  Are laid to rest in reckless faction's tomb."
+    _Winslow's Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+
+HAT FELLOW-COMMONER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+popular name given to a baronet, the eldest son of a baronet, or
+the younger son of a nobleman. A _Hat Fellow-Commoner_ wears the
+gown of a Fellow-Commoner, with a hat instead of the velvet cap
+with metallic tassel which a Fellow-Commoner wears, and is
+admitted to the degree of M.A. after two years' residence.
+
+
+HAULED UP. In many colleges, one brought up before the Faculty is
+said to be _hauled up_.
+
+
+HAZE. To trouble; to harass; to disturb. This word is used at
+Harvard College, to express the treatment which Freshmen sometimes
+receive from the higher classes, and especially from the
+Sophomores. It is used among sailors with the meanings _to urge_,
+_to drive_, _to harass_, especially with labor. In his Dictionary
+of Americanisms, Mr. Bartlett says, "To haze round, is to go
+rioting about."
+
+Be ready, in fine, to cut, to drink, to smoke, to swear, to
+_haze_, to dead, to spree,--in one word, to be a
+Sophomore.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1848, p. 11.
+
+  To him no orchard is unknown,--no grape-vine unappraised,--
+  No farmer's hen-roost yet unrobbed,--no Freshman yet _unhazed_!
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849, p. 9.
+
+  'T is the Sophomores rushing the Freshmen to _haze_.
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 22.
+
+                                Never again
+  Leave unbolted your door when to rest you retire,
+  And, _unhazed_ and unmartyred, you proudly may scorn
+  Those foes to all Freshmen who 'gainst thee conspire.
+    _Ibid._, p. 23.
+
+Freshmen have got quietly settled down to work, Sophs have given
+up their _hazing_.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 285.
+
+We are glad to be able to record, that the absurd and barbarous
+custom of _hazing_, which has long prevailed in College, is, to a
+great degree, discontinued.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 413.
+
+The various means which are made use of in _hazing_ the Freshmen
+are enumerated in part below. In the first passage, a Sophomore
+speaks in soliloquy.
+
+                      I am a man,
+  Have human feelings, though mistaken Fresh
+  Affirmed I was a savage or a brute,
+  When I did dash cold water in their necks,
+  Discharged green squashes through their window-panes,
+  And stript their beds of soft, luxurious sheets,
+  Placing instead harsh briers and rough sticks,
+  So that their sluggish bodies might not sleep,
+  Unroused by morning bell; or when perforce,
+  From leaden syringe, engine of fierce might,
+  I drave black ink upon their ruffle shirts,
+  Or drenched with showers of melancholy hue,
+  The new-fledged dickey peering o'er the stock,
+  Fit emblem of a young ambitious mind!
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 254.
+
+A Freshman writes thus on the subject:--
+
+The Sophs did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+Fresh, as they call us. They would come to our rooms with masks
+on, and frighten us dreadfully; and sometimes squirt water through
+our keyholes, or throw a whole pailful on to one of us from the
+upper windows.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+
+HEAD OF THE HOUSE. The generic name for the highest officer of a
+college in the English Universities.
+
+The Master of the College, or "_Head of the House_," is a D.D. who
+has been a Fellow.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 16.
+
+The _heads of houses_ [are] styled, according to the usage of the
+college, President, Master, Principal, Provost, Warden, or Rector.
+--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xiii.
+
+Written often simply _Head_.
+
+The "_Head_," as he is called generically, of an Oxford college,
+is a greater man than the uninitiated suppose.--_De Quincey's Life
+and Manners_, p. 244.
+
+The new _Head_ was a gentleman of most commanding personal
+appearance.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+87.
+
+
+HEADSHIP. The office and place of head or president of a college.
+
+Most of the college _Headships_ are not at the disposal of the
+Crown.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, note, p.
+89, and _errata_.
+
+The _Headships_ of the colleges are, with the exception of
+Worcester, filled by one chosen by the Fellows from among
+themselves, or one who has been a Fellow.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed.
+1847, p. xiv.
+
+
+HEADS OUT. At Princeton College, the cry when anything occurs in
+the _Campus_. Used, also, to give the alarm when a professor or
+tutor is about to interrupt a spree.
+
+See CAMPUS.
+
+
+HEBDOMADAL BOARD. At Oxford, the local governing authority of the
+University, composed of the Heads of colleges and the two
+Proctors, and expressing itself through the Vice-Chancellor. An
+institution of Charles I.'s time, it has possessed, since the year
+1631, "the sole initiative power in the legislation of the
+University, and the chief share in its administration." Its
+meetings are held weekly, whence the name.--_Oxford Guide.
+Literary World_, Vol. XII., p. 223.
+
+
+HIGH-GO. A merry frolic, usually with drinking.
+
+  Songs of Scholars in revelling roundelays,
+  Belched out with hickups at bacchanal Go,
+  Bellowed, till heaven's high concave rebound the lays,
+  Are all for college carousals too low.
+  Of dullness quite tired, with merriment fired,
+  And fully inspired with amity's glow,
+  With hate-drowning wine, boys, and punch all divine, boys,
+  The Juniors combine, boys, in friendly HIGH-GO.
+    _Glossology, by William Biglow_, inserted in _Buckingham's
+    Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp. 281-284.
+
+He it was who broached the idea of a _high-go_, as being requisite
+to give us a rank among the classes in college. _D.A. White's
+Address before Soc. of the Alumni of Harv. Univ._, Aug. 27, 1844,
+p. 35.
+
+This word is now seldom used; the words _High_ and _Go_ are,
+however, often used separately, with the same meaning; as the
+compound. The phrase _to get high_, i.e. to become intoxicated,
+is allied with the above expression.
+
+  Or men "_get high_" by drinking abstract toddies?
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 71.
+
+
+HIGH STEWARD. In the English universities, an officer who has
+special power to hear and determine capital causes, according to
+the laws of the land and the privileges of the university,
+whenever a scholar is the party offending. He also holds the
+university _court-leet_, according to the established charter and
+custom.--_Oxf. and Cam. Cals._
+
+At Cambridge, in addition to his other duties, the High Steward is
+the officer who represents the University in the House of Lords.
+
+
+HIGH TABLE. At Oxford, the table at which the Fellows and some
+other privileged persons are entitled to dine.
+
+Wine is not generally allowed in the public hall, except to the
+"_high table_."--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 278.
+
+I dine at the "_high table_" with the reverend deans, and hobnob
+with professors.--_Household Words_, Am. ed., Vol. XI. p 521.
+
+
+HIGH-TI. At Williams College, a term by which is designated a
+showy recitation. Equivalent to the word _squirt_ at Harvard
+College.
+
+
+HILLS. At Cambridge, Eng., Gogmagog Hills are commonly called _the
+Hills_.
+
+  Or to the _Hills_ on horseback strays,
+  (Unasked his tutor,) or his chaise
+  To famed Newmarket guides.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 35.
+
+
+HISS. To condemn by hissing.
+
+This is a favorite method, especially among students, of
+expressing their disapprobation of any person or measure.
+
+  I'll tell you what; your crime is this,
+  That, Touchy, you did scrape, and _hiss_.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 45.
+
+  Who will bully, scrape, and _hiss_!
+  Who, I say, will do all this!
+  Let him follow me,--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+
+HOAXING. At Princeton College, inducing new-comers to join the
+secret societies is called _hoaxing_.
+
+
+HOBBY. A translation. Hobbies are used by some students in
+translating Latin, Greek, and other languages, who from this
+reason are said to ride, in contradistinction to others who learn
+their lessons by study, who are said to _dig_ or _grub_.
+
+See PONY.
+
+
+HOBSON'S CHOICE. Thomas Hobson, during the first third of the
+seventeenth century, was the University carrier between Cambridge
+and London. He died January 1st, 1631. "He rendered himself famous
+by furnishing the students with horses; and, making it an
+unalterable rule that every horse should have an equal portion of
+rest as well as labor, he would never let one out of its turn;
+hence the celebrated saying, 'Hobson's Choice: _this_, or none.'"
+Milton has perpetuated his fame in two whimsical epitaphs, which
+may be found among his miscellaneous poems.
+
+
+HOE IN. At Hamilton College, to strive vigorously; a metaphorical
+meaning, taken from labor with the hoe.
+
+
+HOIST. It was formerly customary at Harvard College, when the
+Freshmen were used as servants, to report them to their Tutor if
+they refused to go when sent on an errand; this complaint was
+called a _hoisting_, and the delinquent was said to be _hoisted_.
+
+The refusal to perform a reasonable service required by a member
+of the class above him, subjected the Freshmen to a complaint to
+be brought before his Tutor, technically called _hoisting_ him to
+his Tutor. The threat was commonly sufficient to exact the
+service.--_Willard's Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I.
+p. 259.
+
+
+HOLD INS. At Bowdoin College, "near the commencement of each
+year," says a correspondent, "the Sophs are wont, on some
+particular evening, to attempt to '_hold in_' the Freshmen when
+coming out of prayers, generally producing quite a skirmish."
+
+
+HOLLIS. Mr. Thomas Hollis of Lincoln's Inn, to whom, with many
+others of the same name, Harvard College is so much indebted,
+among other presents to its library, gave "sixty-four volumes of
+valuable books, curiously bound." To these reference is made in
+the following extract from the Gentleman's Magazine for September,
+1781. "Mr. Hollis employed Mr. Fingo to cut a number of
+emblematical devices, such as the caduceus of Mercury, the wand of
+AEsculapius, the owl, the cap of liberty, &c.; and these devices
+were to adorn the backs and sometimes the sides of books. When
+patriotism animated a work, instead of unmeaning ornaments on the
+binding, he adorned it with caps of liberty. When wisdom filled
+the page, the owl's majestic gravity bespoke its contents. The
+caduceus pointed out the works of eloquence, and the wand of
+AEsculapius was a signal of good medicine. The different emblems
+were used on the same book, when possessed of different merits,
+and to express his disapprobation of the whole or parts of any
+work, the figure or figures were reversed. Thus each cover
+exhibited a critique on the book, and was a proof that they were
+not kept for show, as he must read before he could judge. Read
+this, ye admirers of gilded books, and imitate."
+
+
+HONORARIUM, HONORARY. A term applied, in Europe, to the recompense
+offered to professors in universities, and to medical or other
+professional gentlemen for their services. It is nearly equivalent
+to _fee_, with the additional idea of being given _honoris causa_,
+as a token of respect.--_Brande. Webster_.
+
+There are regular receivers, quaestors, appointed for the reception
+of the _honorarium_, or charge for the attendance of
+lectures.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 30.
+
+
+HONORIS CAUSA. Latin; _as an honor_. Any honorary degree given by
+a college.
+
+Degrees in the faculties of Divinity and Law are conferred, at
+present, either in course, _honoris causa_, or on admission _ad
+eundem_.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 10.
+
+
+HONORS. In American colleges, the principal honors are
+appointments as speakers at Exhibitions and Commencements. These
+are given for excellence in scholarship. The appointments for
+Exhibitions are different in different colleges. Those of
+Commencement do not vary so much. The following is a list of the
+appointments at Harvard College, in the order in which they are
+usually assigned: Valedictory Oration, called also _the_ English
+Oration, Salutatory in Latin, English Orations, Dissertations,
+Disquisitions, and Essays. The salutatorian is not always the
+second scholar in the class, but must be the best, or, in case
+this distinction is enjoyed by the valedictorian, the second-best
+Latin scholar. Latin or Greek poems or orations or English poems
+sometimes form a part of the exercises, and may be assigned, as
+are the other appointments, to persons in the first part of the
+class. At Yale College the order is as follows: Valedictory
+Oration, Salutatory in Latin, Philosophical Orations, Orations,
+Dissertations, Disputations, and Colloquies. A person who receives
+the appointment of a Colloquy can either write or speak in a
+colloquy, or write a poem. Any other appointee can also write a
+poem. Other colleges usually adopt one or the other of these
+arrangements, or combine the two.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., those who at the final
+examination in the Senate-House are classed as Wranglers, Senior
+Optimes, or Junior Optimes, are said to go out in _honors_.
+
+I very early in the Sophomore year gave up all thoughts of
+obtaining high _honors_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 6.
+
+
+HOOD. An ornamented fold that hangs down the back of a graduate,
+to mark his degree.--_Johnson_.
+
+  My head with ample square-cap crown,
+  And deck with _hood_ my shoulders.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p. 349.
+
+
+HORN-BLOWING. At Princeton College, the students often provide
+themselves at night with horns, bugles, &c., climb the trees in
+the Campus, and set up a blowing which is continued as long as
+prudence and safety allow.
+
+
+HORSE-SHEDDING. At the University of Vermont, among secret and
+literary societies, this term is used to express the idea conveyed
+by the word _electioneering_.
+
+
+HOUSE. A college. The word was formerly used with this
+signification in Harvard and Yale Colleges.
+
+If any scholar shall transgress any of the laws of God, or the
+_House_, he shall be liable, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. I. p. 517.
+
+If detriment come by any out of the society, then those officers
+[the butler and cook] themselves shall be responsible to the
+_House_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 583.
+
+A member of the college was also called a _Member of the House_.
+
+The steward is to see that one third part be reserved of all the
+payments to him by the _members of the House_ quarterly
+made.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 582.
+
+A college officer was called an _Officer of the House_.
+
+The steward shall be bound to give an account of the necessary
+disbursements which have been issued out to the steward himself,
+butler, cook, or any other _officer of the House_.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 582.
+
+Neither shall the butler or cook suffer any scholar or scholars
+whatever, except the Fellows, Masters of Art, Fellow-Commoners or
+_officers of the House_, to come into the butteries, &c.--_Ibid._,
+Vol. I. p. 584.
+
+Before the year 1708, the term _Fellows of the House_ was applied,
+at Harvard College, both to the members of the Corporation, and to
+the instructors who did not belong to the Corporation. The
+equivocal meaning of this title was noticed by President Leverett,
+for, in his duplicate record of the proceedings of the Corporation
+and the Overseers, he designated certain persons to whom he refers
+as "Fellows of the House, i.e. of the Corporation." Soon after
+this, an attempt was made to distinguish between these two classes
+of Fellows, and in 1711 the distinction was settled, when one
+Whiting, "who had been for several years known as Tutor and
+'Fellow of the House,' but had never in consequence been deemed or
+pretended to be a member of the Corporation, was admitted to a
+seat in that board."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. pp.
+278, 279. See SCHOLAR OF THE HOUSE.
+
+2. An assembly for transacting business.
+
+See CONGREGATION, CONVOCATION.
+
+
+HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. At Union College, the members of the
+Junior Class compose what is called the _House of
+Representatives_, a body organized after the manner of the
+national House, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the
+forms and manner of legislation. The following account has been
+furnished by a member of that College.
+
+"At the end of the third term, Sophomore year, when the members of
+that class are looking forward to the honors awaiting them, comes
+off the initiation to the House. The Friday of the tenth week is
+the day usually selected for the occasion. On the afternoon of
+that day the Sophomores assemble in the Junior recitation-room,
+and, after organizing themselves by the appointment of a chairman,
+are waited upon by a committee of the House of Representatives of
+the Junior Class, who announce that they are ready to proceed with
+the initiation, and occasionally dilate upon the importance and
+responsibility of the future position of the Sophomores.
+
+"The invitation thus given is accepted, and the class, headed by
+the committee, proceeds to the Representatives' Hall. On their
+arrival, the members of the House retire, and the incoming
+members, under the direction of the committee, arrange themselves
+around the platform of the Speaker, all in the room at the same
+time rising in their seats. The Speaker of the House now addresses
+the Sophomores, announcing to them their election to the high
+position of Representatives, and exhorting them to discharge well
+all their duties to their constituents and their common country.
+He closes, by stating it to be their first business to elect the
+officers of the House.
+
+"The election of Speaker, Vice-Speaker, Clerk, and Treasurer by
+ballot then follows, two tellers being appointed by the Chair. The
+Speaker is elected for one year, and must be one of the Faculty;
+the other officers hold only during the ensuing term. The Speaker,
+however, is never expected to be present at the meetings of the
+House, with the exception of that at the beginning of each term
+session, so that the whole duty of presiding falls on the
+Vice-Speaker. This is the only meeting of the _new_ House during
+that term.
+
+"On the second Friday afternoon of the fall term, the Speaker
+usually delivers an inaugural address, and soon after leaves the
+chair to the Vice-Speaker, who then announces the representation
+from the different States, and also the list of committees. The
+members are apportioned by him according to population, each State
+having at least one, and some two or three, as the number of the
+Junior Class may allow. The committees are constituted in the
+manner common to the National House, the number of each, however,
+being less. Business then follows, as described in Jefferson's
+Manual; petitions, remonstrances, resolutions, reports, debates,
+and all the 'toggery' of legislation, come on in regular, or
+rather irregular succession. The exercises, as may be well
+conceived, furnish an excellent opportunity for improvement in
+parliamentary tactics and political oratory."
+
+The House of Representatives was founded by Professor John Austin
+Tates. It is not constituted by every Junior Class, and may be
+regarded as intermittent in its character.
+
+See SENATE.
+
+
+HUMANIST. One who pursues the study of the _humanities (literae
+humaniores)_, or polite literature; a term used in various
+European universities, especially the Scotch.--_Brandt_.
+
+
+HUMANITY, _pl._ HUMANITIES. In the plural signifying grammar,
+rhetoric, the Latin and Greek languages, and poetry; for teaching
+which there are professors in the English and Scotch universities.
+--_Encyc._
+
+
+HUMMEL. At the University of Vermont, a foot, especially a large
+one.
+
+
+HYPHENUTE. At Princeton College, the aristocratic or would-be
+aristocratic in dress, manners, &c., are called _Hyphenutes_. Used
+both as a noun and adjective. Same as [Greek: Oi Aristoi] q.v.
+
+
+
+_I_.
+
+
+ILLUMINATE. To interline with a translation. Students _illuminate_
+a book when they write between the printed lines a translation of
+the text. _Illuminated_ books are preferred by good judges to
+ponies or hobbies, as the text and translation in them are brought
+nearer to one another. The idea of calling books thus prepared
+_illuminated_, is taken partly from the meaning of the word
+_illuminate_, to adorn with ornamental letters, substituting,
+however, in this case, useful for ornamental, and partly from one
+of its other meanings, to throw light on, as on obscure subjects.
+
+
+ILLUSTRATION. That which elucidates a subject. A word used with a
+peculiar application by undergraduates in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng.
+
+I went back,... and did a few more bits of _illustration_, such as
+noting down the relative resources of Athens and Sparta when the
+Peloponnesian war broke out, and the sources of the Athenian
+revenue.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 51.
+
+IMPOSITION. In the English universities, a supernumerary exercise
+enjoined on students as a punishment.
+
+Minor offences are punished by rustication, and those of a more
+trivial nature by fines, or by literary tasks, here termed
+_Impositions_.--_Oxford Guide_, p. 149.
+
+Literary tasks called _impositions_, or frequent compulsive
+attendances on tedious and unimproving exercises in a college
+hall.--_T. Warton, Minor Poems of Milton_, p. 432.
+
+_Impositions_ are of various lengths. For missing chapel, about
+one hundred lines to copy; for missing a lecture, the lecture to
+translate. This is the measure for an occasional offence.... For
+coming in late at night repeatedly, or for any offence nearly
+deserving rustication, I have known a whole book of Thucydides
+given to translate, or the Ethics of Aristotle to analyze, when
+the offender has been a good scholar, while others, who could only
+do mechanical work, have had a book of Euclid to write out.
+
+Long _impositions_ are very rarely _barberized_. When college
+tutors intend to be severe, which is very seldom, they are not to
+be trifled with.
+
+At Cambridge, _impositions_ are not always in writing, but
+sometimes two or three hundred lines to repeat by heart. This is
+ruin to the barber.--_Collegian's Guide_, pp. 159, 160.
+
+In an abbreviated form, _impos._
+
+He is obliged to stomach the _impos._, and retire.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._, p. 125.
+
+He satisfies the Proctor and the Dean by saying a part of each
+_impos._--_Ibid._, p. 128.
+
+See BARBER.
+
+
+INCEPT. To take the degree of Master of Arts.
+
+They may nevertheless take the degree of M.A. at the usual period,
+by putting their names on the _College boards_ a few days previous
+to _incepting_.--_Cambridge Calendar_.
+
+The M.A. _incepts_ in about three years and two months from the
+time of taking his first degree.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 285.
+
+
+INCEPTOR. One who has proceeded to the degree of M.A., but who,
+not enjoying all the privileges of an M.A. until the Commencement,
+is in the mean time termed an Inceptor.
+
+Used in the English universities, and formerly at Harvard College.
+
+And, in case any of the Sophisters, Questionists, or _Inceptors_
+fail in the premises required at their hands ... they shall be
+deferred to the following year.--_Laws of 1650, in Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+The Admissio _Inceptorum_ was as follows: "Admitto te ad secundum
+gradum in artibus pro more Academiarum in Anglia: tibique trado
+hunc librum una cum potestate publice profitendi, ubicunque ad hoc
+munus publice evocatus fueris."--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 580.
+
+
+INDIAN SOCIETY. At the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a society
+of smokers was established, in the year 1837, by an Indian named
+Zachary Colbert, and called the Indian Society. The members and
+those who have been invited to join the society, to the number of
+sixty or eighty, are accustomed to meet in a small room, ten feet
+by eighteen; all are obliged to smoke, and he who first desists is
+required to pay for the cigars smoked at that meeting.
+
+
+INDIGO. At Dartmouth College, a member of the party called the
+Blues. The same as a BLUE, which see.
+
+The Howes, years ago, used to room in Dartmouth Hall, though none
+room there now, and so they made up some verses. Here is one:--
+
+ "Hurrah for Dartmouth Hall!
+  Success to every student
+  That rooms in Dartmouth Hall,
+  Unless he be an _Indigo_,
+  Then, no success at all."
+    _The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+
+INITIATION. Secret societies exist in almost all the colleges in
+the United States, which require those who are admitted to pass
+through certain ceremonies called the initiation. This fact is
+often made use of to deceive Freshmen, upon their entrance into
+college, who are sometimes initiated into societies which have no
+existence, and again into societies where initiation is not
+necessary for membership.
+
+A correspondent from Dartmouth College writes as follows: "I
+believe several of the colleges have various exercises of
+_initiating_ Freshmen. Ours is done by the 'United Fraternity,'
+one of our library societies (they are neither of them secret),
+which gives out word that the _initiation_ is a fearful ceremony.
+It is simply every kind of operation that can be contrived to
+terrify, and annoy, and make fun of Freshmen, who do not find out
+for some time that it is not the necessary and serious ceremony of
+making them members of the society."
+
+In the University of Virginia, students on entering are sometimes
+initiated into the ways of college life by very novel and unique
+ceremonies, an account of which has been furnished by a graduate
+of that institution. "The first thing, by way of admitting the
+novitiate to all the mysteries of college life, is to require of
+him in an official communication, under apparent signature of one
+of the professors, a written list, tested under oath, of the
+entire number of his shirts and other necessary articles in his
+wardrobe. The list he is requested to commit to memory, and be
+prepared for an examination on it, before the Faculty, at some
+specified hour. This the new-comer usually passes with due
+satisfaction, and no little trepidation, in the presence of an
+august assemblage of his student professors. He is now remanded to
+his room to take his bed, and to rise about midnight bell for
+breakfast. The 'Callithumpians' (in this Institution a regularly
+organized company), 'Squallinaders,' or 'Masquers,' perform their
+part during the livelong night with instruments 'harsh thunder
+grating,' to insure to the poor youth a sleepless night, and give
+him full time to con over and curse in his heart the miseries of a
+college existence. Our fellow-comrade is now up, dressed, and
+washed, perhaps two hours in advance of the first light of dawn,
+and, under the guidance of a _posse comitatus_ of older students,
+is kindly conducted to his morning meal. A long alley, technically
+'Green Alley,' terminating with a brick wall, informing all, 'Thus
+far shalt thou go, and no farther,' is pointed out to him, with
+directions 'to follow his nose and keep straight ahead.' Of course
+the unsophisticated finds himself completely nonplused, and gropes
+his way back, amidst the loud vociferations of 'Go it, green un!'
+With due apologies for the treatment he has received, and violent
+denunciations against the former _posse_ for their unheard-of
+insolence towards the gentleman, he is now placed under different
+guides, who volunteer their services 'to see him through.' Suffice
+it to be said, that he is again egregiously 'taken in,' being
+deposited in the Rotunda or Lecture-room, and told to ring for
+whatever he wants, either coffee or hot biscuit, but particularly
+enjoined not to leave without special permission from one of the
+Faculty. The length of his sojourn in this place, where he is
+finally left, is of course in proportion to his state of
+verdancy."
+
+
+INSPECTOR OF THE COLLEGE. At Yale College, a person appointed to
+ascertain, inspect, and estimate all damages done to the College
+buildings and appurtenances, whenever required by the President.
+All repairs, additions, and alterations are made under his
+inspection, and he is also authorized to determine whether the
+College chambers are fit for the reception of the students.
+Formerly the inspectorship in Harvard College was held by one of
+the members of the College government. His duty was to examine the
+state of the College public buildings, and also at stated times to
+examine the exterior and interior of the buildings occupied by the
+students, and to cause such repairs to be made as were in his
+opinion proper. The same duties are now performed by the
+_Superintendent of Public Buildings_.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837,
+p. 22. _Laws Harv. Coll._, 1814, p. 58, and 1848, p 29.
+
+The duties of the _Inspector of the College Buildings_, at
+Middlebury, are similar to those required of the inspector at
+Yale.--_Laws Md. Coll._, 1839, pp. 15, 16.
+
+IN STATU PUPILLARI. Latin; literally, _in a state of pupilage_. In
+the English universities, one who is subject to collegiate laws,
+discipline, and officers is said to be _in statu pupillari_.
+
+  And the short space that here we tarry,
+  At least "_in statu pupillari_,"
+  Forbids our growing hopes to germ,
+  Alas! beyond the appointed term.
+    _Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 109.
+
+
+INTERLINEAR. A printed book, with a written translation between
+the lines. The same as an _illuminated_ book; for an account of
+which, see under ILLUMINATE.
+
+  Then devotes himself to study, with a steady, earnest zeal,
+  And scorns an _Interlinear_, or a Pony's meek appeal.
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850, p. 20.
+
+
+INTERLINER. Same as INTERLINEAR.
+
+In the "Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," a Professor at Harvard
+College, Professor Felton observes: "He was a mortal enemy to
+translations, '_interliners_,' and all such subsidiary helps in
+learning lessons; he classed them all under the opprobrious name
+of 'facilities,' and never scrupled to seize them as contraband
+goods. When he withdrew from College, he had a large and valuable
+collection of this species of literature. In one of the notes to
+his Three Lectures he says: 'I have on hand a goodly number of
+these confiscated wares, full of manuscript innotations, which I
+seized in the way of duty, and would now restore to the owners on
+demand, without their proving property or paying charges.'"--p.
+lxxvii.
+
+Ponies, _Interliners_, Ticks, Screws, and Deads (these are all
+college verbalities) were all put under contribution.--_A Tour
+through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 25.
+
+
+INTONITANS BOLUS. Greek, [Greek: bolos], a lump. Latin, _bolus_, a
+bit, a morsel. English, _bolus_, a mass of anything made into a
+large pill. It may be translated _a thundering pill_. At Harvard
+College, the _Intonitans Bolus_ was a great cane or club which was
+given nominally to the strongest fellow in the graduating class;
+"but really," says a correspondent, "to the greatest bully," and
+thus was transmitted, as an entailed estate, to the Samsons of
+College. If any one felt that he had been wronged in not receiving
+this emblem of valor, he was permitted to take it from its
+possessor if he could. In later years the club presented a very
+curious appearance; being almost entirely covered with the names
+of those who had held it, carved on its surface in letters of all
+imaginable shapes and descriptions. At one period, it was in the
+possession of Richard Jeffrey Cleveland, a member of the class of
+1827, and was by him transmitted to Jonathan Saunderson of the
+class of 1828. It has disappeared within the last fifteen or
+twenty years, and its hiding-place, even if it is in existence, is
+not known.
+
+See BULLY CLUB.
+
+
+INVALID'S TABLE. At Yale College, in former times, a table at
+which those who were not in health could obtain more nutritious
+food than was supplied at the common board. A graduate at that
+institution has referred to the subject in the annexed extract.
+"It was extremely difficult to obtain permission to board out, and
+indeed impossible except in extreme cases: the beginning of such
+permits would have been like the letting out of water. To take
+away all pretext for it, an '_invalid's table_' was provided,
+where, if one chose to avail himself of it, having a doctor's
+certificate that his health required it, he might have a somewhat
+different diet."--_Scenes and Characters in College, New Haven_,
+1847, pp. 117, 118.
+
+
+
+_J_.
+
+
+JACK-KNIFE. At Harvard College it has long been the custom for the
+ugliest member of the Senior Class to receive from his classmates
+a _Jack-knife_, as a reward or consolation for the plainness of
+his features. In former times, it was transmitted from class to
+class, its possessor in the graduating class presenting it to the
+one who was deemed the ugliest in the class next below.
+
+Mr. William Biglow, a member of the class of 1794, the recipient
+for that year of the Jack-knife,--in an article under the head of
+"Omnium Gatherum," published in the Federal Orrery, April 27,
+1795, entitled, "A Will: Being the last words of CHARLES
+CHATTERBOX, Esq., late worthy and much lamented member of the
+Laughing Club of Harvard University, who departed college life,
+June 21, 1794, in the twenty-first year of his age,"--presents
+this _transmittendum_ to his successor, with the following
+words:--
+
+ "_Item_. C---- P----s[41] has my knife,
+   During his natural college life;
+   That knife, which ugliness inherits,
+   And due to his superior merits,
+   And when from Harvard he shall steer,
+   I order him to leave it here,
+   That't may from class to class descend,
+   Till time and ugliness shall end."
+
+Mr. Prentiss, in the autumn of 1795, soon after graduating,
+commenced the publication of the Rural Repository, at Leominster,
+Mass. In one of the earliest numbers of this paper, following the
+example of Mr. Biglow, he published his will, which Mr. Paine, the
+editor of the Federal Orrery, immediately transferred to his
+columns with this introductory note:--"Having, in the second
+number of 'Omnium Gatherum' presented to our readers the last will
+and testament of Charles Chatterbox, Esq., of witty memory,
+wherein the said Charles, now deceased, did lawfully bequeath to
+Ch----s Pr----s the celebrated 'Ugly Knife,' to be by him
+transmitted, at his college demise, to the next succeeding
+candidate; -------- and whereas the said Ch----s Pr----s, on the
+21st of June last, departed his aforesaid college life, thereby
+leaving to the inheritance of his successor the valuable legacy
+which his illustrious friend had bequeathed, as an entailed
+estate, to the poets of the university,--we have thought proper to
+insert a full, true, and attested copy of the will of the last
+deceased heir, in order that the world may be furnished with a
+correct genealogy of this renowned _Jack-knife_, whose pedigree
+will become as illustrious in after time as the family of the
+'ROLLES,' and which will be celebrated by future wits as the most
+formidable _weapon_ of modern genius."
+
+That part of the will only is here inserted which refers
+particularly to the Knife. It is as follows:--
+
+ "I--I say I, now make this will;
+  Let those whom I assign fulfil.
+  I give, grant, render, and convey
+  My goods and chattels thus away;
+  That _honor of a college life,
+  That celebrated_ UGLY KNIFE,
+  Which predecessor SAWNEY[42] orders,
+  Descending to time's utmost borders,
+  To _noblest bard_ of _homeliest phiz_,
+  To have and hold and use, as his,
+  I now present C----s P----y S----r,[43]
+  To keep with his poetic lumber,
+  To scrape his quid, and make a split,
+  To point his pen for sharpening wit;
+  And order that he ne'er abuse
+  Said ugly knife, in dirtier use,
+  And let said CHARLES, that best of writers,
+  In prose satiric skilled to bite us,
+  And equally in verse delight us,
+  Take special care to keep it clean
+  From unpoetic hands,--I ween.
+  And when those walls, the muses' seat,
+  Said S----r is obliged to quit,
+  Let some one of APOLLO'S firing,
+  To such heroic joys aspiring,
+  Who long has borne a poet's name,
+  With said Knife cut his way to fame."
+    See _Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp. 281, 270.
+
+Tradition asserts that the original Jack-knife was terminated at
+one end of the handle by a large blade, and at the other by a
+projecting piece of iron, to which a chain of the same metal was
+attached, and that it was customary to carry it in the pocket
+fastened by this chain to some part of the person. When this was
+lost, and the custom of transmitting the Knife went out of
+fashion, the class, guided by no rule but that of their own fancy,
+were accustomed to present any thing in the shape of a knife,
+whether oyster or case, it made no difference. In one instance a
+wooden one was given, and was immediately burned by the person who
+received it. At present the Jack-knife is voted to the ugliest
+member of the Senior Class, at the meeting for the election of
+officers for Class Day, and the sum appropriated for its purchase
+varies in different years from fifty cents to twenty dollars. The
+custom of presenting the Jack-knife is one of the most amusing of
+those which have come down to us from the past, and if any
+conclusion may be drawn from the interest which is now manifested
+in its observance, it is safe to infer, in the words of the poet,
+that it will continue
+ "Till time and ugliness shall end."
+
+In the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a Jack-knife is given to
+the greatest liar, as a reward of merit.
+
+See WILL.
+
+
+JAPANNED. A cant term in use at the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+explained in the following passage. "Many ... step ... into the
+Church, without any pretence of other change than in the attire of
+their outward man,--the being '_japanned_,' as assuming the black
+dress and white cravat is called in University slang."--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 344.
+
+
+JESUIT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of Jesus
+College.
+
+
+JOBATION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a sharp reprimand
+from the Dean for some offence, not eminently heinous.
+
+Thus dismissed the august presence, he recounts this _jobation_ to
+his friends, and enters into a discourse on masters, deans,
+tutors, and proctors.--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 124.
+
+
+JOBE. To reprove; to reprimand. "In the University of Cambridge,
+[Eng.,] the young scholars are wont to call chiding,
+_jobing_."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+I heard a lively young man assert, that, in consequence of an
+intimation from the tutor relative to his irregularities, his
+father came from the country to _jobe_ him.--_Gent. Mag._, Dec.
+1794.
+
+
+JOE. A name given at several American colleges to a privy. It is
+said that when Joseph Penney was President of Hamilton College, a
+request from the students that the privies might be cleansed was
+met by him with a denial. In consequence of this refusal, the
+offices were purified by fire on the night of November 5th. The
+derivation of the word, allowing the truth of this story, is
+apparent.
+
+The following account of _Joe-Burning_ is by a correspondent from
+Hamilton College:--"On the night of the 5th of November, every
+year, the Sophomore Class burn 'Joe.' A large pile is made of
+rails, logs, and light wood, in the form of a triangle. The space
+within is filled level to the top, with all manner of
+combustibles. A 'Joe' is then sought for by the class, carried
+from its foundations on a rude bier, and placed on this pile. The
+interior is filled with wood and straw, surrounding a barrel of
+tar placed in the middle, over all of which gallons of turpentine
+are thrown, and then set fire to. From the top of the lofty hill
+on which the College buildings are situated, this fire can be seen
+for twenty miles around. The Sophomores are all disguised in the
+most odd and grotesque dresses. A ring is formed around the
+burning 'Joe,' and a chant is sung. Horses of the neighbors are
+obtained and ridden indiscriminately, without saddle or bridle.
+The burning continues usually until daylight."
+
+  Ponamus Convivium
+  _Josephi_ in locum
+    Et id uremus.
+    _Convivii Exsequiae, Hamilton Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+JOHNIAN. A member of St. John's College in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng.
+
+The _Johnians_ are always known by the name of pigs; they put up a
+new organ the other day, which was immediately christened "Baconi
+Novum Organum."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV., p 236.
+
+
+JUN. Abbreviated for Junior.
+
+The target for all the venomed darts of rowdy Sophs, magnificent
+_Juns_, and lazy Senes.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+
+JUNE. An abbreviation of Junior.
+
+  I once to Yale a Fresh did come,
+    But now a jolly _June_,
+  Returning to my distant home,
+    I bear the wooden spoon.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 36.
+
+  But now, when no longer a Fresh or a Soph,
+    Each blade is a gentleman _June_.
+    _Ibid._, p. 39.
+
+
+JUNE TRAINING. The following interesting and entertaining account
+of one of the distinguishing customs of the University of Vermont,
+is from the pen of one of her graduates, to whom the editor of
+this work is under many obligations for the valuable assistance he
+has rendered in effecting the completeness of this Collection.
+
+"In the old time when militia trainings were in fashion, the
+authorities of Burlington decided that, whereas the students of
+the University of Vermont claimed and were allowed the right of
+suffrage, they were to be considered citizens, and consequently
+subject to military duty. The students having refused to appear on
+parade, were threatened with prosecution; and at last they
+determined to make their appearance. This they did on a certain
+'training day,' (the year I do not recollect,) to the full
+satisfaction of the authorities, who did not expect _such_ a
+parade, and had no desire to see it repeated. But the students
+being unwilling to expose themselves to 'the rigor of the law,'
+paraded annually; and when at last the statute was repealed and
+militia musters abolished, they continued the practice for the
+sake of old association. Thus it passed into a custom, and the
+first Wednesday of June is as eagerly anticipated by the citizens
+of Burlington and the youth of the surrounding country for its
+'training,' as is the first Wednesday of August for its annual
+Commencement. The Faculty always smile propitiously, and in the
+afternoon the performance commences. The army, or more
+euphoniously the 'UNIVERSITY INVINCIBLES,' take up 'their line of
+march' from the College campus, and proceed through all the
+principal streets to the great square, where, in the presence of
+an immense audience, a speech is delivered by the
+Commander-in-chief, and a sermon by the Chaplain, the roll is
+called, and the annual health report is read by the surgeon. These
+productions are noted for their patriotism and fervid eloquence
+rather than high literary merit. Formerly the music to which they
+marched consisted solely of the good old-fashioned drum and fife;
+but of late years the Invincibles have added to these a brass
+band, composed of as many obsolete instruments as can be procured,
+in the hands of inexperienced performers. None who have ever
+handled a musical instrument before are allowed to become members
+of the band, lest the music should be too sweet and regular to
+comport with the general order of the parade. The uniform (or
+rather the _multiform_) of the company varies from year to year,
+owing to the regulation that each soldier shall consult his own
+taste,--provided that no two are to have the same taste in their
+equipments. The artillery consists of divers joints of rusty
+stove-pipe, in each of which is inserted a toy cannon of about one
+quarter of an inch calibre, mounted on an old dray, and drawn by
+as many horse-apologies as can be conveniently attached to it.
+When these guns are discharged, the effect--as might be
+expected--is terrific. The banners, built of cotton sheeting and
+mounted on a rake-handle, although they do not always exhibit
+great artistic genius, often display vast originality of design.
+For instance, one contained on the face a diagram (done in ink
+with the wrong end of a quill) of the _pons asinorum_, with the
+rather belligerent inscription, 'REMEMBER NAPOLEON AT LODI.' On
+the reverse was the head of an extremely doubtful-looking
+individual viewing 'his natural face in a glass.'
+Inscription,--'O wad some pow'r the giftie gie us To see oursel's
+as others see us.'
+
+"The surgeon's equipment is an ox-cart containing jars of drugs
+(most of them marked 'N.E.R.' and 'O.B.J.'), boxes of homoeopathic
+pills (about the size of a child's head), immense saws and knives,
+skeletons of animals, &c.; over which preside the surgeon and his
+assistant in appropriate dresses, with tin spectacles. This
+surgeon is generally the chief feature of the parade, and his
+reports are astonishing additions to the surgical lore of our
+country. He is the wit of the College,--the one who above all
+others is celebrated for the loudest laugh, the deepest bumper,
+the best joke, and the poorest song. How well he sustains his
+reputation may be known by listening to his annual reading, or by
+reference to the reports of 'Trotwood,' 'Gubbins,' or 'Deppity
+Sawbones,' who at different times have immortalized themselves by
+their contributions to science. The cavalcade is preceded by the
+'pioneers,' who clear the way for the advancing troops; which is
+generally effected by the panic among the boys, occasioned by the
+savage aspect of the pioneers,--their faces being hideously
+painted, and their dress consisting of gleanings from every
+costume, Christian, Pagan, and Turkish, known among men. As the
+body passes through the different streets, the martial men receive
+sundry testimonials of regard and approval in the shape of boquets
+and wreaths from the fair 'Peruvians,' who of course bestow them
+on those who, in their opinion, have best succeeded in the object
+of the day,--uncouth appearance. After the ceremonies, the
+students quietly congregate in some room in college to _count_
+these favors and to ascertain who is to be considered the hero of
+the day, as having rendered himself pre-eminently ridiculous. This
+honor generally falls to the lot of the surgeon. As the sun sinks
+behind the Adirondacs over the lake, the parade ends; the many
+lookers-on having nothing to see but the bright visions of the
+next year's training, retire to their homes; while the now weary
+students, gathered in knots in the windows of the upper stories,
+lazily and comfortably puff their black pipes, and watch the
+lessening forms of the retreating countrymen."
+
+Further to elucidate the peculiarities of the June Training, the
+annexed account of the custom, as it was observed on the first
+Wednesday in June of the current year, is here inserted, taken
+from the "Daily Free Press," published at Burlington, June 8th,
+1855.
+
+"The annual parade of the principal military body in Vermont is an
+event of importance. The first Wednesday in June, the day assigned
+to it, is becoming the great day of the year in Burlington.
+Already it rivals, if it does not exceed, Commencement day in
+glory and honor. The people crowd in from the adjoining towns, the
+steamboats bring numbers from across the lake, and the inhabitants
+of the town turn out in full force. The yearly recurrence of such
+scenes shows the fondness of the people for a hearty laugh, and
+the general acceptableness of the entertainment provided.
+
+"The day of the parade this year was a very favorable
+one,--without dust, and neither too hot nor too cold for comfort
+The performances properly--or rather _im_properly--commenced in
+the small hours of the night previous by the discharge of a cannon
+in front of the college buildings, which, as the cannon was
+stupidly or wantonly pointed _towards_ the college buildings, blew
+in several hundred panes of glass. We have not heard that anybody
+laughed at this piece of heavy wit.
+
+"At four o'clock in the afternoon, the Invincibles took up their
+line of march, with scream of fife and roll of drum, down Pearl
+Street to the Square, where the flying artillery discharged a
+grand national salute of one gun; thence to the Exchange, where a
+halt was made and a refreshment of water partaken of by the
+company, and then to the Square in front of the American, where
+they were duly paraded, reviewed, exhorted, and reported upon, in
+presence of two or three thousand people.
+
+"The scene presented was worth seeing. The windows of the American
+and Wheeler's Block had all been taken out, and were filled with
+bright female faces; the roofs of the same buildings were lined
+with spectators, and the top of the portico of the American was a
+condensed mass of loveliness and bright colors. The Town Hall
+windows, steps, doors, &c. were also filled. Every good look-out
+anywhere near the spot was occupied, and a dense mass of
+by-standers and lookers-on in carriages crowded the southern part
+of the Square.
+
+"Of the cortege itself, the pencil of a Hogarth only could give an
+adequate idea. The valorous Colonel Brick was of course the centre
+of all eyes. He was fitly supported by his two aids. The three
+were in elegant uniforms, were handsomely mounted, rode well and
+with gallant bearing, and presented a particularly attractive
+appearance.
+
+"Behind them appeared a scarlet robe, surmounted by a white wig of
+Brobdinagian dimensions and spectacles to match, which it is
+supposed contained in the interior the physical system of the
+Reverendissimus Boanerges Diogenes Lanternarius, Chaplain, the
+whole mounted upon the vertebrae of a solemn-looking donkey.
+
+"The representative of the Church Militant was properly backed up
+by the Flying Artillery. Their banner announced that they were
+'for the reduction of Sebastopol,' and it is safe to say that they
+will certainly take that fortress, if they get a chance. If the
+Russians hold out against those four ghostly steeds, tandem, with
+their bandy-legged and kettle-stomached riders,--that gun, so
+strikingly like a joint of old stove-pipe in its exterior, but
+which upon occasion could vomit forth your real smoke and sound
+and smell of unmistakable brimstone,--and those slashed and
+blood-stained artillerymen,--they will do more than anybody did on
+Wednesday.
+
+"The T.L.N. Horn-et Band, with Sackbut, Psaltery, Dulcimer, and
+Shawm, Tanglang, Locofodeon, and Hugag, marched next. They
+reserved their efforts for special occasions, when they woke the
+echoes with strains of altogether unearthly music, composed for
+them expressly by Saufylur, the eminent self-taught New Zealand
+composer.
+
+"Barnum's Baby-Show, on four wheels, in charge of the great
+showman himself, aided by that experienced nurse, Mrs. Gamp, in
+somewhat dilapidated attire, followed. The babies, from a span
+long to an indefinite length, of all shapes and sizes, black,
+white, and snuff-colored, twins, triplets, quartettes, and
+quincunxes, in calico and sackcloth, and in a state of nature,
+filled the vehicle, and were hung about it by the leg or neck or
+middle. A half-starved quadruped of osseous and slightly equine
+appearance drew the concern, and the shrieking axles drowned the
+cries of the innocents.
+
+"Mr. Joseph Hiss and Mrs. Patterson of Massachusetts were not
+absent. Joseph's rubicund complexion, brassy and distinctly
+Know-Nothing look, and nasal organ well developed by his
+experience on the olfactory committee, were just what might have
+been expected. The 'make up' of Mrs. P., a bright brunette, was
+capital, and she looked the woman, if not the lady, to perfection.
+The two appeared in a handsome livery buggy, paid for, we suppose,
+by the State of Massachusetts.
+
+"A wagon-load of two or three tattered and desperate looking
+individuals, labelled 'Recruits for the Crimea,' with a generous
+supply of old iron and brick-bats as material of war, was dragged
+along by the frame and most of the skin of what was once a horse.
+
+"Towards the rear, but by no means least in consequence or in the
+amount of attention attracted, was the army hospital, drawn by two
+staid and well-fed oxen. In front appeared the snowy locks and
+'fair round belly, with good _cotton_ lined' of the worthy Dr.
+Esculapius Liverwort Tarand Cantchuget-urlegawa Opodeldoc, while
+by his side his assistant sawbones brayed in a huge iron mortar,
+with a weighty pestle, much noise, and indefatigable zeal, the
+drugs and dye-stuffs. Thigh-bones, shoulder-blades, vertebrae, and
+even skulls, hanging round the establishment, testified to the
+numerous and successful amputations performed by the skilful
+surgeon.
+
+"Noticeable among the cavalry were Don Quixote de la U.V.M.,
+Knight of the patent-leather gaiters, terrible in his bright
+rectangular cuirass of tin (once a tea-chest), and his glittering
+harpoon; his doughty squire, Sancho Panza; and a dashing young
+lady, whose tasteful riding-dress of black cambric, wealth of
+embroidered skirts and undersleeves, and bold riding, took not a
+little attention.
+
+"Of the rank and file on foot it is useless to attempt a
+description. Beards of awful size, moustaches of every shade and
+length under a foot, phizzes of all colors and contortions,
+four-story hats with sky-scraping feathers, costumes
+ring-streaked, speckled, monstrous, and incredible, made up the
+motley crew. There was a Northern emigrant just returned from
+Kansas, with garments torn and water-soaked, and but half cleaned
+of the adhesive tar and feathers, watched closely by a burly
+Missourian, with any quantity of hair and fire-arms and
+bowie-knives. There were Rev. Antoinette Brown, and Neal Dow;
+there was a darky whose banner proclaimed his faith in Stowe and
+Seward and Parker, an aboriginal from the prairies, an ancient
+minstrel with a modern fiddle, and a modern minstrel with an
+ancient hurdy- gurdy. All these and more. Each man was a study in
+himself, and to all, Falstaff's description of his recruits would
+apply:--
+
+"'My whole charge consists of corporals, lieutenants, gentlemen of
+companies, slaves as ragged as Lazarus in the painted cloth, where
+the glutton's dogs licked his sores; the cankers of a calm world
+and a long peace; ten times more dishonorable ragged than an
+old-faced ancient: and such have I, that you would think I had a
+hundred and fifty tattered prodigals lately come from
+swine-keeping, from eating draff and husks. A mad fellow met me on
+the way and told me I had unloaded all the gibbets and pressed the
+dead bodies. No eye hath seen such scarecrows.'
+
+"The proceedings on the review were exciting. After the calling of
+the roll, the idol of his regiment, Col. Martin Van Buren Brick,
+discharged an eloquent and touching speech.
+
+"From the report of Dr. Opodeldoc, which was thirty-six feet in
+length, we can of course give but a few extracts. He commenced by
+informing the Invincibles that his cures the year past had been
+more astounding than ever, and that his fame would continue to
+grow brighter and brighter, until eclipsed by the advent of some
+younger Dr. Esculapius Liverwort Tar Cant-ye-get-your-leg-away
+Opodeldoc, who in after years would shoot up like a meteor and
+reproduce his father's greatness; and went on as follows:--
+
+"'The first academic that appeared after the last report was the
+_desideratum graduatere_, or graduating fever. Twenty-seven were
+taken down. Symptoms, morality in the head,--dignity in the walk,
+--hints about graduating,--remarkable tendency to
+swell,--literary movement of the superior and inferior maxillary
+bones, &c., &c. Strictures on bleeding were first applied; then
+treating homoeopathically _similis similibus_, applied roots
+extracted, roots Latin and Greek, infinitesimal extracts of
+calculus, mathematical formulas, psychological inductions, &c.,
+&c. No avail. Finally applied huge sheep-skin plasters under the
+axilla, with a composition of printers' ink, paste, paper,
+ribbons, and writing-ink besmeared thereon, and all were
+despatched in one short day.
+
+"'Sophomore Exhibition furnished many cases. One man hit by a
+Soph-bug, drove eye down into stomach, carrying with it brains and
+all inside of the head. In order to draw them back to their proper
+place, your Surgeon caused a leaf from Barnum's Autobiography to
+be placed on patient's head, thinking that to contain more true,
+genuine _suction_ than anything yet discovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"'Nebraska _cancers_ have appeared in our ranks, especially in
+Missouri division. Surgeon recommends 385 eighty-pounders be
+loaded to the muzzle, first with blank cartridges,--to wit, Frank
+Pierce and Stephen A. Douglas, Free-Soil sermons, Fern Leaves, Hot
+Corn, together with all the fancy literature of the day,--and
+cause the same to be fired upon the disputed territory; this would
+cause all the breakings out to be removed, and drive off
+everybody.'
+
+"The close of the report was as follows. It affected many even to
+tears.
+
+"'May you all remember your Surgeon, and may your thoracic duck
+ever continue to sail peacefully down the common carrotted
+arteries, under the keystone of the arch of the aorta, and not
+rush madly into the abominable cavity and eclipse the semi-lunar
+dandelions, nor, still worse, play the dickens with the
+pneumogastric nerve and auxiliary artery, reverse the doododen,
+upset the flamingo, irritate the _high-old-glossus_, and be for
+ever lost in the receptaculum chyli. No, no, but, &c. Yours
+feelingly,
+
+'Dr. E.L.T.C.O., M.D.'
+
+"Dr. O., we notice, has added a new branch, that of dentistry, to
+his former accomplishments. By his new system, his customers are
+not obliged to undergo the pain of the operations in person, but,
+by merely sending their heads to him, can have everything done
+with a great decrease of trouble. From a calf's head thus sent in,
+the Doctor, after cutting the gums with a hay-cutter, and filing
+between the teeth with a wood-saw, skilfully extracted with a pair
+of blacksmith tongs a very great number of molars and incisors.
+
+"Miss Lucy Amazonia Crura Longa Lignea, thirteen feet high, and
+Mr. Rattleshanks Don Skyphax, a swain a foot taller, advanced from
+the ranks, and were made one by the chaplain. The bride promised
+to own the groom, but _protested_ formally against his custody of
+her person, property, and progeny. The groom pledged himself to
+mend the unmentionables of his spouse, or to resign his own when
+required to rock the cradle, and spank the babies. He placed no
+ring upon her finger, but instead transferred his whiskers to her
+face, when the chaplain pronounced them 'wife and man,' and the
+happy pair stalked off, their heads on a level with the
+second-story windows.
+
+"Music from the Keeseville Band who were present followed; the
+flying artillery fired another salute; the fife and drums struck
+up; and the Invincibles took their winding way to the University,
+where they were disbanded in good season."
+
+
+JUNIOR. One in the third year of his collegiate course in an
+American college, formerly called JUNIOR SOPHISTER.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+2. One in the first year of his course at a theological seminary.
+--_Webster_.
+
+
+JUNIOR. Noting the third year of the collegiate course in American
+colleges, or the first year in the theological
+seminaries.--_Webster_.
+
+
+JUNIOR APPOINTMENTS. At Yale College, there appears yearly, in the
+papers conducted by the students, a burlesque imitation of the
+regular appointments of the Junior exhibition. These mock
+appointments are generally of a satirical nature, referring to
+peculiarities of habits, character, or manners. The following,
+taken from some of the Yale newspapers, may be considered as
+specimens of the subjects usually assigned. Philosophical Oration,
+given to one distinguished for a certain peculiarity, subject,
+"The Advantage of a Great Breadth of Base." Latin Oration, to a
+vain person, subject, "Amor Sui." Dissertations: to a meddling
+person, subject, "The Busybody"; to a poor punster, subject,
+"Diseased Razors"; to a poor scholar, subject, "Flunk on,--flunk
+ever." Colloquy, to a joker whose wit was not estimated, subject,
+"Unappreciated Facetiousness." When a play upon names is
+attempted, the subject "Perfect Looseness" is assigned to Mr.
+Slack; Mr. Barnes discourses upon "_Stability_ of character, or
+pull down and build greater"; Mr. Todd treats upon "The Student's
+Manual," and incentives to action are presented, based on the line
+ "Lives of great men all remind us,"
+by students who rejoice in the Christian names, George Washington,
+Patrick Henry, Martin Van Buren, Andrew Jackson, Charles James
+Fox, and Henry Clay.
+
+See MOCK PART.
+
+
+JUNIOR BACHELOR. One who is in his first year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts.
+
+No _Junior Bachelor_ shall continue in the College after the
+commencement in the Summer vacation.--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1798,
+p. 19.
+
+
+JUNIOR FELLOW. At Oxford, one who stands upon the foundation of
+the college to which he belongs, and is an aspirant for academic
+emoluments.--_De Quincey_.
+
+2. At Trinity College, Hartford, a Junior Fellow is one chosen by
+the House of Convocation to be a member of the examining committee
+for three years. Junior Fellows must have attained the M.A.
+degree, and can only be voted for by Masters in Arts. Six Junior
+Fellows are elected every three years.
+
+
+JUNIOR FRESHMAN. The name of the first of the four classes into
+which undergraduates are divided at Trinity College, Dublin.
+
+
+JUNIOR OPTIME. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., those who
+occupy the third rank in honors, at the close of the final
+examination in the Senate-House, are called _Junior Optimes_.
+
+The third class, or that of _Junior Optimes_, is usually about at
+numerous as the first [that of the Wranglers], but its limits are
+more extensive, varying from twenty-five to sixty. A majority of
+the Classical men are in it; the rest of its contents are those
+who have broken down before the examination from ill-health or
+laziness, and choose the Junior Optime as an easier pass degree
+under their circumstances than the Poll, and those who break down
+in the examination; among these last may be sometimes found an
+expectant Wrangler.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d p. 228.
+
+The word is frequently abbreviated.
+
+Two years ago he got up enough of his low subjects to go on among
+the _Junior Ops._--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+There are only two mathematical papers, and these consist almost
+entirely of high questions; what a _Junior Op._ or low Senior Op.
+can do in them amounts to nothing.--_Ibid._, p. 286.
+
+
+JUNIOR SOPHISTER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student
+in the second year of his residence is called Junior Soph or
+Sophister.
+
+2. In some American colleges, a member of the Junior Class, i.e.
+of the third year, was formerly designated a Junior Sophister.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+
+_K_.
+
+
+KEEP. To lodge, live, dwell, or inhabit. To _keep_ in such a
+place, is to have rooms there. This word, though formerly used
+extensively, is now confined to colleges and universities.
+
+Inquire of anybody you meet in the court of a college at Cambridge
+your way to Mr. A----'s room, you will be told that he _keeps_ on
+such a staircase, up so many pair of stairs, door to the right or
+left.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, Vol. II. p. 178.
+
+He said I ought to have asked for his rooms, or inquired where he
+_kept_.--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 118.
+
+Dr. Johnson, in his Dictionary, cites this very apposite passage
+from Shakespeare: "Knock at the study where they say he keeps."
+Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary, says of the word: "This is noted
+as an Americanism in the Monthly Anthology, Vol. V. p. 428. It is
+less used now than formerly."
+
+_To keep an act_, in the English universities, "to perform an
+exercise in the public schools preparatory to the proceeding in
+degrees." The phrase was formerly in use in Harvard College. In an
+account in the Mass. Hist. Coll., Vol. I. p. 245, entitled New
+England's First Fruits, is the following in reference to that
+institution: "The students of the first classis that have beene
+these foure yeeres trained up in University learning, and are
+approved for their manners, as they have _kept their publick Acts_
+in former yeeres, ourselves being present at them; so have they
+lately _kept two solemn Acts_ for their Commencement."
+
+_To keep chapel_, in colleges, to attend Divine services, which
+are there performed daily.
+
+"As you have failed to _make up your number_ of chapels the last
+two weeks," such are the very words of the Dean, "you will, if you
+please, _keep every chapel_ till the end of the term."--_Household
+Words_, Vol. II. p. 161.
+
+_To keep a term_, in universities, is to reside during a
+term.--_Webster_.
+
+
+KEYS. Caius, the name of one of the colleges in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., is familiarly pronounced _Keys_.
+
+
+KINGSMAN. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of King's
+College.
+
+He came out the winner, with the _Kingsman_ and one of our three
+close at his heels.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 127.
+
+
+KITCHEN-HATCH. A half-door between the kitchen and the hall in
+colleges and old mansions. At Harvard College, the students in
+former times received at the _kitchen-hatch_ their food for the
+evening meal, which they were allowed to eat in the yard or at
+their rooms. At the same place the waiters also took the food
+which they carried to the tables.
+
+The waiters when the bell rings at meal-time shall take the
+victuals at the _kitchen-hatch_, and carry the Same to the several
+tables for which they are designed.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+41.
+
+See BUTTERY-HATCH.
+
+
+KNOCK IN. A phrase used at Oxford, and thus explained in the
+Collegian's Guide: "_Knocking in_ late, or coming into college
+after eleven or twelve o'clock, is punished frequently with being
+'confined to gates,' or being forbidden to '_knock in_' or come in
+after nine o'clock for a week or more, sometimes all the
+term."--p. 161.
+
+
+KNOCKS. From KNUCKLES. At some of the Southern colleges, a game at
+marbles called _Knucks_ is a common diversion among the students.
+
+
+[Greek: Kudos]. Greek; literally, _glory, fame_. Used among
+students, with the meaning _credit, reputation_.
+
+I was actuated not merely by a desire after the promotion of my
+own [Greek: kudos], but by an honest wish to represent my country
+well.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 27,
+28.
+
+
+
+_L_.
+
+
+LANDSMANNSCHAFT. German. The name of an association of students in
+German universities.
+
+
+LAP-EAR. At Washington College, Penn., students of a religious
+character are called _lap-ears_ or _donkeys_. The opposite class
+are known by the common name of _bloods_.
+
+
+LATIN SPOKEN AT COLLEGES. At our older American colleges, students
+were formerly required to be able to speak and write Latin before
+admission, and to continue the use of it after they had become
+members. In his History of Harvard University, Quincy remarks on
+this subject:--
+
+"At a period when Latin was the common instrument of communication
+among the learned, and the official language of statesmen, great
+attention was naturally paid to this branch of education.
+Accordingly, 'to speak true Latin, both in prose and verse,' was
+made an essential requisite for admission. Among the 'Laws and
+Liberties' of the College we also find the following: 'The
+scholars _shall never use their mother tongue_, except that, in
+public exercises of oratory or such like, they be called to make
+them in English.' This law appears upon the records of the College
+in the Latin as well as in the English language. The terms in the
+former are indeed less restrictive and more practical: 'Scholares
+vernacula lingua, _intra Collegii limites_, nullo pretextu
+utentur.' There is reason to believe that those educated at the
+College, and destined for the learned professions, acquired an
+adequate acquaintance with the Latin, and those destined to become
+divines, with the Greek and Hebrew. In other respects, although
+the sphere of instruction was limited, it was sufficient for the
+age and country, and amply supplied all their purposes and wants."
+--Vol. I. pp. 193, 194.
+
+By the laws of 1734, the undergraduates were required to "declaim
+publicly in the hall, in one of the three learned languages; and
+in no other without leave or direction from the President." The
+observance of this rule seems to have been first laid aside, when,
+"at an Overseers' meeting at the College, April 27th, 1756, John
+Vassall, Jonathan Allen, Tristram Gilman, Thomas Toppan, Edward
+Walker, Samuel Barrett, presented themselves before the Board, and
+pronounced, in the respective characters assigned them, a dialogue
+in _the English tongue_, translated from Castalio, and then
+withdrew,"--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 240.
+
+The first English Oration was spoken by Mr. Jedediah Huntington in
+the year 1763, and the first English Poem by Mr. John Davis in
+1781.
+
+In reference to this subject, as connected with Yale College,
+President Wholsey remarks, in his Historical Discourse:--
+
+"With regard to practice in the learned languages, particularly
+the Latin, it is prescribed that 'no scholar shall use the English
+tongue in the College with his fellow-scholars, unless he be
+called to a public exercise proper to be attended in the English
+tongue, but scholars in their chambers, and when they are
+together, shall talk Latin.'"--p. 59.
+
+"The fluent use of Latin was acquired by the great body of the
+students; nay, certain phrases were caught up by the very cooks in
+the kitchen. Yet it cannot be said that elegant Latin was either
+spoken or written. There was not, it would appear, much practice
+in writing this language, except on the part of those who were
+candidates for Berkeleian prizes. And the extant specimens of
+Latin discourses written by the officers of the College in the
+past century are not eminently Ciceronian in their style. The
+speaking of Latin, which was kept up as the College dialect in
+rendering excuses for absences, in syllogistic disputes, and in
+much of the intercourse between the officers and students, became
+nearly extinct about the time of Dr. Dwight's accession. And at
+the same period syllogistic disputes as distinguished from
+forensic seem to have entirely ceased."--p. 62.
+
+The following story is from the Sketches of Yale College. "In
+former times, the students were accustomed to assemble together to
+render excuses for absence in Latin. One of the Presidents was in
+the habit of answering to almost every excuse presented, 'Ratio
+non sufficit' (The reason is not sufficient). On one occasion, a
+young man who had died a short time previous was called upon for
+an excuse. Some one answered, 'Mortuus est' (He is dead). 'Ratio
+non sufficit,' repeated the grave President, to the infinite
+merriment of his auditors."--p. 182.
+
+The story is current of one of the old Presidents of Harvard
+College, that, wishing to have a dog that had strayed in at
+evening prayers driven out of the Chapel, he exclaimed, half in
+Latin and half in English, "Exclude canem, et shut the door." It
+is also related that a Freshman who had been shut up in the
+buttery by some Sophomores, and had on that account been absent
+from a recitation, when called upon with a number of others to
+render an excuse, not knowing how to express his ideas in Latin,
+replied in as learned a manner as possible, hoping that his answer
+would pass as Latin, "Shut m' up in t' Buttery."
+
+A very pleasant story, entitled "The Tutor's Ghost," in which are
+narrated the misfortunes which befell a tutor in the olden time,
+on account of his inability to remember the Latin for the word
+"beans," while engaged in conversation, may be found in the "Yale
+Literary Magazine," Vol. XX. pp. 190-195.
+
+See NON PARAVI and NON VALUI.
+
+
+LAUREATE. To honor with a degree in the university, and a present
+of a wreath of laurel.--_Warton_.
+
+
+LAUREATION. The act of conferring a degree in the university,
+together with a wreath of laurel; an honor bestowed on those who
+excelled in writing verse. This was an ancient practice at Oxford,
+from which, probably, originated the denomination of _poet
+laureate_.--_Warton_.
+
+The laurel crown, according to Brande, "was customarily given at
+the universities in the Middle Ages to such persons as took
+degrees in grammar and rhetoric, of which poetry formed a branch;
+whence, according to some authors, the term Baccalaureatus has
+been derived. The academical custom of bestowing the laurel, and
+the court custom, were distinct, until the former was abolished.
+The last instance in which the laurel was bestowed in the
+universities, was in the reign of Henry the Eighth."
+
+
+LAWS. In early times, the laws in the oldest colleges in the
+United States were as often in Latin as in English. They were
+usually in manuscript, and the students were required to make
+copies for themselves on entering college. The Rev. Henry Dunster,
+who was the first President of Harvard College, formed the first
+code of laws for the College. They were styled, "The Laws,
+Liberties, and Orders of Harvard College, confirmed by the
+Overseers and President of the College in the years 1642, 1643,
+1644, 1645, and 1646, and published to the scholars for the
+perpetual preservation of their welfare and government." Referring
+to him, Quincy says: "Under his administration, the first code of
+laws was formed; rules of admission, and the principles on which
+degrees should be granted, were established; and scholastic forms,
+similar to those customary in the English universities, were
+adopted; many of which continue, with little variation, to be used
+at the present time."--_Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 15.
+
+In 1732, the laws were revised, and it was voted that they should
+all be in Latin, and that each student should have a copy, which
+he was to write out for himself and subscribe. In 1790, they were
+again revised and printed in English, since which time many
+editions have been issued.
+
+Of the laws of Yale College, President Woolsey gives the following
+account, in his Historical Discourse before the Graduates of that
+institution, Aug. 14, 1850:--
+
+"In the very first year of the legal existence of the College, we
+find the Trustees ordaining, that, 'until they should provide
+further, the Rector or Tutors should make use of the orders and
+institutions of Harvard College, for the instructing and ruling of
+the collegiate school, so far as they should judge them suitable,
+and wherein the Trustees had not at that meeting made provision.'
+The regulations then made by the Trustees went no further than to
+provide for the religious education of the College, and to give to
+the College officers the power of imposing extraordinary school
+exercises or degradation in the class. The earliest known laws of
+the College belong to the years 1720 and 1726, and are in
+manuscript; which is explained by the custom that every Freshman,
+on his admission, was required to write off a copy of them for
+himself, to which the admittatur of the officers was subscribed.
+In the year 1745 a new revision of the laws was completed, which
+exists in manuscript; but the first printed code was in Latin, and
+issued from the press of T. Green at New London, in 1748. Various
+editions, with sundry changes in them, appeared between that time
+and the year 1774, when the first edition in English saw the
+light.
+
+"It is said of this edition, that it was printed by particular
+order of the Legislature. That honorable body, being importuned to
+extend aid to the College, not long after the time when President
+Clap's measures had excited no inconsiderable ill-will, demanded
+to see the laws; and accordingly a bundle of the Latin laws--the
+only ones in existence--were sent over to the State-House. Not
+admiring legislation in a dead language, and being desirous to pry
+into the mysteries which it sealed up from some of the members,
+they ordered the code to be translated. From that time the
+numberless editions of the laws have all been in the English
+tongue."--pp. 45, 46.
+
+The College of William and Mary, which was founded in 1693,
+imitated in its laws and customs the English universities, but
+especially the University of Oxford. The other colleges which were
+founded before the Revolution, viz. New Jersey College, Columbia
+College, Pennsylvania University, Brown University, Dartmouth, and
+Rutgers College, "generally imitated Harvard in the order of
+classes, the course of studies, the use of text-books, and the
+manner of instruction."--_Am. Quart. Reg._, Vol. XV. 1843, p. 426.
+
+The colleges which were founded after the Revolution compiled
+their laws, in a great measure, from those of the above-named
+colleges.
+
+
+LEATHER MEDAL. At Harvard College, the _leather Medal_ was
+formerly bestowed upon the _laziest_ fellow in College. He was to
+be last at recitation, last at commons, seldom at morning prayers,
+and always asleep in church.
+
+
+LECTURE. A discourse _read_, as the derivation of the word
+implies, by a professor to his pupils; more generally, it is
+applied to every species of instruction communicated _viva voce_.
+--_Brande_.
+
+In American colleges, lectures form a part of the collegiate
+instruction, especially during the last two years, in the latter
+part of which, in some colleges, they divide the time nearly
+equally with recitations.
+
+2. A rehearsal of a lesson.--_Eng. Univ._
+
+Of this word, De Quincey says: "But what is the meaning of a
+lecture in Oxford and elsewhere? Elsewhere, it means a solemn
+dissertation, read, or sometimes histrionically declaimed, by the
+professor. In Oxford, it means an exercise performed orally by the
+students, occasionally assisted by the tutor, and subject, in its
+whole course, to his corrections, and what may be called his
+_scholia_, or collateral suggestions and improvements."--_Life and
+Manners_, p. 253.
+
+
+LECTURER. At the University of Cambridge, England, the _lecturers_
+assist in tuition, and especially attend to the exercises of the
+students in Greek and Latin composition, themes, declamations,
+verses, &c.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+LEM. At Williams College, a privy.
+
+Night had thrown its mantle over earth. Sol had gone to lay his
+weary head in the lap of Thetis, as friend Hudibras has it; The
+horned moon, and the sweet pale stars, were looking serenely! upon
+the darkened earth, when the denizens of this little village were
+disturbed by the cry of fire. The engines would have been rattling
+through the streets with considerable alacrity, if the fathers of
+the town had not neglected to provide them; but the energetic
+citizens were soon on hand. There was much difficulty in finding
+where the fire was, and heads and feet were turned in various
+directions, till at length some wight of superior optical powers
+discovered a faint, ruddy light in the rear of West College. It
+was an ancient building,--a time-honored structure,--an edifice
+erected by our forefathers, and by them christened LEMUEL, which
+in the vernacular tongue is called _Lem_ "for short." The
+dimensions of the edifice were about 120 by 62 inches. The loss is
+almost irreparable, estimated at not less than 2,000 pounds,
+avoirdupois. May it rise like a Phoenix from its ashes!--_Williams
+Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol. I. p. 464, 465.
+
+
+LETTER HOME. A writer in the American Literary Magazine thus
+explains and remarks upon the custom of punishing students by
+sending a letter to their parents:--"In some institutions, there
+is what is called the '_letter home_,'--which, however, in justice
+to professors and tutors in general, we ought to say, is a
+punishment inflicted upon parents for sending their sons to
+college, rather than upon delinquent students. A certain number of
+absences from matins or vespers, or from recitations, entitles the
+culprit to a heartrending epistle, addressed, not to himself, but
+to his anxious father or guardian at home. The document is always
+conceived in a spirit of severity, in order to make it likely to
+take effect. It is meant to be impressive, less by the heinousness
+of the offence upon which it is predicated, than by the pregnant
+terms in which it is couched. It often creates a misery and
+anxiety far away from the place wherein it is indited, not because
+it is understood, but because it is misunderstood and exaggerated
+by the recipient. While the student considers it a farcical
+proceeding, it is a leaf of tragedy to fathers and mothers. Then
+the thing is explained. The offence is sifted. The father finds
+out that less than a dozen morning naps are all that is necessary
+to bring about this stupendous correspondence. The moral effect of
+the act of discipline is neutralized, and the parent is perhaps
+too glad, at finding his anxiety all but groundless, to denounce
+the puerile, infant-school system, which he has been made to
+comprehend by so painful a process."--Vol. IV. p. 402.
+
+Avaunt, ye terrific dreams of "failures," "conditions," "_letters
+home_," and "admonitions."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 407.
+
+The birch twig sprouts into--_letters home_ and
+dismissions.--_Ibid._, Vol. XIII. p. 869.
+
+But if they, capricious through long indulgence, did not choose to
+get up, what then? Why, absent marks and _letters home_.--_Yale
+Banger_, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+He thinks it very hard that the faculty write "_letters
+home_."--_Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+  And threats of "_Letters home_, young man,"
+    Now cause us no alarm.
+    _Presentation Day Song_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+LIBERTY TREE. At Harvard College, a tree which formerly stood
+between Massachusetts and Harvard Halls received, about the year
+1760, the name of the Liberty Tree, on an occasion which is
+mentioned in Hutchinson's posthumous volume of the History of
+Massachusetts Bay. "The spirit of liberty," says he, "spread where
+it was not intended. The Undergraduates of Harvard College had
+been long used to make excuses for absence from prayers and
+college exercises; pretending detention at their chambers by their
+parents, or friends, who come to visit them. The tutors came into
+an agreement not to admit such excuses, unless the scholar came to
+the tutor, before prayers or college exercises, and obtained leave
+to be absent. This gave such offence, that the scholars met in a
+body, under and about a great tree, to which they gave the name of
+the _tree of liberty_! There they came into several resolves in
+favor of liberty; one of them, that the rule or order of the
+tutors was _unconstitutional_. The windows of some of the tutors
+were broken soon after, by persons unknown. Several of the
+scholars were suspected, and examined. One of them falsely
+reported that he had been confined without victuals or drink, in
+order to compel him to a confession; and another declared, that he
+had seen him under this confinement. This caused an attack upon
+the tutors, and brickbats were thrown into the room, where they
+had met together in the evening, through the windows. Three or
+four of the rioters were discovered and expelled. The three junior
+classes went to the President, and desired to give up their
+chambers, and to leave the college. The fourth class, which was to
+remain but about three months, and then to be admitted to their
+degrees, applied to the President for a recommendation to the
+college in Connecticut, that they might be admitted there. The
+Overseers of the College met on the occasion, and, by a vigorous
+exertion of the powers with which they were intrusted,
+strengthened the hands of the President and tutors, by confirming
+the expulsions, and declaring their resolution to support the
+subordinate government of the College; and the scholars were
+brought to a sense and acknowledgment of their fault, and a stop
+was put to the revolt."--Vol. III. p. 187.
+
+Some years after, this tree was either blown or cut down, and the
+name was transferred to another. A few of the old inhabitants of
+Cambridge remember the stump of the former Liberty Tree, but all
+traces of it seem to have been removed before the year 1800. The
+present Liberty Tree stands between Holden Chapel and Harvard
+Hall, to the west of Hollis. As early as the year 1815 there were
+gatherings under its branches on Class Day, and it is probable
+that this was the case even at an earlier date. At present it is
+customary for the members of the Senior Class, at the close of the
+exercises incident to Class Day, (the day on which the members of
+that class finish their collegiate studies, and retire to make
+preparations for the ensuing Commencement,) after cheering the
+buildings, to encircle this tree, and, with hands joined, to sing
+their favorite ballad, "Auld Lang Syne." They then run and dance
+around it, and afterwards cheer their own class, the other
+classes, and many of the College professors. At parting, each
+takes a sprig or a flower from the beautiful wreath which is hung
+around the tree, and this is sacredly preserved as a last memento
+of the scenes and enjoyments of college life.
+
+In the poem delivered before the Class of 1849, on their Class
+Day, occur the following beautiful stanzas in memory of departed
+classmates, in which reference is made to some of the customs
+mentioned above:--
+
+ "They are listening now to our parting prayers;
+    And the farewell song that we pour
+  Their distant voices will echo
+    From the far-off spirit shore;
+
+ "And the wreath that we break with our scattered band,
+    As it twines round the aged elm,--
+  Its fragments we'll keep with a sacred hand,
+    But the fragrance shall rise to them.
+
+ "So to-day we will dance right merrily,
+    An unbroken band, round the old elm-tree;
+  And they shall not ask for a greener shrine
+    Than the hearts of the class of '49."
+
+Its grateful shade has in later times been used for purposes
+similar to those which Hutchinson records, as the accompanying
+lines will show, written in commemoration of the Rebellion of
+1819.
+
+ "Wreaths to the chiefs who our rights have defended;
+    Hallowed and blessed be the Liberty Tree:
+  Where Lenox[44] his pies 'neath its shelter hath vended,
+    We Sophs have assembled, and sworn to be free."
+    _The Rebelliad_, p. 54.
+
+The poet imagines the spirits of the different trees in the
+College yard assembled under the Liberty Tree to utter their
+sorrows.
+
+ "It was not many centuries since,
+    When, gathered on the moonlit green,
+  Beneath the Tree of Liberty,
+    A ring of weeping sprites was seen."
+    _Meeting of the Dryads,[45] Holmes's Poems_, p. 102.
+
+It is sometimes called "the Farewell Tree," for obvious reasons.
+
+ "Just fifty years ago, good friends,
+        a young and gallant band
+  Were dancing round the Farewell Tree,
+        --each hand in comrade's hand."
+    _Song, at Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Class of 1798_.
+
+See CLASS DAY.
+
+
+LICEAT MIGRARE. Latin; literally, _let it be permitted him to
+remove_.
+
+At Oxford, a form of modified dismissal from College. This
+punishment "is usually the consequence of mental inefficiency
+rather than moral obliquity, and does not hinder the student so
+dismissed from entering at another college or at
+Cambridge."--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 224.
+
+Same as LICET MIGRARI.
+
+
+LICET MIGRARI. Latin; literally, _it is permitted him to be
+removed_. In the University of Cambridge, England, a permission to
+leave one's college. This differs from the Bene Discessit, for
+although you may leave with consent, it by no means follows in
+this case that you have the approbation of the Master and Fellows
+so to do.--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+
+LIKE A BRICK OR A BEAN, LIKE A HOUSE ON FIRE, LIKE BRICKS. Among
+the students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., intensive
+phrases, to express the most energetic way of doing anything.
+"These phrases," observes Bristed, "are sometimes in very odd
+contexts. You hear men talk of a balloon going up _like bricks_,
+and rain coming down _like a house on fire_."--_Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 24.
+
+Still it was not in human nature for a classical man, living among
+classical men, and knowing that there were a dozen and more close
+to him reading away "_like bricks_," to be long entirely separated
+from his Greek and Latin books.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 218.
+
+"_Like bricks_," is the commonest of their expressions, or used to
+be. There was an old landlady at Huntingdon who said she always
+charged Cambridge men twice as much as any one else. Then, "How do
+you know them?" asked somebody. "O sir, they always tell us to get
+the beer _like bricks_."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV.
+p. 231.
+
+
+LITERAE HUMANIORES. Latin; freely, _the humanities; classical
+literature_. At Oxford "the _Literae Humaniores_ now include Latin
+and Greek Translation and Composition, Ancient History and
+Rhetoric, Political and Moral Philosophy, and Logic."--_Lit.
+World_, Vol. XII. p. 245.
+
+See HUMANITY.
+
+
+LITERARY CONTESTS. At Jefferson College, in Pennsylvania, "there
+is," says a correspondent, "an unusual interest taken in the two
+literary societies, and once a year a challenge is passed between
+them, to meet in an open literary contest upon an appointed
+evening, usually that preceding the close of the second session.
+The _contestors_ are a Debater, an Orator, an Essayist, and a
+Declaimer, elected from each society by the majority, some time
+previous to their public appearance. An umpire and two associate
+judges, selected either by the societies or by the _contestors_
+themselves, preside over the performances, and award the honors to
+those whom they deem most worthy of them. The greatest excitement
+prevails upon this occasion, and an honor thus conferred is
+preferable to any given in the institution."
+
+At Washington College, in Pennsylvania, the contest performances
+are conducted upon the same principle as at Jefferson.
+
+
+LITTLE-GO. In the English universities, a cant name for a public
+examination about the middle of the course, which, being less
+strict and less important in its consequences than the final one,
+has received this appellation.--_Lyell_.
+
+Whether a regular attendance on the lecture of the college would
+secure me a qualification against my first public examination;
+which is here called _the Little-go_.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+283.
+
+Also called at Oxford _Smalls_, or _Small-go_.
+
+You must be prepared with your list of books, your testamur for
+Responsions (by Undergraduates called "_Little-go_" or
+"_Smalls_"), and also your certificate of
+matriculation.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 241.
+
+See RESPONSION.
+
+
+LL.B. An abbreviation for _Legum Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of Laws.
+In American colleges, this degree is conferred on students who
+fulfil the conditions of the statutes of the law school to which
+they belong. The law schools in the different colleges are
+regulated on this point by different rules, but in many the degree
+of LL.B. is given to a B.A. who has been a member of a law school
+for a year and a half.
+
+See B.C.L.
+
+
+LL.D. An abbreviation for _Legum Doctor_, Doctor of Laws.
+
+In American colleges, an honorary degree, conferred _pro meritis_
+on those who are distinguished as lawyers, statesmen, &c.
+
+See D.C.L.
+
+
+L.M. An abbreviation for the words _Licentiate in Medicine_. At
+the University of Cambridge, Eng., an L.M. must be an M.A. or M.B.
+of two years' standing. No exercise, but examination by the
+Professor and another Doctor in the Faculty.
+
+
+LOAF. At Princeton College, to borrow anything, whether returning
+it or not; usually in the latter sense.
+
+
+LODGE. At the University of Cambridge, England, the technical name
+given to the house occupied by the master of a
+college.--_Bristed_.
+
+When Undergraduates were invited to the _conversaziones_ at the
+_Lodge_, they were expected never to sit down in the Master's
+presence.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 90.
+
+
+LONG. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the long vacation, or,
+as it is more familiarly called, "The Long," commences according
+to statute in July, at the close of the Easter term, but
+practically early in June, and ends October 20th, at the beginning
+of the Michaelmas term.
+
+For a month or six weeks in the "_Long_," they rambled off to see
+the sights of Paris.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 37.
+
+In the vacations, particularly the _Long_, there is every facility
+for reading.--_Ibid._, p. 78.
+
+So attractive is the Vacation-College-life that the great trouble
+of the Dons is to keep the men from staying up during the _Long_.
+--_Ibid._, p. 79.
+
+Some were going on reading parties, some taking a holiday before
+settling down to their work in the "_Long_."--_Ibid._, p. 104.
+
+See VACATION.
+
+
+LONG-EAR. At Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, a student of a sober
+or religious character is denominated a _long-ear_. The opposite
+is _short-ear_.
+
+
+LOTTERY. The method of obtaining money by lottery has at different
+times been adopted in several of our American colleges. In 1747, a
+new building being wanted at Yale College, the "Liberty of a
+Lottery" was obtained from the General Assembly, "by which," says
+Clap, "Five Hundred Pounds Sterling was raised, clear of all
+Charge and Deductions."--_Hist. of Yale Coll._, p. 55.
+
+This sum defrayed one third of the expense of building what was
+then called Connecticut Hall, and is known now by the name of "the
+South Middle College."
+
+In 1772, Harvard College being in an embarrassed condition, the
+Legislature granted it the benefit of a lottery; in 1794 this
+grant was renewed, and for the purpose of enabling the College to
+erect an additional building. The proceeds of the lottery amounted
+to $18,400, which, with $5,300 from the general funds of the
+College, were applied to the erection of Stoughton Hall, which was
+completed in 1805. In 1806 the Legislature again authorized a
+lottery, which enabled the Corporation in 1813 to erect a new
+building, called Holworthy Hall, at an expense of about $24,500,
+the lottery having produced about $29,000.--_Quincy's Hist. of
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 162, 273, 292.
+
+
+LOUNGE. A treat, a comfort. A word introduced into the vocabulary
+of the English Cantabs, from Eton.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+LOW. The term applied to the questions, subjects, papers, &c.,
+pertaining to a LOW MAN.
+
+The "_low_" questions were chiefly confined to the first day's
+papers.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 205.
+
+The "_low_ subjects," as got up to pass men among the Junior
+Optimes, comprise, etc.--_Ibid._, p. 205.
+
+The _low_ papers were longer.--_Ibid._, p. 206.
+
+
+LOWER HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+LOW MAN. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the name given to a
+Junior Optime as compared with a Senior Optime or with a Wrangler.
+
+I was fortunate enough to find a place in the team of a capital
+tutor,... who had but six pupils, all going out this time, and
+five of them "_low men_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 204.
+
+
+
+_M_.
+
+
+M.A. An abbreviation of _Magister Artium_, Master of Arts. The
+second degree given by universities and colleges. Sometimes
+written A.M., which, is in accordance with the proper Latin
+arrangement.
+
+In the English universities, every B.A. of three years' standing
+may proceed to this degree on payment of certain fees. In America,
+this degree is conferred, without examination, on Bachelors of
+three years' standing. At Harvard, this degree was formerly
+conferred only upon examination, as will be seen by the following
+extract. "Every schollar that giveth up in writing a System, or
+Synopsis, or summe of Logick, naturall and morall Philosophy,
+Arithmetick, Geometry and Astronomy: And is ready to defend his
+Theses or positions: Withall skilled in the originalls as
+above-said; And of godly life and conversation; And so approved by
+the Overseers and Master of the Colledge, at any publique Act, is
+fit to be dignified with his 2d degree."--_New England's First
+Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Vol. I. p. 246.
+
+Until the year 1792, it was customary for those who applied for
+the degree of M.A. to defend what were called _Master's
+questions_; after this time an oration was substituted in place of
+these, which continued until 1844, when for the first time there
+were no Master's exercises. The degree is now given to any
+graduate of three or more years' standing, on the payment of a
+certain sum of money.
+
+The degree is also presented by special vote to individuals wholly
+unconnected with any college, but who are distinguished for their
+literary attainments. In this case, where the honor is given, no
+fee is required.
+
+
+MAKE UP. To recite a lesson which was not recited with the class
+at the regular recitation. It is properly used as a transitive
+verb, but in conversation is very often used intransitively. The
+following passage explains the meaning of the phrase more fully.
+
+A student may be permitted, on petition to the Faculty, to _make
+up_ a recitation or other exercise from which he was absent and
+has been excused, provided his application to this effect be made
+within the term in-which the absence occurred.--_Laws of Univ. at
+Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 16.
+
+... sleeping,--a luxury, however, which is sadly diminished by the
+anticipated necessity of _making up_ back lessons.--_Harv. Reg._,
+p. 202.
+
+
+MAN. An undergraduate in a university or college.
+
+At Cambridge and eke at Oxford, every stripling is accounted a
+_Man_ from the moment of his putting on the gown and cap.--_Gradus
+ad Cantab._, p. 75.
+
+Sweet are the slumbers, indeed, of a Freshman, who, just escaped
+the trammels of "home, sweet home," and the pedagogue's tyrannical
+birch, for the first time in his life, with the academical gown,
+assumes the _toga virilis_, and feels himself a _Man_.--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+In College all are "_men_" from the hirsute Senior to the tender
+Freshman who carries off a pound of candy and paper of raisins
+from the maternal domicile weekly.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 264.
+
+
+MANCIPLE. Latin, _manceps_; _manu capio_, to take with the hand.
+
+In the English universities, the person who purchases the
+provisions; the college victualler. The office is now obsolete.
+
+  Our _Manciple_ I lately met,
+    Of visage wise and prudent.
+    _The Student_, Oxf. and Cam., Vol. I. p. 115.
+
+
+MANDAMUS. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a special mandate
+under the great seal, which enables a candidate to proceed to his
+degree before the regular period.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+MANNERS. The outward observances of respect which were formerly
+required of the students by college officers seem very strange to
+us of the present time, and we cannot but notice the omissions
+which have been made in college laws during the present century in
+reference to this subject. Among the laws of Harvard College,
+passed in 1734, is one declaring, that "all scholars shall show
+due respect and honor in speech and behavior, as to their natural
+parents, so to magistrates, elders, the President and Fellows of
+the Corporation, and to all others concerned in the instruction or
+government of the College, and to all superiors, keeping due
+silence in their presence, and not disorderly gainsaying them; but
+showing all laudable expressions of honor and reverence that are
+in use; such as uncovering the head, rising up in their presence,
+and the like. And particularly undergraduates shall be uncovered
+in the College yard when any of the Overseers, the President or
+Fellows of the Corporation, or any other concerned in the
+government or instruction of the College, are therein, and
+Bachelors of Arts shall be uncovered when the President is there."
+This law was still further enforced by some of the regulations
+contained in a list of "The Ancient Customs of Harvard College."
+Those which refer particularly to this point are the following:--
+
+"No Freshman shall wear his hat in the College yard, unless it
+rains, hails, or snows, provided he be on foot, and have not both
+hands full.
+
+"No Undergraduate shall wear his hat in the College yard, when any
+of the Governors of the College are there; and no Bachelor shall
+wear his hat when the President is there.
+
+"No Freshman shall speak to a Senior with his hat on; or have it
+on in a Senior's chamber, or in his own, if a Senior be there.
+
+"All the Undergraduates shall treat those in the government of the
+College with respect and deference; particularly, they shall not
+be seated without leave in their presence; they shall be uncovered
+when they speak to them, or are spoken to by them."
+
+Such were the laws of the last century, and their observance was
+enforced with the greatest strictness. After the Revolution, the
+spirit of the people had become more republican, and about the
+year 1796, "considering the spirit of the times and the extreme
+difficulty the executive must encounter in attempting to enforce
+the law prohibiting students from wearing hats in the College
+yard," a vote passed repealing it.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._,
+Vol. II. p. 278.
+
+On this subject, Professor Sidney Willard, with reference to the
+time of the presidency of Joseph Willard at Harvard College,
+during the latter part of the last century, remarks: "Outward
+tokens of respect required to be paid to the immediate government,
+and particularly to the President, were attended with formalities
+that seemed to be somewhat excessive; such, for instance, as made
+it an offence for a student to wear his hat in the College yard,
+or enclosure, when the President was within it. This, indeed, in
+the fulness of the letter, gradually died out, and was compromised
+by the observance only when the student was so near, or in such a
+position, that he was likely to be recognized. Still, when the
+students assembled for morning and evening prayer, which was
+performed with great constancy by the President, they were careful
+to avoid a close proximity to the outer steps of the Chapel, until
+the President had reached and passed within the threshold. This
+was a point of decorum which it was pleasing to witness, and I
+never saw it violated."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, 1855,
+Vol. I. p. 132.
+
+"In connection with the subject of discipline," says President
+Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse before the Graduates of Yale
+College, "we may aptly introduce that of the respect required by
+the officers of the College, and of the subordination which
+younger classes were to observe towards older. The germ, and
+perhaps the details, of this system of college manners, are to be
+referred back to the English universities. Thus the Oxford laws
+require that juniors shall show all due and befitting reverence to
+seniors, that is, Undergraduates to Bachelors, they to Masters,
+Masters to Doctors, as well in private as in public, by giving
+them the better place when they are together, by withdrawing out
+of their way when they meet, by uncovering the head at the proper
+distance, and by reverently saluting and addressing them."
+
+After citing the law of Harvard College passed in 1734, which is
+given above, he remarks as follows. "Our laws of 1745 contain the
+same identical provisions. These regulations were not a dead
+letter, nor do they seem to have been more irksome than many other
+college restraints. They presupposed originally that the college
+rank of the individual towards whom respect is to be shown could
+be discovered at a distance by peculiarities of dress; the gown
+and the wig of the President could be seen far beyond the point
+where features and gait would cease to mark the person."--pp. 52,
+53.
+
+As an illustration of the severity with which the laws on this
+subject were enforced, it may not be inappropriate to insert the
+annexed account from the Sketches of Yale College:--"The servile
+requisition of making obeisance to the officers of College within
+a prescribed distance was common, not only to Yale, but to all
+kindred institutions throughout the United States. Some young men
+were found whose high spirit would not brook the degrading law
+imposed upon them without some opposition, which, however, was
+always ineffectual. The following anecdote, related by Hon.
+Ezekiel Bacon, in his Recollections of Fifty Years Since, although
+the scene of its occurrence was in another college, yet is thought
+proper to be inserted here, as a fair sample of the
+insubordination caused in every institution by an enactment so
+absurd and degrading. In order to escape from the requirements of
+striking his colors and doffing his chapeau when within the
+prescribed striking distance from the venerable President or the
+dignified tutors, young Ellsworth, who afterwards rose to the
+honorable rank of Chief Justice of the United States, and to many
+other elevated stations in this country, and who was then a
+student there, cut off entirely the brim portion of his hat,
+leaving of it nothing but the crown, which he wore in the form of
+a skull-cap on his head, putting it under his arm when he
+approached their reverences. Being reproved for his perversity,
+and told that this was not a hat within the meaning and intent of
+the law, which he was required to do his obeisance with by
+removing it from his head, he then made bold to wear his skull-cap
+into the Chapel and recitation-room, in presence of the authority.
+Being also then again reproved for wearing his hat in those
+forbidden and sacred places, he replied that he had once supposed
+that it was in truth a veritable hat, but having been informed by
+his superiors that it was _no hat_ at all, he had ventured to come
+into their presence as he supposed with his head uncovered by that
+proscribed garment. But the dilemma was, as in his former
+position, decided against him; and no other alternative remained
+to him but to resume his full-brimmed beaver, and to comply
+literally with the enactments of the collegiate pandect."--pp.
+179, 180.
+
+
+MAN WHO IS JUST GOING OUT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+the popular name of a student who is in the last term of his
+collegiate course.
+
+
+MARK. The figure given to denote the quality of a recitation. In
+most colleges, the merit of each performance is expressed by some
+number of a series, in which a certain fixed number indicates the
+highest value.
+
+In Harvard College the highest mark is eight. Four is considered
+as the average, and a student not receiving this average in all
+the studies of a term is not allowed to remain as a member of
+college. At Yale the marks range from zero to four. Two is the
+average, and a student not receiving this is obliged to leave
+college, not to return until he can pass an examination in all the
+branches which his class has pursued.
+
+In Harvard College, where the system of marks is most strictly
+followed, the merit of each individual is ascertained by adding
+together the term aggregates of each instructor, these "term
+aggregates being the sum of all the marks given during the term,
+for the current work of each month, and for omitted lessons made
+up by permission, and of the marks given for examination by the
+instructor and the examining committee at the close of the term."
+From the aggregate of these numbers deductions are made for
+delinquencies unexcused, and the result is the rank of the
+student, according to which his appointment (if he receives one)
+is given.--_Laws of Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848.
+
+  That's the way to stand in college,
+  High in "_marks_" and want of knowledge!
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 154.
+
+If he does not understand his lesson, he swallows it whole,
+without understanding it; his object being, not the lesson, but
+the "_mark_," which he is frequently at the President's office to
+inquire about.--_A Letter to a Young Man who has Just entered
+College_, 1849, p. 21.
+
+I have spoken slightingly, too, of certain parts of college
+machinery, and particularly of the system of "_marks_." I do
+confess that I hold them in small reverence, reckoning them as
+rather belonging to a college in embryo than to one fully grown. I
+suppose it is "dangerous" advice; but I would be so intent upon my
+studies as not to inquire or think about my "_marks_."--_Ibid._ p.
+36.
+
+Then he makes mistakes in examinations also, and "loses _marks_."
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 388.
+
+
+MARKER. In the University of Cambridge, England, three or four
+persons called _markers_ are employed to walk up and down chapel
+during a considerable part of the service, with lists of the names
+of the members in their hands; they an required to run a pin
+through the names of those present.
+
+As to the method adopted by the markers, Bristed says: "The
+students, as they enter, are _marked_ with pins on long
+alphabetical lists, by two college servants, who are so
+experienced and clever at their business that they never have to
+ask the name of a new-comer more than once."--_Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 15.
+
+  His name pricked off upon the _marker's_ roll,
+  No twinge of conscience racks his easy soul.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+MARSHAL. In the University of Oxford, an officer who is usually in
+attendance on one of the proctors.--_Collegian's Guide_.
+
+
+MARSHAL'S TREAT. An account of the manner in which this
+observance, peculiar to Williams College, is annually kept, is
+given in the annexed passage from the columns of a newspaper.
+
+"Another custom here is the Marshal's Treat. The two gentlemen who
+are elected to act as Marshals during Commencement week are
+expected to _treat_ the class, and this year it was done in fine
+style. The Seniors assembled at about seven o'clock in their
+recitation-room, and, with Marshals Whiting and Taft at their
+head, marched down to a grove, rather more than half a mile from
+the Chapel, where tables had been set, and various luxuries
+provided for the occasion. The Philharmonia Musical Society
+discoursed sweet strains during the entertainment, and speeches,
+songs, and toasts were kept up till a late hour in the evening,
+when after giving cheers for the three lower classes, and three
+times three for '54, they marched back to the President's. A song
+written for the occasion was there performed, to which he replied
+in a few words, speaking of his attachment to the class, and his
+regret at the parting which must soon take place. The class then
+returned to East College, and after joining hands and singing Auld
+Lang Syne, separated."--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12,
+1854.
+
+
+MASQUERADE. It was formerly the custom at Harvard College for the
+Tutors, on leaving their office, to invite their friends to a
+masquerade ball, which was held at some time during the vacation,
+usually in the rooms which they occupied in the College buildings.
+One of the most splendid entertainments of this kind was given by
+Mr. Kirkland, afterwards President of the College, in the year
+1794. The same custom also prevailed to a certain extent among the
+students, and these balls were not wholly discontinued until the
+year 1811. After this period, members of societies would often
+appear in masquerade dresses in the streets, and would sometimes
+in this garb enter houses, with the occupants of which they were
+not acquainted, thereby causing much sport, and not unfrequently
+much mischief.
+
+
+MASTER. The head of a college. This word is used in the English
+Universities, and was formerly in use in this country, in this
+sense.
+
+The _Master_ of the College, or "Head of the House," is a D.D.,
+who has been a Fellow. He is the supreme ruler within the college
+Trails, and moves about like an Undergraduate's deity, keeping at
+an awful distance from the students, and not letting himself be
+seen too frequently even at chapel. Besides his fat salary and
+house, he enjoys many perquisites and privileges, not the least of
+which is that of committing matrimony.--_Bristed's Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 16.
+
+Every schollar, that on proofe is found able to read the originals
+of the Old and New Testament into the Latine tongue, &c. and at
+any publick act hath the approbation of the Overseers and _Master_
+of the Colledge, is fit to be dignified with his first
+degree.--_New England's First Fruits_, in _Mass. Hist. Coll._,
+Vol. I. pp. 245, 246.
+
+2. A title of dignity in colleges and universities; as, _Master_
+of Arts.--_Webster_.
+
+They, likewise, which peruse the questiones published by the
+_Masters_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. pp. 131, 132.
+
+
+MASTER OF THE KITCHEN. In Harvard College, a person who formerly
+made all the contracts, and performed all the duties necessary for
+the providing of commons, under the direction of the Steward. He
+was required to be "discreet and capable."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._,
+1814, p. 42.
+
+
+MASTER'S QUESTION. A proposition advanced by a candidate for the
+degree of Master of Arts.
+
+In the older American colleges it seems to have been the
+established custom, at a very early period, for those who
+proceeded Masters, to maintain in public _questions_ or
+propositions on scientific or moral topics. Dr. Cotton Mather, in
+his _Magnalia_, p. 132, referring to Harvard College, speaks of
+"the _questiones_ published by the Masters," and remarks that they
+"now and then presume to fly as high as divinity." These questions
+were in Latin, and the discussions upon them were carried on in
+the same language. The earliest list of Masters' questions extant
+was published at Harvard College in the year 1655. It was
+entitled, "Quaestiones in Philosophia Discutiendae ... in comitiis
+per Inceptores in artib[us]." In 1669 the title was changed to
+"Quaestiones pro Modulo Discutiendae ... per Inceptores." The last
+Masters' questions were presented at the Commencement in 1789. The
+next year Masters' exercises were substituted, which usually
+consisted of an English Oration, a Poem, and a Valedictory Latin
+Oration, delivered by three out of the number of candidates for
+the second degree. A few years after, the Poem was omitted. The
+last Masters' exercises were performed in the year 1843. At Yale
+College, from 1787 onwards, there were no Masters' valedictories,
+nor syllogistic disputes in Latin, and in 1793 there were no
+Master's exercises at all.
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL SLATE. At Harvard College, the best mathematician
+received in former times a large slate, which, on leaving college,
+he gave to the best mathematician in the next class, and thus
+transmitted it from class to class. The slate disappeared a few
+years since, and the custom is no longer observed.
+
+
+MATRICULA. A roll or register, from _matrix_. In _colleges_
+the register or record which contains the names of the students,
+times of entering into college, remarks on their character,
+&c.
+
+The remarks made in the _Matricula_ of the College respecting
+those who entered the Freshman Class together with him are, of
+one, that he "in his third year went to Philadelphia
+College."--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia College_, p. 42.
+
+Similar brief remarks are found throughout the _Matricula_ of
+King's College.--_Ibid._, p. 42.
+
+We find in its _Matricula_ the names of William Walton,
+&c.--_Ibid._, p. 64.
+
+
+MATRICULATE. Latin, _Matricula_, a roll or register, from
+_matrix_. To enter or admit to membership in a body or society,
+particularly in a college or university, by enrolling the name in
+a register.--_Wotton_.
+
+In July, 1778, he was examined at that university, and
+_matriculated_.--_Works of R.T. Paine, Biography_, p. xviii.
+
+In 1787, he _matriculated_ at St. John's College,
+Cambridge.--_Household Words_, Vol. I. p. 210.
+
+
+MATRICULATE. One enrolled in a register, and thus admitted to
+membership in a society.--_Arbuthnot_.
+
+The number of _Matriculates_ has in every instance been greater
+than that stated in the table.--_Cat. Univ. of North Carolina_,
+1848-49.
+
+
+MATRICULATION. The act of registering a name and admitting to
+membership.--_Ayliffe_.
+
+In American colleges, students who are found qualified on
+examination to enter usually join the class to which they are
+admitted, on probation, and are matriculated as members of the
+college in full standing, either at the close of their first or
+second term. The time of probation seldom exceeds one year; and if
+at the end of this time, or of a shorter, as the case may be, the
+conduct of a student has not been such as is deemed satisfactory
+by the Faculty, his connection with the college ceases. As a
+punishment, the _matriculation certificate_ of a student is
+sometimes taken from him, and during the time in which he is
+unmatriculated, he is under especial probation, and disobedience
+to college laws is then punished with more severity than at other
+times.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848, p. 12. _Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1837, p. 9.
+
+MAUDLIN. The name by which Magdalen College, Cambridge, Eng., is
+always known and spoken of by Englishmen.
+
+The "_Maudlin Men_" were at one time so famous for tea-drinking,
+that the Cam, which licks the very walls of the college, is said
+to have been absolutely rendered unnavigable with
+tea-leaves.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 202.
+
+MAX. Abbreviated for _maximum_, greatest. At Union College, he who
+receives the highest possible number of marks, which is one
+hundred, in each study, for a term, is said to _take Max_ (or
+maximum); to be a _Max scholar_. On the Merit Roll all the _Maxs_
+are clustered at the top.
+
+A writer remarks jocosely of this word. It is "that indication of
+perfect scholarship to which none but Freshmen aspire, and which
+is never attained except by accident."--_Sophomore Independent_,
+Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+Probably not less than one third of all who enter each new class
+confidently expect to "mark _max_," during their whole course, and
+to have the Valedictory at Commencement.--_Ibid._
+
+See MERIT ROLL.
+
+
+MAY. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the college Easter term
+examination is familiarly spoken of as _the May_.
+
+The "_May_" is one of the features which distinguishes Cambridge
+from Oxford; at the latter there are no public College
+examinations.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 64.
+
+As the "_May_" approached, I began to feel nervous.--_Ibid._, p.
+70.
+
+
+MAY TRAINING. A correspondent from Bowdoin College where the
+farcical custom of May Training is observed writes as follows in
+reference to its origin: "In 1836, a law passed the Legislature
+requiring students to perform military duty, and they were
+summoned to appear at muster equipped as the law directs, to be
+inspected and drilled with the common militia. Great excitement
+prevailed in consequence, but they finally concluded to _train_.
+At the appointed time and place, they made their appearance armed
+_cap-a-pie_ for grotesque deeds, some on foot, some on horse, with
+banners and music appropriate, and altogether presenting as
+ludicrous a spectacle as could easily be conceived of. They
+paraded pretty much 'on their own hook,' threw the whole field
+into disorder by their evolutions, and were finally ordered off
+the ground by the commanding officer. They were never called upon
+again, but the day is still commemorated."
+
+
+M.B. An abbreviation for _Medicinae Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of
+Physic. At Cambridge, Eng., the candidate for this degree must
+have had his name five years on the boards of some college, have
+resided three years, and attended medical lectures and hospital
+practice during the other two; also have attended the lectures of
+the Professors of Anatomy, Chemistry, and Botany, and the Downing
+Professor of Medicine, and passed an examination to their
+satisfaction. At Oxford, Eng., the degree is given to an M.A. of
+one year's standing, who is also a regent of the same length of
+time. The exercises are disputations upon two distinct days before
+the Professors of the Faculty of Medicine. The degree was formerly
+given in American colleges before that of M.D., but has of late
+years been laid aside.
+
+
+M.D. An abbreviation for _Medicines Doctor_, Doctor of Physic. At
+Cambridge, Eng., the candidate for this degree must be a Bachelor
+of Physic of five years' standing, must have attended hospital
+practice for three years, and passed an examination satisfactory
+to the Medical Professors of the University,
+
+At Oxford, an M.D. must be an M.B. of three years' standing. The
+exercises are three distinct lectures, to be read on three
+different days. In American colleges the degree is usually given
+to those who have pursued their studies in a medical school for
+three years; but the regulations differ in different institutions.
+
+
+MED, MEDIC. A name sometimes given to a student in medicine.
+
+  ---- who sent
+  The _Medic_ to our aid.
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 23.
+
+ "The Council are among ye, Yale!"
+  Some roaring _Medic_ cries.
+    _Ibid._, p. 24.
+
+  The slain, the _Medics_ stowed away.
+    _Ibid._, p. 24.
+
+    Seniors, Juniors, Freshmen blue,
+  And _Medics_ sing the anthem too.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+  Take ...
+  Sixteen interesting "_Meds_,"
+  With dirty hands and towzeled heads.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 16.
+
+
+MEDALIST. In universities, colleges, &c., one who has gained a
+medal as the reward of merit.--_Ed. Rev. Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+These _Medalists_ then are the best scholars among the men who
+have taken a certain mathematical standing; but as out of the
+University these niceties of discrimination are apt to be dropped
+they usually pass at home for absolutely the first and second
+scholars of the year, and sometimes they are so.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 62.
+
+
+MEDICAL FACULTY. Usually abbreviated Med. Fac. The Medical Faculty
+Society was established one evening after commons, in the year
+1818, by four students of Harvard College, James F. Deering,
+Charles Butterfield, David P. Hall, and Joseph Palmer, members of
+the class of 1820. Like many other societies, it originated in
+sport, and, as in after history shows, was carried on in the same
+spirit. The young men above named happening to be assembled in
+Hollis Hall, No. 13, a proposition was started that Deering should
+deliver a mock lecture, which having been done, to the great
+amusement of the rest, he in his turn proposed that they should at
+some future time initiate members by solemn rites, in order that
+others might enjoy their edifying exercises. From this small
+beginning sprang the renowned Med. Fac. Society. Deering, a
+"fellow of infinite jest," was chosen its first President; he was
+much esteemed for his talents, but died early, the victim of
+melancholy madness.
+
+The following entertaining account of the early history of this
+Society has been kindly furnished, in a letter to the editor, by a
+distinguished gentleman who was its President in the year 1820,
+and a graduate of the class of 1822.
+
+"With regard to the Medical Faculty," he writes, "I suppose that
+you are aware that its object was mere fun. That object was
+pursued with great diligence during the earlier period of its
+history, and probably through its whole existence. I do not
+remember that it ever had a constitution, or any stated meetings,
+except the annual one for the choice of officers. Frequent
+meetings, however, were called by the President to carry out the
+object of the institution. They were held always in some student's
+room in the afternoon. The room was made as dark as possible, and
+brilliantly lighted. The Faculty sat round a long table, in some
+singular and antique costume, almost all in large wigs, and
+breeches with knee-buckles. This practice was adopted to make a
+strong impression on students who were invited in for examination.
+Members were always examined for admission. The strangest
+questions were asked by the venerable board, and often strange
+answers elicited,--no matter how remote from the purpose, provided
+there was wit or drollery. Sometimes a singularly slow person
+would be invited, on purpose to puzzle and tease him with
+questions that he could make nothing of; and he would stand in
+helpless imbecility, without being able to cover his retreat with
+even the faintest suspicion of a joke. He would then be gravely
+admonished of the necessity of diligent study, reminded of the
+anxiety of his parents on his account, and his duty to them, and
+at length a month or two would be allowed him to prepare himself
+for another examination, or he would be set aside altogether. But
+if he appeared again for another trial, he was sure to fare no
+better. He would be set aside at last. I remember an instance in
+which a member was expelled for a reason purely fictitious,--droll
+enough to be worth telling, if I could remember it,--and the
+secretary directed 'to write to his father, and break the matter
+gently to him, that it might not bring down the gray hairs of the
+old man with sorrow to the grave.'
+
+"I have a pleasant recollection of the mock gravity, the broad
+humor, and often exquisite wit of those meetings, but it is
+impossible to give you any adequate idea of them. Burlesque
+lectures on all conceivable and inconceivable subjects were
+frequently read or improvised by members _ad libitum_. I remember
+something of a remarkable one from Dr. Alden, upon part of a
+skeleton of a superannuated horse, which he made to do duty for
+the remains of a great German Professor with an unspeakable name.
+
+"Degrees were conferred upon all the members,--M.D. or D.M.[46]
+according to their rank, which is explained in the Catalogue.
+Honorary degrees were liberally conferred upon conspicuous persons
+at home and abroad. It is said that one gentleman, at the South, I
+believe, considered himself insulted by the honor, and complained
+of it to the College government, who forthwith broke up the
+Society. But this was long after my time, and I cannot answer for
+the truth of the tradition. Diplomas were given to the M.D.'s and
+D.M.'s in ludicrous Latin, with a great seal appended by a green
+ribbon. I have one, somewhere. My name is rendered _Filius
+Steti_."
+
+A graduate of the class of 1828 writes: "I well remember that my
+invitation to attend the meeting of the Med. Fac. Soc. was written
+in barbarous Latin, commencing 'Domine Crux,' and I think I passed
+so good an examination that I was made _Professor longis
+extremitatibus_, or Professor with long shanks. It was a society
+for purposes of mere fun and burlesque, meeting secretly, and
+always foiling the government in their attempts to break it up."
+
+The members of the Society were accustomed to array themselves in
+masquerade dresses, and in the evening would enter the houses of
+the inhabitants of Cambridge, unbidden, though not always
+unwelcome guests. This practice, however, and that of conferring
+degrees on public characters, brought the Society, as is above
+stated, into great disrepute with the College Faculty, by whom it
+was abolished in the year 1834.
+
+The Catalogue of the Society was a burlesque on the Triennial of
+the College. The first was printed in the year 1821, the others
+followed in the years 1824, 1827, 1830, and 1833. The title on the
+cover of the Catalogue of 1833, the last issued, similar to the
+titles borne by the others, was, "Catalogus Senatus Facultatis, et
+eorum qui munera et officia gesserunt, quique alicujus gradus
+laurea donati sunt in Facultate Medicinae in Universitate
+Harvardiana constituta, Cantabrigiae in Republica Massachusettensi.
+Cantabrigiae: Sumptibus Societatis. MDCCCXXXIII. Sanguinis
+circulationis post patefactionem Anno CCV."
+
+The Prefaces to the Catalogues were written in Latin, the
+character of which might well be denominated _piggish_. In the
+following translations by an esteemed friend, the beauty and force
+of the originals are well preserved.
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of 1824_.
+
+"To many, the first edition of the Medical Faculty Catalogue was a
+wonderful and extraordinary thing. Those who boasted that they
+could comprehend it, found themselves at length terribly and
+widely in error. Those who did not deny their inability to get the
+idea of it, were astonished and struck with amazement. To certain
+individuals, it seemed to possess somewhat of wit and humor, and
+these laughed immoderately; to others, the thing seemed so absurd
+and foolish, that they preserved a grave and serious countenance.
+
+"Now, a new edition is necessary, in which it is proposed to state
+briefly in order the rise and progress of the Medical Faculty. It
+is an undoubted matter of history, that the Medical Faculty is the
+most ancient of all societies in the whole world. In fact, its
+archives contain documents and annals of the Society, written on
+birch-bark, which are so ancient that they cannot be read at all;
+and, moreover, other writings belong to the Society, legible it is
+true, but, by ill-luck, in the words of an unknown and long-buried
+language, and therefore unintelligible. Nearly all the documents
+of the Society have been reduced to ashes at some time amid the
+rolling years since the creation of man. On this account the
+Medical Faculty cannot pride itself on an uninterrupted series of
+records. But many oral traditions in regard to it have reached us
+from our ancestors, from which it may be inferred that this
+society formerly flourished under the name of the 'Society of
+Wits' (Societas Jocosorum); and you might often gain an idea of it
+from many shrewd remarks that have found their way to various
+parts of the world.
+
+"The Society, after various changes, has at length been brought to
+its present form, and its present name has been given it. It is,
+by the way, worthy of note, that this name is of peculiar
+signification, the word 'medical' having the same force as
+'sanative' (sanans), as far as relates to the mind, and not to the
+body, as in the vulgar signification. To be brief, the meaning of
+'medical' is 'diverting' (divertens), that is, _turning_ the mind
+from misery, evil, and grief. Under this interpretation, the
+Medical Faculty signifies neither more nor less than the 'Faculty
+of Recreation.' The thing proposed by the Society is, to _divert_
+its immediate and honorary members from unbecoming and foolish
+thoughts, and is twofold, namely, relating both to manners and to
+letters. Professors in the departments appropriated to letters
+read lectures; and the alumni, as the case requires, are sometimes
+publicly examined and questioned. The Library at present contains
+a single book, but this _one_ is called for more and more every
+day. A collection of medical apparatus belongs to the Society,
+beyond doubt the most grand and extensive in the whole world,
+intended to sharpen the _faculties_ of all the members.
+
+"Honorary degrees have been conferred on illustrious and
+remarkable men of all countries.
+
+"A certain part of the members go into all academies and literary
+'gymnasia,' to act as nuclei, around which branches of this
+Society may be enabled to form."
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of 1830_.
+
+"As the members of the Medical Faculty have increased, as many
+members have been distinguished by honorary degrees, and as the
+former Catalogues have all been sold, the Senate orders a new
+Catalogue to be printed.
+
+"It seemed good to the editors of the former Catalogue briefly to
+state the nature and to defend the antiquity of this Faculty.
+Nevertheless, some have refused their assent to the statements,
+and demand some reasons for what is asserted. We therefore, once
+for all, declare that, of all societies, this is the most ancient,
+the most extensive, the most learned, and the most divine. We
+establish its antiquity by two arguments: firstly, because
+everywhere in the world there are found many monuments of our
+ancestors; secondly, because all other societies derive their
+origin from this. It appears from our annals, that different
+curators have laid their bones beneath the Pyramids, Naples, Rome,
+and Paris. These, as described by a faithful secretary, are found
+at this day.
+
+"The obelisks of Egypt contain in hieroglyphic characters many
+secrets of our Faculty. The Chinese Wall, and the Colossus at
+Rhodes, were erected by our ancestors in sport. We could cite many
+other examples, were it necessary.
+
+"All societies to whom belong either wonderful art, or nothing
+except secrecy, have been founded on our pattern. It appears that
+the Society of Free-Masons was founded by eleven disciples of the
+Med. Fac. expelled A.D. 1425. But these ignorant fellows were
+never able to raise their brotherhood to our standard of
+perfection: in this respect alone they agree with us, in admitting
+only the _masculine_ gender ('masc. gen.').[47]
+
+"Therefore we have always been Antimason. No one who has ever
+gained admittance to our assembly has the slightest doubt that we
+have extended our power to the farthest regions of the earth, for
+we have embassies from every part of the world, and Satan himself
+has learned many particulars from our Senate in regard to the
+administration of affairs and the means of torture.
+
+"We pride ourselves in being the most learned society on earth,
+for men versed in all literature and erudition, when hurried into
+our presence for examination, quail and stand in silent amazement.
+'Placid Death' alone is coeval with this Society, and resembles
+it, for in its own Catalogue it equalizes rich and poor, great and
+small, white and black, old and young.
+
+"Since these things are so, and you, kind reader, have been
+instructed on these points, I will not longer detain you from the
+book and the picture.[48] Farewell."
+
+_Preface to the Catalogue of_ 1833.
+
+"It was much less than three years since the third edition of this
+Catalogue saw the light, when the most learned Med. Fac. began to
+be reminded that the time had arrived for preparing to polish up
+and publish a new one. Accordingly, special curators were selected
+to bring this work to perfection. These curators would not neglect
+the opportunity of saying a few words on matters of great moment.
+
+"We have carefully revised the whole text, and, as far as we
+could, we have taken pains to remove typographical errors. The
+duty is not light. But the number of medical men in the world has
+increased, and it is becoming that the whole world should know the
+true authors of its greatest blessing. Therefore we have inserted
+their names and titles in their proper places.
+
+"Among other changes, we would not forget the creation of a new
+office. Many healing remedies, foreign, rare, and wonderful, have
+been brought for the use of the Faculty from Egypt and Arabia
+Felix. It was proper that some worthy, capable man, of quick
+discernment, should have charge of these most precious remedies.
+Accordingly, the Faculty has chosen a curator to be called the
+'Apothecarius.' Many quacks and cheats have desired to hold the
+new office; but the present occupant has thrown all others into
+the shade. The names, surnames, and titles of this excellent man
+will be found in the following pages.[49]
+
+"We have done well, not only towards others, but also towards
+ourselves. Our library contains quite a number of books; among
+others, ten thousand obtained through the munificence and
+liberality of great societies in the almost unknown regions of
+Kamtschatka and the North Pole, and especially also through the
+munificence of the Emperor of all the Russias. It has become so
+immense, that, at the request of the Librarian, the Faculty have
+prohibited any further donations.
+
+"In the next session of the General Court of Massachusetts, the
+Senate of the Faculty (assisted by the President of Harvard
+University) will petition for forty thousand sesterces, for the
+purpose of erecting a large building to contain the immense
+accumulation of books. From the well-known liberality of the
+Legislature, no doubts are felt of obtaining it.
+
+"To say more would make a long story. And this, kind reader, is
+what we have to communicate to you at the outset. The fruit will
+show with how much fidelity we have performed the task imposed
+upon us by the most illustrious men. Farewell."
+
+As a specimen of the character of the honorary degrees conferred
+by the Society, the following are taken from the list given in the
+Catalogues. They embrace, as will be seen, the names of
+distinguished personages only, from the King and President to Day
+and Martin, Sam Patch, and the world-renowned Sea-Serpent.
+
+"Henricus Christophe, Rex Haytiae quondam, M.D. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."[50]
+
+"Gulielmus Cobbett, qui ad Angliam ossa Thomae Paine ferebat, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[51]
+
+"Johannes-Cleaves Symmes, qui in terrae ilia penetravissit, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[52]
+
+"ALEXANDER I. Russ. Imp. Illust. et Sanct. Foed. et Mass. Pac.
+Soc. Socius, qui per Legat. American. claro Med. Fac.,
+'_curiositatem raram et archaicam_,' regie transmisit, 1825, M.D.
+Med. Fac. honorarius."[53]
+
+"ANDREAS JACKSON, Major-General in bello ultimo Americano, et
+_Nov. Orleans Heros_ fortissimus; et _ergo_ nunc Praesidis
+Rerumpub. Foed, muneris _candidatus_ et 'Old Hickory,' M.D. et
+M.U.D. 1827, Med. Fac. honorarius, et 1829 Praeses Rerumpub.
+Foed., et LL.D. 1833."
+
+"Gulielmus Emmons, praenominatus Pickleius, qui orator
+eloquentissimus nostrae aetatis; poma, nuces, _panem-zingiberis_,
+suas orationes, '_Egg-popque_' vendit, D.M. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."[54]
+
+"Day et Martin, Angli, qui per quinquaginta annos toto Christiano
+Orbi et praecipue _Univ. Harv._ optimum _Real Japan Atramentum_ ab
+'XCVII. Alta Holbornia' subministrarunt, M.D. et M.U.D. Med. Fac.
+honorarius."
+
+"Samuel Patch, socius multum deploratus, qui multa experimenta, de
+gravitate et 'faciles descensus' suo corpore fecit; qui gradum,
+M.D. _per saltum_ consecutus est. Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Cheng et Heng, Siamesi juvenes, invicem _a mans_ et intime
+attacti, Med. Fac. que honorarii."
+
+"Gulielmus Grimke, et quadraginta sodales qui 'omnes in uno' Conic
+Sections sine Tabulis aspernati sunt, et contra Facultatem, Col.
+Yal. rebellaverunt, posteaque expulsi et 'obumbrati' sunt et Med.
+Fac. honorarii."
+
+"MARTIN VAN BUREN, _Armig._, Civitatis Scriba Reipub. Foed. apud
+Aul. Brit. Legat. Extraord. sibi constitutus. Reip. Nov. Ebor.
+Gub. 'Don Whiskerandos'; 'Little Dutchman'; atque 'Great
+Rejected.' Nunc (1832), Rerumpub. Foed. Vice-Praeses et 'Kitchen
+Cabinet' Moderator, M.D. et Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Magnus Serpens Maris, suppositus, aut porpoises aut
+horse-mackerel, grex; 'very like a whale' (Shak.); M.D. et
+peculiariter M.U.D. Med. Fac. honorarius."
+
+"Timotheus Tibbets et Gulielmus J. Snelling 'par nobile sed
+hostile fratrum'; 'victor et victus,' unus buster et rake, alter
+lupinarum cockpitsque purgator, et nuper Edit. Nov. Ang. Galax.
+Med. Fac. honorarii."[55]
+
+"Capt. Basil Hall, Tabitha Trollope, atque _Isaacus Fiddler_
+Reverendus; semi-pay centurio, famelica transfuga, et semicoctus
+grammaticaster, qui scriptitant solum ut prandere possint. Tres in
+uno Mend. Munch. Prof. M.D., M.U.D. et Med. Fac. Honorarium."
+
+A college poet thus laments the fall of this respected society:--
+
+ "Gone, too, for aye, that merry masquerade,
+  Which danced so gayly in the evening shade,
+  And Learning weeps, and Science hangs her head,
+  To mourn--vain toil!--their cherished offspring dead.
+  What though she sped her honors wide and far,
+  Hailing as son Muscovia's haughty Czar,
+  Who in his palace humbly knelt to greet,
+  And laid his costly presents at her feet?[56]
+  Relentless fate her sudden fall decreed,
+  Dooming each votary's tender heart to bleed,
+  And yet, as if in mercy to atone,
+  That fate hushed sighs, and silenced many a _groan_."
+    _Winslow's Class Poem_, 1835.
+
+
+MERIT ROLL. At Union College, "the _Merit Rolls_ of the several
+classes," says a correspondent, "are sheets of paper put up in the
+College post-office, at the opening of each term, containing a
+list of all students present in the different classes during the
+previous term, with a statement of the conduct, attendance, and
+scholarship of each member of the class. The names are numbered
+according to the standing of the student, all the best scholars
+being clustered at the head, and the poorer following in a
+melancholy train. To be at the head, or 'to head the roll,' is an
+object of ambition, while 'to foot the roll' is anything but
+desirable."
+
+
+MIDDLE BACHELOR. One who is in his second year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts.
+
+A Senior Sophister has authority to take a Freshman from a
+Sophomore, a _Middle Bachelor_ from a Junior Sophister.--_Quincy's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 540.
+
+
+MIGRATE. In the English universities, to remove from one college
+to another.
+
+One of the unsuccessful candidates _migrated_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 100.
+
+
+MIGRATION. In the English universities, a removal from one college
+to another.
+
+"_A migration_," remarks Bristed, "is generally tantamount to a
+confession of inferiority, and an acknowledgment that the migrator
+is not likely to become a Fellow in his own College, and therefore
+takes refuge in another, where a more moderate Degree will insure
+him a Fellowship. A great deal of this _migration_ goes on from
+John's to the Small Colleges."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 100.
+
+
+MIGRATOR. In the English universities, one who removes from one
+college to another.
+
+
+MILD. A student epithet of depreciation, answering nearly to the
+phrases, "no great shakes," and "small potatoes."--_Bristed_.
+
+Some of us were very heavy men to all appearance, and our first
+attempts _mild_ enough.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 169.
+
+
+MINGO. Latin. At Harvard College, this word was formerly used to
+designate a chamber-pot.
+
+  To him that occupies my study,
+  I give for use of making toddy,
+  A bottle full of _white-face Stingo_,
+  Another, handy, called a _mingo_.
+    _Will of Charles Prentiss_, in _Rural Repository_, 1795.
+
+Many years ago, some of the students of Harvard College wishing to
+make a present to their Tutor, Mr. Flynt, called on him, informed
+him of their intention, and requested him to select a gift which
+would be acceptable to him. He replied that he was a single man,
+that he already had a well-filled library, and in reality wanted
+nothing. The students, not all satisfied with this answer,
+determined to present him with a silver chamber-pot. One was
+accordingly made, of the appropriate dimensions, and inscribed
+with these words:
+ "Mingere cum bombis
+  Res est saluberrima lumbis."
+
+On the morning of Commencement Day, this was borne in procession,
+in a morocco case, and presented to the Tutor. Tradition does not
+say with what feelings he received it, but it remained for many
+years at a room in Quincy, where he was accustomed to spend his
+Saturdays and Sundays, and finally disappeared, about the
+beginning of the Revolutionary War. It is supposed to have been
+carried to England.
+
+
+MINOR. A privy. From the Latin _minor_, smaller; the word _house_
+being understood. Other derivations are given, but this seems to
+be the most classical. This word is peculiar to Harvard College.
+
+
+MISS. An omission of a recitation, or any college exercise. An
+instructor is said _to give a miss_, when he omits a recitation.
+
+A quaint Professor of Harvard College, being once asked by his
+class to omit the recitation for that day, is said to have replied
+in the words of Scripture: "Ye ask and receive not, for ye ask
+a-_miss_."
+
+In the "Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," Professor Felton has
+referred to this story, and has appended to it the contradiction
+of the worthy Doctor. "Amusing anecdotes, some true and many
+apocryphal, were handed down in College from class to class, and,
+so far from being yet forgotten, they are rather on the increase.
+One of these mythical stories was, that on a certain occasion one
+of the classes applied to the Doctor for what used to be called,
+in College jargon, a _miss_, i.e. an omission of recitation. The
+Doctor replied, as the legend run, 'Ye ask, and ye receive not,
+because ye ask a-_miss_.' Many years later, this was told to him.
+'It is not true,' he exclaimed, energetically. 'In the first
+place, I have not wit enough; in the next place, I have too much
+wit, for I mortally hate a pun. Besides, _I never allude
+irreverently to the Scriptures_.'"--p. lxxvii.
+
+  Or are there some who scrape and hiss
+  Because you never give a _miss_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 62.
+
+  ---- is good to all his subjects,
+  _Misses_ gives he every hour.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+
+MISS. To be absent from a recitation or any college exercise. Said
+of a student. See CUT.
+
+  Who will recitations _miss_!--_Rebelliad_, p. 53.
+
+  At every corner let us hiss 'em;
+  And as for recitations,--_miss_ 'em.--_Ibid._, p. 58.
+
+  Who never _misses_ declamation,
+  Nor cuts a stupid recitation.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 283.
+
+_Missing_ chambers will be visited with consequences more to be
+dreaded than the penalties of _missing_ lecture.--_Collegian's
+Guide_, p. 304.
+
+
+MITTEN. At the Collegiate Institute of Indiana, a student who is
+expelled is said _to get the mitten_.
+
+
+MOCK-PART. At Harvard College, it is customary, when the parts for
+the first exhibition in the Junior year have been read, as
+described under PART, for the part-reader to announce what are
+called the _mock-parts_. These mock-parts which are burlesques on
+the regular appointments, are also satires on the habits,
+character, or manners of those to whom they are assigned. They are
+never given to any but members of the Junior Class. It was
+formerly customary for the Sophomore Class to read them in the
+last term of that year when the parts were given out for the
+Sophomore exhibition but as there is now no exhibition for that
+class, they are read only in the Junior year. The following may do
+as specimens of the subjects usually assigned:--The difference
+between alluvial and original soils; a discussion between two
+persons not noted for personal cleanliness. The last term of a
+decreasing series; a subject for an insignificant but conceited
+fellow. An essay on the Humbug, by a dabbler in natural history. A
+conference on the three dimensions, length, breadth, and
+thickness, between three persons, one very tall, another very
+broad, and the third very fat.
+
+
+MODERATE. In colleges and universities, to superintend the
+exercises and disputations in philosophy, and the Commencements
+when degrees are conferred.
+
+They had their weekly declamations on Friday, in the Colledge
+Hall, besides publick disputations, which either the Praesident or
+the Fellows _moderated_.--_Mather's Magnalia_, B. IV. p. 127.
+
+Mr. Mather _moderated_ at the Masters'
+disputations.--_Hutchinson's Hist. of Mass._, Vol. I. p. 175,
+note.
+
+Mr. Andrew _moderated_ at the Commencements.--_Clap's Hist. of
+Yale Coll._, p. 15.
+
+President Holyoke was of a noble, commanding presence. He was
+perfectly acquainted with academic matters, and _moderated_ at
+Commencements with great dignity.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_,
+p. 26.
+
+Mr. Woodbridge _moderated_ at Commencement, 1723.--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Disc._, p. 103.
+
+
+MODERATOR. In the English universities, one who superintends the
+exercises and disputations in philosophy, and the examination for
+the degree of B.A.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+The disputations at which the _Moderators_ presided in the English
+universities "are now reduced," says Brande, "to little more than
+matters of form."
+
+The word was formerly in use in American colleges.
+
+Five scholars performed public exercises; the Rev. Mr. Woodbridge
+acted as _Moderator_.--_Clap's Hist. of Yale Coll._, p. 27.
+
+He [the President] was occasionally present at the weekly
+declamations and public disputations, and then acted as
+_Moderator_; an office which, in his absence, was filled by one of
+the Tutors.--_Quincy's Hist. of Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 440.
+
+
+MONITOR. In schools or universities, a pupil selected to look to
+the scholars in the absence of the instructor, or to notice the
+absence or faults of the scholars, or to instruct a division or
+class.--_Webster_.
+
+In American colleges, the monitors are usually appointed by the
+President, their duty being to keep bills of absence from, and
+tardiness at, devotional and other exercises. See _Laws of Harv.
+and Yale Colls._, &c.
+
+  Let _monitors_ scratch as they please,
+  We'll lie in bed and take our ease.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+MOONLIGHT. At Williams College, the prize rhetorical exercise is
+called by this name; the reason is not given. The students speak
+of "making a rush for _moonlight_," i.e. of attempting to gain the
+prize for elocution.
+
+In the evening comes _Moonlight_ Exhibition, when three men from
+each of the three lower classes exhibit their oratorical powers,
+and are followed by an oration before the Adelphic Union, by Ralph
+Waldo Emerson.--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+MOONLIGHT RANGERS. At Jefferson College, in Pennsylvania, a title
+applied to a band composed of the most noisy and turbulent
+students, commanded by a captain and sub-officer, who, in the most
+fantastic disguises, or in any dress to which the moonlight will
+give most effect, appear on certain nights designated, prepared to
+obey any command in the way of engaging in any sport of a pleasant
+nature. They are all required to have instruments which will make
+the loudest noise and create the greatest excitement.
+
+
+MOSS-COVERED HEAD. In the German universities, students during the
+sixth and last term, or _semester_, are called _Moss-covered
+Heads_, or, in an abbreviated form, _Mossy Heads_.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN DAY. The manner in which this day is observed at Williams
+College is described in the accompanying extracts.
+
+"Greylock is to the student in his rambles, what Mecca is to the
+Mahometan; and a pilgrimage to the summit is considered necessary,
+at least once during the collegiate course. There is an ancient
+and time-honored custom, which has existed from the establishment
+of the College, of granting to the students, once a year, a
+certain day of relaxation and amusement, known by the name of
+'_Mountain Day_.' It usually occurs about the middle of June, when
+the weather is most favorable for excursions to the mountains and
+other places of interest in the vicinity. It is customary, on this
+and other occasions during the summer, for parties to pass the
+night upon the summit, both for the novelty of the thing, and also
+to enjoy the unrivalled prospect at sunrise next
+morning."--_Sketches of Will. Coll._, 1847, pp. 85-89.
+
+"It so happens that Greylock, in our immediate vicinity, is the
+highest mountain in the Commonwealth, and gives a view from its
+summit 'that for vastness and sublimity is equalled by nothing in
+New England except the White Hills.' And it is an ancient
+observance to go up from this valley once in the year to 'see the
+world.' We were not of the number who availed themselves of this
+_lex non scripta_, forasmuch as more than one visit in time past
+hath somewhat worn off the novelty of the thing. But a goodly
+number 'went aloft,' some in wagons, some on horseback, and some,
+of a sturdier make, on foot. Some, not content with a mountain
+_day_, carried their knapsacks and blankets to encamp till morning
+on the summit and see the sun rise. Not in the open air, however,
+for a magnificent timber observatory has been set up,--a
+rough-hewn, sober, substantial 'light-house in the skies,' under
+whose roof is a limited portion of infinite space shielded from
+the winds."--_Williams Monthly Miscellany_, 1845, Vol. I. p. 555.
+
+"'_Mountain day_,' the date to which most of the imaginary _rows_
+have been assigned, comes at the beginning of the summer term, and
+the various classes then ascend Greylock, the highest peak in the
+State, from which may be had a very fine view. Frequently they
+pass the night there, and beds are made of leaves in the old
+tower, bonfires are built, and they get through it quite
+comfortable."--_Boston Daily Evening Traveller_, July 12, 1854.
+
+
+MOUTH. To recite in an affected manner, as if one knew the lesson,
+when in reality he does not.
+
+Never shall you allow yourself to think of going into the
+recitation-room, and there trust to "skinning," as it is called in
+some colleges, or "phrasing," as in others, or "_mouthing_ it," as
+in others.--_Todd's Student's Manual_, p. 115.
+
+
+MRS. GOFF. Formerly a cant phrase for any woman.
+
+  But cease the touching chords to sweep,
+  For _Mrs. Goff_ has deigned to weep.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 21.
+
+
+MUFF. A foolish fellow.
+
+Many affected to sneer at him, as a "_muff_" who would have been
+exceedingly flattered by his personal acquaintance.--_Blackwood's
+Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 147.
+
+
+MULE. In Germany, a student during the vacation between the time
+of his quitting the gymnasium and entering the university, is
+known as a mule.
+
+
+MUS.B. An abbreviation for _Musicae Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of
+Music. In the English universities, a Bachelor of Music must enter
+his name at some college, and compose and perform a solemn piece
+of music, as an exercise before the University.
+
+
+MUS.D. An abbreviation for _Musicae Doctor_, Doctor of Music. A
+Mus.D. is generally a Mus.B., and his exercise is the same.
+
+
+MUSES. A college or university is often designated the _Temple,
+Retreat, Seat_, &c. _of the Muses_.
+
+Having passed this outer court of the _Temple of the Muses_, you
+are ushered into the Sanctum Sanctorum itself.--_Alma Mater_, Vol.
+I. p. 87.
+
+Inviting ... such distinguished visitors as happen then to be on a
+tour to this attractive _retreat of the Muses_.--_Ibid._, Vol. I,
+p. 156.
+
+My instructor ventured to offer me as a candidate for admission
+into that renowned _seat of the Muses_, Harvard College.--_New
+England Mag._, Vol. III. p. 237.
+
+A student at a college or university is sometimes called a _Son of
+the Muses_.
+
+It might perhaps suit some inveterate idlers, smokers, and
+drinkers, but no true _son of the Muses_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol.
+XV. p. 3.
+
+While it was his earnest desire that the beloved _sons of the
+Muses_ might leave the institutions enriched with the erudition,
+&c.--_Judge Kent's Address before [Greek: Phi Beta Kappa] of Yale
+Coll._, p. 39, 1831.
+
+
+
+_N_.
+
+
+NAVY CLUB. The Navy Club, or the Navy, as it was formerly called,
+originated among the students of Harvard College about the year
+1796, but did not reach its full perfection until several years
+after. What the primary design of the association was is not
+known, nor can the causes be ascertained which led to its
+formation. At a later period its object seems to have been to
+imitate, as far as possible, the customs and discipline peculiar
+to the flag-ship of a navy, and to afford some consolation to
+those who received no appointments at Commencement, as such were
+always chosen its officers. The _Lord High Admiral_ was appointed
+by the admiral of the preceding class, but his election was not
+known to any of the members of his class until within six weeks of
+Commencement, when the parts for that occasion were assigned. It
+was generally understood that this officer was to be one of the
+poorest in point of scholarship, yet the jolliest of all the
+"Jolly Blades." At the time designated, he broke the seal of a
+package which had been given him by his predecessor in office, the
+contents of which were known only to himself; but these were
+supposed to be the insignia of his office, and the instructions
+pertaining to the admiralty. He then appointed his assistant
+officers, a vice-admiral, rear-admiral, captain, sailing-master,
+boatswain, &c. To the boatswain a whistle was given, transmitted,
+like the admiral's package, from class to class.
+
+The Flag-ship for the year 1815 was a large marquee, called "The
+Good Ship Harvard," which was moored in the woods, near the place
+where the residence of the Hon. John G. Palfrey now stands. The
+floor was arranged like the deck of a man-of-war, being divided
+into the main and quarter decks. The latter was occupied by the
+admiral, and no one was allowed to be there with him without
+special order or permission. In his sway he was very despotic, and
+on board ship might often have been seen reclining on his couch,
+attended by two of his subordinates (classmates), who made his
+slumbers pleasant by guarding his sacred person from the visits of
+any stray mosquito, and kept him cool by the vibrations of a fan.
+The marquee stood for several weeks, during which time meetings
+were frequently held in it. At the command of the admiral, the
+boatswain would sound his whistle in front of Holworthy Hall, the
+building where the Seniors then, as now, resided, and the student
+sailors, issuing forth, would form in procession, and march to the
+place of meeting, there to await further orders. If the members of
+the Navy remained on board ship over night, those who had received
+appointments at Commencement, then called the "Marines," were
+obliged to keep guard while the members slept or caroused.
+
+The operations of the Navy were usually closed with an excursion
+down the harbor. A vessel well stocked with certain kinds of
+provisions afforded, with some assistance from the stores of old
+Ocean, the requisites for a grand clam-bake or a mammoth chowder.
+The spot usually selected for this entertainment was the shores of
+Cape Cod. On the third day the party usually returned from their
+voyage, and their entry into Cambridge was generally accompanied
+with no little noise and disorder. The Admiral then appointed
+privately his successor, and the Navy was disbanded for the year.
+
+The exercises of the association varied from year to year. Many of
+the old customs gradually went out of fashion, until finally but
+little of the original Navy remained. The officers were, as usual,
+appointed yearly, but the power of appointing them was transferred
+to the class, and a public parade was substituted for the forms
+and ceremonies once peculiar to the society. The excursion down
+the harbor was omitted for the first time the present year,[57]
+and the last procession made its appearance in the year 1846.
+
+At present the Navy Club is organized after the parts for the last
+Senior Exhibition have been assigned. It is composed of three
+classes of persons; namely, the true NAVY, which consists of those
+who have _never_ had parts; the MARINES, those who have had a
+_major_ or _second_ part in the Senior year, but no _minor_ or
+_first_ part in the Junior; and the HORSE-MARINES, those who have
+had a _minor_ or _first_ part in the Junior year, but have
+subsequently fallen off, so as not to get a _major_ or _second_
+part in the Senior. Of the Navy officers, the Lord High Admiral is
+usually he who has been sent from College the greatest number of
+times; the Vice-Admiral is the poorest scholar in the class; the
+Rear-Admiral the laziest fellow in the class; the Commodore, one
+addicted to boating; the Captain, a jolly blade; the Lieutenant
+and Midshipman, fellows of the same description; the Chaplain, the
+most profane; the Surgeon, a dabbler in surgery, or in medicine,
+or anything else; the Ensign, the tallest member of the class; the
+Boatswain, one most inclined to obscenity; the Drum Major, the
+most aristocratic, and his assistants, fellows of the same
+character. These constitute the Band. Such are the general rules
+of choice, but they are not always followed. The remainder of the
+class who have had no parts and are not officers of the Navy Club
+are members, under the name of Privates. On the morning when the
+parts for Commencement are assigned, the members who receive
+appointments resign the stations which they have held in the Navy
+Club. This resignation takes place immediately after the parts
+have been read to the class. The door-way of the middle entry of
+Holworthy Hall is the place usually chosen for this affecting
+scene. The performance is carried on in the mock-oratorical style,
+a person concealed under a white sheet being placed behind the
+speaker to make the gestures for him. The names of those members
+who, having received Commencement appointments, have refused to
+resign their trusts in the Navy Club, are then read by the Lord
+High Admiral, and by his authority they are expelled from the
+society. This closes the exercises of the Club.
+
+The following entertaining account of the last procession, in
+1846, has been furnished by a graduate of that year:--
+
+"The class had nearly all assembled, and the procession, which
+extended through the rooms of the Natural History Society, began
+to move. The principal officers, as also the whole band, were
+dressed in full uniform. The Rear-Admiral brought up the rear, as
+was fitting. He was borne in a sort of triumphal car, composed of
+something like a couch, elevated upon wheels, and drawn by a white
+horse. On this his excellency, dressed in uniform, and enveloped
+in his cloak, reclined at full length. One of the Marines played
+the part of driver. Behind the car walked a colored man, with a
+most fantastic head-dress, whose duty it was to carry his Honor
+the Rear-Admiral's pipe. Immediately before the car walked the
+other two Marines, with guns on their shoulders. The 'Digs'[58]
+came immediately before the Marines, preceded by the tallest of
+their number, carrying a white satin banner, bearing on it, in
+gold letters, the word 'HARVARD,' with a _spade_ of gold paper
+fastened beneath. The Digs were all dressed in black, with Oxford
+caps on their heads, and small iron spades over their shoulders.
+They walked two and two, except in one instance, namely, that of
+the first three scholars, who walked together, the last of their
+brethren, immediately preceding the Marines. The second and third
+scholars did not carry spades, but pointed shovels, much larger
+and heavier; while the first scholar, who walked between the other
+two, carried an enormously great square shovel,--such as is often
+seen hung out at hardware-stores for a sign,--with 'SPADES AND
+SHOVELS,' or some such thing, painted on one side, and 'ALL SIZES'
+on the other. This shovel was about two feet square. The idea of
+carrying real, _bona fide_ spades and shovels originated wholly in
+our class. It has always been the custom before to wear a spade,
+cut out of white paper, on the lapel of the coat. The Navy
+Privates were dressed in blue shirts, monkey-jackets, &c., and
+presented a very sailor-like appearance. Two of them carried small
+kedges over their shoulders. The Ensign bore an old and tattered
+flag, the same which was originally presented by Miss Mellen of
+Cambridge to the Harvard Washington Corps. The Chaplain was
+dressed in a black gown, with an old-fashioned curly white wig on
+his head, which, with a powdered face, gave him a very
+sanctimonious look. He carried a large French Bible, which by much
+use had lost its covers. The Surgeon rode a beast which might well
+have been taken for the Rosinante of the world-renowned Don
+Quixote. This worthy AEsculapius had an infinite number of
+brown-paper bags attached to his person. He was enveloped in an
+old plaid cloak, with a huge sign for _pills_ fastened upon his
+shoulders, and carried before him a skull on a staff. His nag was
+very spirited, so much so as to leap over the chains, posts, &c.,
+and put to flight the crowd assembled to see the fun. The
+procession, after having cheered all the College buildings, and
+the houses of the Professors, separated about seven o'clock, P.M."
+
+  At first like a badger the Freshman dug,
+  Fed on Latin and Greek, in his room kept snug;
+  And he fondly hoped that on _Navy Club_ day
+  The highest spade he might bear away.
+    _MS. Poem_, F.E. Felton, Harv. Coll.
+
+
+NECK. To _run one's neck_, at Williams College, to trust to luck
+for the success of any undertaking.
+
+
+NESCIO. Latin; literally, _I do not know_. At the University of
+Cambridge, England, _to sport a nescio_, to shake the head, a
+signal that one does not understand or is ignorant of the subject.
+"After the Senate-House examination for degrees," says Grose, in
+his Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, "the students
+proceed to the schools, to be questioned by the proctor. According
+to custom immemorial, the answers _must_ be _Nescio_. The
+following is a translated specimen:--
+
+"_Ques._ What is your, name? _Ans._ I do not know.
+
+"_Ques._ What is the name of this University? _Ans._ I do not
+know.
+
+"_Ques._ Who was your father? _Ans._ I do not know.
+
+"The last is probably the only true answer of the three!"
+
+
+NEWLING. In the German universities, a Freshman; one in his first
+half-year.
+
+
+NEWY. At Princeton College, a fresh arrival.
+
+
+NIGHTGOWN. A dressing-gown; a _deshabille_.
+
+No student shall appear within the limits of the College, or town
+of Cambridge, in any other dress than in the uniform belonging to
+his respective class, unless he shall have on a _nightgown_, or
+such an outside garment as may be necessary over a coat.--_Laws
+Harv. Coll._, 1790.
+
+
+NOBLEMAN. In the English universities, among the Undergraduates,
+the nobleman enjoys privileges and exemptions not accorded to
+others. At Oxford he wears a black-silk gown with full sleeves
+"couped" at the elbows, and a velvet cap with gold tassel, except
+on full-dress occasions, when his habit is of violet-figured
+damask silk, richly bedight with gold lace. At Cambridge he wears
+the plain black-silk gown and the hat of an M.A., except on feast
+days and state occasions, when he appears in a gown still more
+gorgeous than that of a Fellow-Commoner.--_Oxford Guide. Bristed_.
+
+
+NO END OF. Bristed records this phrase as an intensive peculiar to
+the English Cantabs. Its import is obvious "They have _no end of_
+tin; i.e. a great deal of money. He is _no end of_ a fool; i.e.
+the greatest fool possible."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 24.
+
+The use of this expression, with a similar signification, is
+common in some portions of the United States.
+
+
+NON ENS. Latin; literally _not being_. At the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., one who has not been matriculated, though he has
+resided some time at the University; consequently is not
+considered as having any being. A Freshman in embryo.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+NON PARAVI. Latin; literally, _I have not prepared_. When Latin
+was spoken in the American colleges, this excuse was commonly
+given by scholars not prepared for recitation.
+
+  With sleepy eyes and countenance heavy,
+  With much excuse of _non paravi_.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, 1794, p. 8.
+
+The same excuse is now frequently given in English.
+
+The same individuals were also observed to be "_not prepared_" for
+the morning's recitation.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. II. p. 261.
+
+I hear you whispering, with white lips, "_Not prepared_,
+sir."--_Burial of Euclid_, 1850, p. 9.
+
+
+NON PLACET. Latin; literally, _It is not pleasing_. In the
+University of Cambridge, Eng., the term in which a _negative_ vote
+is given in the Senate-House.
+
+To _non-placet_, with the meaning of the verb _to reject_, is
+sometimes used in familiar language.
+
+A classical examiner, having marked two candidates belonging to
+his own College much higher than the other three examiners did,
+was suspected of partiality to them, and _non-placeted_ (rejected)
+next year when he came up for approval.--_Bristed's Five Years in
+an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 231.
+
+
+NON-READING MAN. See READING MAN.
+
+The result of the May decides whether he will go out in honors or
+not,--that is, whether he will be a reading or a _non-reading
+man_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 85.
+
+
+NON-REGENT. In the English universities, a term applied to those
+Masters of Arts whose regency has ceased.--_Webster_.
+
+See REGENT. SENATE.
+
+
+NON-TERM. "When any member of the Senate," says the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, "dies within the University during term, on
+application to the Vice-Chancellor, the University bell rings an
+hour; from which period _Non-Term_, as to public lectures and
+disputations, commences for three days."
+
+
+NON VALUI. Latin; literally, _I was sick_. At Harvard College,
+when the students were obliged to speak Latin, it was usual for
+them to give the excuse _non valui_ for almost every absence or
+omission. The President called upon delinquents for their excuses
+in the chapel, after morning prayers, and these words were often
+pronounced so broadly as to sound like _non volui_, I did not wish
+[to go]. The quibble was not perceived for a long time, and was
+heartily enjoyed, as may be well supposed, by those who made use
+of it.
+
+
+[Greek: Nous]. Greek; _sense_. A word adopted by, and in use
+among, students.
+
+He is a lad of more [Greek: nous], and keeps better
+company.--_Pref. to Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Getting the better of them in anything which required the smallest
+exertion of [Greek: nous], was like being first in a donkey-race.
+--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 30.
+
+
+NUMBER FIFTY, NUMBER FORTY-NINE. At Trinity College, Hartford, the
+privies are known by these names. Jarvis Hall contains forty-eight
+rooms, and the numbers forty-nine and fifty follow in numerical
+continuation, but with a different application.
+
+
+NUMBER TEN. At the Wesleyan University, the names "No. 10, and, as
+a sort of derivative, No. 1001, are applied to the privy." The
+former title is used also at the University of Vermont, and at
+Dartmouth College.
+
+
+NUTS. A correspondent from Williams College says, "We speak of a
+person whom we despise as being a _nuts_." This word is used in
+the Yorkshire dialect with the meaning of a "silly fellow." Mr.
+Halliwell, in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,
+remarks: "It is not applied to an idiot, but to one who has been
+doing a foolish action."
+
+
+
+_O_.
+
+
+OAK. In the English universities, the outer door of a student's
+room.
+
+No man has a right to attack the rooms of one with whom he is not
+in the habit of intimacy. From ignorance of this axiom I had near
+got a horse-whipping, and was kicked down stairs for going to a
+wrong _oak_, whose tenant was not in the habit of taking jokes of
+this kind.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 287.
+
+A pecker, I must explain, is a heavy pointed hammer for splitting
+large coals; an instrument often put into requisition to force
+open an _oak_ (an outer door), when the key of the spring latch
+happens to be left inside, and the scout has gone away.--_The
+Collegian's Guide_, p. 119.
+
+Every set of rooms is provided with an _oak_ or outer door, with a
+spring lock, of which the master has one latch-key, and the
+servant another.--_Ibid._, p. 141.
+
+"To _sport oak_, or a door," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "is,
+in the modern phrase, to exclude duns, or other unpleasant
+intruders." It generally signifies, however, nothing more than
+locking or fastening one's door for safety or convenience.
+
+I always "_sported my oak_" whenever I went out; and if ever I
+found any article removed from its usual place, I inquired for it;
+and thus showed I knew where everything was last
+placed.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 141.
+
+If you persist, and say you cannot join them, you must _sport your
+oak_, and shut yourself into your room, and all intruders
+out.--_Ibid._, p. 340.
+
+Used also in some American colleges.
+
+And little did they dream who knocked hard and often at his _oak_
+in vain, &c.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. X. p. 47.
+
+
+OATHS. At Yale College, those who were engaged in the government
+were formerly required to take the oaths of allegiance and
+abjuration appointed by the Parliament of England. In his
+Discourse before the Graduates of Yale College, President Woolsey
+gives the following account of this obligation:--
+
+"The charter of 1745 imposed another test in the form of a
+political oath upon all governing officers in the College. They
+were required before they undertook the execution of their trusts,
+or within three months after, 'publicly in the College hall [to]
+take the oaths, and subscribe the declaration, appointed by an act
+of Parliament made in the first year of George the First,
+entitled, An Act for the further security of his Majesty's person
+and government, and the succession of the Crown in the heirs of
+the late Princess Sophia, being Protestants, and for extinguishing
+the hopes of the pretended Prince of Wales, and his open and
+secret abettors.' We cannot find the motive for prescribing this
+oath of allegiance and abjuration in the Protestant zeal which was
+enkindled by the second Pretender's movements in England,--for,
+although belonging to this same year 1745, these movements were
+subsequent to the charter,--but rather in the desire of removing
+suspicion of disloyalty, and conforming the practice in the
+College to that required by the law in the English universities.
+This oath was taken until it became an unlawful one, when the
+State assumed complete sovereignty at the Revolution. For some
+years afterwards, the officers took the oath of fidelity to the
+State of Connecticut, and I believe that the last instance of this
+occurred at the very end of the eighteenth century."--p. 40.
+
+In the Diary of President Stiles, under the date of July 8, 1778,
+is the annexed entry, in which is given the formula of the oath
+required by the State:--
+
+"The oath of fidelity administered to me by the Hon. Col. Hamlin,
+one of the Council of the State of Connecticut, at my
+inauguration.
+
+"'You, Ezra Stiles, do swear by the name of the ever-living God,
+that you will be true and faithful to the State of Connecticut, as
+a free and independent State, and in all things do your duty as a
+good and faithful subject of the said State, in supporting the
+rights, liberties, and privileges of the same. So help you God.'
+
+"This oath, substituted instead of that of allegiance to the King
+by the Assembly of Connecticut, May, 1777, to be taken by all in
+this State; and so it comes into use in Yale College."--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Discourse_, Appendix, p. 117.
+
+
+[Greek: Hoi Aristoi.] Greek; literally, _the bravest_. At
+Princeton College, the aristocrats, or would-be aristocrats, are
+so called.
+
+
+[Greek: Hoi Polloi.] Greek; literally, _the many_.
+
+See POLLOI.
+
+
+OLD BURSCH. A name given in the German universities to a student
+during his fourth term. Students of this term are also designated
+_Old Ones_.
+
+As they came forward, they were obliged to pass under a pair of
+naked swords, held crosswise by two _Old Ones_.--_Longfellow's
+Hyperion_, p. 110.
+
+
+OLD HOUSE. A name given in the German universities to a student
+during his fifth term.
+
+
+OPPONENCY. The opening of an academical disputation; the
+proposition of objections to a tenet; an exercise for a
+degree.--_Todd_.
+
+Mr. Webster remarks, "I believe not used in America."
+
+In the old times, the university discharged this duty [teaching]
+by means of the public readings or lectures,... and by the keeping
+of acts and _opponencies_--being certain _viva voce_ disputations
+--by the students.--_The English Universities and their Reforms_,
+in _Blackwood's Magazine_, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+OPPONENT. In universities and colleges, where disputations are
+carried on, the opponent is, in technical application, the person
+who begins the dispute by raising objections to some tenet or
+doctrine.
+
+
+OPTIME. The title of those who stand in the second and third ranks
+of honors, immediately after the Wranglers, in the University of
+Cambridge, Eng. They are called respectively _Senior_ and _Junior
+Optimes_.
+
+See JUNIOR OPTIME, POLLOI, and SENIOR OPTIME.
+
+
+OPTIONAL. At some American colleges, the student is obliged to
+pursue during a part of the course such studies as are prescribed.
+During another portion of the course, he is allowed to select from
+certain branches those which he desires to follow. The latter are
+called _optional_ studies. In familiar conversation and writing,
+the word _optional_ is used alone.
+
+  For _optional_ will come our way,
+  And lectures furnish time to play,
+  'Neath elm-tree shade to smoke all day.
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, Yale Coll., 1855.
+
+
+ORIGINAL COMPOSITION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+essay or theme written by a student in Latin, Greek, or Hebrew, is
+termed _original_ composition.
+
+Composition there is of course, but more Latin than Greek, and
+some _original Composition_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 137.
+
+_Original Composition_--that is, Composition in the true sense of
+the word--in the dead languages is not much practised.--_Ibid._,
+p. 185.
+
+
+OVERSEER. The general government of the colleges in the United
+States is vested in some instances in a Corporation, in others in
+a Board of Trustees or Overseers, or, as in the case of Harvard
+College, in the two combined. The duties of the Overseers are,
+generally, to pass such orders and statutes as seem to them
+necessary for the prosperity of the college whose affairs they
+oversee, to dispose of its funds in such a manner as will be most
+advantageous, to appoint committees to visit it and examine the
+students connected with it, to ratify the appointment of
+instructors, and to hear such reports of the proceedings of the
+college government as require their concurrence.
+
+
+OXFORD. The cap worn by the members of the University of Oxford,
+England, is called an _Oxford_ or _Oxford cap_. The same is worn
+at some American colleges on Exhibition and Commencement Days. In
+shape, it is square and flat, covered with black cloth; from the
+centre depends a tassel of black cord. It is further described in
+the following passage.
+
+  My back equipped, it was not fair
+  My head should 'scape, and so, as square
+          As chessboard,
+  A _cap_ I bought, my skull to screen,
+  Of cloth without, and all within
+          Of pasteboard.
+    _Terrae-Filius_, Vol. II. p. 225.
+
+  Thunders of clapping!--As he bows, on high
+  "Praeses" his "_Oxford_" doffs, and bows reply.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 36.
+
+It is sometimes called a _trencher cap_, from its shape.
+
+See CAP.
+
+
+OXFORD-MIXED. Cloth such as is worn at the University of Oxford,
+England. The students in Harvard College were formerly required to
+wear this kind of cloth as their uniform. The color is given in
+the following passage: "By black-mixed (called also
+_Oxford-mixed_) is understood, black with a mixture of not more
+than one twentieth, nor less than one twenty-fifth, part of
+white."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1826, p. 25.
+
+He generally dresses in _Oxford-mixed_ pantaloons, and a brown
+surtout.--_Collegian_, p. 240.
+
+It has disappeared along with Commons, the servility of Freshmen
+and brutality of Sophomores, the _Oxford-mixed_ uniform and
+buttons of the same color.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I. p. 263.
+
+
+OXONIAN. A student or graduate of the University of Oxford,
+England.
+
+
+
+_P_.
+
+
+PANDOWDY BAND. A correspondent writing from Bowdoin College says:
+"We use the word _pandowdy_, and we have a custom of
+_pandowdying_. The Pandowdy Band, as it is called, has no regular
+place nor time of meeting. The number of performers varies from
+half a dozen and less to fifty or more. The instruments used are
+commonly horns, drums, tin-kettles, tongs, shovels, triangles,
+pumpkin-vines, &c. The object of the band is serenading Professors
+who have rendered themselves obnoxious to students; and sometimes
+others,--frequently tutors are entertained by 'heavenly music'
+under their windows, at dead of night. This is regarded on all
+hands as an unequivocal expression of the feelings of the
+students.
+
+"The band corresponds to the _Calliathump_ of Yale. Its name is a
+burlesque on the _Pandean Band_ which formerly existed in this
+college."
+
+See HORN-BLOWING.
+
+
+PAPE. Abbreviated from PAPER, q.v.
+
+  Old Hamlen, the printer, he got out the _papes_.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, Yale Coll., June 14, 1854.
+
+  But Soph'more "_papes_," and Soph'more scrapes,
+    Have long since passed away.--_Ibid._
+
+
+PAPER. In the English Universities, a sheet containing certain
+questions, to which answers are to be given, is called _a paper_.
+
+_To beat a paper_, is to get more than full marks for it. In
+explanation of this "apparent Hibernicism," Bristed remarks: "The
+ordinary text-books are taken as the standard of excellence, and a
+very good man will sometimes express the operations more neatly
+and cleverly than they are worded in these books, in which case he
+is entitled to extra marks for style."--_Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 238.
+
+2. This name is applied at Yale College to the printed scheme
+which is used at the Biennial Examinations. Also, at Harvard
+College, to the printed sheet by means of which the examination
+for entrance is conducted.
+
+
+PARCHMENT. A diploma, from the substance on which it is usually
+printed, is in familiar language sometimes called a _parchment_.
+
+There are some, who, relying not upon the "_parchment_ and seal"
+as a passport to favor, bear that with them which shall challenge
+notice and admiration.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 365.
+
+  The passer-by, unskilled in ancient lore,
+  Whose hands the ribboned _parchment_ never bore.
+    _Class Poem at Harv. Coll._, 1835, p. 7.
+
+See SHEEPSKIN.
+
+
+PARIETAL. From Latin _paries_, a wall; properly, _a
+partition-wall_, from the root of _part_ or _pare_. Pertaining to
+a wall.--_Webster_.
+
+At Harvard College the officers resident within the College walls
+constitute a permanent standing committee, called the Parietal
+Committee. They have particular cognizance of all tardinesses at
+prayers and Sabbath services, and of all offences against good
+order and decorum. They are allowed to deduct from the rank of a
+student, not exceeding one hundred for one offence. In case any
+offence seems to them to require a higher punishment than
+deduction, it is reported to the Faculty.--_Laws_, 1850, App.
+
+  Had I forgotten, alas! the stern _parietal_ monitions?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+The chairman of the Parietal Committee is often called the
+_Parietal Tutor_.
+
+I see them shaking their fists in the face of the _parietal
+tutor_.--_Oration before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, 1849.
+
+The members of the committee are called, in common parlance,
+_Parietals_.
+
+Four rash and inconsiderate proctors, two tutors, and five
+_parietals_, each with a mug and pail in his hand, in their great
+haste to arrive at the scene of conflagration, ran over the Devil,
+and knocked him down stairs.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 124.
+
+  And at the loud laugh of thy gurgling throat,
+  The _parietals_ would forget themselves.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. III. p. 399 et passim.
+
+  Did not thy starting eyeballs think to see
+  Some goblin _parietal_ grin at thee?
+    _Ibid._, Vol. IV. p. 197.
+
+The deductions made by the Parietal Committee are also called
+_Parietals_.
+
+  How now, ye secret, dark, and tuneless chanters,
+  What is 't ye do? Beware the _parietals_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 44.
+
+Reckon on the fingers of your mind the reprimands, deductions,
+_parietals_, and privates in store for you.--_Orat. H.L. of I.O.
+of O.F._, 1848.
+
+The accent of this word is on the antepenult; by _poetic license_,
+in four of the passages above quoted, it is placed on the penult.
+
+
+PART. A literary appointment assigned to a student to be kept at
+an Exhibition or Commencement. In Harvard College as soon as the
+parts for an Exhibition or Commencement are assigned, the subjects
+and the names of the performers are given to some member of one of
+the higher classes, who proceeds to read them to the students from
+a window of one of the buildings, after proposing the usual "three
+cheers" for each of the classes, designating them by the years in
+which they are to graduate. As the name of each person who has a
+part assigned him is read, the students respond with cheers. This
+over, the classes are again cheered, the reader of the parts is
+applauded, and the crowd disperses except when the mock parts are
+read, or the officers of the Navy Club resign their trusts.
+
+Referring to the proceedings consequent upon the announcement of
+appointments, Professor Sidney Willard, in his late work, entitled
+"Memories of Youth and Manhood," says of Harvard College: "The
+distribution of parts to be performed at public exhibitions by the
+students was, particularly for the Commencement exhibition, more
+than fifty years ago, as it still is, one of the most exciting
+events of College life among those immediately interested, in
+which parents and near friends also deeply sympathized with them.
+These parts were communicated to the individuals appointed to
+perform them by the President, who gave to them, severally, a
+paper with the name of the person and of the part assigned, and
+the subject to be written upon. But they were not then, as in
+recent times, after being thus communicated by the President,
+proclaimed by a voluntary herald of stentorian lungs, mounted on
+the steps of one of the College halls, to the assembled crowd of
+students. Curiosity, however, was all alive. Each one's part was
+soon ascertained; the comparative merits of those who obtained the
+prizes were discussed in groups; prompt judgments were pronounced,
+that A had received a higher prize than he could rightfully claim,
+and that B was cruelly wronged; that some were unjustly passed
+over, and others raised above them through partiality. But at
+whatever length their discussion might have been prolonged, they
+would have found it difficult in solemn conclave to adjust the
+distribution to their own satisfaction, while severally they
+deemed themselves competent to measure the degree in the scale of
+merit to which each was entitled."--Vol. I. pp. 328, 329.
+
+I took but little pains with these exercises myself, lest I should
+appear to be anxious for "_parts_."--_Monthly Anthology_, Boston,
+1804, Vol. I. p. 154.
+
+Often, too, the qualifications for a _part_ ... are discussed in
+the fireside circles so peculiar to college.--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+378.
+
+The refusal of a student to perform the _part_ assigned him will
+be regarded as a high offence.--_Laws Univ. at Cam., Mass._, 1848,
+p. 19.
+
+Young men within the College walls are incited to good conduct and
+diligence, by the system of awarding _parts_, as they are called,
+at the exhibitions which take place each year, and at the annual
+Commencement.--_Eliot's Sketch of Hist. Harv. Coll._, pp. 114,
+115.
+
+It is very common to speak of _getting parts_.
+
+              Here
+    Are acres of orations, and so forth,
+    The glorious nonsense that enchants young hearts
+  With all the humdrumology of "_getting parts_."
+    _Our Chronicle of '26_, Boston, 1827, p. 28.
+
+See under MOCK-PART and NAVY CLUB.
+
+
+PASS. At Oxford, permission to receive the degree of B.A. after
+passing the necessary examinations.
+
+The good news of the _pass_ will be a set-off against the few
+small debts.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 254.
+
+
+PASS EXAMINATION. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+examination which is required for the B.A. degree. Of these
+examinations there are three during a student's undergraduateship.
+
+Even the examinations which are disparagingly known as "_pass_"
+ones, the Previous, the Poll, and (since the new regulations) the
+Junior Optime, require more than half marks on their
+papers.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 319.
+
+
+PASSMAN. At Oxford, one who merely passes his examination, and
+obtains testimonials for a degree, but is not able to obtain any
+honors or distinctions. Opposed to CLASSMAN, q.v.
+
+"Have the _passmen_ done their paper work yet?" asked Whitbread.
+"However, the schools, I dare say, will not be open to the
+classmen till Monday."--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 309.
+
+
+PATRON. At some of the Colleges in the United States, the patron
+is appointed to take charge of the funds, and to regulate the
+expenses, of students who reside at a distance. Formerly, students
+who came within this provision were obliged to conform to the laws
+in reference to the patron; it is now left optional.
+
+
+P.D. An abbreviation of _Philosophiae Doctor_, Doctor of
+Philosophy. "In the German universities," says Brande, "the title
+'Doctor Philosophiae' has long been substituted for Baccalaureus
+Artium or Literarium."
+
+
+PEACH. To inform against; to communicate facts by way of
+accusation.
+
+It being rather advisable to enter college before twelve, or to
+stay out all night, bribing the bed-maker next morning not to
+_peach_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 190.
+
+  When, by a little spying, I can reach
+  The height of my ambition, I must _peach_.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+PEMBROKER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a member of
+Pembroke College.
+
+The _Pembroker_ was booked to lead the Tripos.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 158.
+
+
+PENE. Latin, _almost, nearly_. A candidate for admission to the
+Freshman Class is called a _Pene_, that is, _almost_ a Freshman.
+
+
+PENNILESS BENCH. Archdeacon Nares, in his Glossary, says of this
+phrase: "A cant term for a state of poverty. There was a public
+seat so called in Oxford; but I fancy it was rather named from the
+common saying, than that derived from it."
+
+          Bid him bear up, he shall not
+  Sit long on _penniless bench_.
+    _Mass. City Mad._, IV. 1.
+
+That everie stool he sate on was _pennilesse bench_, that his
+robes were rags.--_Euphues and his Engl._, D. 3.
+
+
+PENSIONER. French, _pensionnaire_, one who pays for his board. In
+the University of Cambridge, Eng., and in that of Dublin, a
+student of the second rank, who is not dependent on the foundation
+for support, but pays for his board and other charges. Equivalent
+to COMMONER at Oxford, or OPPIDANT of Eton school.--_Brande. Gent.
+Mag._, 1795.
+
+
+PERUVIAN. At the University of Vermont, a name by which the
+students designate a lady; e.g., "There are two hundred
+_Peruvians_ at the Seminary"; or, "The _Peruvians_ are in the
+observatory." As illustrative of the use of this word, a
+correspondent observes: "If John Smith has a particular regard for
+any one of the Burlington ladies, and Tom Brown happens to meet
+the said lady in his town peregrinations, when he returns to
+College, if he meets John Smith, he (Tom) says to John, 'In yonder
+village I espied a _Peruvian_'; by which John understands that Tom
+has had the very great pleasure of meeting John's Dulcinea."
+
+
+PETTY COMPOUNDER. At Oxford, one who pays more than ordinary fees
+for his degree.
+
+"A _Petty Compounder_," says the Oxford University Calendar, "must
+possess ecclesiastical income of the annual value of five
+shillings, or property of any other description amounting in all
+to the sum of five pounds, per annum."--Ed. 1832, p. 92.
+
+
+PHEEZE, or FEEZE. At the University of Vermont, to pledge. If a
+student is pledged to join any secret society, he is said to be
+_pheezed_ or _feezed_.
+
+
+PHI BETA KAPPA. The fraternity of the [Greek: Phi Beta Kappa] "was
+imported," says Allyn in his Ritual, "into this country from
+France, in the year 1776; and, as it is said, by Thomas Jefferson,
+late President of the United States." It was originally chartered
+as a society in William and Mary College, in Virginia, and was
+organized at Yale College, Nov. 13th, 1780. By virtue of a charter
+formally executed by the president, officers, and members of the
+original society, it was established soon after at Harvard
+College, through the influence of Mr. Elisha Parmele, a graduate
+of the year 1778. The first meeting in Cambridge was held Sept.
+5th, 1781. The original Alpha of Virginia is now extinct.
+
+"Its objects," says Mr. Quincy, in his History of Harvard
+University, "were the 'promotion of literature and friendly
+intercourse among scholars'; and its name and motto indicate, that
+'philosophy, including therein religion as well as ethics, is
+worthy of cultivation as the guide of life.' This society took an
+early and a deep root in the University; its exercises became
+public, and admittance into it an object of ambition; but the
+'discrimination' which its selection of members made among
+students, became an early subject of question and discontent. In
+October, 1789, a committee of the Overseers, of which John Hancock
+was chairman, reported to that board, 'that there is an
+institution in the University, with the nature of which the
+government is not acquainted, which tends to make a discrimination
+among the students'; and submitted to the board 'the propriety of
+inquiring into its nature and designs.' The subject occasioned
+considerable debate, and a petition, of the nature of a complaint
+against the society, by a number of the members of the Senior
+Class, having been presented, its consideration was postponed, and
+it was committed; but it does not appear from the records, that
+any further notice was taken of the petition. The influence of the
+society was upon the whole deemed salutary, since literary merit
+was assumed as the principle on which its members were selected;
+and, so far, its influence harmonized with the honorable motives
+to exertion which have ever been held out to the students by the
+laws and usages of the College. In process of time, its catalogue
+included almost every member of the Immediate Government, and
+fairness in the selection of members has been in a great degree
+secured by the practice it has adopted, of ascertaining those in
+every class who stand the highest, in point of conduct and
+scholarship, according to the estimates of the Faculty of the
+College, and of generally regarding those estimates. Having
+gradually increased in numbers, popularity, and importance, the
+day after Commencement was adopted for its annual celebration.
+These occasions have uniformly attracted a highly intelligent and
+cultivated audience, having been marked by a display of learning
+and eloquence, and having enriched the literature of the country
+with some of its brightest gems."--Vol. II. p. 398.
+
+The immediate members of the society at Cambridge were formerly
+accustomed to hold semi-monthly meetings, the exercises of which
+were such as are usual in literary associations. At present,
+meetings are seldom held except for the purpose of electing
+members. Affiliated societies have been established at Dartmouth,
+Union, and Bowdoin Colleges, at Brown and the Wesleyan
+Universities, at the Western Reserve College, at the University of
+Vermont, and at Amherst College, and they number among their
+members many of the most distinguished men in our country. The
+letters which constitute the name of the society are the initials
+of its motto, [Greek: Philosophia, Biou Kubernaetaes], Philosophy,
+the Guide of Life.
+
+A further account of this society may be found in Allyn's Ritual
+of Freemasonry, ed. 1831, pp. 296-302.
+
+
+PHILISTINE. In Germany this name, or what corresponds to it in
+that country, _Philister_, is given by the students to tradesmen
+and others not belonging to the university.
+
+  Und hat der Bursch kein Geld im Beutel,
+    So pumpt er die Philister an.
+
+  And has the Bursch his cash expended?
+    To sponge the _Philistine's_ his plan.
+    _The Crambambuli Song_.
+
+Mr. Halliwell, in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,
+says of this word, "a cant term applied to bailiffs, sheriffs'
+officers, and drunkards." The idea of narrowmindedness, a
+contracted mode of thinking, and meanness, is usually connected
+with it, and in some colleges in the United States the name has
+been given to those whose characters correspond with this
+description.
+
+See SNOB.
+
+
+PHRASING. Reciting by, or giving the words or phraseology of the
+book, without understanding their meaning.
+
+Never should you allow yourself to think of going into the
+recitation-room, and there trust to "skinning it," as it is called
+in some colleges, or "_phrasing_," as in others.--_Todd's Students
+Manual_, p. 115.
+
+
+PIECE. "Be it known, at Cambridge the various Commons and other
+places open for the gymnastic games, and the like public
+amusements, are usually denominated _Pieces_."--_Alma Mater_,
+London, 1827, Vol. II. p. 49.
+
+
+PIETAS ET GRATULATIO. On the death of George the Second, and
+accession of George the Third, Mr. Bernard, Governor of
+Massachusetts, suggested to Harvard College "the expediency of
+expressing sympathy and congratulation on these events, in
+conformity with the practice of the English universities."
+Accordingly, on Saturday, March 14, 1761, there was placed in the
+Chapel of Harvard College the following "Proposal for a
+Celebration of the Death of the late King, and the Accession of
+his present Majesty, by members of Harvard College."
+
+"Six guineas are given for a prize of a guinea each to the Author
+of the best composition of the following several kinds:--1. A
+Latin Oration. 2. A Latin Poem, in hexameters. 3. A Latin Elegy,
+in hexameters and pentameters. 4 A Latin Ode. 5. An English Poem,
+in long verse. 6. An English Ode.
+
+"Other Compositions, besides those that obtain the prizes, that
+are most deserving, will be taken particular notice of.
+
+"The candidates are to be, all, Gentlemen who are now members of
+said College, or have taken a degree within seven years.
+
+"Any Candidate may deliver two or more compositions of different
+kinds, but not more than one of the same kind.
+
+"That Gentlemen may be more encouraged to try their talents upon
+this occasion, it is proposed that the names of the Candidates
+shall be kept secret, except those who shall be adjudged to
+deserve the prizes, or to have particular notice taken of their
+Compositions, and even these shall be kept secret if desired.
+
+"For this purpose, each Candidate is desired to send his
+Composition to the President, on or before the first day of July
+next, subscribed at the bottom with, a feigned name or motto, and,
+in a distinct paper, to write his own name and seal it up, writing
+the feigned name or motto on the outside. None of the sealed
+papers containing the real names will be opened, except those that
+are adjudged to obtain the prizes or to deserve particular notice;
+the rest will be burned sealed."
+
+This proposal resulted in a work entitled, "Pietas et Gratulatio
+Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos." In January, 1762, the
+Corporation passed a vote, "that the collections in prose and
+verse in several languages composed by some of the members of the
+College, on the motion of his Excellency our Governor, Francis
+Bernard, Esq., on occasion of the death of his late Majesty, and
+the accession of his present Majesty, be printed; and that his
+Excellency be desired to send, if he shall judge it proper, a copy
+of the same to Great Britain, to be presented to his Majesty, in
+the name of the Corporation."
+
+Quincy thus speaks of the collection:--"Governor Bernard not only
+suggested the work, but contributed to it. Five of the thirty-one
+compositions, of which it consists, were from his pen. The Address
+to the King is stated to have been written by him, or by
+Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson. Its style and turn of thought
+indicate the politician rather than the student, and savor of the
+senate-chamber more than of the academy. The classical and poetic
+merits of the work bear a fair comparison with those of European
+universities on similar occasions, allowance being made for the
+difference in the state of science and literature in the
+respective countries; and it is the most creditable specimen
+extant of the art of printing, at that period, in the Colonies.
+The work is respectfully noticed by the 'Critical' and 'Monthly'
+Reviews, and an Ode of the President is pronounced by both to be
+written in a style truly Horatian. In the address prefixed, the
+hope is expressed, that, as 'English colleges have had kings for
+their nursing fathers, and queens for their nursing mothers, this
+of North America might experience the royal munificence, and look
+up to the throne for favor and patronage.' In May, 1763, letters
+were received from Jasper Mauduit, agent of the Province,
+mentioning 'the presentation to his Majesty of the book of verses
+from the College,' but the records give no indication of the
+manner in which it was received. The thoughts of George the Third
+were occupied, not with patronizing learning in the Colonies, but
+with deriving revenue from them, and Harvard College was indebted
+to him for no act of acknowledgment or munificence."--_Quincy's
+Hist. of Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. pp. 103-105.
+
+The Charleston Courier, in an article entitled "Literary
+Sparring," says of this production:--"When, as late as 1761,
+Harvard University sent forth, in Greek, Latin, and English, its
+congratulations on the accession of George the Third to the
+throne, it was called, in England, a curiosity."--_Buckingham's
+Miscellanies from the Public Journals_, Vol. I. p. 103.
+
+Mr. Kendall, an English traveller, who visited Cambridge in the
+year 1807-8, notices this work as follows:--"In the year 1761, on
+the death of George the Second and the accession of his present
+Majesty, Harvard College, or, as on this occasion it styles
+itself, Cambridge College, produced a volume of tributary verses,
+in English, Latin, and Greek, entitled, Pietas et Gratulatio
+Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos; and this collection, the
+first received, and, as it has since appeared, the last to be
+received, from this seminary, by an English king, was cordially
+welcomed by the critical journals of the time."--_Kendall's
+Travels_, Vol. III. p. 12.
+
+For further remarks, consult the Monthly Review, Vol. XXIX. p. 22;
+Critical Review, Vol. X. p. 284; and the Monthly Anthology, Vol.
+VI. pp. 422-427; Vol. VII. p. 67.
+
+
+PILL. In English Cantab parlance, twaddle, platitude.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+PIMP. To do little, mean actions for the purpose of gaining favor
+with a superior, as, in college, with an instructor. The verb with
+this meaning is derived from the adjective _pimping_, which
+signifies _little, petty_.
+
+  Did I not promise those who fished
+  And _pimped_ most, any part they wished.
+    _The Rebelliad_, p. 33.
+
+
+PISCATORIAN. From the Latin _piscator_, a fisherman. One who seeks
+or gains favor with a teacher by being officious toward him.
+
+This word was much used at Harvard College in the year 1822, and
+for a few years after; it is now very seldom heard.
+
+See under FISH.
+
+
+PIT. In the University of Cambridge, the place in St. Mary's
+Church reserved for the accommodation of Masters of Arts and
+Fellow-Commoners is jocularly styled the _pit_.--_Grad. ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+PLACE. In the older American colleges, the situation of a student
+in the class of which he was a member was formerly decided, in a
+measure, by the rank and circumstances of his family; this was
+called _placing_. The Hon. Paine Wingate, who graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1759, says, in one of his letters to Mr.
+Peirce:--
+
+"You inquire of me whether any regard was paid to a student on
+account of the rank of his parent, otherwise than his being
+arranged or _placed_ in the order of his class?
+
+"The right of precedence on every occasion is an object of
+importance in the state of society. And there is scarce anything
+which more sensibly affects the feelings of ambition than the rank
+which a man is allowed to hold. This excitement was generally
+called up whenever a class in college was _placed_. The parents
+were not wholly free from influence; but the scholars were often
+enraged beyond bounds for their disappointment in their _place_,
+and it was some time before a class could be settled down to an
+acquiescence in their allotment. The highest and the lowest in the
+class was often ascertained more easily (though not without some
+difficulty) than the intermediate members of the class, where
+there was room for uncertainty whose claim was best, and where
+partiality, no doubt, was sometimes indulged. But I must add,
+that, although the honor of a _place_ in the class was chiefly
+ideal, yet there were some substantial advantages. The higher part
+of the class had generally the most influential friends, and they
+commonly had the best chambers in College assigned to them. They
+had also a right to help themselves first at table in Commons, and
+I believe generally, wherever there was occasional precedence
+allowed, it was very freely yielded to the higher of the class by
+those who were below.
+
+"The Freshman Class was, in my day at college, usually _placed_
+(as it was termed) within six or nine months after their
+admission. The official notice of this was given by having their
+names written in a large German text, in a handsome style, and
+placed in a conspicuous part of the College _Buttery_, where the
+names of the four classes of undergraduates were kept suspended
+until they left College. If a scholar was expelled, his name was
+taken from its place; or if he was degraded (which was considered
+the next highest punishment to expulsion), it was moved
+accordingly. As soon as the Freshmen were apprised of their
+places, each one took his station according to the new arrangement
+at recitation, and at Commons, and in the Chapel, and on all other
+occasions. And this arrangement was never afterward altered,
+either in College or in the Catalogue, however the rank of their
+parents might be varied. Considering how much dissatisfaction was
+often excited by placing the classes (and I believe all other
+colleges had laid aside the practice), I think that it was a
+judicious expedient in Harvard to conform to the custom of putting
+the names in _alphabetical_ order, and they have accordingly so
+remained since the year 1772."--_Peirce's Hist. of Harv. Univ._,
+pp. 308-811.
+
+In his "Annals of Yale College," Ebenezer Baldwin observes on the
+subject: "Doctor Dwight, soon after his election to the Presidency
+[1795], effected various important alterations in the collegiate
+laws. The statutes of the institution had been chiefly adopted
+from those of European universities, where the footsteps of
+monarchical regulation were discerned even in the walks of
+science. So difficult was it to divest the minds of wise men of
+the influence of venerable follies, that the printed catalogues of
+students, until the year 1768, were arranged according to
+respectability of parentage."--p. 147.
+
+See DEGRADATION.
+
+
+PLACET. Latin; literally, _it is pleasing_. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., the term in which an _affirmative_ vote is given
+in the Senate-House.
+
+
+PLUCK. In the English universities, a refusal of testimonials for
+a degree.
+
+The origin of this word is thus stated in the Collegian's Guide:
+"At the time of conferring a degree, just as the name of each man
+to be presented to the Vice-Chancellor is read out, a proctor
+walks once up and down, to give any person who can object to the
+degree an opportunity of signifying his dissent, which is done by
+plucking or pulling the proctor's gown. Hence another and more
+common mode of stopping a degree, by refusing the testamur, or
+certificate of proficiency, is also called plucking."--p. 203.
+
+On the same word, the author in another place remarks as follows:
+"As long back as my memory will carry me, down to the present day,
+there has been scarcely a monosyllable in our language which
+seemed to convey so stinging a reproach, or to let a man down in
+the general estimation half as much, as this one word PLUCK."--p.
+288.
+
+
+PLUCKED. A cant term at the English universities, applied to those
+who, for want of scholarship, are refused their testimonials for a
+degree.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+Who had at length scrambled through the pales and discipline of
+the Senate-House without being _plucked_, and miraculously
+obtained the title of A.B.--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+O what a misery is it to be _plucked_! Not long since, an
+undergraduate was driven mad by it, and committed suicide.--The
+term itself is contemptible: it is associated with the meanest,
+the most stupid and spiritless animals of creation. When we hear
+of a man being _plucked_, we think he is necessarily a
+goose.--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 288.
+
+  Poor Lentulus, twice _plucked_, some happy day
+  Just shuffles through, and dubs himself B.A.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+POKER. At Oxford, Eng., a cant name for a _bedel_.
+
+If the visitor see an unusual "state" walking about, in shape of
+an individual preceded by a quantity of _pokers_, or, which is the
+same thing, men, that is bedels, carrying maces, jocularly called
+_pokers_, he may be sure that that individual is the
+Vice-Chancellor. _Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xii.
+
+
+POLE. At Princeton and Union Colleges, to study hard, e.g. to
+_pole_ out the lesson. To _pole_ on a composition, to take pains
+with it.
+
+
+POLER. One who studies hard; a close student. As a boat is
+impelled with _poles_, so is the student by _poling_, and it is
+perhaps from this analogy that the word _poler_ is applied to a
+diligent student.
+
+
+POLING. Close application to study; diligent attention to the
+specified pursuits of college.
+
+A writer defines poling, "wasting the midnight oil in company with
+a wine-bottle, box of cigars, a 'deck of eucre,' and three kindred
+spirits," thus leaving its real meaning to be deduced from its
+opposite.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov., 1854.
+
+
+POLL. Abbreviated from POLLOI.
+
+Several declared that they would go out in "the _Poll_" (among the
+[Greek: polloi], those not candidates for honors).--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 62.
+
+At Cambridge, those candidates for a degree who do not aspire to
+honors are said to go out in the _poll_; this being the
+abbreviated term to denote those who were classically designated
+[Greek: hoi polloi].--_The English Universities and their
+Reforms_, in _Blackwood's Magazine_, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+POLLOI. [Greek: Hoi Polloi], the many. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., those who take their degree without any honor.
+After residing something more than three years at this University,
+at the conclusion of the tenth term comes off the final
+examination in the Senate-House. He who passes this examination in
+the best manner is called Senior Wrangler. "Then follow about
+twenty, all called Wranglers, arranged in the order of merit. Two
+other ranks of honors are there,--Senior Optimes and Junior
+Optimes, each containing about twenty. The last Junior Optime is
+termed the Wooden Spoon. Then comes the list of the large
+majority, called the _Hoy Polloi_, the first of whom is named the
+_Captain of the Poll_, and the twelve last, the Apostles."--_Alma
+Mater_, Vol. I. p. 3.
+
+2. Used by students to denote the rabble.
+
+  On Learning's sea, his hopes of safety buoy,
+  He sinks for ever lost among the [Greek: hoi polloi].
+    _The Crayon_, Yale Coll., 1823, p. 21.
+
+
+PONS ASINORUM. Vide ASSES' BRIDGE.
+
+
+PONY. A translation. So called, it may be, from the fleetness and
+ease with which a skilful rider is enabled to pass over places
+which to a common plodder present many obstacles.
+
+One writer jocosely defines this literary nag as "the animal that
+ambulates so delightfully through all the pleasant paths of
+knowledge, from whose back the student may look down on the weary
+pedestrian, and 'thank his stars' that 'he who runs may
+read.'"--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854
+
+And stick to the law, Tom, without a _Pony_.--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+194.
+
+  And when leaving, leave behind us
+    _Ponies_ for a lower class;
+  _Ponies_, which perhaps another,
+    Toiling up the College hill,
+  A forlorn, a "younger brother,"
+    "Riding," may rise higher still.
+    _Poem before the Y.H. Soc._, 1849, p. 12.
+
+Their lexicons, _ponies_, and text-books were strewed round their
+lamps on the table.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p.
+30.
+
+In the way of "_pony_," or translation, to the Greek of Father
+Griesbach, the New Testament was wonderfully convenient.--_New
+England Magazine_, Vol. III. p. 208.
+
+The notes are just what notes should be; they are not a _pony_,
+but a guide.--_Southern Lit. Mess._
+
+Instead of plodding on foot along the dusty, well-worn McAdam of
+learning, why will you take nigh cuts on _ponies_?--_Yale Lit.
+Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 281.
+
+The "board" requests that all who present themselves will bring
+along the _ponies_ they have used since their first entrance into
+College.--_The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+  The tutors with _ponies_ their lessons were learning.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1850.
+
+We do think, that, with such a team of "_ponies_" and load of
+commentators, his instruction might evince more accuracy.--_Yale
+Tomahawk_, Feb. 1851.
+
+  In knowledge's road ye are but asses,
+    While we on _ponies_ ride before.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 7.
+
+
+PONY. To use a translation.
+
+We learn that they do not _pony_ their lessons.--_Yale Tomahawk_,
+May, 1852.
+
+  If you _pony_, he will see,
+  And before the Faculty
+  You will surely summoned be.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 23.
+
+
+POPPING. At William and Mary College, getting the advantage over
+another in argument is called _popping_ him.
+
+
+POPULARITY. In the college _use_, favor of one's classmates, or of
+the members of all the classes, generally. Nowhere is this term
+employed so often, and with so much significance, as among
+collegians. The first wish of the Freshman is to be popular, and
+the desire does not leave him during all his college life. For
+remarks on this subject, see the Literary Miscellany, Vol. II. p.
+56; Amherst Indicator, Vol. II. p. 123, _et passim_.
+
+
+PORTIONIST. One who has a certain academical allowance or portion.
+--_Webster_.
+
+See POSTMASTER.
+
+
+POSTED. Rejected in a college examination. Term used at the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+Fifty marks will prevent one from being "_posted_" but there are
+always two or three too stupid as well as idle to save their
+"_Post_." These drones are _posted_ separately, as "not worthy to
+be classed," and privately slanged afterwards by the Master and
+Seniors. Should a man be _posted_ twice in succession, he is
+generally recommended to try the air of some Small College, or
+devote his energies to some other walk of life.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 74.
+
+
+POSTMASTER. In Merton College, Oxford, the scholars who are
+supported on the foundation are called Postmasters, or Portionists
+(_Portionistae_).--_Oxf. Guide_.
+
+The _postmasters_ anciently performed the duties of choristers,
+and their payment for this duty was six shillings and fourpence
+per annum.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. 36.
+
+
+POW-WOW. At Yale College on the evening of Presentation Day, the
+Seniors being excused from further attendance at prayers, the
+classes who remain change their seats in the chapel. It was
+formerly customary for the Freshmen, on taking the Sophomore
+seats, to signalize the event by appearing at chapel in grotesque
+dresses. The impropriety of such conduct has abolished this
+custom, but on the recurrence of the day, a uniformity is
+sometimes observable in the paper collars or white neck-cloths of
+the in-coming Sophomores, as they file in at vespers. During the
+evening, the Freshmen are accustomed to assemble on the steps of
+the State-House, and celebrate the occasion by speeches, a
+torch-light procession, and the accompaniment of a band of music.
+
+The students are forbidden to occupy the State-House steps on the
+evening of Presentation Day, since the Faculty design hereafter to
+have a _Pow-wow_ there, as on the last.--_Burlesque Catalogue_,
+Yale Coll., 1852-53, p. 35.
+
+
+PRAESES. The Latin for President.
+
+  "_Praeses_" his "Oxford" doffs, and bows reply.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 36.
+
+  Did not the _Praeses_ himself most kindly and oft reprimand me?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+    --the good old _Praeses_ cries,
+  While the tears stand in his eyes,
+  "You have passed and are classed
+  With the boys of 'Twenty-Nine.'"
+    _Knick. Mag._, Vol. XLV. p. 195.
+
+
+PRAYERS. In colleges and universities, the religious exercises
+performed in the chapel at morning and evening, at which all the
+students are required to attend.
+
+These exercises in some institutions were formerly much more
+extended than at present, and must on some occasions have been
+very onerous. Mr. Quincy, in his History of Harvard University,
+writing in relation to the customs which were prevalent in the
+College at the beginning of the last century, says on this
+subject: "Previous to the accession of Leverett to the Presidency,
+the practice of obliging the undergraduates to read portions of
+the Scripture from Latin or English into Greek, at morning and
+evening service, had been discontinued. But in January and May,
+1708, this 'ancient and laudable practice was revived' by the
+Corporation. At morning prayers all the undergraduates were
+ordered, beginning with the youngest, to read a verse out of the
+Old Testament from the Hebrew into Greek, except the Freshmen, who
+were permitted to use their English Bibles in this exercise; and
+at evening service, to read from the New Testament out of the
+English or Latin translation into Greek, whenever the President
+performed this service in the Hall." In less than twenty years
+after the revival of these exercises, they were again
+discontinued. The following was then established as the order of
+morning and evening worship: "The morning service began with a
+short prayer; then a chapter of the Old Testament was read, which
+the President expounded, and concluded with prayer. The evening
+service was the same, except that the chapter read was from the
+New Testament, and on Saturday a psalm was sung in the Hall. On
+Sunday, exposition was omitted; a psalm was sung morning and
+evening; and one of the scholars, in course, was called upon to
+repeat, in the evening, the sermons preached on that day."--Vol.
+I. pp. 439, 440.
+
+The custom of singing at prayers on Sunday evening continued for
+many years. In a manuscript journal kept during the year 1793,
+notices to the following effect frequently occur. "Feb. 24th,
+Sunday. The singing club performed Man's Victory, at evening
+prayers." "Sund. April 14th, P.M. At prayers the club performed
+Brandon." "May 19th, Sabbath, P.M. At prayers the club performed
+Holden's Descend ye nine, etc." Soon after this, prayers were
+discontinued on Sunday evenings.
+
+The President was required to officiate at prayers, but when
+unable to attend, the office devolved on one of the Tutors, "they
+taking their turns by course weekly." Whenever they performed this
+duty "for any considerable time," they were "suitably rewarded for
+their service." In one instance, in 1794, all the officers being
+absent, Mr., afterwards Prof. McKean, then an undergraduate,
+performed the duties of chaplain. In the journal above referred
+to, under date of Feb. 22, 1793, is this note: "At prayers, I
+declaimed in Latin"; which would seem to show, that this season
+was sometimes made the occasion for exercises of a literary as
+well as religious character.
+
+In a late work by Professor Sidney Willard, he says of his father,
+who was President of Harvard College: "In the early period of his
+Presidency, Mr. Willard not unfrequently delivered a sermon at
+evening prayers on Sunday. In the year 1794, I remember he
+preached once or twice on that evening, but in the next year and
+onward he discontinued the service. His predecessor used to
+expound passages of Scripture as a part of the religious service.
+These expositions are frequently spoken of in the diary of Mr.
+Caleb Gannett when he was a Tutor. On Saturday evening and Sunday
+morning and evening, generally the College choir sang a hymn or an
+anthem. When these Sunday services were observed in the Chapel,
+the Faculty and students worshipped on Lord's day, at the stated
+hours of meeting, in the Congregational or the Episcopal Church."
+--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. pp. 137, 138.
+
+At Yale College, one of the earliest laws ordains that "all
+undergraduates shall publicly repeat sermons in the hall in their
+course, and also bachelors; and be constantly examined on Sabbaths
+[at] evening prayer."--_Pres. Woolsey's Discourse_, p. 59.
+
+Prayers at this institution were at one period regulated by the
+following rule. "The President, or in his Absence, one of the
+Tutors in their Turn, shall constantly pray in the Chapel every
+Morning and Evening, and read a Chapter, or some suitable Portion
+of Scripture, unless a Sermon, or some Theological Discourse shall
+then be delivered. And every Member of College is obliged to
+attend, upon the Penalty of one Penny for every Instance of
+Absence, without a sufficient Reason, and a half Penny for being
+tardy, i.e. when any one shall come in after the President, or go
+out before him."--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 5.
+
+A writer in the American Literary Magazine, in noticing some of
+the evils connected with the American college system, describes
+very truthfully, in the following question, a scene not at all
+novel in student life. "But when the young man is compelled to
+rise at an unusually early hour to attend public prayers, under
+all kinds of disagreeable circumstances; when he rushes into the
+chapel breathless, with wet feet, half dressed, and with the
+prospect of a recitation immediately to succeed the devotions,--is
+it not natural that he should be listless, or drowsy, or excited
+about his recitation, during the whole sacred exercise?"--Vol. IV.
+p. 517.
+
+This season formerly afforded an excellent opportunity, for those
+who were so disposed, to play off practical jokes on the person
+officiating. On one occasion, at one of our colleges, a goose was
+tied to the desk by some of the students, intended as emblematic
+of the person who was accustomed to occupy that place. But the
+laugh was artfully turned upon them by the minister, who, seeing
+the bird with his head directed to the audience, remarked, that he
+perceived the young gentlemen were for once provided with a parson
+admirably suited to their capacities, and with these words left
+them to swallow his well-timed sarcasm. On another occasion, a ram
+was placed in the pulpit, with his head turned to the door by
+which the minister usually entered. On opening the door, the
+animal, diving between the legs of the fat shepherd, bolted down
+the pulpit stairs, carrying on his back the sacred load, and with
+it rushed out of the chapel, leaving the assemblage to indulge in
+the reflections excited by the expressive looks of the astonished
+beast, and of his more astonished rider.
+
+The Bible was often kept covered, when not in use, with a cloth.
+It was formerly a very common trick to place under this cloth a
+pewter plate obtained from the commons hall, which the minister,
+on uncovering, would, if he were a shrewd man, quietly slide under
+the desk, and proceed as usual with the exercises.
+
+At Harvard College, about the year 1785, two Indian images were
+missing from their accustomed place on the top of the gate-posts
+which stood in front of the dwelling of a gentleman of Cambridge.
+At the same time the Bible was taken from the Chapel, and another,
+which was purchased to supply its place, soon followed it, no one
+knew where. One day, as a tutor was passing by the room of a
+student, hearing within an uncommonly loud noise, he entered, as
+was his right and office. There stood the occupant,[59] holding in
+his hands one of the Chapel Bibles, while before him on the table
+were placed the images, to which he appeared to be reading, but in
+reality was vociferating all kinds of senseless gibberish. "What
+is the meaning of this noise?" inquired the tutor in great anger.
+"Propagating the _Gospel_ among the _Indians_, Sir," replied the
+student calmly.
+
+While Professor Ashur Ware was a tutor in Harvard College, he in
+his turn, when the President was absent, officiated at prayers.
+Inclined to be longer in his devotions than was thought necessary
+by the students, they were often on such occasions seized with
+violent fits of sneezing, which generally made themselves audible
+in the word "A-a-shur," "A-a-shur."
+
+The following lines, written by William C. Bradley when an
+undergraduate at Harvard College, cannot fail to be appreciated by
+those who have been cognizant of similar scenes and sentiments in
+their own experience of student life.
+
+ "Hark! the morning Bell is pealing
+    Faintly on the drowsy ear,
+  Far abroad the tidings dealing,
+    Now the hour of prayer is near.
+  To the pious Sons of Harvard,
+    Starting from the land of Nod,
+  Loudly comes the rousing summons,
+    Let us run and worship God.
+
+ "'T is the hour for deep contrition,
+    'T is the hour for peaceful thought,
+  'T is the hour to win the blessing
+    In the early stillness sought;
+  Kneeling in the quiet chamber,
+    On the deck, or on the sod,
+  In the still and early morning,
+    'T is the hour to worship God.
+
+  "But don't _you_ stop to pray in secret,
+    No time for _you_ to worship there,
+  The hour approaches, 'Tempus fugit,'
+    Tear your shirt or miss a prayer.
+  Don't stop to wash, don't stop to button,
+    Go the ways your fathers trod;
+  Leg it, put it, rush it, streak it,
+    _Run_ and worship God.
+
+  "On the staircase, stamping, tramping,
+    Bounding, sounding, down you go;
+  Jumping, bumping, crashing, smashing,
+    Jarring, bruising, heel and toe.
+  See your comrades far before you
+    Through the open door-way jam,
+  Heaven and earth! the bell is stopping!
+    Now it dies in silence--d**n!"
+
+
+PRELECTION. Latin, _praelectio_. A lecture or discourse read in
+public or to a select company.
+
+Further explained by Dr. Popkin: "In the introductory schools, I
+think, _Prelections_ were given by the teachers to the learners.
+According to the meaning of the word, the Preceptor went before,
+as I suppose, and explained and probably interpreted the lesson or
+lection; and the scholar was required to receive it in memory, or
+in notes, and in due time to render it in recitation."--_Memorial
+of John S. Popkin, D.D._, p. 19.
+
+
+PRELECTOR. Latin, _praelector_. One who reads an author to others
+and adds explanations; a reader; a lecturer.
+
+Their so famous a _prelectour_ doth teach.--_Sheldon, Mir. of
+Anti-Christ_, p. 38.
+
+If his reproof be private, or with the cathedrated authority of a
+_praelector_ or public reader.--_Whitlock, Mann. of the English_,
+p. 385.
+
+2. Same as FATHER, which see.
+
+
+PREPOSITOR. Latin. A scholar appointed by the master to overlook
+the rest.
+
+And when requested for the salt-cellar, I handed it with as much
+trepidation as a _praeposter_ gives the Doctor a list, when he is
+conscious of a mistake in the excuses.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p.
+281.
+
+
+PRESENTATION DAY. At Yale College, Presentation Day is the time
+when the Senior Class, having finished the prescribed course of
+study, and passed a satisfactory examination, are _presented_ by
+the examiners to the President, as properly qualified to be
+admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. A distinguished
+professor of the institution where this day is observed has kindly
+furnished the following interesting historical account of this
+observance.
+
+"This presentation," he writes, "is a ceremony of long standing.
+It has certainly existed for more than a century. It is very early
+alluded to, not as a _novelty_, but as an established custom.
+There is now less formality on such occasions, but the substantial
+parts of the exercises are retained. The examination is now begun
+on Saturday and finished on Tuesday, and the day after, Wednesday,
+six weeks before the public Commencement, is the day of
+Presentation. There have sometimes been literary exercises on that
+day by one or more of the candidates, and sometimes they have been
+omitted. I have in my possession a Latin Oration, what, I suppose,
+was called a _Cliosophic Oration_, pronounced by William Samuel
+Johnson in 1744, at the presentation of his class. Sometimes a
+member of the class exhibited an English Oration, which was
+responded to by some one of the College Faculty, generally by one
+who had been the principal instructor of the class presented. A
+case of this kind occurred in 1776, when Mr., afterwards President
+Dwight, responded to the class orator in an address, which, being
+delivered the same July in which Independence was declared, drew,
+from its patriotic allusions, as well as for other reasons,
+unusual attention. It was published,--a rare thing at that period.
+Another response was delivered in 1796, by J. Stebbins, Tutor,
+which was likewise published. There has been no exhibition of the
+kind since. For a few years past, there have been an oration and a
+poem exhibited by members of the graduating class, at the time of
+presentation. The appointments for these exercises are made by the
+class.
+
+"So much of an exhibition as there was at the presentation in 1778
+has not been usual. More was then done, probably, from the fact,
+that for several years, during the Revolutionary war, there was no
+public Commencement. Perhaps it should be added, that, so far back
+as my information extends, after the literary exercises of
+Presentation Day, there has always been a dinner, or collation, at
+which the College Faculty, graduates, invited guests, and the
+Senior Class have been present."
+
+A graduate of the present year[60] writes more particularly in
+relation to the observances of the day at the present time. "In
+the morning the Senior Class are met in one of the lecture-rooms
+by the chairman of the Faculty and the senior Tutor. The latter
+reads the names of those who have passed a satisfactory
+examination, and are to be recommended for degrees. The Class then
+adjourn to the College Chapel, where the President and some of the
+Professors are waiting to receive them. The senior Tutor reads the
+names as before, after which Professor Kingsley recommends the
+Class to the President and Faculty for the degree of B.A., in a
+Latin discourse. The President then responds in the same tongue,
+and addresses a few words of counsel to the Class.
+
+"These exercises are followed by the Poem and Oration, delivered
+by members of the Class chosen for these offices by the Class.
+Then comes the dinner, given in one of the lecture-rooms. After
+this the Class meet in the College yard, and spend the afternoon
+in smoking (the old clay pipe is used, but no cigars) and singing.
+Thus ends the active life of our college days."
+
+"Presentation Day," says the writer of the preface to the "Songs
+of Yale," "is the sixth Wednesday of the Summer Term, when the
+graduating Class, after having passed their second 'Biennial,' are
+presented to the President as qualified for the first degree, or
+the B.A. After this 'presentation,' a farewell oration and poem
+are pronounced by members of the Class, previously elected by
+their classmates for the purpose. After a public dinner, they seat
+themselves under the elms before the College, and smoke and sing
+for the last time together. Each has his pipe, and 'they who
+never' smoked 'before' now smoke, or seem to. The exercises are
+closed with a procession about the buildings, bidding each
+farewell." 1853, p. 4.
+
+This last smoke is referred to in the following lines:--
+
+ "Green elms are waving o'er us,
+    Green grass beneath our feet,
+  The ring is round, and on the ground
+    We sit a class complete."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+ "It is a very jolly thing,
+  Our sitting down in this great ring,
+  To smoke our pipes and loudly sing."--_Ibid._
+
+Pleasant reference is had to some of the more modern features of
+Presentation Day, in the annexed extract from the "Yale Literary
+Magazine":--
+
+"There is one spot where the elms stretch their long arms, not 'in
+quest of thought,' but as though they would afford their friendly
+shade to make pleasant the last scene of the academic life. Seated
+in a circle in this place, which has been so often trampled by the
+'stag-dance' of preceding classes, and made hallowed by
+associations which will cling around such places, are the present
+graduates. They have met together for the last time as a body, for
+they will not all be present at the closing ceremony of
+Commencement, nor all answer to the muster in the future Class
+reunions. It is hard to tell whether such a ceremony should be sad
+or joyous, for, despite the boisterous merriment and exuberance
+which arises from the prospect of freedom, there is something
+tender in the thought of meeting for the last time, to break
+strong ties, and lose individuality as a Class for ever.
+
+"In the centre of the circle are the Class band, with horns,
+flutes, and violins, braying, piping, or saw-filing, at the option
+of the owners,--toot,--toot,--bum,--bang,--boo-o-o,--in a most
+melodious discord. Songs are distributed, pipes filled, and the
+smoke cloud rises, trembles as the chorus of a hundred voices
+rings out in a merry cadence, and then, breaking, soars off,--a
+fit emblem of the separation of those at whose parting it received
+its birth.
+
+"'Braxton on the history of the Class!'
+
+"'The Class history!--Braxton!--Braxton!'
+
+"'In a moment, gentlemen,'--and our hero mounts upon a cask, and
+proceeds to give in burlesque a description of Class exploits and
+the wonderful success of its _early_ graduates. Speeches follow,
+and the joke, and song, till the lengthening shadows bring a
+warning, and a preparation for the final ceremony. The ring is
+spread out, the last pipes smoked in College laid down, and the
+'stag-dance,' with its rush, and their destruction ended. Again
+the ring forms, and each classmate moves around it to grasp each
+hand for the last time, and exchange a parting blessing.
+
+"The band strike up, and the long procession march around the
+College, plant their ivy, and return to cheer the
+buildings."--Vol. XX. p. 228.
+
+The following song was written by Francis Miles Finch of the class
+of 1849, for the Presentation Day of that year.
+
+ "Gather ye smiles from the ocean isles,
+    Warm hearts from river and fountain,
+  A playful chime from the palm-tree clime,
+    From the land of rock and mountain:
+      And roll the song in waves along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And grand and hale are the elms of Yale,
+        Like fathers, bending o'er us.
+
+ "Summon our band from the prairie land,
+    From the granite hills, dark frowning,
+  From the lakelet blue, and the black bayou,
+    From the snows our pine peaks crowning;
+      And pour the song in joy along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And grand and hale are the towers of Yale,
+        Like giants, watching o'er us.
+
+ "Count not the tears of the long-gone years,
+    With their moments of pain and sorrow,
+  But laugh in the light of their memories bright,
+    And treasure them all for the morrow;
+      Then roll the song in waves along,
+        While the hours are bright before us,
+      And high and hale are the spires of Yale,
+        Like guardians, towering o'er us.
+
+ "Dream of the days when the rainbow rays
+    Of Hope on our hearts fell lightly,
+  And each fair hour some cheerful flower
+    In our pathway blossomed brightly;
+      And pour the song in joy along,
+       Ere the moments fly before us,
+     While portly and hale the sires of Yale
+        Are kindly gazing o'er us.
+
+ "Linger again in memory's glen,
+    'Mid the tendrilled vines of feeling,
+  Till a voice or a sigh floats softly by,
+    Once more to the glad heart stealing;
+      And roll the song on waves along,
+        For the hours are bright before us,
+      And in cottage and vale are the brides of Yale,
+        Like angels, watching o'er us.
+
+ "Clasp ye the hand 'neath the arches grand
+    That with garlands span our greeting,
+  With a silent prayer that an hour as fair
+    May smile on each after meeting;
+      And long may the song, the joyous song,
+    Roll on in the hours before us,
+      And grand and hale may the elms of Yale,
+        For many a year, bend o'er us."
+
+In the Appendix to President Woolsey's Historical Discourse
+delivered before the Graduates of Yale College, is the following
+account of Presentation Day, in 1778.
+
+"The Professor of Divinity, two ministers of the town, and another
+minister, having accompanied me to the Library about 1, P.M., the
+middle Tutor waited upon me there, and informed me that the
+examination was finished, and they were ready for the
+presentation. I gave leave, being seated in the Library between
+the above ministers. Hereupon the examiners, preceded by the
+Professor of Mathematics, entered the Library, and introduced
+thirty candidates, a beautiful sight! The Diploma Examinatorium,
+with the return and minutes inscribed upon it, was delivered to
+the President, who gave it to the Vice-Bedellus, directing him to
+read it. He read it and returned it to the President, to be
+deposited among the College archives _in perpetuam rei memoriam_.
+The senior Tutor thereupon made a very eloquent Latin speech, and
+presented the candidates for the honors of the College. This
+presentation the President in a Latin speech accepted, and
+addressed the gentlemen examiners and the candidates, and gave the
+latter liberty to return home till Commencement. Then dismissed.
+
+"At about 3, P.M., the afternoon exercises were appointed to
+begin. At 3-1/2, the bell tolled, and the assembly convened in the
+chapel, ladies and gentlemen. The President introduced the
+exercises in a Latin speech, and then delivered the Diploma
+Examinatorium to the Vice-Bedellus, who, standing on the pulpit
+stairs, read it publicly. Then succeeded,--
+
+  Cliosophic Oration in Latin, by Sir Meigs.
+  Poetical Composition in English, by Sir Barlow.
+  Dialogue, English, by Sir Miller, Sir Chaplin, Sir Ely.
+  Cliosophic Oration, English, by Sir Webster.
+  Disputation, English, by Sir Wolcott, Sir Swift, Sir Smith.
+  Valedictory Oration, English, by Sir Tracy.
+  An Anthem. Exercises two hours."--p. 121.
+
+
+PRESIDENT. In the United States, the chief officer of a college or
+university. His duties are, to preside at the meetings of the
+Faculty, at Exhibitions and Commencements, to sign the diplomas or
+letters of degree, to carry on the official correspondence, to
+address counsel and instruction to the students, and to exercise a
+general superintendence in the affairs of the college over which
+he presides.
+
+At Harvard College it was formerly the duty of the President "to
+inspect the manners of the students, and unto his morning and
+evening prayers to join some exposition of the chapters which they
+read from Hebrew into Greek, from the Old Testament, in the
+morning, and out of English into Greek, from the New Testament, in
+the evening." At the same College, in the early part of the last
+century, Mr. Wadsworth, the President, states, "that he expounded
+the Scriptures, once eleven, and sometimes eight or nine times in
+the course of a week."--_Harv. Reg._, p. 249, and _Quincy's Hist.
+Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 440.
+
+Similar duties were formerly required of the President at other
+American colleges. In some, at the present day, he performs the
+duties of a professor in connection with those of his own office,
+and presides at the daily religious exercises in the Chapel.
+
+The title of President is given to the chief officer in some of
+the colleges of the English universities.
+
+
+PRESIDENT'S CHAIR. At Harvard College, there is in the Library an
+antique chair, venerable by age and association, which is used
+only on Commencement Day, when it is occupied by the President
+while engaged in delivering the diplomas for degrees. "Vague
+report," says Quincy, "represents it to have been brought to the
+College during the presidency of Holyoke, as the gift of the Rev.
+Ebenezer Turell of Medford (the author of the Life of Dr. Colman).
+Turell was connected by marriage with the Mathers, by some of whom
+it is said to have been brought from England." Holyoke was
+President from 1737 to 1769. The round knobs on the chair were
+turned by President Holyoke, and attached to it by his own hands.
+In the picture of this honored gentleman, belonging to the
+College, he is painted in the old chair, which seems peculiarly
+adapted by its strength to support the weight which fills it.
+
+Before the erection of Gore Hall, the present library building,
+the books of the College were kept in Harvard Hall. In the same
+building, also, was the Philosophy Chamber, where the chair
+usually stood for the inspection of the curious. Over this domain,
+from the year 1793 to 1800, presided Mr. Samuel Shapleigh, the
+Librarian. He was a dapper little bachelor, very active and
+remarkably attentive to the ladies who visited the Library,
+especially the younger portion of them. When ushered into the room
+where stood the old chair, he would watch them with eager eyes,
+and, as soon as one, prompted by a desire of being able to say, "I
+have sat in the President's Chair," took this seat, rubbing his
+hands together, he would exclaim, in great glee, "A forfeit! a
+forfeit!" and demand from the fair occupant a kiss, a fee which,
+whether refused or not, he very seldom failed to obtain.[61]
+
+This custom, which seems now-a-days to be going out of fashion, is
+mentioned by Mr. William Biglow, in a poem before the Phi Beta
+Kappa Society, recited in their dining-hall, August 29, 1811.
+Speaking of Commencement Day and its observances, he says:--
+
+ "Now young gallants allure their favorite fair
+  To take a seat in Presidential chair;
+  Then seize the long-accustomed fee, the bliss
+  Of the half ravished, half free-granted kiss."
+
+The editor of Mr. Peirce's History of Harvard University publishes
+the following curious extracts from Horace Walpole's Private
+Correspondence, giving a description of some antique chairs found
+in England, exactly of the same construction with the College
+chair; a circumstance which corroborates the supposition that this
+also was brought from England.
+
+HORACE WALPOLE TO GEORGE MONTAGU, ESQ.
+
+"_Strawberry Hill, August_ 20, 1761.
+
+"Dickey Bateman has picked up a whole cloister full of old chairs
+in Herefordshire. He bought them one by one, here and there in
+farm-houses, for three and sixpence and a crown apiece. They are
+of wood, the seats triangular, the backs, arms, and legs loaded
+with turnery. A thousand to one but there are plenty up and down
+Cheshire, too. If Mr. and Mrs. Wetenhall, as they ride or drive
+out, would now and then pick up such a chair, it would oblige me
+greatly. Take notice, no two need be of the same
+pattern."--_Private Correspondence of Horace Walpole, Earl of
+Orford_, Vol. II. p. 279.
+
+HORACE WALPOLE TO THE REV. MR. COLE.
+
+"_Strawberry Hill, March_ 9, 1765.
+
+"When you go into Cheshire, and upon your ramble, may I trouble
+you with a commission? but about which you must promise me not to
+go a step out of your way. Mr. Bateman has got a cloister at old
+Windsor furnished with ancient wooden chairs, most of them
+triangular, but all of various patterns, and carved and turned in
+the most uncouth and whimsical forms. He picked them up one by
+one, for two, three, five, or six shillings apiece, from different
+farm-houses in Herefordshire. I have long envied and coveted them.
+There may be such in poor cottages in so neighboring a county as
+Cheshire. I should not grudge any expense for purchase or
+carriage, and should be glad even of a couple such for my cloister
+here. When you are copying inscriptions in a churchyard in any
+Village, think of me, and step into the first cottage you see, but
+don't take further trouble than that."--_Ibid._, Vol. III. pp. 23,
+24, from _Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 312.
+
+An engraving of the chair is to be found in President Quincy's
+History of Harvard University, Vol. I. p. 288.
+
+
+PREVARICATOR. A sort of an occasional orator; an academical phrase
+in the University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Johnson_.
+
+He should not need have pursued me through the various shapes of a
+divine, a doctor, a head of a college, a professor, a
+_prevaricator_, a mathematician.--_Bp. Wren, Monarchy Asserted_,
+Pref.
+
+It would have made you smile to hear the _prevaricator_, in his
+jocular way, give him his title and character to face.--_A.
+Philips, Life of Abp. Williams_, p. 34.
+
+See TERRAE-FILIUS.
+
+
+PREVIOUS EXAMINATION. In the English universities, the University
+examination in the second year.
+
+Called also the LITTLE-GO.
+
+The only practical connection that the Undergraduate usually has
+with the University, in its corporate capacity, consists in his
+_previous examination_, _alias_ the "Little-Go," and his final
+examination for a degree, with or without honors.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 10.
+
+
+PREX. A cant term for President.
+
+After examination, I went to the old _Prex_, and was admitted.
+_Prex_, by the way, is the same as President.--_The Dartmouth_,
+Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+But take a peep with us, dear reader, into that _sanctum
+sanctorum_, that skull and bones of college mysteries, the
+_Prex's_ room.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+Good old _Prex_ used to get the students together and advise them
+on keeping their faces clean, and blacking their boots,
+&c.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. III. p. 228.
+
+
+PRINCE'S STUFF. In the English universities, the fabric of which
+the gowns of the undergraduates are usually made.
+
+[Their] every-day habit differs nothing as far as the gown is
+concerned, it being _prince's stuff_, or other convenient
+material.--_Oxford Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xv.
+
+See COSTUME.
+
+
+PRINCIPAL. At Oxford, the president of a college or hall is
+sometimes styled the Principal.--_Oxf. Cal._
+
+
+PRIVAT DOCENT. In German universities, a _private teacher_. "The
+so-called _Privat Docenten_," remarks Howitt, "are gentlemen who
+devote themselves to an academical career, who have taken the
+degree of Doctor, and through a public disputation have acquired
+the right to deliver lectures on subjects connected with their
+particular department of science. They receive no salary, but
+depend upon the remuneration derived from their
+classes."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 29.
+
+
+PRIVATE. At Harvard College, one of the milder punishments is what
+is called _private admonition_, by which a deduction of thirty-two
+marks is made from the rank of the offender. So called in
+contradistinction to _public admonition_, when a deduction is
+made, and with it a letter is sent to the parent. Often
+abbreviated into _private_.
+
+"Reckon on the fingers of your mind the reprimands, deductions,
+parietals, and _privates_ in store for you."--_Oration before H.L.
+of I.O. of O.F._, 1848.
+
+  What are parietals, parts, _privates_ now,
+  To the still calmness of that placid brow?
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+
+PRIVATISSIMUM, _pl._ PRIVATISSIMI. Literally, _most private_. In
+the German universities, an especially private lecture.
+
+To these _Privatissimi_, as they are called, or especially private
+lectures, being once agreed upon, no other auditors can be
+admitted.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 35.
+
+  Then my _Privatissimum_--(I've been thinking on it
+  For a long time--and in fact begun it)--
+    Will cost me 20 Rix-dollars more,
+    Please send with the ducats I mentioned before.
+    _The Jobsiad_, in _Lit. World_, Vol. IX. p. 281.
+
+  The use of a _Privatissimum_ I can't conjecture,
+  When one is already ten hours at lecture.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. IX. p. 448.
+
+
+PRIZEMAN. In universities and colleges, one who takes a prize.
+
+  The Wrangler's glory in his well-earned fame,
+  The _prizeman's_ triumph, and the plucked man's shame.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, _May_, 1849.
+
+
+PROBATION. In colleges and universities, the examination of a
+student as to his qualifications for a degree.
+
+2. The time which a student passes in college from the period of
+entering until he is matriculated and received as a member in full
+standing. In American colleges, this is usually six months, but
+can be prolonged at discretion.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+
+PROCEED. To take a degree. Mr. Halliwell, in his Dictionary of
+Archaic and Provincial Words, says, "This term is still used at
+the English universities." It is sometimes used in American
+colleges.
+
+In 1605 he _proceeded_ Master of Arts, and became celebrated as a
+wit and a poet.--_Poems of Bishop Corbet_, p. ix.
+
+They that expect to _proceed_ Bachelors that year, to be examined
+of their sufficiency,... and such that expect to _proceed_ Masters
+of Arts, to exhibit their synopsis of acts.
+
+They, that are approved sufficient for their degrees, shall
+_proceed_.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+The Overseers ... recommended to the Corporation "to take
+effectual measures to prevent those who _proceeded_ Bachelors of
+Arts, from having entertainments of any kind."--_Ibid._, Vol. II.
+p. 93.
+
+When he _proceeded_ Bachelor of Arts, he was esteemed one of the
+most perfect scholars that had ever received the honors of this
+seminary.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 14.
+
+Masters may _proceed_ Bachelors in either of the Faculties, at the
+end of seven years, &c.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p. 10.
+
+Of the surviving graduates, the oldest _proceeded_ Bachelor of
+Arts the very Commencement at which Dr. Stiles was elected to the
+Presidency.--_Woolsey's Discourse, Yale Coll._, Aug. 14, 1850, p.
+38.
+
+
+PROCTOR. Contracted from the Latin _procurator_, from _procuro_;
+_pro_ and _curo_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., two proctors are annually
+elected, who are peace-officers. It is their especial duty to
+attend to the discipline and behavior of all persons _in statu
+pupillari_, to search houses of ill-fame, and to take into custody
+women of loose and abandoned character, and even those _de malo
+suspectcae_. Their other duties are not so menial in their
+character, and are different in different universities.--_Cam.
+Cal._
+
+At Oxford, "the proctors act as university magistrates; they are
+appointed from each college in rotation, and remain in office two
+years. They nominate four pro-proctors to assist them. Their chief
+duty, in which they are known to undergraduates, is to preserve
+order, and keep the town free from improper characters. When they
+go out in the evening, they are usually attended by two servants,
+called by the gownsmen bull-dogs.... The marshal, a chief officer,
+is usually in attendance on one of the proctors.... It is also the
+proctor's duty to take care that the cap and gown are worn in the
+University."--_The Collegian's Guide_, Oxford, pp. 176, 177.
+
+At Oxford, the proctors "jointly have, as has the Vice-Chancellor
+singly, the power of interposing their _veto_ or _non placet_,
+upon all questions in congregation and convocation, which puts a
+stop at once to all further proceedings in the matter. These are
+the 'censores morum' of the University, and their business is to
+see that the undergraduate members, when no longer under the ken
+of the head or tutors of their own college, behave seemly when
+mixing with the townsmen and restrict themselves, as far as may
+be, to lawful or constitutional and harmless amusements. Their
+powers extend over a circumference of three miles round the walls
+of the city. The proctors are easily recognized by their full
+dress gown of velvet sleeves, and bands-encircled neck."--_Oxford
+Guide_, Ed. 1847, p. xiii.
+
+At Oxford, "the two proctors were formerly nearly equal in
+importance to the Vice-Chancellor. Their powers, though
+diminished, are still considerable, as they administer the police
+of the University, appoint the Examiners, and have a joint veto on
+all measures brought before Convocation."--_Lit. World_, Vol. XII.
+p. 223.
+
+The class of officers called Proctors was instituted at Harvard
+College in the year 1805, their duty being "to reside constantly
+and preserve order within the walls," to preserve order among the
+students, to see that the laws of the College are enforced, "and
+to exercise the same inspection and authority in their particular
+district, and throughout College, which it is the duty of a
+parietal Tutor to exercise therein."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. II. p. 292.
+
+I believe this is the only college in the United States where this
+class of academical police officers is established.
+
+
+PROF, PROFF. Abbreviated for _Professor_.
+
+The _Proff_ thought he knew too much to stay here, and so he went
+his way, and I saw him no more.--_The Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 116.
+
+  For _Proffs_ and Tutors too,
+  Who steer our big canoe,
+    Prepare their lays.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. III. p. 144.
+
+
+PROFESSOR. One that publicly teaches any science or branch of
+learning; particularly, an officer in a university, college, or
+other seminary, whose business is to read lectures or instruct
+students in a particular branch of learning; as a _professor_ of
+theology or mathematics.--_Webster_.
+
+
+PROFESSORIATE. The office or employment of a professor.
+
+It is desirable to restore the _professoriate_.--_Lit. World_,
+Vol. XII. p. 246.
+
+
+PROFESSOR OF DUST AND ASHES. A title sometimes jocosely given by
+students to the person who has the care of their rooms.
+
+Was interrupted a moment just now, by the entrance of Mr. C------,
+the gentleman who makes the beds, sweeps, takes up the ashes, and
+supports the dignity of the title, "_Professor of Dust and
+Ashes_."--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 77.
+
+The South College _Prof. of Dust and Ashes_ has a huge bill
+against the Society.--_Yale Tomahawk_, Feb. 1851.
+
+
+PROFICIENT. The degree of Proficient is conferred in the
+University of Virginia, in a certificate of proficiency, on those
+who have studied only in certain branches taught in some of the
+schools connected with that institution.
+
+
+PRO MERITIS. Latin; literally, _for his merits_. A phrase
+customarily used in American collegiate diplomas.
+
+  Then, every crime atoned with ease,
+  _Pro meritis_, received degrees.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+PRO-PROCTOR. In the English universities, an officer appointed to
+assist the proctors in that part of their duty only which relates
+to the discipline and behavior of those persons who are _in statu
+pupillari_.--_Cam. and Oxf. Cals._
+
+More familiarly, these officers are called _pro's_.
+
+They [the proctors] are assisted in their duties by four
+pro-proctors, each principal being allowed to nominate his two
+"_pro's_."--_Oxford Guide_, 1847, p. xiii.
+
+The _pro's_ have also a strip of velvet on each side of the
+gown-front, and wear bands.--_Ibid._, p. xiii.
+
+
+PRO-VICE-CHANCELLOR. In the English universities a deputy
+appointed by the Vice-Chancellor, who exercises his power in case
+of his illness or necessary absence.
+
+
+PROVOST. The President of a college.
+
+Dr. Jay, on his arrival in England, found there Dr. Smith,
+_Provost_ of the College in Philadelphia, soliciting aid for that
+institution.--_Hist. Sketch of Columbia Coll._, p. 36.
+
+At Columbia College, in 1811, an officer was appointed, styled
+_Provost_, who, in absence of the President, was to supply his
+place, and who, "besides exercising the like general
+superintendence with the President," was to conduct the classical
+studies of the Senior Class. The office of Provost continued until
+1816, when the Trustees determined that its powers and duties
+should devolve upon the President.--_Ibid._, p. 81.
+
+At Oxford, the chief officer of some of the colleges bears this
+title. At Cambridge, it is appropriated solely to the President of
+King's College. "On the choice of a Provost," says the author of a
+History of the University of Cambridge, 1753, "the Fellows are all
+shut into the ante-chapel, and out of which they are not permitted
+to stir on any account, nor none permitted to enter, till they
+have all agreed on their man; which agreement sometimes takes up
+several days; and, if I remember right, they were three days and
+nights confined in choosing the present Provost, and had their
+beds, close-stools, &c. with them, and their commons, &c. given
+them in at the windows."--_Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 85.
+
+
+PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE. In Yale College, a committee to whom the
+discretionary concerns of the College are intrusted. They order
+such repairs of the College buildings as are necessary, audit the
+accounts of the Treasurer and Steward, make the annual report of
+the state of the College, superintend the investment of the
+College funds, institute suits for the recovery and preservation
+of the College property, and perform various other duties which
+are enumerated in the laws of Yale College.
+
+At Middlebury College, similar powers are given to a body bearing
+the same name.--_Laws Mid. Coll._, 1839, pp. 4, 5.
+
+
+PUBLIC. At Harvard College, the punishment next higher in order to
+a _private admonition_ is called a _public admonition_, and
+consists in a deduction of sixty-four marks from the rank of the
+offender, accompanied by a letter to the parent or guardian. It is
+often called _a public_.
+
+See ADMONITION, and PRIVATE.
+
+
+PUBLIC DAY. In the University of Virginia, the day on which "the
+certificates and diplomas are awarded to the successful
+candidates, the results of the examinations are announced, and
+addresses are delivered by one or more of the Bachelors and
+Masters of Arts, and by the Orator appointed by the Society of the
+Alumni."--_Cat. of Univ. of Virginia_.
+
+This occurs on the closing day of the session, the 29th of June.
+
+PUBLIC ORATOR. In the English universities, an officer who is the
+voice of the university on all public occasions, who writes,
+reads, and records all letters of a public nature, and presents,
+with an appropriate address, those on whom honorary degrees are
+conferred. At Cambridge, this it esteemed one of the most
+honorable offices in the gift of the university.--_Cam. and Oxf.
+Cals._
+
+
+PUMP. Among German students, to obtain or take on credit; to
+sponge.
+
+  Und hat der Bursch kein Geld im Beutel,
+  So _pumpt_ er die Philister an.
+    _Crambambuli Song_.
+
+
+PUNY. A young, inexperienced person; a novice.
+
+Freshmen at Oxford were called _punies of the first
+year_.--_Halliwell's Dict. Arch. and Prov. Words_.
+
+
+PUT THROUGH. A phrase very general in its application. When a
+student treats, introduces, or assists another, or masters a hard
+lesson, he is said to _put_ him or it _through_. In a discourse by
+the Rev. Dr. Orville Dewey, on the Law of Progress, referring to
+these words, he said "he had heard a teacher use the
+characteristic expression that his pupils should be '_put
+through_' such and such studies. This, he said, is a modern
+practice. We put children through philosophy,--put them through
+history,--put them through Euclid. He had no faith in this plan,
+and wished to see the school teachers set themselves against this
+forcing process."
+
+2. To examine thoroughly and with despatch.
+
+  First Thatcher, then Hadley, then Larned and Prex,
+    Each _put_ our class _through_ in succession.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+
+_Q_.
+
+
+Q. See CUE.
+
+
+QUAD. An abbreviation of QUADRANGLE, q.v.
+
+How silently did all come down the staircases into the chapel
+_quad_, that evening!--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 88.
+
+His mother had been in Oxford only the week before, and had been
+seen crossing the _quad_ in tears.--_Ibid._, p. 144.
+
+
+QUADRANGLE. At Oxford and Cambridge, Eng., the rectangular courts
+in which the colleges are constructed.
+
+  Soon as the clouds divide, and dawning day
+  Tints the _quadrangle_ with its earliest ray.
+    _The College_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, May, 1849.
+
+
+QUARTER-DAY. The day when quarterly payments are made. The day
+that completes three months.
+
+At Harvard and Yale Colleges, quarter-day, when the officers and
+instructors receive their quarterly salaries, was formerly
+observed as a holiday. One of the evils which prevailed among the
+students of the former institution, about the middle of the last
+century, was the "riotous disorders frequently committed on the
+_quarter-days_ and evenings," on one of which, in 1764, "the
+windows of all the Tutors and divers other windows were broken,"
+so that, in consequence, a vote was passed that "the observation
+of _quarter-days_, in distinction from other days, be wholly laid
+aside, and that the undergraduates be obliged to observe the
+studying hours, and to perform the college exercises, on
+quarter-day, and the day following, as at other times."--_Peirce's
+Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 216.
+
+
+QUESTIONIST. In the English universities, a name given to those
+who are in the last term of their college course, and are soon to
+be examined for honors or degrees.--_Webster_.
+
+In the "Orders agreed upon by the Overseers, at a meeting in
+Harvard College, May 6th, 1650," this word is used in the
+following sentence: "And, in case any of the Sophisters,
+_Questionists_, or Inceptors fail in the premises required at
+their hands,... they shall be deferred to the following year"; but
+it does not seem to have gained any prevalence in the College, and
+is used, it is believed, only in this passage.
+
+
+QUILLWHEEL. At the Wesleyan University, "when a student," says a
+correspondent, "'knocks under,' or yields a point, he says he
+_quillwheels_, that is, he acknowledges he is wrong."
+
+
+
+_R_.
+
+
+RAG. This word is used at Union College, and is thus explained by
+a correspondent: "To _rag_ and _ragging_, you will find of very
+extensive application, they being employed primarily as expressive
+of what is called by the vulgar thieving and stealing, but in a
+more extended sense as meaning superiority. Thus, if one declaims
+or composes much better than his classmates, he is said to _rag_
+all his competitors."
+
+The common phrase, "_to take the rag off_," i.e. to excel, seems
+to be the form from which this word has been abbreviated.
+
+
+RAKE. At Williams and at Bowdoin Colleges, used in the phrase "to
+_rake_ an X," i.e. to recite perfectly, ten being the number of
+marks given for the best recitation.
+
+
+RAM. A practical joke.
+
+  ---- in season to be just too late
+  A successful _ram_ to perpetrate.
+    _Sophomore Independent_, Union Coll., Nov. 1854.
+
+
+RAM ON THE CLERGY. At Middlebury College, a synonyme of the slang
+noun, "sell."
+
+
+RANTERS. At Bethany College, in Virginia, there is "a band," says
+a correspondent, "calling themselves '_Ranters_,' formed for the
+purpose of perpetrating all kinds of rascality and
+mischievousness, both on their fellow-students and the neighboring
+people. The band is commanded by one selected from the party,
+called the _Grand Ranter_, whose orders are to be obeyed under
+penalty of expulsion of the person offending. Among the tricks
+commonly indulged in are those of robbing hen and turkey roosts,
+and feasting upon the fruits of their labor, of stealing from the
+neighbors their horses, to enjoy the pleasure of a midnight ride,
+and to facilitate their nocturnal perambulations. If detected, and
+any complaint is made, or if the Faculty are informed of their
+movements, they seek revenge by shaving the tails and manes of the
+favorite horses belonging to the person informing, or by some
+similar trick."
+
+
+RAZOR. A writer in the Yale Literary Magazine defines this word in
+the following sentence: "Many of the members of this time-honored
+institution, from whom we ought to expect better things, not only
+do their own shaving, but actually _make their own razors_. But I
+must explain for the benefit of the uninitiated. A pun, in the
+elegant college dialect, is called a razor, while an attempt at a
+pun is styled a _sick razor_. The _sick_ ones are by far the most
+numerous; however, once in a while you meet with one in quite
+respectable health."--Vol. XIII. p. 283.
+
+The meeting will be opened with _razors_ by the Society's jester.
+--_Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  Behold how Duncia leads her chosen sons,
+  All armed with squibs, stale jokes, _dull razors_, puns.
+    _The Gallinipper_, Dec. 1849.
+
+
+READ. To be studious; to practise much reading; e.g. at Oxford, to
+_read_ for a first class; at Cambridge, to _read_ for an honor. In
+America it is common to speak of "reading law, medicine," &c.
+
+  We seven stayed at Christmas up to _read_;
+  We seven took one tutor.
+    _Tennyson, Prologue to Princess_.
+
+In England the vacations are the very times when you _read_ most.
+_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 78.
+
+This system takes for granted that the students have "_read_," as
+it is termed, with a private practitioner of medicine.--_Cat.
+Univ. of Virginia_, 1851, p. 25.
+
+
+READER. In the University of Oxford, one who reads lectures on
+scientific subjects.--_Lyell_.
+
+2. At the English universities, a hard student, nearly equivalent
+to READING MAN.
+
+Most of the Cantabs are late _readers_, so that, supposing one of
+them to begin at seven, he will not leave off before half past
+eleven.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+READERSHIP. In the University of Oxford, the office of a reader or
+lecturer on scientific subjects.--_Lyell_.
+
+
+READING. In the academic sense, studying.
+
+One would hardly suspect them to be students at all, did not the
+number of glasses hint that those who carried them had impaired
+their sight by late _reading_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 5.
+
+
+READING MAN. In the English universities, a _reading man_ is a
+hard student, or one who is entirely devoted to his collegiate
+studies.--_Webster_.
+
+The distinction between "_reading men_" and "_non-reading men_"
+began to manifest itself.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 169.
+
+We might wonder, perhaps, if in England the "[Greek: oi polloi]"
+should be "_reading men_," but with us we should wonder were they
+not.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 15.
+
+
+READING PARTY. In England, a number of students who in vacation
+time, and at a distance from the university, pursue their studies
+together under the direction of a coach, or private tutor.
+
+Of this method of studying, Bristed remarks: "It is not
+_impossible_ to read on a reading-party; there is only a great
+chance against your being able to do so. As a very general rule, a
+man works best in his accustomed place of business, where he has
+not only his ordinary appliances and helps, but his familiar
+associations about him. The time lost in settling down and making
+one's self comfortable and ready for work in a new place is not
+inconsiderable, and is all clear loss. Moreover, the very idea of
+a reading-party involves a combination of two things incompatible,
+--amusement and relaxation beyond the proper and necessary
+quantity of daily exercise, and hard work at books.
+
+"Reading-parties do not confine themselves to England or the
+island of Great Britain. Sometimes they have been known to go as
+far as Dresden. Sometimes a party is of considerable size; when a
+crack Tutor goes on one, which is not often, he takes his whole
+team with him, and not unfrequently a Classical and Mathematical
+Bachelor join their pupils."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, pp. 199-201.
+
+
+READ UP. Students often speak of _reading up_, i.e. preparing
+themselves to write on a subject, by reading the works of authors
+who have treated of it.
+
+
+REBELLION TREE. At Harvard College, a large elm-tree, which stands
+to the east of the south entry of Hollis Hall, has long been known
+by this name. It is supposed to have been planted at the request
+of Dr. Thaddeus M. Harris. His son, Dr. Thaddeus W. Harris, the
+present Librarian of the College, says that his father has often
+told him, that when he held the office of Librarian, in the year
+1792, a number of trees were set out in the College yard, and that
+one was planted opposite his room, No. 7 Hollis Hall, under which
+he buried a pewter plate, taken from the commons hall. On this
+plate was inscribed his name, the day of the month, the year, &c.
+From its situation and appearance, the Rebellion Tree would seem
+to be the one thus described; but it did not receive its name
+until the year 1807, when the famous rebellion occurred among the
+students, and perhaps not until within a few years antecedent to
+the year 1819. At that time, however, this name seems to have been
+the one by which it was commonly known, from the reference which
+is made to it in the Rebelliad, a poem written to commemorate the
+deeds of the rebellion of that year.
+
+  And roared as loud as he could yell,
+  "Come on, my lads, let us rebel!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  With one accord they all agree
+  To dance around _Rebellion Tree_.
+  _Rebelliad_, p. 46.
+
+  But they, rebellious rascals! flee
+  For shelter to _Rebellion Tree_.
+    _Ibid._, p. 60.
+
+  Stands a tree in front of Hollis,
+    Dear to Harvard over all;
+  But than ---- desert us,
+    Rather let _Rebellion_ fall.
+    _MS. Poem_.
+
+Other scenes are sometimes enacted under its branches, as the
+following verses show:--
+
+  When the old year was drawing towards its close,
+  And in its place the gladsome new one rose,
+  Then members of each class, with spirits free,
+  Went forth to greet her round _Rebellion Tree_.
+  Round that old tree, sacred to students' rights,
+  And witness, too, of many wondrous sights,
+  In solemn circle all the students passed;
+  They danced with spirit, until, tired, at last
+  A pause they make, and some a song propose.
+  Then "Auld Lang Syne" from many voices rose.
+  Now, as the lamp of the old year dies out,
+  They greet the new one with exulting shout;
+  They groan for ----, and each class they cheer,
+  And thus they usher in the fair new year.
+    _Poem before H.L. of I.O. of O.F._, p. 19, 1849.
+
+
+RECENTES. Latin for the English FRESHMEN. Consult Clap's History
+of Yale College, 1766, p. 124.
+
+
+RECITATION. In American colleges and schools, the rehearsal of a
+lesson by pupils before their instructor.--_Webster_.
+
+
+RECITATION-ROOM. The room where lessons are rehearsed by pupils
+before their instructor.
+
+In the older American colleges, the rooms of the Tutors were
+formerly the recitation-rooms of the classes. At Harvard College,
+the benches on which the students sat when reciting were, when not
+in use, kept in piles, outside of the Tutors' rooms. When the hour
+of recitation arrived, they would carry them into the room, and
+again return them to their places when the exercise was finished.
+One of the favorite amusements of the students was to burn these
+benches; the spot selected for the bonfire being usually the green
+in front of the old meeting-house, or the common.
+
+
+RECITE. Transitively, to rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor.
+
+2. Intransitively, to rehearse a lesson. The class will _recite_
+at eleven o'clock.--_Webster_.
+
+This word is used in both forms in American seminaries.
+
+
+RECORD OF MERIT. At Middlebury College "a class-book is kept by
+each instructor, in which the character of each student's
+recitation is noted by numbers, and all absences from college
+exercises are minuted. Demerit for absences and other
+irregularities is also marked in like manner, and made the basis
+of discipline. At the close of each term, the average of these
+marks is recorded, and, when desired, communicated to parents and
+guardians." This book is called the _record of merit_.--_Cat.
+Middlebury Coll._, 1850-51, p. 17.
+
+
+RECTOR. The chief elective officer of some universities, as in
+France and Scotland. The same title was formerly given to the
+president of a college in New England, but it is not now in
+use.--_Webster_.
+
+The title of _Rector_ was given to the chief officer of Yale
+College at the time of its foundation, and was continued until the
+year 1745, when, by "An Act for the more full and complete
+establishment of Yale College in New Haven," it was changed, among
+other alterations, to that of _President_.--_Clap's Annals of Yale
+College_, p. 47.
+
+The chief officer of Harvard College at the time of its foundation
+was styled _Master_ or _Professor_. Mr. Dunster was chosen the
+first _President_, in 1640, and those who succeeded him bore this
+title until the year 1686, when Mr. Joseph Dudley, having received
+the commission of President of the Colony, changed for the sake of
+distinction the title of _President of the College_ to that of
+_Rector_. A few years after, the title of _President_ was resumed.
+--_Peirce's Hist. of Harv. Univ._, p. 63.
+
+
+REDEAT. Latin; literally, _he may return_. "It is the custom in
+some colleges," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "on coming into
+residence, to wait on the Dean, and sign your name in a book, kept
+for that purpose, which is called signing your _Redeat_."--p. 92.
+
+
+REFECTORY. At Oxford, Eng., the place where the members of each
+college or hall dine. This word was originally applied to an
+apartment in convents and monasteries, where a moderate repast was
+taken.--_Brande_.
+
+In Oxford there are nineteen colleges and five halls, containing
+dwelling-rooms for the students, and a distinct _refectory_ or
+dining-hall, library, and chapel to each college and hall.--_Oxf.
+Guide_, 1847, p. xvi.
+
+At Princeton College, this name is given to the hall where the
+students eat together in common.--Abbreviated REFEC.
+
+
+REGENT. In the English universities, the regents, or _regentes_,
+are members of the university who have certain peculiar duties of
+instruction or government. At Cambridge, all resident Masters of
+Arts of less than four years' standing and all Doctors of less
+than two, are Regents. At Oxford, the period of regency is
+shorter. At both universities, those of a more advanced standing,
+who keep their names on the college books, are called
+_non-regents_. At Cambridge, the regents compose the upper house,
+and the non-regents the lower house of the Senate, or governing
+body. At Oxford, the regents compose the _Congregation_, which
+confers degrees, and does the ordinary business of the University.
+The regents and non-regents, collectively, compose the
+_Convocation_, which is the governing body in the last
+resort.--_Webster_.
+
+See SENATE.
+
+2. In the State of New York, the member of a corporate body which
+is invested with the superintendence of all the colleges,
+academies, and schools in the State. This board consists of
+twenty-one members, who are called _the Regents of the University
+of the State of New York_. They are appointed and removable by the
+legislature. They have power to grant acts of incorporation for
+colleges, to visit and inspect all colleges, academies, and
+schools, and to make regulations for governing the
+same.--_Statutes of New York_.
+
+3. At Harvard College, an officer chosen from the _Faculty_, whose
+duties are under the immediate direction of the President. All
+weekly lists of absences, monitor's bills, petitions to the
+Faculty for excuse of absences from the regular exercises and for
+making up lessons, all petitions for elective studies, the returns
+of the scale of merit, and returns of delinquencies and deductions
+by the tutors and proctors, are left with the Regent, or deposited
+in his office. The Regent also informs those who petition for
+excuses, and for elective studies, of the decision of the Faculty
+in regard to their petitions. Formerly, the Regent assisted in
+making out the quarter or term bills, of which he kept a record,
+and when students were punished by fining, he was obliged to keep
+an account of the fines, and the offences for which they were
+imposed. Some of his duties were performed by a Freshman, who was
+appointed by the Faculty.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1814, and
+_Regulations_, 1850.
+
+The creation of the office of Regent at Harvard College is noticed
+by Professor Sidney Willard. In the year 1800 "an officer was
+appointed to occupy a room in one of the halls to supply the place
+of a Tutor, for preserving order in the rooms in his entry, and to
+perform the duties that had been discharged by the Butler, so far
+as it regarded the keeping of certain records. He was allowed the
+service of a Freshman, and the offices of Butler and of Butler's
+Freshman were abolished. The title of this new officer was
+Regent."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 107.
+
+See FRESHMAN, REGENT'S.
+
+
+REGISTER. In Union College, an officer whose duties are similar to
+those enumerated under REGISTRAR. He also acts, without charge, as
+fiscal guardian for all students who deposit funds in his hands.
+
+
+REGISTRAR, REGISTRARY. In the English universities, an officer who
+has the keeping of all the public records.--_Encyc._
+
+At Harvard College, the Corporation appoint one of the Faculty to
+the office of _Registrar_. He keeps a record of the votes and
+orders passed by the latter body, gives certified copies of the
+same when requisite, and performs other like duties.--_Laws Univ.
+at Cam., Mass._, 1848.
+
+
+REGIUS PROFESSOR. A name given in the British universities to the
+incumbents of those professorships which have been founded by
+_royal_ bounty.
+
+
+REGULATORS. At Hamilton College, "a Junior Class affair," writes a
+correspondent, "consisting of fifteen or twenty members, whose
+object is to regulate college laws and customs according to their
+own way. They are known only by their deeds. Who the members are,
+no one out of the band knows. Their time for action is in the
+night."
+
+
+RELEGATION. In German universities, the _relegation_ is the
+punishment next in severity to the _consilium abeundi_. Howitt
+explains the term in these words: "It has two degrees. First, the
+simple relegation. This consists in expulsion [out of the district
+of the court of justice within which the university is situated],
+for a period of from two to three years; after which the offender
+may indeed return, but can no more be received as an academical
+burger. Secondly, the sharper relegation, which adds to the simple
+relegation an announcement of the fact to the magistracy of the
+place of abode of the offender; and, according to the discretion
+of the court, a confinement in an ordinary prison, previous to the
+banishment, is added; and also the sharper relegation can be
+extended to more than four years, the ordinary term,--yes, even to
+perpetual expulsion."--_Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 33.
+
+
+RELIG. At Princeton College, an abbreviated name for a professor
+of religion.
+
+
+RENOWN. German, _renommiren_, to hector, to bully. Among the
+students in German universities, to _renown_ is, in English
+popular phrase, "to cut a swell."--_Howitt_.
+
+The spare hours of the forenoon and afternoon are spent in
+fencing, in _renowning_,--that is, in doing things-which make
+people stare at them, and in providing duels for the
+morrow.--_Russell's Tour in Germany_, Edinburgh ed., 1825, Vol.
+II. pp. 156, 157.
+
+We cannot be deaf to the testimony of respectable eyewitnesses,
+who, in proof of these defects, tell us ... of "_renowning_," or
+wild irregularities, in which "the spare hours" of the day are
+spent.--_D.A. White's Address before Soc. of the Alumni of Harv.
+Univ._, Aug. 27, 1844, p. 24.
+
+
+REPLICATOR. "The first discussions of the Society, called
+Forensic, were in writing, and conducted by only two members,
+styled the Respondent and the Opponent. Subsequently, a third was
+added, called a _Replicator_, who reviewed the arguments of the
+other two, and decided upon their comparative
+merits."--_Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Philomathean
+Society, Union Coll._, p. 9.
+
+
+REPORT. A word much in use among the students of universities and
+colleges, in the common sense of _to inform against_, but usually
+spoken in reference to the Faculty.
+
+  Thanks to the friendly proctor who spared to _report_ me.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 79.
+
+          If I hear again
+  Of such fell outrage to the college laws,
+  Of such loud tumult after eight o'clock,
+  Thou'lt be _reported_ to the Faculty.--_Ibid._, p. 257.
+
+
+RESIDENCE. At the English universities, to be "in residence" is to
+occupy rooms as a member of a college, either in the college
+itself, or in the town where the college is situated.
+
+Trinity ... usually numbers four hundred undergraduates in
+_residence_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+11.
+
+At Oxford, an examination, not always a very easy one, must be
+passed before the student can be admitted to
+_residence_.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 232.
+
+
+RESIDENT GRADUATE. In the United States, graduates who are
+desirous of pursuing their studies in a place where a college is
+situated, without joining any of its departments, can do so in the
+capacity of _residents_ or _resident graduates_. They are allowed
+to attend the public lectures given in the institution, and enjoy
+the use of its library. Like other students, they give bonds for
+the payment of college dues.--_Coll. Laws_.
+
+
+RESPONDENT. In the schools, one who maintains a thesis in reply,
+and whose province is to refute objections, or overthrow
+arguments.--_Watts_.
+
+This word, with its companion, _affirmant_, was formerly used in
+American colleges, and was applied to those who engaged in the
+syllogistic discussions then incident to Commencement.
+
+But the main exercises were disputations upon questions, wherein
+the _respondents_ first made their theses.--_Mather's Magnalia_,
+B. IV. p. 128.
+
+The syllogistic disputes were held between an _affirmant_ and
+_respondent_, who stood in the side galleries of the church
+opposite to one another, and shot the weapons of their logic over
+the heads of the audience.--_Pres. Woolsey's Hist. Disc., Yale
+Coll._, p. 65.
+
+In the public exercises at Commencement, I was somewhat remarked
+as a _respondent_.--_Life and Works of John Adams_, Vol. II. p. 3.
+
+
+RESPONSION. In the University of Oxford, an examination about the
+middle of the college course, also called the
+_Little-go_.--_Lyell_.
+
+See LITTLE-GO.
+
+
+RETRO. Latin; literally, _back_. Among the students of the
+University of Cambridge, Eng., used to designate a _behind_-hand
+account. "A cook's bill of extraordinaries not settled by the
+Tutor."--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+REVIEW. A second or repeated examination of a lesson, or the
+lesson itself thus re-examined.
+
+  He cannot get the "advance," forgets "the _review_."
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 13.
+
+
+RIDER. The meaning of this word, used at Cambridge, Eng., is given
+in the annexed sentence. "His ambition is generally limited to
+doing '_riders_,' which are a sort of scholia, or easy deductions
+from the book-work propositions, like a link between them and
+problems; indeed, the rider being, as its name imports, attached
+to a question, the question is not fully answered until the rider
+is answered also."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 222.
+
+
+ROLL A WHEEL. At the University of Vermont, in student parlance,
+to devise a scheme or lay a plot for an election or a college
+spree, is to _roll a wheel_. E.g. "John was always _rolling a big
+wheel_," i.e. incessantly concocting some plot.
+
+
+ROOM. To occupy an apartment; to lodge; _an academic use of the
+word_.--_Webster_.
+
+Inquire of any student at our colleges where Mr. B. lodges, and
+you will be told he _rooms_ in such a building, such a story, or
+up so many flights of stairs, No. --, to the right or left.
+
+The Rowes, years ago, used to _room_ in Dartmouth Hall.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 117.
+
+_Rooming_ in college, it is convenient that they should have the
+more immediate oversight of the deportment of the
+students.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 133.
+
+Seven years ago, I _roomed_ in this room where we are now.--_Yale
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. XII. p. 114.
+
+When Christmas came again I came back to this room, but the man
+who _roomed_ here was frightened and ran away.--_Ibid._, Vol. XII.
+p. 114.
+
+Rent for these apartments is exacted from Sophomores, about sixty
+_rooming_ out of college.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, Yale Coll.,
+1852-53, p. 26.
+
+
+ROOT. A word first used in the sense given below by Dr. Paley. "He
+[Paley] held, indeed, all those little arts of underhand address,
+by which patronage and preferment are so frequently pursued, in
+supreme contempt. He was not of a nature to _root_; for that was
+his own expressive term, afterwards much used in the University to
+denote the sort of practice alluded to. He one day humorously
+proposed, at some social meeting, that a certain contemporary
+Fellow of his College [Christ's College, Cambridge, Eng.], at that
+time distinguished for his elegant and engaging manners, and who
+has since attained no small eminence in the Church of England,
+should be appointed _Professor of Rooting_."--_Memoirs of Paley_.
+
+2. To study hard; to DIG, q.v.
+
+Ill-favored men, eager for his old boots and diseased raiment,
+torment him while _rooting_ at his Greek.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 267.
+
+
+ROT. Twaddle, platitude. In use among the students at the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+ROWES. The name of a party which formerly existed at Dartmouth
+College. They are thus described in The Dartmouth, Vol. IV. p.
+117: "The _Rowes_ are very liberal in their notions. The Rowes
+don't pretend to say anything worse of a fellow than to call him a
+_Blue_, and _vice versa_."
+
+See BLUES.
+
+
+ROWING. The making of loud and noisy disturbance; acting like a
+_rowdy_.
+
+  Flushed with the juice of the grape,
+        all prime and ready for _rowing_.
+  When from the ground I raised
+        the fragments of ponderous brickbat.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+The Fellow-Commoners generally being more disposed to _rowing_
+than reading.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d. p.
+34.
+
+
+ROWING-MAN. One who is more inclined to fast living than hard
+study. Among English students used in contradistinction to
+READING-MAN, q.v.
+
+When they go out to sup, as a reading-man does perhaps once a
+term, and a _rowing-man_ twice a week, they eat very moderately,
+though their potations are sometimes of the deepest.--_Bristed's
+Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+ROWL, ROWEL. At Princeton, Union, and Hamilton Colleges, this word
+is used to signify a good recitation. Used in the phrase, "to make
+a _rowl_." From the second of these colleges, a correspondent
+writes: "Also of the word _rowl_; if a public speaker presents a
+telling appeal or passage, he would _make a perfect rowl_, in the
+language of all students at least."
+
+
+ROWL. To recite well. A correspondent from Princeton College
+defines this word, "to perform any exercise well, recitation,
+speech, or composition; to succeed in any branch or pursuit."
+
+
+RUSH. At Yale College, a perfect recitation is denominated a
+_rush_.
+
+I got my lesson perfectly, and what is more, made a perfect
+_rush_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIII. p. 134.
+
+  Every _rush_ and fizzle made
+  Every body frigid laid.
+    _Ibid._, Vol. XX. p. 186.
+
+This mark [that of a hammer with a note, "hit the nail on the
+head"] signifies that the student makes a capital hit; in other
+words, a decided _rush_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  In dreams his many _rushes_ heard.
+    _Ibid._, Oct. 22, 1847.
+
+This word is much used among students with the common meaning;
+thus, they speak of "a _rush_ into prayers," "a _rush_ into the
+recitation-room," &c. A correspondent from Dartmouth College says:
+"_Rushing_ the Freshmen is putting them out of the chapel."
+Another from Williams writes: "Such a man is making a _rush_, and
+to this we often add--for the Valedictory."
+
+  The gay regatta where the Oneida led,
+  The glorious _rushes_, Seniors at the head.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+One of the Trinity men ... was making a tremendous _rush_ for a
+Fellowship.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+158.
+
+
+RUSH. To recite well; to make a perfect recitation.
+
+It was purchased by the man,--who 'really did not look' at the
+lesson on which he '_rushed_.'--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XIV. p.
+411.
+
+Then for the students mark flunks, even though the young men may
+be _rushing_.--_Yale Banger_, Oct., 1848.
+
+  So they pulled off their coats, and rolled up their sleeves,
+    And _rushed_ in Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs, Yale Coll._, June 14, 1854.
+
+
+RUSTICATE. To send a student for a time from a college or
+university, to reside in the country, by way of punishment for
+some offence.
+
+See a more complete definition under RUSTICATION.
+
+  And those whose crimes are very great,
+  Let us suspend or _rusticate_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 24.
+
+  The "scope" of what I have to state
+  Is to suspend and _rusticate_.--_Ibid._, p. 28.
+
+The same meaning is thus paraphrastically conveyed:--
+
+  By my official power, I swear,
+  That you shall _smell the country air_.--_Rebelliad_, p. 45.
+
+
+RUSTICATION. In universities and colleges, the punishment of a
+student for some offence, by compelling him to leave the
+institution, and reside for a time in the country, where he is
+obliged to pursue with a private instructor the studies with which
+his class are engaged during his term of separation, and in which
+he is obliged to pass a satisfactory examination before he can be
+reinstated in his class.
+
+It seems plain from his own verses to Diodati, that Milton had
+incurred _rustication_,--a temporary dismission into the country,
+with, perhaps, the loss of a term.--_Johnson_.
+
+  Take then this friendly exhortation.
+  The next offence is _Rustication_.
+    _MS. Poem_, by John Q. Adams.
+
+
+RUST-RINGING. At Hamilton College, "the Freshmen," writes a
+correspondent, "are supposed to lose some of their verdancy at the
+end of the last term of that year, and the 'ringing off their
+rust' consists in ringing the chapel bell--commencing at midnight
+--until the rope wears out. During the ringing, the upper classes
+are diverted by the display of numerous fire-works, and enlivened
+by most beautifully discordant sounds, called 'music,' made to
+issue from tin kettle-drums, horse-fiddles, trumpets, horns, &c.,
+&c."
+
+
+
+_S_.
+
+
+SACK. To expel. Used at Hamilton College.
+
+
+SAIL. At Bowdoin College, a _sail_ is a perfect recitation. To
+_sail_ is to recite perfectly.
+
+
+SAINT. A name among students for one who pretends to particular
+sanctity of manners.
+
+Or if he had been a hard-reading man from choice,--or a stupid
+man,--or a "_saint_,"--no one would have troubled themselves about
+him.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 148.
+
+
+SALTING THE FRESHMEN. In reference to this custom, which belongs
+to Dartmouth College, a correspondent from that institution
+writes: "There is an annual trick of '_salting the Freshmen_,'
+which is putting salt and water on their seats, so that their
+clothes are injured when they sit down." The idea of preservation,
+cleanliness, and health is no doubt intended to be conveyed by the
+use of the wholesome articles salt and water.
+
+
+SALUTATORIAN. The student of a college who pronounces the
+salutatory oration at the annual Commencement.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SALUTATORY. An epithet applied to the oration which introduces the
+exercises of the Commencements in American colleges.--_Webster_.
+
+The oration is often called, simply, _The Salutatory_.
+
+And we ask our friends "out in the world," whenever they meet an
+educated man of the class of '49, not to ask if he had the
+Valedictory or _Salutatory_, but if he takes the
+Indicator.--_Amherst Indicator_, Vol. II. p. 96.
+
+
+SATIS. Latin; literally, _enough_. In the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., the lowest honor in the schools. The manner in which this
+word is used is explained in the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, as
+follows: "_Satis disputasti_; which is at much as to say, in the
+colloquial style, 'Bad enough.' _Satis et bene disputasti_,
+'Pretty fair,--tolerable.' _Satis et optime disputasti_, 'Go thy
+ways, thou flower and quintessence of Wranglers.' Such are the
+compliments to be expected from the Moderator, after the _act is
+kept_."--p. 95.
+
+
+S.B. An abbreviation for _Scientiae Baccalaureus_, Bachelor in
+Science. At Harvard College, this degree is conferred on those who
+have pursued a prescribed course of study for at least one year in
+the Scientific School, and at the end of that period passed a
+satisfactory examination. The different degrees of excellence are
+expressed in the diploma by the words, _cum laude_, _cum magna
+laude_, _cum summa laude_.
+
+
+SCARLET DAY. In the Church of England, certain festival days are
+styled _scarlet days_. On these occasions, the doctors in the
+three learned professions appear in their scarlet robes, and the
+noblemen residing in the universities wear their full
+dresses.--_Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+
+SCHEME. The printed papers which are given to the students at Yale
+College at the Biennial Examination, and which contain the
+questions that are to be answered, are denominated _schemes_. They
+are also called, simply, _papers_.
+
+  See the down-cast air, and the blank despair,
+  That sits on each Soph'more feature,
+  As his bleared eyes gleam o'er that horrid _scheme_!
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 22.
+
+  Olmsted served an apprenticeship setting up types,
+    For the _schemes_ of Bien. Examination.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+  Here's health to the tutors who gave us good _schemes_,
+          Vive la compagnie!
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee_, 1855.
+
+
+SCHOLAR. Any member of a college, academy, or school.
+
+2. An undergraduate in English universities, who belongs to the
+foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its
+revenues.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SCHOLAR OF THE HOUSE. At Yale College, those are called _Scholars
+of the House_ who, by superiority in scholarship, become entitled
+to receive the income arising from certain foundations established
+for the purpose of promoting learning and literature. In some
+cases the recipient is required to remain at New Haven for a
+specified time, and pursue a course of studies under the direction
+of the Faculty of the College.--_Sketches of Yale Coll._, p. 86.
+_Laws of Yale Coll._
+
+2. "The _scholar of the house_," says President Woolsey, in his
+Historical Discourse,--"_scholaris aedilitus_ of the Latin
+laws,--before the institution of Berkeley's scholarships which had
+the same title, was a kind of aedile appointed by the President and
+Tutors to inspect the public buildings, and answered in a degree
+to the Inspector known to our present laws and practice. He was
+not to leave town until the Friday after Commencement, because in
+that week more than usual damage was done to the buildings."--p.
+43.
+
+The duties of this officer are enumerated in the annexed passage.
+"The Scholar of the House, appointed by the President, shall
+diligently observe and set down the glass broken in College
+windows, and every other damage done in College, together with the
+time when, and the person by whom, it was done; and every quarter
+he shall make up a bill of such damages, charged against every
+scholar according to the laws of College, and deliver the same to
+the President or the Steward, and the Scholar of the House shall
+tarry at College until Friday noon after the public Commencement,
+and in that time shall be obliged to view any damage done in any
+chamber upon the information of him to whom the chamber is
+assigned."--_Laws of Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 22.
+
+
+SCHOLARSHIP. Exhibition or maintenance for a scholar; foundation
+for the support of a student--_Ainsworth_.
+
+
+SCHOOL. THE SCHOOLS, _pl._; the seminaries for teaching logic,
+metaphysics, and theology, which were formed in the Middle Ages,
+and which were characterized by academical disputations and
+subtilties of reasoning; or the learned men who were engaged in
+discussing nice points in metaphysics or theology.--_Webster_.
+
+2. In some American colleges, the different departments for
+teaching law, medicine, divinity, &c. are denominated _schools_.
+
+3. The name given at the University of Oxford to the place of
+examination. The principal exercises consist of disputations in
+philosophy, divinity, and law, and are always conducted in a sort
+of barbarous Latin.
+
+I attended the _Schools_ several times, with the view of acquiring
+the tact and self-possession so requisite in these public
+contests.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 39.
+
+There were only two sets of men there, one who fagged
+unremittingly for the _Schools_, and another devoted to frivolity
+and dissipation.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 141.
+
+
+S.C.L. At the English universities, one who is pursuing law
+studies and has not yet received the degree of B.C.L. or D.C.L.,
+is designated S.C.L., _Student_ in or of _Civil Law_.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., persons in this rank who
+have kept their acts wear a full-sleeved gown, and are entitled to
+use a B.A. hood.
+
+
+SCONCE. To mulct; to fine. Used at the University of Oxford.
+
+A young fellow of Baliol College, having, upon some discontent cut
+his throat very dangerously, the Master of the College sent his
+servitor to the buttery-book to _sconce_ (i.e. fine) him 5s.; and,
+says the Doctor, tell him the next time he cuts his throat I'll
+_sconce_ him ten.--_Terrae-Filius_, No. 39.
+
+Was _sconced_ in a quart of ale for quoting Latin, a passage from
+Juvenal; murmured, and the fine was doubled.--_The Etonian_, Vol.
+II. p. 391.
+
+
+SCOUT. A cant term at Oxford for a college servant or
+waiter.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+My _scout_, indeed, is a very learned fellow, and has an excellent
+knack at using hard words. One morning he told me the gentleman in
+the next room _contagious_ to mine desired to speak to me. I once
+overheard him give a fellow-servant very sober advice not to go
+astray, but be true to his own wife; for _idolatry_ would surely
+bring a man to _instruction_ at last.--_The Student_, Oxf. and
+Cam., 1750, Vol. I. p. 55.
+
+An anteroom, or vestibule, which serves the purpose of a _scout's_
+pantry.--_The Etonian_, Vol. II. p. 280.
+
+_Scouts_ are usually pretty communicative of all they
+know.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LX. p. 147.
+
+Sometimes used in American colleges.
+
+In order to quiet him, we had to send for his factotum or _scout_,
+an old black fellow.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XI. p. 282.
+
+
+SCRAPE. To insult by drawing the feet over the floor.--_Grose_.
+
+  But in a manner quite uncivil,
+  They hissed and _scraped_ him like the devil.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 37.
+
+                             "I do insist,"
+  Quoth he, "that two, who _scraped_ and hissed,
+  Shall be condemned without a jury
+  To pass the winter months _in rure_."--_Ibid._, p. 41.
+
+They not unfrequently rose to open outrage or some personal
+molestation, as casting missiles through his windows at night, or
+"_scraping him_" by day.--_A Tour through College_, Boston, 1832,
+p. 25.
+
+
+SCRAPING. A drawing of, or the act of drawing, the feet over the
+floor, as an insult to some one, or merely to cause disturbance; a
+shuffling of the feet.
+
+New lustre was added to the dignity of their feelings by the
+pathetic and impressive manner in which they expressed them, which
+was by stamping and _scraping_ majestically with their feet, when
+in the presence of the detested tutors.--_Don Quixotes at
+College_, 1807.
+
+The morning and evening daily prayers were, on the next day
+(Thursday), interrupted by _scraping_, whistling, groaning, and
+other disgraceful noises.--_Circular, Harvard College_, 1834, p.
+9.
+
+This word is used in the universities and colleges of both England
+and America.
+
+
+SCREW. In some American colleges, an excessive, unnecessarily
+minute, and annoying examination of a student by an instructor is
+called a _screw_. The instructor is often designated by the same
+name.
+
+  Haunted by day with fearful _screw_.
+    _Harvard Lyceum_, p. 102.
+
+  _Screws_, duns, and other such like evils.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 77.
+
+One must experience all the stammering and stuttering, the
+unending doubtings and guessings, to understand fully the power of
+a mathematical _screw_.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 378.
+
+The consequence was, a patient submission to the _screw_, and a
+loss of college honors and patronage.--_A Tour through College_,
+Boston, 1832, p. 26.
+
+I'll tell him a whopper next time, and astonish him so that he'll
+forget his _screws_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XI. p. 336.
+
+What a darned _screw_ our tutor is.--_Ibid._
+
+Apprehension of the severity of the examination, or what in after
+times, by an academic figure of speech, was called screwing, or a
+_screw_, was what excited the chief dread.--_Willard's Memories of
+Youth and Manhood_, Vol. I. p. 256.
+
+Passing such an examination is often denominated _taking a screw_.
+
+  And sad it is to _take a screw_.
+    _Harv. Reg._, p. 287.
+
+2. At Bowdoin College, an imperfect recitation is called a
+_screw_.
+
+  You never should look blue, sir,
+  If you chance to take a "_screw_," sir,
+  To us it's nothing new, sir,
+    To drive dull care away.
+    _The Bowdoin Creed_.
+
+  We've felt the cruel, torturing _screw_,
+    And oft its driver's ire.
+    _Song, Sophomore Supper, Bowdoin Coll._, 1850.
+
+
+SCREW. To press with an excessive and unnecessarily minute
+examination.
+
+  Who would let a tutor knave
+  _Screw _him like a Guinea slave!
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 53.
+
+  Have I been _screwed_, yea, deaded morn and eve,
+  Some dozen moons of this collegiate life?
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 255.
+
+  O, I do well remember when in college,
+  How we fought reason,--battles all in play,--
+  Under a most portentous man of knowledge,
+  The captain-general in the bloodless fray;
+  He was a wise man, and a good man, too,
+  And robed himself in green whene'er he came to _screw_.
+    _Our Chronicle of '26_, Boston, 1827.
+
+In a note to the last quotation, the author says of the word
+_screw_: "For the information of the inexperienced, we explain
+this as a term quite rife in the universities, and, taken
+substantively, signifying an intellectual nonplus."
+
+  At last the day is ended,
+    The tutor _screws_ no more.
+    _Knick. Mag._, Vol. XLV. p. 195.
+
+
+SCREWING UP. The meaning of this phrase, as understood by English
+Cantabs, may be gathered from the following extract. "A
+magnificent sofa will be lying close to a door ... bored through
+from top to bottom from the _screwing up_ of some former unpopular
+tenant; "_screwing up_" being the process of fastening on the
+outside, with nails and screws, every door of the hapless wight's
+apartments. This is done at night, and in the morning the
+gentleman is leaning three-fourths out of his window, bawling for
+rescue."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. Ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 239.
+
+
+SCRIBBLING-PAPER. A kind of writing-paper, rather inferior in
+quality, a trifle larger than foolscap, and used at the English
+universities by mathematicians and in the lecture-room.--_Bristed.
+Grad. ad Cantab._
+
+Cards are commonly sold at Cambridge as
+"_scribbling-paper_."--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p.
+238.
+
+The summer apartment contained only a big standing-desk, the
+eternal "_scribbling-paper_," and the half-dozen mathematical
+works required.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 218.
+
+
+SCROUGE. An exaction. A very long lesson, or any hard or
+unpleasant task, is usually among students denominated a
+_scrouge_.
+
+
+SCROUGE. To exact; to extort; said of an instructor who imposes
+difficult tasks on his pupils.
+
+It is used provincially in England, and in America in some of the
+Northern and Southern States, with the meaning _to crowd, to
+squeeze_.--_Bartlett's Dict. of Americanisms_.
+
+
+SCRUB. At Columbia College, a servant.
+
+2. One who is disliked for his meanness, ill-breeding, or
+vulgarity. Nearly equivalent to SPOON, q.v.
+
+
+SCRUBBY. Possessing the qualities of a scrub. Partially synonymous
+with the adjective SPOONY, q.v.
+
+
+SCRUTATOR. In the University of Cambridge, England, an officer
+whose duty it is to attend all _Congregations_, to read the
+_graces_ to the lower house of the Senate, to gather the votes
+secretly, or to take them openly in scrutiny, and publicly to
+pronounce the assent or dissent of that house.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+SECOND-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the title
+of _Second-Year Men_, or _Junior Sophs_ or _Sophisters_, is given
+to students during the second year of their residence at the
+University.
+
+
+SECTION COURT. At Union College, the college buildings are divided
+into sections, a section comprising about fifteen rooms. Within
+each section is established a court, which is composed of a judge,
+an advocate, and a secretary, who are chosen by the students
+resident therein from their own number, and hold their offices
+during one college term. Each section court claims the power to
+summon for trial any inhabitant within the bounds of its
+jurisdiction who may be charged with improper conduct. The accused
+may either defend himself, or select some person to plead for him,
+such residents of the section as choose to do so acting as jurors.
+The prisoner, if found guilty, is sentenced at the discretion of
+the court,--generally, to treat the company to some specified
+drink or dainty. These courts often give occasion for a great deal
+of fun, and sometimes call out real wit and eloquence.
+
+At one of our "_section courts_," which those who expected to
+enter upon the study of the law used to hold, &c.--_The Parthenon,
+Union Coll._, 1851, p. 19.
+
+
+SECTION OFFICER. At Union College, each section of the college
+buildings, containing about fifteen rooms, is under the
+supervision of a professor or tutor, who is styled the _section
+officer_. This officer is required to see that there be no
+improper noise in the rooms or corridors, and to report the
+absence of students from chapel and recitation, and from their
+rooms during study hours.
+
+
+SEED. In Yale College this word is used to designate what is
+understood by the common cant terms, "a youth"; "case"; "bird";
+"b'hoy"; "one of 'em."
+
+  While tutors, every sport defeating,
+  And under feet-worn stairs secreting,
+  And each dark lane and alley beating,
+  Hunt up the _seeds_ in vain retreating.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  The wretch had dared to flunk a gory _seed_!
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  One tells his jokes, the other tells his beads,
+  One talks of saints, the other sings of _seeds_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  But we are "_seeds_," whose rowdy deeds
+    Make up the drunken tale.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+  First Greek he enters; and with reckless speed
+  He drags o'er stumps and roots each hapless _seed_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1849.
+
+  Each one a bold _seed_, well fit for the deed,
+    But of course a little bit flurried.
+    _Ibid._, May, 1852.
+
+
+SEEDY. At Yale College, rowdy, riotous, turbulent.
+
+  And snowballs, falling thick and fast
+    As oaths from _seedy_ Senior crowd.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+  A _seedy_ Soph beneath a tree.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+2. Among English Cantabs, not well, out of sorts, done up; the
+sort of feeling that a reading man has after an examination, or a
+rowing man after a dinner with the Beefsteak Club. Also, silly,
+easy to perform.--_Bristed_.
+
+The owner of the apartment attired in a very old dressing-gown and
+slippers, half buried in an arm-chair, and looking what some young
+ladies call interesting, i.e. pale and _seedy_.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 151.
+
+You will seldom find anything very _seedy_ set for
+Iambics.--_Ibid._, p. 182.
+
+
+SELL. An unexpected reply; a deception or trick.
+
+In the Literary World, March 15, 1851, is the following
+explanation of this word: "Mr. Phillips's first introduction to
+Curran was made the occasion of a mystification, or practical
+joke, in which Irish wits have excelled since the time of Dean
+Swift, who was wont (_vide_ his letters to Stella) to call these
+jocose tricks 'a _sell_,' from selling a bargain." The word
+_bargain_, however, which Johnson, in his Dictionary, defines "an
+unexpected reply tending to obscenity," was formerly used more
+generally among the English wits. The noun _sell_ has of late been
+revived in this country, and is used to a certain extent in New
+York and Boston, and especially among the students at Cambridge.
+
+  I sought some hope to borrow, by thinking it a "_sell_"
+  By fancying it a fiction, my anguish to dispel.
+    _Poem before the Iadma of Harv. Coll._, 1850, p. 8.
+
+
+SELL. To give an unexpected answer; to deceive; to cheat.
+
+For the love you bear me, never tell how badly I was
+_sold_.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 94.
+
+The use of this verb is much more common in the United States than
+that of the noun of the same spelling, which is derived from it;
+for instance, we frequently read in the newspapers that the Whigs
+or Democrats have been _sold_, i.e. defeated in an election, or
+cheated in some political affair. The phrase _to sell a bargain_,
+which Bailey defines "to put a sham upon one," is now scarcely
+ever heard. It was once a favorite expression with certain English
+writers.
+
+  Where _sold he bargains_, Whipstitch?--_Dryden_.
+
+  No maid at court is less ashamed,
+  Howe'er for _selling bargains_ famed.--_Swift_.
+
+Dr. Sheridan, famous for punning, intending _to sell a bargain_,
+said, he had made a very good pun.--_Swift, Bons Mots de Stella_.
+
+
+SEMESTER. Latin, _semestris_, _sex_, six, and _mensis_, month. In
+the German universities, a period or term of six months. The
+course of instruction occupies six _semesters_. Class distinctions
+depend upon the number of _semesters_, not of years. During the
+first _semester_, the student is called _Fox_, in the second
+_Burnt Fox_, and then, successively, _Young Bursch_, _Old Bursch_,
+_Old House_, and _Moss-covered Head_.
+
+
+SENATE. In the University of Cambridge, England, the legislative
+body of the University. It is divided into two houses, called
+REGENT and NON-REGENT. The former consists of the vice-chancellor,
+proctors, taxors, moderators, and esquire-beadles, all masters of
+arts of less than five years' standing, and all doctors of
+divinity, civil law, and physic, of less than two, and is called
+the UPPER HOUSE, or WHITE-HOOD HOUSE, from its members wearing
+hoods lined with white silk. The latter is composed of masters of
+arts of five years' standing, bachelors of divinity, and doctors
+in the three faculties of two years' standing, and is known as the
+LOWER HOUSE, or BLACK-HOOD HOUSE, its members wearing black silk
+hoods. To have a vote in the Senate, the graduate must keep his
+name on the books of some college (which involves a small annual
+payment), or in the list of the _commorantes in villa_.--_Webster.
+Cam. Cal. Lit. World_, Vol. XII. p. 283.
+
+2. At Union College, the members of the Senior Class form what is
+called the Senate, a body organized after the manner of the Senate
+of the United States, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with
+the forms and practice of legislation. The members of the Junior
+Class compose the House of Representatives. The following account,
+showing in what manner the Senate is conducted, has been furnished
+by a member of Union College.
+
+"On the last Friday of the third term, the House of
+Representatives meet in their hall, and await their initiation to
+the Upper House. There soon appears a committee of three, who
+inform them by their chairman of the readiness of the Senate to
+receive them, and perhaps enlarge upon the importance of the
+coming trust, and the ability of the House to fill it.
+
+"When this has been done, the House, headed by the committee,
+proceed to the Senate Chamber (Senior Chapel), and are arranged by
+the committee around the President, the Senators (Seniors)
+meanwhile having taken the second floor. The President of the
+Senate then rises and delivers an appropriate address, informing
+them of their new dignities and the grave responsibilities of
+their station. At the conclusion of this they take their seats,
+and proceed to the election of officers, viz. a President, a
+Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer. The President must be a
+member of the Faculty, and is chosen for a term; the other
+officers are selected from the House, and continue in office but
+half a term. The first Vice-Presidency of the Senate is considered
+one of the highest honors conferred by the class, and great is the
+strife to obtain it.
+
+"The Senate meet again on the second Friday of the next term, when
+they receive the inaugural message of the President. He then
+divides them into seven districts, each district including the
+students residing in a Section, or Hall of College, except the
+seventh, which is filled by the students lodging in town. The
+Senate is also divided into a number of standing committees, as
+Law, Ethics, Political Economy. Business is referred to these
+committees, and reported on by them in the usual manner. The time
+of the Senate is principally occupied with the discussion of
+resolutions, in committee of the whole; and these discussions take
+the place of the usual Friday afternoon recitation. At
+Commencement the Senate have an orator of their own election, who
+must, however, have been a past or honorary member of their body.
+They also have a committee on the 'Commencement Card.'"
+
+On the same subject, another correspondent writes as follows:--
+
+"The Senate is composed of the Senior Class, and is intended as a
+school of parliamentary usages. The officers are a President,
+Vice-President, and Secretary, who are chosen once a term. At the
+close of the second term, the Junior Class are admitted into the
+Senate. They are introduced by a committee of Senators, and are
+expected to remain standing and uncovered during the ceremony, the
+President and Senators being seated and covered. After a short
+address by the President, the old Senators leave the house, and
+the Juniors proceed to elect their officers for the third term.
+Dr. Thomas C. Reed who was the founder of the Senate, was always
+elected President during his connection with the College, but
+rarely took his place in the chamber except at the introduction of
+the Juniors. The Vice-President for the third term, who takes a
+part in the ceremonies of commencement, is considered to hold the
+highest honor of the class, and his election is attended with more
+excitement than any other in the College."
+
+See COMMENCEMENT CARD; HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
+
+
+SENATE-HOUSE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the building
+in which the public business of the University, such as
+examinations, the passing of graces, and admission to degrees, is
+carried on.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+
+SENATUS ACADEMICUS. At Trinity College, Hartford, the _Senatus
+Academicus_ consists of two houses, known as the CORPORATION and
+the HOUSE OF CONVOCATION, q.v.--_Calendar Trin. Coll._, 1850, p.
+6.
+
+SENE. An abbreviation for Senior.
+
+  Magnificent Juns, and lazy _Senes_.
+    _Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  A rare young blade is the gallant _Sene_.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 1850.
+
+
+SENIOR. One in the fourth year of his collegiate course at an
+American college; originally called _Senior Sophister_. Also one
+in the third year of his course at a theological
+seminary.--_Webster_.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+SENIOR. Noting the fourth year of the collegiate course in
+American colleges, or the third year in theological
+seminaries.--_Webster_.
+
+
+SENIOR BACHELOR. One who is in his third year after taking the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts. It is further explained by President
+Woolsey, in his Historical Discourse: "Bachelors were called
+Senior, Middle, or Junior Bachelors, according to the year since
+graduation and before taking the degree of Master."--p. 122.
+
+
+SENIOR CLASSIC. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the student
+who passes best in the voluntary examination in classics, which
+follows the last required examination in the Senate-House.
+
+No one stands a chance for _Senior Classic_ alongside of
+him.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 55.
+
+Two men who had been rivals all the way through school and through
+college were racing for _Senior Classic_.--_Ibid._, p. 253.
+
+
+SENIOR FELLOW. At Trinity College, Hartford, the Senior Fellow is
+a person chosen to attend the college examinations during the
+year.
+
+
+SENIOR FRESHMAN. The name of the second of the four classes into
+which undergraduates are divided at Trinity College, Dublin.
+
+
+SENIORITY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the eight Senior
+Fellows and the Master of a college compose what is called the
+_Seniority_. Their decisions in all matters are generally
+conclusive.
+
+My duty now obliges me, however reluctantly, to bring you before
+the _Seniority_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 75.
+
+
+SENIOR OPTIME. Those who occupy the second rank in honors at the
+close of the final examination at the University of Cambridge,
+Eng., are denominated _Senior Optimes_.
+
+The Second Class, or that of _Senior Optimes_, is larger in number
+[than that of the Wranglers], usually exceeding forty, and
+sometimes reaching above sixty. This class contains a number of
+disappointments, many who expect to be Wranglers, and some who are
+generally expected to be.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 228.
+
+The word is frequently abbreviated.
+
+The Pembroker ... had the pleasant prospect of getting up all his
+mathematics for a place among the _Senior Ops._--_Ibid._, p. 158.
+
+He would get just questions enough to make him a low _Senior Op._
+--_Ibid._, p. 222.
+
+
+SENIOR ORATION. "The custom of delivering _Senior Orations_," says
+a correspondent, "is, I think, confined to Washington and
+Jefferson Colleges in Pennsylvania. Each member of the Senior
+Class, taking them in alphabetical order, is required to deliver
+an oration before graduating, and on such nights as the Faculty
+may decide. The public are invited to attend, and the speaking is
+continued at appointed times, until each member of the Class has
+spoken."
+
+
+SENIOR SOPHISTER. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a student
+in the third year of his residence is called a Senior Soph or
+Sophister.
+
+2. In some American colleges, a member of the Senior Class, i.e.
+of the fourth year, was formerly designated a Senior Sophister.
+
+See SOPHISTER.
+
+
+SENIOR WRANGLER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the Senior
+Wrangler is the student who passes the best examination in the
+Senate-House, and by consequence holds the first place on the
+Mathematical Tripos.
+
+The only road to classical honors and their accompanying
+emoluments in the University, and virtually in all the Colleges,
+except Trinity, is through mathematical honors, all candidates for
+the Classical Tripos being obliged as a preliminary to obtain a
+place in that mathematical list which is headed by the _Senior
+Wrangler_ and tailed by the Wooden Spoon.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 34.
+
+
+SEQUESTER. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity. In the
+following passage it is used in the collegiate sense of _suspend_
+or _rusticate_.
+
+Though they were adulti, they were corrected in the College, and
+_sequestered_, &c. for a time.--_Winthrop's Journal, by Savage_,
+Vol. II. p. 88.
+
+
+SERVITOR. In the University of Oxford, an undergraduate who is
+partly supported by the college funds. _Servitors_ formerly waited
+at table, but this is now dispensed with. The order similar to
+that of the _servitor_ was at Cambridge styled the order of
+_Sub-sizars_. This has been long extinct. The _sizar_ at Cambridge
+is at present nearly equivalent to the Oxford _servitor_.--_Gent.
+Mag._, 1787, p. 1146. _Brande_.
+
+"It ought to be known," observes De Quincey, "that the class of
+'_servitors_,' once a large body in Oxford, have gradually become
+practically extinct under the growing liberality of the age. They
+carried in their academic dress a mark of their inferiority; they
+waited at dinner on those of higher rank, and performed other
+menial services, humiliating to themselves, and latterly felt as
+no less humiliating to the general name and interests of
+learning."--_Life and Manners_, p. 272.
+
+A reference to the cruel custom of "hunting the servitor" is to be
+found in Sir John Hawkins's Life of Dr. Johnson, p. 12.
+
+
+SESSION. At some of the Southern and Western colleges of the
+United States, the time during which instruction is regularly
+given to the students; a term.
+
+The _session_ commences on the 1st of October, and continues
+without interruption until the 29th of June.--_Cat. of Univ. of
+Virginia_, 1851, p. 15.
+
+
+SEVENTY-EIGHTH PSALM. The recollections which cluster around this
+Psalm, so well known to all the Alumni of Harvard, are of the most
+pleasant nature. For more than a hundred years, it has been sung
+at the dinner given on Commencement day at Cambridge, and for more
+than a half-century to the tune of St. Martin's. Mr. Samuel
+Shapleigh, who graduated at Harvard College in the year 1789, and
+who was afterwards its Librarian, on the leaf of a hymn-book makes
+a memorandum in reference to this Psalm, to the effect that it has
+been sung at Cambridge on Commencement day "from _time
+immemorial_." The late Rev. Dr. John Pierce, a graduate of the
+class of 1793, referring to the same subject, remarks: "The
+Seventy-eighth Psalm, it is supposed, has, _from the foundation of
+the College_, been sung in the common version of the day." In a
+poem, entitled Education, delivered at Cambridge before the Phi
+Beta Kappa Society, by Mr. William Biglow, July 18th, 1799,
+speaking of the conduct and manners of the students, the author
+says:--
+
+ "Like pigs they eat, they drink an ocean dry,
+  They steal like France, like Jacobins they lie,
+  They raise the very Devil, when called to prayers,
+  'To sons transmit the same, and they again to theirs'";
+
+and, in explanation of the last line, adds this note: "Alluding to
+the Psalm which is _always_ sung in Harvard Hall on Commencement
+day." In his account of some of the exercises attendant upon the
+Commencement at Harvard College in 1848, Professor Sidney Willard
+observes: "At the Commencement dinner the sitting is not of long
+duration; and we retired from table soon after the singing of the
+Psalm, which, with some variation in the version, has been sung on
+the same occasion from time immemorial."--_Memoirs of Youth and
+Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 65.
+
+But that we cannot take these accounts as correct in their full
+extent, appears from an entry in the MS. Diary of Chief Justice
+Sewall relating to a Commencement in 1685, which he closes with
+these words: "After Dinner ye 3d part of ye 103d Ps. was sung in
+ye Hall."
+
+In the year 1793, at the dinner on Commencement Day, the Rev.
+Joseph Willard, then President of the College, requested Mr.
+afterwards Dr. John Pierce, to set the tune to the Psalm; with
+which request having complied to the satisfaction of all present,
+he from that period until the time of his death, in 1849,
+performed this service, being absent only on one occasion. Those
+who have attended Commencement dinners during the latter part of
+this period cannot but associate with this hallowed Psalm the
+venerable appearance and the benevolent countenance of this
+excellent man.
+
+In presenting a list of the different versions in which this Psalm
+has been sung, it must not be supposed that entire correctness has
+been reached; the very scanty accounts which remain render this
+almost impossible, but from these, which on a question of greater
+importance might be considered hardly sufficient, it would appear
+that the following are the versions in which the sons of Harvard
+have been accustomed to sing the Psalm of the son of Jesse.
+
+1.--_The New England Version_.
+
+"In 1639 there was an agreement amo. ye Magistrates and Ministers
+to set aside ye Psalms then printed at ye end of their Bibles, and
+sing one more congenial to their ideas of religion." Rev. Mr.
+Richard Mather of Dorchester, and Rev. Mr. Thomas Weld and Rev.
+Mr. John Eliot of Roxbury, were selected to make a metrical
+translation, to whom the Rev. Thomas Shepard of Cambridge gives
+the following metrical caution:--
+
+ "Ye Roxbury poets, keep clear of ye crime
+  Of missing to give us very good rhyme,
+  And you of Dorchester, your verses lengthen,
+  But with the texts own words you will y'm strengthen."
+
+The version of this ministerial trio was printed in the year 1640,
+at Cambridge, and has the honor of being the first production of
+the North American press that rises to the dignity of _a book_. It
+was entitled, "The Psalms newly turned into Metre." A second
+edition was printed in 1647. "It was more to be commended,
+however," says Mr. Peirce, in his History of Harvard University,
+"for its fidelity to the text, than for the elegance of its
+versification, which, having been executed by persons of different
+tastes and talents, was not only very uncouth, but deficient in
+uniformity. President Dunster, who was an excellent Oriental
+scholar, and possessed the other requisite qualifications for the
+task, was employed to revise and polish it; and in two or three
+years, with the assistance of Mr. Richard Lyon, a young gentleman
+who was sent from England by Sir Henry Mildmay to attend his son,
+then a student in Harvard College, he produced a work, which,
+under the appellation of the 'Bay Psalm-Book,' was, for a long
+time, the received version in the New England congregations, was
+also used in many societies in England and Scotland, and passed
+through a great number of editions, both at home and abroad."--p.
+14.
+
+The Seventy-eighth Psalm is thus rendered in the first edition:--
+
+  Give listning eare unto my law,
+    Yee people that are mine,
+  Unto the sayings of my mouth
+    Doe yee your eare incline.
+
+  My mouth I'le ope in parables,
+    I'le speak hid things of old:
+  Which we have heard, and knowne: and which
+    Our fathers have us told.
+
+  Them from their children wee'l not hide,
+    To th' after age shewing
+  The Lords prayses; his strength, and works
+    Of his wondrous doing.
+
+  In Jacob he a witnesse set,
+    And put in Israell
+  A law, which he our fathers charg'd
+    They should their children tell:
+
+  That th' age to come, and children which
+    Are to be borne might know;
+  That they might rise up and the same
+    Unto their children show.
+
+  That they upon the mighty God
+    Their confidence might set:
+  And Gods works and his commandment
+    Might keep and not forget,
+
+  And might not like their fathers be,
+    A stiffe, stout race; a race
+  That set not right their hearts: nor firme
+    With God their spirit was.
+
+The Bay Psalm-Book underwent many changes in the various editions
+through which it passed, nor was this psalm left untouched, as
+will be seen by referring to the twenty-sixth edition, published
+in 1744, and to the edition of 1758, revised and corrected, with
+additions, by Mr. Thomas Prince.
+
+2.--_Watts's Version_.
+
+The Psalms and Hymns of Dr. Isaac Watts were first published in
+this country by Dr. Franklin, in the year 1741. His version is as
+follows:--
+
+  Let children hear the mighty deeds
+    Which God performed of old;
+  Which in our younger years we saw,
+    And which our fathers told.
+
+  He bids us make his glories known,
+    His works of power and grace,
+  And we'll convey his wonders down
+    Through every rising race.
+
+  Our lips shall tell them to our sons,
+    And they again to theirs,
+  That generations yet unborn
+    May teach them to their heirs.
+
+  Thus shall they learn in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands,
+  That they may ne'er forget his works,
+    But practise his commands;
+
+3.--_Brady and Tate's Version_.
+
+In the year 1803, the Seventy-eighth Psalm was first printed on a
+small sheet and placed under every plate, which practice has since
+been always adopted. The version of that year was from Brady and
+Tate's collection, first published in London in 1698, and in this
+country about the year 1739. It was sung to the tune of St.
+Martin's in 1805, as appears from a memorandum in ink on the back
+of one of the sheets for that year, which reads, "Sung in the
+hall, Commencement Day, tune St. Martin's, 1805." From the
+statements of graduates of the last century, it seems that this
+had been the customary tune for some time previous to this year,
+and it is still retained as a precious legacy of the past. St.
+Martin's was composed by William Tans'ur in the year 1735. The
+following is the version of Brady and Tate:--
+
+  Hear, O my people; to my law
+    Devout attention lend;
+  Let the instruction of my mouth
+    Deep in your hearts descend.
+
+  My tongue, by inspiration taught,
+    Shall parables unfold,
+  Dark oracles, but understood,
+    And owned for truths of old;
+
+  Which we from sacred registers
+    Of ancient times have known,
+  And our forefathers' pious care
+    To us has handed down.
+
+  We will not hide them from our sons;
+    Our offspring shall be taught
+  The praises of the Lord, whose strength
+    Has works of wonders wrought.
+
+  For Jacob he this law ordained,
+    This league with Israel made;
+  With charge, to be from age to age,
+    From race to race, conveyed,
+
+  That generations yet to come
+    Should to their unborn heirs
+  Religiously transmit the same,
+    And they again to theirs.
+
+  To teach them that in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands;
+  That they should ne'er his works forget,
+    But keep his just commands.
+
+4.--_From Belknap's Collection_.
+
+This collection was first published by the Rev. Dr. Jeremy
+Belknap, at Boston, in 1795. The version of the Seventy-eighth
+Psalm is partly from that of Brady and Tate, and partly from Dr.
+Watts's, with a few slight variations. It succeeded the version of
+Brady and Tate about the year 1820, and is the one which is now
+used. The first three stanzas were written by Brady and Tate; the
+last three by Dr. Watts. It has of late been customary to omit the
+last stanza in singing and in printing.
+
+  Give ear, ye children;[62] to my law
+    Devout attention lend;
+  Let the instructions[63] of my mouth
+    Deep in your hearts descend.
+
+  My tongue, by inspiration taught,
+    Shall parables unfold;
+  Dark oracles, but understood,
+    And owned for truths of old;
+
+  Which we from sacred registers
+    Of ancient times have known,
+  And our forefathers' pious care
+    To us has handed down.
+
+  Let children learn[64] the mighty deeds
+    Which God performed of old;
+  Which, in our younger years we saw,
+    And which our fathers told.
+
+  Our lips shall tell them to our sons,
+    And they again to theirs;
+  That generations yet unborn
+    May teach them to their heirs.
+
+  Thus shall they learn in God alone
+    Their hope securely stands;
+  That they may ne'er forget his works,
+    But practise his commands.
+
+It has been supposed by some that the version of the
+Seventy-eighth Psalm by Sternhold and Hopkins, whose spiritual
+songs were usually printed, as appears above, "at ye end of their
+Bibles," was the first which was sung at Commencement dinners; but
+this does not seem at all probable, since the first Commencement
+at Cambridge did not take place until 1642, at which time the "Bay
+Psalm-Book," written by three of the most popular ministers of the
+day, had already been published two years.
+
+
+SHADY. Among students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+epithet of depreciation, equivalent to MILD and SLOW.--_Bristed_.
+
+Some ... are rather _shady_ in Greek and Latin.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 147.
+
+My performances on the Latin verse paper were very
+_shady_.--_Ibid._, p. 191.
+
+
+SHARK. In student language, an absence from a recitation, a
+lecture, or from prayers, prompted by recklessness rather than by
+necessity, is called a _shark_. He who is absent under these
+circumstances is also known as a shark.
+
+  The Monitors' task is now quite done,
+    They 've pencilled all their marks,
+  "Othello's occupation's gone,"--
+    No more look out for _sharks_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 45.
+
+
+SHEEPSKIN. The parchment diploma received by students on taking
+their degree at college. "In the back settlements are many
+clergymen who have not had the advantages of a liberal education,
+and who consequently have no diplomas. Some of these look upon
+their more favored brethren with a little envy. A clergyman is
+said to have a _sheepskin_, or to be a _sheepskin_, when educated
+at college."--_Bartlett's Dict. of Americanisms_.
+
+This apostle of ourn never rubbed his back agin a college, nor
+toted about no _sheepskins_,--no, never!... How you'd a perished
+in your sins, if the first preachers had stayed till they got
+_sheepskins_.--_Carlton's New Purchase_.
+
+I can say as well as the best on them _sheepskins_, if you don't
+get religion and be saved, you'll be lost, teetotally and for
+ever.--(_Sermon of an Itinerant Preacher at a Camp
+Meeting_.)--_Ibid._
+
+As for John Prescot, he not only lost the valedictory, but barely
+escaped with his "_sheepskin_."--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. X. p. 74.
+
+That handsome Senior ... receives his _sheepskin_ from the
+dispensing hand of our worthy Prex.--_Ibid._, Vol. XIX. p. 355.
+
+  When first I saw a "_Sheepskin_,"
+    In Prex's hand I spied it.
+    _Yale Coll. Song_.
+
+  We came to college fresh and green,--
+  We go back home with a huge _sheepskin_.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 43.
+
+
+SHIN. To tease or hector a person by kicking his shins. In some
+colleges this is one of the means which the Sophomores adopt to
+torment the Freshmen, especially when playing at football, or
+other similar games.
+
+We have been _shinned_, smoked, ducked, and accelerated by the
+encouraging shouts of our generous friends.--_Yale Banger_, Nov.
+10, 1846.
+
+
+SHINE. At Harvard College this word was formerly used to designate
+a good recitation. Used in the phrase, "_to make a shine_."
+
+
+SHINNY. At Princeton College, the game of _Shinny_, known also by
+the names of _Hawky_ and _Hurly_, is as great a favorite with the
+students as is football at other colleges. "The players," says a
+correspondent, "are each furnished with a stick four or five feet
+in length and one and a half or two inches in diameter, curved at
+one end, the object of which is to give the ball a surer blow. The
+ball is about three inches in diameter, bound with thick leather.
+The players are divided into two parties, arranged along from one
+goal to the other. The ball is then '_bucked_' by two players, one
+from each side, which is done by one of these two taking the ball
+and asking his opponent which he will have, 'high or low'; if he
+says 'high,' the ball is thrown up midway between them; if he says
+'low,' the ball is thrown on the ground. The game is opened by a
+scuffle between these two for the ball. The other players then
+join in, one party knocking towards North College, which is one
+'home' (as it is termed), and the other towards the fence bounding
+the south side of the _Campus_, the other home. Whichever party
+first gets the ball home wins the game. A grand contest takes
+place annually between the Juniors and Sophomores, in this game."
+
+
+SHIP. Among collegians, one expelled from college is said to be
+_shipped_.
+
+  For I, you know, am but a college minion,
+  But still, you'll all be _shipped_, in my opinion,
+    When brought before Conventus Facultatis.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+He may be overhauled, warned, admonished, dismissed, _shipped_,
+rusticated, sent off, suspended.--_Burlesque Catalogue_, _Yale
+Coll._, 1852-53, p. 25.
+
+
+SHIPWRECK. Among students, a total failure.
+
+His university course has been a _shipwreck_, and he will probably
+end by going out unnoticed among the [Greek:
+_polloi_].--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+56.
+
+
+SHORT-EAR. At Jefferson College, Penn., a soubriquet for a
+roistering, noisy fellow; a rowdy. Opposed to _long-ear_.
+
+
+SHORT TERM. At Oxford, Eng., the extreme duration of residence in
+any college is under thirty weeks. "It is possible to keep '_short
+terms_,' as the phrase is, by residence of thirteen weeks, or
+ninety-one days."--_De Quincey's Life and Manners_, p. 274.
+
+
+SIDE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the set of pupils
+belonging to any one particular tutor is called his _side_.
+
+A longer discourse he will perhaps have to listen to with the rest
+of his _side_.--_Westminster Rev._, Am. ed., Vol. XXXV. p. 281.
+
+A large college has usually two tutors,--Trinity has three,--and
+the students are equally divided among them,--_on their sides_ the
+phrase is.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+11.
+
+
+SILVER CUP. At Trinity College, Hartford, this is a testimonial
+voted by each graduating class to the first legitimate boy whose
+father is a member of the class.
+
+At Yale College, a theory of this kind prevails, but it has never
+yet been carried into practice.
+
+  I tell you what, my classmates,
+    My mind it is made up,
+  I'm coming back three years from this,
+    To take that _silver cup_.
+  I'll bring along the "requisite,"
+    A little white-haired lad,
+  With "bib" and fixings all complete,
+    And I shall be his "dad."
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854.
+
+See CLASS CUP.
+
+
+SIM. Abbreviated from _Simeonite_. A nickname given by the rowing
+men at the University of Cambridge, Eng., to evangelicals, and to
+all religious men, or even quiet men generally.
+
+While passing for a terribly hard reading man, and a "_Sim_" of
+the straitest kind with the "empty bottles,"... I was fast lapsing
+into a state of literary sensualism.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 39, 40.
+
+
+SIR. It was formerly the fashion in the older American colleges to
+call a Bachelor of Arts, Sir; this was sometimes done at the time
+when the Seniors were accepted for that degree.
+
+Voted, Sept. 5th, 1763, "that _Sir_ Sewall, B.A., be the
+Instructor in the Hebrew and other learned languages for three
+years."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 234.
+
+December, 1790. Some time in this month, _Sir_ Adams resigned the
+berth of Butler, and _Sir_ Samuel Shapleigh was chosen in his
+stead.--_MS. Journal, Harv. Coll._
+
+Then succeeded Cliosophic Oration in Latin, by _Sir_ Meigs.
+Poetical Composition in English, by _Sir_ Barlow.--_Woolsey's
+Hist. Disc._, p. 121.
+
+The author resided in Cambridge after he graduated. In common with
+all who had received the degree of Bachelor of Arts and not that
+of Master of Arts, he was called "_Sir_," and known as "_Sir_
+Seccomb."
+
+Some of the "_Sirs_" as well as undergraduates were arraigned
+before the college government.--_Father Abbey's Will_, Cambridge,
+Mass., 1854, p. 7.
+
+
+SITTING OF THE SOLSTICES. It was customary, in the early days of
+Harvard College, for the graduates of the year to attend in the
+recitation-room on Mondays and Tuesdays, for three weeks, during
+the month of June, subject to the examination of all who chose to
+visit them. This was called the _Sitting of the Solstices_,
+because it happened in midsummer, or at the time of the summer
+solstice. The time was also known as the _Weeks of Visitation_.
+
+
+SIZAR, SISAR, SIZER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., a
+student of the third rank, or that next below that of a pensioner,
+who eats at the public table after the fellows, free of expense.
+It was formerly customary for _every fellow-commoner_ to have his
+_sizar_, to whom he allowed a certain portion of commons, or
+victuals and drink, weekly, but no money; and for this the sizar
+was obliged to do him certain services daily.
+
+A lower order of students were called _sub-sizars_. In reference
+to this class, we take the following from the Gentleman's
+Magazine, 1787, p. 1146. "At King's College, they were styled
+_hounds_. The situation of a sub-sizar being looked upon in so
+degrading a light probably occasioned the extinction of the order.
+But as the sub-sizars had certain assistances in return for their
+humiliating services, and as the poverty of parents stood in need
+of such assistances for their sons, some of the sizars undertook
+the same offices for the same advantages. The master's sizar,
+therefore, waited upon him for the sake of his commons, etc., as
+the sub-sizar had done; and the other sizars did the same office
+to the fellows for the advantage of the remains of their commons.
+Thus the term sub-sizar became forgotten, and the sizar was
+supposed to be the same as the _servitor_. But if a sizar did not
+choose to accept of these assistances upon such degrading terms,
+he dined in his own room, and was called a _proper sizar_. He wore
+the same gown as the others, and his tutorage, etc. was no higher;
+but there was nothing servile in his situation."--"Now, indeed,
+all (or almost all) the colleges in Cambridge have allowed the
+sizars every advantage of the remains of the fellows' commons,
+etc., though they have very liberally exempted them from every
+servile office."
+
+Another writer in the same periodical, 1795, p. 21, says: The
+sizar "is very much like the _scholars_ at Westminster, Eton, &c.,
+who are on the _foundation_; and is, in a manner, the
+_half-boarder_ in private academies. The name was derived from the
+menial services in which he was occasionally engaged; being in
+former days compelled to transport the plates, dishes, _sizes_,
+and platters, to and from the tables of his superiors."
+
+A writer in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, at the close of the
+article SIZAR, says of this class: "But though their education is
+thus obtained at a less expense, they are not now considered as a
+menial order; for sizars, pensioner-scholars, and even sometimes
+fellow-commoners, mix together with the utmost cordiality."
+
+"Sizars," says Bristed, "answer to the beneficiaries of American
+colleges. They receive pecuniary assistance from the college, and
+dine gratis after the fellows on the remains of their table. These
+'remains' are very liberally construed, the sizar always having
+fresh vegetables, and frequently fresh tarts and puddings."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 14.
+
+
+SIZE. Food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular
+dinner at commons.
+
+"A _size_" says Minsheu, "is a portion of bread or drinke, it is a
+farthing which schollers in Cambridge have at the buttery; it is
+noted with the letter S. as in Oxford with the letter Q. for halfe
+a farthing; and whereas they say in Oxford, to battle in the
+Buttery Booke, i.e. to set downe on their names what they take in
+bread, drinke, butter, cheese, &c.; so, in Cambridge, they say, to
+_size_, i.e. to set downe their quantum, i.e. how much they take
+on their name in the Buttery Booke."
+
+In the Poems of the Rev. Dr. Dodd, a _size_ of bread is described
+as "half a half-penny 'roll.'" Grose, also, in the Provincial
+Glossary, says "it signifies the half part of a halfpenny loaf,
+and comes from _scindo_, I cut."
+
+In the Encyclopaedia Britannica is the following explanation of
+this term. "A _size_ of anything is the smallest quantity of that
+thing which can be thus bought" [i.e. by students in addition to
+their commons in the hall]; "two _sizes_, or a part of beef, being
+nearly equal to what a young person will eat of that dish to his
+dinner, and a _size_ of ale or beer being equal to half an English
+pint." It would seem, then, that formerly a _size_ was a small
+plateful of any eatable; the word now means anything had by
+students at dinner over and above the usual commons.
+
+Of its derivation Webster remarks, "Either contracted from
+_assize_, or from the Latin _scissus_. I take it to be from the
+former, and from the sense of setting, as we apply the word to the
+_assize_ of bread."
+
+This word was introduced into the older American colleges from
+Cambridge, England, and was used for many years, as was also the
+word _sizing_, with the same meaning. In 1750, the Corporation of
+Harvard College voted, "that the quantity of commons be as hath
+been usual, viz. two _sizes_ of bread in the morning; one pound of
+meat at dinner, with sufficient sauce [vegetables], and a
+half-pint of beer; and at night that a part pie be of the same
+quantity as usual, and also half a pint of beer; and that the
+supper messes be but of four parts, though the dinner messes be of
+six."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Coll._, Vol. II. p. 97.
+
+The students of that day, if we may judge from the accounts which
+we have of their poor commons, would have used far different
+words, in addressing the Faculty, from King Lear, who, speaking to
+his daughter Regan, says:--
+
+       "'T is not in thee
+  To grudge my pleasures,...
+    ... to scant my _sizes_."
+
+
+SIZE. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., to _size_ is to order
+any sort of victuals from the kitchens which the students may want
+in their rooms, or in addition to their commons in the hall, and
+for which they pay the cooks or butchers at the end of each
+quarter; a word corresponding to BATTEL at Oxford.--_Encyc. Brit._
+
+In the Gentleman's Magazine, 1795, p. 21, a writer says: "At
+dinner, to _size_ is to order for yourself any little luxury that
+may chance to tempt you in addition to the general fare, for which
+you are expected to pay the cook at the end of the term."
+
+This word was formerly used in the older American colleges with
+the meaning given above, as will be seen by the following extracts
+from the laws of Harvard and Yale.
+
+"When they come into town after commons, they may be allowed to
+_size_ a meal at the kitchen."--_Laws of Harv. Coll._, 1798, p.
+39.
+
+"At the close of each quarter, the Butler shall make up his bill
+against each student, in which every article _sized_ or taken up
+by him at the Buttery shall be particularly charged."--_Laws Yale
+Coll._, 1811, p. 31.
+
+"As a college term," says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, "it is of
+very considerable antiquity. In the comedy called 'The Return from
+Parnassus,' 1606, one of the character says, 'You that are one of
+the Devil's Fellow-Commoners; one that _sizeth_ the Devil's
+butteries,' &c. Again, in the same: 'Fidlers, I use to _size_ my
+music, or go on the score for it.'"
+
+_For_ is often used after the verb _size_, without changing the
+meaning of the expression.
+
+The tables of the Undergraduates, arranged according to their
+respective years, are supplied with abundance of plain joints, and
+vegetables, and beer and ale _ad libitum_, besides which, soup,
+pastry, and cheese can be "_sized for_," that is, brought in
+portions to individuals at an extra charge.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 19.
+
+_To size upon another_. To order extra food, and without
+permission charge it to another's account.
+
+If any one shall _size upon another_, he shall be fined a
+Shilling, and pay the Damage; and every Freshman sent [for
+victuals] must declare that he who sends him is the only Person to
+be charged.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 10.
+
+
+SIZING. Extra food or drink ordered from the buttery; the act of
+ordering extra food or drink from the buttery.
+
+Dr. Holyoke, who graduated at Harvard College in 1746, says: "The
+breakfast was two _sizings_ of bread and a cue of beer." Judge
+Wingate, who graduated a little later, says: "We were allowed at
+dinner a cue of beer, which was a half-pint, and a _sizing_ of
+bread, which I cannot describe to you. It was quite sufficient for
+one dinner."--_Peirce's Hist. Harv. Univ._, p. 219.
+
+From more definite accounts it would seem that a sizing of biscuit
+was one biscuit, and a sizing of cracker, two crackers. A certain
+amount of food was allowed to each mess, and if any person wanted
+more than the allowance, it was the custom to tell the waiter to
+bring a sizing of whatever was wished, provided it was obtained
+from the commons kitchen; for this payment was made at the close
+of the term. A sizing of cheese was nearly an ounce, and a sizing
+of cider varied from a half-pint to a pint and a half.
+
+The Steward shall, at the close of every quarter, immediately fill
+up the columns of commons and _sizings_, and shall deliver the
+bill, &c.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 58.
+
+The Butler shall frequently inspect his book of
+_sizings_.--_Ibid._, p. 62.
+
+Whereas young scholars, to the dishonor of God, hinderance of
+their studies, and damage of their friends' estate,
+inconsiderately and intemperately are ready to abuse their liberty
+of _sizing_ besides their commons; therefore the Steward shall in
+no case permit any students whatever, under the degree of Masters
+of Arts, or Fellows, to expend or be provided for themselves or
+any townsmen any extraordinary commons, unless by the allowance of
+the President, &c., or in case of sickness.--Orders written 28th
+March, 1650.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 583.
+
+This term, together with the verb and noun _size_, which had been
+in use at Harvard and Yale Colleges since their foundation, has of
+late been little heard, and with the extinction of commons has,
+with the others, fallen wholly, and probably for ever, into
+disuse.
+
+The use of this word and its collaterals is still retained in the
+University of Cambridge, Eng.
+
+Along the wall you see two tables, which, though less carefully
+provided than the Fellows', are still served with tolerable
+decency, and go through a regular second course instead of the
+"_sizings_."--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+20.
+
+
+SIZING PARTY. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., where this
+term is used, a "_sizing party_" says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam,
+"differs from a supper in this; viz. at a sizing party every one
+of the guests contributes his _part_, i.e. orders what he pleases,
+at his own expense, to his friend's rooms,--'a _part_ of fowl' or
+duck; a roasted pigeon; 'a _part_ of apple pie.' A sober beaker of
+brandy, or rum, or hollands and water, concludes the
+entertainment. In our days, a bowl of bishop, or milk punch, with
+a chant, generally winds up the carousal."
+
+
+SKIN. At Yale College, to obtain a knowledge of a lesson by
+hearing it read by another; also, to borrow another's ideas and
+present them as one's own; to plagiarize; to become possessed of
+information in an examination or a recitation by unfair or secret
+means. "In our examinations," says a correspondent, "many of the
+fellows cover the palms of their hands with dates, and when called
+upon for a given date, they read it off directly from their hands.
+Such persons _skin_."
+
+The tutor employs the crescent when it is evident that the lesson
+has been _skinned_, according to the college vocabulary, in which
+case he usually puts a minus sign after it, with the mark which he
+in all probability would have used had not the lesson been
+_skinned_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1846.
+
+Never _skin_ a lesson which it requires any ability to
+learn.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 81.
+
+He has passively admitted what he has _skinned_ from other
+grammarians.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1846.
+
+Perhaps the youth who so barefacedly _skinned_ the song referred
+to, fondly fancied, &c.--_The Tomahawk_, Nov. 1849.
+
+He uttered that remarkable prophecy which Horace has so boldly
+_skinned_ and called his own.--_Burial of Euclid_, Nov. 1850.
+
+A Pewter medal is awarded in the Senior Class, for the most
+remarkable example of _skinned_ Composition.--_Burlesque
+Catalogue, Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 29.
+
+Classical men were continually tempted to "_skin_" (copy) the
+solutions of these examples.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 381.
+
+_To skin ahead_; at Hamilton College, to read a lesson over in the
+class immediately before reciting.
+
+
+SKIN. A lesson learned by hearing it read by another; borrowed
+ideas; anything plagiarized.
+
+  'T was plenty of _skin_ with a good deal of Bohn.[65]
+    _Songs, Biennial Jubilee, Yale Coll._, 1855.
+
+
+SKINNING. Learning, or the act of learning, a lesson by hearing it
+read by another; plagiarizing.
+
+Alas for our beloved orations! acquired by _skinning_, looking on,
+and ponies.--_Yale Banger_, Oct. 1848.
+
+Barefaced copying from books and reviews in their compositions is
+familiar to our students, as much so as "_skinning_" their
+mathematical examples.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 394.
+
+
+SKUNK. At Princeton College, to fail to pay a debt; used actively;
+e.g. to _skunk_ a tailor, i.e. not to pay him.
+
+
+SLANG. To scold, chide, rebuke. The use of this word as a verb is
+in a measure peculiar to students.
+
+These drones are posted separately as "not worthy to be classed,"
+and privately _slanged_ afterwards by the Master and
+Seniors.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 74.
+
+"I am afraid of going to T------," you may hear it said; "he don't
+_slang_ his men enough."--_Ibid._, p. 148.
+
+His vanity is sure to be speedily checked, and first of all by his
+private tutor, who "_slangs_" him for a mistake here or an
+inelegancy there.--_Ibid._, p. 388.
+
+
+SLANGING. Abusing, chiding, blaming.
+
+As he was not backward in _slanging_,--one of the requisites of a
+good coach,--he would give it to my unfortunate composition right
+and left.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+166.
+
+
+SLEEPING OVER. A phrase equivalent to being absent from prayers.
+
+You may see some who have just arisen from their beds, where they
+have enjoyed the luxury of "_sleeping over_."--_Harv. Reg._, p.
+202.
+
+
+SLOW. An epithet of depreciation, especially among students.
+
+Its equivalent slang is to be found in the phrases, "no great
+shakes," and "small potatoes."--_Bristed_.
+
+One very well disposed and very tipsy man who was great upon
+boats, but very _slow_ at books, endeavored to pacify
+me.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 82.
+
+  The Juniors vainly attempted to show
+  That Sophs and Seniors were somewhat _slow_
+  In talent and ability.
+    _Sophomore Independent, Union College_, Nov. 1854.
+
+
+SLOW-COACH. A dull, stupid fellow.
+
+
+SLUM. A word once in use at Yale College, of which a graduate of
+the year 1821 has given the annexed explanation. "That noted dish
+to which our predecessors, of I know not what date, gave the name
+of _slum_, which was our ordinary breakfast, consisting of the
+remains of yesterday's boiled salt-beef and potatoes, hashed up,
+and indurated in a frying-pan, was of itself enough to have
+produced any amount of dyspepsia. There are stomachs, it may be,
+which can put up with any sort of food, and any mode of cookery;
+but they are not those of students. I remember an anecdote which
+President Day gave us (as an instance of hasty generalization),
+which would not be inappropriate here: 'A young physician,
+commencing practice, determined to keep an account of each case he
+had to do with, stating the mode of treatment and the result. His
+first patient was a blacksmith, sick of a fever. After the crisis
+of the disease had passed, the man expressed a hankering for pork
+and cabbage. The doctor humored him in this, and it seemed to do
+him good; which was duly noted in the record. Next a tailor sent
+for him, whom he found suffering from the same malady. To him he
+_prescribed_ pork and cabbage; and the patient died. Whereupon, he
+wrote it down as a general law in such cases, that pork and
+cabbage will cure a blacksmith, but will kill a tailor.' Now,
+though the son of Vulcan found the pork and cabbage harmless, I am
+sure that _slum_ would have been a match for him."--_Scenes and
+Characters at College_, New Haven, 1847, p. 117.
+
+
+SLUMP. German _schlump_; Danish and Swedish _slump_, a hap or
+chance, an accident; that is, a fall.
+
+At Harvard College, a poor recitation.
+
+
+SLUMP. At Harvard College, to recite badly; to make a poor
+recitation.
+
+  In fact, he'd rather dead than dig;
+        he'd rather _slump_ than squirt.
+    _Poem before the Y.H. of Harv. Coll._, 1849.
+
+  _Slumping_ is his usual custom,
+    Deading is his road to fame.--_MS. Poem_.
+
+  At recitations, unprepared, he _slumps_,
+  Then cuts a week, and feigns he has the mumps.
+    _MS. Poem_, by F.E. Felton.
+
+The usual signification of this word is given by Webster, as
+follows: "To fall or sink suddenly into water or mud, when walking
+on a hard surface, as on ice or frozen ground, not strong enough
+to bear the person." To which he adds: "This legitimate word is in
+common and respectable use in New England, and its signification
+is so appropriate, that no other word will supply its place."
+
+From this meaning, the transfer is, by analogy, very easy and
+natural, and the application very correct, to a poor recitation.
+
+
+SMALL-COLLEGE. The name by which an inferior college in the
+English universities is known.
+
+A "_Small-College_" man was Senior Wrangler.--_Bristed's Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 61.
+
+
+SMALL-COLLEGER. A member of a Small-College.
+
+The two Latin prizes and the English poem [were carried off] by a
+_Small-Colleger_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed.
+2d, p. 113.
+
+The idea of a _Small-Colleger_ beating all Trinity was deemed
+preposterous.--_Ibid._, p. 127.
+
+
+SMALLS, or SMALL-GO. At the University of Oxford, an examination
+in the second year. See LITTLE-GO; PREVIOUS EXAMINATION.
+
+At the _Smalls_, as the previous Examination is here called, each
+examiner sends in his Greek and Latin book.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 139.
+
+It follows that the _Smalls_ is a more formidable examination than
+the Little-Go.--_Ibid._, p. 139.
+
+
+SMASH. At the Wesleyan University, a total failure in reciting is
+called a _smash_.
+
+
+SMILE. A small quantity of any spirituous liquor, or enough to
+give one a pleasant feeling.
+
+  Hast ta'en a "_smile_" at Brigham's.
+    _Poem before the Iadma_, 1850, p. 7.
+
+
+SMOKE. In some colleges, one of the means made use of by the
+Sophomores to trouble the Freshmen is to blow smoke into their
+rooms until they are compelled to leave, or, in other words, until
+they are _smoked out_. When assafoetida is mingled with the
+tobacco, the sensation which ensues, as the foul effluvium is
+gently wafted through the keyhole, is anything but pleasing to the
+olfactory nerves.
+
+  Or when, in conclave met, the unpitying wights
+  _Smoke_ the young trembler into "College rights":
+  O spare my tender youth! he, suppliant, cries,
+  In vain, in vain; redoubled clouds arise,
+  While the big tears adown his visage roll,
+  Caused by the smoke, and sorrow of his soul.
+    _College Life, by J.C. Richmond_, p. 4.
+
+They would lock me in if I left my key outside, _smoke me out_,
+duck me, &c.--_Sketches of Williams College_, p. 74.
+
+I would not have you sacrifice all these advantages for the sake
+_of smoking_ future Freshmen.--_Burial of Euclid_, 1850, p. 10.
+
+A correspondent from the University of Vermont gives the following
+account of a practical joke, which we do not suppose is very often
+played in all its parts. "They 'train' Freshmen in various ways;
+the most _classic_ is to take a pumpkin, cut a piece from the top,
+clean it, put in two pounds of 'fine cut,' put it on the
+Freshman's table, and then, all standing round with long
+pipe-stems, blow into it the fire placed in the _tobac_, and so
+fill the room with smoke, then put the Freshman to bed, with the
+pumpkin for a nightcap."
+
+
+SMOUGE. At Hamilton College, to obtain without leave.
+
+
+SMUT. Vulgar, obscene conversation. Language which obtains
+
+ "Where Bacchus ruleth all that's done,
+  And Venus all that's said."
+
+
+SMUTTY. Possessing the qualities of obscene conversation. Applied
+also to the person who uses such conversation.
+
+
+SNOB. In the English universities, a townsman, as opposed to a
+student; or a blackguard, as opposed to a gentleman; a loafer
+generally.--_Bristed_.
+
+  They charged the _Snobs_ against their will,
+    And shouted clear and lustily.
+    _Gradus ad Cantab_, p. 69.
+
+Used in the same sense at some American colleges.
+
+2. A mean or vulgar person; particularly, one who apes gentility.
+--_Halliwell_.
+
+Used both in England and the United States, "and recently," says
+Webster, "introduced into books as a term of derision."
+
+
+SNOBBESS. In the English universities, a female _snob_.
+
+Effeminacies like these, induced, no doubt, by the flattering
+admiration of the fair _snobbesses_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p.
+116.
+
+
+SNOBBISH. Belonging to or resembling a _snob_.
+
+
+SNOBBY. Low; vulgar; resembling or pertaining to a _snob_.
+
+
+SNUB. To reprimand; check; rebuke. Used among students, more
+frequently than by any other class of persons.
+
+
+SOPH. In the University of Cambridge, England, an abbreviation of
+SOPHISTER.--_Webster_.
+
+On this word, Crabb, in his _Technological Dictionary_, says: "A
+certain distinction or title which undergraduates in the
+University at Oxford assume, previous to their examination for a
+degree. It took its rise in the exercises which students formerly
+had to go through, but which are now out of use."
+
+  Three College _Sophs_, and three pert Templars came,
+  The same their talents, and their tastes the same.
+    _Pope's Dunciad_, B. II. v. 389, 390.
+
+2. In the American colleges, an abbreviation of Sophomore.
+
+  _Sophs_ wha ha' in Commons fed!
+  _Sophs_ wha ha' in Commons bled!
+  _Sophs_ wha ne'er from Commons fled!
+    Puddings, steaks, or wines!
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 52.
+
+The _Sophs_ did nothing all the first fortnight but torment the
+Fresh, as they call us.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 76.
+
+The _Sophs_ were victorious at every point.--_Yale Banger_, Nov.
+10, 1846.
+
+My Chum, a _Soph_, says he committed himself too soon.--_The
+Dartmouth_, Vol. IV. p. 118.
+
+
+SOPHIC. A contraction of sophomoric.
+
+  So then the _Sophic_ army
+    Came on in warlike glee.
+    _The Battle of the Ball_, 1853.
+
+
+SOPHIMORE. The old manner of spelling what is now known as
+SOPHOMORE.
+
+The President may give Leave for the _Sophimores_ to take out some
+particular Books.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1774, p. 23.
+
+His favorite researches, however, are discernible in his
+observations on a comet, which appeared in the beginning of his
+_Sophimore_ year.--_Holmes's Life of Ezra Stiles_, p. 13.
+
+I aver thou hast never been a corporal in the militia, or a
+_sophimore_ at college.--_The Algerine Captive_, Walpole, 1797,
+Vol. I. p. 68.
+
+
+SOPHISH GOWN. Among certain gownsmen, a gown that bears the marks
+of much service; "a thing of shreds and patches."--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+
+SOPHIST. A name given to the undergraduates at Cambridge, England.
+--_Crabb's Tech. Dict._
+
+
+SOPHISTER. Greek, [Greek: sophistaes]. In the University of
+Cambridge, Eng., the title of students who are advanced beyond the
+first year of their residence. The entire course at the University
+consists of three years and one term, during which the students
+have the titles of First-Year Men, or Freshmen; Second-Year Men,
+or Junior Sophs or Sophisters; Third-Year Men, or Senior Sophs or
+Sophisters; and, in the last term, Questionists, with reference to
+the approaching examination. In the older American colleges, the
+Junior and Senior Classes were originally called Junior Sophisters
+and Senior Sophisters. The term is also used at Oxford and Dublin.
+--_Webster_.
+
+And in case any of the _Sophisters_ fail in the premises required
+at their hands, &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 518.
+
+
+SOPHOMORE. One belonging to the second of the four classes in an
+American college.
+
+Professor Goodrich, in his unabridged edition of Dr. Webster's
+Dictionary, gives the following interesting account of this word.
+"This word has generally been considered as an 'American
+barbarism,' but was probably introduced into our country, at a
+very early period, from the University of Cambridge, Eng. Among
+the cant terms at that University, as given in the Gradus ad
+Cantabrigiam, we find _Soph-Mor_ as 'the next distinctive
+appellation to Freshman.' It is added, that 'a writer in the
+Gentlemen's Magazine thinks _mor_ an abbreviation of the Greek
+[Greek: moria], introduced at a time when the _Encomium Moriae_,
+the Praise of Folly, by Erasmus, was so generally used.' The
+ordinary derivation of the word, from [Greek: sofos] and [Greek:
+moros] would seem, therefore, to be incorrect. The younger Sophs
+at Cambridge appear, formerly, to have received the adjunct _mor_
+([Greek: moros]) to their names, either as one which they courted
+for the reason mentioned above, or as one given them in sport, for
+the supposed exhibition of inflated feeling in entering on their
+new honors. The term, thus applied, seems to have passed, at a
+very early period, from Cambridge in England to Cambridge in
+America, as 'the next distinctive appellation to Freshman,' and
+thus to have been attached to the second of the four classes in
+our American colleges; while it has now almost ceased to be known,
+even as a cant word, at the parent institution in England whence
+it came. This derivation of the word is rendered more probable by
+the fact, that the early spelling was, to a great extent at least,
+Soph_i_more, as appears from the manuscripts of President Stiles
+of Yale College, and the records of Harvard College down to the
+period of the American Revolution. This would be perfectly natural
+if _Soph_ or _Sophister_ was considered as the basis of the word,
+but can hardly be explained if the ordinary derivation had then
+been regarded as the true one."
+
+Some further remarks on this word may be found in the Gentleman's
+Magazine, above referred to, 1795, Vol. LXV. p. 818.
+
+
+SOPHOMORE COMMENCEMENT. At Princeton College, it has long been the
+custom for the Sophomore Class, near the time of the Commencement
+at the close of the Senior year, to hold a Commencement in
+imitation of it, at which burlesque and other exercises,
+appropriate to the occasion, are performed. The speakers chosen
+are a Salutatorian, a Poet, an Historian, who reads an account of
+the doings of the Class up to that period, a Valedictorian, &c.,
+&c. A band of music is always in attendance. After the addresses,
+the Class partake of a supper, which is usually prolonged to a
+very late hour. In imitation of the Sophomore Commencement,
+_Burlesque Bills_, as they are called, are prepared and published
+by the Juniors, in which, in a long and formal programme, such
+subjects and speeches are attributed to the members of the
+Sophomore Class as are calculated to expose their weak points.
+
+
+SOPHOMORIC, SOPHOMORICAL. Pertaining to or like a Sophomore.
+
+  Better to face the prowling panther's path,
+  Than meet the storm of _Sophomoric_ wrath.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. IV. p. 22.
+
+We trust he will add by his example no significancy to that pithy
+word, "_Sophomoric_."--_Sketches of Williams Coll._, p. 63.
+
+Another meaning, derived, it would appear, from the
+characteristics of the Sophomore, yet not very creditable to him,
+is _bombastic, inflated in style or manner_.--_J.C. Calhoun_.
+
+Students are looked upon as being necessarily _Sophomorical_ in
+literary matters.--_Williams Quarterly_, Vol. II. p. 84.
+
+The Professor told me it was rather _Sophomorical_.--_Sketches of
+Williams Coll._, p. 74.
+
+
+SOPHRONISCUS. At Yale College, this name is given to Arnold's
+Greek Prose Composition, from the fact of its repeated occurrence
+in that work.
+
+  _Sophroniscum_ relinquemus;
+  Et Euclidem comburemus,
+  Ejus vi soluti.
+    _Pow-wow of Class of '58, Yale Coll._
+
+See BALBUS.
+
+
+SPIRT. Among the students at the University of Cambridge, Eng., an
+extraordinary effort of mind or body for a short time. A boat's
+crew _make a spirt_, when they pull fifty yards with all the
+strength they have left. A reading-man _makes_ _a spirt_ when he
+crams twelve hours daily the week before examination.--_Bristed_.
+
+As my ... health was decidedly improving, I now attempted a
+"_spirt_," or what was one for me.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 223.
+
+My amateur Mathematical coach, who was now making his last _spirt_
+for a Fellowship, used to accompany me.--_Ibid._, p. 288.
+
+He reads nine hours a day on a "_spirt_" the fortnight before
+examination.--_Ibid._, p. 327.
+
+
+SPIRTING. Making an extraordinary effort of mind or body for a
+short time.--_Bristed_.
+
+Ants, bees, boat-crews _spirting_ at the Willows,... are but faint
+types of their activity.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 224.
+
+
+SPLURGE. In many colleges, when one is either dashy, or dressed
+more than ordinarily, he is said to _cut a splurge_. A showy
+recitation is often called by the same name. In his Dictionary of
+Americanisms, Mr. Bartlett defines it, "a great effort, a
+demonstration," which is the signification in which this word is
+generally used.
+
+
+SPLURGY. Showy; of greater surface than depth. Applied to a lesson
+which is well rehearsed but little appreciated. Also to literary
+efforts of a certain nature, to character, persons, &c.
+
+They even pronounce his speeches _splurgy_.--_Yale Tomahawk_, May,
+1852.
+
+
+SPOON. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the last of each
+class of the honors is humorously denominated _The Spoon_. Thus,
+the last Wrangler is called the Golden Spoon; the last Senior
+Optime, the Silver Spoon; and the last Junior Optime, the Wooden
+Spoon. The Wooden Spoon, however, is _par excellence_, "The
+Spoon."--_Gradus ad Cantab._
+
+See WOODEN SPOON.
+
+
+SPOON, SPOONY, SPOONEY. A man who has been drinking till he
+becomes disgusting by his very ridiculous behavior, is said to be
+_spoony_ drunk; and hence it is usual to call a very prating,
+shallow fellow a rank _spoon_.--_Grose_.
+
+Mr. Bartlett, in his Dictionary of Americanisms, says:--"We use
+the word only in the latter sense. The Hon. Mr. Preston, in his
+remarks on the Mexican war, thus quotes from Tom Crib's
+remonstrance against the meanness of a transaction, similar to our
+cries for more vigorous blows on Mexico when she is prostrate:
+
+"'Look down upon Ben,--see him, _dunghill_ all o'er,
+  Insult the fallen foe that can harm him no more.
+  Out, cowardly _spooney_! Again and again,
+  By the fist of my father, I blush for thee, Ben.'
+
+"Ay, you will see all the _spooneys_ that ran, like so many
+_dunghill_ champions, from 54 40, stand by the President for the
+vigorous prosecution of the war upon the body of a prostrate foe."
+--_N.Y. Tribune_, 1847.
+
+Now that year it so happened that the spoon was no
+_spooney_.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 218.
+
+Not a few of this party were deluded into a belief, that all
+studious and quiet men were slow, all men of proper self-respect
+exclusives, and all men of courtesy and good-breeding _spoonies_.
+--_Collegian's Guide_, p. 118.
+
+Suppose that rustication was the fate of a few others of our
+acquaintance, whom you cannot call slow, or _spoonies_ either,
+would it be deemed no disgrace by them?--_Ibid._, p. 196.
+
+  When _spoonys_ on two knees, implore the aid of sorcery,
+  To suit their wicked purposes they quickly put the laws awry.
+    _Rejected Addresses_, Am. ed., p. 154.
+
+They belong to the class of elderly "_spoons_," with some few
+exceptions, and are nettled that the world should not go at their
+rate of progression.--_Boston Daily Times_, May 8, 1851.
+
+
+SPOONY, SPOONEY. Like a _spoon_; possessing the qualities of a
+silly or stupid fellow.
+
+I shall escape from this beautiful critter, for I'm gettin'
+_spooney_, and shall talk silly presently.--_Sam Slick_.
+
+Both the adjective and the noun _spooney_ are in constant and
+frequent use at some of the American colleges, and are generally
+applied to one who is disliked either for his bad qualities or for
+his ill-breeding, usually accompanied with the idea of weakness.
+
+He sprees, is caught, rusticates, returns next year, mingles with
+feminines, and is consequently degraded into the _spooney_ Junior.
+_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 208.
+
+A "bowl" was the happy conveyance. Perhaps this was chosen because
+the voyagers were _spooney_.--_Yale Banger_, Nov. 1849.
+
+
+SPOOPS, SPOOPSY. At Harvard College, a weak, silly fellow, or one
+who is disliked on account of his foolish actions, is called a
+_spoops_, or _spoopsy_. The meaning is nearly the same as that of
+_spoony_.
+
+
+SPOOPSY. Foolish; silly. Applied either to a person or thing.
+
+Seniors always try to be dignified. The term "_spoopsey_" in its
+widest signification applies admirably to them.--_Yale Tomahawk_,
+May, 1852.
+
+
+SPORT. To exhibit or bring out in public; as, to _sport_ a new
+equipage.--_Grose_.
+
+This word was in great vogue in England in the year 1783 and 1784;
+but is now sacred to men of _fashion_, both in England and
+America.
+
+With regard to the word _sport_, they [the Cantabrigians]
+_sported_ knowing, and they _sported_ ignorant,--they _sported_ an
+AEgrotat, and they _sported_ a new coat,--they _sported_ an Exeat,
+they _sported_ a Dormiat, &c.--_Gent. Mag._, 1794, p. 1085.
+
+  I'm going to serve my country,
+    And _sport_ a pretty wife.
+    _Presentation Day Songs_, June 14, 1854, Yale Coll.
+
+To _sport oak_, or a door, is to fasten a door for safety or
+convenience.
+
+If you call on a man and his door is _sported_, signifying that he
+is out or busy, it is customary to pop your card through the
+little slit made for that purpose.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 336.
+
+Some few constantly turn the keys of their churlish doors, and
+others, from time to time, "_sport oak_."--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 268.
+
+
+SPORTING-DOOR. At the English universities, the name given to the
+outer door of a student's room, which can be _sported_ or fastened
+to prevent intrusion.
+
+Their impregnable _sporting-doors_, that defy alike the hostile
+dun and the too friendly "fast man."--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 3.
+
+
+SPREAD. A feast of a more humble description than a GAUDY. Used at
+Cambridge, England.
+
+This puts him in high spirits again, and he gives a large
+_spread_, and gets drunk on the strength of it.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._, p. 129.
+
+He sits down with all of them, about forty or fifty, to a most
+glorious _spread_, ordered from the college cook, to be served up
+in the most swell style possible.--_Ibid._, p. 129.
+
+
+SPROUT. Any _branch_ of education is in student phrase a _sprout_.
+This peculiar use of the word is said to have originated at Yale.
+
+
+SPRUNG. The positive, of which _tight_ is the comparative, and
+_drunk_ the superlative.
+
+  "One swallow makes not spring," the poet sung,
+  But many swallows make the fast man _sprung_.
+    _MS. Poem_, by F.E. Felton.
+
+See TIGHT.
+
+
+SPY. In some of the American colleges, it is a prevailing opinion
+among the students, that certain members of the different classes
+are encouraged by the Faculty to report what they have seen or
+ascertained in the conduct of their classmates, contrary to the
+laws of the college. Many are stigmatized as _spies_ very
+unjustly, and seldom with any sufficient reason.
+
+
+SQUIRT. At Harvard College, a showy recitation is denominated a
+_squirt_; the ease and quickness with which the words flow from
+the mouth being analogous to the ease and quickness which attend
+the sudden ejection of a stream of water from a pipe. Such a
+recitation being generally perfect, the word _squirt_ is very
+often used to convey that idea. Perhaps there is not, in the whole
+vocabulary of college cant terms, one more expressive than this,
+or that so easily conveys its meaning merely by its sound. It is
+mostly used colloquially.
+
+2. A foppish young fellow; a whipper-snapper.--_Bartlett_.
+
+If they won't keep company with _squirts_ and dandies, who's going
+to make a monkey of himself?--_Maj. Jones's Courtship_, p. 160.
+
+
+SQUIRT. To make a showy recitation.
+
+  He'd rather slump than _squirt_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, p. 9.
+
+Webster has this word with the meaning, "to throw out words, to
+let fly," and marks it as out of use.
+
+
+SQUIRTINESS. The quality of being showy.
+
+
+SQUIRTISH. Showy; dandified.
+
+It's my opinion that these slicked up _squirtish_ kind a fellars
+ain't particular hard baked, and they always goes in for
+aristocracy notions.--_Robb, Squatter Life_, p. 73.
+
+
+SQUIRTY. Showy; fond of display; gaudy.
+
+Applied to an oration which is full of bombast and grandiloquence;
+to a foppish fellow; to an apartment gayly adorned, &c.
+
+  And should they "scrape" in prayers, because they are long
+  And rather "_squirty_" at times.
+    _Childe Harvard_, p. 58.
+
+
+STAMMBOOK. German. A remembrance-book; an album. Among the German
+students stammbooks were kept formerly, as commonly as
+autograph-books now are among American students.
+
+But do procure me the favor of thy Rapunzel writing something in
+my _Stammbook_.--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p.
+242.
+
+
+STANDING. Academical age, or rank.
+
+Of what _standing_ are you? I am a Senior Soph.--_Gradus ad
+Cantab._
+
+  Her mother told me all about your love,
+  And asked me of your prospects and your _standing_.
+    _Collegian_, 1830, p. 267.
+
+_To stand for an honor_; i.e. to offer one's self as a candidate
+for an honor.
+
+
+STAR. In triennial catalogues a star designates those who have
+died. This sign was first used with this signification by Mather,
+in his Magnalia, in a list prepared by him of the graduates of
+Harvard College, with a fanciful allusion, it is supposed, to the
+abode of those thus marked.
+
+    Our tale shall be told by a silent _star_,
+  On the page of some future Triennial.
+    _Poem before Class of 1849, Harv. Coll._, p. 4.
+
+We had only to look still further back to find the _stars_
+clustering more closely, indicating the rapid flight of the
+spirits of short-lived tenants of earth to another
+sphere.--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_, Vol. II. p. 66.
+
+
+STAR. To mark a star opposite the name of a person, signifying
+that he is dead.
+
+Six of the sixteen Presidents of our University have been
+inaugurated in this place; and the oldest living graduate, the
+Hon. Paine Wingate of Stratham, New Hampshire, who stands on the
+Catalogue a lonely survivor amidst the _starred_ names of the
+dead, took his degree within these walls.--_A Sermon on leaving
+the Old Meeting-house in Cambridge_, by Rev. William Newell, Dec.
+1, 1833, p. 22.
+
+Among those fathers were the venerable remnants of classes that
+are _starred_ to the last two or three, or it may be to the last
+one.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 6.
+
+
+STATEMENT OF FACTS. At Yale College, a name given to a public
+meeting called for the purpose of setting forth the respective
+merits of the two great societies in that institution, viz.
+"Linonia" and "The Brothers in Unity." There are six orators,
+three from Linonia and three from the Brothers,--a Senior, a
+Junior, and the President of each society. The Freshmen are
+invited by handsomely printed cards to attend the meeting, and
+they also have the best seats reserved for them, and are treated
+with the most intense politeness. As now conducted, the _Statement
+of Facts_ is any thing rather than what is implied by the name. It
+is simply an opportunity for the display of speaking talent, in
+which wit and sarcasm are considered of far greater importance
+than truth. The Freshmen are rarely swayed to either side. In nine
+cases out of ten they have already chosen their society, and
+attend the statement merely from a love of novelty and fun. The
+custom grew up about the year 1830, after the practice of dividing
+the students alphabetically between the two societies had fallen
+into disuse. Like all similar customs, the Statement of Facts has
+reached its present college importance by gradual growth. At first
+the societies met in a small room of the College, and the
+statements did really consist of the facts in the case. Now the
+exercises take place in a public hall, and form a kind of
+intellectual tournament, where each society, in the presence of a
+large audience, strives to get the advantage of the other.
+
+From a newspaper account of the observance of this literary
+festival during the present year, the annexed extract is taken.
+
+"For some years, students, as they have entered College, have been
+permitted to choose the society with which they would connect
+themselves, instead of being alphabetically allotted to one of the
+two. This method has made the two societies earnest rivals, and
+the accession of each class to College creates an earnest struggle
+to see which shall secure the greater number of members. The
+electioneering campaign, as it is termed, begins when the students
+come to be examined for admission to College, that is, about the
+time of the Commencement, and continues through a week or two of
+the first term of the next year. Each society, of course, puts
+forth the most determined efforts to conquer. It selects the most
+prominent and popular men of the Senior Class as President, and
+arrangements are so made that a Freshman no sooner enters town
+than he finds himself unexpectedly surrounded by hosts of friends,
+willing to do anything for him, and especially instruct him in his
+duty with reference to the selection of societies. For the benefit
+of those who do not yield to this private electioneering, this
+Statement of Facts is made. It amounts, however, to little more
+than a 'good time,' as there are very few who wait to be
+influenced by 'facts' they know will be so distorted. The
+advocates of each society feel bound, of course, to present its
+affairs in the most favorable aspect. Disputants are selected,
+generally with regard to their ability as speakers, one from the
+Junior and one from the Senior Class. The Presidents of each
+society also take part."--_N.Y. Daily Times_, Sept. 22, 1855.
+
+As an illustration of the eloquence and ability which is often
+displayed on these occasions, the following passages have been
+selected from the address of John M. Holmes of Chicago, Ill., the
+Junior orator in behalf of the Brothers in Unity at the Statement
+of Facts held September 20th, 1855.
+
+"Time forbids me to speak at length of the illustrious alumni of
+the Brothers; of Professor Thatcher, the favorite of college,--of
+Professor Silliman, the Nestor of American literati,--of the
+revered head of this institution, President Woolsey, first
+President of the Brothers in 1820,--of Professor Andrews, the
+author of the best dictionary of the Latin language,--of such
+divines as Dwight and Murdock,--of Bacon and Bushnell, the pride
+of New England,--or of the great names of Clayton, Badger,
+Calhoun, Ellsworth, and John Davis,--all of whom were nurtured and
+disciplined in the halls of the Brothers, and there received the
+Achillean baptism that made their lives invulnerable. But perhaps
+I err in claiming such men as the peculium of the Brothers,--they
+are the common heritage of the human race.
+
+ 'Such names as theirs are pilgrim shrines,
+  Shrines to no code nor creed confined,
+  The Delphian vales, the Palestines,
+  The Meccas of the mind.'
+
+"But there are other names which to overlook would be worse than
+negligence,--it would be ingratitude unworthy of a son of Yale.
+
+"At the head of that glorious host stands the venerable form of
+Joel Barlow, who, in addition to his various civil and literary
+distinctions, was the father of American poetry. There too is the
+intellectual brow of Webster, not indeed the great defender of the
+Constitution, but that other Webster, who spent his life in the
+perpetuation of that language in which the Constitution is
+embalmed, and whose memory will be coeval with that language to
+the latest syllable of recorded time. Beside Webster on the
+historic canvas appears the form of the only Judge of the Supreme
+Court of the United States that ever graduated at this
+College,--Chief Justice Baldwin, of the class of 1797. Next to him
+is his classmate, a patriarchal old man who still lives to bless
+the associations of his youth,--who has consecrated the noblest
+talents to the noblest earthly purposes,--the pioneer of Western
+education,--the apostle of Temperance,--the life-long teacher of
+immortality,--and who is the father of an illustrious family whose
+genius has magnetized all Christendom. His classmate is Lyman
+Beecher. But a year ago in the neighboring city of Hartford there
+was a monument erected to another Brother in Unity,--the
+philanthropist who first introduced into this country the system
+of instructing deaf mutes. More than a thousand unfortunates bowed
+around his grave. And although there was no audible voice of
+eulogy or thankfulness, yet there were many tears. And grateful
+thoughts went up to heaven in silent benediction for him who had
+unchained their faculties, and given them the priceless treasures
+of intellectual and social communion. Thomas H. Gallaudet was a
+Brother in Unity.
+
+"And he who has been truly called the most learned of poets and
+the most poetical of learned men,--whose ascent to the heaven of
+song has been like the pathway of his own broad sweeping
+eagle,--J.G. Percival,--is a Brother in Unity. And what shall I
+say of Morse? Of Morse, the wonder-worker, the world-girdler, the
+space-destroyer, the author of the noblest invention whose glory
+was ever concentrated in a single man, who has realized the
+fabulous prerogative of Olympian Jove, and by the instantaneous
+intercommunication of thought has accomplished the work of ages in
+binding together the whole civilized world into one great
+Brotherhood in Unity?
+
+"Gentlemen, these are the men who wait to welcome you to the
+blessings of our society. There they stand, like the majestic
+statues that line the entrance to an eternal pyramid. And when I
+look upon one statue, and another, and another, and contemplate
+the colossal greatness of their proportions, as Canova gazed with
+rapture upon the sun-god of the Vatican, I envy not the man whose
+heart expands not with the sense of a new nobility, and whose eye
+kindles not with the heart's enthusiasm, as he thinks that he too
+is numbered among that glorious company,--that he too is sprung
+from that royal ancestry. And who asks for a richer heritage, or a
+more enduring epitaph, than that he too is a Brother in Unity?"
+
+
+S.T.B. _Sanctae Theologiae Baccalaureus_, Bachelor in Theology.
+
+See B.D.
+
+
+S.T.D. _Sanctae Theologiae Doctor_. Doctor in Theology.
+
+See D.D.
+
+
+STEWARD. In colleges, an officer who provides food for the
+students, and superintends the kitchen.--_Webster_.
+
+In American colleges, the labors of the steward are at present
+more extended, and not so servile, as set forth in the above
+definition. To him is usually assigned the duty of making out the
+term-bills and receiving the money thereon; of superintending the
+college edifices with respect to repairs, &c.; of engaging proper
+servants in the employ of the college; and of performing such
+other services as are declared by the faculty of the college to be
+within his province.
+
+
+STICK. In college phrase, _to stick_, or _to get stuck_, is to be
+unable to proceed, either in a recitation, declamation, or any
+other exercise. An instructor is said to _stick_ a student, when
+he asks a question which the student is unable to answer.
+
+But he has not yet discovered, probably, that he ... that
+"_sticks_" in Greek, and cannot tell, by demonstration of his own,
+whether the three angles of a triangle are equal to two, or four,
+... can nevertheless drawl out the word Fresh, &c.--_Scenes and
+Characters in College_, p. 30.
+
+
+S.T.P. _Sanctae Theologiae Professor_. Professor in Theology.
+
+A degree of similar import to S.T.D., and D.D.
+
+
+STUDENT. A person engaged in study; one who is devoted to
+learning, either in a seminary or in private; a scholar; as, the
+_students_ of an academy, of a college or university; a medical
+_student_; a law _student_.
+
+2. A man devoted to books; a bookish man; as, a hard _student_; a
+close _student_.--_Webster_.
+
+3. At Oxford, this word is used to designate one who stands upon
+the foundation of the college to which he belongs, and is an
+aspirant for academic emoluments.--_De Quincey_.
+
+4. In German universities, by _student_ is understood "one who has
+by matriculation acquired the rights of academical
+citizenship."--_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 27.
+
+
+STUDY. A building or an apartment devoted to study or to literary
+employment.--_Webster_.
+
+In some of the older American colleges, it was formerly the custom
+to partition off, in each chamber, two small rooms, where the
+occupants, who were always two in number, could carry on their
+literary pursuits. These rooms were called, from this
+circumstance, _studies_. Speaking of the first college edifice
+which was erected at New Haven, Mr. Clap, in his History of Yale
+College, says: "It made a handsome appearance, and contained near
+fifty _studies_ in convenient chambers"; and again he speaks of
+Connecticut Hall as containing thirty-two chambers and sixty-four
+_studies_. In the oldest buildings, some of these _studies_ remain
+at the present day.
+
+The _study_ rents, until December last, were discontinued with Mr.
+Dunster.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. I. p. 463.
+
+Every Graduate and Undergraduate shall find his proportion of
+furniture, &c., during the whole time of his having a _study_
+assigned him.--_Laws Harv. Coll._, 1798, p. 35.
+
+  To him that occupies my _study_,
+  I give, &c.--_Will of Charles Prentiss_.
+
+
+STUMP. At Princeton College, to fail in reciting; to say, "Not
+prepared," when called on to recite. A _stump_, a bad recitation;
+used in the phrase, "_to make a stump_."
+
+
+SUB-FRESH. A person previous to entering the Freshman Class is
+called a _sub-fresh_, or one below a Freshman.
+
+           Praying his guardian powers
+  To assist a poor "_Sub-Fresh_" at the dread examination.
+    _Poem before the Iadma Soc. of Harv. Coll._, 1850, p. 14.
+
+  Our "_Sub-Fresh_" has that feeling.
+    _Ibid._, p. 16.
+
+Everybody happy, except _Sub-Fresh_, and they trying hardest to
+appear so.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XX. p. 103.
+
+The timid _Sub-Fresh_ had determined to construct stout
+barricades, with no lack of ammunition.--_Ibid._, p. 103.
+
+Sometimes written _Sub_.
+
+Information wanted of the "_Sub_" who didn't think it an honor to
+be electioneered.--_N.B., Yale Coll., June_ 14, 1851.
+
+See PENE.
+
+
+SUBJECT. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., a particular
+author, or part of an author, set for examination; or a particular
+branch of Mathematics, such as Optics, Hydrostatics,
+&c.--_Bristed_.
+
+To _get up a subject_, is to make one's self thoroughly master of
+it.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+SUB-RECTOR. A rector's deputy or substitute.--_Walton, Webster_.
+
+
+SUB-SIZAR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., formerly an order
+of students lower than the _sizars_.
+
+  Masters of all sorts, and all ages,
+  Keepers, _subcizers_, lackeys, pages.
+    _Poems of Bp. Corbet_, p. 22.
+
+           There he sits and sees
+  How lackeys and _subsizers_ press
+    And scramble for degrees.
+    _Ibid._, p. 88.
+
+See under SIZAR.
+
+
+SUCK. At Middlebury College, to cheat at recitation or examination
+by using _ponies_, _interliners_, or _helps_ of any kind.
+
+
+SUPPLICAT. Latin; literally, _he supplicates_. In the English
+universities, a petition; particularly a written application with
+a certificate that the requisite conditions have been complied
+with.--_Webster_.
+
+A _Supplicat_, says the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, is "an entreaty to
+be admitted to the degree of B.A.; containing a certificate that
+the Questionist has kept his full number of terms, or explaining
+any deficiency. This document is presented to the caput by the
+father of his college."
+
+
+SURPLICE DAY. An occasion or day on which the surplice is worn by
+the members of a university.
+
+"On all Sundays and Saint-days, and the evenings preceding, every
+member of the University, except noblemen, attends chapel in his
+surplice."--_Grad. ad Cantab._, pp. 106, 107.
+
+
+SUSPEND. In colleges, to separate a student from his class, and
+place him under private instruction.
+
+  And those whose crimes are very great,
+  Let us _suspend_ or rusticate.--_Rebelliad_, p. 24.
+
+
+SUSPENSION. In universities and colleges, the punishment of a
+student for some offence, usually negligence, by separating him
+from his class, and compelling him to pursue those branches of
+study in which he is deficient under private instruction, provided
+for the purpose.
+
+
+SUSPENSION-PAPER. The paper in which the act of suspension from
+college is declared.
+
+  Come, take these three _suspension-papers_;
+  They'll teach you how to cut such capers.
+    _Rebelliad_, p. 32.
+
+
+SUSPENSION TO THE ROOM. In Princeton College, one of the
+punishments for certain offences subjects a student to confinement
+to his chamber and exclusion from his class, and requires him to
+recite to a teacher privately for a certain time. This is
+technically called _suspension to the room_.
+
+
+SWEEP, SWEEPER. The name given at Yale and other colleges to the
+person whose occupation it is to sweep the students' rooms, make
+their beds, &c.
+
+Then how welcome the entrance of the _sweep_, and how cutely we
+fling jokes at each other through the dust!--_Yale Lit. Mag._,
+Vol. XIV. p. 223.
+
+Knocking down the _sweep_, in clearing the stairs, we described a
+circle to our room.--_The Yale Banger_, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  A Freshman by the faithful _sweep_
+  Was found half buried in soft sleep.
+    _Ibid._, Nov. 10, 1846.
+
+  With fingers dirty and black,
+    From lower to upper room,
+  A College _Sweep_ went dustily round,
+    Plying his yellow broom.
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 12.
+
+In the Yale Literary Magazine, Vol. III. p. 144, is "A tribute to
+certain Members of the Faculty, whose names are omitted in the
+Catalogue," in which appropriate praise is awarded to these useful
+servants.
+
+The Steward ... engages _sweepers_ for the College.--_Laws Harv.
+Coll._, 1816, p. 48.
+
+One of the _sweepers_ finding a parcel of wood,... the defendant,
+in the absence of the owner of the wood, authorizes the _sweeper_
+to carry it away.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 98.
+
+
+SWELL BLOCK. In the University of Virginia, a sobriquet applied to
+dandies and vain pretenders.
+
+
+SWING. At several American colleges, the word _swing_ is used for
+coming out with a secret society badge; 1st, of the society, to
+_swing out_ the new men; and, 2d, of the men, intransitively, to
+_swing_, or to _swing out_, i.e. to appear with the badge of a
+secret society. Generally, _to swing out_ signifies to appear in
+something new.
+
+The new members have "_swung out_," and all again is
+harmony.--_Sophomore Independent_, Union College, Nov. 1854.
+
+
+SYNDIC. Latin, _syndicus_; Greek, [Greek: sundikos; sun], _with_,
+and [Greek: dikae], _justice_.
+
+An officer of government, invested with different powers in
+different countries. Almost all the companies in Paris, the
+University, &c., have their _syndics_. The University of Cambridge
+has its _syndics_, who are chosen from the Senate to transact
+special business, as the regulation of fees, forming of laws,
+inspecting the library, buildings, printing, &c.--_Webster. Cam.
+Cal._
+
+
+SYNDICATE. A council or body of syndics.
+
+The state of instruction in and encouragement to the study of
+Theology were thus set forth in the report of a _syndicate_
+appointed to consider the subject in 1842.--_Bristed's Five Years
+in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 293.
+
+
+
+_T_.
+
+
+TADS. At Centre College, Ky., there is "a society," says a
+correspondent, "composed of the very best fellows of the College,
+calling themselves _Tads_, who are generally associated together,
+for the object of electing, by the additional votes of their
+members, any of their friends who are brought forward as
+candidates for any honor or appointment in the literary societies
+to which they belong."
+
+
+TAKE UP. To call on a student to rehearse a lesson.
+
+  Professor _took_ him _up_ on Greek;
+  He tried to talk, but couldn't speak.
+    _MS Poem_.
+
+
+TAKE UP ONE'S CONNECTIONS. In students' phrase, to leave college.
+Used in American institutions.
+
+
+TARDES. At the older American colleges, when charges were made and
+excuses rendered in Latin, the student who had come late to any
+religious service was addressed by the proper officer with the
+word _Tardes_, a kind of barbarous second person singular of some
+unknown verb, signifying, probably, "You are or were late."
+
+  Much absence, _tardes_ and egresses,
+  The college-evil on him seizes.
+    _Trumbull's Progress of Dullness_, Part I.
+
+
+TARDY. In colleges, late in attendance on a public
+exercise.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TAVERN. At Harvard College, the rooms No. 24 Massachusetts Hall,
+and No. 8 Hollis Hall, were occupied from the year 1789 to 1793 by
+Mr. Charles Angier. His table was always supplied with wine,
+brandy, crackers, etc., of which his friends were at liberty to
+partake at any time. From this circumstance his rooms were called
+_the Tavern_ for nearly twenty years after his graduation.
+
+In connection with this incident, it may not be uninteresting to
+state, that the cellars of the two buildings above mentioned were
+divided each into thirty-two compartments, corresponding with the
+number of rooms. In these the students and tutors stored their
+liquors, sometimes in no inconsiderable quantities. Frequent
+entries are met with in the records of the Faculty, in which the
+students are charged with pilfering wine, brandy, or eatables from
+the tutors' _bins_.
+
+
+TAXOR. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., an officer appointed
+to regulate the assize of bread, the true gauge of weights,
+etc.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+TEAM. In the English universities, the pupils of a private tutor
+or COACH.--_Bristed_.
+
+No man who has not taken a good degree expects or pretends to take
+good men into his _team_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 69.
+
+It frequently, indeed usually happens, that a "coach" of
+reputation declines taking men into his _team_ before they have
+made time in public.--_Ibid._, p. 85.
+
+
+TEAR. At Princeton College, a _perfect tear_ is a very extra
+recitation, superior to a _rowl_.
+
+
+TEMPLE. At Bowdoin College, a privy is thus designated.
+
+
+TEN-STRIKE. At Hamilton College, a perfect recitation, ten being
+the mark given for a perfect recitation.
+
+
+TEN-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., these are
+allowed to take the degree of Bachelor in Divinity without having
+been B.A. or M.A., by the statute of 9th Queen Elizabeth, which
+permits persons, who are admitted at any college when twenty-four
+years of age and upwards, to take the degree of B.D. after their
+names have remained on the _boards_ ten years or more. After the
+first eight years, they must reside in the University the greater
+part of three several terms, and perform the exercises which are
+required by the statutes.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+
+TERM. In universities and colleges, the time during which
+instruction is regularly given to students, who are obliged by the
+statutes and laws of the institution to attend to the recitations,
+lectures, and other exercises.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., there are three terms during
+each year, which are fixed by invariable rules. October or
+Michaelmas term begins on the 10th of October, and ends on the
+16th of December. Lent or January term begins on the 13th of
+January, and ends on the Friday before Palm Sunday. Easter or
+Midsummer term, begins on the eleventh day (the Wednesday
+sennight) after Easter-day, and ends on the Friday after
+Commencement day. Commencement is always on the first Tuesday in
+July.
+
+At Oxford University, there are four terms in the year. Michaelmas
+term begins on the 10th of October, and ends on the 17th of
+December. Hilary term begins on the 14th of January, and ends the
+day before Palm Sunday. But if the Saturday before Palm Sunday
+should be a festival, the term does not end till the Monday
+following. Easter term begins on the tenth day after Easter
+Sunday, and ends on the day before Whitsunday. Trinity term begins
+on the Wednesday after Whitsunday, and ends the Saturday after the
+Act, which is always on the first Tuesday in July.
+
+At the Dublin University, the terms in each year are four in
+number. Hilary term begins on the Monday after Epiphany, and ends
+the day before Palm Sunday. Easter term begins on the eighth day
+after Easter Sunday, and ends on Whitsun-eve. Trinity term begins
+on Trinity Monday, and ends on the 8th of July. Michaelmas term
+begins on the 1st of October (or on the 2d, if the 1st should be
+Sunday), and ends on December 16th.
+
+
+TERRAE FILIUS. Latin; _son of earth_.
+
+Formerly, one appointed to write a satirical Latin poem at the
+public Acts in the University of Oxford; not unlike the
+prevaricator at Cambridge, Eng.--_Webster_.
+
+Full accounts of the compositions written on these occasions may
+be found in a work in two volumes, entitled "Terrae-Filius; or the
+Secret History of the University of Oxford," printed in the year
+1726.
+
+See TRIPOS PAPER.
+
+
+TESTAMUR. Latin; literally, _we testify_. In the English
+universities, a certificate of proficiency, without which a person
+is not able to take his degree. So called from the first word in
+the formula.
+
+There is not one out of twenty of my pupils who can look forward
+with unmixed pleasure to a _testamur_.--_Collegian's Guide_, p.
+254.
+
+Every _testamur_ must be signed by three out of the four
+examiners, at least.--_Ibid._, p. 282.
+
+
+THEATRE. At Oxford, a building in which are held the annual
+commemoration of benefactors, the recitation of prize
+compositions, and the occasional ceremony of conferring degrees on
+distinguished personages.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+THEME. In college phrase, a short dissertation composed by a
+student.
+
+It is the practice at Cambridge [Mass.] for the Professor of
+Rhetoric and the English Language, commencing in the first or
+second quarter of the student's Sophomore year, to give the class
+a text; generally some brief moral quotation from some of the
+ancient or modern poets, from which the students write a short
+essay, usually denominated a _theme_.--_Works of R.T. Paine_, p.
+xxi.
+
+Far be it from me to enter into competition with students who have
+been practising the sublime art of _theme_ and forensic writing
+for two years.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 316.
+
+  But on the sleepy day of _themes_,
+  May doze away a dozen reams.
+    _Ibid._, p. 283.
+
+Nimrod holds his "first _theme_" in one hand, and is leaning his
+head on the other.--_Ibid._, p. 253.
+
+
+THEME-BEARER. At Harvard College, until within a few years, a
+student was chosen once in a term by his classmates to perform the
+duties of _theme-bearer_. He received the subjects for themes and
+forensics from the Professors of Rhetoric and of Moral Philosophy,
+and posted them up in convenient places, usually in the entries of
+the buildings and on, the bulletin-boards. He also distributed the
+corrected themes, at first giving them to the students after
+evening prayers, and, when this had been forbidden by the
+President, carrying them to their rooms. For these services he
+received seventy-five cents per term from each member of the
+class.
+
+
+THEME-PAPER. In American colleges, a kind of paper on which
+students write their themes or composition. It is of the size of
+an ordinary letter-sheet, contains eighteen or nineteen lines
+placed at wide intervals, and is ruled in red ink with a margin a
+little less than an inch in width.
+
+Shoe-strings, lucifers, omnibus-tickets, _theme-paper_,
+postage-stamps, and the nutriment of pipes.--_Harv. Mag._, Vol. I.
+p. 266.
+
+
+THEOLOGUE. A cant name among collegians for a student in theology.
+
+The hardened hearts of Freshmen and _Theologues_ burned with
+righteous indignation.--_Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+The _Theologs_ are not so wicked as the Medics.--_Burlesque
+Catalogue, Yale Coll._, 1852-53, p. 30.
+
+
+THESES-COLLECTOR. One who collects or prepares _theses_. The
+following extract from the laws of Harvard College will explain
+further what is meant by this term. "The President, Professors,
+and Tutors, annually, some time in the third term, shall select
+from the Junior Class a number of _Theses-Collectors_, to prepare
+theses for the next year; from which selection they shall appoint
+so many divisions as shall be equal to the number of branches they
+may assign. And each one shall, in the particular branch assigned
+him, collect so many theses as the government may judge expedient;
+and all the theses, thus collected, shall be delivered to the
+President, by the Saturday immediately succeeding the end of the
+Spring vacation in the Senior year, at furthest, from which the
+President, Professors, and Tutors shall select such as they shall
+judge proper to be published. But if the theses delivered to the
+President, in any particular branch, should not afford a
+sufficient number suitable for publication, a further number shall
+be required. The name of the student who collected any set or
+number of theses shall be annexed to the theses collected by him,
+in every publication. Should any one neglect to collect the theses
+required of him, he shall be liable to lose his degree."--1814, p.
+35.
+
+The Theses-Collectors were formerly chosen by the class, as the
+following extract from a MS. Journal will show.
+
+"March 27th, 1792. My Class assembled in the chapel to choose
+theses-collectors, a valedictory orator, and poet. Jackson was
+chosen to deliver the Latin oration, and Cutler to deliver the
+poem. Ellis was almost unanimously chosen a collector of the
+grammatical theses. Prince was chosen metaphysical
+theses-collector, with considerable opposition. Lowell was chosen
+mathematical theses-collector, though not unanimously. Chamberlain
+was chosen physical theses-collector."
+
+
+THESIS. A position or proposition which a person advances and
+offers to maintain, or which is actually maintained by argument; a
+theme; a subject; particularly, a subject or proposition for a
+school or university exercise, or the exercise itself.--_Webster_.
+
+In the older American colleges, the _theses_ held a prominent
+place in the exercises of Commencement. At Harvard College the
+earliest theses extant bear the date of the year 1687. They were
+Theses Technological, Logical, Grammatical, Rhetorical,
+Mathematical, and Physical. The last theses were presented in the
+year 1820. The earliest theses extant belonging to Yale College
+are of 1714, and the last were printed in 1797.
+
+
+THIRDING. In England, "a custom practised at the universities,
+where two _thirds_ of the original price is allowed by
+upholsterers to the students for household goods returned them
+within the year."--_Grose's Dict._
+
+On this subject De Quincey says: "The Oxford rule is, that, if you
+take the rooms (which is at your own option), in that case you
+_third_ the furniture and the embellishments; i.e. you succeed to
+the total cost diminished by one third. You pay, therefore, two
+guineas out of each three to your _immediate_ predecessor."--_Life
+and Manners_, p. 250.
+
+
+THIRD-YEAR MEN. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the title of
+Third-Year Men, or Senior Sophs or Sophisters, is given to
+students during the third year of their residence at the
+University.
+
+
+THUNDERING BOLUS. See INTONITANS BOLUS.
+
+
+TICK. A recitation made by one who does not know of what he is
+talking.
+
+_Ticks_, screws, and deads were all put under contribution.--_A
+Tour through College_, Boston, 1832, p. 25.
+
+
+TICKER. One who recites without knowing what he is talking about;
+one entirely independent of any book-knowledge.
+
+  If any "_Ticker_" dare to look
+  A stealthy moment on his book.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 123.
+
+
+TICKING. The act of reciting without knowing anything about the
+lesson.
+
+And what with _ticking_, screwing, and deading, am candidate for a
+piece of parchment to-morrow.--_Harv. Reg._, p. 194.
+
+
+TIGHT. A common slang term among students; the comparative, of
+which _drunk_ is the superlative.
+
+  Some twenty of as jolly chaps as e'er got jolly _tight_.
+    _Poem before Y.H._, 1849.
+
+               Hast spent the livelong night
+  In smoking Esculapios,--in getting jolly _tight_?
+    _Poem before Iadma_, 1850.
+
+  He clenched his fist as fain for fight,
+  Sank back, and gently murmured "_tight_."
+    _MS. Poem_, W.F. Allen, 1848.
+
+  While fathers, are bursting with rage and spite,
+  And old ladies vow that the students are _tight_.
+    _Yale Gallinipper_, Nov. 1848.
+
+Speaking of the word "drunk," the Burlington Sentinel remarks:
+"The last synonyme that we have observed is '_tight_,' a term, it
+strikes us, rather inappropriate, since a 'tight' man, in the cant
+use of the word, is almost always a 'loose character.' We give a
+list of a few of the various words and phrases which have been in
+use, at one time or another, to signify some stage of inebriation:
+Over the bay, half seas over, hot, high, corned, cut, cocked,
+shaved, disguised, jammed, damaged, sleepy, tired, discouraged,
+snuffy, whipped, how come ye so, breezy, smoked, top-heavy,
+fuddled, groggy, tipsy, smashed, swipy, slewed, cronk, salted
+down, how fare ye, on the lee lurch, all sails set, three sheets
+in the wind, well under way, battered, blowing, snubbed, sawed,
+boosy, bruised, screwed, soaked, comfortable, stimulated,
+jug-steamed, tangle-legged, fogmatic, blue-eyed, a passenger in
+the Cape Ann stage, striped, faint, shot in the neck, bamboozled,
+weak-jointed, got a brick in his hat, got a turkey on his back."
+
+Dr. Franklin, in speaking of the intemperate drinker, says, he
+will never, or seldom, allow that he is drunk; he may be "boosy,
+cosey, foxed, merry, mellow, fuddled, groatable, confoundedly cut,
+may see two moons, be among the Philistines, in a very good humor,
+have been in the sun, is a little feverish, pretty well entered,
+&c., but _never drunk_."
+
+A highly entertaining list of the phrases which the Germans employ
+"to clothe in a tolerable garb of decorum that dreamy condition
+into which Bacchus frequently throws his votaries," is given in
+_Howitt's Student Life of Germany_, Am. ed., pp. 296, 297.
+
+See SPRUNG.
+
+2. At Williams College, this word is sometimes used as an
+exclamation; e.g. "O _tight_!"
+
+
+TIGHT FIT. At the University of Vermont, a good joke is
+denominated by the students a _tight fit_, and the jokee is said
+to be "hard up."
+
+
+TILE. A hat. Evidently suggested by the meaning of the word, a
+covering for the roof of buildings.
+
+  Then, taking it from off his head, began to brush his "_tile_."
+    _Poem before the Iadma_, 1850.
+
+
+TOADY. A fawning, obsequious parasite; a toad-eater. In college
+cant, one who seeks or gains favor with an instructor or
+popularity with his classmates by mean and sycophantic actions.
+
+
+TOADY. To flatter any one for gain.--_Halliwell_.
+
+
+TOM. The great bell of Christ Church, Oxford, which formerly
+belonged to Osney Abbey.
+
+"This bell," says the Oxford Guide, "was recast in 1680, its
+weight being about 17,000 pounds; more than double the weight of
+the great bell in St. Paul's, London. This bell has always been
+represented as one of the finest in England, but even at the risk
+of dispelling an illusion under which most Oxford men have
+labored, and which every member of Christ Church has indulged in
+from 1680 to the present time, touching the fancied superiority of
+mighty Tom, it must be confessed that it is neither an accurate
+nor a musical bell. The note, as we are assured by the learned in
+these matters, ought to be B flat, but is not so. On the contrary,
+the bell is imperfect and inharmonious, and requires, in the
+opinion of those best informed, and of most experience, to be
+recast. It is, however, still a great curiosity, and may be seen
+by applying to the porter at Tom-Gate lodge."--Ed. 1847, p. 5,
+note a.
+
+
+TO THE _n(-th.)_, TO THE _n + 1(-th.)_ Among English Cantabs
+these algebraic expressions are used as intensives to denote the
+most energetic way of doing anything.--_Bristed_.
+
+
+TOWNEY. The name by which a student in an American college is
+accustomed to designate any young man residing in the town in
+which the college is situated, who is not a collegian.
+
+  And _Towneys_ left when she showed fight.
+    _Pow-wow of Class of '58, Yale Coll._
+
+
+TRANSLATION. The act of turning one language into another.
+
+At the University of Cambridge, Eng., this word is applied more
+particularly to the turning of Greek or Latin into English.
+
+In composition and cram I was yet untried, and the _translations_
+in lecture-room were not difficult to acquit one's self on
+respectably.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+34.
+
+
+TRANSMITTENDUM, _pl._ TRANSMITTENDA or TRANSMITTENDUMS. Anything
+transmitted, or handed down from one to another.
+
+Students, on withdrawing from college, often leave in the room
+which they last occupied, pictures, looking-glasses, chairs, &c.,
+there to remain, and to be handed down to the latest posterity.
+Articles thus left are called _transmittenda_.
+
+The Great Mathematical Slate was a _transmittendum_ to the best
+mathematical scholar in each class.--_MS. note in Cat. Med. Fac.
+Soc._, 1833, p. 16.
+
+
+TRENCHER-CAP. A-name, sometimes given to the square head-covering
+worn by students in the English universities. Used figuratively to
+denote collegiate power.
+
+The _trencher-cap_ has claimed a right to take its part in the
+movements which make or mar the destinies of nations, by the side
+of plumed casque and priestly tiara.--_The English Universities
+and their Reforms_, in _Blackwood's Mag._, Feb. 1849.
+
+
+TRIANGLE. At Union College, a urinal, so called from its shape.
+
+
+TRIENNIAL, or TRIENNIAL CATALOGUE. In American colleges, a
+catalogue issued once in three years. This catalogue contains the
+names of the officers and students, arranged according to the
+years in which they were connected with the college, an account of
+the high public offices which they have filled, degrees which they
+have received, time of death, &c.[66]
+
+The _Triennial Catalogue_ becomes increasingly a mournful
+record--it should be monitory, as well as mournful--to survivors,
+looking at the stars thickening on it, from one date to
+another.--_Scenes and Characters in College_, p. 198.
+
+  Our tale shall be told by a silent star,
+  On the page of some future _Triennial_.
+    _Class Poem, Harv. Coll._, 1849, p. 4.
+
+
+TRIMESTER. Latin _trimestris_; _tres_, three, and _mensis_, month.
+In the German universities, a term or period of three
+months.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TRINITARIAN. The popular name of a member of Trinity College in
+the University of Cambridge, Eng.
+
+
+TRIPOS, _pl._ TRIPOSES. At Cambridge, Eng., any university
+examination for honors, of questionists or men who have just taken
+their B.A. The university scholarship examinations are not called
+_triposes_.--_Bristed_.
+
+The Classical Tripos is generally spoken of as _the Tripos_, the
+Mathematical one as the Degree Examination.--_Ibid._, p. 170.
+
+2. A tripos paper.
+
+3. One who prepares a tripos paper.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TRIPOS PAPER. At the University of Cambridge, England, a printed
+list of the successful candidates for mathematical honors,
+accompanied by a piece in Latin verse. There are two of these,
+designed to commemorate the two Tripos days. The first contains
+the names of the Wranglers and Senior Optimes, and the second the
+names of the Junior Optimes. The word _tripos_ is supposed to
+refer to the three-legged stool formerly used at the examinations
+for these honors, though some derive it from the three _brackets_
+formerly printed on the back of the paper.
+
+_Classical Tripos Examination_. The final university examination
+for classical honors, optional to all who have taken the
+mathematical honors.--_C.A. Bristed_, in _Webster's Dict._
+
+The Tripos Paper is more fully described in the annexed extract.
+"The names of the Bachelors who were highest in the list
+(Wranglers and Senior Optimes, _Baccalaurei quibus sua reservatur
+senioritas Comitiis prioribus_, and Junior Optimes, _Comitiis
+posterioribus_) were written on slips of paper; and on the back of
+these papers, probably with a view of making them less fugitive
+and more entertaining, was given a copy of Latin verses. These
+verses were written by one of the new Bachelors, and the exuberant
+spirits and enlarged freedom arising from the termination of the
+Undergraduate restrictions often gave to these effusions a
+character of buffoonery and satire. The writer was termed _Terrae
+Filius_, or _Tripos_, probably from some circumstance in the mode
+of his making his appearance and delivering his verses; and took
+considerable liberties. On some occasions, we find that these went
+so far as to incur the censure of the authorities. Even now, the
+Tripos verses often aim at satire and humor. [It is customary to
+have one serious and one humorous copy of verses.] The writer does
+not now appear in person, but the Tripos Paper, the list of honors
+with its verses, still comes forth at its due season, and the list
+itself has now taken the name of the Tripos. This being the case
+with the list of mathematical honors, the same name has been
+extended to the list of classical honors, though unaccompanied by
+its classical verses."--_Whewell on Cambridge Education_, Preface
+to Part II., quoted in _Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 25.
+
+
+TRUMP. A jolly blade; a merry fellow; one who occupies among his
+companions a position similar to that which trumps hold to the
+other cards in the pack. Not confined in its use to collegians,
+but much in vogue among them.
+
+  But soon he treads this classic ground,
+  Where knowledge dwells and _trumps_ abound.
+    _MS. Poem_.
+
+
+TRUSTEE. A person to whom property is legally committed in
+_trust_, to be applied either for the benefit of specified
+individuals, or for public uses.--_Webster_.
+
+In many American colleges the general government is vested in a
+board of _trustees_, appointed differently in different colleges.
+
+See CORPORATION and OVERSEER.
+
+
+TUFT-HUNTER. A cant term, in the English universities, for a
+hanger-on to noblemen and persons of quality. So called from the
+_tuft_ in the cap of the latter.--_Halliwell_.
+
+There are few such thorough _tuft-hunters_ as your genuine Oxford
+Don.--_Blackwood's Mag._, Eng. ed., Vol. LVI. p. 572.
+
+
+TUITION. In universities, colleges, schools, &c., the money paid
+for instruction. In American colleges, the tuition is from thirty
+to seventy dollars a year.
+
+
+TUTE. Abbreviation for Tutor.
+
+
+TUTOR. Latin; from _tueor_, to defend; French, _tuteur_.
+
+In English universities and colleges, an officer or member of some
+hall, who has the charge of hearing the lessons of the students,
+and otherwise giving them instruction in the sciences and various
+branches of learning.
+
+In the American colleges, tutors are graduates selected by the
+trustees, for the instruction of undergraduates of the first three
+years. They are usually officers of the institution, who have a
+share, with the president and professors, in the government of the
+students.--_Webster_.
+
+
+TUTORAGE. In the English universities, the guardianship exerted by
+a tutor; the care of a pupil.
+
+The next item which I shall notice is that which in college bills
+is expressed by the word _Tutorage_.--_De Quincey's Life and
+Manners_, p. 251.
+
+
+TUTOR, CLASS. At some of the colleges in the United States, each
+of the four classes is assigned to the care of a particular tutor,
+who acts as the ordinary medium of communication between the
+members of the class and the Faculty, and who may be consulted by
+the students concerning their studies, or on any other subject
+interesting to them in their relations to the college.
+
+At Harvard College, in addition to these offices, the Class Tutors
+grant leave of absence from church and from town for Sunday,
+including Saturday night, on the presentation of a satisfactory
+reason, and administer all warnings and private admonitions
+ordered by the Faculty for misconduct or neglect of duty.--_Orders
+and Regulations of the Faculty of Harv. Coll._, July, 1853, pp. 1,
+2.
+
+Of this regulation as it obtained at Harvard during the latter
+part of the last century, Professor Sidney Willard says: "Each of
+the Tutors had one class, of which he was charged with a certain
+oversight, and of which he was called the particular Tutor. The
+several Tutors in Latin successively sustained this relation to my
+class. Warnings of various kinds, private admonitions for
+negligence or minor offences, and, in general, intercommunication
+between his class and the Immediate Government, were the duties
+belonging to this relation."--_Memories of Youth and Manhood_,
+Vol. I. p. 266, note.
+
+
+TUTOR, COLLEGE. At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, an
+officer connected with a college, whose duties are described in
+the annexed extracts.
+
+With reference to Oxford, De Quincey remarks: "Each college takes
+upon itself the regular instruction of its separate inmates,--of
+these and of no others; and for this office it appoints, after
+careful selection, trial, and probation, the best qualified
+amongst those of its senior members who choose to undertake a
+trust of such heavy responsibility. These officers are called
+Tutors; and they are connected by duties and by accountability,
+not with the University at all, but with their own private
+colleges. The public tutors appointed in each college [are] on the
+scale of one to each dozen or score of students."--_Life and
+Manners_, Boston, 1851, p. 252.
+
+Bristed, writing of Cambridge, says: "When, therefore, a boy, or,
+as we should call him, a young man, leaves his school, public or
+private, at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and 'goes up' to the
+University, he necessarily goes up to some particular college, and
+the first academical authority he makes acquaintance with in the
+regular order of things is the College Tutor. This gentleman has
+usually taken high honors either in classics or mathematics, and
+one of his duties is naturally to lecture. But this by no means
+constitutes the whole, or forms the most important part, of his
+functions. He is the medium of all the students' pecuniary
+relations with the College. He sends in their accounts every term,
+and receives the money through his banker; nay, more, he takes in
+the bills of their tradesmen, and settles them also. Further, he
+has the disposal of the college rooms, and assigns them to their
+respective occupants. When I speak of the College _Tutor_, it must
+not be supposed that one man is equal to all this work in a large
+college,--Trinity, for instance, which usually numbers four
+hundred Undergraduates in residence. A large college has usually
+two Tutors,--Trinity has three,--and the students are equally
+divided among them,--_on their sides_, the phrase is,--without
+distinction of year, or, as we should call it, of _class_. The
+jurisdiction of the rooms is divided in like manner. The Tutor is
+supposed to stand _in loco parentis_; but having sometimes more
+than a hundred young men under him, he cannot discharge his duties
+in this respect very thoroughly, nor is it generally expected that
+he should."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, pp. 10, 11.
+
+
+TUTORIAL. Belonging to or exercised by a tutor or instructor.
+
+Even while he is engaged in his "_tutorial_" duties, &c.--_Am.
+Lit. Mag._, Vol. IV. p. 409.
+
+
+TUTORIC. Pertaining to a tutor.
+
+A collection of two was not then considered a sure prognostic of
+rebellion, and spied out vigilantly by _tutoric_
+eyes.--_Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 314.
+
+
+TUTORIFIC. The same as _tutoric_.
+
+  While thus in doubt they hesitating stand,
+  Approaches near the _Tutorific_ band.
+    _Yale Tomahawk_, May, 1852.
+
+  "Old Yale," of thee we sing, thou art our theme,
+  Of thee with all thy _Tutorific_ host.--_Ibid._
+
+
+TUTORING FRESHMEN. Of the various means used by Sophomores to
+trouble Freshmen, that of _tutoring_ them, as described in the
+following extract from the Sketches of Yale College, is not at all
+peculiar to that institution, except in so far as the name is
+concerned.
+
+"The ancient customs of subordination among the classes, though
+long since abrogated, still preserve a part of their power over
+the students, not only of this, but of almost every similar
+institution. The recently exalted Sophomore, the dignified Junior,
+and the venerable Senior, look back with equal humor at the
+'greenness' of their first year. The former of these classes,
+however, is chiefly notorious in the annals of Freshman capers. To
+them is allotted the duty of fumigating the room of the new-comer,
+and preparing him, by a due induction into the mysteries of Yale,
+for the duties of his new situation. Of these performances, the
+most systematic is commonly styled _Tutoring_, from the character
+assumed by the officiating Sophomore. Seated solemnly in his chair
+of state, arrayed in a pompous gown, with specs and powdered hair,
+he awaits the approach of the awe-struck subject, who has been
+duly warned to attend his pleasure, and fitly instructed to make a
+low reverence and stand speechless until addressed by his
+illustrious superior. A becoming impression has also been conveyed
+of the dignity, talents, and profound learning and influence into
+the congregated presence of which he is summoned. Everything, in
+short, which can increase his sufficiently reverent emotions, or
+produce a readier or more humble obedience, is carefully set
+forth, till he is prepared to approach the door with no little
+degree of that terror with which the superstitious inquirer enters
+the mystic circle of the magician. A shaded light gleams dimly out
+into the room, and pours its fuller radiance upon a ponderous
+volume of Hebrew; a huge pile of folios rests on the table, and
+the eye of the fearful Freshman half ventures to discover that
+they are tomes of the dead languages.
+
+"But first he has, in obedience to his careful monitor, bowed
+lowly before the dignified presence; and, hardly raising his eyes,
+he stands abashed at his awful situation, waiting the supreme
+pleasure of the supposed officer. A benignant smile lights up the
+tutor's grave countenance; he enters strangely enough into
+familiar talk with the recently admitted collegiate; in pathetic
+terms he describes the temptations of this _great_ city, the
+thousand dangers to which he will be exposed, the vortex of ruin
+into which, if he walks unwarily, he will be surely plunged. He
+fires the youthful ambition with glowing descriptions of the
+honors that await the successful, and opens to his eager view the
+dazzling prospect of college fame. Nor does he fail to please the
+youthful aspirant with assurances of the kindly notice of the
+Faculty; he informs him of the satisfactory examination he has
+passed, and the gratification of the President at his uncommon
+proficiency; and having thus filled the buoyant imagination of his
+dupe with the most glowing college air-castles, dismisses him from
+his august presence, after having given him especial permission to
+call on any important occasion hereafter."--pp. 159-162.
+
+
+TUTOR, PRIVATE. At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, an
+instructor, whose position and studies are set forth in the
+following extracts.
+
+"Besides the public tutors appointed in each college," says De
+Quincey, writing of Oxford, "there are also tutors strictly
+private, who attend any students in search of special and
+extraordinary aid, on terms settled privately by themselves. Of
+these persons, or their existence, the college takes no
+cognizance." "These are the working agents in the Oxford system."
+"The _Tutors_ of Oxford correspond to the _Professors_ of other
+universities."--_Life and Manners_, Boston, 1851, pp. 252, 253.
+
+Referring to Cambridge, Bristed remarks: "The private tutor at an
+English university corresponds, as has been already observed, in
+many respects, to the _professor_ at a German. The German
+professor is not _necessarily_ attached to any specific chair; he
+receives no _fixed_ stipend, and has not public lecture-rooms; he
+teaches at his own house, and the number of his pupils depends on
+his reputation. The Cambridge private tutor is also a graduate,
+who takes pupils at his rooms in numbers proportionate to his
+reputation and ability. And although while the German professor is
+regularly licensed as such by his university, and the existence of
+the private tutor _as such_ is not even officially recognized by
+his, still this difference is more apparent than real; for the
+English university has _virtually_ licensed the tutor to instruct
+in a particular branch by the standing she has given him in her
+examinations." "Students come up to the University with all
+degrees of preparation.... To make up for former deficiences, and
+to direct study so that it may not be wasted, are two _desiderata_
+which probably led to the introduction of private tutors, once a
+partial, now a general appliance."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, pp. 146-148.
+
+
+TUTORSHIP. The office of a tutor.--_Hooker_.
+
+In the following passage, this word is used as a titulary
+compellation, like the word _lordship_.
+
+  One morning, as the story goes,
+  Before his _tutorship_ arose.--_Rebelliad_, p. 73.
+
+
+TUTORS' PASTURE. In 1645, John Bulkley, the "first Master of Arts
+in Harvard College," by a deed, gave to Mr. Dunster, the President
+of that institution, two acres of land in Cambridge, during his
+life. The deed then proceeds: "If at any time he shall leave the
+Presidency, or shall decease, I then desire the College to
+appropriate the same to itself for ever, as a small gift from an
+alumnus, bearing towards it the greatest good-will." "After
+President Dunster's resignation," says Quincy, "the Corporation
+gave the income of Bulkley's donation to the tutors, who received
+it for many years, and hence the enclosure obtained the name of
+'_Tutors' Pasture_,' or '_Fellows' Orchard_.'" In the Donation
+Book of the College, the deed is introduced as "Extractum Doni
+Pomarii Sociorum per Johannem Bulkleium."--_Quincy's Hist. Harv.
+Univ._, Vol. I. pp. 269, 270.
+
+For further remarks on this subject, see Peirce's "History of
+Harvard University," pp. 15, 81, 113, also Chap. XIII., and
+"Memorial of John S. Popkin, D.D.," pp. 390, 391.
+
+
+TWITCH A TWELVE. At Middlebury College, to make a perfect
+recitation; twelve being the maximum mark for scholarship.
+
+
+
+_U_.
+
+
+UGLY KNIFE. See JACK-KNIFE.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATE. A student, or member of a university or college,
+who has not taken his first degree.--_Webster_.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATE. Noting or pertaining to a student of a college who
+has not taken his first degree.
+
+The _undergraduate_ students shall be divided into four distinct
+classes.--_Laws Yale Coll._, 1837, p. 11.
+
+With these the _undergraduate_ course is not intended to
+interfere.--_Yale Coll. Cat._, 1850-51, p. 33.
+
+
+UNDERGRADUATESHIP. The state of being an undergraduate.--_Life of
+Paley_.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY. An assemblage of colleges established in any place,
+with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other
+branches of learning, and where degrees are conferred. A
+_university_ is properly a universal school, in which are taught
+all branches of learning, or the four faculties of theology,
+medicine, law, and the sciences and arts.--_Cyclopaedia_.
+
+2. At some American colleges, a name given to a university
+student. The regulation in reference to this class at Union
+College is as follows:--"Students, not regular members of college,
+are allowed, as university students, to prosecute any branches for
+which they are qualified, provided they attend three recitations
+daily, and conform in all other respects to the laws of College.
+On leaving College, they receive certificates of character and
+scholarship."--_Union Coll. Cat._, 1850.
+
+The eyes of several Freshmen and _Universities_ shone with a
+watery lustre.--_The Parthenon_, Vol. I. p. 20.
+
+
+UP. To be _up_ in a subject, is to be informed in regard to it.
+_Posted_ expresses a similar idea. The use of this word, although
+common among collegians, is by no means confined to them.
+
+In our past history, short as it is, we would hardly expect them
+to be well _up_.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 28.
+
+
+He is well _up_ in metaphysics.--_Ibid._, p. 53.
+
+
+UPPER HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+
+_V_.
+
+
+VACATION. The intermission of the regular studies and exercises of
+a college or other seminary, when the students have a
+recess.--_Webster_.
+
+In the University of Cambridge, Eng., there are three vacations
+during each year. Christmas vacation begins on the 16th of
+December, and ends on the 13th of January. Easter vacation begins
+on the Friday before Palm Sunday, and ends on the eleventh day
+after Easter-day. The Long vacation begins on the Friday
+succeeding the first Tuesday in July, and ends on the 10th of
+October. At the University of Oxford there are four vacations in
+each year. At Dublin University there are also four vacations,
+which correspond nearly with the vacations of Oxford.
+
+See TERM.
+
+
+VALEDICTION. A farewell; a bidding farewell. Used sometimes with
+the meaning of _valedictory_ or _valedictory oration_.
+
+Two publick Orations, by the Candidates: the one to give a
+specimen of their Knowledge, &c., and the other to give a grateful
+and pathetick _Valediction_ to all the Officers and Members of the
+Society.--_Clap's Hist. Yale Coll._, p. 87.
+
+
+VALEDICTORIAN. The student of a college who pronounces the
+valedictory oration at the annual Commencement.--_Webster_.
+
+
+VALEDICTORY. In American colleges, a farewell oration or address
+spoken at Commencement, by a member of the class which receive the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts, and take their leave of college and of
+each other.
+
+
+VARMINT. At Cambridge, England, and also among the whip gentry,
+this word signifies natty, spruce, dashing; e.g. he is quite
+_varmint_; he sports a _varmint_ hat, coat, &c.
+
+A _varmint_ man spurns a scholarship, would consider it a
+degradation to be a fellow.--_Gradus ad Cantab._, p. 122.
+
+The handsome man, my friend and pupil, was naturally enough a bit
+of a swell, or _varmint_ man.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. II. p. 118.
+
+
+VERGER. At the University of Oxford, an officer who walks first in
+processions, and carries a silver rod.
+
+
+VICE-CHANCELLOR. An officer in a university, in England, a
+distinguished member, who is annually elected to manage the
+affairs in the absence of the Chancellor. He must be the head of a
+college, and during his continuance in office he acts as a
+magistrate for the university, town, and county.--_Cam. Cal._
+
+At Oxford, the Vice-Chancellor holds a court, in which suits may
+be brought against any member of the University. He never walks
+out, without being preceded by a Yeoman-Bedel with his silver
+staff. At Cambridge, the Mayor and Bailiffs of the town are
+obliged, at their election, to take certain oaths before the
+Vice-Chancellor. The Vice-Chancellor has the sole right of
+licensing wine and ale-houses in Cambridge, and of _discommuning_
+any tradesman or inhabitant who has violated the University
+privileges or regulations. In both universities, the
+Vice-Chancellor is nominated by the Heads of Houses, from among
+themselves.
+
+
+VICE-MASTER. An officer of a college in the English universities
+who performs the duties of the Master in his absence.
+
+
+VISITATION. The act of a superior or superintending officer, who
+visits a corporation, college, church, or other house, to examine
+into the manner in which it is conducted, and see that its laws
+and regulations are duly observed and executed.--_Cyc._
+
+In July, 1766, a law was formally enacted, "that twice in the
+year, viz. at the semiannual _visitation_ of the committee of the
+Overseers, some of the scholars, at the direction of the President
+and Tutors, shall publicly exhibit specimens of their
+proficiency," &c.--_Quincy's Hist. Harv. Univ._, Vol. II. p. 132.
+
+
+VIVA VOCE. Latin; literally, _with the living voice_. In the
+English universities, that part of an examination which is carried
+on orally.
+
+The examination involves a little _viva voce_, and it was said,
+that, if a man did his _viva voce_ well, none of his papers were
+looked at but the Paley.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+Ed. 2d, p. 92.
+
+In Combination Room, where once I sat at _viva voce_, wretched,
+ignorant, the wine goes round, and wit, and pleasant
+talk.--_Household Words_, Am. ed., Vol. XI. p. 521.
+
+
+
+_W_.
+
+
+WALLING. At the University of Oxford, the punishment of _walling_,
+as it is popularly denominated, consists in confining a student to
+the walls of his college for a certain period.
+
+
+WARDEN. The master or president of a college.--_England_.
+
+
+WARNING. In many colleges, when it is ascertained that a student
+is not living in accordance with the laws of the institution, he
+is usually informed of the fact by a _warning_, as it is called,
+from one of the faculty, which consists merely of friendly caution
+and advice, thus giving him an opportunity, by correcting his
+faults, to escape punishment.
+
+  Sadly I feel I should have been saved by numerous _warnings_.
+    _Harvardiana_, Vol. III. p. 98.
+
+  No more shall "_warnings_" in their hearing ring,
+  Nor "admonitions" haunt their aching head.
+    _Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol. XV. p. 210.
+
+
+WEDGE. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the man whose name is
+the last on the list of honors in the voluntary classical
+examination, which follows the last examination required by
+statute, is called the _wedge_. "The last man is called the
+_wedge_" says Bristed, "corresponding to the Spoon in Mathematics.
+This name originated in that of the man who was last on the first
+Tripos list (in 1824), _Wedgewood_. Some one suggested that the
+_wooden wedge_ was a good counterpart to the _wooden spoon_, and
+the appellation stuck."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p.
+253.
+
+
+WET. To christen a new garment by treating one's friends when one
+first appears in it; e.g.:--A. "Have you _wet_ that new coat yet?"
+B. "No." A. "Well, then, I should recommend to you the propriety
+of so doing." B. "What will you drink?" This word, although much
+used among students, is by no means confined to them.
+
+
+WHINNICK. At Hamilton College, to refuse to fulfil a promise or
+engagement; to retreat from a difficulty; to back out.
+
+
+WHITE-HOOD HOUSE. See SENATE.
+
+
+WIGS. The custom of wearing wigs was, perhaps, observed nowhere in
+America during the last century with so much particularity as at
+the older colleges. Of this the following incident is
+illustrative. Mr. Joseph Palmer, who graduated at Harvard in the
+year 1747, entered college at the age of fourteen; but, although
+so young, was required immediately after admission to cut off his
+long, flowing hair, and to cover his head with an unsightly
+bag-wig. At the beginning of the present century, wigs were not
+wholly discarded, although the fashion of wearing the hair in a
+queue was more in vogue. From a record of curious facts, it
+appears that the last wig which appeared at Commencement in
+Harvard College was worn by Mr. John Marsh, in the year 1819.
+
+See DRESS.
+
+
+WILL. At Harvard College, it was at one time the mode for the
+student to whom had been given the JACK-KNIFE in consequence of
+his ugliness, to transmit the inheritance, when he left, to some
+one of equal pretensions in the class next below him. At one
+period, this transmission was effected by a _will_, in which not
+only the knife, but other articles, were bequeathed. As the 21st
+of June was, till of late years, the day on which the members of
+the Senior Class closed their collegiate studies, and retired to
+make preparations for the ensuing Commencement, Wills were usually
+dated at that time. The first will of this nature of which mention
+is made is that of Mr. William Biglow, a member of the class of
+1794, and the recipient for that year of the knife. It appeared in
+the department entitled "Omnium Gatherum" of the Federal Orrery,
+published at Boston, April 27, 1795, in these words:--
+
+ "A WILL:
+
+BEING THE LAST WORDS OF CHARLES CHATTERBOX, ESQ., LATE WORTHY AND
+MUCH LAMENTED MEMBER OF THE LAUGHING CLUB OF HARVARD UNIVERSITT,
+WHO DEPARTED COLLEGE LIFE, JUNE 21, 1794, IN THE TWENTY-FIRST YEAR
+OF HIS AGE.
+
+ "I, CHARLEY CHATTER, sound of mind,
+  To making fun am much inclined;
+  So, having cause to apprehend
+  My college life is near its end,
+  All future quarrels to prevent,
+  I seal this will and testament.
+
+ "My soul and body, while together,
+  I send the storms of life to weather;
+  To steer as safely as they can,
+  To honor GOD, and profit man.
+
+ "_Imprimis_, then, my bed and bedding,
+  My only chattels worth the sledding,
+  Consisting of a maple stead,
+  A counterpane, and coverlet,
+  Two cases with the pillows in,
+  A blanket, cord, a winch and pin,
+  Two sheets, a feather bed and hay-tick,
+  I order sledded up to _Natick_,
+  And that with care the sledder save them
+  For those kind parents, first who gave them.
+
+ "_Item_. The Laughing Club, so blest,
+  Who think this life what 't is,--a jest,--
+  Collect its flowers from every spray,
+  And laugh its goading thorns away;
+  From whom to-morrow I dissever,
+  Take one sweet grin, and leave for ever;
+  My chest, and all that in it is,
+  I give and I bequeath them, viz.:
+  Westminster grammar, old and poor,
+  Another one, compiled by Moor;
+  A bunch of pamphlets pro and con
+  The doctrine of salva-ti-on;
+  The college laws, I'm freed from minding,
+  A Hebrew psalter, stripped from binding.
+  A Hebrew Bible, too, lies nigh it,
+  Unsold--because no one would buy it.
+
+ "My manuscripts, in prose and verse,
+  They take for better and for worse;
+  Their minds enlighten with the best,
+  And pipes and candles with the rest;
+  Provided that from them they cull
+  My college exercises dull,
+  On threadbare theme, with mind unwilling,
+  Strained out through fear of fine one shilling,
+  To teachers paid t' avert an evil,
+  Like Indian worship to the Devil.
+  The above-named manuscripts, I say.
+  To club aforesaid I convey,
+  Provided that said themes, so given,
+  Full proofs that _genius won't be driven_,
+  To our physicians be presented,
+  As the best opiates yet invented.
+
+ "_Item_. The government of college,
+  Those liberal _helluos_ of knowledge,
+  Who, e'en in these degenerate days,
+  Deserve the world's unceasing praise;
+  Who, friends of science and of men,
+  Stand forth Gomorrah's righteous ten;
+  On them I naught but thanks bestow,
+  For, like my cash, my credit's low;
+  So I can give nor clothes nor wines,
+  But bid them welcome to my fines.
+
+ "_Item_. My study desk of pine,
+  That work-bench, sacred to the nine,
+  Which oft hath groaned beneath my metre,
+  I give to pay my debts to PETER.
+
+ "_Item_. Two penknives with white handles,
+  A bunch of quills, and pound of candles,
+  A lexicon compiled by COLE,
+  A pewter spoon, and earthen bowl,
+  A hammer, and two homespun towels,
+  For which I yearn with tender bowels,
+  Since I no longer can control them,
+  I leave to those sly lads who stole them.
+
+ "_Item_. A gown much greased in Commons,
+  A hat between a man's and woman's,
+  A tattered coat of college blue,
+  A fustian waistcoat torn in two,
+  With all my rust, through college carried,
+  I give to classmate O----,[67] who's _married_.
+
+ "_Item_. C------ P------s[68] has my knife,
+  During his natural college life,--
+  That knife, which ugliness inherits,
+  And due to his superior merits;
+  And when from Harvard he shall steer,
+  I order him to leave it here,
+  That 't may from class to class descend,
+  Till time and ugliness shall end.
+
+ "The said C------ P------s, humor's son,
+  Who long shall stay when I am gone,
+  The Muses' most successful suitor,
+  I constitute my executor;
+  And for his trouble to requite him,
+  Member of Laughing Club I write him.
+
+ "Myself on life's broad sea I throw,
+  Sail with its joy, or stem its woe,
+  No other friend to take my part,
+  Than careless head and honest heart.
+  My purse is drained, my debts are paid,
+  My glass is run, my will is made,
+  To beauteous Cam. I bid adieu,
+  And with the world begin anew."
+
+Following the example of his friend Biglow, Mr. Prentiss, on
+leaving college, prepared a will, which afterwards appeared in one
+of the earliest numbers of the Rural Repository, a literary paper,
+the publication of which he commenced at Leominster, Mass., in the
+autumn of 1795. Thomas Paine, afterwards Robert Treat Paine, Jr.,
+immediately transferred it to the columns of the Federal Orrery,
+which paper he edited, with these introductory remarks: "Having,
+in the second number of 'Omnium Gatherum' presented to our readers
+the last will and testament of Charles Chatterbox, Esq., of witty
+memory, wherein the said Charles, now deceased, did lawfully
+bequeath to Ch----s Pr----s the celebrated 'Ugly Knife,' to be by
+him transmitted, at his collegiate demise, to the next succeeding
+candidate;... and whereas the said Ch-----s Pr-----s, on the 21st
+of June last, departed his aforesaid '_college life_,' thereby
+leaving to the inheritance of his successor the valuable legacy,
+which his illustrious friend had bequeathed, as an _entailed
+estate_, to the poets of the university,--we have thought proper
+to insert a full, true, and attested copy of the will of the last
+deceased heir, in order that the world may be furnished with a
+correct genealogy of this renowned _jack-knife_, whose pedigree
+will become as illustrious in after time as the family of the
+'ROLLES,' and which will be celebrated by future wits as the most
+formidable _weapon_ of modern genius."
+
+"A WILL;
+
+BEING THE LAST WORDS OP CH----S PR----S, LATE WORTHY AND MUCH
+LAMENTED MEMBER OF THE LAUGHING CLUB OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, WHO
+DEPARTED COLLEGE LIFE ON THE 21ST OF JUNE, 1795.
+
+ "I, Pr-----s Ch----s, of judgment sound,
+  In soul, in limb and wind, now found;
+  I, since my head is full of wit,
+  And must be emptied, or must split,
+  In name of _president_ APOLLO,
+  And other gentle folks, that follow:
+  Such as URANIA and CLIO,
+  To whom my fame poetic I owe;
+  With the whole drove of rhyming sisters,
+  For whom my heart with rapture blisters;
+  Who swim in HELICON uncertain
+  Whether a petticoat or shirt on,
+  From vulgar ken their charms do cover,
+  From every eye but _Muses' lover_;
+  In name of every ugly GOD;
+  Whose beauty scarce outshines a toad;
+  In name of PROSERPINE and PLUTO,
+  Who board in hell's sublimest grotto;
+  In name of CERBERUS and FURIES,
+  Those damned _aristocrats_ and tories;
+  In presence of two witnesses,
+  Who are as homely as you please,
+  Who are in truth, I'd not belie 'em,
+  Ten times as ugly, faith, as I am;
+  But being, as most people tell us,
+  A pair of jolly clever fellows,
+  And classmates likewise, at this time,
+  They sha'n't be honored in my rhyme.
+  I--I say I, now make this will;
+  Let those whom I assign fulfil.
+  I give, grant, render, and convey
+  My goods and chattels thus away:
+  That _honor of a college life_,
+  _That celebrated_ UGLY KNIFE,
+  Which predecessor SAWNEY[69] orders,
+  Descending to time's utmost borders,
+  To _noblest bard of homeliest phiz_,
+  To have and hold and use as his;
+  I now present C----s P----y S----r,[70]
+  To keep with his poetic lumber,
+  To scrape his quid, and make a split,
+  To point his pen for sharpening wit;
+  And order that he ne'er abuse
+  Said Ugly Knife, in dirtier use,
+  And let said CHARLES, that best of writers,
+  In prose satiric skilled to bite us,
+  And equally in verse delight us,
+  Take special care to keep it clean
+  From unpoetic hands,--I ween.
+  And when those walls, the Muses' seat,
+  Said S----r is obliged to quit,
+  Let some one of APOLLO'S firing,
+  To such heroic joys aspiring,
+  Who long has borne a poet's name,
+  With said knife cut his way to fame.
+
+ "I give to those that fish for parts,
+  Long sleepless nights, and aching hearts,
+  A little soul, a fawning spirit,
+  With half a grain of plodding merit,
+  Which is, as Heaven I hope will say,
+  Giving what's not my own away.
+
+ "Those _oven baked_ or _goose egg folded_,
+  Who, though so often I have told it,
+  With all my documents to show it,
+  Will scarce believe that I'm a poet,
+  I give of criticism the lens
+  With half an ounce of common sense.
+
+ "And 't would a breach be of humanity,
+  Not to bequeath D---n[71] my vanity;
+  For 'tis a rule direct from Heaven,
+  _To him that hath, more shall be given_.
+
+ "_Item_. Tom M----n,[72] COLLEGE LION,
+  Who'd ne'er spend cash enough to buy one,
+  The BOANERGES of a pun,
+  A man of science and of fun,
+  That quite uncommon witty elf,
+  Who darts his bolts and shoots himself,
+  Who oft hath bled beneath my jokes,
+  I give my old _tobacco-box_.
+
+ "My _Centinels_[73] for some years past,
+  So neatly bound with thread and paste,
+  Exposing Jacobinic tricks,
+  I give my chum _for politics_.
+
+ "My neckcloth, dirty, old, yet _strong_,
+  That round my neck has lasted long,
+  I give BIG BOY, for deed of pith,
+  Namely, to hang himself therewith.
+
+ "To those who've parts at exhibition
+  Obtained by long, unwearied fishing,
+  I say, to such unlucky wretches,
+  I give, for wear, a brace of breeches;
+  Then used; as they're but little tore,
+  I hope they'll show their tails no more.
+
+ "And ere it quite has gone to rot,
+  I, B---- give my blue great-coat,
+  With all its rags, and dirt, and tallow,
+  Because he's such a dirty fellow.
+
+ "Now for my books; first, _Bunyan's Pilgrim_,
+  (As he with thankful pleasure will grin,)
+  Though dog-leaved, torn, in bad type set in,
+  'T will do quite well for classmate B----,
+  And thus, with complaisance to treat her,
+  'T will answer for another Detur.
+
+ "To him that occupies my study,
+  I give, for use of making toddy,
+  A bottle full of _white-face_ STINGO,
+  Another, handy, called a _mingo_.
+  My wit, as I've enough to spare,
+  And many much in want there are,
+  I ne'er intend to keep at _home_,
+  But give to those that handiest come,
+  Having due caution, _where_ and _when_,
+  Never to spatter _gentlemen_.
+  The world's loud call I can't refuse,
+  The fine productions of my muse;
+  If _impudence_ to _fame_ shall waft her,
+  I'll give the public all, hereafter.
+  My love-songs, sorrowful, complaining,
+  (The recollection puts me pain in,)
+  The last sad groans of deep despair,
+  That once could all my entrails tear;
+  My farewell sermon to the ladies;
+  My satire on a woman's head-dress;
+  My epigram so full of glee,
+  Pointed as epigrams should be;
+  My sonnets soft, and sweet as lasses,
+  My GEOGRAPHY of MOUNT PARNASSUS;
+  With all the bards that round it gather,
+  And variations of the weather;
+  Containing more true humorous satire,
+  Than's oft the lot of human nature;
+  ('O dear, what can the matter be!'
+  I've given away my _vanity_;
+  The vessel can't so much contain,
+  It runs o'er and comes back again.)
+  My blank verse, poems so majestic,
+  My rhymes heroic, tales agrestic;
+  The whole, I say, I'll overhaul 'em,
+  Collect and publish in a volume.
+
+ "My heart, which thousand ladies crave,
+  That I intend my wife shall have.
+  I'd give my foibles to the wind,
+  And leave my vices all behind;
+  But much I fear they'll to me stick,
+  Where'er I go, through thin and thick.
+  On WISDOM'S _horse_, oh, might I ride,
+  Whose steps let PRUDENCE' bridle guide.
+  Thy loudest voice, O REASON, lend,
+  And thou, PHILOSOPHY, befriend.
+  May candor all my actions guide,
+  And o'er my every thought preside,
+  And in thy ear, O FORTUNE, one word,
+  Let thy swelled canvas bear me onward,
+  Thy favors let me ever see,
+  And I'll be much obliged to thee;
+  And come with blooming visage meek,
+  Come, HEALTH, and ever flush my cheek;
+  O bid me in the morning rise,
+  When tinges Sol the eastern skies;
+  At breakfast, supper-time, or dinner,
+  Let me against thee be no sinner.
+
+ "And when the glass of life is run,
+  And I behold my setting sun,
+  May conscience sound be my protection,
+  And no ungrateful recollection,
+  No gnawing cares nor tumbling woes,
+  Disturb the quiet of life's close.
+  And when Death's gentle feet shall come
+  To bear me to my endless home,
+  Oh! may my soul, should Heaven but save it,
+  Safely return to GOD who gave it."
+    _Federal Orrery_, Oct. 29, 1795. _Buckingham's Reminiscences_,
+    Vol. II. pp. 228-231, 268-273.
+
+It is probable that the idea of a "College Will" was suggested to
+Biglow by "Father Abbey's Will," portions of which, till the
+present generation, were "familiar to nearly all the good
+housewives of New England." From the history of this poetical
+production, which has been lately printed for private circulation
+by the Rev. John Langdon Sibley of Harvard College, the annexed
+transcript of the instrument itself, together with the love-letter
+which was suggested by it, has been taken. The instances in which
+the accepted text differs from a Broadside copy, in the possession
+of the editor of this work, are noted at the foot of the page.
+
+ "FATHER ABBEY'S WILL:
+
+  TO WHICH IS NOW ADDED, A LETTER OF COURTSHIP TO HIS VIRTUOUS AND
+  AMIABLE WIDOW.
+   "_Cambridge, December_, 1730.
+
+"Some time since died here Mr. Matthew Abbey, in a very advanced
+age: He had for a great number of years served the College in
+quality of Bedmaker and Sweeper: Having no child, his wife
+inherits his whole estate, which he bequeathed to her by his last
+will and testament, as follows, viz.:--
+
+ "To my dear wife
+  My joy and life,
+  I freely now do give her,
+  My whole estate,
+  With all my plate,
+  Being just about to leave her.
+
+ "My tub of soap,
+  A long cart-rope,
+  A frying pan and kettle,
+  An ashes[74] pail,
+  A threshing-flail,
+  An iron wedge and beetle.
+
+ "Two painted chairs,
+  Nine warden pears,
+  A large old dripping platter,
+  This bed of hay
+  On which I lay,
+  An old saucepan for butter.
+
+ "A little mug,
+  A two-quart jug,
+  A bottle full of brandy,
+  A looking-glass
+  To see your face,
+  You'll find it very handy.
+
+ "A musket true,
+  As ever flew,
+  A pound of shot and wallet,
+  A leather sash,
+  My calabash,
+  My powder-horn and bullet.
+
+ "An old sword-blade,
+  A garden spade,
+  A hoe, a rake, a ladder,
+  A wooden can,
+  A close-stool pan,
+  A clyster-pipe and bladder.
+
+ "A greasy hat,
+  My old ram cat,
+  A yard and half of linen,
+  A woollen fleece,
+  A pot of grease,[75]
+  In order for your spinning.
+
+ "A small tooth comb,
+  An ashen broom,
+  A candlestick and hatchet,
+  A coverlid
+  Striped down with red,
+  A bag of rags to patch it.
+
+ "A rugged mat,
+  A tub of fat,
+  A book put out by Bunyan,
+  Another book
+  By Robin Cook,[76]
+  A skein or two of spun-yarn.
+
+ "An old black muff,
+  Some garden stuff,
+  A quantity of borage,[77]
+  Some devil's weed,
+  And burdock seed,
+  To season well your porridge.
+
+ "A chafing-dish,
+  With one salt-fish.
+  If I am not mistaken,
+  A leg of pork,
+  A broken fork,
+  And half a flitch of bacon.
+
+ "A spinning-wheel,
+  One peck of meal,
+  A knife without a handle,
+  A rusty lamp,
+  Two quarts of samp,
+  And half a tallow candle.
+
+ "My pouch and pipes,
+  Two oxen tripes,
+  An oaken dish well carved,
+  My little dog,
+  And spotted hog,
+  With two young pigs just starved.
+
+ "This is my store,
+  I have no more,
+  I heartily do give it:
+  My years are spun,
+  My days are done,
+  And so I think to leave it.
+
+ "Thus Father Abbey left his spouse,
+  As rich as church or college mouse,
+  Which is sufficient invitation
+  To serve the college in his station."
+    _Newhaven, January_ 2, 1731.
+
+"Our sweeper having lately buried his spouse, and accidentally
+hearing of the death and will of his deceased Cambridge brother,
+has conceived a violent passion for the relict. As love softens
+the mind and disposes to poetry, he has eased himself in the
+following strains, which he transmits to the charming widow, as
+the first essay of his love and courtship.
+
+ "MISTRESS Abbey
+  To you I fly,
+  You only can relieve me;
+  To you I turn,
+  For you I burn,
+  If you will but believe me.
+
+ "Then, gentle dame,
+  Admit my flame,
+  And grant me my petition;
+  If you deny,
+  Alas! I die
+  In pitiful condition.
+
+ "Before the news
+  Of your dear spouse
+  Had reached us at New Haven,
+  My dear wife dy'd,
+  Who was my bride
+  In anno eighty-seven.
+
+ "Thus[78] being free,
+  Let's both agree
+  To join our hands, for I do
+  Boldly aver
+  A widower
+  Is fittest for a widow.
+
+ "You may be sure
+  'T is not your dower
+  I make this flowing verse on;
+  In these smooth lays
+  I only praise
+  The glories[79] of your person.
+
+ "For the whole that
+  Was left by[80] _Mat._
+  Fortune to me has granted
+  In equal store,
+  I've[81] one thing more
+  Which Matthew long had wanted.
+
+ "No teeth, 't is true,
+  You have to shew,
+  The young think teeth inviting;
+  But silly youths!
+  I love those mouths[82]
+  Where there's no fear of biting.
+
+ "A leaky eye,
+  That's never dry,
+  These woful times is fitting.
+  A wrinkled face
+  Adds solemn grace
+  To folks devout at meeting.
+
+ "[A furrowed brow,
+  Where corn might grow,
+  Such fertile soil is seen in 't,
+  A long hook nose,
+  Though scorned by foes,
+  For spectacles convenient.][83]
+
+ "Thus to go on
+  I would[84] put down
+  Your charms from head to foot,
+  Set all your glory
+  In verse before ye,
+  But I've no mind to do 't.[85]
+
+ "Then haste away,
+  And make no stay;
+  For soon as you come hither,
+  We'll eat and sleep,
+  Make beds and sweep.
+  And talk and smoke together.
+
+ "But if, my dear,
+  I must move there,
+  Tow'rds Cambridge straight I'll set me.[86]
+  To touse the hay
+  On which you lay,
+  If age and you will let me."[87]
+
+The authorship of Father Abbey's Will and the Letter of Courtship
+is ascribed to the Rev. John Seccombe, who graduated at Harvard
+College in the year 1728. The former production was sent to
+England through the hands of Governor Belcher, and in May, 1732,
+appeared both in the Gentleman's Magazine and the London Magazine.
+The latter was also despatched to England, and was printed in the
+Gentleman's Magazine for June, and in the London Magazine for
+August, 1732. Both were republished in the Massachusetts Magazine,
+November, 1794. A most entertaining account of the author of these
+poems, and of those to whom they relate, may be found in the
+"Historical and Biographical Notes" of the pamphlet to which
+allusion has been already made, and in the "Cambridge [Mass.]
+Chronicle" of April 28, 1855.
+
+
+WINE. To drink wine.
+
+After "wining" to a certain extent, we sallied forth from his
+rooms.--_Alma Mater_, Vol. I. p. 14.
+
+Hither they repair each day after dinner "_to wine_."
+
+_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 95.
+
+After dinner I had the honor of _wining_ with no less a personage
+than a fellow of the college.--_Ibid._, Vol. I. p. 114.
+
+
+In _wining_ with a fair one opposite, a luckless piece of jelly
+adhered to the tip of his still more luckless nose.--_The Blank
+Book of a Small-Colleger_, New York, 1824, p. 75.
+
+
+WINE PARTY. Among students at the University of Cambridge, Eng.,
+an entertainment after dinner, which is thus described by Bristed:
+"Many assemble at _wine parties_ to chat over a frugal dessert of
+oranges, biscuits, and cake, and sip a few glasses of not
+remarkably good wine. These wine parties are the most common
+entertainments, being rather the cheapest and very much the most
+convenient, for the preparations required for them are so slight
+as not to disturb the studies of the hardest reading man, and they
+take place at a time when no one pretends to do any work."--_Five
+Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 21.
+
+
+WIRE. At Harvard College, a trick; an artifice; a stratagem; a
+_dodge_.
+
+
+WIRY. Trickish; artful.
+
+
+WITENAGEMOTE. Saxon, _witan_, to know, and _gemot_, a meeting, a
+council.
+
+In the University of Oxford, the weekly meeting of the heads of
+the colleges.--_Oxford Guide_.
+
+
+WOODEN SPOON. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., the scholar
+whose name stands last of all on the printed list of honors, at
+the Bachelors' Commencement in January, is scoffingly said to gain
+the _wooden spoon_. He is also very currently himself called the
+_wooden spoon_.
+
+A young academic coming into the country immediately after this
+great competition, in which he had conspicuously distinguished
+himself, was asked by a plain country gentleman, "Pray, Sir, is my
+Jack a Wrangler?" "No, Sir." Now Jack had confidently pledged
+himself to his uncle that he would take his degree with honor. "A
+Senior Optime?" "No, Sir." "Why, what was he then?" "Wooden
+Spoon!" "Best suited to his wooden head," said the mortified
+inquirer.--_Forby's Vocabulary_, Vol. II. p. 258.
+
+It may not perhaps be improper to mention one very remarkable
+personage, I mean "the _Wooden Spoon_." This luckless wight (for
+what cause I know not) is annually the universal butt and
+laughing-stock of the whole Senate-House. He is the last of those
+young men who take honors, in his year, and is called a Junior
+Optime; yet, notwithstanding his being in fact superior to them
+all, the very lowest of the [Greek: oi polloi], or gregarious
+undistinguished bachelors, think themselves entitled to shoot the
+pointless arrows of their clumsy wit against the _wooden spoon_;
+and to reiterate the stale and perennial remark, that "Wranglers
+are born with gold spoons in their mouths, Senior Optimes with
+silver, Junior Optimes with _wooden_, and the [Greek: oi polloi]
+with leaden ones."--_Gent. Mag._, 1795, p. 19.
+
+  Who while he lives must wield the boasted prize,
+  Whose value all can feel, the weak, the wise;
+  Displays in triumph his distinguished boon,
+  The solid honors of the _wooden spoon_.
+    _Grad. ad Cantab._, p. 119.
+
+2. At Yale College, this title is conferred on the student who
+takes the last appointment at the Junior Exhibition. The following
+account of the ceremonies incident to the presentation of the
+Wooden Spoon has been kindly furnished by a graduate of that
+institution.
+
+"At Yale College the honors, or, as they are there termed,
+appointments, are given to a class twice during the course;--upon
+the merits of the two preceding years, at the end of the first
+term, Junior; and at the end of the second term, Senior, upon the
+merits of the whole college course. There are about eight grades
+of appointments, the lowest of which is the Third Colloquy. Each
+grade has its own standard, and if a number of students have
+attained to the same degree, they receive the same appointment. It
+is rarely the case, however, that more than one student can claim
+the distinction of a third colloquy; but when there are several,
+they draw lots to see which is entitled to be considered properly
+_the_ third colloquy man.
+
+"After the Junior appointments are awarded, the members of the
+Junior Class hold an exhibition similar to the regular Junior
+exhibition, and present a _wooden spoon_ to the man who received
+the lowest honor in the gift of the Faculty.
+
+"The exhibition takes place in the evening, at some public hall in
+town. Except to those engaged in the arrangements, nothing is
+known about it among the students at large, until the evening of
+the performances, when notices of the hour and place are quietly
+circulated at prayers, in order that it may not reach the ears of
+the Faculty, who are ever too ready to participate in the sports
+of the students, and to make the result tell unfavorably against
+the college welfare of the more prominent characters.
+
+"As the appointed hour approaches, long files of black coats may
+be seen emerging from the dark halls, and winding their way
+through the classic elms towards the Temple, the favorite scene of
+students' exhibitions and secret festivals. When they reach the
+door, each man must undergo the searching scrutiny of the
+door-keeper, usually disguised as an Indian, to avoid being
+recognized by a college officer, should one chance to be in the
+crowd, and no one is allowed to enter unless he is known.
+
+"By the time the hour of the exercises has arrived, the hall is
+densely packed with undergraduates and professional students. The
+President, who is a non-appointment man, and probably the poorest
+scholar in the class, sits on a stage with his associate
+professors. Appropriate programmes, printed in the college style,
+are scattered throughout the house. As the hour strikes, the
+President arises with becoming dignity, and, instead of the usual
+phrase, 'Musicam audeamus,' restores order among the audience by
+'Silentiam audeamus,' and then addresses the band, 'Musica
+cantetur.'
+
+"Then follow a series of burlesque orations, dissertations, and
+disputes, upon scientific and other subjects, from the wittiest
+and cleverest men in the class, and the house is kept in a
+continual roar of laughter. The highest appointment men frequently
+take part in the speeches. From time to time the band play, and
+the College choir sing pieces composed for the occasion. In one of
+the best, called AUDACIA, composed in imitation of the Crambambuli
+song, by a member of the class to which the writer belonged, the
+Wooden Spoon is referred to in the following stanza:--
+
+ 'But do not think our life is aimless;
+    O no! we crave one blessed boon,
+  It is the prize of value nameless,
+    The honored, classic WOODEN SPOON;
+  But give us this, we'll shout Hurrah!
+    O nothing like Audacia!'
+
+"After the speeches are concluded and the music has ceased, the
+President rises and calls the name of the hero of the evening, who
+ascends the stage and stands before the high dignitary. The
+President then congratulates him upon having attained to so
+eminent a position, and speaks of the pride that he and his
+associates feel in conferring upon him the highest honor in their
+gift,--the Wooden Spoon. He exhorts him to pursue through life the
+noble cruise he has commenced in College,--not seeking glory as
+one of the illiterate,--the [Greek: oi polloi],--nor exactly on
+the fence, but so near to it that he may safely be said to have
+gained the 'happy medium.'
+
+"The President then proceeds to the grand ceremony of the evening,
+--the delivery of the Wooden Spoon,--a handsomely finished spoon,
+or ladle, with a long handle, on which is carved the name of the
+Class, and the rank and honor of the recipient, and the date of
+its presentation. The President confers the honor in Latin,
+provided he and his associates are able to muster a sufficient
+number of sentences.
+
+"When the President resumes his seat, the Third Colloquy man
+thanks his eminent instructors for the honor conferred upon him,
+and thanks (often with sincerity) the class for the distinction he
+enjoys. The exercises close with music by the band, or a burlesque
+colloquy. On one occasion, the colloquy was announced upon the
+programme as 'A Practical Illustration of Humbugging,' with a long
+list of witty men as speakers, to appear in original costumes.
+Curiosity was very much excited, and expectation on the tiptoe,
+when the colloquy became due. The audience waited and waited until
+sufficiently _humbugged_, when they were allowed to retire with
+the laugh turned against them.
+
+"Many men prefer the Wooden Spoon to any other college honor or
+prize, because it comes directly from their classmates, and hence,
+perhaps, the Faculty disapprove of it, considering it as a damper
+to ambition and college distinctions."
+
+This account of the Wooden Spoon Exhibition was written in the
+year 1851. Since then its privacy has been abolished, and its
+exercises are no longer forbidden by the Faculty. Tutors are now
+not unfrequently among the spectators at the presentation, and
+even ladies lend their presence, attention, and applause, to
+beautify, temper, and enliven the occasion.
+
+The "_Wooden Spoon_," tradition says, was in ancient times
+presented to the greatest glutton in the class, by his
+appreciating classmates. It is now given to the one whose name
+comes last on the list of appointees for the Junior Exhibition,
+though this rule is not strictly followed. The presentation takes
+place during the Summer Term, and in vivacity with respect to the
+literary exercises, and brilliance in point of audience, forms a
+rather formidable rival to the regularly authorized Junior
+Exhibition.--_Songs of Tale_, Preface, 1853, p. 4.
+
+Of the songs which are sung in connection with the wooden spoon
+presentation, the following is given as a specimen.
+
+   "Air,--_Yankee Doodle_.
+
+ "Come, Juniors, join this jolly tune
+  Our fathers sang before us;
+  And praise aloud the wooden spoon
+  In one long, swelling chorus.
+    Yes! let us, Juniors, shout and sing
+      The spoon and all its glory,--
+    Until the welkin loudly ring
+      And echo back the story.
+
+ "Who would not place this precious boon
+  Above the Greek Oration?
+  Who would not choose the wooden spoon
+  Before a dissertation?
+    Then, let, &c.
+
+ "Some pore o'er classic works jejune,
+  Through all their life at College,--
+  I would not pour, but use the spoon
+  To fill my mind with knowledge.
+    So let, &c.
+
+ "And if I ever have a son
+  Upon my knee to dandle,
+  I'll feed him with a wooden spoon
+  Of elongated handle.
+    Then let, &c.
+
+ "Most college honors vanish soon,
+  Alas! returning never,
+  But such a noble wooden spoon
+  Is tangible for ever.
+    So let, &c.
+
+ "Now give, in honor of the spoon,
+  Three cheers, long, loud, and hearty,
+  And three for every honored June
+  In coch-le-au-re-a-ti.[88]
+    Yes! let us, Juniors, shout and sing
+      The spoon and all its glory,--
+    Until the welkin loudly ring
+      And echo back the story."
+    _Songs of Yale_, 1853, p. 37.
+
+
+WRANGLER. In the University of Cambridge, Eng., at the conclusion
+of the tenth term, the final examination in the Senate-House takes
+place. A certain number of those who pass this examination in the
+best manner are called _Wranglers_.
+
+The usual number of _Wranglers_--whatever Wrangler may have meant
+once, it now implies a First Class man in Mathematics--is
+thirty-seven or thirty-eight. Sometimes it falls to thirty-five,
+and occasionally rises above forty.--_Bristed's Five Years in an
+Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 227.
+
+See SENIOR WRANGLER.
+
+
+WRANGLERSHIP. The office of a _Wrangler_.
+
+
+He may be considered pretty safe for the highest _Wranglership_
+out of Trinity.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+p. 103.
+
+
+WRESTLING-MATCH. At Harvard College, it was formerly the custom,
+on the first Monday of the term succeeding the Commencement
+vacation, for the Sophomores to challenge the Freshmen who had
+just entered College to a wrestling-match. A writer in the New
+England Magazine, 1832, in an article entitled "Harvard College
+Forty Years Ago," remarks as follows on this subject: "Another
+custom, not enjoined by the government, had been in vogue from
+time immemorial. That was for the Sophomores to challenge the
+Freshmen to a wrestling-match. If the Sophomores were thrown, the
+Juniors gave a similar challenge. If these were conquered, the
+Seniors entered the lists, or treated the victors to as much wine,
+punch, &c. as they chose to drink. In my class, there were few who
+had either taste, skill, or bodily strength for this exercise, so
+that we were easily laid on our backs, and the Sophomores were
+acknowledged our superiors, in so far as 'brute force' was
+concerned. Being disgusted with these customs, we held a
+class-meeting, early in our first quarter, and voted unanimously
+that we should never send a Freshman on an errand; and, with but
+one dissenting voice, that we would not challenge the next class
+that should enter to wrestle. When the latter vote was passed, our
+moderator, pointing at the dissenting individual with the finger
+of scorn, declared it to be a vote, _nemine contradicente_. We
+commenced Sophomores, another Freshman Class entered, the Juniors
+challenged them, and were thrown. The Seniors invited them to a
+treat, and these barbarous customs were soon after
+abolished."--Vol. III. p. 239.
+
+The Freshman Class above referred to, as superior to the Junior,
+was the one which graduated in 1796, of which Mr. Thomas Mason,
+surnamed "the College Lion," was a member,--"said," remarks Mr.
+Buckingham, "to be the greatest _wrestler_ that was ever in
+College. He was settled as a clergyman at Northfield, Mass.,
+resigned his office some years after, and several times
+represented that town in the Legislature of Massachusetts."
+Charles Prentiss, the wit of the Class of '95, in a will written
+on his departure from college life, addresses Mason as follows:--
+
+ "Item. Tom M----n, COLLEGE LION,
+  Who'd ne'er spend cash enough to buy one,
+  The BOANERGES of a pun,
+  A man of science and of fun,
+  That quite uncommon witty elf,
+  Who darts his bolts and shoots himself,
+  Who oft has bled beneath my jokes,
+  I give my old _tobacco-box_."
+    _Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. p. 271.
+
+The fame which Mr. Mason had acquired while in College for bodily
+strength and skill in wrestling, did not desert him after he left.
+While settled as a minister at Northfield, a party of young men
+from Vermont challenged the young men of that town to a bout at
+wrestling. The challenge was accepted, and on a given day the two
+parties assembled at Northfield. After several rounds, when it
+began to appear that the Vermonters were gaining the advantage, a
+proposal was made, by some who had heard of Mr. Mason's exploits,
+that he should be requested to take part in the contest. It had
+now grown late, and the minister, who usually retired early, had
+already betaken himself to bed. Being informed of the request of
+the wrestlers, for a long time he refused to go, alleging as
+reasons his ministerial capacity, the force of example, &c.
+Finding these excuses of no avail, he finally arose, dressed
+himself, and repaired to the scene of action. Shouts greeted him
+on his arrival, and he found himself on the wrestling-field, as he
+had stood years ago at Cambridge. The champion of the Vermonters
+came forward, flushed with his former victories. After playing
+around him for some time, Mr. Mason finally threw him. Having by
+this time collected his ideas of the game, when another antagonist
+appeared, tripping up his heels with perfect ease, he suddenly
+twitched him off his centre and laid him on his back. Victory was
+declared in favor of Northfield, and the good minister was borne
+home in triumph.
+
+Similar to these statements are those of Professor Sidney Willard
+relative to the same subject, contained in his late work entitled
+"Memories of Youth and Manhood." Speaking of the observances in
+vogue at Harvard College in the year 1794, he says:--"Next to
+being indoctrinated in the Customs, so called, by the Sophomore
+Class, there followed the usual annual exhibition of the athletic
+contest between that class and the Freshman Class, namely, the
+wrestling-match. On some day of the second week in the term, after
+evening prayers, the two classes assembled on the play-ground and
+formed an extended circle, from which a stripling of the Sophomore
+Class advanced into the area, and, in terms justifying the vulgar
+use of the derivative word Sophomorical, defied his competitors,
+in the name of his associates, to enter the lists. He was matched
+by an equal in stature, from that part of the circle formed by the
+new-comers. Beginning with these puny athletes, as one and another
+was prostrated on either side, the contest advanced through the
+intermediate gradations of strength and skill, with increasing
+excitement of the parties and spectators, until it reached its
+summit by the struggle of the champion or coryphaeus in reserve on
+each of the opposite sides. I cannot now affirm with certainty the
+result of the contest; whether it was a drawn battle, whether it
+ended with the day, or was postponed for another trial. It
+probably ended in the defeat of the younger party, for there were
+more and mightier men among their opponents. Had we been
+victorious, it would have behooved us, according to established
+precedents, to challenge the Junior Class, which was not done.
+Such a result, if it had taken place, could not fade from the
+memory of the victors; while failure, on the contrary, being an
+issue to be looked for, would soon be dismissed from the thoughts
+of the vanquished. Instances had occurred of the triumph of the
+Freshman Class, and one of them recent, when a challenge in due
+form was sent to the Juniors, who, thinking the contest too
+doubtful, wisely resolved to let the victors rejoice in their
+laurels already won; and, declining to meet them in the gymnasium,
+invited them to a sumptuous feast instead.
+
+"Wrestling was, at an after period, I cannot say in what year,
+superseded by football; a grovelling and inglorious game in
+comparison. Wrestling is an art; success in the exercise depends
+not on mere bodily strength. It had, at the time of which I have
+spoken, its well-known and acknowledged technical rules, and any
+violation of them, alleged against one who had prostrated his
+adversary, became a matter of inquiry. If it was found that the
+act was not achieved _secundum artem_, it was void, and might be
+followed by another trial."--Vol. I. pp. 260, 261.
+
+Remarks on this subject are continued in another part of the work
+from which the above extract is made, and the story of Thomas
+Mason is related, with a few variations from the generally
+received version. "Wrestling," says Professor Willard, "was
+reduced to an art, which had its technical terms for the movement
+of the limbs, and the manner of using them adroitly, with the
+skill acquired by practice in applying muscular force at the right
+time and in the right degree. Success in the art, therefore,
+depended partly on skill; and a violation of the rules of the
+contest vitiated any apparent triumph gained by mere physical
+strength. There were traditionary accounts of some of our
+predecessors who were commemorated as among the coryphaei of
+wrestlers; a renown that was not then looked upon with contempt.
+The art of wrestling was not then confined to the literary
+gymnasium. It was practised in every rustic village. There were
+even migrating braves and Hectors, who, in their wanderings from
+their places of abode to villages more or less distant, defied the
+chiefest of this order of gymnasts to enter the lists. In a
+country town of Massachusetts remote from the capital, one of
+these wanderers appeared about half a century since, and issued a
+general challenge against the foremost wrestlers. The clergyman of
+the town, a son of Harvard, whose fame in this particular had
+travelled from the academic to the rustic green, was apprised of
+the challenge, and complied with the solicitation of some of his
+young parishioners to accept it in their behalf. His triumph over
+the challenger was completed without agony or delay, and having
+prostrated him often enough to convince him of his folly, he threw
+him over the stone wall, and gravely admonished him against
+repeating his visit, and disturbing the peace of his
+parish."--Vol. I. p. 315.
+
+The peculiarities of Thomas Mason were his most noticeable
+characteristics. As an orator, his eloquence was of the _ore
+rotundo_ order; as a writer, his periods were singularly
+Johnsonian. He closed his ministerial labors in Northfield,
+February 28, 1830, on which occasion he delivered a farewell
+discourse, taking for his text, the words of Paul to Timothy: "The
+time of my departure is at hand. I have fought a good fight, I
+have finished my course, I have kept the faith; henceforth there
+is laid up for me a crown of righteousness."
+
+As a specimen of his style of writing, the following passages are
+presented, taken from this discourse:--"Time, which forms the
+scene of all human enterprise, solicitude, toil, and improvement,
+and which fixes the limitations of all human pleasures and
+sufferings, has at length conducted us to the termination of our
+long-protracted alliance. An assignment of the reasons of this
+measure must open a field too extended and too diversified for our
+present survey. Nor could a development of the whole be any way
+interesting to us, to whom alone this address is now submitted.
+Suffice it to say, that in the lively exercise of mutual and
+unimpaired friendship and confidence, the contracting parties,
+after sober, continued, and unimpassioned deliberation, have
+yielded to existing circumstances, as a problematical expedient of
+social blessing."
+
+After commenting upon the declaration of Paul, he continued: "The
+Apostle proceeds, 'I have fought a good fight' Would to God I
+could say the same! Let me say, however, without the fear of
+contradiction, 'I have fought a fight!' How far it has been
+'good,' I forbear to decide." His summing up was this: "You see,
+my hearers, all I can say, in common with the Apostle in the text,
+is this: 'The time of my departure is at hand,'--and, 'I have
+finished my course.'"
+
+Referring then to the situation which he had occupied, he said:
+"The scene of our alliance and co-operation, my friends, has been
+one of no ordinary cast and character. The last half-century has
+been pregnant with novelty, project, innovation, and extreme
+excitement. The pillars of the social edifice have been shaken,
+and the whole social atmosphere has been decomposed by alchemical
+demagogues and revolutionary apes. The sickly atmosphere has
+suffused a morbid humor over the whole frame, and left the social
+body little more than 'the empty and bloody skin of an immolated
+victim.'
+
+"We pass by the ordinary incidents of alienation, which are too
+numerous, and too evanescent to admit of detail. But seasons and
+circumstances of great alarm are not readily forgotten. We have
+witnessed, and we have felt, my friends, a political convulsion,
+which seemed the harbinger of inevitable desolation. But it has
+passed by with a harmless explosion, and returning friends have
+paused in wonder, at a moment's suspension of friendship. Mingled
+with the factitious mass, there was a large spice of sincerity
+which sanctified the whole composition, and restored the social
+body to sanity, health, and increased strength and vigor.
+
+"Thrice happy must be our reflections could we stop here, and
+contemplate the ascending prosperity and increasing vigor of this
+religious community. But the one half has not yet been told,--the
+beginning has hardly been begun. Could I borrow the language of
+the spirits of wrath,--was my pen transmuted to a viper's tooth
+dipped in gore,--was my paper transformed to a vellum which no
+light could illume, and which only darkness could render legible,
+I could, and I would, record a tale of blood, of which the foulest
+miscreant must burn in ceaseless anguish only once to have been
+suspected. But I refer to imagination what description can never
+reach."
+
+What the author referred to in this last paragraph no one knew,
+nor did he ever advance any explanation of these strange words.
+
+Near the close of his discourse, he said: "Standing in the place
+of a Christian minister among you, through the whole course of my
+ministrations, it has been my great and leading aim ever to
+maintain and exhibit the character and example of a Christian man.
+With clerical foppery, grimace, craft, and hypocrisy, I have had
+no concern. In the free participation of every innocent
+entertainment and delight, I have pursued an open, unreserved
+course, equally removed from the mummery of superstition and the
+dissipation of infidelity. And though I have enjoyed my full share
+of honor from the scandal of bigotry and malice, yet I may safely
+congratulate myself in the reflection, that by this liberal and
+independent progress were men weighed in the balance of
+intellectual, social, and moral worth, I have yet never lost a
+single friend who was worth preserving."--pp. 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11.
+
+
+
+_Y_.
+
+
+YAGER FIGHTS. At Bowdoin College, "_Yager Fights_," says a
+correspondent, "are the annual conflicts which occur between the
+townsmen and the students. The Yagers (from the German _Jager_, a
+hunter, a chaser) were accustomed, when the lumbermen came down
+the river in the spring, to assemble in force, march up to the
+College yard with fife and drum, get famously drubbed, and retreat
+in confusion to their dens. The custom has become extinct within
+the past four years, in consequence of the non-appearance of the
+Yagers."
+
+
+YALENSIAN. A student at or a member of Yale College.
+
+In making this selection, we have been governed partly by poetic
+merit, but more by the associations connected with various pieces
+inserted, in the minds of the present generation of _Yalensians_.
+--_Preface to Songs of Yale_, 1853.
+
+The _Yalensian_ is off for Commencement.--_Yale Lit. Mag._, Vol.
+XIX. p. 355.
+
+
+YANKEE. According to the account of this word as given by Dr.
+William Gordon, it appears to have been in use among the students
+of Harvard College at a very early period. A citation from his
+work will show this fact in its proper light.
+
+"You may wish to know the origin of the term _Yankee_. Take the
+best account of it which your friend can procure. It was a cant,
+favorite word with Farmer Jonathan Hastings, of Cambridge, about
+1713. Two aged ministers, who were at the College in that town,
+have told me, they remembered it to have been then in use among
+the students, but had no recollection of it before that period.
+The inventor used it to express excellency. A _Yankee_ good horse,
+or _Yankee_ cider, and the like, were an excellent good horse and
+excellent cider. The students used to hire horses of him; their
+intercourse with him, and his use of the term upon all occasions,
+led them to adopt it, and they gave him the name of Yankee Jon. He
+was a worthy, honest man, but no conjurer. This could not escape
+the notice of the collegiates. Yankee probably became a by-word
+among them to express a weak, simple, awkward person; was carried
+from the College with them when they left it, and was in that way
+circulated and established through the country, (as was the case
+in respect to Hobson's choice, by the students at Cambridge, in
+Old England,) till, from its currency in New England, it was at
+length taken up and unjustly applied to the New-Englanders in
+common, as a term of reproach."--_American War_, Ed. 1789, Vol. I.
+pp. 324, 325. _Thomas's Spy_, April, 1789, No. 834.
+
+In the Massachusetts Magazine, Vol. VII., p. 301, the editor, the
+Rev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, D.D., of Dorchester, referring to a
+letter written by the Rev. John Seccombe, and dated "Cambridge,
+Sept. 27, 1728," observes: "It is a most humorous narrative of the
+fate of a goose roasted at 'Yankee Hastings's,' and it concludes
+with a poem on the occasion, in the mock-heroic." The fact of the
+name is further substantiated in the following remarks by the Rev.
+John Langdon Sibley, of Harvard College: "Jonathan Hastings,
+Steward of the College from 1750 to 1779,... was a son of Jonathan
+Hastings, a tanner, who was called 'Yankee Hastings,' and lived on
+the spot at the northwest corner of Holmes Place in Old Cambridge,
+where, not many years since, a house was built by the late William
+Pomeroy."--_Father Abbey's Will_, Cambridge, Mass., 1854, pp. 7,
+8.
+
+
+YEAR. At the English universities, the undergraduate course is
+three years and a third. Students of the first year are called
+Freshmen, and the other classes at Cambridge are, in popular
+phrase, designated successively Second-year Men, Third-year Men,
+and Men who are just going out. The word _year_ is often used in
+the sense of class.
+
+The lecturer stands, and the lectured sit, even when construing,
+as the Freshmen are sometimes asked to do; the other _Years_ are
+only called on to listen.--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng.
+Univ._, Ed. 2d, p. 18.
+
+Of the "_year_" that entered with me at Trinity, three men died
+before the time of graduating.--_Ibid._, p. 330.
+
+
+YEOMAN-BEDELL. At the University of Cambridge, Eng., the
+_yeoman-bedell_ in processions precedes the esquire-bedells,
+carrying an ebony mace, tipped with silver.--_Cam. Guide_.
+
+At the University of Oxford, the yeoman-bedels bear the silver
+staves in procession. The vice-chancellor never walks out without
+being preceded by a yeoman-bedel with his insignium of
+office.--_Guide to Oxford_.
+
+See BEADLE.
+
+
+YOUNG BURSCH. In the German universities, a name given to a
+student during his third term, or _semester_.
+
+The fox year is then over, and they wash the eyes of the new-baked
+_Young Bursche_, since during the fox-year he was held to be
+blind, the fox not being endued with reason.--_Howitt's Student
+Life of Germany_, Am. ed., p. 124.
+
+
+
+
+A LIST OF AMERICAN COLLEGES
+
+REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK, IN CONNECTION WITH PARTICULAR WORDS OR
+CUSTOMS.
+
+AMHERST COLLEGE, Amherst, Mass.,                   10 references.
+ANDERSON COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, Ind.,                3 references.
+BACON COLLEGE, Ky.,                                 1 reference.
+BETHANY COLLEGE, Bethany, Va.,                      2 references.
+BOWDOIN COLLEGE, Brunswick, Me.,                   17 references.
+BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, R.I.,                 2 references.
+CENTRE COLLEGE, Danville, Ky.,                      4 references.
+COLUMBIA [KING'S] COLLEGE, New York.,               5 references.
+COLUMBIAN COLLEGE, Washington, D.C.,                1 reference.
+DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, Hanover, N.H.,                  27 references.
+HAMILTON COLLEGE, Clinton, N.Y.,                   16 references.
+HARVARD COLLEGE, Cambridge, Mass.,                399 references.
+JEFFERSON COLLEGE, Canonsburg, Penn.,               8 references.
+KING'S COLLEGE. See COLUMBIA.
+MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE, Middlebury, Vt.,               11 references.
+NEW JERSEY, COLLEGE OF, Princeton, N.J.,           29 references.
+NEW YORK, UNIVERSITY OF, New York.,                 1 reference.
+NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF, Chapel Hill, N.C.,   3 references.
+PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Philadelphia, Penn.,   3 references.
+PRINCETON COLLEGE. See NEW JERSEY, COLLEGE OF.
+RUTGER'S COLLEGE, New Brunswick, N.J.,              2 references.
+SHELBY COLLEGE, Shelbyville, Ky.,                   2 references.
+SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, Columbia, S.C.,             3 references.
+TRINITY COLLEGE, Hartford, Conn.,                  11 references.
+UNION COLLEGE, Schenectady, N.Y.,                  41 references.
+VERMONT, UNIVERSITY OF, Burlington, Vt.,           25 references.
+VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Albemarle Co., Va.,       14 references.
+WASHINGTON COLLEGE, Washington, Penn.,              5 references.
+WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, Middletown, Conn.,             5 references.
+WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE, Hudson, Ohio.,             1 reference.
+WEST POINT, N.Y.,                                   1 reference.
+WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, Williamsburg, Va.,        3 references.
+WILLIAMS COLLEGE, Williamstown, Mass.,             43 references.
+YALE COLLEGE, New Haven, Conn.,                   264 references.
+
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[01]    Hon. Levi Woodbury, whose subject was "Progress."
+
+[02]    _Vide_ Aristophanes, _Aves_.
+
+[03]    Alcestis of Euripides.
+
+[04]    See BRICK MILL.
+
+[05]    At Harvard College, sixty-eight Commencements were held in
+        the old parish church which "occupied a portion of the
+        space between Dane Hall and the old Presidential House."
+        The period embraced was from 1758 to 1834. There was no
+        Commencement in 1764, on account of the small-pox; nor
+        from 1775 to 1781, seven years, on account of the
+        Revolutionary war. The first Commencement in the new
+        meeting-house was held in 1834. In 1835, there was rain at
+        Commencement, for the first time in thirty-five years.
+
+[06]    The graduating class usually waited on the table at dinner
+        on Commencement Day.
+
+[07]    Rev. John Willard, S.T.D., of Stafford, Conn., a graduate
+        of the class of 1751.
+
+[08]     "Men, some to pleasure, some to business, take;
+          But every woman is at heart a rake."
+
+[09]    Rev. Joseph Willard, S.T.D.
+
+[10]    The Rev. Dr. Simeon Howard, senior clergyman of the
+        Corporation, presided at the public exercises and
+        announced the degrees.
+
+[11]    See under THESIS and MASTER'S QUESTION.
+
+[12]    The old way of spelling the word SOPHOMORE, q.v.
+
+[13]    Speaking of Bachelors who are reading for fellowships,
+        Bristed says, they "wear black gowns with two strings
+        hanging loose in front."--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+        Ed. 2d, p. 20.
+
+[14]    Bristed speaks of the "blue and silver gown" of Trinity
+        Fellow-Commoners.--_Five Years in an Eng. Univ._, Ed. 2d,
+        p. 34.
+
+[15]    "A gold-tufted cap at Cambridge designates a Johnian or
+        Small-College Fellow-Commoner."--_Ibid._, p. 136.
+
+[16]    "The picture is not complete without the 'men,' all in
+        their academicals, as it is Sunday. The blue gown of
+        Trinity has not exclusive possession of its own walks:
+        various others are to be discerned, the Pembroke looped at
+        the sleeve, the Christ's and Catherine curiously crimped
+        in front, and the Johnian with its unmistakable
+        'Crackling.'"--_Bristed's Five Years in an Eng. Univ._,
+        Ed. 2d, p. 73.
+
+        "On Saturday evenings, Sundays, and Saints' days the
+        students wear surplices instead of their gowns, and very
+        innocent and exemplary they look in them."--_Ibid._, p.
+        21.
+
+[17]    "The ignorance of the popular mind has often represented
+        academicians riding, travelling, &c. in cap and gown. Any
+        one who has had experience of the academic costume can
+        tell that a sharp walk on a windy day in it is no easy
+        matter, and a ride or a row would be pretty near an
+        impossibility. Indeed, during these two hours [of hard
+        exercise] it is as rare to see a student in a gown, as it
+        is at other times to find him beyond the college walks
+        without one."--_Ibid._, p. 19.
+
+[18]    Downing College.
+
+[19]    St. John's College.
+
+[20]    See under IMPOSITION.
+
+[21]     "Narratur et prisci Catonis
+          Saepe mero caluisse virtus."
+            Horace, Ode _Ad Amphoram_.
+
+[22]    Education: a Poem before [Greek: Phi. Beta. Kappa.] Soc.,
+        1799, by William Biglow.
+
+[23]    2 Samuel x. 4.
+
+[24]    A printed "Order of Exhibition" was issued at Harvard
+        College in 1810, for the first time.
+
+[25]    In reference to cutting lead from the old College.
+
+[26]    Senior, as here used, indicates an officer of college, or
+        a member of either of the three upper classes, agreeable
+        to Custom No. 3, above.
+
+[27]    The law in reference to footballs is still observed.
+
+[28]    See SOPHOMORE.
+
+[29]    I.e. TUTOR.
+
+[30]    Abbreviated for Cousin John, i.e. a privy.
+
+[31]    Joseph Willard, President of Harvard College from 1781 to
+        1804.
+
+[32]    Timothy Lindall Jennison, Tutor from 1785 to 1788.
+
+[33]    James Prescott, graduated in 1788.
+
+[34]    Robert Wier, graduated in 1788.
+
+[35]    Joseph Willard.
+
+[36]    Dr. Samuel Williams, Professor of Mathematics and Natural
+        Philosophy.
+
+[37]    Dr. Eliphalet Pearson, Professor of Hebrew and other
+        Oriental Languages.
+
+[38]    Eleazar James, Tutor from 1781 to 1789.
+
+[39]    Jonathan Burr, Tutor 1786, 1787.
+
+[40]     "Flag of the free heart's hope and home!
+          By angel hands to valor given."
+            _The American Flag_, by J.R. Drake.
+
+[41]    Charles Prentiss, who when this was written was a member
+        of the Junior Class. Both he and Mr. Biglow were fellows
+        of "infinite jest," and were noted for the superiority of
+        their talents and intellect.
+
+[42]    Mr. Biglow was known in college by the name of Sawney, and
+        was thus frequently addressed by his familiar friends in
+        after life.
+
+[43]    Charles Pinckney Sumner, afterwards a lawyer in Boston,
+        and for many years sheriff of the county of Suffolk.
+
+[44]    A black man who sold pies and cakes.
+
+[45]    Written after a general pruning of the trees around
+        Harvard College.
+
+[46]    Doctor of Medicine, or Student of Medicine.
+
+[47]    Referring to the masks and disguises worn by the members
+        at their meetings.
+
+[48]    A picture representing an examination and initiation into
+        the Society, fronting the title-page of the Catalogue.
+
+[49]    Leader Dam, _Armig._, M.D. et ex off L.K. et LL.D. et
+        J.U.D. et P.D. et M.U.D, etc., etc., et ASS.
+
+        He was an empiric, who had offices at Boston and
+        Philadelphia, where he sold quack medicines of various
+        descriptions.
+
+[50]    Christophe, the black Prince of Hayti.
+
+[51]    It is said he carried the bones of Tom Paine, the infidel,
+        to England, to make money by exhibiting them, but some
+        difficulty arising about the duty on them, he threw them
+        overboard.
+
+[52]    He promulgated a theory that the earth was hollow, and
+        that there was an entrance to it at the North Pole.
+
+[53]    Alexander the First of Russia was elected a member, and,
+        supposing the society to be an honorable one, forwarded to
+        it a valuable present.
+
+[54]    He made speeches on the Fourth of July at five or six
+        o'clock in the morning, and had them printed and ready for
+        sale, as soon as delivered, from his cart on Boston
+        Common, from which he sold various articles.
+
+[55]    Tibbets, a gambler, was attacked by Snelling through the
+        columns of the New England Galaxy.
+
+[56]    Referring to the degree given to the Russian Alexander,
+        and the present received in return.
+
+[57]    1851.
+
+[58]    See DIG. In this case, those who had parts at two
+        Exhibitions are thus designated.
+
+[59]    Jonathan Leonard, who afterwards graduated in the class of
+        1786.
+
+[60]    1851.
+
+[61]    William A. Barron, who was graduated in 1787, and was
+        tutor from 1793 to 1800, was "among his contemporaries in
+        office ... social and playful, fond of _bon-mots_,
+        conundrums, and puns." Walking one day with Shapleigh and
+        another gentleman, the conversation happened to turn upon
+        the birthplace of Shapleigh, who was always boasting that
+        two towns claimed him as their citizen, as the towns,
+        cities, and islands of Greece claimed Homer as a native.
+        Barron, with all the good humor imaginable, put an end to
+        the conversation by the following epigrammatic
+        impromptu:--
+
+         "Kittery and York for Shapleigh's birth contest;
+          Kittery won the prize, but York came off the best."
+
+[62]    In Brady and Tate, "Hear, O my people."
+
+[63]    In Brady and Tate, "instruction."
+
+[64]    Watts, "hear."
+
+[65]    See BOHN.
+
+[66]    The Triennial Catalogue of Harvard College was first
+        printed in a pamphlet form in the year 1778.
+
+[67]    Jesse Olds, a classmate, afterwards a clergyman in a
+        country town.
+
+[68]    Charles Prentiss, a member of the Junior Class when this
+        was written; afterwards editor of the Rural
+        Repository.--_Buckingham's Reminiscences_, Vol. II. pp.
+        273-275.
+
+[69]    William Biglow was known in college by the name of Sawney,
+        and was frequently addressed by this sobriquet in after
+        life, by his familiar friends.
+
+[70]    Charles Pinckney Sumner,--afterwards a lawyer in Boston,
+        and for many years Sheriff of the County of Suffolk.
+
+[71]    Theodore Dehon, afterwards a clergyman of the Episcopal
+        Church, and Bishop of the Diocese of South Carolina.
+
+[72]    Thomas Mason, a member of the class after Prentiss, said
+        to be the greatest _wrestler_ that was ever in College. He
+        was settled as a clergyman at Northfield, Mass.; resigned
+        his office some years after, and several times represented
+        that town in the Legislature of Massachusetts. See under
+        WRESTLING-MATCH.
+
+[73]    The Columbian Centinel, published at Boston, of which
+        Benjamin Russell was the editor.
+
+[74]    "Ashen," on _Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[75]     "A pot of grease,
+          A woollen fleece."--_Ed's Broadside_.
+
+[76]    "Rook."--_Ed.'s Broadside_. "Hook."--_Gent. Mag._, May,
+        1732.
+
+[77]    "Burrage."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[78]    "That."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[79]    "Beauties."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[80]    "My."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[81]    "I've" omitted in _Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+            Nay, I've two more
+          What Matthew always wanted.--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[82]     "But silly youth,
+          I love the mouth."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[83]    This stanza, although found in the London Magazine, does
+        not appear in the Gentleman's Magazine, or on the Editor's
+        Broadside. It is probably an interpolation.
+
+[84]    "Cou'd."--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[85]    "Do it."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[86]    "Tow'rds Cambridge I'll get thee."--_Ed.'s Broadside_.
+
+[87]    "If, madam, you will let me."--_Gent. Mag._, June, 1732.
+
+[88]    See COCHLEAUREATUS.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Collection of College Words and
+Customs, by Benjamin Homer Hall
+
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