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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13604 ***
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE SHARK.]
+
+
+
+
+THRILLING
+
+STORIES OF THE OCEAN.
+
+FROM AUTHENTIC ACCOUNTS OF MODERN
+
+VOYAGERS AND TRAVELLERS;
+
+DESIGNED FOR THE
+
+ENTERTAINMENT AND INSTRUCTION
+
+OF
+
+YOUNG PEOPLE.
+
+
+BY MARMADUKE PARK.
+
+With Numerous Illustrations.
+
+
+PHILADELPHIA:
+
+C.G. HENDERSON & CO.,
+
+NO. 164 CHESTNUT STREET.
+
+1852.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE SHARK]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF THE OCEAN.
+
+
+
+
+VOLNEY BECKNER.
+
+
+The white sharks are the dread of sailors in all hot climates, for they
+constantly attend vessels in expectation of anything which may be thrown
+overboard. A shark will thus sometimes traverse the ocean in company
+with a ship for several hundred leagues. Woe to the poor mariner who
+may chance to fall overboard while this sea-monster is present.
+
+Some species of sharks grow to an enormous size, often weighing from one
+to four thousand pounds each. The skin of the shark is rough, and is
+used for polishing wood, ivory, &c.; that of one species is manufactured
+into an article called _agreen_: spectacle-cases are made of it. The
+white shark is the sailor's worst enemy: he has five rows of
+wedge-shaped teeth, which are notched like a saw: when the animal is at
+rest they are flat in his mouth, but when about to seize his prey they
+are erected by a set of muscles which join them to the jaw. His mouth is
+so situated under the head that he is obliged to turn himself on one
+side before he can grasp any thing with those enormous jaws.
+
+I will now give you an account of the death of a very brave little boy,
+who was killed by a shark. He was an Irish boy; his name was Volney
+Beckner, the son of a poor fisherman. His father, having always intended
+Volney for a seafaring life, took great pains to teach him such things
+as it is useful for a sailor to know, and tried to make him brave and
+hardy; he taught him to swim when a mere baby.
+
+[Illustration: VOLNEY BECKNER'S FIRST VOYAGE.]
+
+Volney was only nine years old when he first went to sea in a merchant
+ship; the same vessel in which his father sometimes sailed. Here he
+worked hard and fared hard, but this gave him no uneasiness; his frame
+was robust, he never took cold, he knew not what fear was.
+
+[Illustration: VOLNEY BECKNER AT SEA.]
+
+In the most boisterous weather, when the rain fell in torrents, and the
+wind howled around the ship, the little Irish boy would fearlessly and
+cheerfully climb the stays and sailyards, mount the topmast, or perform
+any other duty required of him. At twelve years old the captain promoted
+the clever, good tempered, and trustworthy boy; spoke well of him before
+the whole crew, and doubled his pay.
+
+Volney was very sensible to his praises. His messmates loved him for his
+generous nature, and because he had often shown himself ready to brave
+danger in order to assist them; but an occasion soon arrived in which he
+had an opportunity of performing one of the most truly heroic deeds on
+record.
+
+The vessel in which Volney and his father sailed was bound to Port au
+Prince, in St. Domingo. A little girl, the daughter of one of the
+passengers, having slipped away from her nurse, ran on deck to amuse
+herself. While gazing on the expanse of water, the heaving of the vessel
+made her dizzy, and she fell overboard.
+
+Volney's father saw the accident, darted after her, and quickly caught
+her by the dress; but while with one hand he swam to reach the ship, and
+with the other held the child, he saw a shark advancing towards them. He
+called aloud for help; there was no time to lose, yet none dared to
+afford him any. No one, did I say? Yes, little Volney, prompted by
+filial love, ventured on a deed which strong men dared not attempt.
+
+Armed with a broad, sharp sabre, he threw himself into the sea, then
+diving like a fish under the shark, he stabbed the weapon into his body
+up to the hilt. Thus wounded the shark quitted his prey, and turned on
+the boy, who again and again attacked him with the sabre, but the
+struggle was too unequal; ropes were quickly thrown from the deck to the
+father and son; each succeeded in grasping one, and loud rose the cry of
+joy, "They are saved!" Not so! The shark, enraged at seeing that he was
+about to be altogether disappointed of his prey, made one desperate
+spring, and tore asunder the body of the noble-hearted little boy, while
+his father and the fainting child in his arms were saved.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE POULTRY BASKET--A LIFE-PRESERVER.]
+
+
+
+
+THE POULTRY BASKET--A LIFE-PRESERVER.
+
+
+I will tell you an old story of an incident which occurred many years
+ago, but perhaps it may be new to you, and please you as much as it did
+me when I was a little girl, and used to sit on my grandpapa's knee, and
+listen to this tale among many others.
+
+The hero of my story was a countryman; you may, if you please, fancy his
+neat white cottage on the hill-side, with its rustic porch, all
+overgrown with jasmine, roses, and clematis; the pretty garden and
+orchard belonging to it, with the snug poultry yard, the shed for the
+cow, and the stack of food for winter's use on one side.
+
+[Illustration: THE POULTRY YARD.]
+
+You may fancy the pleasure of the little children who lived at this
+cottage in going with their mother morning and evening to feed the
+poultry; the noise and bustle among the feathered tribe at this time;
+how some rudely push before and peck the others in their anxiety to
+obtain the first grains that fall from the basket, and how the little
+children take care that the most greedy shall not get it all; their joy
+at seeing the young broods of tiny chicks covered with downy feathers,
+and the anxiety of the hens each to protect her own from danger, and
+teach them to scratch and pick up food for themselves; while they never
+forget to admire and praise the beauty of the fine old cock, as he
+struts about with an air of magnificence, like the very king of the
+guard.
+
+  "High was his comb, and coral red withal,
+  In dents embattled like a castle wall;
+  His bill was raven-black and shone like jet,
+  Blue were his legs, and orient were his feet;
+  White were his nails, like silver to behold!
+  His body glittering like burnished gold."
+
+If you had been there, you would have wished to visit the little
+orchard; to see the gentle cow, and the geese feeding on the common
+beyond; to watch the young ducklings, dipping and ducking and enjoying
+their watering sport in the pond.
+
+If it be spring, the children would delight in gathering the
+sweet-scented meadow flowers--the water ranunculus, with its golden
+cups, the modest daisy, the pink cuckoo-flower, and the yellow cowslips;
+while overhead the bees kept up a constant humming; they have found
+their way from the straw hives in the garden and are diving into the
+delicious blossoms of the apple and cherry trees, robbing many a one of
+its sweets.
+
+[Illustration: THE BEE HIVE.]
+
+But now to my history of what did really happen to a countryman, who
+very likely lived in such a pretty cottage as I have described.
+
+He had more poultry in his yard than he needed for his own use; some of
+them had been fatted for sale; and wishing to turn them into money, he
+left his home, which was near Bristol, with a basket full of them on his
+arm. Having reached the river, he went on board the ferry boat,
+intending to go across to a place called Bristol Hot-Wells. Many gentle
+folks visit this spot for the sake of drinking the waters of the wells,
+which are thought to be very beneficial in some complaints; and no doubt
+our countryman hoped that among them his poultry would fetch a good
+price.
+
+The ferry boat was nearly half way over the river, when, by some
+accident, the poor man lost his footing and fell into the stream; he
+could not swim, and the current carried him more than a hundred yards
+from the boat; but he kept fast hold of his poultry basket, which being
+buoyant, supported him until he was perceived, and rescued by some men
+in a fishing-smack.
+
+I hope he reached the Hot-Wells in safety after all, and sold his
+poultry for as much as he expected; and, what is still better, that his
+heart was filled with gratitude to God for his preservation from danger
+so imminent.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIFE BOAT.]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE BOAT.
+
+
+Oh what a stirring scene is this! see how the brave fellows are pulling
+with their oars, and endeavoring with all their might to reach the ship
+in distress before it is too late! Well, I suppose you are curious to
+know how an open boat like this can float in such an angry, boiling sea.
+I will tell you how it is accomplished; the sides of the boat are lined
+with hollow boxes of copper, which being perfectly air-tight, render her
+buoyant, even when full of water, or loaded to the very water's edge.
+
+The originator of this simple and beautiful contrivance was a London
+coach maker, named Lionel Lukin, a man whose benevolent feelings flowed
+towards all his fellow men, but more especially towards that portion of
+them who brave the dangers of the sea. After devoting sixty years of his
+life to the pursuits of his business, he retired to Hythe in Kent, where
+he finished a well-spent life in peace and tranquility, dying in
+February, 1834. His body was interred in the churchyard of Hythe, which
+is situated on rising ground, commanding a fine view of the ocean; a fit
+resting place for the remains of one whose talents had been successfully
+directed to the means of rescuing from shipwreck and a watery grave many
+hundreds, or perhaps we may say many thousands, of poor seamen. He
+obtained a patent for his first boat in 1785.
+
+The two sailors in the picture below are Greenwich pensioners,
+supported, you know, at Greenwich Hospital, which was founded by Charles
+II. for superannuated or wounded sailors. They are smoking their pipes,
+and discussing the merits of the Life Boat.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHALE.]
+
+
+
+
+WHALE FISHING.
+
+
+The whale is the largest of all known animals. There are three kinds of
+whale; the Greenland, called by the sailors the right whale, as being
+most highly prized by them; the great northern rorqual, called by
+fishers the razor-back or finner, and the cachalot or spermaciti whale.
+The common whale measures from sixty to seventy feet in length: the
+mouth, when open, is large enough to admit a ship's jolly boat, with all
+her men in it. It contains no teeth; and enormous as the creature is,
+the opening to the throat is very narrow, not more than an inch and a
+half across in the largest whale.
+
+[Illustration: WHALE FISHING]
+
+Instead of teeth the mouth of the whale is furnished with a curious
+framework of a substance called _baleen_; you will know it by the name
+of whalebone; it is arranged in rows, and projects beyond the lips in a
+hanging fringe; the food of the whale consists of shrimps, small fishes,
+sea-snails, and innumerable minute creatures, called medusae, which are
+found in those seas where the whales feed in such vast quantities that
+they make the water of a deep green or olive color.
+
+When feeding the whale swims with open mouth under the water, and all
+the objects which lie in the way of that great moving cavern are caught
+by the baleen, and never seen again. Along with their food they swallow
+a vast quantity of water, which passes back again through the nostrils,
+and is collected into a bag placed at the external orifice of the cavity
+of the nose, whence it is expelled by the pressure of powerful muscles
+through a very narrow opening pierced in the top of the head.
+
+[Illustration: THE CACHALOT]
+
+In this way it spouts the water in beautiful jets from twenty to thirty
+feet in height. The voice of the whale is like a low murmuring: it has a
+smooth skin all over its body, under which lies that thick lard which
+yields the oil for which they are so much sought. The Greenland whale
+has but two side-fins; its tail is in the shape of a crescent; it is an
+instrument of immense power; it has been sometimes known with one stroke
+to hurl large boats high into the air, breaking them into a thousand
+fragments. The whale shows great affection for her young, which is
+called the calf; the fishermen well know this, and turn it to their own
+account; they try to strike the young with the harpoon, which is a
+strong, barbed instrument, and if they do this they are almost sure of
+securing the mother also, as nothing will induce her to leave it.
+
+Mr. Scorseby, who was for a long time engaged in the whale fishery, has
+written a book containing a very interesting account of them. He
+mentions a case in which a young whale was struck beside its dam. She
+instantly seized and darted off with it, but not until the line had been
+fixed to its body. In spite of all that could be done to her, she
+remained near her dying little one, till she was struck again and again,
+and thus both perished. Sometimes, however, on an occasion like this,
+the old whale becomes furious, and then the danger to the men is very
+great, as they attack the whale in boats, several of which belong to
+each ship.
+
+A number of these boats once made towards a whale, which, with her calf
+was playing round a group of rocks. The old whale perceiving the
+approaching danger, did all she could to warn her little one of it, till
+the sight became quite affecting. She led it away from the boats, swam
+round it, embraced it with her fins, and sometimes rolled over with it
+in the waves.
+
+The men in the boats now rowed a-head of the whales, and drove them back
+among the rocks, at which the mother evinced great uneasiness and
+anxiety; she swam round and round the young one in lessening circles;
+but all her care was unheeded, and the inexperienced calf soon met its
+fate. It was struck and killed, and a harpoon fixed in the mother, when,
+roused to reckless fury, she flew on one of the boats, and made her tail
+descend with such tremendous force on the very centre of it, as to cut
+it in two, and kill two of the men, the rest swimming in all directions
+for their lives.
+
+[Illustration: A SHIP TOWED TO LAND BY BULLOCKS.]
+
+
+
+
+SHIP TOWED TO LAND BY BULLOCKS
+
+
+Swimming is a manly exercise, and one in which, under proper care, every
+little boy ought to be instructed. In the first place it is a very
+healthy and invigorating practice frequently to immerse the body in
+water: and when we recollect how often the knowledge of this art has
+been blessed by the Supreme Disposer of events as a means of saving his
+rational creatures from sudden death, it seems that to neglect this
+object is almost to refuse to avail ourselves of one of the means of
+safety, which a kind Providence has placed within our reach.
+
+Only imagine yourself to be, as many before you have been, in a
+situation of pressing danger on the sea, and yet at no great distance
+from the land, so that you might hope to reach it by swimming, but to
+remain on board the vessel appeared certain death, how thankful you
+would then feel to your friends if they had put this means of escape
+into your power! Or if you were to see some unfortunate fellow-creature
+struggling in the water, and about to disappear from your sight, how
+willingly, if conscious of your own power to support yourself, would you
+plunge into the water to his rescue! and how would your heart glow with
+delight if your efforts to save him should prove successful!
+
+Here is a picture representing the very remarkable preservation of the
+crew of a vessel on the coast of Newfoundland. In this instance man
+availed himself of the instinct which ever prompts the brute creation to
+self-preservation. The ship was freighted with live cattle; in a
+dreadful storm she was dismasted, and became a mere wreck. The crew
+being unable to manage her, it occurred to the captain, whose name was
+Drummond, as a last resort, to attach some ropes to the horns of some of
+the bullocks, and turn them into the sea. This was done, the bullocks
+swam towards land and towed the ship to the shore. Thus the lives of the
+crew were saved.
+
+
+
+
+THE SINKING OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.
+
+
+The Royal George was an old ship; she had seen much service. Her build
+was rather short and high, but she sailed well, and carried the tallest
+masts and squarest canvas of any of England's gun-ships. She had just
+returned from Spithead, where there were twenty or thirty ships of war,
+called a fleet, lying under command of Lord Howe. It was on the 29th of
+August, 1782. She was lying off Portsmouth; her decks had been washed
+the day before, and the carpenter discovered that the pipes which
+admitted water to cleanse the ship was worn out, and must be replaced.
+This pipe being three feet under the water, it was needful to heel, or
+lay the ship a little on one side. To do this, the heavy guns on the
+larboard side were run out of the port-holes (those window-like openings
+which you see in the side of the vessel) as far as they would go, and
+the guns on the starboard side were drawn up and secured in the middle
+of the deck; this brought the sills of the port-holes on the lowest side
+nearly even with the water.
+
+[Illustration: SINKING OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.]
+
+Just as the crew had finished breakfast, a vessel called the Lark came
+on the low side of the ship to unship a cargo of rum; the casks were put
+on board on that side, and this additional weight, together with that of
+the men employed in unloading, caused the ship to heel still more on one
+side; every wave of the sea now washed in at her port-holes, and thus
+she had soon so great a weight of water in her hold, that slowly and
+almost imperceptibly she sank still further down on her side. Twice, the
+carpenter, seeing the danger, went on board to ask the officer on duty
+to order the ship to be righted; and if he had not been a proud and
+angry man, who would not acknowledge himself to be in the wrong, all
+might yet have been well.
+
+The plumbers had almost finished their work, when a sudden breeze blew
+on the raised side of the ship, forced her still further down, and the
+water began to pour into her lower port-holes. Instantly the danger
+became apparent; the men were ordered to right the ship: they ran to
+move the guns for this purpose, but it was _too late_.
+
+In a minute or two more, she fell quite over on her side, with her masts
+nearly flat on the water, and the Royal George sank to the bottom,
+before one signal of distress could be given! By this dreadful accident,
+about nine hundred persons lost their lives; about two hundred and
+thirty were saved, some by running up the rigging, and being with others
+picked up by the boats which put off immediately from other vessels to
+their assistance. There were many visitors, women and little children on
+board at the time of the accident.
+
+
+
+
+BLOWING UP OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.
+
+
+At the time when the dreadful event which I have just related to you
+occurred, the Lark sloop, which brought the cargo of rum, was lying
+alongside of the Royal George; in going down, the main-yard of the Royal
+George caught the boom of the Lark, and they sank together, but this
+made the position of the Royal George much more upright in the water
+than it would otherwise have been. There she lay at the bottom of the
+sea, just as you have seen small vessels when left by the tide on a
+bank. Cowper, when he heard the sad tale, thus wrote
+
+  "Her timbers yet are sound,
+    And she may float again,
+  Full charged with England's thunder,
+    And plough the distant main.
+
+  "But Kempenfelt is gone,
+    His victories are o'er,
+  And he, and his eight hundred
+    Shall plough the wave no more."
+
+Admiral Kempenfelt was writing in his cabin when the ship sank; his
+first captain tried to inform him of their situation, but the heeling of
+the ship so jammed the cabin doors that he could not open them: thus the
+admiral perished with the rest. It seems Cowper thought the Royal George
+might be recovered; other people were of the same opinion.
+
+[Illustration: BLOWING UP OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.]
+
+In September of the year in which the vessel sank, a gentleman, named
+Tracey, living in the neighborhood, by means of diving-machines,
+ascertained the position and state of the ship, and made proposals to
+government to adopt means of raising her and getting her again afloat.
+After a great many vexatious delays and interruptions on the part of
+those who were to have supplied him with assistance, he succeeded in
+getting up the Lark sloop. His efforts to raise the Royal George were so
+far successful, that at every time of high tide she was lifted from her
+bed; and on the 9th of October she was hove at least thirty or forty
+feet to westward; but the days were getting short, the boisterous winds
+of winter were setting in, the lighters to which Tracey's apparatus was
+attached were too old and rotten to bear the strain, and he was forced
+to abandon the attempt.
+
+The sunken ship remained, a constant impediment to other vessels wishing
+to cast anchor near the spot, for nearly fifty years, when Colonel
+Pasley, by means of gunpowder, completely demolished the wreck: the
+loose pieces of timber floated to the surface; heavier pieces--the
+ship's guns, cables, anchors, the fire-hearth, cooking utensils, and
+many smaller articles were recovered by the divers. These men went down
+in Indian-rubber dresses, which were air and water-tight; they were
+furnished with helmets, in each side of which were glass windows, to
+admit light, and supplied with air by means of pipes, communicating with
+an air-pump above. By these means they could remain under water more
+than an hour at a time. I do not think you are old enough to understand
+the nature of Colonel Pasley's operations. Large hollow vessels, called
+cylinders, were filled with gunpowder, and attached by the divers to the
+wreck, these were connected by conducting wires with a battery on board
+a lighter above, at a sufficient distance to be out of reach of danger
+when the explosion took place. Colonel Pasley then gave the word to fire
+the end of the rod; instantly a report was heard, and those who
+witnessed the explosions, say that the effect was very beautiful. On
+one occasion, the water rose in a splendid column above fifty feet high,
+the spray sparkling like diamonds in the sun; then the large fragments
+of the wreck came floating to the surface; soon after the mud from the
+bottom, blackening the circle of water, and spreading to a great
+distance around; and with it rose to the surface great numbers of fish,
+who, poor things, had found a hiding-place in the wreck, but were
+dislodged and killed by the terrible gunpowder.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE MELVILLE CASTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE MELVILLE CASTLE.
+
+
+Many and great are the dangers to which those who lead a seafaring life
+are exposed. The lightning's flash may strike a ship when far away from
+port, upon the trackless deep, or the sudden bursting of a particular
+kind of cloud, called a waterspout, may overwhelm her, and none be left
+to tell her fate. But of all the perils to which a ship is liable, I
+think that of her striking on a sand-bank, or on sunken rocks is the
+greatest. There must be men and women now living on the Kentish coast,
+in whose memory the disastrous wreck of the Melville Castle, with all
+its attendant horrors, is yet fresh. It is a sorrowful tale, doubly so,
+inasmuch as acts of imprudence, and still worse, of obstinacy, may be
+said to have occasioned the loss of four hundred and fifty lives.
+
+In the first place, the Melville Castle, or as I suppose we should call
+her the Vryheid, was in a very decayed state; she had been long in the
+East India Company's service, and was by them sold to some Dutch
+merchants, who had her upper works tolerably repaired, new sheathed and
+coppered her, and resold her to the Dutch government, who were then in
+want of a vessel to carry out troops and stores to Batavia.
+
+The Melville Castle was accordingly equipped for the voyage, painted
+throughout, and her name changed to the Vryheid. On the the morning of
+November, 1802, she set sail from the Texel, a port on the coast of
+Holland, with a fair wind, which lasted till early on the following day,
+when a heavy gale came on in an adverse direction.
+
+The captain immediately had the top-gallant masts and yards struck to
+make her ride more easily; but as the day advanced, the violence of the
+wind increased, and vain seemed every effort of the crew to manage the
+ship. There were many mothers and little children on board, whose state
+was truly pitiable. The ship was scourged onward by the resistless
+blast, which continued to increase until it blew a perfect hurricane.
+
+About three in the afternoon, the mainmast fell overboard, sweeping
+several of the crew into the sea, and severely injuring four or five
+more. By this time they were near enough to the Kentish coast to discern
+objects on land, but the waves which rolled mountains high prevented the
+possibility of any help approaching. By great exertion the ship was
+brought to anchor in Hythe Bay, and for a few moments hope cheered the
+bosoms of those on board; it was _but_ a few, for almost immediately
+she was found to have sprung a leak; and while all hands were busy at
+the pumps, the storm came on with increased fury.
+
+In this dismal plight they continued till about six o'clock the
+following morning, when the ship parted from one of her largest anchors,
+and drifted on towards Dymchurch-wall, about three miles to the west of
+Hythe. This wall is formed by immense piles, and cross pieces of timber,
+supported by wooden jetties, which stretch far into the sea. It was
+built to prevent the water from overflowing a rich, level district,
+called Romney Marsh.
+
+The crew continued to fire guns and hoist signals of distress. At
+daybreak a pilot boat put off from Dover, and nearing the Melville
+Castle, advised the captain to put back to Deal or Hythe, and wait for
+calmer weather, or, said the boatman, "all hands will assuredly be
+lost." But the captain would not act on his recommendation; he thought
+the pilot boat exaggerated the danger, hoped the wind would abate as
+the day opened, and that he should avoid the demands of the Dover pilot
+or the Down fees by not casting anchor there. Another help the captain
+rejected, and bitterly did he lament it when it was too late.
+
+No sooner had the pilot boat departed, than the commodore at Deal
+despatched two boats to endeavor to board the ship. The captain
+obstinately refused to take any notice of them, and ordered the crew to
+let the vessel drive before the wind. This they did, till the ship ran
+so close in shore, that the captain himself saw the imminent danger, and
+twice attempted to put her about, but in vain. On the first of the
+projecting jetties of Dymchurch-wall the vessel struck. I would not if I
+could grieve your young heart with a detail of all the horrors that
+ensued; the devoted ship continued to beat on the piles, the sea
+breaking over her with such violence, that the pumps could no longer be
+worked.
+
+The foremast soon went over the ship's side, carrying twelve seamen
+with it, who were swallowed up by the billows. The rudder was unshipped,
+the tiller tore up the gundeck, and the water rushed in at the
+port-holes. At this fearful moment most of the passengers and crew
+joined in solemn prayer to the Almighty. Morning came, but it was only
+to witness the demolition of the wreck.
+
+Many were the efforts made by the sufferers, some in the jolly boat,
+some on a raft, others by lashing themselves to pieces of timber,
+hogsheads, and even hencoops, to reach the shore; but out of four
+hundred and seventy-two persons who a few days before had left the coast
+of Holland, not more than eighteen escaped the raging billows. The
+miserable remnant received generous attention from the inhabitants of
+the place, who did all in their power to aid their recovery.
+
+[Illustration: BURNING OF THE KENT EAST INDIAMAN.]
+
+
+
+
+BURNING OF THE KENT EAST INDIAMAN.
+
+
+This picture represents the burning of the Kent East Indiaman, in the
+Bay of Biscay. She had on board in all six hundred and forty-one persons
+at the time of the accident. The fire broke out in the hold during a
+storm. An officer on duty, finding that a spirit cask had broken loose,
+was taking measures to secure it, when a lurch of the ship caused him to
+drop his lantern, and in his eagerness to save it, he let go the cask,
+which suddenly stove in, and the spirits communicated with the flame,
+the whole place was instantly in a blaze. Hopes of subduing the fire at
+first were strong, but soon heavy volumes of smoke and a pitchy smell
+told that it had reached the cable-room.
+
+In these awful circumstances, the captain ordered the lower decks to be
+scuttled, to admit water. This was done; several poor seamen being
+suffocated by the smoke in executing the order; but now a new danger
+threatened, the sea rushed in so furiously, that the ship was becoming
+water-logged, and all feared her going down. Between six and seven
+hundred human beings, were by by this time crowded on the deck. Many on
+their knees earnestly implored the mercy of an all-powerful God! while
+some old stout-hearted sailors quietly seated themselves directly over
+the powder magazine, expecting an explosion every moment, and thinking
+thus to put a speedier end to their torture.
+
+In this time of despair, it occurred to the fourth mate to send a man to
+the foremast, hoping, but scarce daring to think it probable, that some
+friendly sail might be in sight. The man at the fore-top looked around
+him; it was a moment of intense anxiety; then waving his hat, he cried
+out, "A sail, on the lee-bow!"
+
+Those on deck received the news with heart-felt gratitude, and answered
+with three cheers. Signals of distress were instantly hoisted, and
+endeavors used to make towards the stranger, while the minute guns were
+fired continuously. She proved to be the brig Cambria, Captain Cook,
+master, bound to Vera Cruz, having twenty Cornish miners, and some
+agents of the Mining Company on board. For about one quarter of an hour,
+the crew of the Kent doubted whether the brig perceived their signals:
+but after a period of dreadful suspense, they saw the British colors
+hoisted, and the brig making towards them.
+
+On this, the crew of the Kent got their boats in readiness; the first
+was filled with women, passengers, and officers' wives, and was lowered
+into a sea so tempestuous as to leave small hope of their reaching the
+brig; they did, however, after being nearly swamped through some
+entanglement of the ropes, get clear of the Kent, and were safely taken
+on board the Cambria, which prudently lay at some distance off.
+
+After the first trip, it was found impossible for the boats to come
+close alongside of the Kent, and the poor women and children suffered
+dreadfully, in being lowered over the stern into them by means of ropes.
+Amid this gloomy scene, many beautiful examples occurred of filial and
+parental affection, and of disinterested friendship; and many sorrowful
+instances of individual loss and suffering. At length, when all had been
+removed from the burning vessel, but a few, who were so overcome by
+fear as to refuse to make the attempt to reach the brig, the captain
+quitted his ill-fated ship.
+
+The flames which had spread along her upper deck, now mounted rapidly to
+the mast and rigging, forming one general conflagration and lighting up
+the heavens to an immense distance round. One by one her stately masts
+fell over her sides. By half-past one in the morning the fire reached
+the powder magazine; the looked-for explosion took place, and the
+burning fragments of the vessel were blown high into the air, like so
+many rockets.
+
+The Cambria, with her crowd of sufferers, made all speed to the nearest
+port, and reached Portsmouth in safety, shortly after midnight, on the
+3d of March, 1825, the accident having taken place on the 28th of
+February. Wonderful to tell, fourteen of the poor creatures, left on the
+Kent, were rescued by another ship, the Caroline, on her passage from
+Alexandria to Liverpool.
+
+
+
+
+THE PELICAN.
+
+
+The life of a pelican seems to be a very lazy, if not a very pleasant
+one. Man, ever on the watch to turn the habits of animals to his own
+account, observing how good a fisherman the pelican is, often catches
+and tames him, and makes him fish for _him_. I have heard of a bird of
+this kind in America, which was so well trained, that it would at
+command go off in the morning, and return at night with its pouch full,
+and stretched to the utmost; part of its treasure it disgorged for its
+master, the rest was given to the bird for its trouble. It is hardly
+credible what these extraordinary pouches will hold; it is said, that
+among other things, a man's leg with the boots on was once found in one
+of them.
+
+Pelicans live in flocks; they and the cormorants sometimes help one
+another to get a living. The cormorant is a species of pelican, of a
+dusky color: it is sometimes called the sea crow. The cormorants are the
+best divers, so the pelicans arrange themselves in a large circle at
+some great distance from the land, and flap their great wings on the
+surface of the water, while the cormorants dive beneath. Away swim the
+poor frightened fish towards the shore; the pelicans draw into a
+narrower circle, and the fish at last are brought into so small a
+compass, that their pursuers find no difficulty in obtaining a plentiful
+meal.
+
+[Illustration: THE SEA TURTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+CATCHING TURTLE.
+
+
+There are two kinds of turtle; the one is called the green turtle, and
+is much valued as a delicious article of food; the other the hawk's bill
+turtle supplies the tortoise shell of commerce, which is prepared and
+moulded into various forms by heat. The flesh of the hawk's bill turtle
+is considered very unwholesome.
+
+[Illustration: CATCHING TURTLE.]
+
+The turtles in the picture are of the edible kind; they are found on the
+shores of nearly all the countries within the tropics.
+
+There is a little rocky island in the south Atlantic Ocean, called the
+Island of Ascension, where they are found in vast numbers, and this
+barren spot is often visited by Indiamen for the purpose of obtaining
+some of them. The turtles feed on the sea weed and other marine plants
+which grow on the shoals and sand banks, and with their powerful jaws,
+they crush the small sea shells which are found among the weeds. This
+kind of food is always to be had in great abundance, so that the turtles
+have no occasion to quarrel among themselves, for that which is afforded
+in such plenty for all; indeed they seem to be a very quiet and
+inoffensive race, herding peaceably together on their extensive
+feeding-grounds, and when satisfied retiring to the fresh water at the
+mouth of the rivers, where they remain holding their heads above water,
+as if to breathe the fresh air, till the shadow of any of their numerous
+enemies alarms them, when they instantly dive to the bottom for
+security.
+
+In the month of April, the females leave the water after sunset, in
+order to deposit their eggs in the sand. By means of their fore-fins
+they dig a hole above high water mark, about one foot wide and two deep,
+into which they drop above a hundred eggs; they then cover them lightly
+over with a layer of sand, sufficient to hide them, and yet thin enough
+to admit the warmth of the sun's rays for hatching them. The instinct
+which leads the female turtle to the shore to lay her eggs, renders her
+a prey to man. The fishers wait for them on shore, especially on a
+moonlight night, and following them in one of their journeys, either
+coming or returning, they turn them quickly over on their backs, before
+they have time to defend themselves, or to blind their assailants by
+throwing up the sand with their fins.
+
+When very large, for I should tell you that the usual weight of the
+turtle is from four to six hundred pounds, it requires the efforts of
+several men to turn them over, and for this purpose they often employ
+levers: the back shell of the turtle is so flat that when once over it
+is impossible for them to right themselves, so there the poor creatures
+lie in this helpless condition, till they are either taken away in the
+manner you see in the picture, or deposited by their captors in a crawl,
+which is a kind of enclosure surrounded by stakes, and so situated as to
+admit the influx of the sea.
+
+The inhabitants of the Bahama Isles, catch many turtles at a
+considerable distance from the shore; they strike them with a spear, the
+head of which slips off when it has entered the body of the turtle, but
+it is fastened by a string to the pole, and by means of this apparatus
+they are able to secure them, and either take them into the boat or haul
+them on shore. The length of the green turtle frequently exceeds six
+feet. A boy ten years old, a son of Captain Roche, once made use of a
+very large shell as a boat, and ventured in it from the shore to his
+father's ship which lay about a quarter of a mile off. It was in the
+bay of Campeachy, off Port Royal, where the rightful occupant of this
+shell was caught.
+
+[Illustration: WRECK OF THE STEAMBOAT.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WRECK OF THE STEAMBOAT.
+
+
+The following narrative teaches a lesson of courage and devotion such as
+are seldom read. In one of the light-houses of the desolate Farne Isles,
+amid the ocean, with no prospect before it but the wide expanse of sea,
+and now and then a distant sail appearing, her cradle hymn the ceaseless
+sound of the everlasting deep, there lived a little child whose name
+was Grace Darling. Her father was the keeper of the light-house; and
+here Grace lived and grew up to the age of twenty-two, her mother's
+constant helpmate in all domestic duties. She had a fair and healthy
+countenance, which wore a kind and cheerful smile, proceeding from a
+heart at peace with others, and happy in the consciousness of
+endeavoring to do its duty.
+
+It was at early dawn, one September morning, in the year 1838, that the
+family at the Longstone light-house looked out through a dense fog which
+hung over the waters. All night the sea had run extremely high, with a
+heavy gale from the north, and at this moment the storm continued
+unabated. Mr. and Mrs. Darling and Grace were at this time the only
+persons in the light-house; through the dim mist they perceived the
+wreck of a large steam vessel on the rocks, and by the aid of their
+telescope the could even make out the forms of some persons clinging to
+her.
+
+It was the Forfarshire steamboat on her passage from Hull to Dundee.
+She left the former place with sixty-three persons on board. She had
+entered Berwick Bay about eight o'clock the previous evening, in a heavy
+gale and in a leaky condition; the motion of the vessel soon increased
+the leak to such a degree that the fires could not be kept burning.
+About ten o'clock she bore up off St. Abb's Head, the storm still
+raging. Soon after the engineer reported that the engines would not
+work; the vessel became unmanageable; it was raining heavily, and the
+fog was so dense that it was impossible to make out their situation. At
+length the appearance of breakers close to leeward, and the Farne lights
+just becoming visible, showed to all on board their imminent danger.
+
+The captain vainly tried to run the vessel between the islands and the
+main land, she would no longer answer the helm, and was driven to and
+fro by a furious sea. Between three and four o'clock in the morning she
+struck with her bows foremost on a jagged rock, which pierced her
+timbers. Soon after the first shock a mighty wave lifted the vessel
+from the rock, and let her fall again with such violence as fairly to
+break her in two pieces; the after part, containing the cabin with many
+passengers, all of whom perished, was instantly carried away through a
+tremendous current, while the fore part was fixed on the rock. The
+survivors, only nine in number, five of the crew and four passengers,
+remained in this dreadful situation till daybreak, when they were
+descried by the family at the light-house. But who could dare to cross
+the raging abyss which lay between them?
+
+Grace, full of pity and anxiety for the wretched people on the wreck,
+forgot all toil and danger, and urged her father to launch the boat; she
+took one oar and her father the other; but Grace had never assisted in
+the boat before, and it was only by extreme exertion and the most
+determined courage that they succeeded in bringing the boat up to the
+rock, and rescuing nine of their fellow creatures from a watery grave,
+and with the help of the crew in returning, landed all safe at the
+light-house.
+
+Happy Grace Darling! she needed no other reward than the joy of her own
+heart and the warm thanks of those she had helped to deliver; but the
+news of the heroic deed soon spread, and wondering and admiring
+strangers came from far and near to see Grace and that lonely
+light-house. Nay more, they showered gifts upon her, and a public
+subscription was raised with a view of rewarding her bravery, to the
+amount of seven hundred pounds. She continued to live with her parents
+on their barren isles, finding happiness in her simple duties and in
+administering to their comfort, until her death, which took place little
+more than three years after the wreck of the Forfarshire steamer.
+
+
+
+
+WATERSPOUTS.
+
+These wonderful appearances are caused by the action of currents of wind
+meeting in the atmosphere from different quarters. They are sometimes
+seen on land, but much more frequently at sea, where they are very
+dangerous visitors. I will try to give you some idea of what they are,
+and perhaps the picture may help you a little. I dare say you have often
+noticed little eddies of wind whirling up dust and leaves, or any light
+substances which happened to be in the way; when these occur on a larger
+scale they are called whirlwinds.
+
+[Illustration: WATERSPOUTS.]
+
+Now if a cloud happens to be exactly in the point where two such furious
+currents of wind meet, it is turned round and round by them with great
+speed and is condensed into the form of a cone; this whirling motion
+drives from the centre of the cloud all the particles contained in it,
+producing what is called a vacuum, or empty space, into which the water
+or any thing else lying beneath it has an irresistible tendency to rush.
+Underneath the dense impending cloud, the sea becomes violently
+agitated, and the waves dart rapidly towards the centre of the troubled
+mass of water: on reaching it they disperse in vapor, and rise, whirling
+in a spiral direction towards the cloud. The descending and ascending
+columns unite, the whole presenting the appearance of a hollow cylinder,
+or tube of glass, empty within. This, Maltebrun tells us, and he further
+adds, "it glides over the sea without any wind being felt; indeed
+several have been seen at once, pursuing different directions. When the
+cloud and the marine base of the waterspout move with equal velocity,
+the lower cone is often seen to incline sideways, or even to bend, and
+finally to burst in pieces. A noise is then heard like the noise of a
+cataract falling in a deep valley. Lightning frequently issues from the
+very bosom of the waterspout, particularly when it breaks; but no
+thunder is ever heard."
+
+Sailors, to prevent the danger which would arise from coming in contact
+with one of these tremendous columns, discharge a cannon into it: the
+ball passing through it breaks the watery cylinder, and causes it to
+burst, just as a touch causes your beautiful soap-bubbles to vanish, and
+turn to water again. These waterspouts, at sea, generally occur between
+the tropics, and I believe frequently after a calm, such as the poet
+has described in the following lines:
+
+  "Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down,
+    'Twas sad as sad could be,
+  And we did speak only to break
+    The silence of the sea!
+
+  "All in a hot and copper sky,
+    The bloody sun at noon,
+  Right up above the mast did stand.
+    No bigger than the moon.
+
+  "Day after day, day after day,
+    We stuck, nor breath, nor motion;
+  As idle as a painted ship
+    Upon a painted ocean.
+
+  "Water, water, every where,
+    And all the boards did shrink;
+  Water, water, every where
+    And not a drop to drink!"
+
+Happily "dead calms" do not generally last so long as to lead to any
+serious result. Sailors have a superstitious and foolish belief that
+whistling in a calm will bring up a breeze, and they do this in a
+drawling, beseeching tone, on some prominent part of the vessel. Poor
+fellows! what a pity that their thoughts should not more frequently be
+directed to Him "who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand,
+and meted out heaven with a span," and whose works and wonders in the
+deep "they that go down to the sea in ships" have such abundant
+opportunity for observing.
+
+
+
+
+HEAVING THE LEAD.
+
+
+Here we have a sailor in the act of heaving the lead, or taking
+soundings, which is a thing extremely necessary to be done when a ship
+is approaching the shore, as there is great danger of her running on a
+sand-bank or striking on a sunken rock. I will now tell you how it is
+managed. A sailor gets over the ship's side, as you see in the
+engraving, and takes his station in what are called "the chains;" he
+holds in his hand a coil of rope, with the length in fathoms marked upon
+it; this rope has a mass of lead attached to the end of it. At the
+bottom of the lead, is a hollow place, into which a piece of tallow
+candle is stuck, which brings up distinguishing marks from the bottom of
+the sea, such as small shells, sand, or mud, adhering to it. If the
+tallow be only indented it is supposed to have fallen on bare rocks. A
+correct account of the soundings is entered in the logbook; this book
+contains a description of the ship's course, the direction of the wind,
+and other circumstances, during every hour of each day and night. Having
+arranged the rope so as to allow it to fall freely when cast, the sailor
+throws the lead forward into the water, giving rope sufficient to allow
+it to touch the bottom; then with a sudden jerk, such as long practice
+alone can enable him to give, he raises the weight, and after examining
+the mark on the rope made by the water, calls out lustily, so that all
+forward can hear, "By the mark seven," or "By the deep nine," according
+to the case, or whatever the number of fathoms may be. The lead-line is
+marked into lengths of six feet, called fathoms, by knots, or pieces of
+leather, or old sail-cloth. In narrow or intricate channels, it is
+sometimes needful to place a man in the chains on each side of the ship,
+as the depth will vary a fathom or more even in the breadth of the
+vessel, and it is of great consequence that the leadsmen give the depth
+correctly, as a wrong report might cause the ship to run aground. The
+time that the leadsman is employed in taking soundings is often a period
+of deep anxiety to the crew and passengers, especially if the vessel be
+near an unknown coast. When the decrease in the number of fathoms is
+sudden, the captain knows that danger is near, and quickly gives orders
+to alter the ship's course: the sailors instantly obey his directions;
+but sometimes not all their activity and energy can save the vessel; she
+strikes and becomes a wreck.
+
+Turn to the 27th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in your Bible, and
+you will there read the deeply interesting account of Paul's shipwreck
+on the island Melita. Life has often been compared to a voyage--and
+aptly so.
+
+You will find that you, like the mariner, are exposed to many dangers,
+and that you are never for one moment safe in trusting to your own skill
+to guide your little bark. In watchfulness and prayer, look to your
+Heavenly Pilot for directions under every circumstance, often examining
+your own heart, as the seaman heaves the lead in danger. Then will you
+be safely guided through storms and calms, amid rocks and shoals, and
+reach at last the blessed haven of eternal rest and peace.
+
+
+
+
+THE BALLOON AT SEA.
+
+
+A balloon is a hollow globe, made of silk, rendered air-tight by a
+coating of gum and resin, and enclosed within a strong network. When
+filled with gas it is so much lighter than the air which surrounds us,
+that it will rise with heavier bodies suspended to it. In a sort of car
+or boat attached, men, who are called "aeronauts," have performed
+journeys through the air.
+
+The balloon was invented by a Frenchman named Montgolfier. Great
+expectations were at first entertained of this art of sailing through
+the air, but as yet it has not proved of much practical use. Many
+disasters have at different times befallen balloon voyagers.
+
+Many years ago, Major Mooney ascended in his balloon from Norwich,
+expecting from the direction of the wind that he might descend near
+Ipswich; but when he had risen about one mile from the earth, a violent
+current carried him and his balloon towards Yarmouth. The balloon fell
+on the sea, about nine miles from land. The Major supported himself for
+some time in the water, by holding firmly to the balloon, and was at
+last rescued from his dangerous situation by the crew of a cutter which
+was cruising on the coast.
+
+This was a disastrous voyage, but I think it will interest you to hear
+of a more successful one, performed by three gentlemen, one of whom,
+Mr. Green, has introduced some great improvements in the art of filling
+and guiding balloons. These gentlemen left the earth in the car of a
+very large balloon, at half-past one o'clock, on Monday, the 7th of
+November, 1836, intending to proceed to some point on the continent of
+Europe not very distant from Paris. They were provided with provisions
+for a fortnight; these, with sand-bags for ballast, cordage, and all
+needful apparatus for such a journey were placed in the bottom of the
+car, while all around hung cloaks, carpet bags, barrels of wood and
+copper, barometers, telescopes, lamps, spirit-flasks, coffee-warmers,
+&c, for you know it would be impossible for them afterwards to supply
+any thing which might have been forgotten.
+
+Thus duly furnished, the balloon was rapidly borne away by a moderate
+breeze over the fertile fields of Kent to Dover. It was forty-eight
+minutes past four when the first sound of the waves on the sea-beach
+broke on the voyagers' ears: the sun was sinking below the horizon, and
+as the balloon was rapidly borne into the region of mist which hung over
+the ocean, we must suppose something of dread and uncertainty attended
+the adventurer's minds. Scarcely, however, had they completed some
+arrangements, intended to render the balloon more buoyant in the heavy
+atmosphere, than again the sound of waves surprised them, and below were
+seen glittering the well-known lights of Calais and the neighboring
+shores. Passing over Calais the aeronauts lowered a blue-light to give
+notice of their presence, but could not tell whether the inhabitants
+perceived it. By this time night had completely closed in, and still the
+silken ball pursued its course. So long as lights were burning in the
+towns and villages which it passed in rapid succession, the solitary
+voyagers looked down on the scene with delight; sometimes they could
+even catch the hum of the yet busy multitude, or the bark of a
+watch-dog; but midnight came, and the world was hushed in sleep.
+
+As soon as the people were again stirring below, the guide-rope was
+hauled into the balloon, and the grappling-iron lowered; and after
+sundry difficulties from the danger of getting entangled in a wood, and
+grievously affrighting two ladies, who stood awhile petrified with
+amazement at the unusual apparition, the voyagers succeeded in alighting
+in a grassy valley, about six miles from the town of Weilburg, in the
+Duchy of Nassau. Here every attention and accommodation was afforded
+them, and thus ended this remarkable journey, an extent of about five
+hundred British miles having been passed over in the space of eighteen
+hours.
+
+
+
+
+AN ADVENTURE OF PAUL JONES.
+
+
+John Paul Jones was a famous naval commander in the service of the
+United States, during the revolutionary war. He was a native of
+Scotland, but having come to Virginia and settled before the war broke
+out, he joined the patriots as soon as hostilities commenced, and
+rendered the most important services through the whole of the long and
+arduous contest, by which our independence was acquired.
+
+The following account of one of his adventures is given by his
+biographer.
+
+Eager to retaliate upon Britain for some predatory exploits of her
+sailors on the American coast, and exasperated by the resolution which
+the English government had taken, to treat all the supporters of
+independence as traitors and rebels, Captain Paul Jones entered the
+Irish Channel, and approaching his native shores, not as a friend, but
+as a determined enemy. On the night of the 22d of April, 1778, he came
+to anchor in the Solway Firth, almost within sight of the trees which
+sheltered the house in which he first drew the breath of life.
+
+Early next morning, he rowed for the English coast, at the head of
+thirty-one volunteers, in two boats, with the intention of destroying
+the shipping, about two hundred sail, which lay in the harbor of
+Whitehaven.
+
+In this daring attempt he would probably have succeeded without
+difficulty, had not the strength of the opposing tide retarded his
+progress so much, that day began to dawn before he could gain the shore.
+He despatched the smaller of the two boats to the north of the port to
+set fire to the vessels, whilst he led the remainder of the party to the
+more hazardous duty of securing the fort, which was situated on a hill
+to the south. It was a cold morning, and the sentinels little aware that
+an enemy was so near, had retired into the guard-room for warmth,
+affording Jones an opportunity to take them by surprise, of which he did
+not fail to avail himself. Climbing over the shoulders of the tallest of
+his men, he crept silently through one of the embrasures and was
+instantly followed by the rest. Their first care was to make fast the
+door of the guard-room, and their next to spike the cannon, thirty-six
+in number. Having effected this without bloodshed, they proceeded to
+join the detachment which had been sent to the north; and finding that a
+false alarm had deterred them from executing their orders, Jones
+instantly proceeded to set fire to the vessels within his reach. By this
+time, however, the inhabitants were roused, and the invaders were
+obliged to retreat, leaving three ships in flames, of which one alone
+was destroyed.
+
+On the same day with this adventure, another memorable occurrence took
+place, which contributed, for a time, to add greatly to the odium which
+the first had brought on his name in Britain, but which, in the end,
+enabled him to prove that he was possessed of the most heroic qualities.
+In cruising off the coast of Galloway, it occurred to him, that, if he
+could get into his power a man of high rank and influence in the state,
+he should able, by retaining him as a hostage, to ensure to the American
+prisoners of war more lenient treatment than was threatened by the
+British government. Knowing that the Earl of Selkirk possessed a seat at
+St. Mary's Isle, a beautiful peninsula at the mouth of the Dee, and
+being ill-informed with regard to the political connections of that
+nobleman, he destined him for the subject of his experiment. With that
+view, he landed on the Isle, about noon, with two officers and a few
+men; but, before they had proceeded far, he learned that his lordship
+was from home. Finding his object frustrated, he now wished to return;
+but his crew were not so easily satisfied. Their object was plunder; and
+as they consisted of men in a very imperfect state of discipline, and
+with whom it would have been dangerous to contend, he allowed them to
+proceed. He exacted from them, however, a promise that they should be
+guilty of no violence; that the men should not enter the house, and that
+the officers, after having made their demands, should accept what might
+be put into their hands without scrutiny. These conditions were
+punctually obeyed. The greater part of the Selkirk plate was carried off
+in triumph by the crew, and Paul Jones was, for a time, stigmatized as a
+freebooter; but he nobly vindicated his character, by taking the
+earliest opportunity of purchasing the whole of it, out of his own
+private funds, and remitting it safe to its original owner, without
+accepting the smallest remuneration. National prejudice has
+misrepresented this transaction; and in order to excite the popular
+indignation against Jones, it has been common to state, that this
+attempt on the person, and as it was supposed the property, of Lord
+Selkirk, was aggravated by ingratitude, his father having eaten of that
+nobleman's bread. Nothing can be more false. Neither Mr. Paul, nor any
+of his kindred, ever was in the earl's employ, or had ever the most
+distant connection with his lordship or his family; and in a
+correspondence which took place between our hero and Lady Selkirk,
+relative to the restitution of the plate, a most honorable testimony was
+gratefully paid by the latter to the captain's character.
+
+[Illustration; NELSON SAVED BY HIS COXSWAIN.]
+
+
+
+
+ADMIRAL NELSON.
+
+
+Nelson lost the sight of one eye at the siege of Calvi, by a shot
+driving the sand and gravel into it, and he lost his arm by a shot in an
+expedition against Teneriffe; but the most dangerous of his exploits
+were, boarding the battery at San Bartolomeo, boarding the San Joseph,
+the boat action in the Bay of Cadiz, and the famous battles of the Nile
+and Trafalgar. Of these, perhaps, the boat action during the blockade of
+Cadiz was the most severe. While making an attempt against the Spanish
+gunboats, he was attacked by D. Miguel Tregayen, in an armed launch,
+carrying twenty-six men; fearful odds against his ten bargemen, captain,
+and coxswain. Eighteen Spaniards were killed, the rest wounded, and the
+launch captured.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL NELSON.]
+
+The Spaniards were more than two to one, and yet he beat them; but it
+was a hard and desperate struggle, hand to hand and blade to blade.
+Twice did John Sykes, the coxswain, save Nelson's life, by parrying off
+blows that would have destroyed him, and once did he interpose his head
+to receive the blow of a Spanish sabre; but he would willingly have died
+for his admiral.
+
+Poor Sykes was wounded badly, but not killed.
+
+When Nelson's health was established after the loss of his arm, he sent
+to the minister of St. George's, Hanover Square, the following desire to
+offer up his thanksgiving:--"An officer desires to return thanks to
+Almighty God for his perfect recovery from a severe wound, and also for
+the many mercies bestowed on him." Thus showing that he was humble
+enough to be thankful to God, and continued so in the midst of all his
+successes.
+
+The following is an instance of his coolness in the hour of danger. The
+late Lieutenant-General the Hon. Sir William Stewart, as
+lieutenant-colonel of the rifle-brigade, embarked to do duty in the
+fleet which was led by Sir Hyde Parker and Nelson, to the attack of
+Copenhagen in 1801. "I was," says he, "with Lord Nelson when he wrote
+the note to the Crown Prince of Denmark, proposing terms of arrangement.
+A cannon ball struck off the head of the boy who was crossing the cabin
+with the light to seal it. "Bring another candle," said his lordship. I
+observed, that I thought it might very well be sent as it was, for it
+would not be expected that the usual forms could be observed at such a
+moment. "That is the very thing I should wish to avoid, Colonel,"
+replied he, "for if the least appearance of precipitation were
+perceptible in the manner of sending this note, it might spoil all."
+Another candle being now brought, his lordship sealed the letter,
+carefully enclosed in an envelope, with a seal bearing his coat of arms
+and coronet, and delivered it to the officer in waiting to receive it.
+It is said that the moment was a critical one, and that Lord Nelson's
+note decided the event."
+
+A seaman of the name of Hewson, who had served under Nelson, was working
+as a caster in a manufactory at Birmingham when Nelson visited that
+place. Among other manufactories, the admiral paid a visit to that where
+Hewson was at work as a brass-founder; and though no employment
+disfigures a workman more with smoke and dust than the process of
+casting, the quick eye of Nelson recognized in the caster an old
+associate. "What, Hewson, my lad," said he, "are you here?" Hewson laid
+hold of the hair that hung over his forehead, and making an awkward bow,
+replied, "Yes, your honor." "Why, how comes this about! You and I are
+old acquaintances; you were with me in the Captain when I boarded the
+San Joseph, were you not?" Hewson again laid hold of of his hair, and
+bowing, replied, "Yes, your honor." "I remember you well," said Nelson;
+"you were one of the cleverest fellows about the vessel! If any thing
+was to be done, Hewson was the lad to do. Why, what do you here, working
+like a negro? Take this," throwing him money, "and wash the dust down
+your throat."
+
+Hewson withdrew to a neighboring alehouse, boasting of the character the
+admiral had given him. Month after month passed away, but Hewson
+returned not--his shop-tools were abandoned, and no one could account
+for his absence. At length a stripling, in a sailor's jacket, entered
+the manufactory and said, "he was come to settle his father's affairs."
+This was no other than Hewson's son, from whose account it appeared,
+that when Hewson, somewhat elevated with liquor, but more with the
+praise the admiral had bestowed on him, quitted Birmingham, he walked
+his way down to Portsmouth, entered once more on board Lord Nelson's
+ship, and fell with him in the battle of Trafalgar.
+
+At the battle of Trafalgar, Collingwood, in the Royal Sovereign, led the
+lee-line of fourteen ships, Nelson, in the Victory, was at the head of
+the weather-line, consisting of fourteen ships. Besides these there were
+four frigates.
+
+The ships of France and Spain, opposed to the British, were in number
+thirty-three, with seven large frigates. The odds were great against the
+English, but the superior tactics, and well-known bravery of Nelson,
+clothed him with power, that more than made up the difference. When
+every thing was prepared for the engagement, Nelson retired into his
+cabin alone, and wrote down the following prayer.
+
+"May the great God, whom I worship grant to my country, and for the
+benefit of Europe in general, a great and glorious victory, and may no
+misconduct in any one tarnish it, and may humanity after victory, be the
+predominant feature in the British fleet! For myself, individually, I
+commit my life to Him that made me; and may his blessing alight on my
+endeavors for serving my country faithfully! To him I resign myself, and
+the just cause which is entrusted to me to defend. Amen! Amen! Amen!"
+
+He wore on the day of the battle his admiral's frock coat, and on his
+left breast, over his heart, four stars of the orders of honor, which
+had been conferred upon him. Those around thought it was dangerous to
+wear his stars, lest he should be too plainly seen by the enemy, but
+they were afraid to tell him so, because he had said, "In honor I gained
+them, and in honor I will die with them."
+
+The effect produced by the signal given by Lord Nelson, "England expects
+every man to do his duty!" was wonderful; it ran from ship to ship,
+from man to man, from heart to heart, like a train of gunpowder.
+Officers and men seemed animated with one spirit, and that was a
+determination to win the day, or at least never to surrender to the
+enemy.
+
+The captains commanded on their quarterdecks; the boatswains in the
+forecastle; the gunners attended to the magazines, and the carpenters
+with their plug-shots, put themselves in readiness with high-wrought
+energy, nor were the seamen and marines a whit behind hand in entering
+on their several duties. The guns, the tackle, the round, grape, and
+canister-shot, the powder-boys, the captains of guns, with their
+priming-boxes, and the officers with their drawn swords, cut an imposing
+appearance; and the cock-pit would have made a rudy face turn pale.
+
+The wounded are all taken down into the cock-pit. It will hardly bear
+thinking about. But in the cockpit were laid out ready for use, wine,
+water, and surgeon's instruments, with napkins, basins, sponges, and
+bandages.
+
+The combined fleets of France and Spain, at Trafalgar, under
+Villenueve, the French admiral, a brave and skilful man, were in the
+form of a crescent, and the two British lines ran down upon them
+parallel to each other. As soon as the British van was within gunshot
+the enemy opened their fire. The Royal Sovereign soon rounded to under
+the stern of the Santa Anna, and Admiral Nelson's ship, the Victory,
+laid herself on board the Redoubtable. From that moment the roaring of
+guns, the crash against the sides of the ships, clouds of smoke,
+splintered yards, and falling masts, were the order of the day.
+
+The death warrant of the navy of France was signed and sealed by the
+fight of Trafalgar. In the heat of the action, a ball, fired from the
+mizzen-top of the Redoubtable, struck Admiral Nelson on the left
+shoulder, when he instantly fell. "They have done for me, at last,
+Hardy," said he, to his captain.
+
+Though mortally wounded, he gave some necessary direction concerning the
+ship, and when carried below inquired earnestly how the battle went on.
+When he knew that the victory had been gained--for twenty ships in all
+struck to the British admiral--he expressed himself satisfied. "Now I am
+satisfied," said he; "thank God, I have done my duty!" Many times he
+repeated this expression, and "Thank God I have done my duty;" and "Kiss
+me, Hardy," were among the last words that were uttered by his lips.
+Thus, with a heart full of patriotism, died the bravest commander, the
+most vigilant seaman, and the most ardent friend of his country, that
+every led on a British fleet to victory.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH OF NELSON.]
+
+Even amid the exultation of victory, a grateful country mourned his
+loss. A bountiful provision was made for his family; a public funeral
+was awarded to his remains, and monuments in the principal cities of his
+native land were erected to his memory. A sorrowing nation lamented over
+his bier, and Britania, indeed, felt that old England's defender was
+numbered with the dead.
+
+[Illustration: BALBOA DISCOVERING THE PACIFIC OCEAN.]
+
+
+
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
+
+
+Vasco Nunes de Balboa, a Spaniard, as you see by his name, was born in
+1475. He was one of the adventurers who pursued the path which Columbus
+had pointed out. He led a party of Spaniards, who going out from Darien
+founded a colony in the neighboring regions. Some gold being found the
+Spaniards got into a violent quarrel.
+
+[Illustration: THE INDIAN CHIEF DISGUSTED AT THE SPANIARDS.]
+
+One of the Indian chiefs being present, was so disgusted at this, that
+he struck the scales with which they were weighing it so hard with his
+fist, that the gold was scattered all about.
+
+"Why," said he, "do you quarrel for such a trifle? If you really value
+gold so highly, as to leave your own homes, and come and seize the lands
+and dwellings of others for the sake of it, I can tell you of a land
+where you may find it in plenty. Beyond those lofty mountains," said he,
+pointing to the south-west, "lies a mighty sea, which people sail on
+with vessels almost as big as yours. All the streams that flow from the
+other side of these mountains abound in gold, and all the utensils of
+the people are made of gold."
+
+This was enough for Balboa. He inquired of the Indian the best way of
+getting across the mountains, to find this land of gold. The Indian
+kindly told him every thing he knew, but at the same time warned him not
+to go over there, for the Indians were many and were fierce, and would
+eat human flesh. But Balboa was not to be discouraged. He collected a
+band of one hundred and ninety bold and hardy men, armed with swords,
+targets, and cross-bows, and some blood-hounds, (for, strange to tell,
+the Spaniards had trained fierce dogs to hunt the Indians, and even the
+mild Bilboa was not ashamed to use them,) and so he set out on his
+expedition to the west.
+
+Embarking with his men, September 1st, 1513, at the village of Darien,
+in a brigantine and nine large canoes, he sailed along the coast to the
+north-west, to Coyba, where the young Indian chief lived, and where the
+Isthmus of Darien is narrowest. He had taken a few friendly Indians with
+him, as guides; and the young chief furnished him with a few more on his
+arrival. Then leaving half his own men at Coyba, to guard the brigantine
+and canoes, he began his march for the mountains, and through the
+terrible wilderness.
+
+It was the 6th of September. The heat was excessive, and the journey
+toilsome and difficult. They had to climb rocky precipices, struggle
+through close and tangled forests, and cross marshes, which the great
+rains had rendered almost impassable. September 8th, they passed an
+Indian village at the foot of the mountains, but the inhabitants did not
+molest them; on the contrary they fled into the forests.
+
+Here some of the men became exhausted, from the great heat and
+travelling in the marshes. These were sent back, by slow marches, in the
+care of guides, to Coyba. On the 20th of September they again set
+forward.
+
+The wilderness was so craggy, and the forest trees and underwood so
+matted together, that in four days they only advanced about thirty
+miles, and they now began to suffer from hunger. They also met with many
+rapid foaming streams, to cross some of which they had to stop and build
+rafts.
+
+Now it was that they met with a numerous tribe of Indians, who, armed
+with bows and arrows, and clubs of palm wood, almost as hard as iron,
+gave them battle. But the Spaniards, although comparatively few in
+numbers, with their fire-arms and bloodhounds and the aid of the
+friendly Indians who were with them, soon put them to flight, and took
+possession of their village. Balboa's men robbed the village of all its
+gold and silver, and of every thing valuable in it; and even he himself,
+whose heart the love of gold had begun already to harden, shared with
+his men the plunder.
+
+It was a dear bought victory, however; for though the Indians had lost
+six hundred of their number in the contest, they could easily recruit
+their forces. But Balboa, whose band was now reduced, by sickness and
+the contest, from ninety-five men to sixty-seven, had no means of adding
+to their strength, but was forced to proceed with what forces he had.
+
+Early the next morning after the battle, they set out on their journey
+up the mountain. About ten o'clock they came out of the tangled forest,
+and reached an open space, where they enjoyed the cool breezes of the
+mountains. They now began to take a little courage. Their joy was
+heightened still more, when they heard one of the Indian guides exclaim,
+"The sea! the sea!"
+
+Balboa commanded his men to stop; and resolving to be the first European
+who should behold this new sea, he forbade his men to stir from their
+places till he called them. Then ascending to the summit of the height,
+which the Indian had mounted, he beheld the sea glittering in the
+morning sun.
+
+Calling now upon his little troop to ascend the height, and view the
+noble prospect along with him, "behold," said he, "the rich reward of
+our toil. This is a sight upon which no Spaniard's eye ever before
+rested." And in their great joy the leader and his men embraced each
+other.
+
+Balboa then took possession of the sea and coast, and the surrounding
+country, in the name of the King of Spain; and having cut down a tree,
+and made it into the form of a cross--for they were Catholics--he set it
+up on the very spot where he first beheld the grand Pacific Ocean. He
+also made a high mound, by heaping up large stones, upon which he carved
+the king's name. This was on September 26th, 1513.
+
+Not content with seeing the ocean, Balboa determined to visit it.
+Arriving, after much toil, at one of the bays on the coast, he called it
+St. Michael's Bay. Coming to a beach a mile or two long, "If this is a
+sea," said he, "it will soon be covered with water; let us wait and see
+if there be a tide." So he seated himself under a tree, and the water
+soon began to flow. He tasted it and found it salt; and then waded up to
+his knees in it, and took possession of it in the name of his king.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH OF BALBOA.]
+
+Balboa's heart was now so lifted up by success, and his whole nature so
+changed, that he was ready to fight and destroy every Indian tribe that
+opposed his progress. But he had not always the best of it. On one
+occasion he was lost, with one or two followers, and having been seized
+by some natives, carried immediately before their cazique, or chief. He
+was seated on a raised seat, covered with a panther's skin, and bore a
+single feather of the vulture upon his head. Beside him stood his
+slaves, to fan him, and screen his head from the sun, and around him
+warriors, with the sculls of their enemies fixed upon their spears:
+which made the whole scene very horrible.
+
+Balboa humbled himself before the chief; and taking off his coat,
+profusely decorated, offered it as a peace offering. The cazique would
+not accept it, but said, "You are poor and desolate--I am rich and
+powerful. I will not hurt you, though you are my enemy." He then ordered
+him safe conduct through the forests; and Balboa regained his own
+people, the Spaniards, in safety. This escape softened Balboa's heart,
+and he never afterwards treated the Indians with the same severity.
+
+After many victories, and many other singular escapes, he returned back
+to Coyba. But the sufferings of his men, in returning, were extreme, for
+want both of water and provisions. The streams were most of them dried
+up, and provisions could not be found. Gold they indeed had, almost as
+much as they could carry, and the Indians kept bringing them more; but
+this they could not eat or drink, and it would not buy what was not to
+be bought.
+
+He arrived at Darien after about two months' absence, having lost nearly
+all his men, by war and sickness. His discovery made a great noise, and
+procured him much honor, but he did not live to enjoy it.
+
+A new governor was appointed in his place, who, having a mortal hatred
+to Balboa, threw him into prison, and, after a mock trial, had him
+beheaded, in 1517, in his 48th year.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL KEPPEL.]
+
+
+
+
+ADMIRAL KEPPEL AND THE DEY OF ALGIERS.
+
+
+When Admiral Keppel was sent to the Dey of Algiers, to demand
+restitution of two ships which the pirates had taken, he sailed with his
+squadron into the Bay of Algiers, and cast anchor in front of the Dey's
+palace. He then landed, and, attended only by his captain and barge's
+crew, demanded an immediate audience of the Dey. This being granted, he
+claimed full satisfaction for the injuries done to the subjects of his
+Britannic Majesty. Surprised and enraged at the boldness of the
+admiral's remonstrance, the Dey exclaimed, "that he wondered at the
+English King's insolence in sending him a foolish, beardless boy." A
+well-timed reply from the admiral made the Dey forget the laws of all
+nations in respect to ambassadors, and he ordered his mutes to attend
+with the bow-string, at the same time telling the admiral he should pay
+for his audacity with his life. Unmoved by this menace, the admiral took
+the Dey to the window facing the bay, and showed him the English fleet
+riding at anchor, and told him that if he dared put him to death there
+were men enough in that fleet to make him a glorious funeral-pile. The
+Dey was wise enough to take the hint. The admiral obtained ample
+restitution, and came off in safety.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE CATARAQUE.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE CATARAQUE.
+
+
+The Cataraque, Captain C.W. Findlay, sailed from Liverpool, on the 20th
+of April, 1849, with three hundred and sixty emigrants, and a crew
+including two doctors, (brothers,) of forty-six souls. The emigrants
+were principally from Bedfordshire, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, and
+Northamptonshire. About one hundred and twenty of the passengers were
+married, with families, and in all seventy-three children.
+
+On the 3d of August, at seven o'clock in the evening, the ship was hove
+to, and continued lying to until three A.M. of the 4th. At half past
+four, being quite dark, and raining hard, blowing a fearful gale, the
+ship struck on a reef, situated on the west coast of King's Island, at
+the entrance of Bass's Straights.
+
+Immediately after the ship struck, she was sounded, and it was
+ascertained that there was four feet of water in the hold. An awful
+scene of confusion and misery ensued. All the passengers attempted to
+rush upon deck, and many succeeded in doing so, until the heaving of the
+vessel knocked down the ladders, when the shrieks from below, calling on
+those on deck to assist them were terrific. The crew were on deck the
+moment the ship struck, and were instantly employed in handing up the
+passengers. Up to the time the vessel began breaking up, the crew
+succeeded in getting upwards of three hundred passengers on deck. But a
+terrible fate awaited the greater part of them.
+
+The day dawned. The stern of the vessel was found to be washed in, and
+numerous dead bodies were found floating round the ship; some clinging
+to the rocks which they had grasped in despair. About two hundred of the
+passengers and crew held on to the vessel, although the raging sea was
+breaking over her, and every wave washed some of them to a watery grave.
+In this manner, kindred were separated, while those who remained could
+only expect the same fate to reach them. Things continued in this
+condition until four in the afternoon, when the vessel parted amidships,
+at the fore part of the main rigging, and immediately between seventy
+and a hundred persons were thrown into the waves. Thus the insatiable
+ocean swallowed its prey piece-meal. About five, the wreck parted by the
+fore-rigging, and so many persons were thrown into the sea, that only
+seventy were left on the forecastle, they being lashed to the wreck.
+Even these were gradually diminished in number, some giving out from
+exhaustion, and others anticipating fate, by drowning themselves.
+
+When day dawned, on the following morning, only about thirty persons
+were left alive, and these were almost exhausted. The sea was making a
+clean breach into the forecastle, the deck of which was rapidly breaking
+up. Parents and children, husbands and wives, were seen floating around
+the vessel, many in an embrace, which even the ocean's power could not
+sunder. The few who remained alive could only look up to heaven for a
+hope of safety. Soon after daylight, the vessel totally disappeared, and
+out of four hundred and twenty-three persons who had been on board the
+vessel, only nine were saved by being washed on shore, and these were
+nearly exhausted.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE FRANCIS SPAIGHT.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE FRANCIS SPAIGHT.
+
+
+On the morning of the 7th of January, 1848, the barque Francis Spaight,
+lying in Table Bay, at the Cape of Good Hope, parted her anchor, and in
+attempting to beat out, grounded, broadside on the beach. The gale at
+the time she struck was furious, and the surf tremendous, making a clean
+breach over the vessel, carrying away the bulwark, long boat, main
+hatch, and part of the deck, with one of the crew.
+
+The shore was thronged with the inhabitants of Cape Town, anxious for
+the fate of the vessel. An attempt was made to send a rope from the land
+to the wreck, but the rope broke. Rockets were fired with lines
+attached, and one was thrown across the foremast stay, where none of the
+men could reach it, on account of the fearful rolling of the sea. After
+some extraordinary delay, a whale boat was brought from the town, and
+manned by six daring fellows, who dashed through the surf, and were soon
+alongside the vessel.
+
+All except the carpenter, fifteen in number, got into the boat, and
+pushed off. At this moment a terrific sea upset the boat, and twenty-one
+persons were struggling in the surf for life. The people on the beach
+were horror-stricken; and men on horseback were seen plunging into the
+sea, risking their lives to save their fellow-creatures; but eighteen
+sunk to rise no more. The masts of the vessel fell with a tremendous
+crash, but the carpenter still clung to the wreck. At length a
+surf-boat, towed by a smaller one, proceeded towards the wreck. One of
+these boats was capsized, and two lives lost. But the carpenter was
+rescued. This man, (James Robertson,) and John McLeod, seaman, were all
+of the crew that reached the shore. The inhabitants of Cape Town were
+all anxiety in regard to the fate of the vessel; and those daring heroes
+who sacrificed themselves for the sake of their fellow men were worthy
+of a monument as lofty as those erected to the bravest warriors.
+
+The place where the Francis Spaight went ashore had been, a short time
+previous, the scene of a far more terrible disaster. This was the wreck
+of the ship Waterloo, by which two hundred persons were lost, in spite
+of the most extraordinary and heroic exertions on the part of the
+inhabitants of Cape Town.
+
+The bay is very much exposed to storms, and its shores are particulary
+dangerous, on account of their shelving character. The Francis Spaight
+had just put into the bay for the purpose of obtaining a supply of
+provisions, and it was intended that she should sail the next day. But
+the Ruler of the elements intended it otherwise. Her cargo was nearly a
+total loss.
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE GOLDEN RULE.
+
+
+The ship Golden Rule, Captain Austin, sailed from Wiscasset, with a
+cargo of timber, September, 8, 1807.
+
+On the 29th, she experienced a severe gale from the south-east; and at
+eight o'clock, A.M., they discovered that she had sprung a leak, and
+had four feet of water in her hold; at nine it had increased to eight
+feet, notwithstanding they had two pumps going, and were throwing her
+deck load overboard, which they were enabled to do very slowly, from the
+sea driving the planks about the deck, and wounding the crew.
+
+About ten o'clock, the water had risen to twelve feet, and the gale had
+also evidently increased; the crew and all on board were quite
+exhausted; and on going into the cabin they found she was welling fast.
+The main and mizzen masts were now cut away, to prevent her upsetting,
+and she was quite clear of her deck load. At eleven o'clock she was full
+up to her main deck, and all her bulk heads were knocked away.
+
+It now occurred to some of the crew, to endeavor to save some bread; and
+Mr. Boyd, the first mate, with great resolution, went into the cabin and
+gave out some bread, and two bottles of rum; but so rapidly did she
+fill, from the timber of her cargo shifting, that he was forced to break
+through the sky-light to save himself. Their small stock of provisions
+was now put into the binnacle, as a secure place. It had been there but
+a few minutes, when a tremendous sea struck them, and carried away the
+binnacle.
+
+They had now little hope left--the wheel was broken, and they proceeded
+to secure themselves as well as they could, some in the fore-top, and
+the rest were lashing themselves to the taffrail; before they could
+accomplish the latter plan, another sea, if possible, more heavy than
+the former, hurried them all from their places, and washed two of the
+men overboard; they were seen swimming for the ship, a short time, when
+a wave hurried them from the sight of their lamenting comrades.
+
+They now endeavored to keep the ship before the wind, which they were
+partially enabled to do through the night. The next day another man died
+from cold and hunger.
+
+The deck was now blown up, and her side stove in, all hands had given
+themselves up, when, on the 30th at noon, they were roused by the cry
+of "a sail!" and they had the satisfaction to see her bear down for
+them. She was the brig George, of Portland; and Captain Wildridge sent
+his long-boat to take them from the wreck.
+
+
+
+
+DANGERS OF WHALING SHIPS AMONG ICE BERGS.
+
+
+The masses of ice by which the ocean is traversed assume a vast variety
+of shapes, but may be comprehended in two general classes. The first
+consists of sheets of ice, analogous to those which annually cover the
+the lakes and rivers of northern lands. They present a surface which is
+generally level, but here and there diversified by projections, called
+_hummocks_, which arise from the ice having been thrown up by some
+pressure or force to which it has been subject. Sheets of ice, which are
+so large that their whole extent of surface cannot be seen from the
+masthead of a vessel, are called _fields_. They have sometimes an area
+of more than a hundred square miles, and rise above the level of the sea
+from two to eight feet. When a piece of ice, though of a considerable
+size, can be distinguished in its extent, it is termed a _floe_. A
+number of sheets, large or small, joining each other, and stretching out
+in any particular direction, constitute a _stream_. Captain Cook found a
+stream extending across Behring's Straits, connecting eastern Asia with
+the western extremity of North America. Owing to the vast extent of some
+fields of ice, they would undoubtedly be conducted to a lower latitude
+in the Atlantic before their dissolution, under the influence of a
+warmer climate, but for the intervention of other causes. It frequently
+happens that two masses are propelled against each other, and are both
+shivered into fragments by the violence of the concussion. The ordinary
+swell of the ocean also acts with tremendous power upon a large tract,
+especially when it has been so thawed as to have become thin, and breaks
+it up into a thousand smaller pieces in a very short period. The danger
+of being entrapped between two ice-fields coming into contact with each
+other is one of the perils which the navigator has frequently to
+encounter in the northern seas; and fatal to his vessel and his life has
+the occurrence often been, while in a vast number of instances escape
+has seemed almost miraculous.
+
+"At half-past six," says Captain Ross, relating to his first voyage of
+discovery, in the Isabella, to the arctic regions, with Captain Parry,
+in the Alexander, "the ice began to move, and, the wind increasing to a
+gale, the only chance left for us was to endeavor to force the ship
+through it to the north, where it partially opened; but the channel was
+so much obstructed by heavy fragments, that our utmost efforts were
+ineffectual; the ice closed in upon us, and at noon we felt its pressure
+most severely. A large floe, which lay on one side of the Isabella,
+appeared to be fixed; while, on the other side, another of considerable
+bulk was passing along with a rapid motion, assuming a somewhat circular
+direction, in consequence of one side having struck on the fixed field.
+The pressure continuing to increase, it became doubtful whether the ship
+would be able to sustain it; every support threatened to give way, the
+beams in the hold began to bend, and the iron tanks settled together.
+
+"At this critical moment, when it seemed impossible for us to bear the
+accumulating pressure much longer, the hull rose several feet; while the
+ice, which was more than six feet thick, broke against the sides,
+curling back on itself. The great stress now fell upon our bow; and,
+after being again lifted up, we were carried with great violence towards
+the Alexander which had hitherto been, in a great measure, defended by
+the Isabella. Every effort to avoid their getting foul of each other
+failed; the ice-anchors and cables broke one after another; and the
+sterns of the two ships came so violently into contact, as to crush to
+pieces a boat that could not be removed in time. The collision was
+tremendous, the anchors and chain-plates being broken, and nothing less
+than the loss of the masts expected; but at this eventful instant, by
+the interposition of Providence, the force of the ice seemed exhausted;
+the two fields suddenly receded, and we passed the Alexander with
+comparatively little damage. A clear channel soon after opened, and we
+ran into a pool, thus escaping the immediate danger; but the fall of
+snow being very heavy, our situation still remained doubtful, nor could
+we conjecture whether we were yet in a place of safety. Neither the
+masters, the mates, nor those men who had been all their lives in the
+Greenland service, had ever experienced such imminent peril; and they
+declared, that a common whaler must have been crushed to atoms."
+
+Captain Scoresby relates a similar narrow escape from destruction owing
+to the same cause. "In the year 1804," he observes, "I had an
+opportunity of witnessing the effects produced by the lesser masses in
+motion. Passing between two fields of ice newly formed, about a foot in
+thickness, they were observed rapidly to approach each other, and,
+before our ship could pass the strait, they met with a velocity of three
+or four miles per hour. The one overlaid the other, and presently
+covered many acres of surface. The ship proving an obstacle to the
+course of the ice, it squeezed up on both sides, shaking her in a
+dreadful manner, and producing a loud grinding or lengthened acute
+trembling noise, according as the degree of pressure was diminished or
+increased, until it had risen as high as the deck. After about two hours
+the motion ceased, and soon afterwards the two sheets of ice receded
+from each other nearly as rapidly as they had before advanced. The ship
+in this case did not receive any injury; but, had the ice only been half
+a foot thicker, she might have been wrecked." Other navigators have not
+been so fortunate; and the annual loss of whaling vessels in the polar
+seas is considerable, the Dutch having had as many as seventy-three sail
+of ships wrecked in one season. Between the years 1669 and 1778, both
+inclusive, or a period of one hundred and seven years, they sent to the
+Greenland fishery fourteen thousand one hundred and sixty-seven ships,
+of which five hundred and sixty-one, or about four in the hundred, were
+lost.
+
+Every one will remember the intense and mournful interest occasioned by
+the loss of the President steamer which left New York in the year 1841
+to cross the Atlantic, but perished in the passage, without leaving a
+survivor to tell the story of her fate. It has been deemed highly
+probable that this vessel got entangled in the ice, and was destroyed by
+collision with its masses; for during that year, in the month of April,
+the Great Western steamer encountered a field extending upwards of a
+hundred miles in one direction, surrounded with an immense number of
+floes and bergs, and had great difficulty in effecting its passage by
+this floating continent in safety.
+
+Another form under which the ice appears in the ocean is that of bergs,
+which differ from the ice-fields in shape and origin. They are masses
+projecting to a great height above the surface of the water, and have
+the appearance of chalk or marble cliffs and mountains upon the deep.
+They have been seen with an elevation of two hundred feet--a
+circumference of two miles: and it has been shown by experiments on the
+buoyancy of ice floating in sea water, that the proportion above the
+surface is only about one-seventh of the thickness of the whole mass.
+During the first expedition of Ross, he found an ice berg in Baffin's
+Bay, at a distance of seven leagues from the land, which was measured by
+a party under Lieutenant Parry. Considerable difficulty was experienced
+in the attempt to land, as, in rowing round the berg, they found it
+perpendicular in every place but one. When they had ascended to the
+top, which was perfectly flat, they discovered a white bear in quiet
+possession of the mass, who plunged into the sea without hesitation, and
+effected his escape. The party found the ice berg to be four thousand
+one hundred and sixty-nine yards long, three thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-nine yards broad, and fifty-one feet high, being aground in
+sixty-one fathoms. Its appearance was like that of the back of the Isle
+of Wight, and the cliffs resembled those of the chalk range to the west
+of Dover. The weight of this mass was calculated to amount to one
+billion two hundred and ninety two millions three hundred and ninety
+seven thousand six hundred and seventy-three tons.
+
+[Illustration: A WHITE BEAR.]
+
+An ice berg examined by Captain Graah, on the east coast of Greenland,
+rose one hundred and twenty feet out of the water, had a circumference
+of four thousand feet at the base, and its solid contents were estimated
+to be upwards of nine hundred millions of cubic feet. When viewed at a
+distance, nothing can be more interesting than the appearance of a
+considerable number of these formations, exhibiting an infinite variety
+of shape, and requiring no stretch of imagination to convert them into a
+series of floating towers, castles, churches, obelisks, and pyramids, or
+a snowy range of Alpine heights. No pencil, an observer has remarked,
+has ever given any thing like the true effect of an ice berg. In a
+picture they are huge, uncouth masses, stuck in the sea; while their
+chief beauty and grandeur--their slow stately motion, the whirling of
+the snow about their summits, and the fearful crackling of their
+parts--they cannot give. The ice of the bergs is compact and solid, or
+of a fine green tint verging to blue; and large pieces may be frequently
+obtained, equal to the most beautiful crystal in transparency. It is
+stated by Scoresby, that with a portion of this ice, of by no means
+regular convexity, used as a burning lens, he has frequently burnt wood,
+fired gunpowder, melted lead, and lit the sailors' pipes, to their no
+small astonishment, the ice itself remaining in the mean while perfectly
+fixed and pellucid.
+
+
+
+
+MASSACRE OF THE CREW OF THE ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+The Atahualpa, of Boston, left that port in August, 1803, bound to the
+north-west coast of America, for the purpose of trading with the
+natives. She arrived on the coast in the month of January, 1804; and,
+after visiting the several islands, and purchasing skins, on the 5th of
+June, 1805, weighed anchor from Chockokee, on the north-west coast, and
+made sail. On the 8th, arrived at Millbank sound, and came to an anchor
+within musket-shot of the village. Soon after her arrival, the chief of
+the Indians, by the name of Keite, came off to the ship, with some of
+his tribe, and informed the captain that the Caroline, Captain Sturgess,
+had sailed from thence ten days before.
+
+On the 11th, the chief came off again, with his tribe, and another tribe
+that was there, and traded very briskly till towards night, when
+becoming very insolent, they were all turned out of the ship.
+
+On the 13th, Keite and his tribe came on board in the morning, and
+seemed much more desirous to trade than before, which Captain Porter was
+very glad to see. The chief mate and two of the ship's company, were
+then engaged in ripping the main-sail in pieces, on the quarter-deck;
+the second mate with two hands was repairing the top-sail; two on the
+starboard side of the main-deck, spinning spun yarn; two more on the
+forecastle, making sinnet; two more on the larboard side of the
+main-deck, running shot in the armorer's forge; the cooper was making
+tubs; the cook, and captain's steward in the galley, at their duty; and
+all hands, as usual, employed on the ship's duty; the armorer was in the
+steerage, and the boatswain in the cabin; Captain Porter, Mr. Ratstraw,
+his clerk, and Mr. Lyman Plummer, (nephew of Theodore Lyman, Esq. of
+Boston, ship owner,) were standing on the larboard side of the
+quarter-deck, abreast of the cabin hatchway.
+
+The chief, Keite, stood leaning on the rail, and called Captain Porter
+to look at the skins that were in the canoe, alongside the ship; the
+captain accordingly went to look over the side, when the chief, with
+some more Indians, laid hold of him, and gave a shout. Immediately all
+the Indians alongside of the canoe, and those on board, armed with
+daggers, pistols, pikes, and other weapons, seized every man on deck,
+who were totally unprepared for so sudden an attack. A most dreadful and
+sanguinary contest immediately took place; when, after a short but
+bloody engagement of about five minutes, the deck was immediately
+cleared of them.
+
+There were about two hundred Indians, it is supposed, on board at this
+time; they first daggered Captain Porter several times in the back, put
+him in a canoe alongside, and carried him on shore; and, as we were
+afterwards informed by Captain Smith, of the ship Mary, of Boston, who
+was informed by the New Hecta tribe, was by them tied to a tree, in
+which unhappy and miserable situation he languished fifteen days,
+refusing every species of nourishment offered him by these savages,
+occasioned by his grief at this unfortunate accident.
+
+Previous to this fatal business, there were twenty-three hands on board;
+ten of whom were barbarously killed, and nine wounded. Among the killed
+were, Captain Oliver Porter, Mr. John Hill, chief mate; Daniel Gooding,
+second mate; John D. Katstraw, captain's clerk; Mr. Lyman Plummer, Peter
+Shooner, Luther Lapham, Samuel Lapham, seamen; Isaac Lammes, cooper; and
+John Williams, cook. Mr. Lyman Plummer survived about two hours after
+he was wounded. The cook, who was most shockingly cut and mangled,
+languished till about six o'clock the next morning.
+
+Among the wounded were, Ebenezer Baker, seaman, most dangerously, with
+daggers, he having two stabs in his left thigh, one in his groin, one in
+his back, one in his breast, and one in his neck; Henry Thompson,
+seaman, very dangerously, with daggers, having one wound on the right
+side, one on the left shoulder, another on the left arm, and two or
+three smaller ones on the same arm, one on the right temple, and another
+on the left cheek; Ebenezer Williams, seaman, had three wounds in his
+thigh, with daggers,--two on his back, and one on the right shoulder
+with a boarding-pike; Luke Bates, seamen, one wound on the right
+shoulder with a boarding-pike; Joseph Robinson, carpenter, wounded on
+the left breast; Thomas Edwards, steward, stabbed on the left shoulder;
+W. Walker had two stabs, with daggers, in his back.
+
+After the deck was cleared of these sanguinary savages, several guns
+were fired at the village, the sails were loosened, stream-cable cut,
+and the ship put to sea. The same night they got under weigh, seven
+large war-canoes hove in sight, with about thirty Indians in each. In
+this deplorable condition, with only four or five hands on board capable
+of duty, the Atahualpa shaped her course for New Heita; but the wind
+chopping round, put about, and stood to the westward.
+
+On the 17th, it was thought time to bury the dead, when, after having
+sewed them up, and got them ready for interment, prayers were read. They
+were then buried in Queen Charlotte's Sound.
+
+It cannot be ascertained with any degree of accuracy, how many of the
+Indians were killed in this dreadful contest. It is supposed, however,
+that the number must have exceeded forty; for a large canoe being under
+the ship's bow, with about twenty Indians in her, who were cutting a
+cable, a swivel and several muskets were fired into her, and but one of
+the Indians reached the shore in safety.
+
+During the conflict with the savages, there were two barrels of powder
+unheaded, and a loaded pistol prepared and given to a person who stood
+ready, should they get into the cabin, and secure to themselves the
+ship, to fire into it, and blow the whole up, preferring to die in that
+manner rather than fall into the hands of such merciless wretches.
+
+[Illustration: SHIPWRECK OF THE BLENDENHALL.]
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE BLENDENHALL.
+
+
+In the year 1821, the Blendenhall, free trader, bound from England for
+Bombay, partly laden with broad-cloths, was proceeding on her voyage
+with every prospect of a successful issue. While thus pursuing her way
+through the Atlantic, she was unfortunately driven from her course, by
+adverse winds and currents, more to the southward and westward than was
+required, and it became desirable to reach the island of Tristan
+d'Acunha, in order to ascertain and rectify the reckoning. This island,
+which is called after the Portuguese admiral who first discovered it, is
+one of a group of three, the others being the Inaccessible and
+Nightingale Islands, situated many hundreds of miles from any land, and
+in a south-westerly direction from the Cape of Good Hope. The shores are
+rugged and precipitous in the extreme, and form, perhaps, the most
+dangerous coast upon which any vessel could be driven.
+
+It was while steering to reach this group of islands, that, one morning,
+a passenger on board the Blendenhall, who chanced to be upon deck
+earlier than usual, observed great quantities of sea-weed occasionally
+floating alongside. This excited some alarm, and a man was immediately
+sent aloft to keep a good look-out. The weather was then extremely hazy,
+though moderate; the weeds continued; all were on the alert; they
+shortened sail, and the boatswain piped for breakfast. In less than ten
+minutes, "breakers ahead!" startled every soul, and in a moment all were
+on deck. "Breakers starboard! breakers larboard! breakers all around,"
+was the ominous cry a moment afterwards, and all was confusion. The
+words were scarcely uttered, when, and before the helm was up, the
+ill-fated ship struck, and after a few tremendous shocks against the
+sunken reef, she parted about mid-ship. Ropes and stays were cut
+away--all rushed forward, as if instinctively, and had barely reached
+the forecastle, when the stern and quarter-deck broke asunder with a
+violent crash, and sunk to rise no more. Two of the seamen miserably
+perished--the rest, including officers, passengers and crew, held on
+about the head and bows--the struggle was for life!
+
+At this moment, the Inaccessible Island, which till then had been veiled
+in thick clouds and mist, appeared frowning above the haze. The wreck
+was more than two miles from the frightful shore. The base of the
+island was still buried in impenetrable gloom. In this perilous
+extremity, one was for cutting away the anchor, which had been got up to
+the cat-head in time of need; another was for cutting down the foremast
+(the foretop-mast being already by the board.) The fog totally
+disappeared, and the black rocky island stood in all its rugged
+deformity before their eyes. Suddenly the sun broke out in full
+splendor, as if to expose more clearly to the view of the sufferers
+their dreadful predicament. Despair was in every bosom--death, arrayed
+in all its terrors, seemed to hover over the wreck. But exertion was
+required, and every thing that human energy could devise was effected.
+The wreck, on which all eagerly clung, was fortunately drifted by the
+tide and wind between ledges of sunken rocks and thundering breakers,
+until, after the lapse of several hours, it entered the only spot on the
+island where a landing was possibly practicable, for all the other parts
+of the coast consisted of perpendicular cliffs of granite, rising from
+amidst the deafening surf to the height of twenty, forty, and sixty
+feet. As the shore was neared, a raft was prepared, and on this a few
+paddled for the cove. At last the wreck drove right in: ropes were
+instantly thrown out, and the crew and passengers, (except two who had
+been crushed in the wreck,) including three ladies and a female
+attendant, were snatched from the watery grave, which a few short hours
+before had appeared inevitable, and safely landed on the beach. Evening
+had now set in, and every effort was made to secure whatever could be
+saved from the wreck. Bales of cloth, cases of wine, a few boxes of
+cheese, some hams, the carcass of a milch cow that had been washed on
+shore, buckets, tubs, butts, a seaman's chest, (containing a tinder-box
+and needles and thread,) with a number of elegant mahogany turned
+bed-posts, and part of an investment for the India market, were got on
+shore. The rain poured down in torrents--all hands were busily at work
+to procure shelter from the weather; and with the bed-posts and
+broad-cloths, and part of the foresail, as many tents were soon pitched
+as there were individuals on the island.
+
+Drenched with the sea and with the rain, hungry, cold, and comfortless,
+thousands of miles from their native land, almost beyond expectation of
+human succor, hope nearly annihilated,--the shipwrecked voyagers retired
+to their tents. In the morning the wreck had gone to pieces; and planks,
+and spars, and whatever had floated in, were eagerly dragged on shore.
+No sooner was the unfortunate ship broken up, than deeming themselves
+freed from the bonds of authority, many began to secure whatever came to
+land: and the captain, officers, passengers, and crew, were now reduced
+to the same level, and obliged to take their turn to fetch water, and
+explore the island for food. The work of exploring was soon over--there
+was not a bird, nor a quadruped, nor a single tree to be seen. All was
+barren and desolate. The low parts were scattered over with stones and
+sand, and a few stunted weeds, rocks, ferns, and other plants. The top
+of the mountain was found to consist of a fragment of original
+table-land, very marshy, and full of deep sloughs, intersected with
+small rills of water, pure and pellucid as crystal, and a profusion of
+wild parsley and celery. The prospect was one dreary scene of
+destitution, without a single ray of hope to relieve the misery of the
+desponding crew. After some days, the dead cow, hams, and cheese, were
+consumed; and from one end of the island to the other, not a morsel of
+food could be seen. Even the celery began to fail. A few bottles of
+wine, which, for security had been secreted under ground, only remained.
+Famine now began to threaten. Every stone near the sea was examined for
+shell-fish, but in vain.
+
+In this dreadful extremity, and while the half-famished seamen were at
+night squatting in sullen dejection round their fires, a large lot of
+sea-birds, allured by the flames, rushed into the midst of them, and
+were greedily laid hold of as fast as they could be seized. For several
+nights in succession, similar flocks came in; and by multiplying their
+fires a considerable supply was secured. These visits, however, ceased
+at length, and the wretched party were exposed again to the most severe
+privation. When their stock of wild fowl had been exhausted for more
+than two days, each began to fear they were now approaching that sad
+point of necessity, when, between death and casting lots who should be
+sacrificed to serve for food for the rest, no alternative remained.
+While horror at the bare contemplation of an extremity so repulsive
+occupied the thoughts of all, the horizon was observed to be suddenly
+obscured, and presently clouds of penguin alighted on the island. The
+low grounds were actually covered; and before the evening was dark, the
+sand could not be seen for the number of eggs, which, like a sheet of
+snow, lay on the surface of the earth. The penguins continued on the
+island four or five days, when, as if by signal, the whole took their
+flight, and were never seen again. A few were killed, but the flesh was
+so extremely rank and nauseous that it could not be eaten. The eggs
+were collected and dressed in all manner of ways, and supplied abundance
+of food for upwards of three weeks. At the expiration of that period,
+famine once more seemed inevitable; the third morning began to dawn upon
+the unfortunate company after their stock of eggs were exhausted; they
+had now been without food for more than forty hours, and were fainting
+and dejected; when, as though this desolate rock were really a land of
+miracles, a man came running up to the encampment with the unexpected
+and joyful tidings that "millions of sea-cows had come on shore." The
+crew climbed over the ledge of rocks that flanked their tents, and the
+sight of a shoal of manatees immediately beneath them gladdened their
+hearts. These came in with the flood, and were left in the puddles
+between the broken rocks of the cove. This supply continued for two or
+three weeks. The flesh was mere blubber, and quite unfit for food, for
+not a man could retain it on his stomach; but the liver was excellent,
+and on this they subsisted. In the meantime, the carpenter with his
+gang had constructed a boat, and four of the men had adventured in her
+for Tristan d'Acunha, in hopes of ultimately extricating their
+fellow-sufferers from their perilous situation. Unfortunately the boat
+was lost--whether carried away by the violence of the currents that set
+in between the islands, or dashed to pieces against the breakers, was
+never known, for no vestige of the boat or crew was ever seen. Before
+the manatees, however, began to quit the shore, a second boat was
+launched; and in this an officer and some seamen made a second attempt,
+and happily succeeded in effecting a landing, after much labor, on the
+island, where they were received with much cordiality and humanity by
+Governor Glass--a personage whom it will be necessary to describe.
+
+Tristan d'Acunha is believed to have been uninhabited until 1811, when
+three Americans took up their residence upon it, for the purpose of
+cultivating vegetables, and selling the produce, particularly potatoes,
+to vessels which might touch there on their way to India, the Cape, or
+other parts in the southern ocean. These Americans remained its only
+inhabitants till 1816, when, on Bonaparte being sent to St. Helena, the
+British government deemed it expedient to garrison the island, and sent
+the Falmouth man-of-war with a colony of forty persons, which arrived in
+the month of August. At this time the chief of the American settlers was
+dead, and two only survived; but what finally became of these we are not
+informed. The British garrison was soon given up, the colony abandoned,
+and all returned to the Cape of Good Hope, except a person named Glass,
+a Scotchman, who had been corporal of artillery, and his wife, a Cape
+Creole. One or two other families afterwards joined them, and thus the
+foundation of a nation on a small scale was formed; Mr. Glass, with the
+title and character of governor, like a second Robinson Crusoe, being
+the undisputed chief and lawgiver of the whole. On being visited in
+1825, by Mr. Augustus Earle, the little colony was found to be on the
+increase, a considerable number of children having been born since the
+period of settlement. The different families inhabited a small village,
+consisting of cottages covered with thatch made of the long grass of the
+island, and exhibiting an air of comfort, cleanliness, and plenty, truly
+English.
+
+It was to this island that the boat's crew of the Blendenhall had bent
+their course, and its principal inhabitant, Governor Glass, showed them
+every mark of attention, not only on the score of humanity, but because
+they were fellow-subjects of the same power--for, be it known, Glass did
+not lay claim to independent monarchy, but always prayed publicly for
+King George as his lawful sovereign. On learning the situation of the
+crew, on Inaccessible Island, he instantly launched his boat, and unawed
+by considerations of personal danger, hastened, at the risk of his life,
+to deliver his shipwrecked countrymen from the calamities they had so
+long endured. He made repeated trips, surmounted all difficulties, and
+fortunately succeeded in safely landing them on his own island, after
+they had been exposed for nearly three months to the horrors of a
+situation almost unparalleled in the recorded sufferings of seafaring
+men.
+
+After being hospitably treated by Glass and his company for three
+months, the survivors obtained a passage to the Cape, all except a young
+sailor named White, who had formed an attachment to one of the servant
+girls on board, and who, in all the miseries which had been endured, had
+been her constant protector and companion; whilst gratitude on her part
+prevented her wishing to leave him. Both chose to remain, and were
+forthwith adopted as free citizens of the little community.
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE MEDUSA.
+
+
+On the 17th of June, 1816, the Medusa, French frigate, commanded by
+Captain Chaumareys, and accompanied by three smaller vessels, sailed
+from the island of Aix, for the coast of Africa, in order to take
+possession of some colonies. The first accident she encountered was off
+Cape Finisterre, when one of the crew fell into the sea; and from the
+apathy of his companions, their want of promptitude in manoeuvring, with
+the want of every precaution, he was left to perish. On the tenth day of
+sailing, there appeared an error of thirty leagues in the reckoning. On
+the 1st of July, they entered the tropics; and there, with a childish
+disregard to danger, and knowing that she was surrounded by all the
+unseen perils of the ocean, her crew performed the ceremony usual to the
+occasion, while the vessel was running headlong on destruction. The
+captain, presided over the disgraceful scene of merriment, leaving the
+ship to the command of a Mons. Richefort, who had passed the ten
+preceding years of his life in an English prison--a few persons on board
+remonstrated in vain; though it was ascertained that they were on the
+banks of Arguise, she continued her course, and heaved the lead, without
+slackening the sail. Every thing denoted shallow water, but M. Richefort
+persisted in saying that they were in one hundred fathoms. At that very
+moment only six fathoms were found; and the vessel struck three times,
+being in about sixteen feet water, and the tide full flood. At ebb-tide,
+there remained but twelve feet water; and after some bungling
+manoeuvres, all hope of getting the ship off was abandoned.
+
+When the frigate struck, she had on board six boats, of various
+capacities, all of which could not contain the crew and passengers; and
+a raft was constructed. A dreadful scene ensued. All scrambled out of
+the wreck without order or precaution. The first who reached the boats
+refused to admit any of their fellow-sufferers into them, though there
+was ample room for more. Some, apprehending that a plot had been formed
+to abandon them in the vessel, flew to arms. No one assisted his
+companions; and Captain Chaumareys stole out of a port-hole into his own
+boat, leaving a great part of the crew to shift for themselves. At
+length they put off to sea, intending to steer for the sandy coast of
+the desert, there to land, and thence to proceed with a caravan to the
+island of St. Louis.
+
+The raft had been constructed without foresight or intelligence. It was
+about sixty-five feet long and twenty-five broad, but the only part
+which could be depended upon was the middle; and that was so small, that
+fifteen persons could not lie down upon it. Those who stood on the floor
+were in constant danger of slipping through between the planks; the sea
+flowed in on all its sides. When one hundred and fifty passengers who
+were destined to be its burden, were on board, they stood like a solid
+parallelogram, without a possibility of moving; and they were up to
+their waists in water. The original plan was, that as much provision as
+possible should be put upon this raft; that it should be taken in tow by
+the six boats; and that, at stated intervals, the crews should come on
+board to receive their rations. As they left the ship, M. Correard asked
+whether the charts, instruments, and sea-stores were on board; and was
+told by an officer, that nothing was wanting. "And who is to command
+us?" "I am to command you," answered he, "and will be with you in a
+moment." The officer with these words, the last in his mouth, went on
+board one of the boats, and returned no more.
+
+The desperate squadron had only proceeded three leagues, when a faulty,
+if not treacherous manoeuvre, broke the tow-line which fastened the
+captain's boat to the raft; and this became the signal to all to let
+loose their cables. The weather was calm. The coast was known to be but
+twelve or fifteen leagues distant; and the land was in fact discovered
+by the boats on the very evening on which they abandoned the raft. They
+were not therefore driven to this measure by any new perils; and the cry
+of "_Nous les abandonons!_" which resounded throughout the line, was the
+yell of a spontaneous and instinctive impulse of cowardice, perfidy, and
+cruelty; and the impulse was as unanimous as it was diabolical. The raft
+was left to the mercy of the waves; one after another, the boats
+disappeared, and despair became general. Not one of the promised
+articles, no provisions, except a very few casks of wine, and some
+spoiled biscuit, sufficient for one single meal was found. A small
+pocket compass, which chance had discovered, their last guide in a
+trackless ocean, fell between the beams into the sea. As the crew had
+taken no nourishment since morning, some wine and biscuit were
+distributed; and this day, the first of thirteen on the raft, was the
+last on which they tasted any solid food--except such as human nature
+shudders at. The only thing which kept them alive was the hope of
+revenge on those who had treacherously betrayed them.
+
+The first night was stormy; and the waves, which had free access,
+committed dreadful ravages, and threatened worse. When day appeared,
+twelve miserable wretches were found crushed to death between the
+openings of the raft, and several more were missing; but the number
+could not be ascertained, as several soldiers had taken the billets of
+the dead, in order to obtain two, or even three rations. The second
+night was still more dreadful, and many were washed off; although the
+crew had so crowded together, that some were smothered by the mere
+pressure. To soothe their last moments, the soldiers drank immoderately;
+and one, who affected to rest himself upon the side, but was
+treacherously cutting the ropes, was thrown into the sea. Another whom
+M. Correard had snatched from the waves, turned traitor a second time,
+as soon as he had recovered his senses; but he too was killed. At length
+the revolted, who were chiefly soldiers, threw themselves upon their
+knees, and abjectly implored mercy. At midnight, however, they rebelled
+again. Those who had no arms, fought with their teeth, and thus many
+severe wounds were inflicted. One was most wantonly and dreadfully
+bitten above the heel, while his companions were beating him upon the
+head with their carbines, before throwing him into the sea. The raft was
+strewed with dead bodies, after innumerable instances of treachery and
+cruelty; and from sixty to sixty-five perished that night. The force and
+courage of the strongest began to yield to their misfortunes; and even
+the most resolute labored under mental derangement. In the conflict, the
+revolted had thrown two casks of wine, and all the remaining water, into
+the sea; and it became necessary to diminish each man's share.
+
+A day of comparative tranquility succeeded. The survivors erected their
+mast again, which had been wantonly cut down in the battle of the night;
+and endeavored to catch some fish, but in vain. They were reduced to
+feed on the dead bodies of their companions. A third night followed,
+broken by the plaintive cries of wretches, exposed to every kind of
+suffering, ten or twelve of whom died of want, and awfully foretold the
+fate of the remainder. The following day was fine. Some flying fish were
+caught in the raft; which, mixed up with human flesh, afforded one
+scanty meal.
+
+A new insurrection to destroy the raft, broke out on the fourth night;
+this too, was marked by perfidy, and ended in blood. Most of the rebels
+were thrown into the sea. The fifth morning mustered but thirty men
+alive; and these sick and wounded, with the skin of their lower
+extremities corroded by the salt water. Two soldiers were detected
+drinking the wine of the only remaining cask; they were instantly thrown
+into the sea. One boy died, and there remained only twenty-seven; of
+whom fifteen only seemed likely to live. A council of war, preceded by
+the most horrid despair, was held; as the weak consumed a part of the
+common store, they determined to throw them into the sea. This sentence
+was put into immediate execution! and all the arms on board, which now
+filled their minds with horror, were, with the exception of a single
+sabre, committed to the deep.
+
+Distress and misery increased with an accelerated ratio; and even after
+the desperate measure of destroying their companions, and eating the
+most nauseous aliments, the surviving fifteen could not hope for more
+than a few days' existence. A butterfly lighted on their sail the ninth
+day, and though it was held to be a messenger of good, yet many a
+greedy eye was cast upon it. Some sea-fowl also appeared; but it was
+impossible to catch them. The misery of the survivors increased with a
+rapidity which cannot be described; they even stole from each other
+little goblets of urine which had been set to cool in the sea water, and
+were now considered a luxury. The most trifling article of food, a
+lemon, a small bottle of spirituous dentrifice, a little garlic, became
+causes of contention; and every daily distribution of wine awakened a
+spirit of selfishness and ferocity, which common sufferings and common
+interest could not subdue into more social feelings.
+
+Three days more passed over in expressible anguish, when they
+constructed a smaller and more manageable raft, in the hope of directing
+it to the shore; but on trial it was found insufficient. On the
+seventeenth day, a brig was seen; which, after exciting the vicissitudes
+of hope and fear, proved to be the Argus, sent out in quest of the
+Medusa. The inhabitants of the raft were all received on board, and were
+again very nearly perishing, by a fire which broke out in the night.
+The six boats which had so cruelly cast them adrift, reached the coast
+of Africa in safety; and after many dangers among the Moors, the
+survivors arrived at St. Louis.
+
+After this, a vessel was despatched to the wreck of the Medusa, to carry
+away the money and provisions; after beating about for eight days, she
+was forced to return. She again put to sea, but after being away five
+days, again came back. Ten days more were lost in repairing her; and she
+did not reach the spot till fifty-two days after the vessel had been
+lost; and dreadful to relate, three miserable sufferers were found on
+board. Sixty men had been abandoned there by their magnanimous
+countrymen. All these had been carried off except seventeen, some of
+whom were drunk, and others refused to leave the vessel. They remained
+at peace as long as their provisions lasted. Twelve embarked on board a
+raft, for Sahara, and were never more heard of. Another put to sea on a
+hen-coop, and sunk immediately. Four remained behind, one of whom,
+exhausted with hunger and fatigue, perished. The other three lived in
+separate corners of the wreck, and never met but to run at each other
+with drawn _knives_. They were put on board the vessel, with all that
+could be saved from the wreck of the Medusa.
+
+The vessel was no sooner seen returning to St. Louis, than every heart
+beat high with joy, in the hope of recovering some property. The men and
+officers of the Medusa jumped on board, and asked if any thing had been
+saved. "Yes," was the reply, "but it is all ours now;" and the naked
+Frenchmen, whose calamities had found pity from the Moors of the desert,
+were now deliberately plundered by their own countrymen.
+
+A fair was held in the town, which lasted eight days. The clothes,
+furniture, and necessary articles of life, belonging to the men and
+officers of the Medusa, were publicly sold before their faces. Such of
+the French as were able, proceeded to the camp at Daceard, and the sick
+remained at St. Louis. The French governor had promised them clothes
+and provisions, but sent none; and during five months, they owed their
+existence to strangers--to the British.
+
+
+
+
+SINGULAR LOSS OF THE SHIP ESSEX, SUNK BY A WHALE.
+
+
+The ship Essex, Captain George Pollard, sailed from Nantucket, on the
+12th of August, 1819, on a whaling voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Her crew
+consisted of twenty-one men, fourteen of whom were whites, mostly
+belonging to Nantucket, the remainder were blacks. On the 20th of
+November, 1820, in latitude 0° 40' S. longitude 119° W. a school of
+whales was discovered, and in pursuing them the mate's boat was stove,
+which obliged him to return to the ship, when they commenced repairing
+the damage. The captain and second mate were left with their boats
+pursuing the whales. During this interval the mate discovered a large
+spermaceti whale, near the ship, but, not suspecting the approach of any
+danger, it gave them no alarm, until they saw the whale coming with full
+speed towards them. In a moment they were astonished by a tremendous
+crash. The whale had struck the ship a little forward of the fore
+chains. It was some minutes before the crew recovered from their
+astonishment, so far as to examine whether any damage had been
+sustained. They then tried their pumps, and found that the ship was
+sinking. A signal was immediately set for the boats. The whale now
+appeared again making for the ship, and coming with great velocity, with
+the water foaming around him, he struck the ship a second blow, which
+nearly stove in her bows. There was now no hope of saving the ship, and
+the only course to be pursued was, to prepare to leave her with all
+possible haste. They collected a few things, hove them into the boat and
+shoved off. The ship immediately fell upon one side and sunk to the
+water's edge. When the captain's and second mate's boat arrived, such
+was the consternation, that for some time not a word was spoken. The
+danger of their situation at length aroused them, as from a terrific
+dream, to a no less terrific reality. They remained by the wreck two or
+three days, in which time they cut away the masts, which caused her to
+right a little. Holes were then cut in the deck, by which means they
+obtained about six hundred pounds of bread, and as much water as they
+could take, besides other articles likely to be of use to them. On the
+22d of November, they left the ship, with as gloomy a prospect before
+them as can well be imagined. The nearest land was about one thousand
+miles to the windward of them; they were in open boats, weak and leaky,
+with a very small pittance of bread and water for support of so many
+men, during the time they must necessarily be at sea. Sails had been
+prepared for the boats, before leaving the ship, which proved of
+material benefit. Steering southerly by the wind, they hoped to fall in
+with some ship, but in this they were disappointed. After being in the
+boat twenty-eight days, experiencing many sufferings by gales of wind,
+want of water, and scanty provisions, they arrived at Duncie's Island,
+latitude 24° 40' S., longitude 124° 40' W., where they were disappointed
+in not finding a sufficiency of any kind of food for so large a company
+to subsist on. Their boats being very weak and leaky, they were hauled
+on shore and repaired. They found a gentle spring of fresh water,
+flowing out of a rock, at about half ebb of the tide, from which they
+filled their kegs. Three of the men chose to stay on the island, and
+take their chance for some vessel to take them off.
+
+On the 27th of December, they left this island, and steered for Easter
+Island; but passed it far to the leeward. They then directed their
+course for Juan Fernandez, which was about twenty-five hundred miles
+east by south-east from them. On the 10th of January, 1821, Matthew P.
+Joy, the second mate, died, and his body was launched into the deep. His
+constitution was slender, and it was supposed that his sufferings,
+though great, were not the immediate cause of his death. On the 12th,
+the mate's boat separated from the other two, and did not fall in with
+them afterwards. The situation of the mate and his crew, became daily
+more and more distressing. The weather was mostly calm, the sun hot and
+scorching. They were growing weaker and weaker by want of food, and yet,
+such was their distance from land, that they were obliged to lessen
+their allowance nearly one half. On the 20th, a black man died.
+
+On the 28th, they found, on calculation, that their allowance, only one
+and a half ounce of bread per day to a man, would be exhausted in
+fourteen days; and that this allowance was not sufficient to sustain
+life. They therefore determined to extend the indulgence, and take the
+consequence, whether to live or die. On the 8th of February, another of
+the crew died. From this time to the 17th, their sufferings were
+extreme. At seven o'clock, A.M. of that day, they were aroused from a
+lethargy by the cheering cry of the steersman, "there's a sail!" The
+boat was soon descried by the vessel, the brig Indian, Captain Grozier,
+of London, which took them on board, latitude 33° 45' S., longitude 81°
+3' W. They were treated by Captain Grozier with all the care and
+tenderness which their weak condition required. On the same day they
+made Massafuero, and on the 25th, arrived at Valparaiso.
+
+Captain Pollard and Charles Ramsdell, the only survivors in the
+captain's boat, were taken up on the 23d of February, 1821, by the ship
+Dauphin, of Nantucket, Captain Zimri Coffin, in latitude 37° S. off St.
+Mary's. The captain relates, that, after the mate's boat was separated
+from the others, they made what progress their weak condition would
+permit, towards the island of Juan Fernandez, but contrary winds and
+calm weather, together with the extreme debility of the crew, prevented
+their making much progress.
+
+On the 29th of January, the second mate's boat separated from the
+captain's, in the night, at which time their provisions were totally
+exhausted, since which they have not been heard from.
+
+We shall not attempt a sketch of the sufferings of the crews of these
+boats. Imagination may picture the horrors of their situation, and the
+extremes to which they were driven to sustain life, but no power of the
+imagination can heighten the dreadful reality.
+
+The following is an account of the whole crew.
+
+In the captain's boat but two survived, Captain Pollard and Charles
+Ramsdell. In the mate's boat three survived, Owen Chase, the mate,
+Benjamin Lawrence, and Thomas Nickerson. Left on Duncie's Island, and
+afterwards taken off, Seth Weeks, William Wright, and Thomas Chapple.
+One left the ship before the accident. In the second mate's boat, when
+separated from the captain's, three. Dead, nine, which added to the
+second mate's crew, doubtless lost, makes total deaths twelve.
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE WELLINGTON.
+
+
+We sailed from the Cove of Cork for St. Andrews, on the 6th of October,
+1833. During a passage of sixty days, all of which time we struggled
+against adverse winds, nothing material occurred, save the shifting of
+our ballast, (limestone,) which caused some alarm; but the promptitude
+and alacrity of the crew soon set it all right. On reaching the
+ballast-ground, we discharged our ballast; and after we had repaired the
+rigging, we took in a cargo of deals. Here four of the men left us, and
+we had to wait for others to supply their place.
+
+On the 23d of December we sailed on our return to Cork; mustering in all
+seventeen persons, including one male and one female passenger. With a
+fine stiff breeze down the bay, we soon lost sight of land, and nothing
+of note occurred till the 30th, when the wind got up from the
+north-west, and soon blew so heavy a gale, that we were obliged to take
+in every thing but a close-reefed main-topsail, under which we scudded
+till the 5th of January. All this time it blew a hurricane, principally
+from the north-west, but occasionally, after a short lull, flying round
+to the south-west, with a fury that nothing could resist. The sea
+threatened to overwhelm our little craft. It was several times proposed
+to lay her to; but the fatal opinion prevailed that she did better in
+scudding. On the night of the 6th, a tremendous sea struck her on the
+stern, stove in all the dead-lights, and washed them into the cabin,
+lifted the taffrail a foot or more out of its place, carried away the
+afterpart of the larboard bulwark, shattered the whole of the
+stern-frame, and washed one of the steersmen away from the wheel. The
+carpenter and crew with much labor secured the stern as well as they
+could for the night, and next morning the wind moderated a little, new
+dead-lights were put in, and the damages further repaired.
+
+Every stitch of canvas, but the main-topsail, jib, and trysail, were
+split into ribbons, so that we became anxious to know how we should
+reach port when the gale subsided. But we were soon spared further care
+on that head. As the day closed in, the tempest resumed its fury, and by
+the following morning, (the 8th,) raged with such appalling violence,
+that we laid her too. From her straining, the brig had now began to make
+so much water, as to require all hands in succession at the pumps till
+the following morning at two, when the larboard watch went below, the
+watch on deck, by constant exertion, sufficing to keep her free.
+
+At seven on the morning of the 9th, a tremendous sea broke over the
+starboard bow, overwhelming all, and sweeping caboose, boats, planks,
+casks, every thing before it, to the afterpart of the deck; even the
+starboard anchor was lifted on to the forecastle; and and the cook, who
+was in the galley, washed with all his culinary apparatus into the
+lee-scuppers, where he remained some time in a very perilous situation,
+jammed in amongst the loose spars and other portions of the wreck, until
+extricated by the watch on deck, who, being aft at the moment of the
+occurrence, escaped unhurt. Before we could recover from this shock, the
+watch below rushed on deck, with the appalling intelligence, that the
+water had found its way below, and was pouring in like a torrent We
+found that the coppers, forced along the deck with irresistible
+violence, had, by striking a stanchen fixed firmly in the deck, split
+the covering fore and aft, and let in the water. The captain thought it
+time to prepare for the worst. As the ship, from her buoyant cargo,
+could not sink, he ordered the crew to store the top with provisions.
+And as all exerted themselves with the energy of despair, two barrels of
+beef, some hams, pork, butter, cheese, and a large jar of brandy, were
+handed in a trice up from below, but not before the water had nearly
+filled the cabin, and forced those employed there to cease their
+operations, and with the two unfortunate passengers to fly to the deck.
+Fortunately for the latter, they knew not the full horror of our
+situation. The poor lady, whose name I have forgotten, young and
+delicate, already suffering from confinement below and sea sickness,
+pale and shivering, but patient and resigned, had but a short time taken
+her seat beside her fellow passenger on some planks near the taffrail,
+on which lay extended the unfortunate cook, unable to move from his
+bruises, when the vessel, a heavy lurch having shifted her cargo, was
+laid on her beam-ends, and the water rushing in, carried every thing
+off the deck--provisions, stores, planks, all went adrift--and with the
+latter, the poor lady, who, with the cook, floated away on them, without
+the possibility of our saving either of them. But such was the
+indescribable horror of those who were left, that had we been able to
+reason or reflect we might have envied our departed shipmates.
+
+A few minutes before we went over, two of the crew, invalids, having
+gone to the maintop, one of them was forced into the belly of the main
+top-sail, and there found a watery grave. The rest of the crew, and the
+male passenger, got upon her side. In this hopeless situation, secured,
+and clinging to the channels and rigging, the sea every instant dashing
+over us, and threatening destruction, we remained some hours. Then the
+vessel once more righted, and we crawled on board. The deck having blown
+up, and the stern gone the same way, we had now the prospect of
+perishing with cold and hunger. For our ultimate preservation I conceive
+we were mainly indebted to the carpenter's having providentially
+retained his axe. With it, the foremast was cut away. While doing this,
+we found a piece of pork about four pounds weight; and even the
+possession of this morsel raised our drooping spirits. It would at least
+prolong existence a few hours, and in that interval, the gale might
+abate, some friendly sail heave in sight, and the elements relent. Such
+were our reflections. Oh, how our eye-balls strained, as, emerging from
+the trough of the sea on the crest of a liquid mountain, we gazed on the
+misty horizon, until, from time to time, we fancied, nay, felt assured,
+we saw the object of our search, but the evening closed in, and with it
+hope almost expired. That day, not a morsel passed our lips. The pork,
+our only supply, given in charge to the captain, it was thought prudent
+to husband as long as possible.
+
+Meanwhile, with a top-gallant studding-sail remaining in the top, which
+was stretched over the mast-head, we contrived to procure a partial
+shelter from the inclemency of the weather. Under this, drenched as we
+were and shivering with cold, some of us crouched for the night; but
+others of the crew remained all that night in the rigging. In the
+morning we all--fourteen in number--mustered on deck, and received from
+the mate a small piece of pork, about two ounces, the remainder being
+put away, and reserved for the next day. This, and some water, the only
+article of which--a cask had been discovered forward, well stowed away
+among the planks--we had abundance, constituted our only meal that day.
+Somewhat refreshed, we all went to work, and as the studding-sail
+afforded but a scanty shelter, we fitted the trysail for this purpose;
+on opening which we found the cat drowned, and much as our stomachs
+might have revolted against such food on ordinary occasions, yet poor
+puss was instantly skinned and her carcass hung up in the maintop.
+
+This night we were somewhat better lodged, and the following day, having
+received our scanty ration of pork, now nearly consumed, we got three
+swiftsures round the hull of the vessel, to prevent her from going to
+pieces. Foraging daily for food, we sought incessantly in every
+crevice, hole, and corner, but in vain. We were now approaching that
+state of suffering beyond which nature cannot carry us. With some,
+indeed, they were already past endurance; and one individual, who had
+left a wife and family dependent upon him for support in London, unable
+any longer to bear up against them, and the almost certain prospect of
+starvation, went down out of the top, and we saw him no more. Having
+eked out the pork until the fourth day, we commenced on the
+cat--fortunately large and in good condition--a mouthful of which, with
+some water, furnished our daily allowance.
+
+Sickness and debility had now made such ravages among us all, that
+although we had a tolerable stock of water, we found great difficulty in
+procuring it. We had hitherto, in rotation, taken our turn to fill a
+small beaker at the cask, wedged in among the cargo of deals; but now,
+scarcely able to keep our feet along the planks, and still less so to
+haul the vessel up to the top, we were in danger of even this resource
+being cut off from us. In this manner, incredible as it may seem, we
+managed to keep body and soul together till the eleventh day; our only
+sustenance, the pork, the cat, water, and the bark of some young birch
+trees, which latter, in searching for a keg of tamarinds, which we had
+hoped to find, we had latterly come athwart.
+
+On the twelfth morning, at daybreak, the hailing of some one from the
+deck electrified us all. Supposing, as we had missed none of our
+shipmates from the top, that it must be some boat or vessel, we all
+eagerly made a movement to answer our supposed deliverers, and such was
+our excitement that it well nigh upset what little reason we had left.
+We soon found out our mistake. We saw that one of the party was missing;
+and from this individual, whom we had found without shoes, hat, or
+jacket, had the voice proceeded.
+
+Despair had now taken such complete hold, that, suspended between life
+and death, a torpor had seized us, and, resigned to our fate, we had
+scarcely sufficient energy to lift our heads, and exercise the only
+faculty on which depended our safety. The delirium of our unfortunate
+shipmate had, however, reanimated us, and by this means, through
+Providence, he was made instrumental to our deliverance. Not long after,
+one of the men suddenly exclaimed, "This is Sunday morning!--The Lord
+will deliver us from our distress!--at any rate I will take a look
+round." With this he arose, and having looked about him a few minutes,
+the cheering cry of "a sail!" announced the fulfilment of this singular
+prophecy. "Yes," he repeated in answer to our doubts, "a sail, and
+bearing right down upon us!"
+
+We all eagerly got up, and looking in the direction indicated to us, the
+welcome certainty, that we were not cheated of our hopes almost turned
+our brains. The vessel, which proved to be a Boston brig, bound to
+London, ran down across our bows, hove too, sent the boats alongside,
+and by ten o'clock we were all safe on board. Singularly enough, our
+brig, which had been lying-to with her head to the northward and
+westward, since the commencement of our disasters, went about the
+evening previous to our quitting her as well as if she had been under
+sail,--another providential occurrence, for had she remained with her
+head to the northward, we should have seen nothing of our deliverers.
+From the latter we experienced all the care and attention our deplorable
+condition required; and, with the exception of two of the party, who
+were frost-bitten, and who died two days after our quitting the wreck,
+we were soon restored to health, and reached St. Catherine's Dock on the
+30th of the following month.
+
+[Illustration: VOYAGE OF THE ABERGAVENNY.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE ABERGAVENNY.
+
+
+The Earl of Abergavenny, East Indiaman, left Portsmouth, in the
+beginning of February, 1805, with forty passengers, and property to the
+value of eighty-nine thousand pounds sterling on board. On the 5th of
+February, at ten A.M. when she was about ten leagues to the westward of
+Portland, the commodore gave a signal for her to bear up. At this time
+the wind was west south-west; she had the main top-mast struck, the fore
+and mizzen top-gallant mast on deck, and the jib-boom in. At three a
+pilot came on board, when they were about two leagues west from
+Portland; the cables were ranged and bitted, and the jib-boom got out.
+The wind suddenly died away as she crossed the Shangles, a shoal of rock
+and shingle, about two miles from the land; and a strong tide setting
+the ship to westward, drifted her into the breakers. A sea taking her on
+the larboard quarter brought her to, with her head to the northward,
+when she instantly struck the ground, at five in afternoon. All the
+reefs were let out, and the top-sails hoisted up, in the hope that the
+ship might shoot across the reef; the wind shifting meanwhile to
+north-west, she remained there two hours and a half, with four feet of
+water in the hold, the tide alternately setting her on, and the surf
+driving her back, beating all the while with such violent shocks, that
+the men for some time could scarcely stand upon the decks. At length,
+however, she was got off the rocks.
+
+The pumps were kept constantly going, and for fifteen minutes after
+clearing the rocks, kept the water at four feet; but the leak gaining
+upon them, all sails were set, with the view of running for the nearest
+port. But the water now rose so fast, than she refused to answer the
+helm, and they resolved to run her on the first shore. The captain and
+officers still thought that she might be got off without material
+damage, and no signal guns of distress were fired for three quarters of
+an hour, though sensible of some danger, they kept silent, lest they
+should alarm the passengers. Soon however the peril appeared but too
+manifest; the carpenter announced that a leak was at the bottom of the
+chain-pumps, through which the water gushed so fast, that they could not
+stop it. Eleven feet of water were already in the hold, and the crew
+were set to bale at the fore scuttle and hatchway. Though they could not
+keep the water under, they still hoped to preserve her afloat, till she
+could be run upon Weymouth sand. The lashings of the boats were cut;
+but they could not get out the long-boat, without bending the mainsail
+aback, which would have retarded the vessel so much, as to deprive them
+of the chance of running her aground.
+
+At six in the afternoon they gave up all hope of saving the vessel;
+other leaks had been sprung, and it became manifest, from the damage she
+had sustained that she must speedily go down. The captain and officers
+were still cool, and preserved perfect subordination. As night came on,
+and their situation became more terrible, several passengers insisted on
+being set on shore; and some small sloops being near, one of which sent
+off a skiff, two ladies, and three other passengers went away in her.
+More would have embarked had they not feared to encounter a tempestuous
+sea in so dark a night.
+
+Several boats were heard at a short distance, about nine o'clock, but
+they rendered no assistance; being either engaged in plunder, or in
+rescuing some of those unfortunate individuals who hazarded themselves
+on pieces of wreck, to gain the land. Those on board baled and pumped
+without intermission; the cadets and passengers struggling with the
+rest. A midshipman was appointed to guard the spirit room. Some of the
+more disorderly sailors pressed upon him. "Give us some grog," they
+cried, "it will be all one an hour hence." "I know we must die," replied
+he, coolly, "but let us die like men;" and armed with a brace of
+pistols, he kept his post even while the ship was sinking.
+
+At length the carpenter came up from below, and told those who worked at
+the pumps that he could do no more. Some gave themselves up to despair,
+others prayed; and some resolved not to perish without a struggle,
+committed themselves on pieces of the wreck to the waves. The chief mate
+came to the captain, and said, "We have done all we can, sir, the ship
+will sink in a moment;" to which the captain replied, "it cannot be
+helped--God's will be done." The vessel gradually settled in the trough
+of the sea. The cries of the drowning rose above the sound of the
+waters, and were heard at a great distance. Some kept running about the
+deck as long as it kept above the waves. At eleven, when she went down,
+many hastened up the shrouds and masts. The captain was seen clinging to
+the ropes; the fourth mate tried to persuade him to exert himself, but
+he submitted without resistance to his fate.
+
+The hull struck the ground, while part of the masts and rigging remained
+above water. On the last cast of the lead, eleven fathoms had been
+found, and about one hundred and eighty men still clung to the rigging.
+The night was dark and frosty, the sea incessantly breaking upon them.
+Shocking scenes occurred, in the attempts made by some to obtain places
+of greater safety. One seaman had ascended to a considerable height, and
+endeavored to climb yet higher; another seized hold of his leg; he drew
+his clasp-knife, and deliberately cut the miserable wretch's fingers
+asunder; he dropped and was killed by the fall. Many perished in the
+shrouds. A sergeant had secured his wife there; she lost her hold, and
+in her last struggle for life, bit a large piece from her husband's arm,
+which was dreadfully lacerated.
+
+About an hour after she went down, the survivors were cheered by hearing
+the sound of vessels beating the waves at a distance; they hailed a
+sloop-rigged vessel, with two boats astern of her. Their voices must
+have been drowned by the waves. By twelve many more had perished. Some
+from cold and fatigue could no longer retain their hold; every instant
+those who still hung on, were shocked by the splash, which told that
+another of their number had yielded to his fate. In a short time, boats
+were again heard near them, but they did not, though repeatedly hailed,
+come near enough to take any on board; an act of cold and calculating
+timidity, which could not be justified by the excuse, that they feared
+lest all, eager to be saved, should have jumped down, and borne them to
+the bottom.
+
+At length two sloops, which had heard the guns of distress, anchored
+close to the wreck, took off the survivors, twenty at a time, from the
+shrouds, and in the morning conveyed them to Weymouth; so far from
+crowding into the boats, they got off one by one, as called upon by
+those who commanded the boats. One still remained; the sixth mate
+ascended the mast and found him in a state of insensibility; he bore him
+down on his back, and with his burden reached the boat in safety; but
+the delivered person died the next day.
+
+When the awful words were heard, "The ship must go down," three of the
+cadets went into the cabin, where they stood for a short time, looking
+at each other, without saying a word. At length one said, "Let us return
+to the deck;" two did so, but the other remained below. He opened his
+desk, took out his commission, his introductory letters, and some money,
+went on deck, but saw neither of his companions. Then looking forward,
+he saw the ship going down head foremost, and the sea rolling in an
+immense column along the deck. He tried to ascend the steps leading to
+the poop, but was launched among the waves encumbered by boots and a
+great coat, and unable to swim. Afterwards, finding himself on the
+opposite side, he conceived that when the stern of the ship sunk, he
+would be drawn into the vortex. While struggling to keep himself afloat,
+he seized something which frequently struck the back of his hand, and
+found it to be a rope hanging from the mizzen-shrouds. Trying to ascend
+several feet by it, he fell into the sea; but by a sudden lurch from the
+ship, he was thrown into the mizzen-shrouds, where he fixed himself as
+well as circumstances would allow.
+
+
+
+
+CRUISE OF THE SALDANHA AND TALBOT.
+
+BY ONE OF THE OFFICERS.
+
+
+At midnight of Saturday, the 30th of November, 1811, with a fair wind
+and a smooth sea, we weighed from our station, in company with the
+Saldanha frigate, of thirty-eight guns, Captain Packenham, with a crew
+of three hundred men, on a cruise, as was intended, of twenty days--the
+Saldanha taking a westerly course, while we stood in the opposite
+direction.
+
+We had scarcely got out of the lock and cleared the heads, however, when
+we plunged at once into all the miseries of a gale of wind blowing from
+the west. During the three following days it continued to increase in
+violence, when the islands of Coll and Tiree became visible to us. As
+the wind had now chopped round more to the north, and continued unabated
+in violence, the danger of getting involved among the numerous small
+islands and rugged headlands, on the north-west coast of
+Inverness-shire, became evident. It was therefore deemed expedient to
+wear the ship round, and make a port with all expedition. With this
+view, and favored by the wind, a course was shaped for Lochswilly, and
+away we scudded under close-reefed foresail and main-topsail, followed
+by a tremendous sea, which threatened every moment to overwhelm us, and
+accompanied by piercing showers of hail, and a gale which blew with
+incredible fury. The same course was steered until next day about noon,
+when land was seen on the lee-bow. The weather being thick, some time
+elapsed before it could be distinctly made out, and it was then
+ascertained to be the island of North Arran, on the coast of Donegal,
+westward of Lochswilly. The ship was therefore hauled up some points,
+and we yet entertained hopes of reaching an anchorage before nightfall,
+when the weather gradually thickened, and the sea, now that we were upon
+the wind, broke over us in all directions. Its violence was such, that
+in a few minutes several of our ports were stove in, at which the water
+poured in in great abundance, until it was actually breast high on the
+lee-side of the main deck. Fortunately, but little got below, and the
+ship was relieved by taking in the foresail. But a dreadful addition was
+now made to the precariousness of our situation, by the cry of "land
+a-head!" which was seen from the forecastle, and must have been very
+near. Not a moment was now lost in wearing the ship round on the other
+tack, and making what little sail could be carried, to weather the land
+we had already passed. This soon proved, however, to be a forlorn
+prospect, for it was found that we should run our distance by ten
+o'clock. All the horrors of shipwreck now stared us in the face,
+aggravated tenfold by the darkness of the night, and the tremendous
+force of the wind, which now blew a hurricane. Mountains are
+insignificant when speaking of the sea that kept pace with it; its
+violence was awful beyond description, and it frequently broke over all
+the poor little ship, that shivered and groaned, but behaved admirably.
+
+The force of the sea may be guessed from the fact of the sheet-anchor,
+nearly a ton and a half in weight, being actually lifted on board, to
+say nothing of the forechain-plates' board broken, both gangways torn
+away, quarter-galleries stove in, &c. In short, on getting into port,
+the vessel was found to be loosened through all her frame, and leaking
+at every seam. As far as depended on her good qualities, however, I felt
+assured at the time we were safe, for I had seen enough of the Talbot
+to be convinced we were in one of the finest sea-boats that ever swam.
+But what could all the skill of the ship builder avail in a situation
+like ours? With a night full fifteen hours long before us, and knowing
+that we were fast driving on the land, anxiety and dread were on every
+face, and every mind felt the terrors of uncertainty and suspense. At
+length, about twelve o'clock, the dreadful truth was disclosed to us!
+
+Judge of my sensation when I saw the frowning rocks of Arran, scarcely
+half a mile distant, on our lee-bow. To our inexpressible relief, and
+not less to our surprise, we fairly weathered all, and were
+congratulating each other on our escape, when on looking forward I
+imagined I saw breakers at no great distance on our lee; and this
+suspicion was soon confirmed, when the moon, which shone at intervals,
+suddenly broke out from behind a cloud, and presented to us a most
+terrific spectacle. At not more than a quarter of a mile's distance on
+our lee-beam, appeared a range of tremendous breakers, amongst which it
+seemed as if every sea would throw us. Their height, it may be guessed,
+was prodigious, when they could be clearly distinguished from the
+foaming waters of the surrounded ocean. It was a scene seldom to be
+witnessed, and never forgotten! "Lord have mercy on us!" was now on the
+lip of everyone--destruction seemed inevitable. Captain Swaine, whose
+coolness I have never seen surpassed issued his orders clearly and
+collectedly when it was proposed as a last resource to drop the anchors,
+cut away the masts, and trust to the chance of riding out the gale. This
+scheme was actually determined on, and every thing was in readiness, but
+happily was deferred until an experiment was tried aloft In addition to
+the close-reefed main-topsail and foresail, the fore-topsail and trysail
+were now set, and the result was almost magical. With a few plunges we
+cleared not only the reef, but a huge rock upon which I could with ease
+have tossed a biscuit, and in a few minutes we were inexpressibly
+rejoiced to observe both far astern.
+
+We had now miraculously escaped all but certain destruction a second
+time, but much was yet to be feared. We had still to pass Cape Jeller,
+and the moments dragged on in gloomy apprehension and anxious suspense.
+The ship carried sail most wonderfully, and we continued to go along at
+the rate of seven knots, shipping very heavy seas, and laboring
+much--all with much solicitude looking out for daylight. The dawn at
+length appeared, and to our great joy we saw the land several miles
+astern, having passed the Cape and many other hidden dangers during the
+darkness.
+
+Matters on the morning of the 5th, assumed a very different aspect from
+that which we had experienced for the last two days; the wind gradually
+subsided, and with it the sea, and a favorable breeze now springing up,
+we were enabled to make a good offing. Fortunately no accident of
+consequence occurred, although several of our people were severely
+bruised by falls. Poor fellows! they certainly suffered enough; not a
+dry stitch, not a dry hammock have they had since we sailed. Happily,
+however, their misfortunes are soon forgot in a dry shirt and a can of
+grog.
+
+The most melancholy part of the narrative is still to be told. On coming
+up to our anchorage, we observed an unusual degree of curiosity and
+bustle in the fort; crowds of people were congregated on both sides,
+running to and fro, examining us through spy-glasses; in short, an
+extraordinary commotion was apparent. The meaning of all this was but
+too soon made known to us by a boat coming alongside, from which we
+learned that the unfortunate Saldanha had gone to pieces, and every man
+perished! Our own destruction had likewise been reckoned inevitable from
+the time of the discovery of the unhappy fate of our consort, five days
+beforehand; and hence the astonishment at our unexpected return. From
+all that could be learned concerning the dreadful catastrophe, I am
+inclined to believe that the Saldanha had been driven on the rocks about
+the time our doom appeared so certain in another quarter. Her lights
+were seen by the signal-tower at nine o'clock of that fearful Wednesday
+night, December 4th, after which it is supposed she went ashore on the
+rocks at a small bay called Ballymastaker, almost at the entrance of
+Lochswilly harbor.
+
+Next morning the beach was strewed with fragments of the wreck, and
+upwards of two hundred of the bodies of the unfortunate sufferers were
+washed ashore. One man--and one only--out of the three hundred, was
+ascertained to have come ashore alive, but almost in a state of
+insensibility. Unhappily there was no person present to administer to
+his wants judiciously, and upon craving something to drink, about half a
+pint of whisky was given him by the people, which almost instantly
+killed him! Poor Pakenham's body was recognised amidst the others, and
+like these, stripped quite naked by the inhuman wretches, who flocked to
+the wreck as to a blessing! It is even suspected that he came on shore
+alive, but was stripped and left to perish. Nothing could equal the
+audacity of the plunderers, although a party of the Lanark militia was
+doing duty around the wreck. But this is an ungracious and revolting
+subject, which no one of proper feeling would wish to dwell upon. Still
+less am I inclined so describe the heart-rending scene at Buncrana,
+where the widows of many of the sufferers are residing. The surgeon's
+wife, a native of Halifax, has never spoken since the dreadful tidings
+arrived. Consolation is inadmissible, and no one has yet ventured to
+offer it.
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE NAUTILUS.
+
+
+The ship Nautilus, Captain Palmer, with important despatches for
+England, sailed from the Dardanelles, on the 30th of January, 1807.
+Passing through the islands which abound in the Greek Archipelago, she
+approached the Negropont, where the navigation became both intricate
+and dangerous. The wind blew fresh, and the night was dark and squally;
+the pilot, a Greek, advised them to lay-to till morning; at daylight she
+again went on her course, passing in the evening, Falconera and
+Anti-Milo. The pilot, who had never gone farther on this tack, here
+relinquished the management of the vessel to the captain, who, anxious
+to get on, resolved to proceed during the night, confidently expecting
+to clear the Archipelago by morning; he then went below, to take some
+rest, after marking out on the chest the course which he meant to steer.
+
+[Illustration: SHIPWRECK OF THE NAUTILUS.]
+
+The night was extremely dark, vivid lightning at times flashed through
+the horizon. The wind increased; and though the ship carried but little
+sail, she went at the rate of nine miles an hour, borne on by a high
+sea, which, with the brightness of the lightning, made the night appear
+awful. At half past two in the morning, they saw high land, which they
+took for the island of Cerigotto, and went confidently on, supposing
+that all danger was over. At half-past four, the man on the look-out,
+cried, "breakers a-head!" and instantly the vessel struck with a
+tremendous crash; the violence of the shock being such, that those below
+were thrown from their beds, and on coming on deck, were compelled to
+cling to the cordage. All was confusion and alarm; scarcely had part of
+the crew time to hurry on deck, before the ladder gave way, leaving
+numbers struggling with the water, which rushed in at the bottom. The
+captain and lieutenant endeavored to mitigate the fears of the people;
+and afterwards, going down to the cabin, burnt the papers and private
+signals. Meantime, every sea dashed the vessel against the rocks; and
+they were soon compelled to climb the rigging, where they remained an
+hour, the surge continually breaking upon them.
+
+The lightning had ceased, but so dark was the night, that they could not
+see a ship's length before them; their only hope rested in the falling
+of the main mast, which they trusted would reach a small rock, which lay
+very near them. About half an hour before morning, the mast gave way,
+providentially falling towards the rock, and by means of it they were
+enabled to gain the land. In this hasty struggle to get to the rock,
+many accidents occurred; some were drowned, one man had his arm broke,
+and many were much hurt. The captain was the last man who left the
+vessel, refusing to quit it till all had gained the rock. All the boats
+but one had been staved in pieces; the jolly-boat indeed remained, but
+they could not haul it in. For a time the hull of the wreck sheltered
+them from the violence of the surf; but it soon broke up, and it became
+necessary to abandon the small rock on which they stood, and to wade to
+another somewhat larger. In their way they encountered many loose spars,
+dashing about in the channel; several in crossing were severely hurt by
+them. They felt grievously the loss of their shoes, for the sharp rocks
+tore their feet dreadfully, and their legs were covered with blood. In
+the morning they saw the sea covered with the fragments of the wreck,
+and many of their comrades floating about on spars and timbers, to whom
+they could not give any assistance.
+
+They saw that they were cast away on a coral rock almost on a level with
+the sea, about four hundred yards long, and three hundred broad. They
+were at least twelve miles from the nearest islands, which were
+afterwards found to be those of Cerigotto and Pera. In case any vessel
+should pass by, they hoisted a signal of distress on a long pole. The
+weather was very cold, and the day before they were wrecked, the deck
+had been covered with ice; with much difficulty they managed to kindle a
+fire, by means of a flint and some powder. They erected a small tent,
+composed of pieces of canvas and boards, and were thus enabled to dry
+their few clothes. The night was dreary and comfortless; but they
+consoled themselves with the hope that their fire might be descried in
+the dark, and taken for a signal of distress. Next day they were
+delighted at the approach of a small whale-boat, manned by ten of their
+comrades. When the vessel was wrecked, these men had lowered themselves
+into the water, and had reached the island of Pera, but finding no fresh
+water, were compelled to depart; and noticing the fire were enabled to
+join their shipmates. But the waves ran so high that the boat could not
+come to the shore, and some of those on the land endeavored to reach it.
+One of the seamen called to Captain Palmer, inviting him to come to
+them, but he steadily refused, saying, "No, Smith, save your unfortunate
+shipmates; never mind me." After some consultation, they resolved to
+take the Greek pilot on board, intending to go to Cerigotto, where, he
+assured them, were a few families of fishermen, who might perhaps be
+able to afford them some relief.
+
+After the boat departed, the wind increased; in about two hours a
+fearful storm came on. The waves mounted up, and extinguished their
+fire; they swept over nearly the whole of the rock, compelling them to
+flee for refuge to the highest part. Thus did nearly ninety pass a night
+of the utmost horror; being compelled, lest they should be washed off,
+to fasten a rope round the summit of a rock, and to clasp each other.
+Their fatigue had been so great that several of them became delirious,
+and lost their hold. They were also in constant terror of the wind
+veering more to the north, in which case the waves would have dashed
+over their position.
+
+They now began to sink under their hardships, and many had suffered
+deplorably. One had been so dashed against the rocks as to be nearly
+scalped, exhibiting a dreadful spectacle; he lingered out the night, but
+expired next morning. They were ill prepared to sustain famine, and they
+were almost hopeless of escape. They dreaded lest the storm should come
+on before the boat could have reached the island, for on her safety
+their own depended. In the midst of these horrors the daylight broke,
+and they saw the bodies of their departed shipmates, some still writhing
+in the agonies of death. The sea had broken over them all night, and
+some, among whom was the carpenter, had perished from cold.
+
+Soon after, a vessel approached, and their hearts beat high with the
+hope of deliverance. All her sails were set, and she came down before
+the wind, steering right for the rock. They made repeated signals of
+distress, and the vessel hove to, and hoisted out her boat. They hastily
+prepared rafts to carry them through the surf, confident that the boat
+was provided with supplies to relieve them. The boat came within
+pistol-shot, full of men dressed in the European fashion. But what were
+their indignation and grief, when the person who steered, after gazing
+at them a few minutes, waved his hat, and then rowed off to the ship!
+Their misery was increased by seeing the crew of the stranger-vessel
+employed in collecting the floating fragments of the wreck. After this
+grievous disappointment, their only hopes lay in the return of the boat.
+They looked in vain; not a glimpse of her was to be seen. A raging
+thirst tormented them; and some, in spite of warning, drank salt water;
+raging madness soon followed, and their agonies were terminated by
+death. Another awful night was passed by them. To preserve themselves
+from the cold, they huddled close together, and covered themselves with
+their few remaining rags. They were haunted by the ravings of those who
+had drunk the sea-water, whom they tried in vain to pacify.
+
+About twelve o'clock, the crew of the whale-boat hailed them; they cried
+out in their agony for water. They could not procure it, for those in
+the boat had none but earthen vessels, which could not be conveyed
+through the surf. They were assured that they would be taken off by a
+fishing vessel next morning; but there seemed to be little chance of
+their surviving till then.
+
+In the morning, the sun for the first time shone upon the rock. They
+waited hour after hour, but there was no appearance either of the boat
+or the vessel. Famine consumed them; but they looked with loathing on
+the only means of appeasing it. When, however, the day wore on, after
+praying for forgiveness of the sinful act, they were compelled to feed
+on one of their number who had died the preceding night. Several
+expired towards evening; among whom were the captain and first
+lieutenant. During the night, some thought of constructing a raft which
+might carry them to Cerigotto. The wind seemed favorable; and to perish
+in the waters seemed preferable to remaining to die a lingering death
+from hunger and thirst. At daylight, as fast as their feeble strength
+permitted, they prepared to put their plan in execution, by lashing
+together a number of larger spars. Scarcely had they launched it, when
+it was destroyed. Five, rendered desperate, embarked on a few spars
+hastily lashed together, which gave them scarcely room to stand; they
+were soon carried away by unknown currents, and were no more heard of.
+
+In the afternoon the whale-boat came again in sight. The crew told them
+that they had experienced great difficulty in persuading the Greek
+fishermen of Cerigotto to venture to put to sea, because of the stormy
+weather; but they gave them hopes, that if the weather moderated, the
+boats would come next day. Before they had done speaking, twelve men
+plunged from the rock into the sea, and nearly reached the boat; two
+were taken in, one was drowned, and the rest were so fortunate as to
+recover their former station.
+
+As the day wore on, their weakness increased. One of the survivors
+described himself as feeling the approach of annihilation; his sight
+failed, and his senses were confused; his strength was exhausted; he
+looked towards the setting sun, expecting never to see it rise again.
+Suddenly the approach of the boats was announced; and from the depth of
+despair, they rose to the very summit of joy. Their parched frames were
+refreshed with copious draughts of water.
+
+Immediate preparations were made for departure. Of one hundred and
+twenty-two persons on board the Nautilus, when she struck, fifty-eight
+had perished. Eighteen were drowned when she was wrecked, five were lost
+in the small boat, and thirty-four died of famine. About fifty now
+embarked in four fishing vessels, and landed the same evening at
+Cerigotto; making sixty-four in all, including those saved in the
+whale-boat. During their six days sojourn on the rock, they had nothing
+to subsist on, save human flesh.
+
+They landed at a small creek. The Greeks received them with great
+hospitality, but had not skill to cure their wounds, and had no bandages
+but those procured by tearing up their own shirts. Wishing to procure
+some medical assistance, they desired to reach Cerigo, an island twenty
+miles distant, on which an English vice-consul resided. Fourteen days
+elapsed before they could set sail. They bade adieu to these kind
+preservers, and in six or eight hours reached Cerigo, where all possible
+help was afforded them. Thence they were conveyed by a Russian ship to
+Corfu; where they arrived on the 2d of March, 1807, about two months
+after their melancholy disaster.
+
+
+
+
+GALLANT EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE DECATUR.
+
+
+Decatur is one of the most illustrious names in the naval annals of
+America. Among the many officers who have borne this name, none was more
+celebrated and admired in his life time and none more deeply lamented
+at his untimely decease than Commodore Stephen Decatur.
+
+[Illustration: BURNING OF THE PHILADELPHIA.]
+
+His life was a series of heroic actions. But of these perhaps the most
+remarkable of all is that which is recorded in the following language of
+his biographer--the burning of the frigate Philadelphia.
+
+Decatur had been sent out from the United States, in the Argus, to join
+Commodore Preble's squadron before Tripoli. He exchanged this vessel
+with Lieutenant Hull for the Enterprise.
+
+After making that exchange, he proceeded to Syracuse, where the squadron
+was to rendezvous. On his arrival at that port, he was informed of the
+fate of the frigate Philadelphia, which had run aground on the Barbary
+coast, and fallen into the hands of the Tripolitans. The idea
+immediately presented itself to his mind of attempting her recapture or
+destruction. On Commodore Preble's arrival, a few days afterwards, he
+proposed to him a plan for the purpose, and volunteered his services to
+execute it. The wary mind of that veteran officer at first disapproved
+of an enterprise so full of peril; but the risks and difficulties that
+surrounded it, only stimulated the ardour of Decatur, and imparted to it
+an air of adventure, fascinating to his youthful imagination.
+
+[Illustration: COMMODORE PREBLE.]
+
+The consent of the commodore having been obtained, Lieutenant Decatur
+selected for the expedition a ketch (the Intrepid) which he had captured
+a few weeks before from the enemy, and manned her with seventy
+volunteers, chiefly from his own crew. He sailed from Syracuse on the 3d
+of February, 1804, accompanied by the United States brig Syren,
+Lieutenant Stewart, who was to aid with his boats, and to receive the
+crew of the ketch, in case it should be found expedient to use her as a
+fire ship.
+
+After fifteen days of very tempestuous weather, they arrived at the
+harbor of Tripoli, a little before sunset. It had been arranged between
+Lieutenants Decatur and Stewart, that the ketch should enter the harbor
+about ten o'clock that night, attended by the boats of the Syren. On
+arriving off the harbor, the Syren, in consequence of a change of wind,
+had been thrown six or eight miles without the Intrepid. The wind at
+this time was fair, but fast declining, and Lieutenant Decatur
+apprehended that, should he wait for the Syren's boats to come up, it
+might be fatal to the enterprise, as they could not remain longer on the
+coast, their provisions being nearly exhausted. For these reasons he
+determined to venture into the harbor alone, which he did about eight
+o'clock.
+
+An idea may be formed of the extreme hazard of the enterprise from the
+situation of the frigate. She was moored within half gunshot of the
+bashaw's castle, and of the principal battery. Two of the enemy's
+cruisers lay within two cables' length, on the starboard quarter, and
+their gunboats within half gunshot, on the starboard bow. All the guns
+of the frigate were mounted and loaded. Such were the immediate perils
+that our hero ventured to encounter with a single ketch, beside the
+other dangers that abound in a strongly fortified harbor.
+
+Although from the entrance to the place where the frigate lay, was only
+three miles, yet, in consequence of the lightness of the wind, they did
+not get within hail of her until eleven o'clock. When they had
+approached within two hundred yards, they were hailed and ordered to
+anchor, or they would be fired into. Lieutenant Decatur ordered a
+Maltese pilot, who was on board the ketch, to answer that they had lost
+their anchors in a gale of wind on the coast, and, therefore, could not
+comply with their request. By this time it had become perfectly calm,
+and they were about fifty yards from the frigate. Lieutenant Decatur
+ordered a small boat that was alongside of the ketch, to take a rope and
+make it fast to the frigate's fore-chains. This being done, they began
+to warp the ketch alongside. It was not until this moment that the enemy
+suspected the character of their visitor, and great confusion
+immediately ensued. This enabled our adventurers to get alongside of the
+frigate, when Decatur immediately sprang aboard, followed by Mr. Charles
+Morris, midshipman. These two were nearly a minute on deck, before their
+companions could succeed in mounting the side. Fortunately, the Turks
+had not sufficiently recovered from their surprise to take advantage of
+this delay. They were crowded together on the quarterdeck, perfectly
+astonished and aghast, without making any attempt to oppose the
+assailing party. As soon as a sufficient number of men had gained the
+deck to form a front equal to that of the enemy, they rushed in upon
+them. The Turks stood the assault for a short time, and were completely
+overpowered. About twenty were killed on the spot, many jumped
+overboard, and the rest flew to the maindeck, whither they were pursued
+and driven to the hold.
+
+After entire possession had been gained of the ship, and every thing
+prepared to set fire to her, a number of launches were seen rowing about
+the harbor. This determined Lieutenant Decatur to remain on board the
+frigate, from whence a better defence could be made than from on board
+the ketch. The enemy had already commenced firing on them from their
+batteries and castle, and from two corsairs that were lying near.
+Perceiving that the launches did not attempt to approach, he ordered the
+ship should be set on fire, which was done, at the same time, in
+different parts. As soon as this was done, they left her; and such was
+the rapidity of the flames, that it was with the utmost difficulty they
+preserved the ketch. At this critical moment a most propitious breeze
+sprang up, blowing directly out of the harbor, which, in a few moments,
+carried them out of reach of the enemy's guns, and they made good their
+retreat without the loss of a single man, and with but four wounded.
+
+For this gallant and romantic achievement, Lieutenant Decatur was
+promoted to the rank of post captain, there being at that time no
+intermediate grade. This promotion was peculiarly gratifying to him,
+insomuch as it was done with the consent of the officers over whose
+heads he was raised.
+
+In the ensuing spring, it being determined to make an attack upon
+Tripoli, Commodore Preble obtained from the King of Naples, the loan of
+six gunboats and two bombards, which he formed into two divisions, and
+gave the command of one of them to Captain Decatur, the other to
+Lieutenant Somers. The squadron sailed from Syracuse, consisting of the
+frigate Constitution, the brig Syren, the schooners Nautilus and Vixen,
+and the gunboats.
+
+Having arrived on the coast of Barbary, they were for some days
+prevented from making the attack, by adverse wind and weather. At
+length on the morning of the 3d of August, the weather being favorable,
+the signal was made from the commodore's ship to prepare for action, the
+light vessels towing the gunboats to windward. At nine o'clock, the
+signal was given for bombarding the enemy's vessels and the town.
+
+The gunboats were cast off, and advanced in a line ahead, led on by
+Captain Decatur, and covered by the frigate Constitution, and the brigs
+and schooners.
+
+The enemy's gunboats were moored along the harbor under the batteries
+and within musket shot. Their sails had been taken from them, and they
+were ordered to sink, rather than abandon their position. They were
+aided and covered, likewise, by a brig of sixteen, and a schooner of ten
+guns.
+
+Before entering into close action, Captain Decatur went alongside each
+of his boats, and ordered them to unship their bowsprits and follow him,
+as it was his intention to board the enemy's boats.
+
+Lieutenant James Decatur commanded one of the boats belonging to
+Commodore Preble's division, but, being farther to windward than the
+rest of his division, he joined and took orders from his brother.
+
+When Captain Decatur, who was in the leading boat, came within range of
+the fire from the batteries, a heavy fire was opened upon him from them
+and the gunboats. He returned the fire, and continued advancing, until
+he came in contact with the boats. At this time, Commodore Preble seeing
+Decatur advancing nearer than he thought prudent, ordered the signal to
+be made for a retreat, but it was found that in making out the signals
+for the boats, the one for a retreat had been omitted.
+
+The enemy's boats had about forty men each; ours an equal number,
+twenty-seven of whom were Americans, and thirteen Neapolitans.
+
+Decatur, on boarding the enemy, was instantly followed by his
+countrymen, but the Neapolitans remained behind. The Turks did not
+sustain the combat hand to hand, with that firmness they had obtained a
+reputation for. In ten minutes the deck was cleared. Eight of them
+sought refuge in the hold, and, of the rest, some fell on the deck, and
+others jumped into the sea. Only three of the Americans were wounded.
+
+As Decatur was about to proceed out with his prize, the boat which had
+been commanded by his brother, came under his stern, and the men
+informed him that they had engaged and captured one of the enemy; but
+that her commander, after surrendering, had treacherously shot
+Lieutenant James Decatur, and pushed off with the boat, and was then
+making for the harbor.
+
+The feelings of the gallant Decatur, on receiving this intelligence, may
+be more easily imagined than described. Every consideration of prudence
+and safety was lost in his eagerness to punish so dastardly an act, and
+to revenge the death of a brother so basely murdered. He pushed within
+the enemy's line with his single boat, and having succeeded in getting
+alongside of the retreating foe, boarded her at the head of eleven men,
+who were all the Americans he had left. The fate of this contest was
+extremely doubtful for about twenty minutes. All the Americans, except
+four, were now severely wounded. Decatur singled out the commander as
+the peculiar object of his vengeance. The Turk was armed with an
+espontoon, Decatur with a cutlass; in attempting to cut off the head of
+the weapon, his sword struck on the iron, and broke off close to the
+hilt. The Turk, at this moment, made a push, which slightly wounded him
+in the right arm and breast. He immediately seized the spear, and closed
+with him. A fierce struggle ensued, and both fell, Decatur uppermost. By
+this time the Turk had drawn a dagger from his belt, and was about to
+plunge it into the body of his foe, when Decatur caught his arm, and
+shot him with a pistol, which he drew from his pocket. During the time
+they were struggling on the deck, the crews rushed to aid their
+commanders, and a most sanguinary scene took place, insomuch that when
+Decatur had despatched his adversary, it was with the utmost difficulty
+he could extricate himself from the killed and wounded that had fallen
+around him.
+
+It is with no common feeling of admiration that we record an instance of
+heroic courage, and loyal self-devotion, on the part of a common sailor.
+
+During the early part of Decatur's struggle with the Turk, he was
+assailed in the rear by one of the enemy, who had just aimed a blow at
+his head which must have proved fatal; at this fearful juncture, a
+noble-hearted tar, who had been so badly wounded as to lose the use of
+his hands, seeing no other means of saving his commander, rushed between
+him and the uplifted sabre, and received the blow on his own head, which
+fractured his skull. We love to pause and honor great actions in humble
+life, because they speak well for human nature. Men of rank and station
+in society, often do gallant deeds, in a manner from necessity. Their
+conspicuous station obliges them to do so, or their eagerness for glory
+urges them on; but an act like this we have mentioned, so desperate, yet
+so disinterested, done by an obscure, unambitious individual, a poor
+sailor, can spring from nothing but nobleness of soul. We are happy to
+add that this generous fellow survived, and long after received a
+pension from government.
+
+Decatur succeeded in getting, with both his prizes, to the squadron, and
+the next day received the highest commendation, in a general order, from
+Commodore Preble. When that able officer was superseded in the command
+of the squadron, he gave the Constitution to Captain Decatur, who had
+some time before received his commission. From that ship he was removed
+to the Congress, and returned home in her, when peace was concluded in
+Tripoli.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE HULL.
+
+
+Commodore Hull became a sailor when he was only eight years old. He
+distinguished himself greatly in the naval war with France, and in the
+war with Tripoli, especially at the capture of Derne, in Africa.
+
+[Illustration: COMMODORE HULL.]
+
+At the commencement of the war of 1812, Hull having been advanced in the
+meantime to the rank of captain, was placed in command of the frigate
+Constitution, in which he was destined to perform those brilliant
+actions which have rendered him one of the most celebrated heroes of our
+navy. His first exploit was the escape of the Constitution from a
+British squadron, which is justly regarded as one of the most remarkable
+recorded in naval history. The account of it contained in the official
+letter of Captain Hull has all the interest of a romance. It is as
+follows:
+
+
+     "SIR:--In pursuance of your orders of the 3d instant, I left
+     Annapolis on the 5th instant, and the capes on the 12th, of which I
+     advised you by the pilot who brought the ship to sea.
+
+     For several days after we got out, the wind was light and ahead,
+     which, with a strong southerly current, prevented our making much
+     way to the northward. On the 17th, at two P.M., being in twenty-two
+     fathoms water off Egg Harbor, four sail of ships were discovered
+     from the masthead, to the northward and in shore of us, apparently
+     ships of war. The wind being very light all sail was made in chase
+     of them, to ascertain whether they were the enemy's ships, or our
+     squadron having got out of New York, waiting the arrival of the
+     Constitution, the latter of which I had reason to believe was the
+     case.
+
+     At four in the afternoon, a ship was seen from the masthead,
+     bearing about north-east, standing in for us under all sail, which
+     she continued so to do until sundown, at which time she was too far
+     off to distinguish signals, and the ships in shore only to be seen
+     from the tops; they were standing off to the southward and
+     eastward. As we could not ascertain before dark what the ship in
+     the offing was, I determined to stand for her, and get near enough
+     to make the night signal.
+
+     At ten in the evening, being within six or eight miles of the
+     strange sail, the private signal was made, and kept up nearly one
+     hour, but finding she could not answer it, I concluded she and the
+     ships in shore were enemy.
+
+     I immediately hauled off to the southward and eastward, and made
+     all sail, having determined to lie off till daylight to see what
+     they were. The ship that we had been chasing hauled off after us,
+     showing a light, and occasionally making signals, supposed to be
+     for the ships in shore.
+
+     On the 18th, at daylight, or a little before it was quite light,
+     saw two sail under our lee, which proved to be frigates of the
+     enemy's. One frigate astern within about five or six miles, and a
+     line of battle ship, a frigate, a brig, and a schooner, about ten
+     or twelve miles directly astern, all in chase of us, with a fine
+     breeze, and coming up fast, it being nearly calm where we were.
+     Soon after sunrise, the wind entirely left us, and the ship would
+     not steer, but fell round off with her head towards the two ships
+     under our lee. The boats were instantly hoisted out, and sent ahead
+     to tow the ship's head around, and to endeavor to get her farther
+     from the enemy, being then within five miles of three heavy
+     frigates. The boats of the enemy were got out and sent ahead to
+     tow, by which, with the light air that remained with them, they
+     came up very fast. Finding the enemy gaining on us, and but little
+     chance of escaping from them, I ordered two of the guns on the gun
+     deck to be ran out at the cabin windows for stern guns on the gun
+     deck, and hoisted one of the twenty-four pounders off the gun deck,
+     and ran that, with the forecastle gun, an eighteen pounder, out at
+     the ports on the quarter deck, and cleared the ship for action,
+     being determined they should not get her without resistance on our
+     part, notwithstanding their force and the situation we were placed
+     in.
+
+     At about seven, in the morning, the ship nearest us approaching
+     within gunshot, and directly astern, I ordered one of the stern
+     guns fired, to see if we could reach her, to endeavor to disable
+     her masts; found the shot fell a little short, would not fire any
+     more.
+
+     [Illustration: ESCAPE OF THE CONSTITUTION.]
+
+     At eight, four of the enemy's ships nearly within gunshot, some of
+     them having six or eight boats ahead towing, with all their oars
+     and sweeps out, to row them up with us, which they were fast
+     doing. It now appeared that we must be taken, and that our escape
+     was impossible--four heavy ships nearly within gunshot, and coming
+     up fast, and not the least hope of a breeze to give us a chance of
+     getting off by out sailing them.
+
+     In this situation, finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms
+     water, by the suggestion of that valuable officer, Lieutenant
+     Morris, I determined to try and warp the ship ahead, by carrying
+     out anchors and warping her up to them; three or four hundred
+     fathoms of rope was instantly got up, and two anchors got ready and
+     sent ahead, by which means we began to gain ahead of the enemy;
+     they, however, soon saw our boats carrying out the anchors, and
+     adopted the same plan, under very advantageous circumstances, as
+     all the boats from the ships furthermost off were sent to tow and
+     warp up those nearest to us, by which means they again came up, so
+     that at nine, the ship nearest us began to fire her bow guns, which
+     we instantly returned by our stern guns in the cabin and on the
+     quarter deck. All the shot from the enemy fell short; but we have
+     reason to believe that some of ours went on board her, as we could
+     not see them strike the water. Soon after nine, a second frigate
+     passed under our lee, and opened her broadside, but finding her
+     shot fall short, discontinued her fire; but continued, as did all
+     the rest of them, to make all possible exertion to get up with us.
+     From nine to twelve, all hands were employed in warping the ship
+     ahead, and in starting some of the water in the main hold to
+     lighten her, which, with the help of a light air, we rather gained
+     of the enemy, or, at least, held our own. About two, in the
+     afternoon, all the boats from the line of battle ship and some of
+     the frigates were sent to the frigate nearest us, to endeavor to
+     tow her up, but a light breeze sprung up, which enabled us to hold
+     way with her, notwithstanding they had eight or ten boats ahead,
+     and all her sails furled to tow her to windward. The wind continued
+     light until eleven at night, and the boats were kept ahead towing
+     and warping to keep out of reach of the enemy, three of the
+     frigates being very near us; at eleven, we got a light breeze from
+     the southward, the boats came along side and were hoisted up, the
+     ship having too much way to keep them ahead, the enemy still in
+     chase and very near.
+
+     On the 19th, at daylight, passed within gunshot of one of the
+     frigates, but she did not fire on us, perhaps, for fear of
+     becalming her, as the wind was light; soon after passing us she
+     tacked, and stood after us--at this time six sail were in sight,
+     under all sail after us. At nine in the morning, saw a strange
+     sail, on our weather beam, supposed to be an American merchant
+     ship; the instant the frigate nearest us saw her, she hoisted
+     American colors, as did all the squadron, in hopes to decoy her
+     down; I immediately hoisted the English colors, that she might not
+     be deceived; she soon hauled her wind, and, as is to be hoped, made
+     her escape. All this day the wind increased gradually, and we
+     gained on the enemy, in the course of the day, six or eight miles;
+     they, however, continued chasing all night under a press of sail.
+
+     On the 20th, at daylight in the morning, only three of them could
+     be seen from the masthead, the nearest of which was about twelve
+     miles off, directly astern. All hands were set at work wetting the
+     sails, from the royals down, with the engines and fire buckets, and
+     we soon found that we left the enemy very fast. At a quarter past
+     eight, the enemy finding that they were fast dropping astern, gave
+     over chase, and hauled their wind to the northward, probably for
+     the station off New York. At half past eight, saw a sail ahead,
+     gave chase after her under all sail. At nine, saw another strange
+     sail under our lee bow, we soon spoke the first sail discovered,
+     and found her to be an American brig from St. Domingo, bound to
+     Portland; I directed the captain how to steer to avoid the enemy,
+     and made sail for the vessel to leeward; on coming up with her, she
+     proved to be an American brig from St. Bartholomew's, bound to
+     Philadelphia; but, on being informed of war, he bore up for
+     Charleston, South Carolina. Finding the ship so far to the
+     southward and eastward, and the enemy's squadron stationed off New
+     York, which would make it impossible to get in there, I determined
+     to make for Boston, to receive your farther orders, and I hope my
+     having done so will meet your approbation. My wish to explain to
+     you as clearly as possible why your orders have not been executed,
+     and the length of time the enemy were in chase of us, with various
+     other circumstances, have caused me to make this communication much
+     longer than I could have wished, yet I cannot in justice to the
+     brave officers and crew under my command, close it without
+     expressing to you the confidence I have in them, and assuring you
+     that their conduct while under the guns of the enemy was such as
+     might have been expected from American officers and seamen. I have
+     the honor to be, with very great respect, sir, your obedient humble
+     servant,
+
+     ISAAC HULL."
+
+[Illustration: Hull's Victory]
+
+Such is Captain Hull's modest account of this truly brilliant exploit.
+Sailing on a cruise immediately after this, with the same frigate,
+officers, and crew, on the 19th of August he fell in with His Britannic
+Majesty's ship Guerriere, rated at thirty-eight guns, and carrying
+fifty, commanded by Captain Dacres, who, sometime before, had politely
+endorsed on the register of an American ship an invitation to Captain
+Hull to give him a meeting of this kind.
+
+[Illustration: DACRES DELIVERING UP HIS SWORD.]
+
+
+At half past three, P.M., Captain Hull made out his antagonist to be a
+frigate, and continued the chase till he was within about three miles,
+when he cleared for action; the chase backed her main-topsail and waited
+for him to come down. As soon as the Constitution was ready, Hull bore
+down to bring the enemy to close action immediately; but, on coming
+within gunshot, the Guerriere gave a broadside and filled away and wore,
+giving a broadside on the other tack; but without effect, her shot
+falling short. She then continued wearing and manoeuvring for about
+three quarters of an hour to get a raking position,--but, finding she
+could not, she bore up and ran under her topsails and jib, with the wind
+on the quarter. During this time, the Constitution, not having fired a
+single broadside, the impatience of the officers and men to engage was
+excessive. Nothing but the most rigid discipline could have restrained
+them. Hull, however, was preparing to decide the contest in a summary
+method of his own. He now made sail to bring the Constitution up with
+her antagonist, and at five minutes before six P.M., _being alongside
+within half pistol shot_, he commenced a heavy fire from all his guns,
+_double shotted with round and grape_; and so well directed, and so well
+kept up was the fire, that in sixteen minutes the mizzenmast of the
+Guerriere went by the board, and her mainyard in the slings, and the
+hull, rigging, and sails were completely torn to pieces. The fire was
+kept up for fifteen minutes longer, when the main and foremast went,
+taking with them every spar except the bowsprit, and leaving the
+Guerriere a complete wreck. On seeing this Hull ordered the firing to
+cease, having brought his enemy in thirty minutes after he was fairly
+alongside to such a condition, that a few more broadsides must have
+carried her down.
+
+The prize being so shattered that she was not worth bringing into port,
+after removing the prisoners to the Constitution, she was set on fire
+and blown up. In the action, the Constitution lost seven killed, and
+seven wounded; the Guerriere, fifteen killed, sixty-two
+wounded--including the captain and several officers, and twenty-four
+missing.
+
+The news of this victory was received in the United States with the
+greatest joy and exultation. All parties united in celebrating it, and
+the citizens and public authorities vied with each other in bestowing
+marks of approbation upon Captain Hull and his gallant officers and
+crew.
+
+[Illustration: HYDER ALLY AND GENERAL MONK]
+
+
+
+
+EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE BARNEY.
+
+
+This gentleman was one of the old fashioned commodores, a capital
+sailor, an intrepid warrior, and a thorough going patriot. He was born
+in Baltimore, in 1759. He entered the marine early in life. At the age
+of sixteen he served in the expedition of Commodore Hopkins to the
+Bahama Islands, and continued in active service through the whole
+revolutionary war.
+
+In 1780 he was captured by a British seventy-four, when taking a prize
+into port and sent with other prisoners to England. On the passage, the
+prisoners--amounting to about sixty--were confined in the most loathsome
+of dungeons, without light or pure air, and with a scanty supply of
+provisions.
+
+They thought when they arrived at Plymouth, that their privations were
+at an end; but they were only removed to another prison-ship, which,
+although dirty and crowded, was, in some measure, better than the one
+they had left. From this, contrary to expectation, as soon as they were
+so much recovered as to be able to walk, they were brought on shore and
+confined in Mill prison, where they met the anxious faces of several
+hundred American prisoners, who had undergone the same privations as
+themselves.
+
+This prison was surrounded by two strong walls, twenty feet apart, and
+was guarded by numerous sentries. There were small gates in the walls,
+and these were placed opposite each other, the inner one generally
+remaining open. The prisoners were allowed the privilege of the yard
+nearly all day, and this set the inventive mind of Barney upon the
+scheme, which, in the end, terminated in his liberty; not, however,
+without infinite danger and trouble. He set about finding out some small
+chance which might afford the least hope of release; and having
+discovered one of the sentries that had served in the United States, and
+remembered the kindness with which he had been there treated, Barney and
+he formed the means of escape. It was arranged that Barney should affect
+to have hurt his foot and obtain a pair of crutches, and thus lull
+suspicion.
+
+On the 18th of May, 1781, he habited himself in the undress uniform of a
+British officer, the whole covered with a old greatcoat, and, by the aid
+of the sentinel, cleared the prison; when he threw off the coat, and
+soon arrived at the house of a well known friend to the American cause,
+in Plymouth. That he might not be soon missed, he got a lad, who, after
+answering to his own name, was to get out, and answer to Barney's, in
+the yard, which little stratagem succeeded admirably. When Barney
+arrived at the friend's house, he made preparations to leave as soon as
+possible, well knowing that if any of the British were detected
+harboring him, they would be convicted of high treason. In the evening,
+therefore, he departed to the house of his friend's father, at a
+considerable distance, where he would be safer. On arriving there, he
+was surprised to find two of his old friends--Americans--who had been,
+for some time, anxiously waiting for an opportunity of returning home,
+and now thought that the time had arrived.
+
+Lieutenant Barney determined to sail for the French coast, and, for this
+purpose, he and the two gentlemen purchased a small fishing vessel, and
+habiting themselves in some fishermen's old apparel, they set sail on
+their intended voyage. Admiral Digby's fleet lay at the mouth of the
+river, and our adventurers had to pass through the midst of them, and
+then run the chance of capture by the numerous British cruisers, which
+continually ply about the channel. This was a daring undertaking, as the
+fleet, he thought, had doubtless received notice of his escape, and the
+enemy would be rigid in their search. He, therefore, determined to act
+with coolness, and, if intercepted, to give such answers to the
+questions put to him, as might best lull suspicion. If he was detected,
+he would pay for the attempt with his life.
+
+He knew that if his escape was detected, it would be immediately
+communicated to the fleet, and thus lessen his chances; especially as
+the least unusual appearance in his assumed character, would excite
+immediate suspicion. Even should he be able to pass through the fleet,
+the British channel abounded with the English cruisers, which were quite
+adept in the art of picking up stragglers. With these dangers painted in
+lively colors before his eyes, he preserved his usual self-possession,
+and inspired with confidence his companions, who had never handled a
+rope, and relied exclusively upon his daring.
+
+By sunrise, the next morning, they were "under way," the two gentlemen
+remaining below, and Lieutenant Barney and the servant being the only
+ones on deck, to avoid suspicion. With a good breeze, and a favorable
+tide, it was not long before they were in the midst of the hostile
+fleet, which seemed to take no notice of them. Their hearts beat quick
+when they were thus hanging between life and death; but as soon as the
+last of the enemy was passed, they declared themselves safe through
+_that_ portion of the ordeal.
+
+But what attempt ever ended to the satisfaction of the undertaker?
+Before the enemy were clear out of sight, the practised eye of Barney
+caught a sail which he knew to be bearing down upon him. He saw that
+resistance was out of the question; but that if he managed the affair
+adroitly he _might_ escape. It was now that he was called upon to
+exercise that firmness of mind, coolness and contempt of danger, and
+quickness of resource in time of need, that ever distinguished his
+character, and showed him to be a man of no ordinary talents. In less
+than an hour the privateer--for such she was--came alongside, and sent
+an officer to see "what he wanted steering for a hostile coast." The
+first questions that were put, and answered unhesitatingly, were--what
+he had on board? and where he was bound? Of course he had nothing on
+board, and his destination was France--on business of importance from
+the ministry; at the same time untying the rope that bound the old coat
+around him, and displaying the British half uniform. The officer touched
+his hat, begged pardon, and said he would go on board and report to the
+commanding officer.
+
+The result of the interview was that Barney was made a prisoner once
+more, and ordered with a prize-master to Plymouth. But being forced by
+stress of weather into a small bay, near Plymouth, he contrived to
+escape from his captors, and find his way to the mansion of the
+venerable clergyman, at Plymouth. Deeming it unsafe to remain there,
+lest he might be discovered, after a few days he set out at midnight in
+a postchaise for Exeter, and from thence by stages to Bristol, where he
+had a letter of credit to an American gentleman.
+
+Here he remained for three weeks, and from thence he went to London,
+directed to a countryman, who received him kindly, and offered his
+services towards effecting his final escape. After remaining here for
+six weeks, he found an opportunity of sailing for France; and after an
+extremely boisterous and squally passage, reached Ostend, from whence he
+soon found his way to Amsterdam, where he seized the opportunity of
+paying his respects to Mr. John Adams, then Minister Plenipotentiary
+from the United States to Holland. Through the courtesy of this
+gentleman, he obtained a passage to his own country, and, after some
+adventures, reached Philadelphia, on the 21st of March, 1782.
+
+But he was not long allowed to enjoy the pleasure which he expected,
+after such a trial of danger and fatigue. In less than a week after he
+arrived at Philadelphia, he was offered the command of the Hyder Ally,
+of sixteen guns, fitted out by the state authorities of Pennsylvania, to
+repress the enemy's privateers, with which the Delaware river abounded.
+
+On the 8th of April, 1782, he entered upon his destined service, which
+was to convoy a fleet of merchantmen to the capes, and to protect them
+from the "refugee boats," with which the river abounded. While waiting
+at the capes, he was assailed by two ships and a brig belong to the
+enemy, who, finding him unsupported, commenced a furious attack, which
+he sustained with great coolness, while his convoy were safely retiring
+up the river. The brig came up first, and gave him a broadside as she
+was passing; but kept her course up the bay after the convoy, while
+Barney waited for the ship, which was coming up rapidly. Having
+approached within pistol shot, the Hyder Ally poured a broadside into
+her, which somewhat staggered the enemy, who thought Barney would
+"strike his colors." The enemy seemed disposed to board, and was ranging
+alongside of him, when he ordered the quarter-master, in a loud voice,
+to "port the helm!"--having previously given him secret instructions to
+put the helm hard a-starboard, which latter order was obeyed; by this
+manoeuvre the enemy's jib-boom caught in the fore-rigging of the Hyder
+Ally, thus giving her a raking position, which Captain Barney knew how
+to improve. The firing on both sides was tremendous;--an idea of it may
+be obtained from the fact, that more than twenty broadsides were fired
+in twenty-six minutes! In the mizzen staystail of the General Monk there
+were afterwards counted, three hundred and sixty-five shot-holes. During
+the whole of this short but glorious battle, Captain Barney was
+stationed upon the quarterdeck, exposed to the fire of the enemy's
+musketry, which was excessively annoying, and began to be felt by the
+men, insomuch that Captain Barney ordered a body of riflemen, whom he
+had on board, to direct their fire into the enemy's top, which
+immediately had the desired effect.
+
+The capture of the General Monk was one of the most brilliant
+achievements in naval history. The General Monk mounted eighteen guns,
+and had one hundred and thirty-six men, and lost twenty men killed, and
+thirty-three wounded. The Hyder Ally had sixteen guns, and one hundred
+and ten men, and lost four men killed, and eleven wounded.
+
+All the officers of the General Monk were wounded except one. The
+captain himself was severely wounded. The brig which accompanied the
+enemy ran ashore to avoid capture. Captain Barney now followed his
+convoy up to Philadelphia. After a short visit to his family, he
+returned to his command, where he soon captured the "Hook-'em-snivy"--a
+refugee schooner, which had done a great deal of mischief on the
+Delaware river.
+
+These captures struck such terror among the privateers, that they began
+to disperse to more profitable grounds. In consequence of the glorious
+actions, Captain Barney was presented with a gold-hilted sword, in the
+name of the state.
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+CATALOGUE
+
+OF
+
+ENTERTAINING AND INSTRUCTIVE
+
+JUVENILE BOOKS,
+
+PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY
+
+C.G. HENDERSON & CO.
+
+AT THEIR
+
+Central Book & Stationary Warehouse,
+
+No. 164 CHESTNUT STREET
+
+_Corner of Seventh_
+
+UNDER BARNUM'S MUSEUM.
+
+PHILADELPHIA.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Nut Cracker and Sugar Dolly
+
+A PARTY TALE.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN.
+
+BY CHARLES A. DANA
+
+SQUARE 16mo. CLOTH AND CLOTH GILT
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This New Fairy Tale is one of the liveliest, most readable, and most
+unexceptionable for Children which has ever appeared.
+
+THRILLING STORIES
+
+of the
+
+OCEAN.
+
+for the Entertainment and Instruction of Young.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is a neat Volume of 300 pages, with numerous Embellishments. It is
+written in a familiar, popular style, and is well suited to the
+Juvenile, Family or School library.
+
+CLOTH BINDING, PLAIN AND GILT EXTRA.
+
+
+
+
+COSTUMES OF EUROPE.
+
+Beautifully Embellished with 24 Engravings of Original Costumes. One
+vol. Square 16mo. Fine Cloth binding, 50 cts; with Col'd Engravings, 75
+cts.
+
+This is a Companion volume to the COSTUMES OF AMERICA, and is equally
+instructive as well as pleasing for young readers.
+
+Every intelligent Boy should possess a Copy of the Book of Costumes of
+Europe and America.
+
+
+
+
+
+KRISS KRINGLE'S
+
+RHYME BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A lively book of Rhymes for very little Children.
+
+RICHLY EMBELLISHED WITH PICTURES.
+
+Square 16mo. Paper Covers, 12-1/2 cents.
+             Cloth Binding, 25      "
+
+
+
+
+
+MAJA'S ALPHABET.
+
+A
+
+VERY BEAUTIFUL PICTORIAL ALPHABET,
+
+IN RHYME
+
+WITH NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS, BY ABSOLON.
+
+
+
+
+CARLO FRANCONI,
+
+AN ITALIAN STORY,
+
+And other stories for Young People.
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS.
+
+Square 16mo. Cloth Binding.
+
+This is a very touching and entertaining Story for Youth. The Scene is
+laid in England, and in Italy, the incidents are of a peculiarly
+interesting character.
+
+
+
+
+COSTUMES OF AMERICA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An excellent volume for Young People of both sexes, and well calculated
+to awaken an interest in the History of this Continent. Illustrated with
+Twenty-four Engravings of Original Costumes. One volume, square 16mo.
+Cloth, 60 cents. With Colored Plates, 75 cents.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean, by Marmaduke Park
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13604 ***
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+  <body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13604 ***</div>
+
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image1_full.png"><img src="images/image1_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Frontpiece" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h1>Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean</h1>
+    <p>From authentic accounts of modern voyagers and travellers; designed for the
+    entertainment and instruction of young people.</p>
+    <center>
+      By Marmaduke Park.
+    </center>
+    <center>
+      With Numerous Illustrations.
+    </center>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image2_full.png"><img src="images/image2_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The White Shark." /></a>
+      <p>The White Shark.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <center>
+      PHILADELPHIA:<br />
+      C.G. HENDERSON &amp; CO.,<br />
+      NO. 164 CHESTNUT STREET.<br />
+      1852.
+    </center>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page5" id="page5"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 5]</span> <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image3_full.png"><img src="images/image3_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The White Shark." /></a>
+      <p>The White Shark.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>STORIES OF THE OCEAN.</h2>
+    <center>
+      VOLNEY BECKNER.
+    </center>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image4_full.png"><img src="images/image4_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Ship Cannon." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The white sharks are the dread of sailors in all hot climates, for they constantly
+    attend vessels in expectation of anything which may be thrown overboard. A shark will
+    thus sometimes traverse the ocean in company with a ship for several hundred leagues.
+    Woe to the poor mariner who may chance to fall overboard while this sea-monster is
+    present.</p>
+    <a name="page6" id="page6"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 6]</span>
+    <p>Some species of sharks grow to an enormous size, often weighing from one to four
+    thousand pounds each. The skin of the shark is rough, and is used for polishing wood,
+    ivory, &amp;c.; that of one species is manufactured into an article called
+    <i>shagreen</i>: spectacle-cases are made of it. The white shark is the sailor's
+    worst enemy: he has five rows of wedge-shaped teeth, which are notched like a saw:
+    when the animal is at rest they are flat in his mouth, but when about to seize his
+    prey they are erected by a set of muscles which join them to the jaw. His mouth is so
+    situated under the head that he is obliged to turn himself on one side before he can
+    grasp any thing with those enormous jaws.</p>
+    <p>I will now give you an account of the death of a very brave little boy, who was
+    killed by a shark. He was an Irish boy; his name was Volney Beckner, the son of a
+    poor fisherman. His father, having always intended Volney for a seafaring life, took
+    great pains to teach him such things as it is useful for a sailor to know, and tried
+    to make him brave and hardy; he taught him to swim when a mere baby.</p>
+    <a name="page7" id="page7"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 7]</span> <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image5_full.png"><img src="images/image5_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Volney Beckner's first voyage." /></a>
+      <p>Volney Beckner's first voyage.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>Volney was only nine years old when he first went to sea in a merchant ship; the
+    same vessel in which his father sometimes sailed. Here he worked hard and fared hard,
+    but this gave him no uneasiness; his frame was robust, he never took cold, he knew
+    not what fear was.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image6_full.png"><img src="images/image6_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Volney Beckner at sea." /></a>
+      <p>Volney Beckner at sea.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page8" id="page8"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 8]</span>
+    <p>In the most boisterous weather, when the rain fell in torrents, and the wind
+    howled around the ship, the little Irish boy would fearlessly and cheerfully climb
+    the stays and sailyards, mount the topmast, or perform any other duty required of
+    him. At twelve years old the captain promoted the clever, good tempered, and
+    trustworthy boy; spoke well of him before the whole crew, and doubled his pay.</p>
+    <a name="page9" id="page9"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 9]</span>
+    <p>Volney was very sensible to his praises. His messmates loved him for his generous
+    nature, and because he had often shown himself ready to brave danger in order to
+    assist them; but an occasion soon arrived in which he had an opportunity of
+    performing one of the most truly heroic deeds on record.</p>
+    <p>The vessel in which Volney and his father sailed was bound to Port au Prince, in
+    St. Domingo. A little girl, the daughter of one of the passengers, having slipped
+    away from her nurse, ran on deck to amuse herself. While gazing on the expanse of
+    water, the heaving of the vessel made her dizzy, and she fell overboard.</p>
+    <p>Volney's father saw the accident, darted after her, and quickly caught her by the
+    dress; but while with one hand he swam to reach the ship, and with the other held the
+    child, he saw a shark advancing towards them. He called aloud for help; there was no
+    time to lose, yet none dared to afford him any. No one, did I say? Yes, little
+    Volney, prompted by filial love, ventured on a deed which strong men dared not
+    attempt.</p>
+    <a name="page10" id="page10"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 10]</span>
+    <p>Armed with a broad, sharp sabre, he threw himself into the sea, then diving like a
+    fish under the shark, he stabbed the weapon into his body up to the hilt. Thus
+    wounded the shark quitted his prey, and turned on the boy, who again and again
+    attacked him with the sabre, but the struggle was too unequal; ropes were quickly
+    thrown from the deck to the father and son; each succeeded in grasping one, and loud
+    rose the cry of joy, "They are saved!" Not so! The shark, enraged at seeing that he
+    was about to be altogether disappointed of his prey, made one desperate spring, and
+    tore asunder the body of the noble-hearted little boy, while his father and the
+    fainting child in his arms were saved.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image7_full.png"><img src="images/image7_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page12" id="page12"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 12]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image8_full.png"><img src="images/image8_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Poultry Basket&mdash;A Life-Preserver." /></a>
+      <p>The Poultry Basket&mdash;A Life-Preserver.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page13" id="page13"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 13]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image9_full.png"><img src="images/image9_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE POULTRY BASKET&mdash;A LIFE-PRESERVER.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image10_full.png"><img src="images/image10_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>I will tell you an old story of an incident which occurred many years ago, but
+    perhaps it may be new to you, and please you as much as it did me when I was a little
+    girl, and used to sit on my grandpapa's knee, and listen to this tale among many
+    others.</p>
+    <a name="page14" id="page14"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 14]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image11_full.png"><img src="images/image11_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The hero of my story was a countryman; you may, if you please, fancy his neat
+    white cottage on the hill-side, with its rustic porch, all overgrown with jasmine,
+    roses, and clematis; the pretty garden and orchard belonging to it, with the snug
+    poultry yard, the shed for the cow, and the stack of food for winter's use on one
+    side.</p>
+    <a name="page15" id="page15"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 15]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image12_full.png"><img src="images/image12_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The poultry yard." /></a>
+      <p>The poultry yard.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>You may fancy the pleasure of the little children who lived at this cottage in
+    going with their mother morning and evening to feed the poultry; the noise and bustle
+    among the feathered tribe at this time; how some rudely push before and peck the
+    others in their anxiety to obtain the first grains that fall from the basket, and how
+    the little children take care that the most greedy shall not get it all; their joy at
+    seeing the young broods of tiny chicks covered with downy feathers, and the anxiety
+    of the hens each to protect her own from danger, and teach them to scratch and pick
+    up food for themselves; while they never forget to admire and praise the beauty of
+    the fine old cock, as he struts about with an air of magnificence, like the very king
+    of the guard.</p>
+    <a name="page16" id="page16"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 16]</span>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="line">
+        "High was his comb, and coral red withal,
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        In dents embattled like a castle wall;
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        His bill was raven-black and shone like jet,
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        Blue were his legs, and orient were his feet;
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        White were his nails, like silver to behold!
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        His body glittering like burnished gold."
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you had been there, you would have wished to visit the little orchard; to see
+    the gentle cow, and the geese feeding on the common beyond; to watch the young
+    ducklings, dipping and ducking and enjoying their watering sport in the pond.</p>
+    <p>If it be spring, the children would delight in gathering the sweet-scented meadow
+    flowers&mdash;the water ranunculus, with its golden cups, the modest daisy, the pink
+    cuckoo-flower, and the yellow cowslips; while overhead the bees kept up a constant
+    humming; they have found their way from the straw hives in the garden and are diving
+    into the delicious blossoms of the apple and cherry trees, robbing many a one of its
+    sweets.</p>
+    <a name="page17" id="page17"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 17]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image13_full.png"><img src="images/image13_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The bee hive." /></a>
+      <p>The bee hive.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>But now to my history of what did really happen to a countryman, who very likely
+    lived in such a pretty cottage as I have described.</p>
+    <p>He had more poultry in his yard than he needed for his own use; some of them had
+    been fatted for sale; and wishing to turn them into money, he left his home, which
+    was near Bristol, with a basket full of them on his arm. Having reached the river, he
+    went on board the ferry boat, intending to go across to a place called Bristol
+    Hot-Wells. Many gentle folks visit this spot for the sake of drinking the waters of
+    the wells, which are thought to be very beneficial in some complaints; and no doubt
+    our countryman hoped that among them his poultry would fetch a good price.</p>
+    <a name="page18" id="page18"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 18]</span>
+    <p>The ferry boat was nearly half way over the river, when, by some accident, the
+    poor man lost his footing and fell into the stream; he could not swim, and the
+    current carried him more than a hundred yards from the boat; but he kept fast hold of
+    his poultry basket, which being buoyant, supported him until he was perceived, and
+    rescued by some men in a fishing-smack.</p>
+    <p>I hope he reached the Hot-Wells in safety after all, and sold his poultry for as
+    much as he expected; and, what is still better, that his heart was filled with
+    gratitude to God for his preservation from danger so imminent.</p>
+    <a name="page20" id="page20"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 20]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image14_full.png"><img src="images/image14_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image15_full.png"><img src="images/image15_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Life Boat." /></a>
+      <p>The Life Boat.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page21" id="page21"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 21]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image16_full.png"><img src="images/image16_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE LIFE BOAT.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image17_full.png"><img src="images/image17_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Oh what a stirring scene is this! see how the brave fellows are pulling with their
+    oars, and endeavoring with all their might to reach the ship in distress before it is
+    too late! Well, I suppose you are curious to know how an open boat like this can
+    float in such an angry, boiling sea. I will tell you how it is accomplished; the
+    sides of the boat are lined with hollow boxes of copper, which being perfectly
+    air-tight, render her buoyant, even when full of water, or loaded to the very water's
+    edge.</p>
+    <a name="page22" id="page22"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 22]</span>
+    <p>The originator of this simple and beautiful contrivance was a London coach maker,
+    named Lionel Lukin, a man whose benevolent feelings flowed towards all his fellow
+    men, but more especially towards that portion of them who brave the dangers of the
+    sea. After devoting sixty years of his life to the pursuits of his business, he
+    retired to Hythe in Kent, where he finished a well-spent life in peace and
+    tranquility, dying in February, 1834. His body was interred in the churchyard of
+    Hythe, which is situated on rising ground, commanding a fine view of the ocean; a fit
+    resting place for the remains of one whose talents had been successfully directed to
+    the means of rescuing from shipwreck and a watery grave many hundreds, or perhaps we
+    may say many thousands, of poor seamen. He obtained a patent for his first boat in
+    1785.</p>
+    <a name="page23" id="page23"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 23]</span>
+    <p>The two sailors in the picture below are Greenwich pensioners, supported, you
+    know, at Greenwich Hospital, which was founded by Charles II. for superannuated or
+    wounded sailors. They are smoking their pipes, and discussing the merits of the Life
+    Boat.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image18_full.png"><img src="images/image18_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page24" id="page24"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 24]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image19_full.png"><img src="images/image19_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Whale." /></a>
+      <p>The Whale.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>WHALE FISHING.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image20_full.png"><img src="images/image20_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The whale is the largest of all known animals. There are three kinds of whale; the
+    Greenland, called by the sailors the right whale, as being most highly prized by
+    them; the great northern rorqual, called by fishers the razor-back or finner, and the
+    cachalot or spermaciti whale. The common whale measures from sixty to seventy feet in
+    length: the mouth, when open, is large enough to admit a ship's jolly boat, with all
+    her men in it. It contains no teeth; and enormous as the creature is, the opening to
+    the throat is very narrow, not more than an inch and a half across in the largest
+    whale.</p>
+    <a name="page25" id="page25"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 25]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image21_full.png"><img src="images/image21_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Whale Fishing." /></a>
+      <p>Whale Fishing.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page27" id="page27"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 27]</span>
+    <p>Instead of teeth the mouth of the whale is furnished with a curious framework of a
+    substance called <i>baleen</i>; you will know it by the name of whalebone; it is
+    arranged in rows, and projects beyond the lips in a hanging fringe; the food of the
+    whale consists of shrimps, small fishes, sea-snails, and innumerable minute
+    creatures, called medusae, which are found in those seas where the whales feed in
+    such vast quantities that they make the water of a deep green or olive color.</p>
+    <p>When feeding the whale swims with open mouth under the water, and all the objects
+    which lie in the way of that great moving cavern are caught by the baleen, and never
+    seen again. Along with their food they swallow a vast quantity of water, which passes
+    back again through the nostrils, and is collected into a bag placed at the external
+    orifice of the cavity of the nose, whence it is expelled by the pressure of powerful
+    muscles through a very narrow opening pierced in the top of the head.</p>
+    <a name="page28" id="page28"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 28]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image22_full.png"><img src="images/image22_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Cachalot." /></a>
+      <p>The Cachalot.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>In this way it spouts the water in beautiful jets from twenty to thirty feet in
+    height. The voice of the whale is like a low murmuring: it has a smooth skin all over
+    its body, under which lies that thick lard which yields the oil for which they are so
+    much sought. The Greenland whale has but two side-fins; its tail is in the shape of a
+    crescent; it is an instrument of immense power; it has been sometimes known with one
+    stroke to hurl large boats high into the air, breaking them into a thousand
+    fragments. The whale shows great affection for her young, which is called the calf;
+    the fishermen well know this, and turn it to their own account; they try to strike
+    the young with the harpoon, which is a strong, barbed instrument, and if they do this
+    they are almost sure of securing the mother also, as nothing will induce her to leave
+    it.</p>
+    <a name="page29" id="page29"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 29]</span>
+    <p>Mr. Scorseby, who was for a long time engaged in the whale fishery, has written a
+    book containing a very interesting account of them. He mentions a case in which a
+    young whale was struck beside its dam. She instantly seized and darted off with it,
+    but not until the line had been fixed to its body. In spite of all that could be done
+    to her, she remained near her dying little one, till she was struck again and again,
+    and thus both perished. Sometimes, however, on an occasion like this, the old whale
+    becomes furious, and then the danger to the men is very great, as they attack the
+    whale in boats, several of which belong to each ship.</p>
+    <p>A number of these boats once made towards a whale, which, with her calf was
+    playing round a group of rocks. The old whale perceiving the approaching danger, did
+    all she could to warn her little one of it, till the sight became quite affecting.
+    She led it away from the boats, swam round it, embraced it with her fins, and
+    sometimes rolled over with it in the waves.</p>
+    <a name="page30" id="page30"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 30]</span>
+    <p>The men in the boats now rowed a-head of the whales, and drove them back among the
+    rocks, at which the mother evinced great uneasiness and anxiety; she swam round and
+    round the young one in lessening circles; but all her care was unheeded, and the
+    inexperienced calf soon met its fate. It was struck and killed, and a harpoon fixed
+    in the mother, when, roused to reckless fury, she flew on one of the boats, and made
+    her tail descend with such tremendous force on the very centre of it, as to cut it in
+    two, and kill two of the men, the rest swimming in all directions for their
+    lives.</p>
+    <a name="page32" id="page32"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 32]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image23_full.png"><img src="images/image23_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="A Ship Towed To Land By Bullocks." /></a>
+      <p>A Ship Towed To Land By Bullocks.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page33" id="page33"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 33]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image24_full.png"><img src="images/image24_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SHIP TOWED TO LAND BY BULLOCKS</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image25_full.png"><img src="images/image25_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Swimming is a manly exercise, and one in which, under proper care, every little
+    boy ought to be instructed. In the first place it is a very healthy and invigorating
+    practice frequently to immerse the body in water: and when we recollect how often the
+    knowledge of this art has been blessed by the Supreme Disposer of events as a means
+    of saving his rational creatures from sudden death, it seems that to neglect this
+    object is almost to refuse to avail ourselves of one of the means of safety, which a
+    kind Providence has placed within our reach.</p>
+    <a name="page34" id="page34"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 34]</span>
+    <p>Only imagine yourself to be, as many before you have been, in a situation of
+    pressing danger on the sea, and yet at no great distance from the land, so that you
+    might hope to reach it by swimming, but to remain on board the vessel appeared
+    certain death, how thankful you would then feel to your friends if they had put this
+    means of escape into your power! Or if you were to see some unfortunate
+    fellow-creature struggling in the water, and about to disappear from your sight, how
+    willingly, if conscious of your own power to support yourself, would you plunge into
+    the water to his rescue! and how would your heart glow with delight if your efforts
+    to save him should prove successful!</p>
+    <a name="page35" id="page35"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 35]</span>
+    <p>Here is a picture representing the very remarkable preservation of the crew of a
+    vessel on the coast of Newfoundland. In this instance man availed himself of the
+    instinct which ever prompts the brute creation to self-preservation. The ship was
+    freighted with live cattle; in a dreadful storm she was dismasted, and became a mere
+    wreck. The crew being unable to manage her, it occurred to the captain, whose name
+    was Drummond, as a last resort, to attach some ropes to the horns of some of the
+    bullocks, and turn them into the sea. This was done, the bullocks swam towards land
+    and towed the ship to the shore. Thus the lives of the crew were saved.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image26_full.png"><img src="images/image26_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page36" id="page36"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 36]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image27_full.png"><img src="images/image27_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE SINKING OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image28_full.png"><img src="images/image28_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The Royal George was an old ship; she had seen much service. Her build was rather
+    short and high, but she sailed well, and carried the tallest masts and squarest
+    canvas of any of England's gun-ships. She had just returned from Spithead, where
+    there were twenty or thirty ships of war, called a fleet, lying under command of Lord
+    Howe. It was on the 29th of August, 1782. She was lying off Portsmouth; her decks had
+    been washed the day before, and the carpenter discovered that the pipes which
+    admitted water to cleanse the ship was worn out, and must be replaced. This pipe
+    being three feet under the water, it was needful to heel, or lay the ship a little on
+    one side. To do this, the heavy guns on the larboard side were run out of the
+    port-holes (those window-like openings which you see in the side of the vessel) as
+    far as they would go, and the guns on the starboard side were drawn up and secured in
+    the middle of the deck; this brought the sills of the port-holes on the lowest side
+    nearly even with the water.</p>
+    <a name="page37" id="page37"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 37]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image29_full.png"><img src="images/image29_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Sinking Of The Royal George." /></a>
+      <p>Sinking Of The Royal George.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page39" id="page39"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 39]</span>
+    <p>Just as the crew had finished breakfast, a vessel called the Lark came on the low
+    side of the ship to unship a cargo of rum; the casks were put on board on that side,
+    and this additional weight, together with that of the men employed in unloading,
+    caused the ship to heel still more on one side; every wave of the sea now washed in
+    at her port-holes, and thus she had soon so great a weight of water in her hold, that
+    slowly and almost imperceptibly she sank still further down on her side. Twice, the
+    carpenter, seeing the danger, went on board to ask the officer on duty to order the
+    ship to be righted; and if he had not been a proud and angry man, who would not
+    acknowledge himself to be in the wrong, all might yet have been well.</p>
+    <a name="page40" id="page40"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 40]</span>
+    <p>The plumbers had almost finished their work, when a sudden breeze blew on the
+    raised side of the ship, forced her still further down, and the water began to pour
+    into her lower port-holes. Instantly the danger became apparent; the men were ordered
+    to right the ship: they ran to move the guns for this purpose, but it was <i>too
+    late</i>.</p>
+    <a name="page41" id="page41"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 41]</span>
+    <p>In a minute or two more, she fell quite over on her side, with her masts nearly
+    flat on the water, and the Royal George sank to the bottom, before one signal of
+    distress could be given! By this dreadful accident, about nine hundred persons lost
+    their lives; about two hundred and thirty were saved, some by running up the rigging,
+    and being with others picked up by the boats which put off immediately from other
+    vessels to their assistance. There were many visitors, women and little children on
+    board at the time of the accident.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image30_full.png"><img src="images/image30_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page42" id="page42"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 42]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image31_full.png"><img src="images/image31_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>BLOWING UP OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image32_full.png"><img src="images/image32_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>At the time when the dreadful event which I have just related to you occurred, the
+    Lark sloop, which brought the cargo of rum, was lying alongside of the Royal George;
+    in going down, the main-yard of the Royal George caught the boom of the Lark, and
+    they sank together, but this made the position of the Royal George much more upright
+    in the water than it would otherwise have been. There she lay at the bottom of the
+    sea, just as you have seen small vessels when left by the tide on a bank. Cowper,
+    when he heard the sad tale, thus wrote</p>
+    <a name="page45" id="page45"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 45]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "Her timbers yet are sound,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;And she may float again,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          Full charged with England's thunder,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;And plough the distant main.
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "But Kempenfelt is gone,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;His victories are o'er,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          And he, and his eight hundred
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;Shall plough the wave no more."
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image33_full.png"><img src="images/image33_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Blowing Up Of The Royal George." /></a>
+      <p>Blowing Up Of The Royal George.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>Admiral Kempenfelt was writing in his cabin when the ship sank; his first captain
+    tried to inform him of their situation, but the heeling of the ship so jammed the
+    cabin doors that he could not open them: thus the admiral perished with the rest. It
+    seems Cowper thought the Royal George might be recovered; other people were of the
+    same opinion.</p>
+    <a name="page46" id="page46"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 46]</span>
+    <p>In September of the year in which the vessel sank, a gentleman, named Tracey,
+    living in the neighborhood, by means of diving-machines, ascertained the position and
+    state of the ship, and made proposals to government to adopt means of raising her and
+    getting her again afloat. After a great many vexatious delays and interruptions on
+    the part of those who were to have supplied him with assistance, he succeeded in
+    getting up the Lark sloop. His efforts to raise the Royal George were so far
+    successful, that at every time of high tide she was lifted from her bed; and on the
+    9th of October she was hove at least thirty or forty feet to westward; but the days
+    were getting short, the boisterous winds of winter were setting in, the lighters to
+    which Tracey's apparatus was attached were too old and rotten to bear the strain, and
+    he was forced to abandon the attempt.</p>
+    <a name="page47" id="page47"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 47]</span>
+    <p>The sunken ship remained, a constant impediment to other vessels wishing to cast
+    anchor near the spot, for nearly fifty years, when Colonel Pasley, by means of
+    gunpowder, completely demolished the wreck: the loose pieces of timber floated to the
+    surface; heavier pieces&mdash;the ship's guns, cables, anchors, the fire-hearth,
+    cooking utensils, and many smaller articles were recovered by the divers. These men
+    went down in Indian-rubber dresses, which were air and water-tight; they were
+    furnished with helmets, in each side of which were glass windows, to admit light, and
+    supplied with air by means of pipes, communicating with an air-pump above. By these
+    means they could remain under water more than an hour at a time. I do not think you
+    are old enough to understand the nature of Colonel Pasley's operations. Large hollow
+    vessels, called cylinders, were filled with gunpowder, and attached by the divers to
+    the wreck, these were connected by conducting wires with a battery on board a lighter
+    above, at a sufficient distance to be out of reach of danger when the explosion took
+    place. Colonel Pasley then gave the word to fire the end of the rod; instantly a
+    report was heard, and those who witnessed the explosions, say that the effect was
+    very beautiful. On <a name="page48" id="page48"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    48]</span> one occasion, the water rose in a splendid column above fifty feet high,
+    the spray sparkling like diamonds in the sun; then the large fragments of the wreck
+    came floating to the surface; soon after the mud from the bottom, blackening the
+    circle of water, and spreading to a great distance around; and with it rose to the
+    surface great numbers of fish, who, poor things, had found a hiding-place in the
+    wreck, but were dislodged and killed by the terrible gunpowder.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image34_full.png"><img src="images/image34_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page50" id="page50"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 50]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image35_full.png"><img src="images/image35_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Loss Of The Melville Castle." /></a>
+      <p>Loss Of The Melville Castle.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page51" id="page51"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 51]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image36_full.png"><img src="images/image36_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE MELVILLE CASTLE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image37_full.png"><img src="images/image37_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Many and great are the dangers to which those who lead a seafaring life are
+    exposed. The lightning's flash may strike a ship when far away from port, upon the
+    trackless deep, or the sudden bursting of a particular kind of cloud, called a
+    waterspout, may overwhelm her, and none be left to tell her fate. But of all the
+    perils to which a ship is liable, I think that of her striking on a sand-bank, or on
+    sunken rocks is the greatest. There must be men and women now living on the Kentish
+    coast, in whose memory the disastrous wreck of the Melville Castle, with all its
+    attendant horrors, is yet fresh. It is a sorrowful tale, doubly so, inasmuch as acts
+    of imprudence, and still worse, of obstinacy, may be said to have occasioned the loss
+    of four hundred and fifty lives.</p>
+    <a name="page52" id="page52"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 52]</span>
+    <p>In the first place, the Melville Castle, or as I suppose we should call her the
+    Vryheid, was in a very decayed state; she had been long in the East India Company's
+    service, and was by them sold to some Dutch merchants, who had her upper works
+    tolerably repaired, new sheathed and coppered her, and resold her to the Dutch
+    government, who were then in want of a vessel to carry out troops and stores to
+    Batavia.</p>
+    <a name="page53" id="page53"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 53]</span>
+    <p>The Melville Castle was accordingly equipped for the voyage, painted throughout,
+    and her name changed to the Vryheid. On the the morning of November, 1802, she set
+    sail from the Texel, a port on the coast of Holland, with a fair wind, which lasted
+    till early on the following day, when a heavy gale came on in an adverse
+    direction.</p>
+    <p>The captain immediately had the top-gallant masts and yards struck to make her
+    ride more easily; but as the day advanced, the violence of the wind increased, and
+    vain seemed every effort of the crew to manage the ship. There were many mothers and
+    little children on board, whose state was truly pitiable. The ship was scourged
+    onward by the resistless blast, which continued to increase until it blew a perfect
+    hurricane.</p>
+    <p>About three in the afternoon, the mainmast fell overboard, sweeping several of the
+    crew into the sea, and severely injuring four or five more. By this time they were
+    near enough to the Kentish coast to discern objects on land, but the waves which
+    rolled mountains high prevented the possibility of any help approaching. By great
+    exertion the ship was brought to anchor in Hythe Bay, and for a few moments hope
+    cheered the bosoms of those on board; it was <i>but</i> a few, for almost immediately
+    she was found to have sprung a leak; and while all hands were busy at the pumps, the
+    storm came on with increased fury.</p>
+    <a name="page54" id="page54"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 54]</span>
+    <p>In this dismal plight they continued till about six o'clock the following morning,
+    when the ship parted from one of her largest anchors, and drifted on towards
+    Dymchurch-wall, about three miles to the west of Hythe. This wall is formed by
+    immense piles, and cross pieces of timber, supported by wooden jetties, which stretch
+    far into the sea. It was built to prevent the water from overflowing a rich, level
+    district, called Romney Marsh.</p>
+    <p>The crew continued to fire guns and hoist signals of distress. At daybreak a pilot
+    boat put off from Dover, and nearing the Melville Castle, advised the captain to put
+    back to Deal or Hythe, and wait for calmer weather, or, said the boatman, "all hands
+    will assuredly be lost." But the captain would not act on his recommendation; he
+    thought the pilot boat exaggerated the danger, hoped the wind would abate as the day
+    opened, and that he should avoid the demands of the Dover pilot or the Down fees by
+    not casting anchor there. Another help the captain rejected, and bitterly did he
+    lament it when it was too late.</p>
+    <a name="page55" id="page55"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 55]</span>
+    <p>No sooner had the pilot boat departed, than the commodore at Deal despatched two
+    boats to endeavor to board the ship. The captain obstinately refused to take any
+    notice of them, and ordered the crew to let the vessel drive before the wind. This
+    they did, till the ship ran so close in shore, that the captain himself saw the
+    imminent danger, and twice attempted to put her about, but in vain. On the first of
+    the projecting jetties of Dymchurch-wall the vessel struck. I would not if I could
+    grieve your young heart with a detail of all the horrors that ensued; the devoted
+    ship continued to beat on the piles, the sea breaking over her with such violence,
+    that the pumps could no longer be worked.</p>
+    <a name="page56" id="page56"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 56]</span>
+    <p>The foremast soon went over the ship's side, carrying twelve seamen with it, who
+    were swallowed up by the billows. The rudder was unshipped, the tiller tore up the
+    gundeck, and the water rushed in at the port-holes. At this fearful moment most of
+    the passengers and crew joined in solemn prayer to the Almighty. Morning came, but it
+    was only to witness the demolition of the wreck.</p>
+    <p>Many were the efforts made by the sufferers, some in the jolly boat, some on a
+    raft, others by lashing themselves to pieces of timber, hogsheads, and even hencoops,
+    to reach the shore; but out of four hundred and seventy-two persons who a few days
+    before had left the coast of Holland, not more than eighteen escaped the raging
+    billows. The miserable remnant received generous attention from the inhabitants of
+    the place, who did all in their power to aid their recovery.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image38_full.png"><img src="images/image38_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page58" id="page58"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 58]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image39_full.png"><img src="images/image39_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Burning Of The Kent East Indiaman." /></a>
+      <p>Burning Of The Kent East Indiaman.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page59" id="page59"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 59]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image40_full.png"><img src="images/image40_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>BURNING OF THE KENT EAST INDIAMAN.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image41_full.png"><img src="images/image41_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>This picture represents the burning of the Kent East Indiaman, in the Bay of
+    Biscay. She had on board in all six hundred and forty-one persons at the time of the
+    accident. The fire broke out in the hold during a storm. An officer on duty, finding
+    that a spirit cask had broken loose, was taking measures to secure it, when a lurch
+    of the ship caused him to drop his lantern, and in his eagerness to save it, he let
+    go the cask, which suddenly stove in, and the spirits communicated with the flame,
+    the whole place was instantly in a blaze. Hopes of subduing the fire at first were
+    strong, but soon heavy volumes of smoke and a pitchy smell told that it had reached
+    the cable-room.</p>
+    <a name="page60" id="page60"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 60]</span>
+    <p>In these awful circumstances, the captain ordered the lower decks to be scuttled,
+    to admit water. This was done; several poor seamen being suffocated by the smoke in
+    executing the order; but now a new danger threatened, the sea rushed in so furiously,
+    that the ship was becoming water-logged, and all feared her going down. Between six
+    and seven hundred human beings, were by by this time crowded on the deck. Many on
+    their knees earnestly implored the mercy of an all-powerful God! while some old
+    stout-hearted sailors quietly seated themselves directly over the powder magazine,
+    expecting an explosion every moment, and thinking thus to put a speedier end to their
+    torture.</p>
+    <a name="page61" id="page61"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 61]</span>
+    <p>In this time of despair, it occurred to the fourth mate to send a man to the
+    foremast, hoping, but scarce daring to think it probable, that some friendly sail
+    might be in sight. The man at the fore-top looked around him; it was a moment of
+    intense anxiety; then waving his hat, he cried out, "A sail, on the lee-bow!"</p>
+    <p>Those on deck received the news with heart-felt gratitude, and answered with three
+    cheers. Signals of distress were instantly hoisted, and endeavors used to make
+    towards the stranger, while the minute guns were fired continuously. She proved to be
+    the brig Cambria, Captain Cook, master, bound to Vera Cruz, having twenty Cornish
+    miners, and some agents of the Mining Company on board. For about one quarter of an
+    hour, the crew of the Kent doubted whether the brig perceived their signals: but
+    after a period of dreadful suspense, they saw the British colors hoisted, and the
+    brig making towards them.</p>
+    <a name="page62" id="page62"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 62]</span>
+    <p>On this, the crew of the Kent got their boats in readiness; the first was filled
+    with women, passengers, and officers' wives, and was lowered into a sea so
+    tempestuous as to leave small hope of their reaching the brig; they did, however,
+    after being nearly swamped through some entanglement of the ropes, get clear of the
+    Kent, and were safely taken on board the Cambria, which prudently lay at some
+    distance off.</p>
+    <p>After the first trip, it was found impossible for the boats to come close
+    alongside of the Kent, and the poor women and children suffered dreadfully, in being
+    lowered over the stern into them by means of ropes. Amid this gloomy scene, many
+    beautiful examples occurred of filial and parental affection, and of disinterested
+    friendship; and many sorrowful instances of individual loss and suffering. At length,
+    when all had been removed from the burning vessel, but a few, who were so overcome by
+    fear as to refuse to make the attempt to reach the brig, the captain quitted his
+    ill-fated ship.</p>
+    <a name="page63" id="page63"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 63]</span>
+    <p>The flames which had spread along her upper deck, now mounted rapidly to the mast
+    and rigging, forming one general conflagration and lighting up the heavens to an
+    immense distance round. One by one her stately masts fell over her sides. By
+    half-past one in the morning the fire reached the powder magazine; the looked-for
+    explosion took place, and the burning fragments of the vessel were blown high into
+    the air, like so many rockets.</p>
+    <p>The Cambria, with her crowd of sufferers, made all speed to the nearest port, and
+    reached Portsmouth in safety, shortly after midnight, on the 3d of March, 1825, the
+    accident having taken place on the 28th of February. Wonderful to tell, fourteen of
+    the poor creatures, left on the Kent, were rescued by another ship, the Caroline, on
+    her passage from Alexandria to Liverpool.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page64" id="page64"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 64]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image42_full.png"><img src="images/image42_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE PELICAN.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image43_full.png"><img src="images/image43_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The life of a pelican seems to be a very lazy, if not a very pleasant one. Man,
+    ever on the watch to turn the habits of animals to his own account, observing how
+    good a fisherman the pelican is, often catches and tames him, and makes him fish for
+    <i>him</i>. I have heard of a bird of this kind in America, which was so well
+    trained, that it would at command go off in the morning, and return at night with its
+    pouch full, and stretched to the utmost; part of its treasure it disgorged for its
+    master, the rest was given to the bird for its trouble. It is hardly credible what
+    these extraordinary pouches will hold; it is said, that among other things, a man's
+    leg with the boots on was once found in one of them.</p>
+    <a name="page65" id="page65"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 65]</span>
+    <p>Pelicans live in flocks; they and the cormorants sometimes help one another to get
+    a living. The cormorant is a species of pelican, of a dusky color: it is sometimes
+    called the sea crow. The cormorants are the best divers, so the pelicans arrange
+    themselves in a large circle at some great distance from the land, and flap their
+    great wings on the surface of the water, while the cormorants dive beneath. Away swim
+    the poor frightened fish towards the shore; the pelicans draw into a narrower circle,
+    and the fish at last are brought into so small a compass, that their pursuers find no
+    difficulty in obtaining a plentiful meal.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page66" id="page66"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 66]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image44_full.png"><img src="images/image44_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Sea Turtle." /></a>
+      <p>The Sea Turtle.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>CATCHING TURTLE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image45_full.png"><img src="images/image45_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>There are two kinds of turtle; the one is called the green turtle, and is much
+    valued as a delicious article of food; the other the hawk's bill turtle supplies the
+    tortoise shell of commerce, which is prepared and moulded into various forms by heat.
+    The flesh of the hawk's bill turtle is considered very unwholesome.</p>
+    <a name="page67" id="page67"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 67]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image46_full.png"><img src="images/image46_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Catching Turtle." /></a>
+      <p>Catching Turtle.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page69" id="page69"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 69]</span>
+    <p>The turtles in the picture are of the edible kind; they are found on the shores of
+    nearly all the countries within the tropics.</p>
+    <p>There is a little rocky island in the south Atlantic Ocean, called the Island of
+    Ascension, where they are found in vast numbers, and this barren spot is often
+    visited by Indiamen for the purpose of obtaining some of them. The turtles feed on
+    the sea weed and other marine plants which grow on the shoals and sand banks, and
+    with their powerful jaws, they crush the small sea shells which are found among the
+    weeds. This kind of food is always to be had in great abundance, so that the turtles
+    have no occasion to quarrel among themselves, for that which is afforded in such
+    plenty for all; indeed they seem to be a very quiet and inoffensive race, herding
+    peaceably together on their extensive feeding-grounds, and when satisfied retiring to
+    the fresh water at the mouth of the rivers, where they remain holding their heads
+    above water, as if to breathe the fresh air, till the shadow of any of their numerous
+    enemies alarms them, when they instantly dive to the bottom for security.</p>
+    <a name="page70" id="page70"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 70]</span>
+    <p>In the month of April, the females leave the water after sunset, in order to
+    deposit their eggs in the sand. By means of their fore-fins they dig a hole above
+    high water mark, about one foot wide and two deep, into which they drop above a
+    hundred eggs; they then cover them lightly over with a layer of sand, sufficient to
+    hide them, and yet thin enough to admit the warmth of the sun's rays for hatching
+    them. The instinct which leads the female turtle to the shore to lay her eggs,
+    renders her a prey to man. The fishers wait for them on shore, especially on a
+    moonlight night, and following them in one of their journeys, either coming or
+    returning, they turn them quickly over on their backs, before they have time to
+    defend themselves, or to blind their assailants by throwing up the sand with their
+    fins.</p>
+    <a name="page71" id="page71"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 71]</span>
+    <p>When very large, for I should tell you that the usual weight of the turtle is from
+    four to six hundred pounds, it requires the efforts of several men to turn them over,
+    and for this purpose they often employ levers: the back shell of the turtle is so
+    flat that when once over it is impossible for them to right themselves, so there the
+    poor creatures lie in this helpless condition, till they are either taken away in the
+    manner you see in the picture, or deposited by their captors in a crawl, which is a
+    kind of enclosure surrounded by stakes, and so situated as to admit the influx of the
+    sea.</p>
+    <p>The inhabitants of the Bahama Isles, catch many turtles at a considerable distance
+    from the shore; they strike them with a spear, the head of which slips off when it
+    has entered the body of the turtle, but it is fastened by a string to the pole, and
+    by means of this apparatus they are able to secure them, and either take them into
+    the boat or haul them on shore. The length of the green turtle frequently exceeds six
+    feet. A boy ten years old, a son of Captain Roche, once made use of a very large
+    shell as a boat, and ventured in it from the shore to his father's ship which lay
+    about a quarter of a mile off. It was in the bay of Campeachy, off Port Royal, where
+    the rightful occupant of this shell was caught.</p>
+    <a name="page72" id="page72"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 72]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image47_full.png"><img src="images/image47_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Catching Turtle." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page74" id="page74"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 74]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image48_full.png"><img src="images/image48_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Wreck Of The Steamboat." /></a>
+      <p>Wreck Of The Steamboat.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page75" id="page75"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 75]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image49_full.png"><img src="images/image49_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE WRECK OF THE STEAMBOAT.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image50_full.png"><img src="images/image50_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The following narrative teaches a lesson of courage and devotion such as are
+    seldom read. In one of the light-houses of the desolate Farne Isles, amid the ocean,
+    with no prospect before it but the wide expanse of sea, and now and then a distant
+    sail appearing, her cradle hymn the ceaseless sound of the everlasting deep, there
+    lived a little child whose name was Grace Darling. Her father was the keeper of the
+    light-house; and here Grace lived and grew up to the age of twenty-two, her mother's
+    constant helpmate in all domestic duties. She had a fair and healthy countenance,
+    which wore a kind and cheerful smile, proceeding from a heart at peace with others,
+    and happy in the consciousness of endeavoring to do its duty.</p>
+    <a name="page76" id="page76"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 76]</span>
+    <p>It was at early dawn, one September morning, in the year 1838, that the family at
+    the Longstone light-house looked out through a dense fog which hung over the waters.
+    All night the sea had run extremely high, with a heavy gale from the north, and at
+    this moment the storm continued unabated. Mr. and Mrs. Darling and Grace were at this
+    time the only persons in the light-house; through the dim mist they perceived the
+    wreck of a large steam vessel on the rocks, and by the aid of their telescope the
+    could even make out the forms of some persons clinging to her.</p>
+    <a name="page77" id="page77"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 77]</span>
+    <p>It was the Forfarshire steamboat on her passage from Hull to Dundee. She left the
+    former place with sixty-three persons on board. She had entered Berwick Bay about
+    eight o'clock the previous evening, in a heavy gale and in a leaky condition; the
+    motion of the vessel soon increased the leak to such a degree that the fires could
+    not be kept burning. About ten o'clock she bore up off St. Abb's Head, the storm
+    still raging. Soon after the engineer reported that the engines would not work; the
+    vessel became unmanageable; it was raining heavily, and the fog was so dense that it
+    was impossible to make out their situation. At length the appearance of breakers
+    close to leeward, and the Farne lights just becoming visible, showed to all on board
+    their imminent danger.</p>
+    <p>The captain vainly tried to run the vessel between the islands and the main land,
+    she would no longer answer the helm, and was driven to and fro by a furious sea.
+    Between three and four o'clock in the morning she struck with her bows foremost on a
+    jagged rock, which pierced her timbers. Soon after the first shock a mighty wave
+    lifted the vessel from the rock, and let her fall again with such violence as fairly
+    to break her in two pieces; the after part, containing the cabin with many
+    passengers, all of whom perished, was instantly carried away through a tremendous
+    current, while the fore part was fixed on the rock. The survivors, only nine in
+    number, five of the crew and four passengers, remained in this dreadful situation
+    till daybreak, when they were descried by the family at the light-house. But who
+    could dare to cross the raging abyss which lay between them?</p>
+    <a name="page78" id="page78"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 78]</span>
+    <p>Grace, full of pity and anxiety for the wretched people on the wreck, forgot all
+    toil and danger, and urged her father to launch the boat; she took one oar and her
+    father the other; but Grace had never assisted in the boat before, and it was only by
+    extreme exertion and the most determined courage that they succeeded in bringing the
+    boat up to the rock, and rescuing nine of their fellow creatures from a watery grave,
+    and with the help of the crew in returning, landed all safe at the light-house.</p>
+    <a name="page79" id="page79"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 79]</span>
+    <p>Happy Grace Darling! she needed no other reward than the joy of her own heart and
+    the warm thanks of those she had helped to deliver; but the news of the heroic deed
+    soon spread, and wondering and admiring strangers came from far and near to see Grace
+    and that lonely light-house. Nay more, they showered gifts upon her, and a public
+    subscription was raised with a view of rewarding her bravery, to the amount of seven
+    hundred pounds. She continued to live with her parents on their barren isles, finding
+    happiness in her simple duties and in administering to their comfort, until her
+    death, which took place little more than three years after the wreck of the
+    Forfarshire steamer.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image51_full.png"><img src="images/image51_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page80" id="page80"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 80]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image53_full.png"><img src="images/image53_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>WATERSPOUTS.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image54_full.png"><img src="images/image54_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>These wonderful appearances are caused by the action of currents of wind meeting
+    in the atmosphere from different quarters. They are sometimes seen on land, but much
+    more frequently at sea, where they are very dangerous visitors. I will try to give
+    you some idea of what they are, and perhaps the picture may help you a little. I dare
+    say you have often noticed little eddies of wind whirling up dust and leaves, or any
+    light substances which happened to be in the way; when these occur on a larger scale
+    they are called whirlwinds.</p>
+    <a name="page81" id="page81"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 81]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image55_full.png"><img src="images/image55_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Waterspouts." /></a>
+      <p>Waterspouts.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page83" id="page83"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 83]</span>
+    <p>Now if a cloud happens to be exactly in the point where two such furious currents
+    of wind meet, it is turned round and round by them with great speed and is condensed
+    into the form of a cone; this whirling motion drives from the centre of the cloud all
+    the particles contained in it, producing what is called a vacuum, or empty space,
+    into which the water or any thing else lying beneath it has an irresistible tendency
+    to rush. Underneath the dense impending cloud, the sea becomes violently agitated,
+    and the waves dart rapidly towards the centre of the troubled mass of water: on
+    reaching it they disperse in vapor, and rise, whirling in a spiral direction towards
+    the cloud. The descending and ascending <a name="page84" id="page84"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 84]</span> columns unite, the whole presenting the appearance of
+    a hollow cylinder, or tube of glass, empty within. This, Maltebrun tells us, and he
+    further adds, "it glides over the sea without any wind being felt; indeed several
+    have been seen at once, pursuing different directions. When the cloud and the marine
+    base of the waterspout move with equal velocity, the lower cone is often seen to
+    incline sideways, or even to bend, and finally to burst in pieces. A noise is then
+    heard like the noise of a cataract falling in a deep valley. Lightning frequently
+    issues from the very bosom of the waterspout, particularly when it breaks; but no
+    thunder is ever heard."</p>
+    <a name="page85" id="page85"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 85]</span>
+    <p>Sailors, to prevent the danger which would arise from coming in contact with one
+    of these tremendous columns, discharge a cannon into it: the ball passing through it
+    breaks the watery cylinder, and causes it to burst, just as a touch causes your
+    beautiful soap-bubbles to vanish, and turn to water again. These waterspouts, at sea,
+    generally occur between the tropics, and I believe frequently after a calm, such as
+    the poet has described in the following lines:</p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;'Twas sad as sad could be,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          And we did speak only to break
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;The silence of the sea!
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "All in a hot and copper sky,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;The bloody sun at noon,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          Right up above the mast did stand.
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;No bigger than the moon.
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "Day after day, day after day,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;We stuck, nor breath, nor motion;
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          As idle as a painted ship
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;Upon a painted ocean.
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "Water, water, every where,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;And all the boards did shrink;
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          Water, water, every where
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;And not a drop to drink!"
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>Happily "dead calms" do not generally last so long as to lead to any serious
+    result. Sailors have a superstitious and foolish belief that whistling in a calm will
+    bring up a breeze, and they do this in a drawling, beseeching tone, on some prominent
+    part of the vessel. Poor fellows! what a pity that their thoughts should not more
+    frequently be directed to Him "who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his
+    hand, and meted out heaven with a span," and whose works and wonders in the deep
+    "they that go down to the sea in ships" have such abundant opportunity for
+    observing.</p>
+    <a name="page86" id="page86"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 86]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image56_full.png"><img src="images/image56_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page87" id="page87"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 87]</span>
+    <h2>HEAVING THE LEAD.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image57_full.png"><img src="images/image57_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Here we have a sailor in the act of heaving the lead, or taking soundings, which
+    is a thing extremely necessary to be done when a ship is approaching the shore, as
+    there is great danger of her running on a sand-bank or striking on a sunken rock. I
+    will now tell you how it is managed. A sailor gets over the ship's side, as you see
+    in the engraving, and takes his station in what are called "the chains;" he holds in
+    his hand a coil of rope, with the length in fathoms marked upon it; this rope has a
+    mass of lead attached to the end of it. At the <a name="page88" id="page88"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 88]</span> bottom of the lead, is a hollow place, into which a
+    piece of tallow candle is stuck, which brings up distinguishing marks from the bottom
+    of the sea, such as small shells, sand, or mud, adhering to it. If the tallow be only
+    indented it is supposed to have fallen on bare rocks. A correct account of the
+    soundings is entered in the logbook; this book contains a description of the ship's
+    course, the direction of the wind, and other circumstances, during every hour of each
+    day and night. Having arranged the rope so as to allow it to fall freely when cast,
+    the sailor throws the lead forward into the water, giving rope sufficient to allow it
+    to touch the bottom; then with a sudden jerk, such as long practice <a name="page89"
+    id="page89"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 89]</span> alone can enable him to give, he
+    raises the weight, and after examining the mark on the rope made by the water, calls
+    out lustily, so that all forward can hear, "By the mark seven," or "By the deep
+    nine," according to the case, or whatever the number of fathoms may be. The lead-line
+    is marked into lengths of six feet, called fathoms, by knots, or pieces of leather,
+    or old sail-cloth. In narrow or intricate channels, it is sometimes needful to place
+    a man in the chains on each side of the ship, as the depth will vary a fathom or more
+    even in the breadth of the vessel, and it is of great consequence that the leadsmen
+    give the depth correctly, as a wrong report might cause the ship to run aground. The
+    time that the leadsman is employed in taking soundings is often a period of deep
+    anxiety to the crew and passengers, especially if the vessel be near an unknown
+    coast. When the decrease in the number of fathoms is sudden, the captain knows that
+    danger is near, and quickly gives orders to alter the ship's course: the sailors
+    instantly obey his directions; but sometimes not all their activity and energy can
+    save the vessel; she strikes and becomes a wreck.</p>
+    <a name="page90" id="page90"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 90]</span>
+    <p>Turn to the 27th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in your Bible, and you will
+    there read the deeply interesting account of Paul's shipwreck on the island Melita.
+    Life has often been compared to a voyage&mdash;and aptly so.</p>
+    <p>You will find that you, like the mariner, are exposed to many dangers, and that
+    you are never for one moment safe in trusting to your own skill to guide your little
+    bark. In watchfulness and prayer, look to your Heavenly Pilot for directions under
+    every circumstance, often examining your own heart, as the seaman heaves the lead in
+    danger. Then will you be safely guided through storms and calms, amid rocks and
+    shoals, and reach at last the blessed haven of eternal rest and peace.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image58_full.png"><img src="images/image58_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page91" id="page91"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 91]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image59_full.png"><img src="images/image59_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE BALLOON AT SEA.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image52_full.png"><img src="images/image52_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>A balloon is a hollow globe, made of silk, rendered air-tight by a coating of gum
+    and resin, and enclosed within a strong network. When filled with gas it is so much
+    lighter than the air which surrounds us, that it will rise with heavier bodies
+    suspended to it. In a sort of car or boat attached, men, who are called "aeronauts,"
+    have performed journeys through the air.</p>
+    <a name="page92" id="page92"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 92]</span>
+    <p>The balloon was invented by a Frenchman named Montgolfier. Great expectations were
+    at first entertained of this art of sailing through the air, but as yet it has not
+    proved of much practical use. Many disasters have at different times befallen balloon
+    voyagers.</p>
+    <p>Many years ago, Major Mooney ascended in his balloon from Norwich, expecting from
+    the direction of the wind that he might descend near Ipswich; but when he had risen
+    about one mile from the earth, a violent current carried him and his balloon towards
+    Yarmouth. The balloon fell on the sea, about nine miles from land. The Major
+    supported himself for some time in the water, by holding firmly to the balloon, and
+    was at last rescued from his dangerous situation by the crew of a cutter which was
+    cruising on the coast.</p>
+    <a name="page93" id="page93"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 93]</span>
+    <p>This was a disastrous voyage, but I think it will interest you to hear of a more
+    successful one, performed by three gentlemen, one of whom, Mr. Green, has introduced
+    some great improvements in the art of filling and guiding balloons. These gentlemen
+    left the earth in the car of a very large balloon, at half-past one o'clock, on
+    Monday, the 7th of November, 1836, intending to proceed to some point on the
+    continent of Europe not very distant from Paris. They were provided with provisions
+    for a fortnight; these, with sand-bags for ballast, cordage, and all needful
+    apparatus for such a journey were placed in the bottom of the car, while all around
+    hung cloaks, carpet bags, barrels of wood and copper, barometers, telescopes, lamps,
+    spirit-flasks, coffee-warmers, &amp;c, for you know it would be impossible for them
+    afterwards to supply any thing which might have been forgotten.</p>
+    <a name="page94" id="page94"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 94]</span>
+    <p>Thus duly furnished, the balloon was rapidly borne away by a moderate breeze over
+    the fertile fields of Kent to Dover. It was forty-eight minutes past four when the
+    first sound of the waves on the sea-beach broke on the voyagers' ears: the sun was
+    sinking below the horizon, and as the balloon was rapidly borne into the region of
+    mist which hung over the ocean, we must suppose something of dread and uncertainty
+    attended the adventurer's minds. Scarcely, however, had they completed some
+    arrangements, intended to render the balloon more buoyant in the heavy atmosphere,
+    than again the sound of waves surprised them, and below were seen glittering the
+    well-known lights of Calais and the neighboring shores. Passing over Calais the
+    aeronauts lowered a blue-light to give notice of their presence, but could not tell
+    whether the inhabitants perceived it. By this time night had completely closed in,
+    and still the silken ball pursued its course. So long as lights were burning in the
+    towns and villages which it passed in rapid succession, the solitary voyagers looked
+    down on the scene with delight; sometimes they could even catch the hum of the yet
+    busy multitude, or the bark of a watch-dog; but midnight came, and the world was
+    hushed in sleep.</p>
+    <a name="page95" id="page95"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 95]</span>
+    <p>As soon as the people were again stirring below, the guide-rope was hauled into
+    the balloon, and the grappling-iron lowered; and after sundry difficulties from the
+    danger of getting entangled in a wood, and grievously affrighting two ladies, who
+    stood awhile petrified with amazement at the unusual apparition, the voyagers
+    succeeded in alighting in a grassy valley, about six miles from the town of Weilburg,
+    in the Duchy of Nassau. Here every attention and accommodation was afforded them, and
+    thus ended this remarkable journey, an extent of about five hundred British miles
+    having been passed over in the space of eighteen hours.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image60_full.png"><img src="images/image60_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page96" id="page96"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 96]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image61_full.png"><img src="images/image61_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>AN ADVENTURE OF PAUL JONES.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image62_full.png"><img src="images/image62_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>John Paul Jones was a famous naval commander in the service of the United States,
+    during the revolutionary war. He was a native of Scotland, but having come to
+    Virginia and settled before the war broke out, he joined the patriots as soon as
+    hostilities commenced, and rendered the most important services through the whole of
+    the long and arduous contest, by which our independence was acquired.</p>
+    <a name="page99" id="page99"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 99]</span>
+    <p>The following account of one of his adventures is given by his biographer.</p>
+    <p>Eager to retaliate upon Britain for some predatory exploits of her sailors on the
+    American coast, and exasperated by the resolution which the English government had
+    taken, to treat all the supporters of independence as traitors and rebels, Captain
+    Paul Jones entered the Irish Channel, and approaching his native shores, not as a
+    friend, but as a determined enemy. On the night of the 22d of April, 1778, he came to
+    anchor in the Solway Firth, almost within sight of the trees which sheltered the
+    house in which he first drew the breath of life.</p>
+    <p>Early next morning, he rowed for the English coast, at the head of thirty-one
+    volunteers, in two boats, with the intention of destroying the shipping, about two
+    hundred sail, which lay in the harbor of Whitehaven.</p>
+    <a name="page100" id="page100"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 100]</span>
+    <p>In this daring attempt he would probably have succeeded without difficulty, had
+    not the strength of the opposing tide retarded his progress so much, that day began
+    to dawn before he could gain the shore. He despatched the smaller of the two boats to
+    the north of the port to set fire to the vessels, whilst he led the remainder of the
+    party to the more hazardous duty of securing the fort, which was situated on a hill
+    to the south. It was a cold morning, and the sentinels little aware that an enemy was
+    so near, had retired into the guard-room for warmth, affording Jones an opportunity
+    to take them by surprise, of which he did not fail to avail himself. Climbing over
+    the shoulders of the tallest of his men, he crept silently through one of the
+    embrasures and was instantly followed by the rest. Their first care was to make fast
+    the door of the guard-room, and their next to spike the cannon, thirty-six in number.
+    Having effected this without bloodshed, they proceeded to join the detachment which
+    had been sent to the north; and finding that a false alarm had deterred them from
+    executing their orders, Jones instantly proceeded to set fire to the vessels within
+    his reach. By this time, however, the inhabitants were roused, and the invaders were
+    obliged to retreat, leaving three ships in flames, of which one alone was
+    destroyed.</p>
+    <a name="page101" id="page101"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 101]</span>
+    <p>On the same day with this adventure, another memorable occurrence took place,
+    which contributed, for a time, to add greatly to the odium which the first had
+    brought on his name in Britain, but which, in the end, enabled him to prove that he
+    was possessed of the most heroic qualities. In cruising off the coast of Galloway, it
+    occurred to him, that, if he could get into his power a man of high rank and
+    influence in the state, he should able, by retaining him as a hostage, to ensure to
+    the American prisoners of war more lenient treatment than was threatened by the
+    British government. Knowing that the Earl of Selkirk possessed a seat at St. Mary's
+    Isle, a beautiful peninsula at the mouth of the Dee, and being ill-informed with
+    regard to the political connections of that nobleman, he destined him for the subject
+    of his experiment. With that <a name="page102" id="page102"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 102]</span> view, he landed on the Isle, about noon, with two
+    officers and a few men; but, before they had proceeded far, he learned that his
+    lordship was from home. Finding his object frustrated, he now wished to return; but
+    his crew were not so easily satisfied. Their object was plunder; and as they
+    consisted of men in a very imperfect state of discipline, and with whom it would have
+    been dangerous to contend, he allowed them to proceed. He exacted from them, however,
+    a promise that they should be guilty of no violence; that the men should not enter
+    the house, and that the officers, after having made their demands, should accept what
+    might be put into their hands without scrutiny. These conditions were punctually
+    obeyed. The greater part of the Selkirk plate was carried off in triumph by the crew,
+    and Paul Jones was, for a time, stigmatized as a freebooter; but he nobly vindicated
+    his character, by taking the earliest opportunity of purchasing the whole of it, out
+    of his own <a name="page103" id="page103"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 103]</span>
+    private funds, and remitting it safe to its original owner, without accepting the
+    smallest remuneration. National prejudice has misrepresented this transaction; and in
+    order to excite the popular indignation against Jones, it has been common to state,
+    that this attempt on the person, and as it was supposed the property, of Lord
+    Selkirk, was aggravated by ingratitude, his father having eaten of that nobleman's
+    bread. Nothing can be more false. Neither Mr. Paul, nor any of his kindred, ever was
+    in the earl's employ, or had ever the most distant connection with his lordship or
+    his family; and in a correspondence which took place between our hero and Lady
+    Selkirk, relative to the restitution of the plate, a most honorable testimony was
+    gratefully paid by the latter to the captain's character.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page104" id="page104"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 104]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image63_full.png"><img src="images/image63_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Nelson Saved By His Coxswain." /></a>
+      <p>Nelson Saved By His Coxswain.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>ADMIRAL NELSON.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image64_full.png"><img src="images/image64_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Nelson lost the sight of one eye at the siege of Calvi, by a shot driving the sand
+    and gravel into it, and he lost his arm by a shot in an expedition against Teneriffe;
+    but the most dangerous of his exploits were, boarding the battery at San Bartolomeo,
+    boarding the San Joseph, the boat action in the Bay of Cadiz, and the famous battles
+    of the Nile and Trafalgar. Of these, perhaps, the boat action during the blockade of
+    Cadiz was the most severe. While making an attempt against the Spanish gunboats, he
+    was attacked by D. Miguel Tregayen, in an armed launch, carrying twenty-six men;
+    fearful odds against his ten bargemen, captain, and coxswain. Eighteen Spaniards were
+    killed, the rest wounded, and the launch captured.</p>
+    <a name="page105" id="page105"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 105]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image65_full.png"><img src="images/image65_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Admiral Nelson." /></a>
+      <p>Admiral Nelson.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page107" id="page107"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 107]</span>
+    <p>The Spaniards were more than two to one, and yet he beat them; but it was a hard
+    and desperate struggle, hand to hand and blade to blade. Twice did John Sykes, the
+    coxswain, save Nelson's life, by parrying off blows that would have destroyed him,
+    and once did he interpose his head to receive the blow of a Spanish sabre; but he
+    would willingly have died for his admiral.</p>
+    <p>Poor Sykes was wounded badly, but not killed.</p>
+    <a name="page108" id="page108"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 108]</span>
+    <p>When Nelson's health was established after the loss of his arm, he sent to the
+    minister of St. George's, Hanover Square, the following desire to offer up his
+    thanksgiving:&mdash;"An officer desires to return thanks to Almighty God for his
+    perfect recovery from a severe wound, and also for the many mercies bestowed on him."
+    Thus showing that he was humble enough to be thankful to God, and continued so in the
+    midst of all his successes.</p>
+    <p>The following is an instance of his coolness in the hour of danger. The late
+    Lieutenant-General the Hon. Sir William Stewart, as lieutenant-colonel of the
+    rifle-brigade, embarked to do duty in the fleet which was led by Sir Hyde Parker and
+    Nelson, to the attack of Copenhagen in 1801. "I was," says he, "with Lord Nelson when
+    he wrote the note to the Crown Prince of Denmark, proposing terms of arrangement. A
+    cannon ball struck off the head of the boy who was crossing the cabin with the light
+    to seal it. "Bring another candle," said his lordship. I observed, that I thought it
+    might very well be sent as it was, for it would not be expected that the usual forms
+    could be observed at such a moment. "That is the very thing I should wish to avoid,
+    Colonel," replied he, "for if the least appearance of precipitation were perceptible
+    in the manner of sending this note, it might spoil all." Another candle being now
+    brought, his lordship sealed the letter, carefully enclosed in an envelope, with a
+    seal bearing his coat of arms and coronet, and delivered it to the officer in waiting
+    to receive it. It is said that the moment was a critical one, and that Lord Nelson's
+    note decided the event."</p>
+    <a name="page109" id="page109"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 109]</span>
+    <p>A seaman of the name of Hewson, who had served under Nelson, was working as a
+    caster in a manufactory at Birmingham when Nelson visited that place. Among other
+    manufactories, the admiral paid a visit to that where Hewson was at work as a
+    brass-founder; and though no employment disfigures a workman more with smoke and dust
+    than the process of casting, the quick eye of Nelson recognized in the caster an old
+    associate. "What, Hewson, my lad," said he, "are you here?" Hewson laid hold of the
+    hair that hung over his forehead, and making an awkward bow, replied, "Yes, your
+    honor." "Why, how comes this about! You and I are old acquaintances; you were with me
+    in the Captain when I boarded the San Joseph, were you not?" Hewson again laid hold
+    of of his hair, and bowing, replied, "Yes, your honor." "I remember you well," said
+    Nelson; "you were one of the cleverest fellows about the vessel! If any thing was to
+    be done, Hewson was the lad to do. Why, what do you here, working like a negro? Take
+    this," throwing him money, "and wash the dust down your throat."</p>
+    <a name="page110" id="page110"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 110]</span>
+    <p>Hewson withdrew to a neighboring alehouse, boasting of the character the admiral
+    had given him. Month after month passed away, but Hewson returned not&mdash;his
+    shop-tools were abandoned, and no one could account for his absence. At length a
+    stripling, in a sailor's jacket, entered the manufactory and said, "he was come to
+    settle his father's affairs." This was no other than Hewson's son, from whose account
+    it appeared, that when Hewson, somewhat elevated with liquor, but more with the
+    praise the admiral had bestowed on him, quitted Birmingham, he walked his way down to
+    Portsmouth, entered once more on board Lord Nelson's ship, and fell with him in the
+    battle of Trafalgar.</p>
+    <a name="page111" id="page111"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 111]</span>
+    <p>At the battle of Trafalgar, Collingwood, in the Royal Sovereign, led the lee-line
+    of fourteen ships, Nelson, in the Victory, was at the head of the weather-line,
+    consisting of fourteen ships. Besides these there were four frigates.</p>
+    <p>The ships of France and Spain, opposed to the British, were in number
+    thirty-three, with seven large frigates. The odds were great against the English, but
+    the superior tactics, and well-known bravery of Nelson, clothed him with power, that
+    more than made up the difference. When every thing was prepared for the engagement,
+    Nelson retired into his cabin alone, and wrote down the following prayer.</p>
+    <a name="page112" id="page112"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 112]</span>
+    <p>"May the great God, whom I worship grant to my country, and for the benefit of
+    Europe in general, a great and glorious victory, and may no misconduct in any one
+    tarnish it, and may humanity after victory, be the predominant feature in the British
+    fleet! For myself, individually, I commit my life to Him that made me; and may his
+    blessing alight on my endeavors for serving my country faithfully! To him I resign
+    myself, and the just cause which is entrusted to me to defend. Amen! Amen! Amen!"</p>
+    <p>He wore on the day of the battle his admiral's frock coat, and on his left breast,
+    over his heart, four stars of the orders of honor, which had been conferred upon him.
+    Those around thought it was dangerous to wear his stars, lest he should be too
+    plainly seen by the enemy, but they were afraid to tell him so, because he had said,
+    "In honor I gained them, and in honor I will die with them."</p>
+    <a name="page113" id="page113"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 113]</span>
+    <p>The effect produced by the signal given by Lord Nelson, "England expects every man
+    to do his duty!" was wonderful; it ran from ship to ship, from man to man, from heart
+    to heart, like a train of gunpowder. Officers and men seemed animated with one
+    spirit, and that was a determination to win the day, or at least never to surrender
+    to the enemy.</p>
+    <p>The captains commanded on their quarterdecks; the boatswains in the forecastle;
+    the gunners attended to the magazines, and the carpenters with their plug-shots, put
+    themselves in readiness with high-wrought energy, nor were the seamen and marines a
+    whit behind hand in entering on their several duties. The guns, the tackle, the
+    round, grape, and canister-shot, the powder-boys, the captains of guns, with their
+    priming-boxes, and the officers with their drawn swords, cut an imposing appearance;
+    and the cock-pit would have made a rudy face turn pale.</p>
+    <p>The wounded are all taken down into the cock-pit. It will hardly bear thinking
+    about. But in the cockpit were laid out ready for use, wine, water, and surgeon's
+    instruments, with napkins, basins, sponges, and bandages.</p>
+    <a name="page114" id="page114"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 114]</span>
+    <p>The combined fleets of France and Spain, at Trafalgar, under Villenueve, the
+    French admiral, a brave and skilful man, were in the form of a crescent, and the two
+    British lines ran down upon them parallel to each other. As soon as the British van
+    was within gunshot the enemy opened their fire. The Royal Sovereign soon rounded to
+    under the stern of the Santa Anna, and Admiral Nelson's ship, the Victory, laid
+    herself on board the Redoubtable. From that moment the roaring of guns, the crash
+    against the sides of the ships, clouds of smoke, splintered yards, and falling masts,
+    were the order of the day.</p>
+    <p>The death warrant of the navy of France was signed and sealed by the fight of
+    Trafalgar. In the heat of the action, a ball, fired from the mizzen-top of the
+    Redoubtable, struck Admiral Nelson on the left shoulder, when he instantly fell.
+    "They have done for me, at last, Hardy," said he, to his captain.</p>
+    <p>Though mortally wounded, he gave some necessary direction concerning the ship, and
+    when carried below inquired earnestly how the battle went on. When he knew that the
+    victory had been gained&mdash;for twenty ships in all struck to the British
+    admiral&mdash;he expressed himself satisfied. "Now I am satisfied," said he; "thank
+    God, I have done my duty!" Many times he repeated this expression, and "Thank God I
+    have done my duty;" and "Kiss me, Hardy," were among the last words that were uttered
+    by his lips. Thus, with a heart full of patriotism, died the bravest commander, the
+    most vigilant seaman, and the most ardent friend of his country, that every led on a
+    British fleet to victory.</p>
+    <a name="page115" id="page115"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 115]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image66_full.png"><img src="images/image66_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Death Of Nelson." /></a>
+      <p>Death Of Nelson.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page117" id="page117"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 117]</span>
+    <p>Even amid the exultation of victory, a grateful country mourned his loss. A
+    bountiful provision was made for his family; a public funeral was awarded to his
+    remains, and monuments in the principal cities of his native land were erected to his
+    memory. A sorrowing nation lamented over his bier, and Britania, indeed, felt that
+    old England's defender was numbered with the dead.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page118" id="page118"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 118]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image67_full.png"><img src="images/image67_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Balboa Discovering The Pacific Ocean." /></a>
+      <p>Balboa Discovering The Pacific Ocean.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image68_full.png"><img src="images/image68_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Vasco Nunes de Balboa, a Spaniard, as you see by his name, was born in 1475. He
+    was one of the adventurers who pursued the path which Columbus had pointed out. He
+    led a party of Spaniards, who going out from Darien founded a colony in the
+    neighboring regions. Some gold being found the Spaniards got into a violent
+    quarrel.</p>
+    <a name="page119" id="page119"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 119]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image69_full.png"><img src="images/image69_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Indian Chief Disgusted At The Spaniards." /></a>
+      <p>The Indian Chief Disgusted At The Spaniards.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>One of the Indian chiefs being present, was so disgusted at this, that he struck
+    the scales with which they were weighing it so hard with his fist, that the gold was
+    scattered all about.</p>
+    <p>"Why," said he, "do you quarrel for such a trifle? If you really value gold so
+    highly, as to leave your own homes, and come and seize the lands and dwellings of
+    others for the sake of it, I can tell you of a land where you may find it in plenty.
+    Beyond those lofty mountains," said he, pointing to the south-west, "lies a mighty
+    sea, which people sail on with vessels almost as big as yours. All the streams that
+    flow from the other side of these mountains abound in gold, and all the utensils of
+    the people are made of gold."</p>
+    <a name="page120" id="page120"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 120]</span>
+    <p>This was enough for Balboa. He inquired of the Indian the best way of getting
+    across the mountains, to find this land of gold. The Indian kindly told him every
+    thing he knew, but at the same time warned him not to go over there, for the Indians
+    were many and were fierce, and would eat human flesh. But Balboa was not to be
+    discouraged. He collected a band of one hundred and ninety bold and hardy men, armed
+    with swords, targets, and cross-bows, and some blood-hounds, (for, strange to tell,
+    the Spaniards had trained fierce dogs to hunt the Indians, and even the mild Bilboa
+    was not ashamed to use them,) and so he set out on his expedition to the west.</p>
+    <a name="page121" id="page121"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 121]</span>
+    <p>Embarking with his men, September 1st, 1513, at the village of Darien, in a
+    brigantine and nine large canoes, he sailed along the coast to the north-west, to
+    Coyba, where the young Indian chief lived, and where the Isthmus of Darien is
+    narrowest. He had taken a few friendly Indians with him, as guides; and the young
+    chief furnished him with a few more on his arrival. Then leaving half his own men at
+    Coyba, to guard the brigantine and canoes, he began his march for the mountains, and
+    through the terrible wilderness.</p>
+    <p>It was the 6th of September. The heat was excessive, and the journey toilsome and
+    difficult. They had to climb rocky precipices, struggle through close and tangled
+    forests, and cross marshes, which the great rains had rendered almost impassable.
+    September 8th, they passed an Indian village at the foot of the mountains, but the
+    inhabitants did not molest them; on the contrary they fled into the forests.</p>
+    <p>Here some of the men became exhausted, from the great heat and travelling in the
+    marshes. These were sent back, by slow marches, in the care of guides, to Coyba. On
+    the 20th of September they again set forward.</p>
+    <a name="page122" id="page122"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 122]</span>
+    <p>The wilderness was so craggy, and the forest trees and underwood so matted
+    together, that in four days they only advanced about thirty miles, and they now began
+    to suffer from hunger. They also met with many rapid foaming streams, to cross some
+    of which they had to stop and build rafts.</p>
+    <p>Now it was that they met with a numerous tribe of Indians, who, armed with bows
+    and arrows, and clubs of palm wood, almost as hard as iron, gave them battle. But the
+    Spaniards, although comparatively few in numbers, with their fire-arms and
+    bloodhounds and the aid of the friendly Indians who were with them, soon put them to
+    flight, and took possession of their village. Balboa's men robbed the village of all
+    its gold and silver, and of every thing valuable in it; and even he himself, whose
+    heart the love of gold had begun already to harden, shared with his men the
+    plunder.</p>
+    <p>It was a dear bought victory, however; for though the Indians had lost six hundred
+    of their number in the contest, they could easily recruit their forces. But Balboa,
+    whose band was now reduced, by sickness and the contest, from ninety-five men to
+    sixty-seven, had no means of adding to their strength, but was forced to proceed with
+    what forces he had.</p>
+    <a name="page123" id="page123"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 123]</span>
+    <p>Early the next morning after the battle, they set out on their journey up the
+    mountain. About ten o'clock they came out of the tangled forest, and reached an open
+    space, where they enjoyed the cool breezes of the mountains. They now began to take a
+    little courage. Their joy was heightened still more, when they heard one of the
+    Indian guides exclaim, "The sea! the sea!"</p>
+    <p>Balboa commanded his men to stop; and resolving to be the first European who
+    should behold this new sea, he forbade his men to stir from their places till he
+    called them. Then ascending to the summit of the height, which the Indian had
+    mounted, he beheld the sea glittering in the morning sun.</p>
+    <p>Calling now upon his little troop to ascend the height, and view the noble
+    prospect along with him, "behold," said he, "the rich reward of our toil. This is a
+    sight upon which no Spaniard's eye ever before rested." And in their great joy the
+    leader and his men embraced each other.</p>
+    <a name="page124" id="page124"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 124]</span>
+    <p>Balboa then took possession of the sea and coast, and the surrounding country, in
+    the name of the King of Spain; and having cut down a tree, and made it into the form
+    of a cross&mdash;for they were Catholics&mdash;he set it up on the very spot where he
+    first beheld the grand Pacific Ocean. He also made a high mound, by heaping up large
+    stones, upon which he carved the king's name. This was on September 26th, 1513.</p>
+    <p>Not content with seeing the ocean, Balboa determined to visit it. Arriving, after
+    much toil, at one of the bays on the coast, he called it St. Michael's Bay. Coming to
+    a beach a mile or two long, "If this is a sea," said he, "it will soon be covered
+    with water; let us wait and see if there be a tide." So he seated himself under a
+    tree, and the water soon began to flow. He tasted it and found it salt; and then
+    waded up to his knees in it, and took possession of it in the name of his king.</p>
+    <a name="page126" id="page126"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 126]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image70_full.png"><img src="images/image70_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Death Of Balboa." /></a>
+      <p>Death Of Balboa.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page127" id="page127"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 127]</span>
+    <p>Balboa's heart was now so lifted up by success, and his whole nature so changed,
+    that he was ready to fight and destroy every Indian tribe that opposed his progress.
+    But he had not always the best of it. On one occasion he was lost, with one or two
+    followers, and having been seized by some natives, carried immediately before their
+    cazique, or chief. He was seated on a raised seat, covered with a panther's skin, and
+    bore a single feather of the vulture upon his head. Beside him stood his slaves, to
+    fan him, and screen his head from the sun, and around him warriors, with the sculls
+    of their enemies fixed upon their spears: which made the whole scene very
+    horrible.</p>
+    <p>Balboa humbled himself before the chief; and taking off his coat, profusely
+    decorated, offered it as a peace offering. The cazique would not accept it, but said,
+    "You are poor and desolate&mdash;I am rich and powerful. I will not hurt you, though
+    you are my enemy." He then ordered him safe conduct through the forests; and Balboa
+    regained his own people, the Spaniards, in safety. This escape softened Balboa's
+    heart, and he never afterwards treated the Indians with the same severity.</p>
+    <a name="page128" id="page128"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 128]</span>
+    <p>After many victories, and many other singular escapes, he returned back to Coyba.
+    But the sufferings of his men, in returning, were extreme, for want both of water and
+    provisions. The streams were most of them dried up, and provisions could not be
+    found. Gold they indeed had, almost as much as they could carry, and the Indians kept
+    bringing them more; but this they could not eat or drink, and it would not buy what
+    was not to be bought.</p>
+    <p>He arrived at Darien after about two months' absence, having lost nearly all his
+    men, by war and sickness. His discovery made a great noise, and procured him much
+    honor, but he did not live to enjoy it.</p>
+    <p>A new governor was appointed in his place, who, having a mortal hatred to Balboa,
+    threw him into prison, and, after a mock trial, had him beheaded, in 1517, in his
+    48th year.</p>
+    <a name="page130" id="page130"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 130]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image71_full.png"><img src="images/image71_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Admiral Keppel." /></a>
+      <p>Admiral Keppel.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page131" id="page131"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 131]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image72_full.png"><img src="images/image72_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>ADMIRAL KEPPEL AND THE DEY OF ALGIERS.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image73_full.png"><img src="images/image73_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>When Admiral Keppel was sent to the Dey of Algiers, to demand restitution of two
+    ships which the pirates had taken, he sailed with his squadron into the Bay of
+    Algiers, and cast anchor in front of the Dey's <a name="page132"
+    id="page132"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 132]</span> palace. He then landed, and,
+    attended only by his captain and barge's crew, demanded an immediate audience of the
+    Dey. This being granted, he claimed full satisfaction for the injuries done to the
+    subjects of his Britannic Majesty. Surprised and enraged at the boldness of the
+    admiral's remonstrance, the Dey exclaimed, "that he wondered at the English King's
+    insolence in sending him a foolish, beardless boy." A well-timed reply from the
+    admiral made the Dey forget the laws of all nations in respect to ambassadors, and he
+    ordered his mutes to attend with the bow-string, at the same time telling the admiral
+    he should pay for his audacity with his life. Unmoved by this menace, the admiral
+    took the Dey to the window facing the bay, and showed him the English fleet riding at
+    anchor, and told him that if he dared put him to death there were men enough in that
+    fleet to make him a glorious funeral-pile. The Dey was wise enough to take the hint.
+    The admiral obtained ample restitution, and came off in safety.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page134" id="page134"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 134]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image74_full.png"><img src="images/image74_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Loss Of The Cataraque" /></a>
+      <p>Loss Of The Cataraque</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page135" id="page135"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 135]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image75_full.png"><img src="images/image75_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE CATARAQUE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image76_full.png"><img src="images/image76_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Admiral Keppel." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The Cataraque, Captain C.W. Findlay, sailed from Liverpool, on the 20th of April,
+    1849, with three hundred and sixty emigrants, and a crew including two doctors,
+    (brothers,) of forty-six souls. The emigrants were principally from Bedfordshire,
+    Staffordshire, Yorkshire, and Northamptonshire. About one hundred and twenty of the
+    passengers were married, with families, and in all seventy-three children.</p>
+    <a name="page136" id="page136"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 136]</span>
+    <p>On the 3d of August, at seven o'clock in the evening, the ship was hove to, and
+    continued lying to until three A.M. of the 4th. At half past four, being quite dark,
+    and raining hard, blowing a fearful gale, the ship struck on a reef, situated on the
+    west coast of King's Island, at the entrance of Bass's Straights.</p>
+    <p>Immediately after the ship struck, she was sounded, and it was ascertained that
+    there was four feet of water in the hold. An awful scene of confusion and misery
+    ensued. All the passengers attempted to rush upon deck, and many succeeded in doing
+    so, until the heaving of the vessel knocked down the ladders, when the shrieks from
+    below, calling on those on deck to assist them were terrific. The crew were on deck
+    the moment the ship struck, and were instantly employed in handing up the passengers.
+    Up to the time the vessel began breaking up, the crew succeeded in getting upwards of
+    three hundred passengers on deck. But a terrible fate awaited the greater part of
+    them.</p>
+    <a name="page137" id="page137"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 137]</span>
+    <p>The day dawned. The stern of the vessel was found to be washed in, and numerous
+    dead bodies were found floating round the ship; some clinging to the rocks which they
+    had grasped in despair. About two hundred of the passengers and crew held on to the
+    vessel, although the raging sea was breaking over her, and every wave washed some of
+    them to a watery grave. In this manner, kindred were separated, while those who
+    remained could only expect the same fate to reach them. Things continued in this
+    condition until four in the afternoon, when the vessel parted amidships, at the fore
+    part of the main rigging, and immediately between seventy and a hundred persons were
+    thrown into the waves. Thus the insatiable ocean swallowed its prey piece-meal. About
+    five, the wreck parted by the fore-rigging, and so many persons were thrown into the
+    sea, that only seventy were left on the forecastle, they being lashed to the wreck.
+    Even these were gradually diminished in number, some giving out from exhaustion, and
+    others anticipating fate, by drowning themselves.</p>
+    <a name="page138" id="page138"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 138]</span>
+    <p>When day dawned, on the following morning, only about thirty persons were left
+    alive, and these were almost exhausted. The sea was making a clean breach into the
+    forecastle, the deck of which was rapidly breaking up. Parents and children, husbands
+    and wives, were seen floating around the vessel, many in an embrace, which even the
+    ocean's power could not sunder. The few who remained alive could only look up to
+    heaven for a hope of safety. Soon after daylight, the vessel totally disappeared, and
+    out of four hundred and twenty-three persons who had been on board the vessel, only
+    nine were saved by being washed on shore, and these were nearly exhausted.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image77_full.png"><img src="images/image77_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page140" id="page140"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 140]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image78_full.png"><img src="images/image78_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Loss Of The Francis Spaight." /></a>
+      <p>Loss Of The Francis Spaight.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page141" id="page141"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 141]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image79_full.png"><img src="images/image79_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE FRANCIS SPAIGHT.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image80_full.png"><img src="images/image80_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>On the morning of the 7th of January, 1848, the barque Francis Spaight, lying in
+    Table Bay, at the Cape of Good Hope, parted her anchor, and in attempting to beat
+    out, grounded, broadside on the beach. The gale at the time she struck was furious,
+    and the surf tremendous, making a clean breach over the vessel, carrying away the
+    bulwark, long boat, main hatch, and part of the deck, with one of the crew.</p>
+    <a name="page142" id="page142"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 142]</span>
+    <p>The shore was thronged with the inhabitants of Cape Town, anxious for the fate of
+    the vessel. An attempt was made to send a rope from the land to the wreck, but the
+    rope broke. Rockets were fired with lines attached, and one was thrown across the
+    foremast stay, where none of the men could reach it, on account of the fearful
+    rolling of the sea. After some extraordinary delay, a whale boat was brought from the
+    town, and manned by six daring fellows, who dashed through the surf, and were soon
+    alongside the vessel.</p>
+    <p>All except the carpenter, fifteen in number, got into the boat, and pushed off. At
+    this moment a terrific sea upset the boat, and twenty-one persons were struggling in
+    the surf for life. The people on the beach were horror-stricken; and men on horseback
+    were seen plunging into the sea, risking their lives to save their fellow-creatures;
+    but eighteen sunk to rise no more. The masts of the vessel fell with a tremendous
+    crash, but the carpenter still clung to the wreck. At length a surf-boat, towed by a
+    smaller one, proceeded towards the wreck. One of these boats was capsized, and two
+    lives lost. But the carpenter was rescued. This man, (James Robertson,) and John
+    McLeod, seaman, were all of the crew that reached the shore. The inhabitants of Cape
+    Town were all anxiety in regard to the fate of the vessel; and those daring heroes
+    who sacrificed themselves for the sake of their fellow men were worthy of a monument
+    as lofty as those erected to the bravest warriors.</p>
+    <a name="page143" id="page143"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 143]</span>
+    <p>The place where the Francis Spaight went ashore had been, a short time previous,
+    the scene of a far more terrible disaster. This was the wreck of the ship Waterloo,
+    by which two hundred persons were lost, in spite of the most extraordinary and heroic
+    exertions on the part of the inhabitants of Cape Town.</p>
+    <a name="page144" id="page144"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 144]</span>
+    <p>The bay is very much exposed to storms, and its shores are particulary dangerous,
+    on account of their shelving character. The Francis Spaight had just put into the bay
+    for the purpose of obtaining a supply of provisions, and it was intended that she
+    should sail the next day. But the Ruler of the elements intended it otherwise. Her
+    cargo was nearly a total loss.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image81_full.png"><img src="images/image81_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page145" id="page145"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 145]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image82_full.png"><img src="images/image82_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE GOLDEN RULE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image83_full.png"><img src="images/image83_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The ship Golden Rule, Captain Austin, sailed from Wiscasset, with a cargo of
+    timber, September, 8, 1807.</p>
+    <p>On the 29th, she experienced a severe gale from the south-east; and at eight
+    o'clock, A.M., they discovered that she had sprung a leak, and had four feet of water
+    in her hold; at nine it had increased to eight feet, notwithstanding they had two
+    pumps going, and were throwing her deck load overboard, which they were enabled to do
+    very slowly, from the sea driving the planks about the deck, and wounding the
+    crew.</p>
+    <a name="page146" id="page146"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 146]</span>
+    <p>About ten o'clock, the water had risen to twelve feet, and the gale had also
+    evidently increased; the crew and all on board were quite exhausted; and on going
+    into the cabin they found she was welling fast. The main and mizzen masts were now
+    cut away, to prevent her upsetting, and she was quite clear of her deck load. At
+    eleven o'clock she was full up to her main deck, and all her bulk heads were knocked
+    away.</p>
+    <p>It now occurred to some of the crew, to endeavor to save some bread; and Mr. Boyd,
+    the first mate, with great resolution, went into the cabin and gave out some bread,
+    and two bottles of rum; but so rapidly did she fill, from the timber of her cargo
+    shifting, that he was forced to break through the sky-light to save himself. Their
+    small stock of provisions was now put into the binnacle, as a secure place. It had
+    been there but a few minutes, when a tremendous sea struck them, and carried away the
+    binnacle.</p>
+    <a name="page147" id="page147"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 147]</span>
+    <p>They had now little hope left&mdash;the wheel was broken, and they proceeded to
+    secure themselves as well as they could, some in the fore-top, and the rest were
+    lashing themselves to the taffrail; before they could accomplish the latter plan,
+    another sea, if possible, more heavy than the former, hurried them all from their
+    places, and washed two of the men overboard; they were seen swimming for the ship, a
+    short time, when a wave hurried them from the sight of their lamenting comrades.</p>
+    <p>They now endeavored to keep the ship before the wind, which they were partially
+    enabled to do through the night. The next day another man died from cold and
+    hunger.</p>
+    <p>The deck was now blown up, and her side stove in, all hands had given themselves
+    up, when, on the 30th at noon, they were roused by the cry of "a sail!" and they had
+    the satisfaction to see her bear down for them. She was the brig George, of Portland;
+    and Captain Wildridge sent his long-boat to take them from the wreck.</p>
+    <a name="page148" id="page148"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 148]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image84_full.png"><img src="images/image84_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page149" id="page149"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 149]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image85_full.png"><img src="images/image85_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>DANGERS OF WHALING SHIPS AMONG ICE BERGS.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image86_full.png"><img src="images/image86_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The masses of ice by which the ocean is traversed assume a vast variety of shapes,
+    but may be comprehended in two general classes. The first consists of sheets of ice,
+    analogous to those which annually cover the the lakes and rivers of northern lands.
+    They present a surface which is <a name="page150" id="page150"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 150]</span> generally level, but here and there diversified by
+    projections, called <i>hummocks</i>, which arise from the ice having been thrown up
+    by some pressure or force to which it has been subject. Sheets of ice, which are so
+    large that their whole extent of surface cannot be seen from the masthead of a
+    vessel, are called <i>fields</i>. They have sometimes an area of more than a hundred
+    square miles, and rise above the level of the sea from two to eight feet. When a
+    piece of ice, though of a considerable size, can be distinguished in its extent, it
+    is termed a <i>floe</i>. A number of sheets, large or small, joining each other, and
+    stretching out in any particular direction, constitute a <i>stream</i>. Captain Cook
+    found a stream extending across Behring's Straits, connecting eastern Asia with the
+    western extremity of North America. Owing to the vast extent of some fields of ice,
+    they would undoubtedly be conducted to a lower latitude in the Atlantic before their
+    dissolution, under the influence of a warmer climate, but for the intervention of
+    other causes. It frequently <a name="page151" id="page151"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 151]</span> happens that two masses are propelled against each
+    other, and are both shivered into fragments by the violence of the concussion. The
+    ordinary swell of the ocean also acts with tremendous power upon a large tract,
+    especially when it has been so thawed as to have become thin, and breaks it up into a
+    thousand smaller pieces in a very short period. The danger of being entrapped between
+    two ice-fields coming into contact with each other is one of the perils which the
+    navigator has frequently to encounter in the northern seas; and fatal to his vessel
+    and his life has the occurrence often been, while in a vast number of instances
+    escape has seemed almost miraculous.</p>
+    <p>"At half-past six," says Captain Ross, relating to his first voyage of discovery,
+    in the Isabella, to the arctic regions, with Captain Parry, in the Alexander, "the
+    ice began to move, and, the wind increasing to a gale, the only chance left for us
+    was to endeavor to force the ship through it to the north, where it partially opened;
+    but the channel was so much obstructed by heavy fragments, that our utmost efforts
+    were ineffectual; the ice closed in upon us, and at noon we felt its pressure most
+    severely. A large floe, which lay on one side of the Isabella, appeared to be fixed;
+    while, on the other side, another of considerable bulk was passing along with a rapid
+    motion, assuming a somewhat circular direction, in consequence of one side having
+    struck on the fixed field. The pressure continuing to increase, it became doubtful
+    whether the ship would be able to sustain it; every support threatened to give way,
+    the beams in the hold began to bend, and the iron tanks settled together.</p>
+    <a name="page152" id="page152"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 152]</span>
+    <p>"At this critical moment, when it seemed impossible for us to bear the
+    accumulating pressure much longer, the hull rose several feet; while the ice, which
+    was more than six feet thick, broke against the sides, curling back on itself. The
+    great stress now fell upon our bow; and, after being again lifted up, we were carried
+    with great violence towards the Alexander which had hitherto been, in a great
+    measure, defended by <a name="page153" id="page153"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    153]</span> the Isabella. Every effort to avoid their getting foul of each other
+    failed; the ice-anchors and cables broke one after another; and the sterns of the two
+    ships came so violently into contact, as to crush to pieces a boat that could not be
+    removed in time. The collision was tremendous, the anchors and chain-plates being
+    broken, and nothing less than the loss of the masts expected; but at this eventful
+    instant, by the interposition of Providence, the force of the ice seemed exhausted;
+    the two fields suddenly receded, and we passed the Alexander with comparatively
+    little damage. A clear channel soon after opened, and we ran into a pool, thus
+    escaping the immediate danger; but the fall of snow being very heavy, our situation
+    still remained doubtful, nor could we conjecture whether we were yet in a place of
+    safety. Neither the masters, the mates, nor those men who had been all their lives in
+    the Greenland service, had ever experienced such imminent peril; and they declared,
+    that a common whaler must have been crushed to atoms."</p>
+    <a name="page154" id="page154"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 154]</span>
+    <p>Captain Scoresby relates a similar narrow escape from destruction owing to the
+    same cause. "In the year 1804," he observes, "I had an opportunity of witnessing the
+    effects produced by the lesser masses in motion. Passing between two fields of ice
+    newly formed, about a foot in thickness, they were observed rapidly to approach each
+    other, and, before our ship could pass the strait, they met with a velocity of three
+    or four miles per hour. The one overlaid the other, and presently covered many acres
+    of surface. The ship proving an obstacle to the course of the ice, it squeezed up on
+    both sides, shaking her in a dreadful manner, and producing a loud grinding or
+    lengthened acute trembling noise, according as the degree of pressure was diminished
+    or increased, until it had risen as high as the deck. After about two hours the
+    motion ceased, and soon afterwards the two sheets of ice receded from each other
+    nearly as rapidly as they had before advanced. The ship in this case did not receive
+    any injury; but, had the ice only been half a foot thicker, she might have been
+    wrecked." Other navigators have not been so fortunate; and the annual loss of whaling
+    vessels in the polar seas is considerable, the Dutch having had as many as
+    seventy-three sail of ships wrecked in one season. Between the years 1669 and 1778,
+    both inclusive, or a period of one hundred and seven years, they sent to the
+    Greenland fishery fourteen thousand one hundred and sixty-seven ships, of which five
+    hundred and sixty-one, or about four in the hundred, were lost.</p>
+    <a name="page155" id="page155"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 155]</span>
+    <p>Every one will remember the intense and mournful interest occasioned by the loss
+    of the President steamer which left New York in the year 1841 to cross the Atlantic,
+    but perished in the passage, without leaving a survivor to tell the story of her
+    fate. It has been deemed highly probable that this vessel got entangled in the ice,
+    and was destroyed by collision with its masses; for during that year, in the month of
+    April, the Great Western steamer encountered a field extending upwards of a hundred
+    miles in one direction, surrounded with an immense number of floes and bergs, and had
+    great difficulty in effecting its passage by this floating continent in safety.</p>
+    <a name="page156" id="page156"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 156]</span>
+    <p>Another form under which the ice appears in the ocean is that of bergs, which
+    differ from the ice-fields in shape and origin. They are masses projecting to a great
+    height above the surface of the water, and have the appearance of chalk or marble
+    cliffs and mountains upon the deep. They have been seen with an elevation of two
+    hundred feet&mdash;a circumference of two miles: and it has been shown by experiments
+    on the buoyancy of ice floating in sea water, that the proportion above the surface
+    is only about one-seventh of the thickness of the whole mass. During the first
+    expedition of Ross, he found an ice berg in Baffin's Bay, at a distance of seven
+    leagues from the land, which was measured by a party under Lieutenant Parry.
+    Considerable difficulty was experienced in the attempt to land, as, in rowing round
+    the berg, they found it perpendicular in every place but one. When they had ascended
+    to the <a name="page157" id="page157"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 157]</span> top,
+    which was perfectly flat, they discovered a white bear in quiet possession of the
+    mass, who plunged into the sea without hesitation, and effected his escape. The party
+    found the ice berg to be four thousand one hundred and sixty-nine yards long, three
+    thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine yards broad, and fifty-one feet high, being
+    aground in sixty-one fathoms. Its appearance was like that of the back of the Isle of
+    Wight, and the cliffs resembled those of the chalk range to the west of Dover. The
+    weight of this mass was calculated to amount to one billion two hundred and ninety
+    two millions three hundred and ninety seven thousand six hundred and seventy-three
+    tons.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image87_full.png"><img src="images/image87_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="A White Bear." /></a>
+      <p>A White Bear.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page158" id="page158"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 158]</span>
+    <p>An ice berg examined by Captain Graah, on the east coast of Greenland, rose one
+    hundred and twenty feet out of the water, had a circumference of four thousand feet
+    at the base, and its solid contents were estimated to be upwards of nine hundred
+    millions of cubic feet. When viewed at a distance, nothing can be more interesting
+    than the appearance of a considerable number of these formations, exhibiting an
+    infinite variety of shape, and requiring no stretch of imagination to convert them
+    into a series of floating towers, castles, churches, obelisks, and pyramids, or a
+    snowy range of Alpine heights. No pencil, an observer has remarked, has ever given
+    any thing like the true effect of an ice berg. In a picture they are huge, uncouth
+    masses, stuck in the sea; while their chief beauty and grandeur&mdash;their slow
+    stately motion, the whirling of the snow about their summits, and the fearful
+    crackling of their parts&mdash;they cannot give. The ice of the bergs is compact and
+    solid, or of a fine green tint verging to blue; and large pieces may be frequently
+    obtained, equal to the most beautiful crystal in transparency. It is stated by
+    Scoresby, that with a portion of this ice, of by no means regular convexity, used as
+    a burning lens, he has frequently burnt wood, fired gunpowder, melted lead, and lit
+    the sailors' pipes, to their no small astonishment, the ice itself remaining in the
+    mean while perfectly fixed and pellucid.</p>
+    <a name="page159" id="page159"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 159]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image88_full.png"><img src="images/image88_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page160" id="page160"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 160]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image89_full.png"><img src="images/image89_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>MASSACRE OF THE CREW OF THE ATAHUALPA.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image90_full.png"><img src="images/image90_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The Atahualpa, of Boston, left that port in August, 1803, bound to the north-west
+    coast of America, for the purpose of trading with the natives. She arrived on the
+    coast in the month of January, 1804; and, after visiting the several islands, and
+    purchasing skins, on the 5th of June, 1805, weighed anchor from Chockokee, on the
+    north-west coast, and made sail. On the 8th, arrived at Millbank sound, and came to
+    an anchor within musket-shot of the village. Soon after her arrival, the chief of the
+    Indians, by the name of Keite, came off to the ship, with some of his tribe, and
+    informed the captain that the Caroline, Captain Sturgess, had sailed from thence ten
+    days before.</p>
+    <a name="page161" id="page161"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 161]</span>
+    <p>On the 11th, the chief came off again, with his tribe, and another tribe that was
+    there, and traded very briskly till towards night, when becoming very insolent, they
+    were all turned out of the ship.</p>
+    <p>On the 13th, Keite and his tribe came on board in the morning, and seemed much
+    more desirous to trade than before, which Captain Porter was very glad to see. The
+    chief mate and two of the ship's company, were then engaged in ripping the main-sail
+    in pieces, on the quarter-deck; the second mate with two hands was repairing the
+    top-sail; two on the starboard side of the main-deck, spinning spun yarn; two more on
+    the forecastle, making sinnet; two more on the larboard side of the main-deck,
+    running shot in the armorer's forge; the cooper was making tubs; the cook, and
+    captain's steward in the galley, at their duty; and all hands, as usual, employed on
+    the ship's duty; the armorer was in the steerage, and the boatswain in the cabin;
+    Captain Porter, Mr. Ratstraw, his clerk, and Mr. Lyman Plummer, (nephew of Theodore
+    Lyman, Esq. of Boston, ship owner,) were standing on the larboard side of the
+    quarter-deck, abreast of the cabin hatchway.</p>
+    <a name="page162" id="page162"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 162]</span>
+    <p>The chief, Keite, stood leaning on the rail, and called Captain Porter to look at
+    the skins that were in the canoe, alongside the ship; the captain accordingly went to
+    look over the side, when the chief, with some more Indians, laid hold of him, and
+    gave a shout. Immediately all the Indians alongside of the canoe, and those on board,
+    armed with daggers, pistols, pikes, and other weapons, seized every man on deck, who
+    were totally unprepared for so sudden an attack. A most dreadful and sanguinary
+    contest immediately took place; when, after a short but bloody engagement of about
+    five minutes, the deck was immediately cleared of them.</p>
+    <a name="page163" id="page163"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 163]</span>
+    <p>There were about two hundred Indians, it is supposed, on board at this time; they
+    first daggered Captain Porter several times in the back, put him in a canoe
+    alongside, and carried him on shore; and, as we were afterwards informed by Captain
+    Smith, of the ship Mary, of Boston, who was informed by the New Hecta tribe, was by
+    them tied to a tree, in which unhappy and miserable situation he languished fifteen
+    days, refusing every species of nourishment offered him by these savages, occasioned
+    by his grief at this unfortunate accident.</p>
+    <p>Previous to this fatal business, there were twenty-three hands on board; ten of
+    whom were barbarously killed, and nine wounded. Among the killed were, Captain Oliver
+    Porter, Mr. John Hill, chief mate; Daniel Gooding, second mate; John D. Katstraw,
+    captain's clerk; Mr. Lyman Plummer, Peter Shooner, Luther Lapham, Samuel Lapham,
+    seamen; Isaac Lammes, cooper; and John Williams, cook. Mr. Lyman Plummer survived
+    about two hours after he was wounded. The cook, who was most shockingly cut and
+    mangled, languished till about six o'clock the next morning.</p>
+    <a name="page164" id="page164"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 164]</span>
+    <p>Among the wounded were, Ebenezer Baker, seaman, most dangerously, with daggers, he
+    having two stabs in his left thigh, one in his groin, one in his back, one in his
+    breast, and one in his neck; Henry Thompson, seaman, very dangerously, with daggers,
+    having one wound on the right side, one on the left shoulder, another on the left
+    arm, and two or three smaller ones on the same arm, one on the right temple, and
+    another on the left cheek; Ebenezer Williams, seaman, had three wounds in his thigh,
+    with daggers,&mdash;two on his back, and one on the right shoulder with a
+    boarding-pike; Luke Bates, seamen, one wound on the right shoulder with a
+    boarding-pike; Joseph Robinson, carpenter, wounded on the left breast; Thomas
+    Edwards, steward, stabbed on the left shoulder; W. Walker had two stabs, with
+    daggers, in his back.</p>
+    <a name="page165" id="page165"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 165]</span>
+    <p>After the deck was cleared of these sanguinary savages, several guns were fired at
+    the village, the sails were loosened, stream-cable cut, and the ship put to sea. The
+    same night they got under weigh, seven large war-canoes hove in sight, with about
+    thirty Indians in each. In this deplorable condition, with only four or five hands on
+    board capable of duty, the Atahualpa shaped her course for New Heita; but the wind
+    chopping round, put about, and stood to the westward.</p>
+    <p>On the 17th, it was thought time to bury the dead, when, after having sewed them
+    up, and got them ready for interment, prayers were read. They were then buried in
+    Queen Charlotte's Sound.</p>
+    <p>It cannot be ascertained with any degree of accuracy, how many of the Indians were
+    killed in this dreadful contest. It is supposed, however, that the number must have
+    exceeded forty; for a large canoe being under the ship's bow, with about twenty
+    Indians in her, who were cutting a cable, a swivel and several muskets were fired
+    into her, and but one of the Indians reached the shore in safety.</p>
+    <a name="page166" id="page166"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 166]</span>
+    <p>During the conflict with the savages, there were two barrels of powder unheaded,
+    and a loaded pistol prepared and given to a person who stood ready, should they get
+    into the cabin, and secure to themselves the ship, to fire into it, and blow the
+    whole up, preferring to die in that manner rather than fall into the hands of such
+    merciless wretches.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image91_full.png"><img src="images/image91_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page168" id="page168"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 168]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image92_full.png"><img src="images/image92_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Shipwreck Of The Blendenhall." /></a>
+      <p>Shipwreck Of The Blendenhall.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page169" id="page169"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 169]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image93_full.png"><img src="images/image93_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SHIPWRECK OF THE BLENDENHALL.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image94_full.png"><img src="images/image94_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>In the year 1821, the Blendenhall, free trader, bound from England for Bombay,
+    partly laden with broad-cloths, was proceeding on her voyage with every prospect of a
+    successful issue. While thus pursuing her way through the Atlantic, she was
+    unfortunately driven from her course, by <a name="page170" id="page170"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 170]</span> adverse winds and currents, more to the southward and
+    westward than was required, and it became desirable to reach the island of Tristan
+    d'Acunha, in order to ascertain and rectify the reckoning. This island, which is
+    called after the Portuguese admiral who first discovered it, is one of a group of
+    three, the others being the Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands, situated many
+    hundreds of miles from any land, and in a south-westerly direction from the Cape of
+    Good Hope. The shores are rugged and precipitous in the extreme, and form, perhaps,
+    the most dangerous coast upon which any vessel could be driven.</p>
+    <a name="page171" id="page171"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 171]</span>
+    <p>It was while steering to reach this group of islands, that, one morning, a
+    passenger on board the Blendenhall, who chanced to be upon deck earlier than usual,
+    observed great quantities of sea-weed occasionally floating alongside. This excited
+    some alarm, and a man was immediately sent aloft to keep a good look-out. The weather
+    was then extremely hazy, though moderate; the weeds continued; all were on the alert;
+    they shortened sail, and the boatswain piped for breakfast. In less than ten minutes,
+    "breakers ahead!" startled every soul, and in a moment all were on deck. "Breakers
+    starboard! breakers larboard! breakers all around," was the ominous cry a moment
+    afterwards, and all was confusion. The words were scarcely uttered, when, and before
+    the helm was up, the ill-fated ship struck, and after a few tremendous shocks against
+    the sunken reef, she parted about mid-ship. Ropes and stays were cut away&mdash;all
+    rushed forward, as if instinctively, and had barely reached the forecastle, when the
+    stern and quarter-deck broke asunder with a violent crash, and sunk to rise no more.
+    Two of the seamen miserably perished&mdash;the rest, including officers, passengers
+    and crew, held on about the head and bows&mdash;the struggle was for life!</p>
+    <a name="page172" id="page172"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 172]</span>
+    <p>At this moment, the Inaccessible Island, which till then had been veiled in thick
+    clouds and mist, appeared frowning above the haze. The wreck was more than two miles
+    from the frightful shore. The base of the island was still buried in impenetrable
+    gloom. In this perilous extremity, one was for cutting away the anchor, which had
+    been got up to the cat-head in time of need; another was for cutting down the
+    foremast (the foretop-mast being already by the board.) The fog totally disappeared,
+    and the black rocky island stood in all its rugged deformity before their eyes.
+    Suddenly the sun broke out in full splendor, as if to expose more clearly to the view
+    of the sufferers their dreadful predicament. Despair was in every bosom&mdash;death,
+    arrayed in all its terrors, seemed to hover over the wreck. But exertion was
+    required, and every thing that human energy could devise was effected. The wreck, on
+    which all eagerly clung, was fortunately drifted by the tide and wind between ledges
+    of sunken rocks and thundering breakers, until, after the lapse of several hours, it
+    entered the only spot on the island where a landing was possibly practicable, for all
+    the other parts of the coast consisted of perpendicular cliffs of granite, rising
+    from <a name="page173" id="page173"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 173]</span> amidst
+    the deafening surf to the height of twenty, forty, and sixty feet. As the shore was
+    neared, a raft was prepared, and on this a few paddled for the cove. At last the
+    wreck drove right in: ropes were instantly thrown out, and the crew and passengers,
+    (except two who had been crushed in the wreck,) including three ladies and a female
+    attendant, were snatched from the watery grave, which a few short hours before had
+    appeared inevitable, and safely landed on the beach. Evening had now set in, and
+    every effort was made to secure whatever could be saved from the wreck. Bales of
+    cloth, cases of wine, a few boxes of cheese, some hams, the carcass of a milch cow
+    that had been washed on shore, buckets, tubs, butts, a seaman's chest, (containing a
+    tinder-box and needles and thread,) with a number of elegant mahogany turned
+    bed-posts, and part of an investment for the India market, were got on shore. The
+    rain poured down in torrents&mdash;all hands were busily at work to procure shelter
+    from the weather; and with the bed-posts and broad-cloths, and part of the foresail,
+    as many tents were soon pitched as there were individuals on the island.</p>
+    <a name="page174" id="page174"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 174]</span>
+    <p>Drenched with the sea and with the rain, hungry, cold, and comfortless, thousands
+    of miles from their native land, almost beyond expectation of human succor, hope
+    nearly annihilated,&mdash;the shipwrecked voyagers retired to their tents. In the
+    morning the wreck had gone to pieces; and planks, and spars, and whatever had floated
+    in, were eagerly dragged on shore. No sooner was the unfortunate ship broken up, than
+    deeming themselves freed from the bonds of authority, many began to secure whatever
+    came to land: and the captain, officers, passengers, and crew, were now reduced to
+    the same level, and obliged to take their turn to fetch water, and explore the island
+    for food. The work of exploring was soon over&mdash;there was not a bird, nor a
+    quadruped, nor a single tree to be seen. All was barren and desolate. The low parts
+    were scattered over with stones and sand, and a few stunted weeds, rocks, ferns, and
+    other plants. The top <a name="page175" id="page175"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    175]</span> of the mountain was found to consist of a fragment of original
+    table-land, very marshy, and full of deep sloughs, intersected with small rills of
+    water, pure and pellucid as crystal, and a profusion of wild parsley and celery. The
+    prospect was one dreary scene of destitution, without a single ray of hope to relieve
+    the misery of the desponding crew. After some days, the dead cow, hams, and cheese,
+    were consumed; and from one end of the island to the other, not a morsel of food
+    could be seen. Even the celery began to fail. A few bottles of wine, which, for
+    security had been secreted under ground, only remained. Famine now began to threaten.
+    Every stone near the sea was examined for shell-fish, but in vain.</p>
+    <a name="page176" id="page176"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 176]</span>
+    <p>In this dreadful extremity, and while the half-famished seamen were at night
+    squatting in sullen dejection round their fires, a large lot of sea-birds, allured by
+    the flames, rushed into the midst of them, and were greedily laid hold of as fast as
+    they could be seized. For several nights in succession, similar flocks came in; and
+    by multiplying their fires a considerable supply was secured. These visits, however,
+    ceased at length, and the wretched party were exposed again to the most severe
+    privation. When their stock of wild fowl had been exhausted for more than two days,
+    each began to fear they were now approaching that sad point of necessity, when,
+    between death and casting lots who should be sacrificed to serve for food for the
+    rest, no alternative remained. While horror at the bare contemplation of an extremity
+    so repulsive occupied the thoughts of all, the horizon was observed to be suddenly
+    obscured, and presently clouds of penguin alighted on the island. The low grounds
+    were actually covered; and before the evening was dark, the sand could not be seen
+    for the number of eggs, which, like a sheet of snow, lay on the surface of the earth.
+    The penguins continued on the island four or five days, when, as if by signal, the
+    whole took their flight, and were never seen again. A few were killed, but the flesh
+    was so extremely rank and nauseous that it could not be eaten. The eggs <a
+    name="page177" id="page177"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 177]</span> were collected
+    and dressed in all manner of ways, and supplied abundance of food for upwards of
+    three weeks. At the expiration of that period, famine once more seemed inevitable;
+    the third morning began to dawn upon the unfortunate company after their stock of
+    eggs were exhausted; they had now been without food for more than forty hours, and
+    were fainting and dejected; when, as though this desolate rock were really a land of
+    miracles, a man came running up to the encampment with the unexpected and joyful
+    tidings that "millions of sea-cows had come on shore." The crew climbed over the
+    ledge of rocks that flanked their tents, and the sight of a shoal of manatees
+    immediately beneath them gladdened their hearts. These came in with the flood, and
+    were left in the puddles between the broken rocks of the cove. This supply continued
+    for two or three weeks. The flesh was mere blubber, and quite unfit for food, for not
+    a man could retain it on his stomach; but the liver was excellent, and on this they
+    subsisted. In the meantime, the carpenter with his <a name="page178"
+    id="page178"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 178]</span> gang had constructed a boat,
+    and four of the men had adventured in her for Tristan d'Acunha, in hopes of
+    ultimately extricating their fellow-sufferers from their perilous situation.
+    Unfortunately the boat was lost&mdash;whether carried away by the violence of the
+    currents that set in between the islands, or dashed to pieces against the breakers,
+    was never known, for no vestige of the boat or crew was ever seen. Before the
+    manatees, however, began to quit the shore, a second boat was launched; and in this
+    an officer and some seamen made a second attempt, and happily succeeded in effecting
+    a landing, after much labor, on the island, where they were received with much
+    cordiality and humanity by Governor Glass&mdash;a personage whom it will be necessary
+    to describe.</p>
+    <a name="page179" id="page179"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 179]</span>
+    <p>Tristan d'Acunha is believed to have been uninhabited until 1811, when three
+    Americans took up their residence upon it, for the purpose of cultivating vegetables,
+    and selling the produce, particularly potatoes, to vessels which might touch there on
+    their way to India, the Cape, or other parts in the southern ocean. These Americans
+    remained its only inhabitants till 1816, when, on Bonaparte being sent to St. Helena,
+    the British government deemed it expedient to garrison the island, and sent the
+    Falmouth man-of-war with a colony of forty persons, which arrived in the month of
+    August. At this time the chief of the American settlers was dead, and two only
+    survived; but what finally became of these we are not informed. The British garrison
+    was soon given up, the colony abandoned, and all returned to the Cape of Good Hope,
+    except a person named Glass, a Scotchman, who had been corporal of artillery, and his
+    wife, a Cape Creole. One or two other families afterwards joined them, and thus the
+    foundation of a nation on a small scale was formed; Mr. Glass, with the title and
+    character of governor, like a second Robinson Crusoe, being the undisputed chief and
+    lawgiver of the whole. On being visited in 1825, by Mr. Augustus Earle, the little
+    colony was found to be on the <a name="page180" id="page180"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 180]</span> increase, a considerable number of children having
+    been born since the period of settlement. The different families inhabited a small
+    village, consisting of cottages covered with thatch made of the long grass of the
+    island, and exhibiting an air of comfort, cleanliness, and plenty, truly English.</p>
+    <p>It was to this island that the boat's crew of the Blendenhall had bent their
+    course, and its principal inhabitant, Governor Glass, showed them every mark of
+    attention, not only on the score of humanity, but because they were fellow-subjects
+    of the same power&mdash;for, be it known, Glass did not lay claim to independent
+    monarchy, but always prayed publicly for King George as his lawful sovereign. On
+    learning the situation of the crew, on Inaccessible Island, he instantly launched his
+    boat, and unawed by considerations of personal danger, hastened, at the risk of his
+    life, to deliver his shipwrecked countrymen from the calamities they had so long
+    endured. He made repeated trips, surmounted all difficulties, and fortunately
+    succeeded in safely landing them on his own island, after they had been exposed for
+    nearly three months to the horrors of a situation almost unparalleled in the recorded
+    sufferings of seafaring men.</p>
+    <a name="page181" id="page181"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 181]</span>
+    <p>After being hospitably treated by Glass and his company for three months, the
+    survivors obtained a passage to the Cape, all except a young sailor named White, who
+    had formed an attachment to one of the servant girls on board, and who, in all the
+    miseries which had been endured, had been her constant protector and companion;
+    whilst gratitude on her part prevented her wishing to leave him. Both chose to
+    remain, and were forthwith adopted as free citizens of the little community.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image95_full.png"><img src="images/image95_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page182" id="page182"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 182]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image96_full.png"><img src="images/image96_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SHIPWRECK OF THE MEDUSA.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image97_full.png"><img src="images/image97_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>On the 17th of June, 1816, the Medusa, French frigate, commanded by Captain
+    Chaumareys, and accompanied by three smaller vessels, sailed from the island of Aix,
+    for the coast of Africa, in order to take possession of some colonies. The first
+    accident she encountered was off <a name="page183" id="page183"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 183]</span> Cape Finisterre, when one of the crew fell into the
+    sea; and from the apathy of his companions, their want of promptitude in manoeuvring,
+    with the want of every precaution, he was left to perish. On the tenth day of
+    sailing, there appeared an error of thirty leagues in the reckoning. On the 1st of
+    July, they entered the tropics; and there, with a childish disregard to danger, and
+    knowing that she was surrounded by all the unseen perils of the ocean, her crew
+    performed the ceremony usual to the occasion, while the vessel was running headlong
+    on destruction. The captain, presided over the disgraceful scene of merriment,
+    leaving the ship to the command of a Mons. Richefort, who had passed the ten
+    preceding years of his life in an English prison&mdash;a few persons on board
+    remonstrated in vain; though it was ascertained that they were on the banks of
+    Arguise, she continued her course, and heaved the lead, without slackening the sail.
+    Every thing denoted shallow water, but M. Richefort persisted in saying that they
+    were in one hundred fathoms. At that very moment only six fathoms were found; and the
+    vessel struck three times, being in about sixteen feet water, and the tide full
+    flood. At ebb-tide, there remained but twelve feet water; and after some bungling
+    manoeuvres, all hope of getting the ship off was abandoned.</p>
+    <a name="page184" id="page184"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 184]</span>
+    <p>When the frigate struck, she had on board six boats, of various capacities, all of
+    which could not contain the crew and passengers; and a raft was constructed. A
+    dreadful scene ensued. All scrambled out of the wreck without order or precaution.
+    The first who reached the boats refused to admit any of their fellow-sufferers into
+    them, though there was ample room for more. Some, apprehending that a plot had been
+    formed to abandon them in the vessel, flew to arms. No one assisted his companions;
+    and Captain Chaumareys stole out of a port-hole into his own boat, leaving a great
+    part of the crew to shift for themselves. At length they put off to sea, intending to
+    steer for the sandy coast of the desert, there to land, and thence to proceed with a
+    caravan to the island of St. Louis.</p>
+    <a name="page185" id="page185"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 185]</span>
+    <p>The raft had been constructed without foresight or intelligence. It was about
+    sixty-five feet long and twenty-five broad, but the only part which could be depended
+    upon was the middle; and that was so small, that fifteen persons could not lie down
+    upon it. Those who stood on the floor were in constant danger of slipping through
+    between the planks; the sea flowed in on all its sides. When one hundred and fifty
+    passengers who were destined to be its burden, were on board, they stood like a solid
+    parallelogram, without a possibility of moving; and they were up to their waists in
+    water. The original plan was, that as much provision as possible should be put upon
+    this raft; that it should be taken in tow by the six boats; and that, at stated
+    intervals, the crews should come on board to receive their rations. As they left the
+    ship, M. Correard asked whether the charts, instruments, and sea-stores were on
+    board; and was told by an officer, that nothing was wanting. "And who is to command
+    us?" "I am to command you," answered he, "and will be with you in a moment." The
+    officer with these words, the last in his mouth, went on board one of the boats, and
+    returned no more.</p>
+    <a name="page186" id="page186"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 186]</span>
+    <p>The desperate squadron had only proceeded three leagues, when a faulty, if not
+    treacherous manoeuvre, broke the tow-line which fastened the captain's boat to the
+    raft; and this became the signal to all to let loose their cables. The weather was
+    calm. The coast was known to be but twelve or fifteen leagues distant; and the land
+    was in fact discovered by the boats on the very evening on which they abandoned the
+    raft. They were not therefore driven to this measure by any new perils; and the cry
+    of "<i>Nous les abandonons!</i>" which resounded throughout the line, was the yell of
+    a spontaneous and instinctive impulse of cowardice, perfidy, and cruelty; and the
+    impulse was as unanimous as it was diabolical. The raft was left to the mercy of the
+    waves; one after another, the boats disappeared, and despair became general. Not one
+    of the promised <a name="page187" id="page187"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    187]</span> articles, no provisions, except a very few casks of wine, and some
+    spoiled biscuit, sufficient for one single meal was found. A small pocket compass,
+    which chance had discovered, their last guide in a trackless ocean, fell between the
+    beams into the sea. As the crew had taken no nourishment since morning, some wine and
+    biscuit were distributed; and this day, the first of thirteen on the raft, was the
+    last on which they tasted any solid food&mdash;except such as human nature shudders
+    at. The only thing which kept them alive was the hope of revenge on those who had
+    treacherously betrayed them.</p>
+    <a name="page188" id="page188"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 188]</span>
+    <p>The first night was stormy; and the waves, which had free access, committed
+    dreadful ravages, and threatened worse. When day appeared, twelve miserable wretches
+    were found crushed to death between the openings of the raft, and several more were
+    missing; but the number could not be ascertained, as several soldiers had taken the
+    billets of the dead, in order to obtain two, or even three rations. The second night
+    was still more dreadful, and many were washed off; although the crew had so crowded
+    together, that some were smothered by the mere pressure. To soothe their last
+    moments, the soldiers drank immoderately; and one, who affected to rest himself upon
+    the side, but was treacherously cutting the ropes, was thrown into the sea. Another
+    whom M. Correard had snatched from the waves, turned traitor a second time, as soon
+    as he had recovered his senses; but he too was killed. At length the revolted, who
+    were chiefly soldiers, threw themselves upon their knees, and abjectly implored
+    mercy. At midnight, however, they rebelled again. Those who had no arms, fought with
+    their teeth, and thus many severe wounds were inflicted. One was most wantonly and
+    dreadfully bitten above the heel, while his companions were beating him upon the head
+    with their carbines, before throwing him into the sea. The raft was strewed with dead
+    bodies, after innumerable instances of treachery and cruelty; and from sixty to
+    sixty-five perished that night. The force and courage of the strongest began to yield
+    to their misfortunes; and even the most resolute labored under mental derangement. In
+    the conflict, the revolted had thrown two casks of wine, and all the remaining water,
+    into the sea; and it became necessary to diminish each man's share.</p>
+    <a name="page189" id="page189"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 189]</span>
+    <p>A day of comparative tranquility succeeded. The survivors erected their mast
+    again, which had been wantonly cut down in the battle of the night; and endeavored to
+    catch some fish, but in vain. They were reduced to feed on the dead bodies of their
+    companions. A third night followed, broken by the plaintive cries of wretches,
+    exposed to every kind of suffering, ten or twelve of whom died of want, and awfully
+    foretold the fate of the remainder. The following day was fine. Some flying fish were
+    caught in the raft; which, mixed up with human flesh, afforded one scanty meal.</p>
+    <a name="page190" id="page190"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 190]</span>
+    <p>A new insurrection to destroy the raft, broke out on the fourth night; this too,
+    was marked by perfidy, and ended in blood. Most of the rebels were thrown into the
+    sea. The fifth morning mustered but thirty men alive; and these sick and wounded,
+    with the skin of their lower extremities corroded by the salt water. Two soldiers
+    were detected drinking the wine of the only remaining cask; they were instantly
+    thrown into the sea. One boy died, and there remained only twenty-seven; of whom
+    fifteen only seemed likely to live. A council of war, preceded by the most horrid
+    despair, was held; as the weak consumed a part of the common store, they determined
+    to throw them into the sea. This sentence was put into immediate execution! and all
+    the arms on board, which now filled their minds with horror, were, with the exception
+    of a single sabre, committed to the deep.</p>
+    <a name="page191" id="page191"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 191]</span>
+    <p>Distress and misery increased with an accelerated ratio; and even after the
+    desperate measure of destroying their companions, and eating the most nauseous
+    aliments, the surviving fifteen could not hope for more than a few days' existence. A
+    butterfly lighted on their sail the ninth day, and though it was held to be a
+    messenger of good, yet many a greedy eye was cast upon it. Some sea-fowl also
+    appeared; but it was impossible to catch them. The misery of the survivors increased
+    with a rapidity which cannot be described; they even stole from each other little
+    goblets of urine which had been set to cool in the sea water, and were now considered
+    a luxury. The most trifling article of food, a lemon, a small bottle of spirituous
+    dentrifice, a little garlic, became causes of contention; and every daily
+    distribution of wine awakened a spirit of selfishness and ferocity, which common
+    sufferings and common interest could not subdue into more social feelings.</p>
+    <p>Three days more passed over in expressible anguish, when they constructed a
+    smaller and more manageable raft, in the hope of directing it to the shore; but on
+    trial it was found insufficient. On the seventeenth day, a brig was seen; which,
+    after exciting the vicissitudes of hope and fear, proved to be the Argus, sent out in
+    quest of the Medusa. The inhabitants of the raft were all received on board, and were
+    again very nearly perishing, by a fire which broke out in the night. The six boats
+    which had so cruelly cast them adrift, reached the coast of Africa in safety; and
+    after many dangers among the Moors, the survivors arrived at St. Louis.</p>
+    <a name="page192" id="page192"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 192]</span>
+    <p>After this, a vessel was despatched to the wreck of the Medusa, to carry away the
+    money and provisions; after beating about for eight days, she was forced to return.
+    She again put to sea, but after being away five days, again came back. Ten days more
+    were lost in repairing her; and she did not reach the spot till fifty-two days after
+    the vessel had been lost; and dreadful to relate, three miserable sufferers were
+    found on board. Sixty men had been abandoned there by their magnanimous countrymen.
+    All these had been carried off except seventeen, some of whom were drunk, and others
+    refused to leave the vessel. They remained at peace as long as their provisions
+    lasted. Twelve embarked on board a raft, for Sahara, and were never more heard of.
+    Another put to sea on a hen-coop, and sunk immediately. Four remained behind, one of
+    whom, exhausted with hunger and fatigue, perished. The other three lived in separate
+    corners of the wreck, and never met but to run at each other with drawn
+    <i>knives</i>. They were put on board the vessel, with all that could be saved from
+    the wreck of the Medusa.</p>
+    <a name="page193" id="page193"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 193]</span>
+    <p>The vessel was no sooner seen returning to St. Louis, than every heart beat high
+    with joy, in the hope of recovering some property. The men and officers of the Medusa
+    jumped on board, and asked if any thing had been saved. "Yes," was the reply, "but it
+    is all ours now;" and the naked Frenchmen, whose calamities had found pity from the
+    Moors of the desert, were now deliberately plundered by their own countrymen.</p>
+    <p>A fair was held in the town, which lasted eight days. The clothes, furniture, and
+    necessary articles of life, belonging to the men and officers of the Medusa, were
+    publicly sold before their faces. Such of the French as were able, proceeded to the
+    camp at Daceard, and the sick remained at St. Louis. The French governor had promised
+    them clothes and provisions, but sent none; and during five months, they owed their
+    existence to strangers&mdash;to the British.</p>
+    <a name="page194" id="page194"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 194]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image98_full.png"><img src="images/image98_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page195" id="page195"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 195]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image99_full.png"><img src="images/image99_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SINGULAR LOSS OF THE SHIP ESSEX, SUNK BY A WHALE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image100_full.png"><img src="images/image100_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The ship Essex, Captain George Pollard, sailed from Nantucket, on the 12th of
+    August, 1819, on a whaling voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Her crew consisted of
+    twenty-one men, fourteen of whom were whites, mostly <a name="page196"
+    id="page196"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 196]</span> belonging to Nantucket, the
+    remainder were blacks. On the 20th of November, 1820, in latitude 0&deg; 40' S.
+    longitude 119&deg; W. a school of whales was discovered, and in pursuing them the
+    mate's boat was stove, which obliged him to return to the ship, when they commenced
+    repairing the damage. The captain and second mate were left with their boats pursuing
+    the whales. During this interval the mate discovered a large spermaceti whale, near
+    the ship, but, not suspecting the approach of any danger, it gave them no alarm,
+    until they saw the whale coming with full speed towards them. In a moment they were
+    astonished by a tremendous crash. The whale had struck the ship a little forward of
+    the fore chains. It was some minutes before the crew recovered from their
+    astonishment, so far as to examine whether any damage had been sustained. They then
+    tried their pumps, and found that the ship was sinking. A signal was immediately set
+    for the boats. The whale now <a name="page197" id="page197"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 197]</span> appeared again making for the ship, and coming with
+    great velocity, with the water foaming around him, he struck the ship a second blow,
+    which nearly stove in her bows. There was now no hope of saving the ship, and the
+    only course to be pursued was, to prepare to leave her with all possible haste. They
+    collected a few things, hove them into the boat and shoved off. The ship immediately
+    fell upon one side and sunk to the water's edge. When the captain's and second mate's
+    boat arrived, such was the consternation, that for some time not a word was spoken.
+    The danger of their situation at length aroused them, as from a terrific dream, to a
+    no less terrific reality. They remained by the wreck two or three days, in which time
+    they cut away the masts, which caused her to right a little. Holes were then cut in
+    the deck, by which means they obtained about six hundred pounds of bread, and as much
+    water as they could take, besides other articles likely to be of use to them. On the
+    22d of November, they left the ship, with as gloomy a prospect before them as can
+    well be imagined. The nearest land was about one thousand <a name="page198"
+    id="page198"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 198]</span> miles to the windward of them;
+    they were in open boats, weak and leaky, with a very small pittance of bread and
+    water for support of so many men, during the time they must necessarily be at sea.
+    Sails had been prepared for the boats, before leaving the ship, which proved of
+    material benefit. Steering southerly by the wind, they hoped to fall in with some
+    ship, but in this they were disappointed. After being in the boat twenty-eight days,
+    experiencing many sufferings by gales of wind, want of water, and scanty provisions,
+    they arrived at Duncie's Island, latitude 24&deg; 40' S., longitude 124&deg; 40' W.,
+    where they were disappointed in not finding a sufficiency of any kind of food for so
+    large a company to subsist on. Their boats being very weak and leaky, they were
+    hauled on shore and repaired. They found a gentle spring of fresh water, flowing out
+    of a rock, at about half ebb of the tide, from which they filled their kegs. Three of
+    the men chose to stay on the island, and take their chance for some vessel to take
+    them off.</p>
+    <a name="page199" id="page199"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 199]</span>
+    <p>On the 27th of December, they left this island, and steered for Easter Island; but
+    passed it far to the leeward. They then directed their course for Juan Fernandez,
+    which was about twenty-five hundred miles east by south-east from them. On the 10th
+    of January, 1821, Matthew P. Joy, the second mate, died, and his body was launched
+    into the deep. His constitution was slender, and it was supposed that his sufferings,
+    though great, were not the immediate cause of his death. On the 12th, the mate's boat
+    separated from the other two, and did not fall in with them afterwards. The situation
+    of the mate and his crew, became daily more and more distressing. The weather was
+    mostly calm, the sun hot and scorching. They were growing weaker and weaker by want
+    of food, and yet, such was their distance from land, that they were obliged to lessen
+    their allowance nearly one half. On the 20th, a black man died.</p>
+    <a name="page200" id="page200"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 200]</span>
+    <p>On the 28th, they found, on calculation, that their allowance, only one and a half
+    ounce of bread per day to a man, would be exhausted in fourteen days; and that this
+    allowance was not sufficient to sustain life. They therefore determined to extend the
+    indulgence, and take the consequence, whether to live or die. On the 8th of February,
+    another of the crew died. From this time to the 17th, their sufferings were extreme.
+    At seven o'clock, A.M. of that day, they were aroused from a lethargy by the cheering
+    cry of the steersman, "there's a sail!" The boat was soon descried by the vessel, the
+    brig Indian, Captain Grozier, of London, which took them on board, latitude 33&deg;
+    45' S., longitude 81&deg; 3' W. They were treated by Captain Grozier with all the
+    care and tenderness which their weak condition required. On the same day they made
+    Massafuero, and on the 25th, arrived at Valparaiso.</p>
+    <a name="page201" id="page201"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 201]</span>
+    <p>Captain Pollard and Charles Ramsdell, the only survivors in the captain's boat,
+    were taken up on the 23d of February, 1821, by the ship Dauphin, of Nantucket,
+    Captain Zimri Coffin, in latitude 37&deg; S. off St. Mary's. The captain relates,
+    that, after the mate's boat was separated from the others, they made what progress
+    their weak condition would permit, towards the island of Juan Fernandez, but contrary
+    winds and calm weather, together with the extreme debility of the crew, prevented
+    their making much progress.</p>
+    <p>On the 29th of January, the second mate's boat separated from the captain's, in
+    the night, at which time their provisions were totally exhausted, since which they
+    have not been heard from.</p>
+    <p>We shall not attempt a sketch of the sufferings of the crews of these boats.
+    Imagination may picture the horrors of their situation, and the extremes to which
+    they were driven to sustain life, but no power of the imagination can heighten the
+    dreadful reality.</p>
+    <p>The following is an account of the whole crew.</p>
+    <a name="page202" id="page202"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 202]</span>
+    <p>In the captain's boat but two survived, Captain Pollard and Charles Ramsdell. In
+    the mate's boat three survived, Owen Chase, the mate, Benjamin Lawrence, and Thomas
+    Nickerson. Left on Duncie's Island, and afterwards taken off, Seth Weeks, William
+    Wright, and Thomas Chapple. One left the ship before the accident. In the second
+    mate's boat, when separated from the captain's, three. Dead, nine, which added to the
+    second mate's crew, doubtless lost, makes total deaths twelve.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image101_full.png"><img src="images/image101_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page203" id="page203"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 203]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image102_full.png"><img src="images/image102_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE WELLINGTON.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image103_full.png"><img src="images/image103_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>We sailed from the Cove of Cork for St. Andrews, on the 6th of October, 1833.
+    During a passage of sixty days, all of which time we struggled against adverse winds,
+    nothing material occurred, save the shifting of our ballast, (limestone,) which
+    caused some alarm; but the promptitude <a name="page204" id="page204"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 204]</span> and alacrity of the crew soon set it all right. On
+    reaching the ballast-ground, we discharged our ballast; and after we had repaired the
+    rigging, we took in a cargo of deals. Here four of the men left us, and we had to
+    wait for others to supply their place.</p>
+    <p>On the 23d of December we sailed on our return to Cork; mustering in all seventeen
+    persons, including one male and one female passenger. With a fine stiff breeze down
+    the bay, we soon lost sight of land, and nothing of note occurred till the 30th, when
+    the wind got up from the north-west, and soon blew so heavy a gale, that we were
+    obliged to take in every thing but a close-reefed main-topsail, under which we
+    scudded till the 5th of January. All this time it blew a hurricane, principally from
+    the north-west, but occasionally, after a short lull, flying round to the south-west,
+    with a fury that nothing could resist. The sea threatened to overwhelm our little
+    craft. It was several times proposed to lay her to; but the fatal opinion prevailed
+    that she did better in scudding. On the night of the 6th, a tremendous sea struck her
+    on the stern, stove in all the dead-lights, and washed them into the cabin, lifted
+    the taffrail a foot or more out of its place, carried away the afterpart of the
+    larboard bulwark, shattered the whole of the stern-frame, and washed one of the
+    steersmen away from the wheel. The carpenter and crew with much labor secured the
+    stern as well as they could for the night, and next morning the wind moderated a
+    little, new dead-lights were put in, and the damages further repaired.</p>
+    <a name="page205" id="page205"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 205]</span>
+    <p>Every stitch of canvas, but the main-topsail, jib, and trysail, were split into
+    ribbons, so that we became anxious to know how we should reach port when the gale
+    subsided. But we were soon spared further care on that head. As the day closed in,
+    the tempest resumed its fury, and by the following morning, (the 8th,) raged with
+    such appalling violence, that we laid her too. From her straining, the brig had now
+    began to make so much water, as to require all hands in succession at the pumps till
+    the following morning at two, when the larboard watch went below, the watch on deck,
+    by constant exertion, sufficing to keep her free.</p>
+    <a name="page206" id="page206"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 206]</span>
+    <p>At seven on the morning of the 9th, a tremendous sea broke over the starboard bow,
+    overwhelming all, and sweeping caboose, boats, planks, casks, every thing before it,
+    to the afterpart of the deck; even the starboard anchor was lifted on to the
+    forecastle; and and the cook, who was in the galley, washed with all his culinary
+    apparatus into the lee-scuppers, where he remained some time in a very perilous
+    situation, jammed in amongst the loose spars and other portions of the wreck, until
+    extricated by the watch on deck, who, being aft at the moment of the occurrence,
+    escaped unhurt. Before we could recover from this shock, the watch below rushed on
+    deck, with the appalling intelligence, that the water had found its way below, and
+    was pouring in like a torrent We found that the coppers, forced along the deck with
+    irresistible violence, had, by striking a stanchen fixed firmly in the deck, split
+    the covering fore and aft, and let in the water. The captain thought it <a
+    name="page207" id="page207"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 207]</span> time to prepare
+    for the worst. As the ship, from her buoyant cargo, could not sink, he ordered the
+    crew to store the top with provisions. And as all exerted themselves with the energy
+    of despair, two barrels of beef, some hams, pork, butter, cheese, and a large jar of
+    brandy, were handed in a trice up from below, but not before the water had nearly
+    filled the cabin, and forced those employed there to cease their operations, and with
+    the two unfortunate passengers to fly to the deck. Fortunately for the latter, they
+    knew not the full horror of our situation. The poor lady, whose name I have
+    forgotten, young and delicate, already suffering from confinement below and sea
+    sickness, pale and shivering, but patient and resigned, had but a short time taken
+    her seat beside her fellow passenger on some planks near the taffrail, on which lay
+    extended the unfortunate cook, unable to move from his bruises, when the vessel, a
+    heavy lurch having shifted her cargo, was laid on her beam-ends, and the water
+    rushing in, carried every thing off the deck&mdash;provisions, stores, planks, all
+    went adrift&mdash;and with the latter, the poor lady, who, with the cook, floated
+    away on them, without the possibility of our saving either of them. But such was the
+    indescribable horror of those who were left, that had we been able to reason or
+    reflect we might have envied our departed shipmates.</p>
+    <a name="page208" id="page208"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 208]</span>
+    <p>A few minutes before we went over, two of the crew, invalids, having gone to the
+    maintop, one of them was forced into the belly of the main top-sail, and there found
+    a watery grave. The rest of the crew, and the male passenger, got upon her side. In
+    this hopeless situation, secured, and clinging to the channels and rigging, the sea
+    every instant dashing over us, and threatening destruction, we remained some hours.
+    Then the vessel once more righted, and we crawled on board. The deck having blown up,
+    and the stern gone the same way, we had now the prospect of perishing with cold and
+    hunger. For our ultimate preservation I conceive we were mainly indebted to the
+    carpenter's having providentially <a name="page209" id="page209"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 209]</span> retained his axe. With it, the foremast was cut away.
+    While doing this, we found a piece of pork about four pounds weight; and even the
+    possession of this morsel raised our drooping spirits. It would at least prolong
+    existence a few hours, and in that interval, the gale might abate, some friendly sail
+    heave in sight, and the elements relent. Such were our reflections. Oh, how our
+    eye-balls strained, as, emerging from the trough of the sea on the crest of a liquid
+    mountain, we gazed on the misty horizon, until, from time to time, we fancied, nay,
+    felt assured, we saw the object of our search, but the evening closed in, and with it
+    hope almost expired. That day, not a morsel passed our lips. The pork, our only
+    supply, given in charge to the captain, it was thought prudent to husband as long as
+    possible.</p>
+    <a name="page210" id="page210"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 210]</span>
+    <p>Meanwhile, with a top-gallant studding-sail remaining in the top, which was
+    stretched over the mast-head, we contrived to procure a partial shelter from the
+    inclemency of the weather. Under this, drenched as we were and shivering with cold,
+    some of us crouched for the night; but others of the crew remained all that night in
+    the rigging. In the morning we all&mdash;fourteen in number&mdash;mustered on deck,
+    and received from the mate a small piece of pork, about two ounces, the remainder
+    being put away, and reserved for the next day. This, and some water, the only article
+    of which&mdash;a cask had been discovered forward, well stowed away among the
+    planks&mdash;we had abundance, constituted our only meal that day. Somewhat
+    refreshed, we all went to work, and as the studding-sail afforded but a scanty
+    shelter, we fitted the trysail for this purpose; on opening which we found the cat
+    drowned, and much as our stomachs might have revolted against such food on ordinary
+    occasions, yet poor puss was instantly skinned and her carcass hung up in the
+    maintop.</p>
+    <a name="page211" id="page211"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 211]</span>
+    <p>This night we were somewhat better lodged, and the following day, having received
+    our scanty ration of pork, now nearly consumed, we got three swiftsures round the
+    hull of the vessel, to prevent her from going to pieces. Foraging daily for food, we
+    sought incessantly in every crevice, hole, and corner, but in vain. We were now
+    approaching that state of suffering beyond which nature cannot carry us. With some,
+    indeed, they were already past endurance; and one individual, who had left a wife and
+    family dependent upon him for support in London, unable any longer to bear up against
+    them, and the almost certain prospect of starvation, went down out of the top, and we
+    saw him no more. Having eked out the pork until the fourth day, we commenced on the
+    cat&mdash;fortunately large and in good condition&mdash;a mouthful of which, with
+    some water, furnished our daily allowance.</p>
+    <p>Sickness and debility had now made such ravages among us all, that although we had
+    a tolerable stock of water, we found great difficulty in procuring it. We had
+    hitherto, in rotation, taken our turn to fill a small beaker at the cask, wedged in
+    among the cargo of deals; but now, scarcely able to keep our feet along the planks,
+    and still less so to haul the vessel up to the top, we were in danger of even this
+    resource being cut off from us. In this manner, incredible as it may seem, we managed
+    to keep body and soul together till the eleventh day; our only sustenance, the pork,
+    the cat, water, and the bark of some young birch trees, which latter, in searching
+    for a keg of tamarinds, which we had hoped to find, we had latterly come athwart.</p>
+    <a name="page212" id="page212"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 212]</span>
+    <p>On the twelfth morning, at daybreak, the hailing of some one from the deck
+    electrified us all. Supposing, as we had missed none of our shipmates from the top,
+    that it must be some boat or vessel, we all eagerly made a movement to answer our
+    supposed deliverers, and such was our excitement that it well nigh upset what little
+    reason we had left. We soon found out our mistake. We saw that one of the party was
+    missing; and from this individual, whom we had found without shoes, hat, or jacket,
+    had the voice proceeded.</p>
+    <a name="page213" id="page213"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 213]</span>
+    <p>Despair had now taken such complete hold, that, suspended between life and death,
+    a torpor had seized us, and, resigned to our fate, we had scarcely sufficient energy
+    to lift our heads, and exercise the only faculty on which depended our safety. The
+    delirium of our unfortunate shipmate had, however, reanimated us, and by this means,
+    through Providence, he was made instrumental to our deliverance. Not long after, one
+    of the men suddenly exclaimed, "This is Sunday morning!&mdash;The Lord will deliver
+    us from our distress!&mdash;at any rate I will take a look round." With this he
+    arose, and having looked about him a few minutes, the cheering cry of "a sail!"
+    announced the fulfilment of this singular prophecy. "Yes," he repeated in answer to
+    our doubts, "a sail, and bearing right down upon us!"</p>
+    <a name="page214" id="page214"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 214]</span>
+    <p>We all eagerly got up, and looking in the direction indicated to us, the welcome
+    certainty, that we were not cheated of our hopes almost turned our brains. The
+    vessel, which proved to be a Boston brig, bound to London, ran down across our bows,
+    hove too, sent the boats alongside, and by ten o'clock we were all safe on board.
+    Singularly enough, our brig, which had been lying-to with her head to the northward
+    and westward, since the commencement of our disasters, went about the evening
+    previous to our quitting her as well as if she had been under sail,&mdash;another
+    providential occurrence, for had she remained with her head to the northward, we
+    should have seen nothing of our deliverers. From the latter we experienced all the
+    care and attention our deplorable condition required; and, with the exception of two
+    of the party, who were frost-bitten, and who died two days after our quitting the
+    wreck, we were soon restored to health, and reached St. Catherine's Dock on the 30th
+    of the following month.<br clear="all" />
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image104_full.png"><img src="images/image104_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page216" id="page216"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 216]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image105_full.png"><img src="images/image105_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Voyage Of The Abergavenny." /></a>
+      <p>Voyage Of The Abergavenny.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page217" id="page217"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 217]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image106_full.png"><img src="images/image106_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE ABERGAVENNY.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image107_full.png"><img src="images/image107_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The Earl of Abergavenny, East Indiaman, left Portsmouth, in the beginning of
+    February, 1805, with forty passengers, and property to the value of eighty-nine
+    thousand pounds sterling on board. On the 5th of February, at ten A.M. when she was
+    about ten leagues to the westward of Portland, the commodore gave a signal for her to
+    bear up. At this time <a name="page218" id="page218"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    218]</span> the wind was west south-west; she had the main top-mast struck, the fore
+    and mizzen top-gallant mast on deck, and the jib-boom in. At three a pilot came on
+    board, when they were about two leagues west from Portland; the cables were ranged
+    and bitted, and the jib-boom got out. The wind suddenly died away as she crossed the
+    Shangles, a shoal of rock and shingle, about two miles from the land; and a strong
+    tide setting the ship to westward, drifted her into the breakers. A sea taking her on
+    the larboard quarter brought her to, with her head to the northward, when she
+    instantly struck the ground, at five in afternoon. All the reefs were let out, and
+    the top-sails hoisted up, in the hope that the ship might shoot across the reef; the
+    wind shifting meanwhile to north-west, she remained there two hours and a half, with
+    four feet of water in the hold, the tide alternately setting her on, and the surf
+    driving her back, beating all the while with such violent shocks, that the men for
+    some time could scarcely stand upon the decks. At length, however, she was got off
+    the rocks.</p>
+    <a name="page219" id="page219"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 219]</span>
+    <p>The pumps were kept constantly going, and for fifteen minutes after clearing the
+    rocks, kept the water at four feet; but the leak gaining upon them, all sails were
+    set, with the view of running for the nearest port. But the water now rose so fast,
+    than she refused to answer the helm, and they resolved to run her on the first shore.
+    The captain and officers still thought that she might be got off without material
+    damage, and no signal guns of distress were fired for three quarters of an hour,
+    though sensible of some danger, they kept silent, lest they should alarm the
+    passengers. Soon however the peril appeared but too manifest; the carpenter announced
+    that a leak was at the bottom of the chain-pumps, through which the water gushed so
+    fast, that they could not stop it. Eleven feet of water were already in the hold, and
+    the crew were set to bale at the fore scuttle and hatchway. Though they could not
+    keep the water under, they still hoped to preserve her afloat, till she could be run
+    upon Weymouth sand. The lashings of the boats were cut; but they could not get out
+    the long-boat, without bending the mainsail aback, which would have retarded the
+    vessel so much, as to deprive them of the chance of running her aground.</p>
+    <a name="page220" id="page220"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 220]</span>
+    <p>At six in the afternoon they gave up all hope of saving the vessel; other leaks
+    had been sprung, and it became manifest, from the damage she had sustained that she
+    must speedily go down. The captain and officers were still cool, and preserved
+    perfect subordination. As night came on, and their situation became more terrible,
+    several passengers insisted on being set on shore; and some small sloops being near,
+    one of which sent off a skiff, two ladies, and three other passengers went away in
+    her. More would have embarked had they not feared to encounter a tempestuous sea in
+    so dark a night.</p>
+    <a name="page221" id="page221"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 221]</span>
+    <p>Several boats were heard at a short distance, about nine o'clock, but they
+    rendered no assistance; being either engaged in plunder, or in rescuing some of those
+    unfortunate individuals who hazarded themselves on pieces of wreck, to gain the land.
+    Those on board baled and pumped without intermission; the cadets and passengers
+    struggling with the rest. A midshipman was appointed to guard the spirit room. Some
+    of the more disorderly sailors pressed upon him. "Give us some grog," they cried, "it
+    will be all one an hour hence." "I know we must die," replied he, coolly, "but let us
+    die like men;" and armed with a brace of pistols, he kept his post even while the
+    ship was sinking.</p>
+    <p>At length the carpenter came up from below, and told those who worked at the pumps
+    that he could do no more. Some gave themselves up to despair, others prayed; and some
+    resolved not to perish without a struggle, committed themselves on pieces of the
+    wreck to the waves. The chief mate came to the captain, and said, "We have done all
+    we can, sir, the ship will sink in a moment;" to which the captain replied, "it
+    cannot be helped&mdash;God's will be done." The vessel gradually settled in the
+    trough of the sea. The cries of the drowning rose above the sound of the waters, and
+    were heard at a great distance. Some kept running about the deck as long as it kept
+    above the waves. At eleven, when she went down, many hastened up the shrouds and
+    masts. The captain was seen clinging to the ropes; the fourth mate tried to persuade
+    him to exert himself, but he submitted without resistance to his fate.</p>
+    <a name="page222" id="page222"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 222]</span>
+    <p>The hull struck the ground, while part of the masts and rigging remained above
+    water. On the last cast of the lead, eleven fathoms had been found, and about one
+    hundred and eighty men still clung to the rigging. The night was dark and frosty, the
+    sea incessantly breaking upon them. Shocking scenes occurred, in the attempts made by
+    some to obtain places of greater safety. One seaman had ascended to a considerable
+    height, and endeavored to climb yet higher; another seized hold of his leg; he drew
+    his clasp-knife, and deliberately cut the miserable wretch's fingers asunder; he
+    dropped and was killed by the fall. Many perished in the shrouds. A sergeant had
+    secured his wife there; she lost her hold, and in her last struggle for life, bit a
+    large piece from her husband's arm, which was dreadfully lacerated.</p>
+    <a name="page223" id="page223"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 223]</span>
+    <p>About an hour after she went down, the survivors were cheered by hearing the sound
+    of vessels beating the waves at a distance; they hailed a sloop-rigged vessel, with
+    two boats astern of her. Their voices must have been drowned by the waves. By twelve
+    many more had perished. Some from cold and fatigue could no longer retain their hold;
+    every instant those who still hung on, were shocked by the splash, which told that
+    another of their number had yielded to his fate. In a short time, boats were again
+    heard near them, but they did not, though repeatedly hailed, come near enough to take
+    any on board; an act of cold and calculating timidity, which could not be justified
+    by the excuse, that they feared lest all, eager to be saved, should have jumped down,
+    and borne them to the bottom.</p>
+    <a name="page224" id="page224"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 224]</span>
+    <p>At length two sloops, which had heard the guns of distress, anchored close to the
+    wreck, took off the survivors, twenty at a time, from the shrouds, and in the morning
+    conveyed them to Weymouth; so far from crowding into the boats, they got off one by
+    one, as called upon by those who commanded the boats. One still remained; the sixth
+    mate ascended the mast and found him in a state of insensibility; he bore him down on
+    his back, and with his burden reached the boat in safety; but the delivered person
+    died the next day.</p>
+    <p>When the awful words were heard, "The ship must go down," three of the cadets went
+    into the cabin, where they stood for a short time, looking at each other, without
+    saying a word. At length one said, "Let us return to the deck;" two did so, but the
+    other remained below. He opened his desk, took out his commission, his introductory
+    letters, and some money, went on deck, but saw neither of his companions. Then
+    looking forward, he saw the ship going down head foremost, and the sea rolling in an
+    immense column along the deck. He tried to ascend the steps leading to the poop, but
+    was launched among the waves encumbered by boots and a great coat, and unable to
+    swim. Afterwards, finding himself on the opposite side, he conceived that when the
+    stern of the ship sunk, he would be drawn into the vortex. While struggling to keep
+    himself afloat, he seized something which frequently struck the back of his hand, and
+    found it to be a rope hanging from the mizzen-shrouds. Trying to ascend several feet
+    by it, he fell into the sea; but by a sudden lurch from the ship, he was thrown into
+    the mizzen-shrouds, where he fixed himself as well as circumstances would allow.</p>
+    <a name="page225" id="page225"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 225]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image108_full.png"><img src="images/image108_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page226" id="page226"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 226]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image109_full.png"><img src="images/image109_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>CRUISE OF THE SALDANHA AND TALBOT.</h2>
+    <center>
+      BY ONE OF THE OFFICERS.
+    </center>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image110_full.png"><img src="images/image110_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>At midnight of Saturday, the 30th of November, 1811, with a fair wind and a smooth
+    sea, we weighed from our station, in company with the Saldanha frigate, of
+    thirty-eight guns, Captain Packenham, with a crew of three hundred men, on a cruise,
+    as was intended, of twenty days&mdash;the Saldanha taking a westerly course, while we
+    stood in the opposite direction.</p>
+    <a name="page227" id="page227"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 227]</span>
+    <p>We had scarcely got out of the lock and cleared the heads, however, when we
+    plunged at once into all the miseries of a gale of wind blowing from the west. During
+    the three following days it continued to increase in violence, when the islands of
+    Coll and Tiree became visible to us. As the wind had now chopped round more to the
+    north, and continued unabated in violence, the danger of getting involved among the
+    numerous small islands and rugged headlands, on the north-west coast of
+    Inverness-shire, became evident. It was therefore deemed expedient to wear the ship
+    round, and make a port with all expedition. With this view, and favored by the wind,
+    a course was shaped for Lochswilly, and away we scudded under close-reefed foresail
+    and main-topsail, followed by a tremendous sea, which threatened every moment to
+    overwhelm us, and accompanied by piercing showers of hail, and a gale which blew with
+    incredible fury. The same course was steered until next day about noon, <a
+    name="page228" id="page228"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 228]</span> when land was
+    seen on the lee-bow. The weather being thick, some time elapsed before it could be
+    distinctly made out, and it was then ascertained to be the island of North Arran, on
+    the coast of Donegal, westward of Lochswilly. The ship was therefore hauled up some
+    points, and we yet entertained hopes of reaching an anchorage before nightfall, when
+    the weather gradually thickened, and the sea, now that we were upon the wind, broke
+    over us in all directions. Its violence was such, that in a few minutes several of
+    our ports were stove in, at which the water poured in in great abundance, until it
+    was actually breast high on the lee-side of the main deck. Fortunately, but little
+    got below, and the ship was relieved by taking in the foresail. But a dreadful
+    addition was now made to the precariousness of our situation, by the cry of "land
+    a-head!" which was seen from the forecastle, and must have been very near. Not a
+    moment was now lost in wearing the ship round on the other tack, and making what
+    little sail could be carried, to weather the land we had already passed. This soon
+    proved, however, to be a forlorn prospect, for it was found that we should run our
+    distance by ten o'clock. All the horrors of shipwreck now stared us in the face,
+    aggravated tenfold by the darkness of the night, and the tremendous force of the
+    wind, which now blew a hurricane. Mountains are insignificant when speaking of the
+    sea that kept pace with it; its violence was awful beyond description, and it
+    frequently broke over all the poor little ship, that shivered and groaned, but
+    behaved admirably.</p>
+    <a name="page229" id="page229"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 229]</span>
+    <p>The force of the sea may be guessed from the fact of the sheet-anchor, nearly a
+    ton and a half in weight, being actually lifted on board, to say nothing of the
+    forechain-plates' board broken, both gangways torn away, quarter-galleries stove in,
+    &amp;c. In short, on getting into port, the vessel was found to be loosened through
+    all her frame, and leaking at every seam. As far as depended on her good qualities,
+    however, I felt assured at the time we were safe, for I had seen enough of the Talbot
+    to be convinced we were in one of the finest sea-boats that ever swam. But what could
+    all the skill of the ship builder avail in a situation like ours? With a night full
+    fifteen hours long before us, and knowing that we were fast driving on the land,
+    anxiety and dread were on every face, and every mind felt the terrors of uncertainty
+    and suspense. At length, about twelve o'clock, the dreadful truth was disclosed to
+    us!</p>
+    <a name="page230" id="page230"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 230]</span>
+    <p>Judge of my sensation when I saw the frowning rocks of Arran, scarcely half a mile
+    distant, on our lee-bow. To our inexpressible relief, and not less to our surprise,
+    we fairly weathered all, and were congratulating each other on our escape, when on
+    looking forward I imagined I saw breakers at no great distance on our lee; and this
+    suspicion was soon confirmed, when the moon, which shone at intervals, suddenly broke
+    out from behind a cloud, and presented to us a most terrific spectacle. At not more
+    than a quarter of a mile's distance on our lee-beam, appeared a range of tremendous
+    breakers, amongst which it seemed as if every sea would throw us. Their height, it
+    may be guessed, <a name="page231" id="page231"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    231]</span> was prodigious, when they could be clearly distinguished from the foaming
+    waters of the surrounded ocean. It was a scene seldom to be witnessed, and never
+    forgotten! "Lord have mercy on us!" was now on the lip of everyone&mdash;destruction
+    seemed inevitable. Captain Swaine, whose coolness I have never seen surpassed issued
+    his orders clearly and collectedly when it was proposed as a last resource to drop
+    the anchors, cut away the masts, and trust to the chance of riding out the gale. This
+    scheme was actually determined on, and every thing was in readiness, but happily was
+    deferred until an experiment was tried aloft In addition to the close-reefed
+    main-topsail and foresail, the fore-topsail and trysail were now set, and the result
+    was almost magical. With a few plunges we cleared not only the reef, but a huge rock
+    upon which I could with ease have tossed a biscuit, and in a few minutes we were
+    inexpressibly rejoiced to observe both far astern.</p>
+    <a name="page232" id="page232"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 232]</span>
+    <p>We had now miraculously escaped all but certain destruction a second time, but
+    much was yet to be feared. We had still to pass Cape Jeller, and the moments dragged
+    on in gloomy apprehension and anxious suspense. The ship carried sail most
+    wonderfully, and we continued to go along at the rate of seven knots, shipping very
+    heavy seas, and laboring much&mdash;all with much solicitude looking out for
+    daylight. The dawn at length appeared, and to our great joy we saw the land several
+    miles astern, having passed the Cape and many other hidden dangers during the
+    darkness.</p>
+    <p>Matters on the morning of the 5th, assumed a very different aspect from that which
+    we had experienced for the last two days; the wind gradually subsided, and with it
+    the sea, and a favorable breeze now springing up, we were enabled to make a good
+    offing. Fortunately no accident of consequence occurred, although several of our
+    people were severely bruised by falls. Poor fellows! they certainly suffered enough;
+    not a dry stitch, not a dry hammock have they had since we sailed. Happily, however,
+    their misfortunes are soon forgot in a dry shirt and a can of grog.</p>
+    <a name="page233" id="page233"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 233]</span>
+    <p>The most melancholy part of the narrative is still to be told. On coming up to our
+    anchorage, we observed an unusual degree of curiosity and bustle in the fort; crowds
+    of people were congregated on both sides, running to and fro, examining us through
+    spy-glasses; in short, an extraordinary commotion was apparent. The meaning of all
+    this was but too soon made known to us by a boat coming alongside, from which we
+    learned that the unfortunate Saldanha had gone to pieces, and every man perished! Our
+    own destruction had likewise been reckoned inevitable from the time of the discovery
+    of the unhappy fate of our consort, five days beforehand; and hence the astonishment
+    at our unexpected return. From all that could be learned concerning the dreadful
+    catastrophe, I am inclined to believe that the Saldanha had been driven on the rocks
+    about the time our doom appeared so certain in another quarter. Her lights were seen
+    by the signal-tower at nine o'clock of that fearful Wednesday night, December 4th,
+    after which it is supposed she went ashore on the rocks at a small bay called
+    Ballymastaker, almost at the entrance of Lochswilly harbor.</p>
+    <a name="page234" id="page234"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 234]</span>
+    <p>Next morning the beach was strewed with fragments of the wreck, and upwards of two
+    hundred of the bodies of the unfortunate sufferers were washed ashore. One
+    man&mdash;and one only&mdash;out of the three hundred, was ascertained to have come
+    ashore alive, but almost in a state of insensibility. Unhappily there was no person
+    present to administer to his wants judiciously, and upon craving something to drink,
+    about half a pint of whisky was given him by the people, which almost instantly
+    killed him! Poor Pakenham's body was recognised amidst the others, and like these,
+    stripped quite naked by the inhuman wretches, who flocked to the wreck as to a
+    blessing! It is even suspected that he came on shore alive, but was stripped and left
+    to perish. Nothing could equal the audacity of the plunderers, although a party of
+    the Lanark militia was doing duty around the wreck. But this is an ungracious and
+    revolting subject, which no one of proper feeling would wish to dwell upon. Still
+    less am I inclined so describe the heart-rending scene at Buncrana, where the widows
+    of many of the sufferers are residing. The surgeon's wife, a native of Halifax, has
+    never spoken since the dreadful tidings arrived. Consolation is inadmissible, and no
+    one has yet ventured to offer it.</p>
+    <a name="page235" id="page235"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 235]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image111_full.png"><img src="images/image111_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page236" id="page236"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 236]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image112_full.png"><img src="images/image112_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SHIPWRECK OF THE NAUTILUS.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image113_full.png"><img src="images/image113_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The ship Nautilus, Captain Palmer, with important despatches for England, sailed
+    from the Dardanelles, on the 30th of January, 1807. Passing through the islands which
+    abound in the Greek Archipelago, she approached the Negropont, where the navigation
+    became both intricate and dangerous. The wind blew fresh, and the night was dark and
+    squally; the pilot, a Greek, advised them to lay-to till morning; at daylight she
+    again went on her course, passing in the evening, Falconera and Anti-Milo. The pilot,
+    who had never gone farther on this tack, here relinquished the management of the
+    vessel to the captain, who, anxious to get on, resolved to proceed during the night,
+    confidently expecting to clear the Archipelago by morning; he then went below, to
+    take some rest, after marking out on the chest the course which he meant to
+    steer.</p>
+    <a name="page237" id="page237"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 237]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image112_full.png"><img src="images/image112_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Shipwreck Of The Nautilus." /></a>
+      <p>Shipwreck Of The Nautilus.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page239" id="page239"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 239]</span>
+    <p>The night was extremely dark, vivid lightning at times flashed through the
+    horizon. The wind increased; and though the ship carried but little sail, she went at
+    the rate of nine miles an hour, borne on by a high sea, which, with the brightness of
+    the lightning, made the night appear awful. At half past two in the morning, they saw
+    high land, which they took for the island of Cerigotto, and went confidently on,
+    supposing that all danger was over. At half-past four, the man on the look-out, <a
+    name="page240" id="page240"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 240]</span> cried,
+    "breakers a-head!" and instantly the vessel struck with a tremendous crash; the
+    violence of the shock being such, that those below were thrown from their beds, and
+    on coming on deck, were compelled to cling to the cordage. All was confusion and
+    alarm; scarcely had part of the crew time to hurry on deck, before the ladder gave
+    way, leaving numbers struggling with the water, which rushed in at the bottom. The
+    captain and lieutenant endeavored to mitigate the fears of the people; and
+    afterwards, going down to the cabin, burnt the papers and private signals. Meantime,
+    every sea dashed the vessel against the rocks; and they were soon compelled to climb
+    the rigging, where they remained an hour, the surge continually breaking upon
+    them.</p>
+    <a name="page241" id="page241"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 241]</span>
+    <p>The lightning had ceased, but so dark was the night, that they could not see a
+    ship's length before them; their only hope rested in the falling of the main mast,
+    which they trusted would reach a small rock, which lay very near them. About half an
+    hour before morning, the mast gave way, providentially falling towards the rock, and
+    by means of it they were enabled to gain the land. In this hasty struggle to get to
+    the rock, many accidents occurred; some were drowned, one man had his arm broke, and
+    many were much hurt. The captain was the last man who left the vessel, refusing to
+    quit it till all had gained the rock. All the boats but one had been staved in
+    pieces; the jolly-boat indeed remained, but they could not haul it in. For a time the
+    hull of the wreck sheltered them from the violence of the surf; but it soon broke up,
+    and it became necessary to abandon the small rock on which they stood, and to wade to
+    another somewhat larger. In their way they encountered many loose spars, dashing
+    about in the channel; several in crossing were severely hurt by them. They felt
+    grievously the loss of their shoes, for the sharp rocks tore their feet dreadfully,
+    and their legs were covered with blood. In the morning they saw the sea covered with
+    the fragments of the wreck, and many of their comrades floating about on spars and
+    timbers, to whom they could not give any assistance.</p>
+    <a name="page242" id="page242"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 242]</span>
+    <p>They saw that they were cast away on a coral rock almost on a level with the sea,
+    about four hundred yards long, and three hundred broad. They were at least twelve
+    miles from the nearest islands, which were afterwards found to be those of Cerigotto
+    and Pera. In case any vessel should pass by, they hoisted a signal of distress on a
+    long pole. The weather was very cold, and the day before they were wrecked, the deck
+    had been covered with ice; with much difficulty they managed to kindle a fire, by
+    means of a flint and some powder. They erected a small tent, composed of pieces of
+    canvas and boards, and were thus enabled to dry their few clothes. The night was
+    dreary and comfortless; but they consoled themselves with the hope that their fire
+    might be descried in the dark, and taken for a signal of distress. Next day they were
+    delighted at the approach of a small whale-boat, manned by ten of their comrades.
+    When the vessel was wrecked, these men had lowered themselves <a name="page243"
+    id="page243"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 243]</span> into the water, and had
+    reached the island of Pera, but finding no fresh water, were compelled to depart; and
+    noticing the fire were enabled to join their shipmates. But the waves ran so high
+    that the boat could not come to the shore, and some of those on the land endeavored
+    to reach it. One of the seamen called to Captain Palmer, inviting him to come to
+    them, but he steadily refused, saying, "No, Smith, save your unfortunate shipmates;
+    never mind me." After some consultation, they resolved to take the Greek pilot on
+    board, intending to go to Cerigotto, where, he assured them, were a few families of
+    fishermen, who might perhaps be able to afford them some relief.</p>
+    <p>After the boat departed, the wind increased; in about two hours a fearful storm
+    came on. The waves mounted up, and extinguished their fire; they swept over nearly
+    the whole of the rock, compelling them to flee for refuge to the highest part. Thus
+    did nearly ninety pass a night of the utmost horror; being compelled, lest they
+    should be washed off, to fasten a rope round the summit of a rock, and to clasp each
+    other. Their fatigue had been so great that several of them became delirious, and
+    lost their hold. They were also in constant terror of the wind veering more to the
+    north, in which case the waves would have dashed over their position.</p>
+    <a name="page244" id="page244"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 244]</span>
+    <p>They now began to sink under their hardships, and many had suffered deplorably.
+    One had been so dashed against the rocks as to be nearly scalped, exhibiting a
+    dreadful spectacle; he lingered out the night, but expired next morning. They were
+    ill prepared to sustain famine, and they were almost hopeless of escape. They dreaded
+    lest the storm should come on before the boat could have reached the island, for on
+    her safety their own depended. In the midst of these horrors the daylight broke, and
+    they saw the bodies of their departed shipmates, some still writhing in the agonies
+    of death. The sea had broken over them all night, and some, among whom was the
+    carpenter, had perished from cold.</p>
+     <a name="page245" id="page245"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 245]</span>
+    <p>Soon after, a vessel approached, and their hearts beat high with the hope of
+    deliverance. All her sails were set, and she came down before the wind, steering
+    right for the rock. They made repeated signals of distress, and the vessel hove to,
+    and hoisted out her boat. They hastily prepared rafts to carry them through the surf,
+    confident that the boat was provided with supplies to relieve them. The boat came
+    within pistol-shot, full of men dressed in the European fashion. But what were their
+    indignation and grief, when the person who steered, after gazing at them a few
+    minutes, waved his hat, and then rowed off to the ship! Their misery was increased by
+    seeing the crew of the stranger-vessel employed in collecting the floating fragments
+    of the wreck. After this grievous disappointment, their only hopes lay in the return
+    of the boat. They looked in vain; not a glimpse of her was to be seen. A raging
+    thirst tormented them; and some, in spite of warning, drank salt water; raging
+    madness soon followed, and their agonies were terminated by death. Another awful
+    night was passed by them. To preserve themselves from the cold, they huddled close
+    together, and covered themselves with their few remaining rags. They were haunted by
+    the ravings of those who had drunk the sea-water, whom they tried in vain to
+    pacify.</p>
+    <a name="page246" id="page246"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 246]</span>
+    <p>About twelve o'clock, the crew of the whale-boat hailed them; they cried out in
+    their agony for water. They could not procure it, for those in the boat had none but
+    earthen vessels, which could not be conveyed through the surf. They were assured that
+    they would be taken off by a fishing vessel next morning; but there seemed to be
+    little chance of their surviving till then.</p>
+    <a name="page247" id="page247"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 247]</span>
+    <p>In the morning, the sun for the first time shone upon the rock. They waited hour
+    after hour, but there was no appearance either of the boat or the vessel. Famine
+    consumed them; but they looked with loathing on the only means of appeasing it. When,
+    however, the day wore on, after praying for forgiveness of the sinful act, they were
+    compelled to feed on one of their number who had died the preceding night. Several
+    expired towards evening; among whom were the captain and first lieutenant. During the
+    night, some thought of constructing a raft which might carry them to Cerigotto. The
+    wind seemed favorable; and to perish in the waters seemed preferable to remaining to
+    die a lingering death from hunger and thirst. At daylight, as fast as their feeble
+    strength permitted, they prepared to put their plan in execution, by lashing together
+    a number of larger spars. Scarcely had they launched it, when it was destroyed. Five,
+    rendered desperate, embarked on a few spars hastily lashed together, which gave them
+    scarcely room to stand; they were soon carried away by unknown currents, and were no
+    more heard of.</p>
+    <p>In the afternoon the whale-boat came again in sight. The crew told them that they
+    had experienced great difficulty in persuading the Greek fishermen of Cerigotto to
+    venture to put to sea, because of the stormy weather; but they gave them hopes, that
+    if the weather moderated, the boats would come next day. Before they had done
+    speaking, twelve men plunged from the rock into the sea, and nearly reached the boat;
+    two were taken in, one was drowned, and the rest were so fortunate as to recover
+    their former station.</p>
+    <a name="page248" id="page248"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 248]</span>
+    <p>As the day wore on, their weakness increased. One of the survivors described
+    himself as feeling the approach of annihilation; his sight failed, and his senses
+    were confused; his strength was exhausted; he looked towards the setting sun,
+    expecting never to see it rise again. Suddenly the approach of the boats was
+    announced; and from the depth of despair, they rose to the very summit of joy. Their
+    parched frames were refreshed with copious draughts of water.</p>
+    <p>Immediate preparations were made for departure. Of one hundred and twenty-two
+    persons on board the Nautilus, when she struck, fifty-eight had perished. Eighteen
+    were drowned when she was wrecked, five were lost in the small boat, and thirty-four
+    died of famine. About fifty now embarked in four fishing vessels, and landed the same
+    evening at Cerigotto; making sixty-four in all, including those saved in the
+    whale-boat. During their six days sojourn on the rock, they had nothing to subsist
+    on, save human flesh.</p>
+    <a name="page249" id="page249"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 249]</span>
+    <p>They landed at a small creek. The Greeks received them with great hospitality, but
+    had not skill to cure their wounds, and had no bandages but those procured by tearing
+    up their own shirts. Wishing to procure some medical assistance, they desired to
+    reach Cerigo, an island twenty miles distant, on which an English vice-consul
+    resided. Fourteen days elapsed before they could set sail. They bade adieu to these
+    kind preservers, and in six or eight hours reached Cerigo, where all possible help
+    was afforded them. Thence they were conveyed by a Russian ship to Corfu; where they
+    arrived on the 2d of March, 1807, about two months after their melancholy
+    disaster.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page250" id="page250"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 250]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image115_full.png"><img src="images/image115_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>GALLANT EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE DECATUR.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image116_full.png"><img src="images/image116_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Decatur is one of the most illustrious names in the naval annals of America. Among
+    the many officers who have borne this name, none was more celebrated and admired in
+    his life time and none more deeply lamented at his untimely decease than Commodore
+    Stephen Decatur.</p>
+    <a name="page251" id="page251"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 251]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image117_full.png"><img src="images/image117_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Burning Of The Philadelphia." /></a>
+      <p>Burning Of The Philadelphia.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page253" id="page253"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 253]</span>
+    <p>His life was a series of heroic actions. But of these perhaps the most remarkable
+    of all is that which is recorded in the following language of his
+    biographer&mdash;the burning of the frigate Philadelphia.</p>
+    <p>Decatur had been sent out from the United States, in the Argus, to join Commodore
+    Preble's squadron before Tripoli. He exchanged this vessel with Lieutenant Hull for
+    the Enterprise.</p>
+    <p>After making that exchange, he proceeded to Syracuse, where the squadron was to
+    rendezvous. On his arrival at that port, he was informed of the fate of the frigate
+    Philadelphia, which had run aground on the Barbary coast, and fallen into the hands
+    of the Tripolitans. The idea immediately presented itself to his mind of attempting
+    her recapture or destruction. On Commodore Preble's arrival, a few days afterwards,
+    he proposed to him a plan for the purpose, and volunteered his services to execute
+    it. The wary mind of that veteran officer at first disapproved of an enterprise so
+    full of peril; but the risks and difficulties that surrounded it, only stimulated the
+    ardour of Decatur, and imparted to it an air of adventure, fascinating to his
+    youthful imagination.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image118_full.png"><img src="images/image118_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Commodore Preble." /></a>
+      <p>Commodore Preble.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page254" id="page254"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 254]</span>
+    <p>The consent of the commodore having been obtained, Lieutenant Decatur selected for
+    the expedition a ketch (the Intrepid) which he had captured a few weeks before from
+    the enemy, and manned her with seventy volunteers, chiefly from his own crew. He
+    sailed from Syracuse on the 3d of February, 1804, accompanied by the United States
+    brig Syren, Lieutenant Stewart, who was to aid with his boats, and to receive the
+    crew of the ketch, in case it should be found expedient to use her as a fire
+    ship.</p>
+    <a name="page255" id="page255"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 255]</span>
+    <p>After fifteen days of very tempestuous weather, they arrived at the harbor of
+    Tripoli, a little before sunset. It had been arranged between Lieutenants Decatur and
+    Stewart, that the ketch should enter the harbor about ten o'clock that night,
+    attended by the boats of the Syren. On arriving off the harbor, the Syren, in
+    consequence of a change of wind, had been thrown six or eight miles without the
+    Intrepid. The wind at this time was fair, but fast declining, and Lieutenant Decatur
+    apprehended that, should he wait for the Syren's boats to come up, it might be fatal
+    to the enterprise, as they could not remain longer on the coast, their provisions
+    being nearly exhausted. For these reasons he determined to venture into the harbor
+    alone, which he did about eight o'clock.</p>
+    <a name="page256" id="page256"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 256]</span>
+    <p>An idea may be formed of the extreme hazard of the enterprise from the situation
+    of the frigate. She was moored within half gunshot of the bashaw's castle, and of the
+    principal battery. Two of the enemy's cruisers lay within two cables' length, on the
+    starboard quarter, and their gunboats within half gunshot, on the starboard bow. All
+    the guns of the frigate were mounted and loaded. Such were the immediate perils that
+    our hero ventured to encounter with a single ketch, beside the other dangers that
+    abound in a strongly fortified harbor.</p>
+    <p>Although from the entrance to the place where the frigate lay, was only three
+    miles, yet, in consequence of the lightness of the wind, they did not get within hail
+    of her until eleven o'clock. When they had approached within two hundred yards, they
+    were hailed and ordered to anchor, or they would be fired into. Lieutenant Decatur
+    ordered a Maltese pilot, who was on board the ketch, to answer that they had lost
+    their anchors in a gale of wind on the coast, and, therefore, could not comply with
+    their request. By this time it had become perfectly calm, <a name="page257"
+    id="page257"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 257]</span> and they were about fifty
+    yards from the frigate. Lieutenant Decatur ordered a small boat that was alongside of
+    the ketch, to take a rope and make it fast to the frigate's fore-chains. This being
+    done, they began to warp the ketch alongside. It was not until this moment that the
+    enemy suspected the character of their visitor, and great confusion immediately
+    ensued. This enabled our adventurers to get alongside of the frigate, when Decatur
+    immediately sprang aboard, followed by Mr. Charles Morris, midshipman. These two were
+    nearly a minute on deck, before their companions could succeed in mounting the side.
+    Fortunately, the Turks had not sufficiently recovered from their surprise to take
+    advantage of this delay. They were crowded together on the quarterdeck, perfectly
+    astonished and aghast, without making any attempt to oppose the assailing party. As
+    soon as a sufficient number of men had gained the deck to form a front equal to that
+    of the enemy, they rushed in upon them. The Turks stood the assault for a short time,
+    and were completely overpowered. About twenty were killed on the spot, many jumped
+    overboard, and the rest flew to the maindeck, whither they were pursued and driven to
+    the hold.</p>
+    <a name="page258" id="page258"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 258]</span>
+    <p>After entire possession had been gained of the ship, and every thing prepared to
+    set fire to her, a number of launches were seen rowing about the harbor. This
+    determined Lieutenant Decatur to remain on board the frigate, from whence a better
+    defence could be made than from on board the ketch. The enemy had already commenced
+    firing on them from their batteries and castle, and from two corsairs that were lying
+    near. Perceiving that the launches did not attempt to approach, he ordered the ship
+    should be set on fire, which was done, at the same time, in different parts. As soon
+    as this was done, they left her; and such was the rapidity of the flames, that it was
+    with the utmost difficulty they preserved the ketch. At this critical moment a most
+    propitious breeze sprang up, blowing directly out of the harbor, which, in a few
+    moments, carried them out of reach of the enemy's guns, and they made good their
+    retreat without the loss of a single man, and with but four wounded.</p>
+    <a name="page259" id="page259"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 259]</span>
+    <p>For this gallant and romantic achievement, Lieutenant Decatur was promoted to the
+    rank of post captain, there being at that time no intermediate grade. This promotion
+    was peculiarly gratifying to him, insomuch as it was done with the consent of the
+    officers over whose heads he was raised.</p>
+    <p>In the ensuing spring, it being determined to make an attack upon Tripoli,
+    Commodore Preble obtained from the King of Naples, the loan of six gunboats and two
+    bombards, which he formed into two divisions, and gave the command of one of them to
+    Captain Decatur, the other to Lieutenant Somers. The squadron sailed from Syracuse,
+    consisting of the frigate Constitution, the brig Syren, the schooners Nautilus and
+    Vixen, and the gunboats.</p>
+    <a name="page260" id="page260"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 260]</span>
+    <p>Having arrived on the coast of Barbary, they were for some days prevented from
+    making the attack, by adverse wind and weather. At length on the morning of the 3d of
+    August, the weather being favorable, the signal was made from the commodore's ship to
+    prepare for action, the light vessels towing the gunboats to windward. At nine
+    o'clock, the signal was given for bombarding the enemy's vessels and the town.</p>
+    <p>The gunboats were cast off, and advanced in a line ahead, led on by Captain
+    Decatur, and covered by the frigate Constitution, and the brigs and schooners.</p>
+    <p>The enemy's gunboats were moored along the harbor under the batteries and within
+    musket shot. Their sails had been taken from them, and they were ordered to sink,
+    rather than abandon their position. They were aided and covered, likewise, by a brig
+    of sixteen, and a schooner of ten guns.</p>
+    <p>Before entering into close action, Captain Decatur went alongside each of his
+    boats, and ordered them to unship their bowsprits and follow him, as it was his
+    intention to board the enemy's boats.</p>
+    <a name="page261" id="page261"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 261]</span>
+    <p>Lieutenant James Decatur commanded one of the boats belonging to Commodore
+    Preble's division, but, being farther to windward than the rest of his division, he
+    joined and took orders from his brother.</p>
+    <p>When Captain Decatur, who was in the leading boat, came within range of the fire
+    from the batteries, a heavy fire was opened upon him from them and the gunboats. He
+    returned the fire, and continued advancing, until he came in contact with the boats.
+    At this time, Commodore Preble seeing Decatur advancing nearer than he thought
+    prudent, ordered the signal to be made for a retreat, but it was found that in making
+    out the signals for the boats, the one for a retreat had been omitted.</p>
+    <p>The enemy's boats had about forty men each; ours an equal number, twenty-seven of
+    whom were Americans, and thirteen Neapolitans.</p>
+    <p>Decatur, on boarding the enemy, was instantly followed by his countrymen, but the
+    Neapolitans remained behind. The Turks did not sustain the combat hand to hand, with
+    that firmness they had obtained a reputation for. In ten minutes the deck was
+    cleared. Eight of them sought refuge in the hold, and, of the rest, some fell on the
+    deck, and others jumped into the sea. Only three of the Americans were wounded.</p>
+    <a name="page262" id="page262"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 262]</span>
+    <p>As Decatur was about to proceed out with his prize, the boat which had been
+    commanded by his brother, came under his stern, and the men informed him that they
+    had engaged and captured one of the enemy; but that her commander, after
+    surrendering, had treacherously shot Lieutenant James Decatur, and pushed off with
+    the boat, and was then making for the harbor.</p>
+    <a name="page263" id="page263"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 263]</span>
+    <p>The feelings of the gallant Decatur, on receiving this intelligence, may be more
+    easily imagined than described. Every consideration of prudence and safety was lost
+    in his eagerness to punish so dastardly an act, and to revenge the death of a brother
+    so basely murdered. He pushed within the enemy's line with his single boat, and
+    having succeeded in getting alongside of the retreating foe, boarded her at the head
+    of eleven men, who were all the Americans he had left. The fate of this contest was
+    extremely doubtful for about twenty minutes. All the Americans, except four, were now
+    severely wounded. Decatur singled out the commander as the peculiar object of his
+    vengeance. The Turk was armed with an espontoon, Decatur with a cutlass; in
+    attempting to cut off the head of the weapon, his sword struck on the iron, and broke
+    off close to the hilt. The Turk, at this moment, made a push, which slightly wounded
+    him in the right arm and breast. He immediately seized the spear, and closed with
+    him. A fierce struggle ensued, and both fell, Decatur uppermost. By this time the
+    Turk had drawn a dagger from his belt, and was about to plunge it into the body of
+    his foe, when Decatur caught his arm, and shot him with a pistol, which he drew from
+    his pocket. During the time they were struggling on the deck, the crews rushed to aid
+    their commanders, and a most sanguinary scene took place, insomuch that when Decatur
+    had despatched his adversary, it was with the utmost difficulty he could extricate
+    himself from the killed and wounded that had fallen around him.</p>
+    <a name="page264" id="page264"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 264]</span>
+    <p>It is with no common feeling of admiration that we record an instance of heroic
+    courage, and loyal self-devotion, on the part of a common sailor.</p>
+    <p>During the early part of Decatur's struggle with the Turk, he was assailed in the
+    rear by one of the enemy, who had just aimed a blow at his head which must have
+    proved fatal; at this fearful juncture, a noble-hearted tar, who had been so badly
+    wounded as to lose the use of his hands, seeing no other means of saving his
+    commander, rushed between him and the uplifted sabre, and received the blow on his
+    own head, which fractured his skull. We love to pause and honor great actions in
+    humble life, because they speak well for human nature. Men of rank and station in
+    society, often do gallant deeds, in a manner from necessity. Their conspicuous
+    station obliges them to do so, or their eagerness for glory urges them on; but an act
+    like this we have mentioned, so desperate, yet so disinterested, done by an obscure,
+    unambitious individual, a poor sailor, can spring from nothing but nobleness of soul.
+    We are happy to add that this generous fellow survived, and long after received a
+    pension from government.</p>
+    <a name="page265" id="page265"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 265]</span>
+    <p>Decatur succeeded in getting, with both his prizes, to the squadron, and the next
+    day received the highest commendation, in a general order, from Commodore Preble.
+    When that able officer was superseded in the command of the squadron, he gave the
+    Constitution to Captain Decatur, who had some time before received his commission.
+    From that ship he was removed to the Congress, and returned home in her, when peace
+    was concluded in Tripoli.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image119_full.png"><img src="images/image119_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page266" id="page266"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 266]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image120_full.png"><img src="images/image120_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE HULL.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image121_full.png"><img src="images/image121_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Commodore Hull became a sailor when he was only eight years old. He distinguished
+    himself greatly in the naval war with France, and in the war with Tripoli, especially
+    at the capture of Derne, in Africa.</p>
+    <a name="page267" id="page267"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 267]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image122_full.png"><img src="images/image122_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Commodore Hull." /></a>
+      <p>Commodore Hull.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page269" id="page269"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 269]</span>
+    <p>At the commencement of the war of 1812, Hull having been advanced in the meantime
+    to the rank of captain, was placed in command of the frigate Constitution, in which
+    he was destined to perform those brilliant actions which have rendered him one of the
+    most celebrated heroes of our navy. His first exploit was the escape of the
+    Constitution from a British squadron, which is justly regarded as one of the most
+    remarkable recorded in naval history. The account of it contained in the official
+    letter of Captain Hull has all the interest of a romance. It is as follows:</p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>"SIR:&mdash;In pursuance of your orders of the 3d instant, I left Annapolis on
+      the 5th instant, and the capes on the 12th, of which I advised you by the pilot who
+      brought the ship to sea.</p>
+      <p>For several days after we got out, the wind was light and ahead, which, with a
+      strong southerly current, prevented our making much way to the northward. On the
+      17th, at two P.M., being in twenty-two fathoms water off Egg Harbor, four sail of
+      ships were discovered from the masthead, to the northward and in shore of us,
+      apparently ships of war. The wind being very light all sail was made in chase of
+      them, to ascertain whether they were the enemy's ships, or our squadron having got
+      out of New York, waiting the arrival of the Constitution, the latter of which I had
+      reason to believe was the case.</p>
+      <a name="page270" id="page270"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 270]</span>
+      <p>At four in the afternoon, a ship was seen from the masthead, bearing about
+      north-east, standing in for us under all sail, which she continued so to do until
+      sundown, at which time she was too far off to distinguish signals, and the ships in
+      shore only to be seen from the tops; they were standing off to the southward and
+      eastward. As we could not ascertain before dark what the ship in the offing was, I
+      determined to stand for her, and get near enough to make the night signal.</p>
+      <p>At ten in the evening, being within six or eight miles of the strange sail, the
+      private signal was made, and kept up nearly one hour, but finding she could not
+      answer it, I concluded she and the ships in shore were enemy.</p>
+      <a name="page271" id="page271"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 271]</span>
+      <p>I immediately hauled off to the southward and eastward, and made all sail,
+      having determined to lie off till daylight to see what they were. The ship that we
+      had been chasing hauled off after us, showing a light, and occasionally making
+      signals, supposed to be for the ships in shore.</p>
+      <p>On the 18th, at daylight, or a little before it was quite light, saw two sail
+      under our lee, which proved to be frigates of the enemy's. One frigate astern
+      within about five or six miles, and a line of battle ship, a frigate, a brig, and a
+      schooner, about ten or twelve miles directly astern, all in chase of us, with a
+      fine breeze, and coming up fast, it being nearly calm where we were. Soon after
+      sunrise, the wind entirely left us, and the ship would not steer, but fell round
+      off with her head towards the two ships under our lee. The boats were instantly
+      hoisted out, and sent ahead to tow the ship's head around, and to endeavor to get
+      her farther from the enemy, being then within five miles of three heavy frigates.
+      The boats of the enemy were got out and sent ahead to tow, by which, with the light
+      air that remained with them, they came up very fast. Finding the enemy gaining on
+      us, and but little chance of escaping from them, I ordered two of the guns on the
+      gun deck to be ran out at the cabin windows for stern guns on the gun deck, and
+      hoisted one of the twenty-four pounders off the gun deck, and ran that, with the
+      forecastle gun, an eighteen pounder, out at the ports on the quarter deck, and
+      cleared the ship for action, being determined they should not get her without
+      resistance on our part, notwithstanding their force and the situation we were
+      placed in.</p>
+      <a name="page272" id="page272"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 272]</span>
+      <p>At about seven, in the morning, the ship nearest us approaching within gunshot,
+      and directly astern, I ordered one of the stern guns fired, to see if we could
+      reach her, to endeavor to disable her masts; found the shot fell a little short,
+      would not fire any more.</p>
+      <a name="page273" id="page273"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 273]</span><br
+      clear="all" />
+      <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/image123_full.png"><img src="images/image123_thumbnail.png"
+        alt="Escape Of The Constitution." /></a>
+        <p>Escape Of The Constitution.</p>
+      </div>
+      <p>At eight, four of the enemy's ships nearly within gunshot, some of them having
+      six or eight boats ahead towing, with all their oars and sweeps out, to row them up
+      with us, which they were fast doing. It now appeared that we must be taken, and
+      that our escape was impossible&mdash;four heavy ships nearly within gunshot, and
+      coming up fast, and not the least hope of a breeze to give us a chance of getting
+      off by out sailing them.</p>
+      <a name="page275" id="page275"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 275]</span>
+      <p>In this situation, finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms water, by the
+      suggestion of that valuable officer, Lieutenant Morris, I determined to try and
+      warp the ship ahead, by carrying out anchors and warping her up to them; three or
+      four hundred fathoms of rope was instantly got up, and two anchors got ready and
+      sent ahead, by which means we began to gain ahead of the enemy; they, however, soon
+      saw our boats carrying out the anchors, and adopted the same plan, under very
+      advantageous circumstances, as all the boats from the ships furthermost off were
+      sent to tow and warp up those nearest to us, by which means they again came up, so
+      that at nine, the ship nearest us began to fire her bow guns, which we instantly
+      returned by our stern guns in the cabin and on the quarter deck. All the shot from
+      the enemy fell short; but we have <a name="page276" id="page276"></a><span
+      class="newpage">[pg 276]</span> reason to believe that some of ours went on board
+      her, as we could not see them strike the water. Soon after nine, a second frigate
+      passed under our lee, and opened her broadside, but finding her shot fall short,
+      discontinued her fire; but continued, as did all the rest of them, to make all
+      possible exertion to get up with us. From nine to twelve, all hands were employed
+      in warping the ship ahead, and in starting some of the water in the main hold to
+      lighten her, which, with the help of a light air, we rather gained of the enemy,
+      or, at least, held our own. About two, in the afternoon, all the boats from the
+      line of battle ship and some of the frigates were sent to the frigate nearest us,
+      to endeavor to tow her up, but a light breeze sprung up, which enabled us to hold
+      way with her, notwithstanding they had eight or ten boats ahead, and all her sails
+      furled to tow her to windward. The wind continued light until eleven at night, and
+      the boats were kept ahead towing and warping to keep out of reach of the enemy,
+      three of the frigates being very near us; at eleven, we got a light breeze from the
+      southward, the boats came along side and were hoisted up, the ship having too much
+      way to keep them ahead, the enemy still in chase and very near.</p>
+      <a name="page277" id="page277"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 277]</span>
+      <p>On the 19th, at daylight, passed within gunshot of one of the frigates, but she
+      did not fire on us, perhaps, for fear of becalming her, as the wind was light; soon
+      after passing us she tacked, and stood after us&mdash;at this time six sail were in
+      sight, under all sail after us. At nine in the morning, saw a strange sail, on our
+      weather beam, supposed to be an American merchant ship; the instant the frigate
+      nearest us saw her, she hoisted American colors, as did all the squadron, in hopes
+      to decoy her down; I immediately hoisted the English colors, that she might not be
+      deceived; she soon hauled her wind, and, as is to be hoped, made her escape. All
+      this day the wind increased gradually, and we gained on the enemy, in the course of
+      the day, six or eight miles; they, however, continued chasing all night under a
+      press of sail.</p>
+      <a name="page279" id="page279"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 279]</span><br
+      clear="all" />
+      <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/image124_full.png"><img src="images/image124_thumbnail.png"
+        alt="" /></a>
+      </div>
+      <a name="page281" id="page281"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 281]</span>
+      <p>On the 20th, at daylight in the morning, only three of them could be seen from
+      the masthead, the nearest of which was about twelve miles off, directly astern. All
+      hands were set at work wetting the sails, from the royals down, with the engines
+      and fire buckets, and we soon found that we left the enemy very fast. At a quarter
+      past eight, the enemy finding that they were fast dropping astern, gave over chase,
+      and hauled their wind to the northward, probably for the station off New York. At
+      half past eight, saw a sail ahead, gave chase after her under all sail. At nine,
+      saw another strange sail under our lee bow, we soon spoke the first sail
+      discovered, and found her to be an American brig from St. Domingo, bound to
+      Portland; I directed the captain how to steer to avoid the enemy, and made sail for
+      the vessel to leeward; on coming up with her, she proved to be an American brig
+      from St. Bartholomew's, bound to Philadelphia; but, on being informed of war, he
+      bore up for Charleston, South Carolina. Finding the ship so far to the southward
+      and eastward, and the enemy's squadron stationed off New York, which would make it
+      impossible to get in there, I determined to make for Boston, to receive your
+      farther orders, and I hope my having done so will meet your approbation. My wish to
+      explain to you as clearly as possible why your orders have not been executed, and
+      the length of time the enemy were in chase of us, with various other circumstances,
+      have caused me to make this communication much longer than I could have wished, yet
+      I cannot in justice to the brave officers and crew under my command, close it
+      without expressing to you the confidence I have in them, and assuring you that
+      their conduct while under the guns of the enemy was such as might have been
+      expected from American officers and seamen. I have the honor to be, with very great
+      respect, sir, your obedient humble servant,</p>
+      <p>ISAAC HULL."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <a name="page282" id="page282"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 282]</span>
+    <p>Such is Captain Hull's modest account of this truly brilliant exploit. Sailing on
+    a cruise immediately after this, with the same frigate, officers, and crew, on the
+    19th of August he fell in with His Britannic Majesty's ship Guerriere, rated at
+    thirty-eight guns, and carrying fifty, commanded by Captain Dacres, who, sometime
+    before, had politely endorsed on the register of an American ship an invitation to
+    Captain Hull to give him a meeting of this kind.</p>
+    <a name="page283" id="page283"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 283]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image125_full.png"><img src="images/image125_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Dacres Delivering Up His Sword." /></a>
+      <p>Dacres Delivering Up His Sword.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page285" id="page285"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 285]</span>
+    <p>At half past three, P.M., Captain Hull made out his antagonist to be a frigate,
+    and continued the chase till he was within about three miles, when he cleared for
+    action; the chase backed her main-topsail and waited for him to come down. As soon as
+    the Constitution was ready, Hull bore down to bring the enemy to close action
+    immediately; but, on coming within gunshot, the Guerriere gave a broadside and filled
+    away and wore, giving a broadside on the other tack; but without effect, her shot
+    falling short. She then continued wearing and manoeuvring for about three quarters of
+    an hour to get a raking position,&mdash;but, finding she could not, she bore up and
+    ran under her topsails and jib, with the wind on the quarter. During this time, the
+    Constitution, not having fired a single broadside, the impatience of the officers and
+    men to engage was excessive. Nothing but the most rigid discipline could have
+    restrained them. Hull, however, was preparing to decide the contest in a summary
+    method of his own. He now made sail to bring the Constitution up with her antagonist,
+    and at five minutes before six P.M., <i>being alongside within half pistol shot</i>,
+    he commenced a heavy fire from all his guns, <i>double shotted with round and
+    grape</i>; and so well directed, and so well kept up was the fire, that in sixteen
+    minutes the mizzenmast of the Guerriere went by the board, and her mainyard in the
+    slings, and the hull, rigging, and sails were completely torn to pieces. The fire was
+    kept up for fifteen minutes longer, when the main and foremast went, taking with them
+    every spar except the bowsprit, and leaving the Guerriere a complete wreck. On seeing
+    this Hull ordered the firing to cease, having brought his enemy in thirty minutes
+    after he was fairly alongside to such a condition, that a few more broadsides must
+    have carried her down.</p>
+    <a name="page286" id="page286"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 286]</span>
+    <p>The prize being so shattered that she was not worth bringing into port, after
+    removing the prisoners to the Constitution, she was set on fire and blown up. In the
+    action, the Constitution lost seven killed, and seven wounded; the Guerriere, fifteen
+    killed, sixty-two wounded&mdash;including the captain and several officers, and
+    twenty-four missing.</p>
+    <p>The news of this victory was received in the United States with the greatest joy
+    and exultation. All parties united in celebrating it, and the citizens and public
+    authorities vied with each other in bestowing marks of approbation upon Captain Hull
+    and his gallant officers and crew.</p>
+    <a name="page288" id="page288"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 288]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image126_full.png"><img src="images/image126_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Hyder Ally And General Monk." /></a>
+      <p>Hyder Ally And General Monk.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page289" id="page289"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 289]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image127_full.png"><img src="images/image127_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE BARNEY.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image128_full.png"><img src="images/image128_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>This gentleman was one of the old fashioned commodores, a capital sailor, an
+    intrepid warrior, and a thorough going patriot. He was born in Baltimore, in 1759. He
+    entered the marine early in life. At the age of sixteen he served in the expedition
+    of Commodore Hopkins to the Bahama Islands, and continued in active service through
+    the whole revolutionary war.</p>
+    <a name="page290" id="page290"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 290]</span>
+    <p>In 1780 he was captured by a British seventy-four, when taking a prize into port
+    and sent with other prisoners to England. On the passage, the
+    prisoners&mdash;amounting to about sixty&mdash;were confined in the most loathsome of
+    dungeons, without light or pure air, and with a scanty supply of provisions.</p>
+    <p>They thought when they arrived at Plymouth, that their privations were at an end;
+    but they were only removed to another prison-ship, which, although dirty and crowded,
+    was, in some measure, better than the one they had left. From this, contrary to
+    expectation, as soon as they were so much recovered as to be able to walk, they were
+    brought on shore and confined in Mill prison, where they met the anxious faces of
+    several hundred American prisoners, who had undergone the same privations as
+    themselves.</p>
+    <a name="page291" id="page291"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 291]</span>
+    <p>This prison was surrounded by two strong walls, twenty feet apart, and was guarded
+    by numerous sentries. There were small gates in the walls, and these were placed
+    opposite each other, the inner one generally remaining open. The prisoners were
+    allowed the privilege of the yard nearly all day, and this set the inventive mind of
+    Barney upon the scheme, which, in the end, terminated in his liberty; not, however,
+    without infinite danger and trouble. He set about finding out some small chance which
+    might afford the least hope of release; and having discovered one of the sentries
+    that had served in the United States, and remembered the kindness with which he had
+    been there treated, Barney and he formed the means of escape. It was arranged that
+    Barney should affect to have hurt his foot and obtain a pair of crutches, and thus
+    lull suspicion.</p>
+    <a name="page292" id="page292"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 292]</span>
+    <p>On the 18th of May, 1781, he habited himself in the undress uniform of a British
+    officer, the whole covered with a old greatcoat, and, by the aid of the sentinel,
+    cleared the prison; when he threw off the coat, and soon arrived at the house of a
+    well known friend to the American cause, in Plymouth. That he might not be soon
+    missed, he got a lad, who, after answering to his own name, was to get out, and
+    answer to Barney's, in the yard, which little stratagem succeeded admirably. When
+    Barney arrived at the friend's house, he made preparations to leave as soon as
+    possible, well knowing that if any of the British were detected harboring him, they
+    would be convicted of high treason. In the evening, therefore, he departed to the
+    house of his friend's father, at a considerable distance, where he would be safer. On
+    arriving there, he was surprised to find two of his old
+    friends&mdash;Americans&mdash;who had been, for some time, anxiously waiting for an
+    opportunity of returning home, and now thought that the time had arrived.</p>
+    <a name="page293" id="page293"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 293]</span>
+    <p>Lieutenant Barney determined to sail for the French coast, and, for this purpose,
+    he and the two gentlemen purchased a small fishing vessel, and habiting themselves in
+    some fishermen's old apparel, they set sail on their intended voyage. Admiral Digby's
+    fleet lay at the mouth of the river, and our adventurers had to pass through the
+    midst of them, and then run the chance of capture by the numerous British cruisers,
+    which continually ply about the channel. This was a daring undertaking, as the fleet,
+    he thought, had doubtless received notice of his escape, and the enemy would be rigid
+    in their search. He, therefore, determined to act with coolness, and, if intercepted,
+    to give such answers to the questions put to him, as might best lull suspicion. If he
+    was detected, he would pay for the attempt with his life.</p>
+    <p>He knew that if his escape was detected, it would be immediately communicated to
+    the fleet, and thus lessen his chances; especially as the least unusual appearance in
+    his assumed character, would excite immediate suspicion. Even should he be able to
+    pass through the fleet, the British channel abounded with the English cruisers, which
+    were quite adept in the art of picking up stragglers. With these dangers painted in
+    lively colors before his eyes, he preserved his usual self-possession, and inspired
+    with confidence his companions, who had never handled a rope, and relied exclusively
+    upon his daring.</p>
+    <a name="page294" id="page294"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 294]</span>
+    <p>By sunrise, the next morning, they were "under way," the two gentlemen remaining
+    below, and Lieutenant Barney and the servant being the only ones on deck, to avoid
+    suspicion. With a good breeze, and a favorable tide, it was not long before they were
+    in the midst of the hostile fleet, which seemed to take no notice of them. Their
+    hearts beat quick when they were thus hanging between life and death; but as soon as
+    the last of the enemy was passed, they declared themselves safe through <i>that</i>
+    portion of the ordeal.</p>
+    <a name="page295" id="page295"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 295]</span>
+    <p>But what attempt ever ended to the satisfaction of the undertaker? Before the
+    enemy were clear out of sight, the practised eye of Barney caught a sail which he
+    knew to be bearing down upon him. He saw that resistance was out of the question; but
+    that if he managed the affair adroitly he <i>might</i> escape. It was now that he was
+    called upon to exercise that firmness of mind, coolness and contempt of danger, and
+    quickness of resource in time of need, that ever distinguished his character, and
+    showed him to be a man of no ordinary talents. In less than an hour the
+    privateer&mdash;for such she was&mdash;came alongside, and sent an officer to see
+    "what he wanted steering for a hostile coast." The first questions that were put, and
+    answered unhesitatingly, were&mdash;what he had on board? and where he was bound? Of
+    course he had nothing on board, and his destination was France&mdash;on business of
+    importance from the ministry; at the same time untying the rope that bound the old
+    coat around him, and displaying the British half uniform. The officer touched his
+    hat, begged pardon, and said he would go on board and report to the commanding
+    officer.</p>
+    <p>The result of the interview was that Barney was made a prisoner once more, and
+    ordered with a prize-master to Plymouth. But being forced by stress of weather into a
+    small bay, near Plymouth, he contrived to escape from his captors, and find his way
+    to the mansion of the venerable clergyman, at Plymouth. Deeming it unsafe to remain
+    there, lest he might be discovered, after a few days he set out at midnight in a
+    postchaise for Exeter, and from thence by stages to Bristol, where he had a letter of
+    credit to an American gentleman.</p>
+    <a name="page296" id="page296"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 296]</span>
+    <p>Here he remained for three weeks, and from thence he went to London, directed to a
+    countryman, who received him kindly, and offered his services towards effecting his
+    final escape. After remaining here for six weeks, he found an opportunity of sailing
+    for France; and after an extremely boisterous and squally passage, reached Ostend,
+    from whence he soon found his way to Amsterdam, where he seized the opportunity of
+    paying his respects to Mr. John Adams, then Minister Plenipotentiary from the United
+    States to Holland. Through the courtesy of this gentleman, he obtained a passage to
+    his own country, and, after some adventures, reached Philadelphia, on the 21st of
+    March, 1782.</p>
+    <a name="page297" id="page297"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 297]</span>
+    <p>But he was not long allowed to enjoy the pleasure which he expected, after such a
+    trial of danger and fatigue. In less than a week after he arrived at Philadelphia, he
+    was offered the command of the Hyder Ally, of sixteen guns, fitted out by the state
+    authorities of Pennsylvania, to repress the enemy's privateers, with which the
+    Delaware river abounded.</p>
+    <p>On the 8th of April, 1782, he entered upon his destined service, which was to
+    convoy a fleet of merchantmen to the capes, and to protect them from the "refugee
+    boats," with which the river abounded. While waiting at the capes, he was assailed by
+    two ships and a brig belong to the enemy, who, finding him unsupported, commenced a
+    furious attack, which he sustained with great coolness, while his convoy were safely
+    retiring up the river. The brig came up first, and gave him a broadside as she was
+    passing; but kept her course up the bay after the convoy, while Barney waited for the
+    ship, which was coming up rapidly. Having approached within pistol shot, the Hyder
+    Ally poured a broadside into her, which somewhat staggered the enemy, who thought
+    Barney would <a name="page298" id="page298"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 298]</span>
+    "strike his colors." The enemy seemed disposed to board, and was ranging alongside of
+    him, when he ordered the quarter-master, in a loud voice, to "port the
+    helm!"&mdash;having previously given him secret instructions to put the helm hard
+    a-starboard, which latter order was obeyed; by this manoeuvre the enemy's jib-boom
+    caught in the fore-rigging of the Hyder Ally, thus giving her a raking position,
+    which Captain Barney knew how to improve. The firing on both sides was
+    tremendous;&mdash;an idea of it may be obtained from the fact, that more than twenty
+    broadsides were fired in twenty-six minutes! In the mizzen staystail of the General
+    Monk there were afterwards counted, three hundred and sixty-five shot-holes. During
+    the whole of this short but glorious battle, Captain Barney was stationed upon the
+    quarterdeck, exposed to the fire of the enemy's musketry, which was excessively
+    annoying, and began to be felt by the men, insomuch that Captain Barney ordered a
+    body of riflemen, whom he had on board, to direct their fire into the enemy's top,
+    which immediately had the desired effect.</p>
+    <a name="page299" id="page299"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 299]</span>
+    <p>The capture of the General Monk was one of the most brilliant achievements in
+    naval history. The General Monk mounted eighteen guns, and had one hundred and
+    thirty-six men, and lost twenty men killed, and thirty-three wounded. The Hyder Ally
+    had sixteen guns, and one hundred and ten men, and lost four men killed, and eleven
+    wounded.</p>
+    <p>All the officers of the General Monk were wounded except one. The captain himself
+    was severely wounded. The brig which accompanied the enemy ran ashore to avoid
+    capture. Captain Barney now followed his convoy up to Philadelphia. After a short
+    visit to his family, he returned to his command, where he soon captured the
+    "Hook-'em-snivy"&mdash;a refugee schooner, which had done a great deal of mischief on
+    the Delaware river.</p>
+    <a name="page300" id="page300"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 300]</span>
+    <p>These captures struck such terror among the privateers, that they began to
+    disperse to more profitable grounds. In consequence of the glorious actions, Captain
+    Barney was presented with a gold-hilted sword, in the name of the state.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image129_full.png"><img src="images/image129_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <p>A CATALOGUE OF ENTERTAINING AND INSTRUCTIVE JUVENILE BOOKS,</p>
+    <p>PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY</p>
+    <p>C.G. HENDERSON &amp; CO.</p>
+    <p>AT THEIR</p>
+    <p>Central Book &amp; Stationary Warehouse,</p>
+    <p>No. 164 CHESTNUT STREET</p>
+    <p><i>Corner of Seventh</i></p>
+    <p>UNDER BARNUM'S MUSEUM.</p>
+    <p>PHILADELPHIA.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image130_full.png"><img src="images/image130_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Nut Cracker and Sugar Dolly</p>
+    <p>A PARTY TALE.</p>
+    <p>TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN.</p>
+    <p>BY CHARLES A. DANA</p>
+    <p>SQUARE 16mo. CLOTH AND CLOTH GILT</p>
+    <hr class="thoughtbreak" />
+    <p>This New Fairy Tale is one of the liveliest, most readable, and most
+    unexceptionable for Children which has ever appeared.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image131_full.png"><img src="images/image131_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>THRILLING STORIES</p>
+    <p>of the</p>
+    <p>OCEAN.</p>
+    <p>for the Entertainment and Instruction of Young.</p>
+    <hr class="thoughtbreak" />
+    <p>This is a neat Volume of 300 pages, with numerous Embellishments. It is written in
+    a familiar, popular style, and is well suited to the Juvenile, Family or School
+    library.</p>
+    <p>CLOTH BINDING, PLAIN AND GILT EXTRA.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>COSTUMES OF EUROPE.</h2>
+    <p>Beautifully Embellished with 24 Engravings of Original Costumes. One vol. Square
+    16mo. Fine Cloth binding, 50 cts; with Col'd Engravings, 75 cts.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image132_full.png"><img src="images/image132_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>This is a Companion volume to the COSTUMES OF AMERICA, and is equally instructive
+    as well as pleasing for young readers.</p>
+    <p>Every intelligent Boy should possess a Copy of the Book of Costumes of Europe and
+    America.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image133_full.png"><img src="images/image133_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>KRISS KRINGLE'S</p>
+    <p>RHYME BOOK.</p>
+    <hr class="thoughtbreak" />
+    <p>A lively book of Rhymes for very little Children.</p>
+    <p>RICHLY EMBELLISHED WITH PICTURES.</p>
+    <p>Square 16mo. Paper Covers, 12-1/2 cents.</p>
+    <p>Cloth Binding, 25 cents.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image134_full.png"><img src="images/image134_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>[Illustration]</h2>
+    <p>MAJA'S ALPHABET.</p>
+    <p>A</p>
+    <p>VERY BEAUTIFUL PICTORIAL ALPHABET,</p>
+    <p>IN RHYME</p>
+    <p>WITH NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS, BY ABSOLON.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image135_full.png"><img src="images/image135_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>CARLO FRANCONI,</p>
+    <p>AN ITALIAN STORY,</p>
+    <p>And other stories for Young People.</p>
+    <p>BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS.</p>
+    <p>Square 16mo. Cloth Binding.</p>
+    <p>This is a very touching and entertaining Story for Youth. The Scene is laid in
+    England, and in Italy, the incidents are of a peculiarly interesting character.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image136_full.png"><img src="images/image136_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>COSTUMES OF AMERICA.</p>
+    <hr class="thoughtbreak" />
+    <p>An excellent volume for Young People of both sexes, and well calculated to awaken
+    an interest in the History of this Continent. Illustrated with Twenty-four Engravings
+    of Original Costumes. One volume, square 16mo. Cloth, 60 cents. With Colored Plates,
+    75 cents.</p>
+
+  <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13604 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
+
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
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+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13604 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13604)
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+Project Gutenberg's Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean, by Marmaduke Park
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean
+       From Authentic Accounts Of Modern Voyagers And Travellers; Designed
+       For The Entertainment And Instruction Of Young People
+       
+
+Author: Marmaduke Park
+
+Release Date: October 6, 2004 [EBook #13604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THRILLING STORIES OF THE OCEAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Josephine Paolucci, Juliet Sutherland. The scans made
+available through the generosity of the Internet Archive Children's
+Library.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE SHARK.]
+
+
+
+
+THRILLING
+
+STORIES OF THE OCEAN.
+
+FROM AUTHENTIC ACCOUNTS OF MODERN
+
+VOYAGERS AND TRAVELLERS;
+
+DESIGNED FOR THE
+
+ENTERTAINMENT AND INSTRUCTION
+
+OF
+
+YOUNG PEOPLE.
+
+
+BY MARMADUKE PARK.
+
+With Numerous Illustrations.
+
+
+PHILADELPHIA:
+
+C.G. HENDERSON & CO.,
+
+NO. 164 CHESTNUT STREET.
+
+1852.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE SHARK]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF THE OCEAN.
+
+
+
+
+VOLNEY BECKNER.
+
+
+The white sharks are the dread of sailors in all hot climates, for they
+constantly attend vessels in expectation of anything which may be thrown
+overboard. A shark will thus sometimes traverse the ocean in company
+with a ship for several hundred leagues. Woe to the poor mariner who
+may chance to fall overboard while this sea-monster is present.
+
+Some species of sharks grow to an enormous size, often weighing from one
+to four thousand pounds each. The skin of the shark is rough, and is
+used for polishing wood, ivory, &c.; that of one species is manufactured
+into an article called _agreen_: spectacle-cases are made of it. The
+white shark is the sailor's worst enemy: he has five rows of
+wedge-shaped teeth, which are notched like a saw: when the animal is at
+rest they are flat in his mouth, but when about to seize his prey they
+are erected by a set of muscles which join them to the jaw. His mouth is
+so situated under the head that he is obliged to turn himself on one
+side before he can grasp any thing with those enormous jaws.
+
+I will now give you an account of the death of a very brave little boy,
+who was killed by a shark. He was an Irish boy; his name was Volney
+Beckner, the son of a poor fisherman. His father, having always intended
+Volney for a seafaring life, took great pains to teach him such things
+as it is useful for a sailor to know, and tried to make him brave and
+hardy; he taught him to swim when a mere baby.
+
+[Illustration: VOLNEY BECKNER'S FIRST VOYAGE.]
+
+Volney was only nine years old when he first went to sea in a merchant
+ship; the same vessel in which his father sometimes sailed. Here he
+worked hard and fared hard, but this gave him no uneasiness; his frame
+was robust, he never took cold, he knew not what fear was.
+
+[Illustration: VOLNEY BECKNER AT SEA.]
+
+In the most boisterous weather, when the rain fell in torrents, and the
+wind howled around the ship, the little Irish boy would fearlessly and
+cheerfully climb the stays and sailyards, mount the topmast, or perform
+any other duty required of him. At twelve years old the captain promoted
+the clever, good tempered, and trustworthy boy; spoke well of him before
+the whole crew, and doubled his pay.
+
+Volney was very sensible to his praises. His messmates loved him for his
+generous nature, and because he had often shown himself ready to brave
+danger in order to assist them; but an occasion soon arrived in which he
+had an opportunity of performing one of the most truly heroic deeds on
+record.
+
+The vessel in which Volney and his father sailed was bound to Port au
+Prince, in St. Domingo. A little girl, the daughter of one of the
+passengers, having slipped away from her nurse, ran on deck to amuse
+herself. While gazing on the expanse of water, the heaving of the vessel
+made her dizzy, and she fell overboard.
+
+Volney's father saw the accident, darted after her, and quickly caught
+her by the dress; but while with one hand he swam to reach the ship, and
+with the other held the child, he saw a shark advancing towards them. He
+called aloud for help; there was no time to lose, yet none dared to
+afford him any. No one, did I say? Yes, little Volney, prompted by
+filial love, ventured on a deed which strong men dared not attempt.
+
+Armed with a broad, sharp sabre, he threw himself into the sea, then
+diving like a fish under the shark, he stabbed the weapon into his body
+up to the hilt. Thus wounded the shark quitted his prey, and turned on
+the boy, who again and again attacked him with the sabre, but the
+struggle was too unequal; ropes were quickly thrown from the deck to the
+father and son; each succeeded in grasping one, and loud rose the cry of
+joy, "They are saved!" Not so! The shark, enraged at seeing that he was
+about to be altogether disappointed of his prey, made one desperate
+spring, and tore asunder the body of the noble-hearted little boy, while
+his father and the fainting child in his arms were saved.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE POULTRY BASKET--A LIFE-PRESERVER.]
+
+
+
+
+THE POULTRY BASKET--A LIFE-PRESERVER.
+
+
+I will tell you an old story of an incident which occurred many years
+ago, but perhaps it may be new to you, and please you as much as it did
+me when I was a little girl, and used to sit on my grandpapa's knee, and
+listen to this tale among many others.
+
+The hero of my story was a countryman; you may, if you please, fancy his
+neat white cottage on the hill-side, with its rustic porch, all
+overgrown with jasmine, roses, and clematis; the pretty garden and
+orchard belonging to it, with the snug poultry yard, the shed for the
+cow, and the stack of food for winter's use on one side.
+
+[Illustration: THE POULTRY YARD.]
+
+You may fancy the pleasure of the little children who lived at this
+cottage in going with their mother morning and evening to feed the
+poultry; the noise and bustle among the feathered tribe at this time;
+how some rudely push before and peck the others in their anxiety to
+obtain the first grains that fall from the basket, and how the little
+children take care that the most greedy shall not get it all; their joy
+at seeing the young broods of tiny chicks covered with downy feathers,
+and the anxiety of the hens each to protect her own from danger, and
+teach them to scratch and pick up food for themselves; while they never
+forget to admire and praise the beauty of the fine old cock, as he
+struts about with an air of magnificence, like the very king of the
+guard.
+
+  "High was his comb, and coral red withal,
+  In dents embattled like a castle wall;
+  His bill was raven-black and shone like jet,
+  Blue were his legs, and orient were his feet;
+  White were his nails, like silver to behold!
+  His body glittering like burnished gold."
+
+If you had been there, you would have wished to visit the little
+orchard; to see the gentle cow, and the geese feeding on the common
+beyond; to watch the young ducklings, dipping and ducking and enjoying
+their watering sport in the pond.
+
+If it be spring, the children would delight in gathering the
+sweet-scented meadow flowers--the water ranunculus, with its golden
+cups, the modest daisy, the pink cuckoo-flower, and the yellow cowslips;
+while overhead the bees kept up a constant humming; they have found
+their way from the straw hives in the garden and are diving into the
+delicious blossoms of the apple and cherry trees, robbing many a one of
+its sweets.
+
+[Illustration: THE BEE HIVE.]
+
+But now to my history of what did really happen to a countryman, who
+very likely lived in such a pretty cottage as I have described.
+
+He had more poultry in his yard than he needed for his own use; some of
+them had been fatted for sale; and wishing to turn them into money, he
+left his home, which was near Bristol, with a basket full of them on his
+arm. Having reached the river, he went on board the ferry boat,
+intending to go across to a place called Bristol Hot-Wells. Many gentle
+folks visit this spot for the sake of drinking the waters of the wells,
+which are thought to be very beneficial in some complaints; and no doubt
+our countryman hoped that among them his poultry would fetch a good
+price.
+
+The ferry boat was nearly half way over the river, when, by some
+accident, the poor man lost his footing and fell into the stream; he
+could not swim, and the current carried him more than a hundred yards
+from the boat; but he kept fast hold of his poultry basket, which being
+buoyant, supported him until he was perceived, and rescued by some men
+in a fishing-smack.
+
+I hope he reached the Hot-Wells in safety after all, and sold his
+poultry for as much as he expected; and, what is still better, that his
+heart was filled with gratitude to God for his preservation from danger
+so imminent.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIFE BOAT.]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE BOAT.
+
+
+Oh what a stirring scene is this! see how the brave fellows are pulling
+with their oars, and endeavoring with all their might to reach the ship
+in distress before it is too late! Well, I suppose you are curious to
+know how an open boat like this can float in such an angry, boiling sea.
+I will tell you how it is accomplished; the sides of the boat are lined
+with hollow boxes of copper, which being perfectly air-tight, render her
+buoyant, even when full of water, or loaded to the very water's edge.
+
+The originator of this simple and beautiful contrivance was a London
+coach maker, named Lionel Lukin, a man whose benevolent feelings flowed
+towards all his fellow men, but more especially towards that portion of
+them who brave the dangers of the sea. After devoting sixty years of his
+life to the pursuits of his business, he retired to Hythe in Kent, where
+he finished a well-spent life in peace and tranquility, dying in
+February, 1834. His body was interred in the churchyard of Hythe, which
+is situated on rising ground, commanding a fine view of the ocean; a fit
+resting place for the remains of one whose talents had been successfully
+directed to the means of rescuing from shipwreck and a watery grave many
+hundreds, or perhaps we may say many thousands, of poor seamen. He
+obtained a patent for his first boat in 1785.
+
+The two sailors in the picture below are Greenwich pensioners,
+supported, you know, at Greenwich Hospital, which was founded by Charles
+II. for superannuated or wounded sailors. They are smoking their pipes,
+and discussing the merits of the Life Boat.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHALE.]
+
+
+
+
+WHALE FISHING.
+
+
+The whale is the largest of all known animals. There are three kinds of
+whale; the Greenland, called by the sailors the right whale, as being
+most highly prized by them; the great northern rorqual, called by
+fishers the razor-back or finner, and the cachalot or spermaciti whale.
+The common whale measures from sixty to seventy feet in length: the
+mouth, when open, is large enough to admit a ship's jolly boat, with all
+her men in it. It contains no teeth; and enormous as the creature is,
+the opening to the throat is very narrow, not more than an inch and a
+half across in the largest whale.
+
+[Illustration: WHALE FISHING]
+
+Instead of teeth the mouth of the whale is furnished with a curious
+framework of a substance called _baleen_; you will know it by the name
+of whalebone; it is arranged in rows, and projects beyond the lips in a
+hanging fringe; the food of the whale consists of shrimps, small fishes,
+sea-snails, and innumerable minute creatures, called medusae, which are
+found in those seas where the whales feed in such vast quantities that
+they make the water of a deep green or olive color.
+
+When feeding the whale swims with open mouth under the water, and all
+the objects which lie in the way of that great moving cavern are caught
+by the baleen, and never seen again. Along with their food they swallow
+a vast quantity of water, which passes back again through the nostrils,
+and is collected into a bag placed at the external orifice of the cavity
+of the nose, whence it is expelled by the pressure of powerful muscles
+through a very narrow opening pierced in the top of the head.
+
+[Illustration: THE CACHALOT]
+
+In this way it spouts the water in beautiful jets from twenty to thirty
+feet in height. The voice of the whale is like a low murmuring: it has a
+smooth skin all over its body, under which lies that thick lard which
+yields the oil for which they are so much sought. The Greenland whale
+has but two side-fins; its tail is in the shape of a crescent; it is an
+instrument of immense power; it has been sometimes known with one stroke
+to hurl large boats high into the air, breaking them into a thousand
+fragments. The whale shows great affection for her young, which is
+called the calf; the fishermen well know this, and turn it to their own
+account; they try to strike the young with the harpoon, which is a
+strong, barbed instrument, and if they do this they are almost sure of
+securing the mother also, as nothing will induce her to leave it.
+
+Mr. Scorseby, who was for a long time engaged in the whale fishery, has
+written a book containing a very interesting account of them. He
+mentions a case in which a young whale was struck beside its dam. She
+instantly seized and darted off with it, but not until the line had been
+fixed to its body. In spite of all that could be done to her, she
+remained near her dying little one, till she was struck again and again,
+and thus both perished. Sometimes, however, on an occasion like this,
+the old whale becomes furious, and then the danger to the men is very
+great, as they attack the whale in boats, several of which belong to
+each ship.
+
+A number of these boats once made towards a whale, which, with her calf
+was playing round a group of rocks. The old whale perceiving the
+approaching danger, did all she could to warn her little one of it, till
+the sight became quite affecting. She led it away from the boats, swam
+round it, embraced it with her fins, and sometimes rolled over with it
+in the waves.
+
+The men in the boats now rowed a-head of the whales, and drove them back
+among the rocks, at which the mother evinced great uneasiness and
+anxiety; she swam round and round the young one in lessening circles;
+but all her care was unheeded, and the inexperienced calf soon met its
+fate. It was struck and killed, and a harpoon fixed in the mother, when,
+roused to reckless fury, she flew on one of the boats, and made her tail
+descend with such tremendous force on the very centre of it, as to cut
+it in two, and kill two of the men, the rest swimming in all directions
+for their lives.
+
+[Illustration: A SHIP TOWED TO LAND BY BULLOCKS.]
+
+
+
+
+SHIP TOWED TO LAND BY BULLOCKS
+
+
+Swimming is a manly exercise, and one in which, under proper care, every
+little boy ought to be instructed. In the first place it is a very
+healthy and invigorating practice frequently to immerse the body in
+water: and when we recollect how often the knowledge of this art has
+been blessed by the Supreme Disposer of events as a means of saving his
+rational creatures from sudden death, it seems that to neglect this
+object is almost to refuse to avail ourselves of one of the means of
+safety, which a kind Providence has placed within our reach.
+
+Only imagine yourself to be, as many before you have been, in a
+situation of pressing danger on the sea, and yet at no great distance
+from the land, so that you might hope to reach it by swimming, but to
+remain on board the vessel appeared certain death, how thankful you
+would then feel to your friends if they had put this means of escape
+into your power! Or if you were to see some unfortunate fellow-creature
+struggling in the water, and about to disappear from your sight, how
+willingly, if conscious of your own power to support yourself, would you
+plunge into the water to his rescue! and how would your heart glow with
+delight if your efforts to save him should prove successful!
+
+Here is a picture representing the very remarkable preservation of the
+crew of a vessel on the coast of Newfoundland. In this instance man
+availed himself of the instinct which ever prompts the brute creation to
+self-preservation. The ship was freighted with live cattle; in a
+dreadful storm she was dismasted, and became a mere wreck. The crew
+being unable to manage her, it occurred to the captain, whose name was
+Drummond, as a last resort, to attach some ropes to the horns of some of
+the bullocks, and turn them into the sea. This was done, the bullocks
+swam towards land and towed the ship to the shore. Thus the lives of the
+crew were saved.
+
+
+
+
+THE SINKING OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.
+
+
+The Royal George was an old ship; she had seen much service. Her build
+was rather short and high, but she sailed well, and carried the tallest
+masts and squarest canvas of any of England's gun-ships. She had just
+returned from Spithead, where there were twenty or thirty ships of war,
+called a fleet, lying under command of Lord Howe. It was on the 29th of
+August, 1782. She was lying off Portsmouth; her decks had been washed
+the day before, and the carpenter discovered that the pipes which
+admitted water to cleanse the ship was worn out, and must be replaced.
+This pipe being three feet under the water, it was needful to heel, or
+lay the ship a little on one side. To do this, the heavy guns on the
+larboard side were run out of the port-holes (those window-like openings
+which you see in the side of the vessel) as far as they would go, and
+the guns on the starboard side were drawn up and secured in the middle
+of the deck; this brought the sills of the port-holes on the lowest side
+nearly even with the water.
+
+[Illustration: SINKING OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.]
+
+Just as the crew had finished breakfast, a vessel called the Lark came
+on the low side of the ship to unship a cargo of rum; the casks were put
+on board on that side, and this additional weight, together with that of
+the men employed in unloading, caused the ship to heel still more on one
+side; every wave of the sea now washed in at her port-holes, and thus
+she had soon so great a weight of water in her hold, that slowly and
+almost imperceptibly she sank still further down on her side. Twice, the
+carpenter, seeing the danger, went on board to ask the officer on duty
+to order the ship to be righted; and if he had not been a proud and
+angry man, who would not acknowledge himself to be in the wrong, all
+might yet have been well.
+
+The plumbers had almost finished their work, when a sudden breeze blew
+on the raised side of the ship, forced her still further down, and the
+water began to pour into her lower port-holes. Instantly the danger
+became apparent; the men were ordered to right the ship: they ran to
+move the guns for this purpose, but it was _too late_.
+
+In a minute or two more, she fell quite over on her side, with her masts
+nearly flat on the water, and the Royal George sank to the bottom,
+before one signal of distress could be given! By this dreadful accident,
+about nine hundred persons lost their lives; about two hundred and
+thirty were saved, some by running up the rigging, and being with others
+picked up by the boats which put off immediately from other vessels to
+their assistance. There were many visitors, women and little children on
+board at the time of the accident.
+
+
+
+
+BLOWING UP OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.
+
+
+At the time when the dreadful event which I have just related to you
+occurred, the Lark sloop, which brought the cargo of rum, was lying
+alongside of the Royal George; in going down, the main-yard of the Royal
+George caught the boom of the Lark, and they sank together, but this
+made the position of the Royal George much more upright in the water
+than it would otherwise have been. There she lay at the bottom of the
+sea, just as you have seen small vessels when left by the tide on a
+bank. Cowper, when he heard the sad tale, thus wrote
+
+  "Her timbers yet are sound,
+    And she may float again,
+  Full charged with England's thunder,
+    And plough the distant main.
+
+  "But Kempenfelt is gone,
+    His victories are o'er,
+  And he, and his eight hundred
+    Shall plough the wave no more."
+
+Admiral Kempenfelt was writing in his cabin when the ship sank; his
+first captain tried to inform him of their situation, but the heeling of
+the ship so jammed the cabin doors that he could not open them: thus the
+admiral perished with the rest. It seems Cowper thought the Royal George
+might be recovered; other people were of the same opinion.
+
+[Illustration: BLOWING UP OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.]
+
+In September of the year in which the vessel sank, a gentleman, named
+Tracey, living in the neighborhood, by means of diving-machines,
+ascertained the position and state of the ship, and made proposals to
+government to adopt means of raising her and getting her again afloat.
+After a great many vexatious delays and interruptions on the part of
+those who were to have supplied him with assistance, he succeeded in
+getting up the Lark sloop. His efforts to raise the Royal George were so
+far successful, that at every time of high tide she was lifted from her
+bed; and on the 9th of October she was hove at least thirty or forty
+feet to westward; but the days were getting short, the boisterous winds
+of winter were setting in, the lighters to which Tracey's apparatus was
+attached were too old and rotten to bear the strain, and he was forced
+to abandon the attempt.
+
+The sunken ship remained, a constant impediment to other vessels wishing
+to cast anchor near the spot, for nearly fifty years, when Colonel
+Pasley, by means of gunpowder, completely demolished the wreck: the
+loose pieces of timber floated to the surface; heavier pieces--the
+ship's guns, cables, anchors, the fire-hearth, cooking utensils, and
+many smaller articles were recovered by the divers. These men went down
+in Indian-rubber dresses, which were air and water-tight; they were
+furnished with helmets, in each side of which were glass windows, to
+admit light, and supplied with air by means of pipes, communicating with
+an air-pump above. By these means they could remain under water more
+than an hour at a time. I do not think you are old enough to understand
+the nature of Colonel Pasley's operations. Large hollow vessels, called
+cylinders, were filled with gunpowder, and attached by the divers to the
+wreck, these were connected by conducting wires with a battery on board
+a lighter above, at a sufficient distance to be out of reach of danger
+when the explosion took place. Colonel Pasley then gave the word to fire
+the end of the rod; instantly a report was heard, and those who
+witnessed the explosions, say that the effect was very beautiful. On
+one occasion, the water rose in a splendid column above fifty feet high,
+the spray sparkling like diamonds in the sun; then the large fragments
+of the wreck came floating to the surface; soon after the mud from the
+bottom, blackening the circle of water, and spreading to a great
+distance around; and with it rose to the surface great numbers of fish,
+who, poor things, had found a hiding-place in the wreck, but were
+dislodged and killed by the terrible gunpowder.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE MELVILLE CASTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE MELVILLE CASTLE.
+
+
+Many and great are the dangers to which those who lead a seafaring life
+are exposed. The lightning's flash may strike a ship when far away from
+port, upon the trackless deep, or the sudden bursting of a particular
+kind of cloud, called a waterspout, may overwhelm her, and none be left
+to tell her fate. But of all the perils to which a ship is liable, I
+think that of her striking on a sand-bank, or on sunken rocks is the
+greatest. There must be men and women now living on the Kentish coast,
+in whose memory the disastrous wreck of the Melville Castle, with all
+its attendant horrors, is yet fresh. It is a sorrowful tale, doubly so,
+inasmuch as acts of imprudence, and still worse, of obstinacy, may be
+said to have occasioned the loss of four hundred and fifty lives.
+
+In the first place, the Melville Castle, or as I suppose we should call
+her the Vryheid, was in a very decayed state; she had been long in the
+East India Company's service, and was by them sold to some Dutch
+merchants, who had her upper works tolerably repaired, new sheathed and
+coppered her, and resold her to the Dutch government, who were then in
+want of a vessel to carry out troops and stores to Batavia.
+
+The Melville Castle was accordingly equipped for the voyage, painted
+throughout, and her name changed to the Vryheid. On the the morning of
+November, 1802, she set sail from the Texel, a port on the coast of
+Holland, with a fair wind, which lasted till early on the following day,
+when a heavy gale came on in an adverse direction.
+
+The captain immediately had the top-gallant masts and yards struck to
+make her ride more easily; but as the day advanced, the violence of the
+wind increased, and vain seemed every effort of the crew to manage the
+ship. There were many mothers and little children on board, whose state
+was truly pitiable. The ship was scourged onward by the resistless
+blast, which continued to increase until it blew a perfect hurricane.
+
+About three in the afternoon, the mainmast fell overboard, sweeping
+several of the crew into the sea, and severely injuring four or five
+more. By this time they were near enough to the Kentish coast to discern
+objects on land, but the waves which rolled mountains high prevented the
+possibility of any help approaching. By great exertion the ship was
+brought to anchor in Hythe Bay, and for a few moments hope cheered the
+bosoms of those on board; it was _but_ a few, for almost immediately
+she was found to have sprung a leak; and while all hands were busy at
+the pumps, the storm came on with increased fury.
+
+In this dismal plight they continued till about six o'clock the
+following morning, when the ship parted from one of her largest anchors,
+and drifted on towards Dymchurch-wall, about three miles to the west of
+Hythe. This wall is formed by immense piles, and cross pieces of timber,
+supported by wooden jetties, which stretch far into the sea. It was
+built to prevent the water from overflowing a rich, level district,
+called Romney Marsh.
+
+The crew continued to fire guns and hoist signals of distress. At
+daybreak a pilot boat put off from Dover, and nearing the Melville
+Castle, advised the captain to put back to Deal or Hythe, and wait for
+calmer weather, or, said the boatman, "all hands will assuredly be
+lost." But the captain would not act on his recommendation; he thought
+the pilot boat exaggerated the danger, hoped the wind would abate as
+the day opened, and that he should avoid the demands of the Dover pilot
+or the Down fees by not casting anchor there. Another help the captain
+rejected, and bitterly did he lament it when it was too late.
+
+No sooner had the pilot boat departed, than the commodore at Deal
+despatched two boats to endeavor to board the ship. The captain
+obstinately refused to take any notice of them, and ordered the crew to
+let the vessel drive before the wind. This they did, till the ship ran
+so close in shore, that the captain himself saw the imminent danger, and
+twice attempted to put her about, but in vain. On the first of the
+projecting jetties of Dymchurch-wall the vessel struck. I would not if I
+could grieve your young heart with a detail of all the horrors that
+ensued; the devoted ship continued to beat on the piles, the sea
+breaking over her with such violence, that the pumps could no longer be
+worked.
+
+The foremast soon went over the ship's side, carrying twelve seamen
+with it, who were swallowed up by the billows. The rudder was unshipped,
+the tiller tore up the gundeck, and the water rushed in at the
+port-holes. At this fearful moment most of the passengers and crew
+joined in solemn prayer to the Almighty. Morning came, but it was only
+to witness the demolition of the wreck.
+
+Many were the efforts made by the sufferers, some in the jolly boat,
+some on a raft, others by lashing themselves to pieces of timber,
+hogsheads, and even hencoops, to reach the shore; but out of four
+hundred and seventy-two persons who a few days before had left the coast
+of Holland, not more than eighteen escaped the raging billows. The
+miserable remnant received generous attention from the inhabitants of
+the place, who did all in their power to aid their recovery.
+
+[Illustration: BURNING OF THE KENT EAST INDIAMAN.]
+
+
+
+
+BURNING OF THE KENT EAST INDIAMAN.
+
+
+This picture represents the burning of the Kent East Indiaman, in the
+Bay of Biscay. She had on board in all six hundred and forty-one persons
+at the time of the accident. The fire broke out in the hold during a
+storm. An officer on duty, finding that a spirit cask had broken loose,
+was taking measures to secure it, when a lurch of the ship caused him to
+drop his lantern, and in his eagerness to save it, he let go the cask,
+which suddenly stove in, and the spirits communicated with the flame,
+the whole place was instantly in a blaze. Hopes of subduing the fire at
+first were strong, but soon heavy volumes of smoke and a pitchy smell
+told that it had reached the cable-room.
+
+In these awful circumstances, the captain ordered the lower decks to be
+scuttled, to admit water. This was done; several poor seamen being
+suffocated by the smoke in executing the order; but now a new danger
+threatened, the sea rushed in so furiously, that the ship was becoming
+water-logged, and all feared her going down. Between six and seven
+hundred human beings, were by by this time crowded on the deck. Many on
+their knees earnestly implored the mercy of an all-powerful God! while
+some old stout-hearted sailors quietly seated themselves directly over
+the powder magazine, expecting an explosion every moment, and thinking
+thus to put a speedier end to their torture.
+
+In this time of despair, it occurred to the fourth mate to send a man to
+the foremast, hoping, but scarce daring to think it probable, that some
+friendly sail might be in sight. The man at the fore-top looked around
+him; it was a moment of intense anxiety; then waving his hat, he cried
+out, "A sail, on the lee-bow!"
+
+Those on deck received the news with heart-felt gratitude, and answered
+with three cheers. Signals of distress were instantly hoisted, and
+endeavors used to make towards the stranger, while the minute guns were
+fired continuously. She proved to be the brig Cambria, Captain Cook,
+master, bound to Vera Cruz, having twenty Cornish miners, and some
+agents of the Mining Company on board. For about one quarter of an hour,
+the crew of the Kent doubted whether the brig perceived their signals:
+but after a period of dreadful suspense, they saw the British colors
+hoisted, and the brig making towards them.
+
+On this, the crew of the Kent got their boats in readiness; the first
+was filled with women, passengers, and officers' wives, and was lowered
+into a sea so tempestuous as to leave small hope of their reaching the
+brig; they did, however, after being nearly swamped through some
+entanglement of the ropes, get clear of the Kent, and were safely taken
+on board the Cambria, which prudently lay at some distance off.
+
+After the first trip, it was found impossible for the boats to come
+close alongside of the Kent, and the poor women and children suffered
+dreadfully, in being lowered over the stern into them by means of ropes.
+Amid this gloomy scene, many beautiful examples occurred of filial and
+parental affection, and of disinterested friendship; and many sorrowful
+instances of individual loss and suffering. At length, when all had been
+removed from the burning vessel, but a few, who were so overcome by
+fear as to refuse to make the attempt to reach the brig, the captain
+quitted his ill-fated ship.
+
+The flames which had spread along her upper deck, now mounted rapidly to
+the mast and rigging, forming one general conflagration and lighting up
+the heavens to an immense distance round. One by one her stately masts
+fell over her sides. By half-past one in the morning the fire reached
+the powder magazine; the looked-for explosion took place, and the
+burning fragments of the vessel were blown high into the air, like so
+many rockets.
+
+The Cambria, with her crowd of sufferers, made all speed to the nearest
+port, and reached Portsmouth in safety, shortly after midnight, on the
+3d of March, 1825, the accident having taken place on the 28th of
+February. Wonderful to tell, fourteen of the poor creatures, left on the
+Kent, were rescued by another ship, the Caroline, on her passage from
+Alexandria to Liverpool.
+
+
+
+
+THE PELICAN.
+
+
+The life of a pelican seems to be a very lazy, if not a very pleasant
+one. Man, ever on the watch to turn the habits of animals to his own
+account, observing how good a fisherman the pelican is, often catches
+and tames him, and makes him fish for _him_. I have heard of a bird of
+this kind in America, which was so well trained, that it would at
+command go off in the morning, and return at night with its pouch full,
+and stretched to the utmost; part of its treasure it disgorged for its
+master, the rest was given to the bird for its trouble. It is hardly
+credible what these extraordinary pouches will hold; it is said, that
+among other things, a man's leg with the boots on was once found in one
+of them.
+
+Pelicans live in flocks; they and the cormorants sometimes help one
+another to get a living. The cormorant is a species of pelican, of a
+dusky color: it is sometimes called the sea crow. The cormorants are the
+best divers, so the pelicans arrange themselves in a large circle at
+some great distance from the land, and flap their great wings on the
+surface of the water, while the cormorants dive beneath. Away swim the
+poor frightened fish towards the shore; the pelicans draw into a
+narrower circle, and the fish at last are brought into so small a
+compass, that their pursuers find no difficulty in obtaining a plentiful
+meal.
+
+[Illustration: THE SEA TURTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+CATCHING TURTLE.
+
+
+There are two kinds of turtle; the one is called the green turtle, and
+is much valued as a delicious article of food; the other the hawk's bill
+turtle supplies the tortoise shell of commerce, which is prepared and
+moulded into various forms by heat. The flesh of the hawk's bill turtle
+is considered very unwholesome.
+
+[Illustration: CATCHING TURTLE.]
+
+The turtles in the picture are of the edible kind; they are found on the
+shores of nearly all the countries within the tropics.
+
+There is a little rocky island in the south Atlantic Ocean, called the
+Island of Ascension, where they are found in vast numbers, and this
+barren spot is often visited by Indiamen for the purpose of obtaining
+some of them. The turtles feed on the sea weed and other marine plants
+which grow on the shoals and sand banks, and with their powerful jaws,
+they crush the small sea shells which are found among the weeds. This
+kind of food is always to be had in great abundance, so that the turtles
+have no occasion to quarrel among themselves, for that which is afforded
+in such plenty for all; indeed they seem to be a very quiet and
+inoffensive race, herding peaceably together on their extensive
+feeding-grounds, and when satisfied retiring to the fresh water at the
+mouth of the rivers, where they remain holding their heads above water,
+as if to breathe the fresh air, till the shadow of any of their numerous
+enemies alarms them, when they instantly dive to the bottom for
+security.
+
+In the month of April, the females leave the water after sunset, in
+order to deposit their eggs in the sand. By means of their fore-fins
+they dig a hole above high water mark, about one foot wide and two deep,
+into which they drop above a hundred eggs; they then cover them lightly
+over with a layer of sand, sufficient to hide them, and yet thin enough
+to admit the warmth of the sun's rays for hatching them. The instinct
+which leads the female turtle to the shore to lay her eggs, renders her
+a prey to man. The fishers wait for them on shore, especially on a
+moonlight night, and following them in one of their journeys, either
+coming or returning, they turn them quickly over on their backs, before
+they have time to defend themselves, or to blind their assailants by
+throwing up the sand with their fins.
+
+When very large, for I should tell you that the usual weight of the
+turtle is from four to six hundred pounds, it requires the efforts of
+several men to turn them over, and for this purpose they often employ
+levers: the back shell of the turtle is so flat that when once over it
+is impossible for them to right themselves, so there the poor creatures
+lie in this helpless condition, till they are either taken away in the
+manner you see in the picture, or deposited by their captors in a crawl,
+which is a kind of enclosure surrounded by stakes, and so situated as to
+admit the influx of the sea.
+
+The inhabitants of the Bahama Isles, catch many turtles at a
+considerable distance from the shore; they strike them with a spear, the
+head of which slips off when it has entered the body of the turtle, but
+it is fastened by a string to the pole, and by means of this apparatus
+they are able to secure them, and either take them into the boat or haul
+them on shore. The length of the green turtle frequently exceeds six
+feet. A boy ten years old, a son of Captain Roche, once made use of a
+very large shell as a boat, and ventured in it from the shore to his
+father's ship which lay about a quarter of a mile off. It was in the
+bay of Campeachy, off Port Royal, where the rightful occupant of this
+shell was caught.
+
+[Illustration: WRECK OF THE STEAMBOAT.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WRECK OF THE STEAMBOAT.
+
+
+The following narrative teaches a lesson of courage and devotion such as
+are seldom read. In one of the light-houses of the desolate Farne Isles,
+amid the ocean, with no prospect before it but the wide expanse of sea,
+and now and then a distant sail appearing, her cradle hymn the ceaseless
+sound of the everlasting deep, there lived a little child whose name
+was Grace Darling. Her father was the keeper of the light-house; and
+here Grace lived and grew up to the age of twenty-two, her mother's
+constant helpmate in all domestic duties. She had a fair and healthy
+countenance, which wore a kind and cheerful smile, proceeding from a
+heart at peace with others, and happy in the consciousness of
+endeavoring to do its duty.
+
+It was at early dawn, one September morning, in the year 1838, that the
+family at the Longstone light-house looked out through a dense fog which
+hung over the waters. All night the sea had run extremely high, with a
+heavy gale from the north, and at this moment the storm continued
+unabated. Mr. and Mrs. Darling and Grace were at this time the only
+persons in the light-house; through the dim mist they perceived the
+wreck of a large steam vessel on the rocks, and by the aid of their
+telescope the could even make out the forms of some persons clinging to
+her.
+
+It was the Forfarshire steamboat on her passage from Hull to Dundee.
+She left the former place with sixty-three persons on board. She had
+entered Berwick Bay about eight o'clock the previous evening, in a heavy
+gale and in a leaky condition; the motion of the vessel soon increased
+the leak to such a degree that the fires could not be kept burning.
+About ten o'clock she bore up off St. Abb's Head, the storm still
+raging. Soon after the engineer reported that the engines would not
+work; the vessel became unmanageable; it was raining heavily, and the
+fog was so dense that it was impossible to make out their situation. At
+length the appearance of breakers close to leeward, and the Farne lights
+just becoming visible, showed to all on board their imminent danger.
+
+The captain vainly tried to run the vessel between the islands and the
+main land, she would no longer answer the helm, and was driven to and
+fro by a furious sea. Between three and four o'clock in the morning she
+struck with her bows foremost on a jagged rock, which pierced her
+timbers. Soon after the first shock a mighty wave lifted the vessel
+from the rock, and let her fall again with such violence as fairly to
+break her in two pieces; the after part, containing the cabin with many
+passengers, all of whom perished, was instantly carried away through a
+tremendous current, while the fore part was fixed on the rock. The
+survivors, only nine in number, five of the crew and four passengers,
+remained in this dreadful situation till daybreak, when they were
+descried by the family at the light-house. But who could dare to cross
+the raging abyss which lay between them?
+
+Grace, full of pity and anxiety for the wretched people on the wreck,
+forgot all toil and danger, and urged her father to launch the boat; she
+took one oar and her father the other; but Grace had never assisted in
+the boat before, and it was only by extreme exertion and the most
+determined courage that they succeeded in bringing the boat up to the
+rock, and rescuing nine of their fellow creatures from a watery grave,
+and with the help of the crew in returning, landed all safe at the
+light-house.
+
+Happy Grace Darling! she needed no other reward than the joy of her own
+heart and the warm thanks of those she had helped to deliver; but the
+news of the heroic deed soon spread, and wondering and admiring
+strangers came from far and near to see Grace and that lonely
+light-house. Nay more, they showered gifts upon her, and a public
+subscription was raised with a view of rewarding her bravery, to the
+amount of seven hundred pounds. She continued to live with her parents
+on their barren isles, finding happiness in her simple duties and in
+administering to their comfort, until her death, which took place little
+more than three years after the wreck of the Forfarshire steamer.
+
+
+
+
+WATERSPOUTS.
+
+These wonderful appearances are caused by the action of currents of wind
+meeting in the atmosphere from different quarters. They are sometimes
+seen on land, but much more frequently at sea, where they are very
+dangerous visitors. I will try to give you some idea of what they are,
+and perhaps the picture may help you a little. I dare say you have often
+noticed little eddies of wind whirling up dust and leaves, or any light
+substances which happened to be in the way; when these occur on a larger
+scale they are called whirlwinds.
+
+[Illustration: WATERSPOUTS.]
+
+Now if a cloud happens to be exactly in the point where two such furious
+currents of wind meet, it is turned round and round by them with great
+speed and is condensed into the form of a cone; this whirling motion
+drives from the centre of the cloud all the particles contained in it,
+producing what is called a vacuum, or empty space, into which the water
+or any thing else lying beneath it has an irresistible tendency to rush.
+Underneath the dense impending cloud, the sea becomes violently
+agitated, and the waves dart rapidly towards the centre of the troubled
+mass of water: on reaching it they disperse in vapor, and rise, whirling
+in a spiral direction towards the cloud. The descending and ascending
+columns unite, the whole presenting the appearance of a hollow cylinder,
+or tube of glass, empty within. This, Maltebrun tells us, and he further
+adds, "it glides over the sea without any wind being felt; indeed
+several have been seen at once, pursuing different directions. When the
+cloud and the marine base of the waterspout move with equal velocity,
+the lower cone is often seen to incline sideways, or even to bend, and
+finally to burst in pieces. A noise is then heard like the noise of a
+cataract falling in a deep valley. Lightning frequently issues from the
+very bosom of the waterspout, particularly when it breaks; but no
+thunder is ever heard."
+
+Sailors, to prevent the danger which would arise from coming in contact
+with one of these tremendous columns, discharge a cannon into it: the
+ball passing through it breaks the watery cylinder, and causes it to
+burst, just as a touch causes your beautiful soap-bubbles to vanish, and
+turn to water again. These waterspouts, at sea, generally occur between
+the tropics, and I believe frequently after a calm, such as the poet
+has described in the following lines:
+
+  "Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down,
+    'Twas sad as sad could be,
+  And we did speak only to break
+    The silence of the sea!
+
+  "All in a hot and copper sky,
+    The bloody sun at noon,
+  Right up above the mast did stand.
+    No bigger than the moon.
+
+  "Day after day, day after day,
+    We stuck, nor breath, nor motion;
+  As idle as a painted ship
+    Upon a painted ocean.
+
+  "Water, water, every where,
+    And all the boards did shrink;
+  Water, water, every where
+    And not a drop to drink!"
+
+Happily "dead calms" do not generally last so long as to lead to any
+serious result. Sailors have a superstitious and foolish belief that
+whistling in a calm will bring up a breeze, and they do this in a
+drawling, beseeching tone, on some prominent part of the vessel. Poor
+fellows! what a pity that their thoughts should not more frequently be
+directed to Him "who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand,
+and meted out heaven with a span," and whose works and wonders in the
+deep "they that go down to the sea in ships" have such abundant
+opportunity for observing.
+
+
+
+
+HEAVING THE LEAD.
+
+
+Here we have a sailor in the act of heaving the lead, or taking
+soundings, which is a thing extremely necessary to be done when a ship
+is approaching the shore, as there is great danger of her running on a
+sand-bank or striking on a sunken rock. I will now tell you how it is
+managed. A sailor gets over the ship's side, as you see in the
+engraving, and takes his station in what are called "the chains;" he
+holds in his hand a coil of rope, with the length in fathoms marked upon
+it; this rope has a mass of lead attached to the end of it. At the
+bottom of the lead, is a hollow place, into which a piece of tallow
+candle is stuck, which brings up distinguishing marks from the bottom of
+the sea, such as small shells, sand, or mud, adhering to it. If the
+tallow be only indented it is supposed to have fallen on bare rocks. A
+correct account of the soundings is entered in the logbook; this book
+contains a description of the ship's course, the direction of the wind,
+and other circumstances, during every hour of each day and night. Having
+arranged the rope so as to allow it to fall freely when cast, the sailor
+throws the lead forward into the water, giving rope sufficient to allow
+it to touch the bottom; then with a sudden jerk, such as long practice
+alone can enable him to give, he raises the weight, and after examining
+the mark on the rope made by the water, calls out lustily, so that all
+forward can hear, "By the mark seven," or "By the deep nine," according
+to the case, or whatever the number of fathoms may be. The lead-line is
+marked into lengths of six feet, called fathoms, by knots, or pieces of
+leather, or old sail-cloth. In narrow or intricate channels, it is
+sometimes needful to place a man in the chains on each side of the ship,
+as the depth will vary a fathom or more even in the breadth of the
+vessel, and it is of great consequence that the leadsmen give the depth
+correctly, as a wrong report might cause the ship to run aground. The
+time that the leadsman is employed in taking soundings is often a period
+of deep anxiety to the crew and passengers, especially if the vessel be
+near an unknown coast. When the decrease in the number of fathoms is
+sudden, the captain knows that danger is near, and quickly gives orders
+to alter the ship's course: the sailors instantly obey his directions;
+but sometimes not all their activity and energy can save the vessel; she
+strikes and becomes a wreck.
+
+Turn to the 27th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in your Bible, and
+you will there read the deeply interesting account of Paul's shipwreck
+on the island Melita. Life has often been compared to a voyage--and
+aptly so.
+
+You will find that you, like the mariner, are exposed to many dangers,
+and that you are never for one moment safe in trusting to your own skill
+to guide your little bark. In watchfulness and prayer, look to your
+Heavenly Pilot for directions under every circumstance, often examining
+your own heart, as the seaman heaves the lead in danger. Then will you
+be safely guided through storms and calms, amid rocks and shoals, and
+reach at last the blessed haven of eternal rest and peace.
+
+
+
+
+THE BALLOON AT SEA.
+
+
+A balloon is a hollow globe, made of silk, rendered air-tight by a
+coating of gum and resin, and enclosed within a strong network. When
+filled with gas it is so much lighter than the air which surrounds us,
+that it will rise with heavier bodies suspended to it. In a sort of car
+or boat attached, men, who are called "aeronauts," have performed
+journeys through the air.
+
+The balloon was invented by a Frenchman named Montgolfier. Great
+expectations were at first entertained of this art of sailing through
+the air, but as yet it has not proved of much practical use. Many
+disasters have at different times befallen balloon voyagers.
+
+Many years ago, Major Mooney ascended in his balloon from Norwich,
+expecting from the direction of the wind that he might descend near
+Ipswich; but when he had risen about one mile from the earth, a violent
+current carried him and his balloon towards Yarmouth. The balloon fell
+on the sea, about nine miles from land. The Major supported himself for
+some time in the water, by holding firmly to the balloon, and was at
+last rescued from his dangerous situation by the crew of a cutter which
+was cruising on the coast.
+
+This was a disastrous voyage, but I think it will interest you to hear
+of a more successful one, performed by three gentlemen, one of whom,
+Mr. Green, has introduced some great improvements in the art of filling
+and guiding balloons. These gentlemen left the earth in the car of a
+very large balloon, at half-past one o'clock, on Monday, the 7th of
+November, 1836, intending to proceed to some point on the continent of
+Europe not very distant from Paris. They were provided with provisions
+for a fortnight; these, with sand-bags for ballast, cordage, and all
+needful apparatus for such a journey were placed in the bottom of the
+car, while all around hung cloaks, carpet bags, barrels of wood and
+copper, barometers, telescopes, lamps, spirit-flasks, coffee-warmers,
+&c, for you know it would be impossible for them afterwards to supply
+any thing which might have been forgotten.
+
+Thus duly furnished, the balloon was rapidly borne away by a moderate
+breeze over the fertile fields of Kent to Dover. It was forty-eight
+minutes past four when the first sound of the waves on the sea-beach
+broke on the voyagers' ears: the sun was sinking below the horizon, and
+as the balloon was rapidly borne into the region of mist which hung over
+the ocean, we must suppose something of dread and uncertainty attended
+the adventurer's minds. Scarcely, however, had they completed some
+arrangements, intended to render the balloon more buoyant in the heavy
+atmosphere, than again the sound of waves surprised them, and below were
+seen glittering the well-known lights of Calais and the neighboring
+shores. Passing over Calais the aeronauts lowered a blue-light to give
+notice of their presence, but could not tell whether the inhabitants
+perceived it. By this time night had completely closed in, and still the
+silken ball pursued its course. So long as lights were burning in the
+towns and villages which it passed in rapid succession, the solitary
+voyagers looked down on the scene with delight; sometimes they could
+even catch the hum of the yet busy multitude, or the bark of a
+watch-dog; but midnight came, and the world was hushed in sleep.
+
+As soon as the people were again stirring below, the guide-rope was
+hauled into the balloon, and the grappling-iron lowered; and after
+sundry difficulties from the danger of getting entangled in a wood, and
+grievously affrighting two ladies, who stood awhile petrified with
+amazement at the unusual apparition, the voyagers succeeded in alighting
+in a grassy valley, about six miles from the town of Weilburg, in the
+Duchy of Nassau. Here every attention and accommodation was afforded
+them, and thus ended this remarkable journey, an extent of about five
+hundred British miles having been passed over in the space of eighteen
+hours.
+
+
+
+
+AN ADVENTURE OF PAUL JONES.
+
+
+John Paul Jones was a famous naval commander in the service of the
+United States, during the revolutionary war. He was a native of
+Scotland, but having come to Virginia and settled before the war broke
+out, he joined the patriots as soon as hostilities commenced, and
+rendered the most important services through the whole of the long and
+arduous contest, by which our independence was acquired.
+
+The following account of one of his adventures is given by his
+biographer.
+
+Eager to retaliate upon Britain for some predatory exploits of her
+sailors on the American coast, and exasperated by the resolution which
+the English government had taken, to treat all the supporters of
+independence as traitors and rebels, Captain Paul Jones entered the
+Irish Channel, and approaching his native shores, not as a friend, but
+as a determined enemy. On the night of the 22d of April, 1778, he came
+to anchor in the Solway Firth, almost within sight of the trees which
+sheltered the house in which he first drew the breath of life.
+
+Early next morning, he rowed for the English coast, at the head of
+thirty-one volunteers, in two boats, with the intention of destroying
+the shipping, about two hundred sail, which lay in the harbor of
+Whitehaven.
+
+In this daring attempt he would probably have succeeded without
+difficulty, had not the strength of the opposing tide retarded his
+progress so much, that day began to dawn before he could gain the shore.
+He despatched the smaller of the two boats to the north of the port to
+set fire to the vessels, whilst he led the remainder of the party to the
+more hazardous duty of securing the fort, which was situated on a hill
+to the south. It was a cold morning, and the sentinels little aware that
+an enemy was so near, had retired into the guard-room for warmth,
+affording Jones an opportunity to take them by surprise, of which he did
+not fail to avail himself. Climbing over the shoulders of the tallest of
+his men, he crept silently through one of the embrasures and was
+instantly followed by the rest. Their first care was to make fast the
+door of the guard-room, and their next to spike the cannon, thirty-six
+in number. Having effected this without bloodshed, they proceeded to
+join the detachment which had been sent to the north; and finding that a
+false alarm had deterred them from executing their orders, Jones
+instantly proceeded to set fire to the vessels within his reach. By this
+time, however, the inhabitants were roused, and the invaders were
+obliged to retreat, leaving three ships in flames, of which one alone
+was destroyed.
+
+On the same day with this adventure, another memorable occurrence took
+place, which contributed, for a time, to add greatly to the odium which
+the first had brought on his name in Britain, but which, in the end,
+enabled him to prove that he was possessed of the most heroic qualities.
+In cruising off the coast of Galloway, it occurred to him, that, if he
+could get into his power a man of high rank and influence in the state,
+he should able, by retaining him as a hostage, to ensure to the American
+prisoners of war more lenient treatment than was threatened by the
+British government. Knowing that the Earl of Selkirk possessed a seat at
+St. Mary's Isle, a beautiful peninsula at the mouth of the Dee, and
+being ill-informed with regard to the political connections of that
+nobleman, he destined him for the subject of his experiment. With that
+view, he landed on the Isle, about noon, with two officers and a few
+men; but, before they had proceeded far, he learned that his lordship
+was from home. Finding his object frustrated, he now wished to return;
+but his crew were not so easily satisfied. Their object was plunder; and
+as they consisted of men in a very imperfect state of discipline, and
+with whom it would have been dangerous to contend, he allowed them to
+proceed. He exacted from them, however, a promise that they should be
+guilty of no violence; that the men should not enter the house, and that
+the officers, after having made their demands, should accept what might
+be put into their hands without scrutiny. These conditions were
+punctually obeyed. The greater part of the Selkirk plate was carried off
+in triumph by the crew, and Paul Jones was, for a time, stigmatized as a
+freebooter; but he nobly vindicated his character, by taking the
+earliest opportunity of purchasing the whole of it, out of his own
+private funds, and remitting it safe to its original owner, without
+accepting the smallest remuneration. National prejudice has
+misrepresented this transaction; and in order to excite the popular
+indignation against Jones, it has been common to state, that this
+attempt on the person, and as it was supposed the property, of Lord
+Selkirk, was aggravated by ingratitude, his father having eaten of that
+nobleman's bread. Nothing can be more false. Neither Mr. Paul, nor any
+of his kindred, ever was in the earl's employ, or had ever the most
+distant connection with his lordship or his family; and in a
+correspondence which took place between our hero and Lady Selkirk,
+relative to the restitution of the plate, a most honorable testimony was
+gratefully paid by the latter to the captain's character.
+
+[Illustration; NELSON SAVED BY HIS COXSWAIN.]
+
+
+
+
+ADMIRAL NELSON.
+
+
+Nelson lost the sight of one eye at the siege of Calvi, by a shot
+driving the sand and gravel into it, and he lost his arm by a shot in an
+expedition against Teneriffe; but the most dangerous of his exploits
+were, boarding the battery at San Bartolomeo, boarding the San Joseph,
+the boat action in the Bay of Cadiz, and the famous battles of the Nile
+and Trafalgar. Of these, perhaps, the boat action during the blockade of
+Cadiz was the most severe. While making an attempt against the Spanish
+gunboats, he was attacked by D. Miguel Tregayen, in an armed launch,
+carrying twenty-six men; fearful odds against his ten bargemen, captain,
+and coxswain. Eighteen Spaniards were killed, the rest wounded, and the
+launch captured.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL NELSON.]
+
+The Spaniards were more than two to one, and yet he beat them; but it
+was a hard and desperate struggle, hand to hand and blade to blade.
+Twice did John Sykes, the coxswain, save Nelson's life, by parrying off
+blows that would have destroyed him, and once did he interpose his head
+to receive the blow of a Spanish sabre; but he would willingly have died
+for his admiral.
+
+Poor Sykes was wounded badly, but not killed.
+
+When Nelson's health was established after the loss of his arm, he sent
+to the minister of St. George's, Hanover Square, the following desire to
+offer up his thanksgiving:--"An officer desires to return thanks to
+Almighty God for his perfect recovery from a severe wound, and also for
+the many mercies bestowed on him." Thus showing that he was humble
+enough to be thankful to God, and continued so in the midst of all his
+successes.
+
+The following is an instance of his coolness in the hour of danger. The
+late Lieutenant-General the Hon. Sir William Stewart, as
+lieutenant-colonel of the rifle-brigade, embarked to do duty in the
+fleet which was led by Sir Hyde Parker and Nelson, to the attack of
+Copenhagen in 1801. "I was," says he, "with Lord Nelson when he wrote
+the note to the Crown Prince of Denmark, proposing terms of arrangement.
+A cannon ball struck off the head of the boy who was crossing the cabin
+with the light to seal it. "Bring another candle," said his lordship. I
+observed, that I thought it might very well be sent as it was, for it
+would not be expected that the usual forms could be observed at such a
+moment. "That is the very thing I should wish to avoid, Colonel,"
+replied he, "for if the least appearance of precipitation were
+perceptible in the manner of sending this note, it might spoil all."
+Another candle being now brought, his lordship sealed the letter,
+carefully enclosed in an envelope, with a seal bearing his coat of arms
+and coronet, and delivered it to the officer in waiting to receive it.
+It is said that the moment was a critical one, and that Lord Nelson's
+note decided the event."
+
+A seaman of the name of Hewson, who had served under Nelson, was working
+as a caster in a manufactory at Birmingham when Nelson visited that
+place. Among other manufactories, the admiral paid a visit to that where
+Hewson was at work as a brass-founder; and though no employment
+disfigures a workman more with smoke and dust than the process of
+casting, the quick eye of Nelson recognized in the caster an old
+associate. "What, Hewson, my lad," said he, "are you here?" Hewson laid
+hold of the hair that hung over his forehead, and making an awkward bow,
+replied, "Yes, your honor." "Why, how comes this about! You and I are
+old acquaintances; you were with me in the Captain when I boarded the
+San Joseph, were you not?" Hewson again laid hold of of his hair, and
+bowing, replied, "Yes, your honor." "I remember you well," said Nelson;
+"you were one of the cleverest fellows about the vessel! If any thing
+was to be done, Hewson was the lad to do. Why, what do you here, working
+like a negro? Take this," throwing him money, "and wash the dust down
+your throat."
+
+Hewson withdrew to a neighboring alehouse, boasting of the character the
+admiral had given him. Month after month passed away, but Hewson
+returned not--his shop-tools were abandoned, and no one could account
+for his absence. At length a stripling, in a sailor's jacket, entered
+the manufactory and said, "he was come to settle his father's affairs."
+This was no other than Hewson's son, from whose account it appeared,
+that when Hewson, somewhat elevated with liquor, but more with the
+praise the admiral had bestowed on him, quitted Birmingham, he walked
+his way down to Portsmouth, entered once more on board Lord Nelson's
+ship, and fell with him in the battle of Trafalgar.
+
+At the battle of Trafalgar, Collingwood, in the Royal Sovereign, led the
+lee-line of fourteen ships, Nelson, in the Victory, was at the head of
+the weather-line, consisting of fourteen ships. Besides these there were
+four frigates.
+
+The ships of France and Spain, opposed to the British, were in number
+thirty-three, with seven large frigates. The odds were great against the
+English, but the superior tactics, and well-known bravery of Nelson,
+clothed him with power, that more than made up the difference. When
+every thing was prepared for the engagement, Nelson retired into his
+cabin alone, and wrote down the following prayer.
+
+"May the great God, whom I worship grant to my country, and for the
+benefit of Europe in general, a great and glorious victory, and may no
+misconduct in any one tarnish it, and may humanity after victory, be the
+predominant feature in the British fleet! For myself, individually, I
+commit my life to Him that made me; and may his blessing alight on my
+endeavors for serving my country faithfully! To him I resign myself, and
+the just cause which is entrusted to me to defend. Amen! Amen! Amen!"
+
+He wore on the day of the battle his admiral's frock coat, and on his
+left breast, over his heart, four stars of the orders of honor, which
+had been conferred upon him. Those around thought it was dangerous to
+wear his stars, lest he should be too plainly seen by the enemy, but
+they were afraid to tell him so, because he had said, "In honor I gained
+them, and in honor I will die with them."
+
+The effect produced by the signal given by Lord Nelson, "England expects
+every man to do his duty!" was wonderful; it ran from ship to ship,
+from man to man, from heart to heart, like a train of gunpowder.
+Officers and men seemed animated with one spirit, and that was a
+determination to win the day, or at least never to surrender to the
+enemy.
+
+The captains commanded on their quarterdecks; the boatswains in the
+forecastle; the gunners attended to the magazines, and the carpenters
+with their plug-shots, put themselves in readiness with high-wrought
+energy, nor were the seamen and marines a whit behind hand in entering
+on their several duties. The guns, the tackle, the round, grape, and
+canister-shot, the powder-boys, the captains of guns, with their
+priming-boxes, and the officers with their drawn swords, cut an imposing
+appearance; and the cock-pit would have made a rudy face turn pale.
+
+The wounded are all taken down into the cock-pit. It will hardly bear
+thinking about. But in the cockpit were laid out ready for use, wine,
+water, and surgeon's instruments, with napkins, basins, sponges, and
+bandages.
+
+The combined fleets of France and Spain, at Trafalgar, under
+Villenueve, the French admiral, a brave and skilful man, were in the
+form of a crescent, and the two British lines ran down upon them
+parallel to each other. As soon as the British van was within gunshot
+the enemy opened their fire. The Royal Sovereign soon rounded to under
+the stern of the Santa Anna, and Admiral Nelson's ship, the Victory,
+laid herself on board the Redoubtable. From that moment the roaring of
+guns, the crash against the sides of the ships, clouds of smoke,
+splintered yards, and falling masts, were the order of the day.
+
+The death warrant of the navy of France was signed and sealed by the
+fight of Trafalgar. In the heat of the action, a ball, fired from the
+mizzen-top of the Redoubtable, struck Admiral Nelson on the left
+shoulder, when he instantly fell. "They have done for me, at last,
+Hardy," said he, to his captain.
+
+Though mortally wounded, he gave some necessary direction concerning the
+ship, and when carried below inquired earnestly how the battle went on.
+When he knew that the victory had been gained--for twenty ships in all
+struck to the British admiral--he expressed himself satisfied. "Now I am
+satisfied," said he; "thank God, I have done my duty!" Many times he
+repeated this expression, and "Thank God I have done my duty;" and "Kiss
+me, Hardy," were among the last words that were uttered by his lips.
+Thus, with a heart full of patriotism, died the bravest commander, the
+most vigilant seaman, and the most ardent friend of his country, that
+every led on a British fleet to victory.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH OF NELSON.]
+
+Even amid the exultation of victory, a grateful country mourned his
+loss. A bountiful provision was made for his family; a public funeral
+was awarded to his remains, and monuments in the principal cities of his
+native land were erected to his memory. A sorrowing nation lamented over
+his bier, and Britania, indeed, felt that old England's defender was
+numbered with the dead.
+
+[Illustration: BALBOA DISCOVERING THE PACIFIC OCEAN.]
+
+
+
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
+
+
+Vasco Nunes de Balboa, a Spaniard, as you see by his name, was born in
+1475. He was one of the adventurers who pursued the path which Columbus
+had pointed out. He led a party of Spaniards, who going out from Darien
+founded a colony in the neighboring regions. Some gold being found the
+Spaniards got into a violent quarrel.
+
+[Illustration: THE INDIAN CHIEF DISGUSTED AT THE SPANIARDS.]
+
+One of the Indian chiefs being present, was so disgusted at this, that
+he struck the scales with which they were weighing it so hard with his
+fist, that the gold was scattered all about.
+
+"Why," said he, "do you quarrel for such a trifle? If you really value
+gold so highly, as to leave your own homes, and come and seize the lands
+and dwellings of others for the sake of it, I can tell you of a land
+where you may find it in plenty. Beyond those lofty mountains," said he,
+pointing to the south-west, "lies a mighty sea, which people sail on
+with vessels almost as big as yours. All the streams that flow from the
+other side of these mountains abound in gold, and all the utensils of
+the people are made of gold."
+
+This was enough for Balboa. He inquired of the Indian the best way of
+getting across the mountains, to find this land of gold. The Indian
+kindly told him every thing he knew, but at the same time warned him not
+to go over there, for the Indians were many and were fierce, and would
+eat human flesh. But Balboa was not to be discouraged. He collected a
+band of one hundred and ninety bold and hardy men, armed with swords,
+targets, and cross-bows, and some blood-hounds, (for, strange to tell,
+the Spaniards had trained fierce dogs to hunt the Indians, and even the
+mild Bilboa was not ashamed to use them,) and so he set out on his
+expedition to the west.
+
+Embarking with his men, September 1st, 1513, at the village of Darien,
+in a brigantine and nine large canoes, he sailed along the coast to the
+north-west, to Coyba, where the young Indian chief lived, and where the
+Isthmus of Darien is narrowest. He had taken a few friendly Indians with
+him, as guides; and the young chief furnished him with a few more on his
+arrival. Then leaving half his own men at Coyba, to guard the brigantine
+and canoes, he began his march for the mountains, and through the
+terrible wilderness.
+
+It was the 6th of September. The heat was excessive, and the journey
+toilsome and difficult. They had to climb rocky precipices, struggle
+through close and tangled forests, and cross marshes, which the great
+rains had rendered almost impassable. September 8th, they passed an
+Indian village at the foot of the mountains, but the inhabitants did not
+molest them; on the contrary they fled into the forests.
+
+Here some of the men became exhausted, from the great heat and
+travelling in the marshes. These were sent back, by slow marches, in the
+care of guides, to Coyba. On the 20th of September they again set
+forward.
+
+The wilderness was so craggy, and the forest trees and underwood so
+matted together, that in four days they only advanced about thirty
+miles, and they now began to suffer from hunger. They also met with many
+rapid foaming streams, to cross some of which they had to stop and build
+rafts.
+
+Now it was that they met with a numerous tribe of Indians, who, armed
+with bows and arrows, and clubs of palm wood, almost as hard as iron,
+gave them battle. But the Spaniards, although comparatively few in
+numbers, with their fire-arms and bloodhounds and the aid of the
+friendly Indians who were with them, soon put them to flight, and took
+possession of their village. Balboa's men robbed the village of all its
+gold and silver, and of every thing valuable in it; and even he himself,
+whose heart the love of gold had begun already to harden, shared with
+his men the plunder.
+
+It was a dear bought victory, however; for though the Indians had lost
+six hundred of their number in the contest, they could easily recruit
+their forces. But Balboa, whose band was now reduced, by sickness and
+the contest, from ninety-five men to sixty-seven, had no means of adding
+to their strength, but was forced to proceed with what forces he had.
+
+Early the next morning after the battle, they set out on their journey
+up the mountain. About ten o'clock they came out of the tangled forest,
+and reached an open space, where they enjoyed the cool breezes of the
+mountains. They now began to take a little courage. Their joy was
+heightened still more, when they heard one of the Indian guides exclaim,
+"The sea! the sea!"
+
+Balboa commanded his men to stop; and resolving to be the first European
+who should behold this new sea, he forbade his men to stir from their
+places till he called them. Then ascending to the summit of the height,
+which the Indian had mounted, he beheld the sea glittering in the
+morning sun.
+
+Calling now upon his little troop to ascend the height, and view the
+noble prospect along with him, "behold," said he, "the rich reward of
+our toil. This is a sight upon which no Spaniard's eye ever before
+rested." And in their great joy the leader and his men embraced each
+other.
+
+Balboa then took possession of the sea and coast, and the surrounding
+country, in the name of the King of Spain; and having cut down a tree,
+and made it into the form of a cross--for they were Catholics--he set it
+up on the very spot where he first beheld the grand Pacific Ocean. He
+also made a high mound, by heaping up large stones, upon which he carved
+the king's name. This was on September 26th, 1513.
+
+Not content with seeing the ocean, Balboa determined to visit it.
+Arriving, after much toil, at one of the bays on the coast, he called it
+St. Michael's Bay. Coming to a beach a mile or two long, "If this is a
+sea," said he, "it will soon be covered with water; let us wait and see
+if there be a tide." So he seated himself under a tree, and the water
+soon began to flow. He tasted it and found it salt; and then waded up to
+his knees in it, and took possession of it in the name of his king.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH OF BALBOA.]
+
+Balboa's heart was now so lifted up by success, and his whole nature so
+changed, that he was ready to fight and destroy every Indian tribe that
+opposed his progress. But he had not always the best of it. On one
+occasion he was lost, with one or two followers, and having been seized
+by some natives, carried immediately before their cazique, or chief. He
+was seated on a raised seat, covered with a panther's skin, and bore a
+single feather of the vulture upon his head. Beside him stood his
+slaves, to fan him, and screen his head from the sun, and around him
+warriors, with the sculls of their enemies fixed upon their spears:
+which made the whole scene very horrible.
+
+Balboa humbled himself before the chief; and taking off his coat,
+profusely decorated, offered it as a peace offering. The cazique would
+not accept it, but said, "You are poor and desolate--I am rich and
+powerful. I will not hurt you, though you are my enemy." He then ordered
+him safe conduct through the forests; and Balboa regained his own
+people, the Spaniards, in safety. This escape softened Balboa's heart,
+and he never afterwards treated the Indians with the same severity.
+
+After many victories, and many other singular escapes, he returned back
+to Coyba. But the sufferings of his men, in returning, were extreme, for
+want both of water and provisions. The streams were most of them dried
+up, and provisions could not be found. Gold they indeed had, almost as
+much as they could carry, and the Indians kept bringing them more; but
+this they could not eat or drink, and it would not buy what was not to
+be bought.
+
+He arrived at Darien after about two months' absence, having lost nearly
+all his men, by war and sickness. His discovery made a great noise, and
+procured him much honor, but he did not live to enjoy it.
+
+A new governor was appointed in his place, who, having a mortal hatred
+to Balboa, threw him into prison, and, after a mock trial, had him
+beheaded, in 1517, in his 48th year.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL KEPPEL.]
+
+
+
+
+ADMIRAL KEPPEL AND THE DEY OF ALGIERS.
+
+
+When Admiral Keppel was sent to the Dey of Algiers, to demand
+restitution of two ships which the pirates had taken, he sailed with his
+squadron into the Bay of Algiers, and cast anchor in front of the Dey's
+palace. He then landed, and, attended only by his captain and barge's
+crew, demanded an immediate audience of the Dey. This being granted, he
+claimed full satisfaction for the injuries done to the subjects of his
+Britannic Majesty. Surprised and enraged at the boldness of the
+admiral's remonstrance, the Dey exclaimed, "that he wondered at the
+English King's insolence in sending him a foolish, beardless boy." A
+well-timed reply from the admiral made the Dey forget the laws of all
+nations in respect to ambassadors, and he ordered his mutes to attend
+with the bow-string, at the same time telling the admiral he should pay
+for his audacity with his life. Unmoved by this menace, the admiral took
+the Dey to the window facing the bay, and showed him the English fleet
+riding at anchor, and told him that if he dared put him to death there
+were men enough in that fleet to make him a glorious funeral-pile. The
+Dey was wise enough to take the hint. The admiral obtained ample
+restitution, and came off in safety.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE CATARAQUE.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE CATARAQUE.
+
+
+The Cataraque, Captain C.W. Findlay, sailed from Liverpool, on the 20th
+of April, 1849, with three hundred and sixty emigrants, and a crew
+including two doctors, (brothers,) of forty-six souls. The emigrants
+were principally from Bedfordshire, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, and
+Northamptonshire. About one hundred and twenty of the passengers were
+married, with families, and in all seventy-three children.
+
+On the 3d of August, at seven o'clock in the evening, the ship was hove
+to, and continued lying to until three A.M. of the 4th. At half past
+four, being quite dark, and raining hard, blowing a fearful gale, the
+ship struck on a reef, situated on the west coast of King's Island, at
+the entrance of Bass's Straights.
+
+Immediately after the ship struck, she was sounded, and it was
+ascertained that there was four feet of water in the hold. An awful
+scene of confusion and misery ensued. All the passengers attempted to
+rush upon deck, and many succeeded in doing so, until the heaving of the
+vessel knocked down the ladders, when the shrieks from below, calling on
+those on deck to assist them were terrific. The crew were on deck the
+moment the ship struck, and were instantly employed in handing up the
+passengers. Up to the time the vessel began breaking up, the crew
+succeeded in getting upwards of three hundred passengers on deck. But a
+terrible fate awaited the greater part of them.
+
+The day dawned. The stern of the vessel was found to be washed in, and
+numerous dead bodies were found floating round the ship; some clinging
+to the rocks which they had grasped in despair. About two hundred of the
+passengers and crew held on to the vessel, although the raging sea was
+breaking over her, and every wave washed some of them to a watery grave.
+In this manner, kindred were separated, while those who remained could
+only expect the same fate to reach them. Things continued in this
+condition until four in the afternoon, when the vessel parted amidships,
+at the fore part of the main rigging, and immediately between seventy
+and a hundred persons were thrown into the waves. Thus the insatiable
+ocean swallowed its prey piece-meal. About five, the wreck parted by the
+fore-rigging, and so many persons were thrown into the sea, that only
+seventy were left on the forecastle, they being lashed to the wreck.
+Even these were gradually diminished in number, some giving out from
+exhaustion, and others anticipating fate, by drowning themselves.
+
+When day dawned, on the following morning, only about thirty persons
+were left alive, and these were almost exhausted. The sea was making a
+clean breach into the forecastle, the deck of which was rapidly breaking
+up. Parents and children, husbands and wives, were seen floating around
+the vessel, many in an embrace, which even the ocean's power could not
+sunder. The few who remained alive could only look up to heaven for a
+hope of safety. Soon after daylight, the vessel totally disappeared, and
+out of four hundred and twenty-three persons who had been on board the
+vessel, only nine were saved by being washed on shore, and these were
+nearly exhausted.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE FRANCIS SPAIGHT.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE FRANCIS SPAIGHT.
+
+
+On the morning of the 7th of January, 1848, the barque Francis Spaight,
+lying in Table Bay, at the Cape of Good Hope, parted her anchor, and in
+attempting to beat out, grounded, broadside on the beach. The gale at
+the time she struck was furious, and the surf tremendous, making a clean
+breach over the vessel, carrying away the bulwark, long boat, main
+hatch, and part of the deck, with one of the crew.
+
+The shore was thronged with the inhabitants of Cape Town, anxious for
+the fate of the vessel. An attempt was made to send a rope from the land
+to the wreck, but the rope broke. Rockets were fired with lines
+attached, and one was thrown across the foremast stay, where none of the
+men could reach it, on account of the fearful rolling of the sea. After
+some extraordinary delay, a whale boat was brought from the town, and
+manned by six daring fellows, who dashed through the surf, and were soon
+alongside the vessel.
+
+All except the carpenter, fifteen in number, got into the boat, and
+pushed off. At this moment a terrific sea upset the boat, and twenty-one
+persons were struggling in the surf for life. The people on the beach
+were horror-stricken; and men on horseback were seen plunging into the
+sea, risking their lives to save their fellow-creatures; but eighteen
+sunk to rise no more. The masts of the vessel fell with a tremendous
+crash, but the carpenter still clung to the wreck. At length a
+surf-boat, towed by a smaller one, proceeded towards the wreck. One of
+these boats was capsized, and two lives lost. But the carpenter was
+rescued. This man, (James Robertson,) and John McLeod, seaman, were all
+of the crew that reached the shore. The inhabitants of Cape Town were
+all anxiety in regard to the fate of the vessel; and those daring heroes
+who sacrificed themselves for the sake of their fellow men were worthy
+of a monument as lofty as those erected to the bravest warriors.
+
+The place where the Francis Spaight went ashore had been, a short time
+previous, the scene of a far more terrible disaster. This was the wreck
+of the ship Waterloo, by which two hundred persons were lost, in spite
+of the most extraordinary and heroic exertions on the part of the
+inhabitants of Cape Town.
+
+The bay is very much exposed to storms, and its shores are particulary
+dangerous, on account of their shelving character. The Francis Spaight
+had just put into the bay for the purpose of obtaining a supply of
+provisions, and it was intended that she should sail the next day. But
+the Ruler of the elements intended it otherwise. Her cargo was nearly a
+total loss.
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE GOLDEN RULE.
+
+
+The ship Golden Rule, Captain Austin, sailed from Wiscasset, with a
+cargo of timber, September, 8, 1807.
+
+On the 29th, she experienced a severe gale from the south-east; and at
+eight o'clock, A.M., they discovered that she had sprung a leak, and
+had four feet of water in her hold; at nine it had increased to eight
+feet, notwithstanding they had two pumps going, and were throwing her
+deck load overboard, which they were enabled to do very slowly, from the
+sea driving the planks about the deck, and wounding the crew.
+
+About ten o'clock, the water had risen to twelve feet, and the gale had
+also evidently increased; the crew and all on board were quite
+exhausted; and on going into the cabin they found she was welling fast.
+The main and mizzen masts were now cut away, to prevent her upsetting,
+and she was quite clear of her deck load. At eleven o'clock she was full
+up to her main deck, and all her bulk heads were knocked away.
+
+It now occurred to some of the crew, to endeavor to save some bread; and
+Mr. Boyd, the first mate, with great resolution, went into the cabin and
+gave out some bread, and two bottles of rum; but so rapidly did she
+fill, from the timber of her cargo shifting, that he was forced to break
+through the sky-light to save himself. Their small stock of provisions
+was now put into the binnacle, as a secure place. It had been there but
+a few minutes, when a tremendous sea struck them, and carried away the
+binnacle.
+
+They had now little hope left--the wheel was broken, and they proceeded
+to secure themselves as well as they could, some in the fore-top, and
+the rest were lashing themselves to the taffrail; before they could
+accomplish the latter plan, another sea, if possible, more heavy than
+the former, hurried them all from their places, and washed two of the
+men overboard; they were seen swimming for the ship, a short time, when
+a wave hurried them from the sight of their lamenting comrades.
+
+They now endeavored to keep the ship before the wind, which they were
+partially enabled to do through the night. The next day another man died
+from cold and hunger.
+
+The deck was now blown up, and her side stove in, all hands had given
+themselves up, when, on the 30th at noon, they were roused by the cry
+of "a sail!" and they had the satisfaction to see her bear down for
+them. She was the brig George, of Portland; and Captain Wildridge sent
+his long-boat to take them from the wreck.
+
+
+
+
+DANGERS OF WHALING SHIPS AMONG ICE BERGS.
+
+
+The masses of ice by which the ocean is traversed assume a vast variety
+of shapes, but may be comprehended in two general classes. The first
+consists of sheets of ice, analogous to those which annually cover the
+the lakes and rivers of northern lands. They present a surface which is
+generally level, but here and there diversified by projections, called
+_hummocks_, which arise from the ice having been thrown up by some
+pressure or force to which it has been subject. Sheets of ice, which are
+so large that their whole extent of surface cannot be seen from the
+masthead of a vessel, are called _fields_. They have sometimes an area
+of more than a hundred square miles, and rise above the level of the sea
+from two to eight feet. When a piece of ice, though of a considerable
+size, can be distinguished in its extent, it is termed a _floe_. A
+number of sheets, large or small, joining each other, and stretching out
+in any particular direction, constitute a _stream_. Captain Cook found a
+stream extending across Behring's Straits, connecting eastern Asia with
+the western extremity of North America. Owing to the vast extent of some
+fields of ice, they would undoubtedly be conducted to a lower latitude
+in the Atlantic before their dissolution, under the influence of a
+warmer climate, but for the intervention of other causes. It frequently
+happens that two masses are propelled against each other, and are both
+shivered into fragments by the violence of the concussion. The ordinary
+swell of the ocean also acts with tremendous power upon a large tract,
+especially when it has been so thawed as to have become thin, and breaks
+it up into a thousand smaller pieces in a very short period. The danger
+of being entrapped between two ice-fields coming into contact with each
+other is one of the perils which the navigator has frequently to
+encounter in the northern seas; and fatal to his vessel and his life has
+the occurrence often been, while in a vast number of instances escape
+has seemed almost miraculous.
+
+"At half-past six," says Captain Ross, relating to his first voyage of
+discovery, in the Isabella, to the arctic regions, with Captain Parry,
+in the Alexander, "the ice began to move, and, the wind increasing to a
+gale, the only chance left for us was to endeavor to force the ship
+through it to the north, where it partially opened; but the channel was
+so much obstructed by heavy fragments, that our utmost efforts were
+ineffectual; the ice closed in upon us, and at noon we felt its pressure
+most severely. A large floe, which lay on one side of the Isabella,
+appeared to be fixed; while, on the other side, another of considerable
+bulk was passing along with a rapid motion, assuming a somewhat circular
+direction, in consequence of one side having struck on the fixed field.
+The pressure continuing to increase, it became doubtful whether the ship
+would be able to sustain it; every support threatened to give way, the
+beams in the hold began to bend, and the iron tanks settled together.
+
+"At this critical moment, when it seemed impossible for us to bear the
+accumulating pressure much longer, the hull rose several feet; while the
+ice, which was more than six feet thick, broke against the sides,
+curling back on itself. The great stress now fell upon our bow; and,
+after being again lifted up, we were carried with great violence towards
+the Alexander which had hitherto been, in a great measure, defended by
+the Isabella. Every effort to avoid their getting foul of each other
+failed; the ice-anchors and cables broke one after another; and the
+sterns of the two ships came so violently into contact, as to crush to
+pieces a boat that could not be removed in time. The collision was
+tremendous, the anchors and chain-plates being broken, and nothing less
+than the loss of the masts expected; but at this eventful instant, by
+the interposition of Providence, the force of the ice seemed exhausted;
+the two fields suddenly receded, and we passed the Alexander with
+comparatively little damage. A clear channel soon after opened, and we
+ran into a pool, thus escaping the immediate danger; but the fall of
+snow being very heavy, our situation still remained doubtful, nor could
+we conjecture whether we were yet in a place of safety. Neither the
+masters, the mates, nor those men who had been all their lives in the
+Greenland service, had ever experienced such imminent peril; and they
+declared, that a common whaler must have been crushed to atoms."
+
+Captain Scoresby relates a similar narrow escape from destruction owing
+to the same cause. "In the year 1804," he observes, "I had an
+opportunity of witnessing the effects produced by the lesser masses in
+motion. Passing between two fields of ice newly formed, about a foot in
+thickness, they were observed rapidly to approach each other, and,
+before our ship could pass the strait, they met with a velocity of three
+or four miles per hour. The one overlaid the other, and presently
+covered many acres of surface. The ship proving an obstacle to the
+course of the ice, it squeezed up on both sides, shaking her in a
+dreadful manner, and producing a loud grinding or lengthened acute
+trembling noise, according as the degree of pressure was diminished or
+increased, until it had risen as high as the deck. After about two hours
+the motion ceased, and soon afterwards the two sheets of ice receded
+from each other nearly as rapidly as they had before advanced. The ship
+in this case did not receive any injury; but, had the ice only been half
+a foot thicker, she might have been wrecked." Other navigators have not
+been so fortunate; and the annual loss of whaling vessels in the polar
+seas is considerable, the Dutch having had as many as seventy-three sail
+of ships wrecked in one season. Between the years 1669 and 1778, both
+inclusive, or a period of one hundred and seven years, they sent to the
+Greenland fishery fourteen thousand one hundred and sixty-seven ships,
+of which five hundred and sixty-one, or about four in the hundred, were
+lost.
+
+Every one will remember the intense and mournful interest occasioned by
+the loss of the President steamer which left New York in the year 1841
+to cross the Atlantic, but perished in the passage, without leaving a
+survivor to tell the story of her fate. It has been deemed highly
+probable that this vessel got entangled in the ice, and was destroyed by
+collision with its masses; for during that year, in the month of April,
+the Great Western steamer encountered a field extending upwards of a
+hundred miles in one direction, surrounded with an immense number of
+floes and bergs, and had great difficulty in effecting its passage by
+this floating continent in safety.
+
+Another form under which the ice appears in the ocean is that of bergs,
+which differ from the ice-fields in shape and origin. They are masses
+projecting to a great height above the surface of the water, and have
+the appearance of chalk or marble cliffs and mountains upon the deep.
+They have been seen with an elevation of two hundred feet--a
+circumference of two miles: and it has been shown by experiments on the
+buoyancy of ice floating in sea water, that the proportion above the
+surface is only about one-seventh of the thickness of the whole mass.
+During the first expedition of Ross, he found an ice berg in Baffin's
+Bay, at a distance of seven leagues from the land, which was measured by
+a party under Lieutenant Parry. Considerable difficulty was experienced
+in the attempt to land, as, in rowing round the berg, they found it
+perpendicular in every place but one. When they had ascended to the
+top, which was perfectly flat, they discovered a white bear in quiet
+possession of the mass, who plunged into the sea without hesitation, and
+effected his escape. The party found the ice berg to be four thousand
+one hundred and sixty-nine yards long, three thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-nine yards broad, and fifty-one feet high, being aground in
+sixty-one fathoms. Its appearance was like that of the back of the Isle
+of Wight, and the cliffs resembled those of the chalk range to the west
+of Dover. The weight of this mass was calculated to amount to one
+billion two hundred and ninety two millions three hundred and ninety
+seven thousand six hundred and seventy-three tons.
+
+[Illustration: A WHITE BEAR.]
+
+An ice berg examined by Captain Graah, on the east coast of Greenland,
+rose one hundred and twenty feet out of the water, had a circumference
+of four thousand feet at the base, and its solid contents were estimated
+to be upwards of nine hundred millions of cubic feet. When viewed at a
+distance, nothing can be more interesting than the appearance of a
+considerable number of these formations, exhibiting an infinite variety
+of shape, and requiring no stretch of imagination to convert them into a
+series of floating towers, castles, churches, obelisks, and pyramids, or
+a snowy range of Alpine heights. No pencil, an observer has remarked,
+has ever given any thing like the true effect of an ice berg. In a
+picture they are huge, uncouth masses, stuck in the sea; while their
+chief beauty and grandeur--their slow stately motion, the whirling of
+the snow about their summits, and the fearful crackling of their
+parts--they cannot give. The ice of the bergs is compact and solid, or
+of a fine green tint verging to blue; and large pieces may be frequently
+obtained, equal to the most beautiful crystal in transparency. It is
+stated by Scoresby, that with a portion of this ice, of by no means
+regular convexity, used as a burning lens, he has frequently burnt wood,
+fired gunpowder, melted lead, and lit the sailors' pipes, to their no
+small astonishment, the ice itself remaining in the mean while perfectly
+fixed and pellucid.
+
+
+
+
+MASSACRE OF THE CREW OF THE ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+The Atahualpa, of Boston, left that port in August, 1803, bound to the
+north-west coast of America, for the purpose of trading with the
+natives. She arrived on the coast in the month of January, 1804; and,
+after visiting the several islands, and purchasing skins, on the 5th of
+June, 1805, weighed anchor from Chockokee, on the north-west coast, and
+made sail. On the 8th, arrived at Millbank sound, and came to an anchor
+within musket-shot of the village. Soon after her arrival, the chief of
+the Indians, by the name of Keite, came off to the ship, with some of
+his tribe, and informed the captain that the Caroline, Captain Sturgess,
+had sailed from thence ten days before.
+
+On the 11th, the chief came off again, with his tribe, and another tribe
+that was there, and traded very briskly till towards night, when
+becoming very insolent, they were all turned out of the ship.
+
+On the 13th, Keite and his tribe came on board in the morning, and
+seemed much more desirous to trade than before, which Captain Porter was
+very glad to see. The chief mate and two of the ship's company, were
+then engaged in ripping the main-sail in pieces, on the quarter-deck;
+the second mate with two hands was repairing the top-sail; two on the
+starboard side of the main-deck, spinning spun yarn; two more on the
+forecastle, making sinnet; two more on the larboard side of the
+main-deck, running shot in the armorer's forge; the cooper was making
+tubs; the cook, and captain's steward in the galley, at their duty; and
+all hands, as usual, employed on the ship's duty; the armorer was in the
+steerage, and the boatswain in the cabin; Captain Porter, Mr. Ratstraw,
+his clerk, and Mr. Lyman Plummer, (nephew of Theodore Lyman, Esq. of
+Boston, ship owner,) were standing on the larboard side of the
+quarter-deck, abreast of the cabin hatchway.
+
+The chief, Keite, stood leaning on the rail, and called Captain Porter
+to look at the skins that were in the canoe, alongside the ship; the
+captain accordingly went to look over the side, when the chief, with
+some more Indians, laid hold of him, and gave a shout. Immediately all
+the Indians alongside of the canoe, and those on board, armed with
+daggers, pistols, pikes, and other weapons, seized every man on deck,
+who were totally unprepared for so sudden an attack. A most dreadful and
+sanguinary contest immediately took place; when, after a short but
+bloody engagement of about five minutes, the deck was immediately
+cleared of them.
+
+There were about two hundred Indians, it is supposed, on board at this
+time; they first daggered Captain Porter several times in the back, put
+him in a canoe alongside, and carried him on shore; and, as we were
+afterwards informed by Captain Smith, of the ship Mary, of Boston, who
+was informed by the New Hecta tribe, was by them tied to a tree, in
+which unhappy and miserable situation he languished fifteen days,
+refusing every species of nourishment offered him by these savages,
+occasioned by his grief at this unfortunate accident.
+
+Previous to this fatal business, there were twenty-three hands on board;
+ten of whom were barbarously killed, and nine wounded. Among the killed
+were, Captain Oliver Porter, Mr. John Hill, chief mate; Daniel Gooding,
+second mate; John D. Katstraw, captain's clerk; Mr. Lyman Plummer, Peter
+Shooner, Luther Lapham, Samuel Lapham, seamen; Isaac Lammes, cooper; and
+John Williams, cook. Mr. Lyman Plummer survived about two hours after
+he was wounded. The cook, who was most shockingly cut and mangled,
+languished till about six o'clock the next morning.
+
+Among the wounded were, Ebenezer Baker, seaman, most dangerously, with
+daggers, he having two stabs in his left thigh, one in his groin, one in
+his back, one in his breast, and one in his neck; Henry Thompson,
+seaman, very dangerously, with daggers, having one wound on the right
+side, one on the left shoulder, another on the left arm, and two or
+three smaller ones on the same arm, one on the right temple, and another
+on the left cheek; Ebenezer Williams, seaman, had three wounds in his
+thigh, with daggers,--two on his back, and one on the right shoulder
+with a boarding-pike; Luke Bates, seamen, one wound on the right
+shoulder with a boarding-pike; Joseph Robinson, carpenter, wounded on
+the left breast; Thomas Edwards, steward, stabbed on the left shoulder;
+W. Walker had two stabs, with daggers, in his back.
+
+After the deck was cleared of these sanguinary savages, several guns
+were fired at the village, the sails were loosened, stream-cable cut,
+and the ship put to sea. The same night they got under weigh, seven
+large war-canoes hove in sight, with about thirty Indians in each. In
+this deplorable condition, with only four or five hands on board capable
+of duty, the Atahualpa shaped her course for New Heita; but the wind
+chopping round, put about, and stood to the westward.
+
+On the 17th, it was thought time to bury the dead, when, after having
+sewed them up, and got them ready for interment, prayers were read. They
+were then buried in Queen Charlotte's Sound.
+
+It cannot be ascertained with any degree of accuracy, how many of the
+Indians were killed in this dreadful contest. It is supposed, however,
+that the number must have exceeded forty; for a large canoe being under
+the ship's bow, with about twenty Indians in her, who were cutting a
+cable, a swivel and several muskets were fired into her, and but one of
+the Indians reached the shore in safety.
+
+During the conflict with the savages, there were two barrels of powder
+unheaded, and a loaded pistol prepared and given to a person who stood
+ready, should they get into the cabin, and secure to themselves the
+ship, to fire into it, and blow the whole up, preferring to die in that
+manner rather than fall into the hands of such merciless wretches.
+
+[Illustration: SHIPWRECK OF THE BLENDENHALL.]
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE BLENDENHALL.
+
+
+In the year 1821, the Blendenhall, free trader, bound from England for
+Bombay, partly laden with broad-cloths, was proceeding on her voyage
+with every prospect of a successful issue. While thus pursuing her way
+through the Atlantic, she was unfortunately driven from her course, by
+adverse winds and currents, more to the southward and westward than was
+required, and it became desirable to reach the island of Tristan
+d'Acunha, in order to ascertain and rectify the reckoning. This island,
+which is called after the Portuguese admiral who first discovered it, is
+one of a group of three, the others being the Inaccessible and
+Nightingale Islands, situated many hundreds of miles from any land, and
+in a south-westerly direction from the Cape of Good Hope. The shores are
+rugged and precipitous in the extreme, and form, perhaps, the most
+dangerous coast upon which any vessel could be driven.
+
+It was while steering to reach this group of islands, that, one morning,
+a passenger on board the Blendenhall, who chanced to be upon deck
+earlier than usual, observed great quantities of sea-weed occasionally
+floating alongside. This excited some alarm, and a man was immediately
+sent aloft to keep a good look-out. The weather was then extremely hazy,
+though moderate; the weeds continued; all were on the alert; they
+shortened sail, and the boatswain piped for breakfast. In less than ten
+minutes, "breakers ahead!" startled every soul, and in a moment all were
+on deck. "Breakers starboard! breakers larboard! breakers all around,"
+was the ominous cry a moment afterwards, and all was confusion. The
+words were scarcely uttered, when, and before the helm was up, the
+ill-fated ship struck, and after a few tremendous shocks against the
+sunken reef, she parted about mid-ship. Ropes and stays were cut
+away--all rushed forward, as if instinctively, and had barely reached
+the forecastle, when the stern and quarter-deck broke asunder with a
+violent crash, and sunk to rise no more. Two of the seamen miserably
+perished--the rest, including officers, passengers and crew, held on
+about the head and bows--the struggle was for life!
+
+At this moment, the Inaccessible Island, which till then had been veiled
+in thick clouds and mist, appeared frowning above the haze. The wreck
+was more than two miles from the frightful shore. The base of the
+island was still buried in impenetrable gloom. In this perilous
+extremity, one was for cutting away the anchor, which had been got up to
+the cat-head in time of need; another was for cutting down the foremast
+(the foretop-mast being already by the board.) The fog totally
+disappeared, and the black rocky island stood in all its rugged
+deformity before their eyes. Suddenly the sun broke out in full
+splendor, as if to expose more clearly to the view of the sufferers
+their dreadful predicament. Despair was in every bosom--death, arrayed
+in all its terrors, seemed to hover over the wreck. But exertion was
+required, and every thing that human energy could devise was effected.
+The wreck, on which all eagerly clung, was fortunately drifted by the
+tide and wind between ledges of sunken rocks and thundering breakers,
+until, after the lapse of several hours, it entered the only spot on the
+island where a landing was possibly practicable, for all the other parts
+of the coast consisted of perpendicular cliffs of granite, rising from
+amidst the deafening surf to the height of twenty, forty, and sixty
+feet. As the shore was neared, a raft was prepared, and on this a few
+paddled for the cove. At last the wreck drove right in: ropes were
+instantly thrown out, and the crew and passengers, (except two who had
+been crushed in the wreck,) including three ladies and a female
+attendant, were snatched from the watery grave, which a few short hours
+before had appeared inevitable, and safely landed on the beach. Evening
+had now set in, and every effort was made to secure whatever could be
+saved from the wreck. Bales of cloth, cases of wine, a few boxes of
+cheese, some hams, the carcass of a milch cow that had been washed on
+shore, buckets, tubs, butts, a seaman's chest, (containing a tinder-box
+and needles and thread,) with a number of elegant mahogany turned
+bed-posts, and part of an investment for the India market, were got on
+shore. The rain poured down in torrents--all hands were busily at work
+to procure shelter from the weather; and with the bed-posts and
+broad-cloths, and part of the foresail, as many tents were soon pitched
+as there were individuals on the island.
+
+Drenched with the sea and with the rain, hungry, cold, and comfortless,
+thousands of miles from their native land, almost beyond expectation of
+human succor, hope nearly annihilated,--the shipwrecked voyagers retired
+to their tents. In the morning the wreck had gone to pieces; and planks,
+and spars, and whatever had floated in, were eagerly dragged on shore.
+No sooner was the unfortunate ship broken up, than deeming themselves
+freed from the bonds of authority, many began to secure whatever came to
+land: and the captain, officers, passengers, and crew, were now reduced
+to the same level, and obliged to take their turn to fetch water, and
+explore the island for food. The work of exploring was soon over--there
+was not a bird, nor a quadruped, nor a single tree to be seen. All was
+barren and desolate. The low parts were scattered over with stones and
+sand, and a few stunted weeds, rocks, ferns, and other plants. The top
+of the mountain was found to consist of a fragment of original
+table-land, very marshy, and full of deep sloughs, intersected with
+small rills of water, pure and pellucid as crystal, and a profusion of
+wild parsley and celery. The prospect was one dreary scene of
+destitution, without a single ray of hope to relieve the misery of the
+desponding crew. After some days, the dead cow, hams, and cheese, were
+consumed; and from one end of the island to the other, not a morsel of
+food could be seen. Even the celery began to fail. A few bottles of
+wine, which, for security had been secreted under ground, only remained.
+Famine now began to threaten. Every stone near the sea was examined for
+shell-fish, but in vain.
+
+In this dreadful extremity, and while the half-famished seamen were at
+night squatting in sullen dejection round their fires, a large lot of
+sea-birds, allured by the flames, rushed into the midst of them, and
+were greedily laid hold of as fast as they could be seized. For several
+nights in succession, similar flocks came in; and by multiplying their
+fires a considerable supply was secured. These visits, however, ceased
+at length, and the wretched party were exposed again to the most severe
+privation. When their stock of wild fowl had been exhausted for more
+than two days, each began to fear they were now approaching that sad
+point of necessity, when, between death and casting lots who should be
+sacrificed to serve for food for the rest, no alternative remained.
+While horror at the bare contemplation of an extremity so repulsive
+occupied the thoughts of all, the horizon was observed to be suddenly
+obscured, and presently clouds of penguin alighted on the island. The
+low grounds were actually covered; and before the evening was dark, the
+sand could not be seen for the number of eggs, which, like a sheet of
+snow, lay on the surface of the earth. The penguins continued on the
+island four or five days, when, as if by signal, the whole took their
+flight, and were never seen again. A few were killed, but the flesh was
+so extremely rank and nauseous that it could not be eaten. The eggs
+were collected and dressed in all manner of ways, and supplied abundance
+of food for upwards of three weeks. At the expiration of that period,
+famine once more seemed inevitable; the third morning began to dawn upon
+the unfortunate company after their stock of eggs were exhausted; they
+had now been without food for more than forty hours, and were fainting
+and dejected; when, as though this desolate rock were really a land of
+miracles, a man came running up to the encampment with the unexpected
+and joyful tidings that "millions of sea-cows had come on shore." The
+crew climbed over the ledge of rocks that flanked their tents, and the
+sight of a shoal of manatees immediately beneath them gladdened their
+hearts. These came in with the flood, and were left in the puddles
+between the broken rocks of the cove. This supply continued for two or
+three weeks. The flesh was mere blubber, and quite unfit for food, for
+not a man could retain it on his stomach; but the liver was excellent,
+and on this they subsisted. In the meantime, the carpenter with his
+gang had constructed a boat, and four of the men had adventured in her
+for Tristan d'Acunha, in hopes of ultimately extricating their
+fellow-sufferers from their perilous situation. Unfortunately the boat
+was lost--whether carried away by the violence of the currents that set
+in between the islands, or dashed to pieces against the breakers, was
+never known, for no vestige of the boat or crew was ever seen. Before
+the manatees, however, began to quit the shore, a second boat was
+launched; and in this an officer and some seamen made a second attempt,
+and happily succeeded in effecting a landing, after much labor, on the
+island, where they were received with much cordiality and humanity by
+Governor Glass--a personage whom it will be necessary to describe.
+
+Tristan d'Acunha is believed to have been uninhabited until 1811, when
+three Americans took up their residence upon it, for the purpose of
+cultivating vegetables, and selling the produce, particularly potatoes,
+to vessels which might touch there on their way to India, the Cape, or
+other parts in the southern ocean. These Americans remained its only
+inhabitants till 1816, when, on Bonaparte being sent to St. Helena, the
+British government deemed it expedient to garrison the island, and sent
+the Falmouth man-of-war with a colony of forty persons, which arrived in
+the month of August. At this time the chief of the American settlers was
+dead, and two only survived; but what finally became of these we are not
+informed. The British garrison was soon given up, the colony abandoned,
+and all returned to the Cape of Good Hope, except a person named Glass,
+a Scotchman, who had been corporal of artillery, and his wife, a Cape
+Creole. One or two other families afterwards joined them, and thus the
+foundation of a nation on a small scale was formed; Mr. Glass, with the
+title and character of governor, like a second Robinson Crusoe, being
+the undisputed chief and lawgiver of the whole. On being visited in
+1825, by Mr. Augustus Earle, the little colony was found to be on the
+increase, a considerable number of children having been born since the
+period of settlement. The different families inhabited a small village,
+consisting of cottages covered with thatch made of the long grass of the
+island, and exhibiting an air of comfort, cleanliness, and plenty, truly
+English.
+
+It was to this island that the boat's crew of the Blendenhall had bent
+their course, and its principal inhabitant, Governor Glass, showed them
+every mark of attention, not only on the score of humanity, but because
+they were fellow-subjects of the same power--for, be it known, Glass did
+not lay claim to independent monarchy, but always prayed publicly for
+King George as his lawful sovereign. On learning the situation of the
+crew, on Inaccessible Island, he instantly launched his boat, and unawed
+by considerations of personal danger, hastened, at the risk of his life,
+to deliver his shipwrecked countrymen from the calamities they had so
+long endured. He made repeated trips, surmounted all difficulties, and
+fortunately succeeded in safely landing them on his own island, after
+they had been exposed for nearly three months to the horrors of a
+situation almost unparalleled in the recorded sufferings of seafaring
+men.
+
+After being hospitably treated by Glass and his company for three
+months, the survivors obtained a passage to the Cape, all except a young
+sailor named White, who had formed an attachment to one of the servant
+girls on board, and who, in all the miseries which had been endured, had
+been her constant protector and companion; whilst gratitude on her part
+prevented her wishing to leave him. Both chose to remain, and were
+forthwith adopted as free citizens of the little community.
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE MEDUSA.
+
+
+On the 17th of June, 1816, the Medusa, French frigate, commanded by
+Captain Chaumareys, and accompanied by three smaller vessels, sailed
+from the island of Aix, for the coast of Africa, in order to take
+possession of some colonies. The first accident she encountered was off
+Cape Finisterre, when one of the crew fell into the sea; and from the
+apathy of his companions, their want of promptitude in manoeuvring, with
+the want of every precaution, he was left to perish. On the tenth day of
+sailing, there appeared an error of thirty leagues in the reckoning. On
+the 1st of July, they entered the tropics; and there, with a childish
+disregard to danger, and knowing that she was surrounded by all the
+unseen perils of the ocean, her crew performed the ceremony usual to the
+occasion, while the vessel was running headlong on destruction. The
+captain, presided over the disgraceful scene of merriment, leaving the
+ship to the command of a Mons. Richefort, who had passed the ten
+preceding years of his life in an English prison--a few persons on board
+remonstrated in vain; though it was ascertained that they were on the
+banks of Arguise, she continued her course, and heaved the lead, without
+slackening the sail. Every thing denoted shallow water, but M. Richefort
+persisted in saying that they were in one hundred fathoms. At that very
+moment only six fathoms were found; and the vessel struck three times,
+being in about sixteen feet water, and the tide full flood. At ebb-tide,
+there remained but twelve feet water; and after some bungling
+manoeuvres, all hope of getting the ship off was abandoned.
+
+When the frigate struck, she had on board six boats, of various
+capacities, all of which could not contain the crew and passengers; and
+a raft was constructed. A dreadful scene ensued. All scrambled out of
+the wreck without order or precaution. The first who reached the boats
+refused to admit any of their fellow-sufferers into them, though there
+was ample room for more. Some, apprehending that a plot had been formed
+to abandon them in the vessel, flew to arms. No one assisted his
+companions; and Captain Chaumareys stole out of a port-hole into his own
+boat, leaving a great part of the crew to shift for themselves. At
+length they put off to sea, intending to steer for the sandy coast of
+the desert, there to land, and thence to proceed with a caravan to the
+island of St. Louis.
+
+The raft had been constructed without foresight or intelligence. It was
+about sixty-five feet long and twenty-five broad, but the only part
+which could be depended upon was the middle; and that was so small, that
+fifteen persons could not lie down upon it. Those who stood on the floor
+were in constant danger of slipping through between the planks; the sea
+flowed in on all its sides. When one hundred and fifty passengers who
+were destined to be its burden, were on board, they stood like a solid
+parallelogram, without a possibility of moving; and they were up to
+their waists in water. The original plan was, that as much provision as
+possible should be put upon this raft; that it should be taken in tow by
+the six boats; and that, at stated intervals, the crews should come on
+board to receive their rations. As they left the ship, M. Correard asked
+whether the charts, instruments, and sea-stores were on board; and was
+told by an officer, that nothing was wanting. "And who is to command
+us?" "I am to command you," answered he, "and will be with you in a
+moment." The officer with these words, the last in his mouth, went on
+board one of the boats, and returned no more.
+
+The desperate squadron had only proceeded three leagues, when a faulty,
+if not treacherous manoeuvre, broke the tow-line which fastened the
+captain's boat to the raft; and this became the signal to all to let
+loose their cables. The weather was calm. The coast was known to be but
+twelve or fifteen leagues distant; and the land was in fact discovered
+by the boats on the very evening on which they abandoned the raft. They
+were not therefore driven to this measure by any new perils; and the cry
+of "_Nous les abandonons!_" which resounded throughout the line, was the
+yell of a spontaneous and instinctive impulse of cowardice, perfidy, and
+cruelty; and the impulse was as unanimous as it was diabolical. The raft
+was left to the mercy of the waves; one after another, the boats
+disappeared, and despair became general. Not one of the promised
+articles, no provisions, except a very few casks of wine, and some
+spoiled biscuit, sufficient for one single meal was found. A small
+pocket compass, which chance had discovered, their last guide in a
+trackless ocean, fell between the beams into the sea. As the crew had
+taken no nourishment since morning, some wine and biscuit were
+distributed; and this day, the first of thirteen on the raft, was the
+last on which they tasted any solid food--except such as human nature
+shudders at. The only thing which kept them alive was the hope of
+revenge on those who had treacherously betrayed them.
+
+The first night was stormy; and the waves, which had free access,
+committed dreadful ravages, and threatened worse. When day appeared,
+twelve miserable wretches were found crushed to death between the
+openings of the raft, and several more were missing; but the number
+could not be ascertained, as several soldiers had taken the billets of
+the dead, in order to obtain two, or even three rations. The second
+night was still more dreadful, and many were washed off; although the
+crew had so crowded together, that some were smothered by the mere
+pressure. To soothe their last moments, the soldiers drank immoderately;
+and one, who affected to rest himself upon the side, but was
+treacherously cutting the ropes, was thrown into the sea. Another whom
+M. Correard had snatched from the waves, turned traitor a second time,
+as soon as he had recovered his senses; but he too was killed. At length
+the revolted, who were chiefly soldiers, threw themselves upon their
+knees, and abjectly implored mercy. At midnight, however, they rebelled
+again. Those who had no arms, fought with their teeth, and thus many
+severe wounds were inflicted. One was most wantonly and dreadfully
+bitten above the heel, while his companions were beating him upon the
+head with their carbines, before throwing him into the sea. The raft was
+strewed with dead bodies, after innumerable instances of treachery and
+cruelty; and from sixty to sixty-five perished that night. The force and
+courage of the strongest began to yield to their misfortunes; and even
+the most resolute labored under mental derangement. In the conflict, the
+revolted had thrown two casks of wine, and all the remaining water, into
+the sea; and it became necessary to diminish each man's share.
+
+A day of comparative tranquility succeeded. The survivors erected their
+mast again, which had been wantonly cut down in the battle of the night;
+and endeavored to catch some fish, but in vain. They were reduced to
+feed on the dead bodies of their companions. A third night followed,
+broken by the plaintive cries of wretches, exposed to every kind of
+suffering, ten or twelve of whom died of want, and awfully foretold the
+fate of the remainder. The following day was fine. Some flying fish were
+caught in the raft; which, mixed up with human flesh, afforded one
+scanty meal.
+
+A new insurrection to destroy the raft, broke out on the fourth night;
+this too, was marked by perfidy, and ended in blood. Most of the rebels
+were thrown into the sea. The fifth morning mustered but thirty men
+alive; and these sick and wounded, with the skin of their lower
+extremities corroded by the salt water. Two soldiers were detected
+drinking the wine of the only remaining cask; they were instantly thrown
+into the sea. One boy died, and there remained only twenty-seven; of
+whom fifteen only seemed likely to live. A council of war, preceded by
+the most horrid despair, was held; as the weak consumed a part of the
+common store, they determined to throw them into the sea. This sentence
+was put into immediate execution! and all the arms on board, which now
+filled their minds with horror, were, with the exception of a single
+sabre, committed to the deep.
+
+Distress and misery increased with an accelerated ratio; and even after
+the desperate measure of destroying their companions, and eating the
+most nauseous aliments, the surviving fifteen could not hope for more
+than a few days' existence. A butterfly lighted on their sail the ninth
+day, and though it was held to be a messenger of good, yet many a
+greedy eye was cast upon it. Some sea-fowl also appeared; but it was
+impossible to catch them. The misery of the survivors increased with a
+rapidity which cannot be described; they even stole from each other
+little goblets of urine which had been set to cool in the sea water, and
+were now considered a luxury. The most trifling article of food, a
+lemon, a small bottle of spirituous dentrifice, a little garlic, became
+causes of contention; and every daily distribution of wine awakened a
+spirit of selfishness and ferocity, which common sufferings and common
+interest could not subdue into more social feelings.
+
+Three days more passed over in expressible anguish, when they
+constructed a smaller and more manageable raft, in the hope of directing
+it to the shore; but on trial it was found insufficient. On the
+seventeenth day, a brig was seen; which, after exciting the vicissitudes
+of hope and fear, proved to be the Argus, sent out in quest of the
+Medusa. The inhabitants of the raft were all received on board, and were
+again very nearly perishing, by a fire which broke out in the night.
+The six boats which had so cruelly cast them adrift, reached the coast
+of Africa in safety; and after many dangers among the Moors, the
+survivors arrived at St. Louis.
+
+After this, a vessel was despatched to the wreck of the Medusa, to carry
+away the money and provisions; after beating about for eight days, she
+was forced to return. She again put to sea, but after being away five
+days, again came back. Ten days more were lost in repairing her; and she
+did not reach the spot till fifty-two days after the vessel had been
+lost; and dreadful to relate, three miserable sufferers were found on
+board. Sixty men had been abandoned there by their magnanimous
+countrymen. All these had been carried off except seventeen, some of
+whom were drunk, and others refused to leave the vessel. They remained
+at peace as long as their provisions lasted. Twelve embarked on board a
+raft, for Sahara, and were never more heard of. Another put to sea on a
+hen-coop, and sunk immediately. Four remained behind, one of whom,
+exhausted with hunger and fatigue, perished. The other three lived in
+separate corners of the wreck, and never met but to run at each other
+with drawn _knives_. They were put on board the vessel, with all that
+could be saved from the wreck of the Medusa.
+
+The vessel was no sooner seen returning to St. Louis, than every heart
+beat high with joy, in the hope of recovering some property. The men and
+officers of the Medusa jumped on board, and asked if any thing had been
+saved. "Yes," was the reply, "but it is all ours now;" and the naked
+Frenchmen, whose calamities had found pity from the Moors of the desert,
+were now deliberately plundered by their own countrymen.
+
+A fair was held in the town, which lasted eight days. The clothes,
+furniture, and necessary articles of life, belonging to the men and
+officers of the Medusa, were publicly sold before their faces. Such of
+the French as were able, proceeded to the camp at Daceard, and the sick
+remained at St. Louis. The French governor had promised them clothes
+and provisions, but sent none; and during five months, they owed their
+existence to strangers--to the British.
+
+
+
+
+SINGULAR LOSS OF THE SHIP ESSEX, SUNK BY A WHALE.
+
+
+The ship Essex, Captain George Pollard, sailed from Nantucket, on the
+12th of August, 1819, on a whaling voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Her crew
+consisted of twenty-one men, fourteen of whom were whites, mostly
+belonging to Nantucket, the remainder were blacks. On the 20th of
+November, 1820, in latitude 0° 40' S. longitude 119° W. a school of
+whales was discovered, and in pursuing them the mate's boat was stove,
+which obliged him to return to the ship, when they commenced repairing
+the damage. The captain and second mate were left with their boats
+pursuing the whales. During this interval the mate discovered a large
+spermaceti whale, near the ship, but, not suspecting the approach of any
+danger, it gave them no alarm, until they saw the whale coming with full
+speed towards them. In a moment they were astonished by a tremendous
+crash. The whale had struck the ship a little forward of the fore
+chains. It was some minutes before the crew recovered from their
+astonishment, so far as to examine whether any damage had been
+sustained. They then tried their pumps, and found that the ship was
+sinking. A signal was immediately set for the boats. The whale now
+appeared again making for the ship, and coming with great velocity, with
+the water foaming around him, he struck the ship a second blow, which
+nearly stove in her bows. There was now no hope of saving the ship, and
+the only course to be pursued was, to prepare to leave her with all
+possible haste. They collected a few things, hove them into the boat and
+shoved off. The ship immediately fell upon one side and sunk to the
+water's edge. When the captain's and second mate's boat arrived, such
+was the consternation, that for some time not a word was spoken. The
+danger of their situation at length aroused them, as from a terrific
+dream, to a no less terrific reality. They remained by the wreck two or
+three days, in which time they cut away the masts, which caused her to
+right a little. Holes were then cut in the deck, by which means they
+obtained about six hundred pounds of bread, and as much water as they
+could take, besides other articles likely to be of use to them. On the
+22d of November, they left the ship, with as gloomy a prospect before
+them as can well be imagined. The nearest land was about one thousand
+miles to the windward of them; they were in open boats, weak and leaky,
+with a very small pittance of bread and water for support of so many
+men, during the time they must necessarily be at sea. Sails had been
+prepared for the boats, before leaving the ship, which proved of
+material benefit. Steering southerly by the wind, they hoped to fall in
+with some ship, but in this they were disappointed. After being in the
+boat twenty-eight days, experiencing many sufferings by gales of wind,
+want of water, and scanty provisions, they arrived at Duncie's Island,
+latitude 24° 40' S., longitude 124° 40' W., where they were disappointed
+in not finding a sufficiency of any kind of food for so large a company
+to subsist on. Their boats being very weak and leaky, they were hauled
+on shore and repaired. They found a gentle spring of fresh water,
+flowing out of a rock, at about half ebb of the tide, from which they
+filled their kegs. Three of the men chose to stay on the island, and
+take their chance for some vessel to take them off.
+
+On the 27th of December, they left this island, and steered for Easter
+Island; but passed it far to the leeward. They then directed their
+course for Juan Fernandez, which was about twenty-five hundred miles
+east by south-east from them. On the 10th of January, 1821, Matthew P.
+Joy, the second mate, died, and his body was launched into the deep. His
+constitution was slender, and it was supposed that his sufferings,
+though great, were not the immediate cause of his death. On the 12th,
+the mate's boat separated from the other two, and did not fall in with
+them afterwards. The situation of the mate and his crew, became daily
+more and more distressing. The weather was mostly calm, the sun hot and
+scorching. They were growing weaker and weaker by want of food, and yet,
+such was their distance from land, that they were obliged to lessen
+their allowance nearly one half. On the 20th, a black man died.
+
+On the 28th, they found, on calculation, that their allowance, only one
+and a half ounce of bread per day to a man, would be exhausted in
+fourteen days; and that this allowance was not sufficient to sustain
+life. They therefore determined to extend the indulgence, and take the
+consequence, whether to live or die. On the 8th of February, another of
+the crew died. From this time to the 17th, their sufferings were
+extreme. At seven o'clock, A.M. of that day, they were aroused from a
+lethargy by the cheering cry of the steersman, "there's a sail!" The
+boat was soon descried by the vessel, the brig Indian, Captain Grozier,
+of London, which took them on board, latitude 33° 45' S., longitude 81°
+3' W. They were treated by Captain Grozier with all the care and
+tenderness which their weak condition required. On the same day they
+made Massafuero, and on the 25th, arrived at Valparaiso.
+
+Captain Pollard and Charles Ramsdell, the only survivors in the
+captain's boat, were taken up on the 23d of February, 1821, by the ship
+Dauphin, of Nantucket, Captain Zimri Coffin, in latitude 37° S. off St.
+Mary's. The captain relates, that, after the mate's boat was separated
+from the others, they made what progress their weak condition would
+permit, towards the island of Juan Fernandez, but contrary winds and
+calm weather, together with the extreme debility of the crew, prevented
+their making much progress.
+
+On the 29th of January, the second mate's boat separated from the
+captain's, in the night, at which time their provisions were totally
+exhausted, since which they have not been heard from.
+
+We shall not attempt a sketch of the sufferings of the crews of these
+boats. Imagination may picture the horrors of their situation, and the
+extremes to which they were driven to sustain life, but no power of the
+imagination can heighten the dreadful reality.
+
+The following is an account of the whole crew.
+
+In the captain's boat but two survived, Captain Pollard and Charles
+Ramsdell. In the mate's boat three survived, Owen Chase, the mate,
+Benjamin Lawrence, and Thomas Nickerson. Left on Duncie's Island, and
+afterwards taken off, Seth Weeks, William Wright, and Thomas Chapple.
+One left the ship before the accident. In the second mate's boat, when
+separated from the captain's, three. Dead, nine, which added to the
+second mate's crew, doubtless lost, makes total deaths twelve.
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE WELLINGTON.
+
+
+We sailed from the Cove of Cork for St. Andrews, on the 6th of October,
+1833. During a passage of sixty days, all of which time we struggled
+against adverse winds, nothing material occurred, save the shifting of
+our ballast, (limestone,) which caused some alarm; but the promptitude
+and alacrity of the crew soon set it all right. On reaching the
+ballast-ground, we discharged our ballast; and after we had repaired the
+rigging, we took in a cargo of deals. Here four of the men left us, and
+we had to wait for others to supply their place.
+
+On the 23d of December we sailed on our return to Cork; mustering in all
+seventeen persons, including one male and one female passenger. With a
+fine stiff breeze down the bay, we soon lost sight of land, and nothing
+of note occurred till the 30th, when the wind got up from the
+north-west, and soon blew so heavy a gale, that we were obliged to take
+in every thing but a close-reefed main-topsail, under which we scudded
+till the 5th of January. All this time it blew a hurricane, principally
+from the north-west, but occasionally, after a short lull, flying round
+to the south-west, with a fury that nothing could resist. The sea
+threatened to overwhelm our little craft. It was several times proposed
+to lay her to; but the fatal opinion prevailed that she did better in
+scudding. On the night of the 6th, a tremendous sea struck her on the
+stern, stove in all the dead-lights, and washed them into the cabin,
+lifted the taffrail a foot or more out of its place, carried away the
+afterpart of the larboard bulwark, shattered the whole of the
+stern-frame, and washed one of the steersmen away from the wheel. The
+carpenter and crew with much labor secured the stern as well as they
+could for the night, and next morning the wind moderated a little, new
+dead-lights were put in, and the damages further repaired.
+
+Every stitch of canvas, but the main-topsail, jib, and trysail, were
+split into ribbons, so that we became anxious to know how we should
+reach port when the gale subsided. But we were soon spared further care
+on that head. As the day closed in, the tempest resumed its fury, and by
+the following morning, (the 8th,) raged with such appalling violence,
+that we laid her too. From her straining, the brig had now began to make
+so much water, as to require all hands in succession at the pumps till
+the following morning at two, when the larboard watch went below, the
+watch on deck, by constant exertion, sufficing to keep her free.
+
+At seven on the morning of the 9th, a tremendous sea broke over the
+starboard bow, overwhelming all, and sweeping caboose, boats, planks,
+casks, every thing before it, to the afterpart of the deck; even the
+starboard anchor was lifted on to the forecastle; and and the cook, who
+was in the galley, washed with all his culinary apparatus into the
+lee-scuppers, where he remained some time in a very perilous situation,
+jammed in amongst the loose spars and other portions of the wreck, until
+extricated by the watch on deck, who, being aft at the moment of the
+occurrence, escaped unhurt. Before we could recover from this shock, the
+watch below rushed on deck, with the appalling intelligence, that the
+water had found its way below, and was pouring in like a torrent We
+found that the coppers, forced along the deck with irresistible
+violence, had, by striking a stanchen fixed firmly in the deck, split
+the covering fore and aft, and let in the water. The captain thought it
+time to prepare for the worst. As the ship, from her buoyant cargo,
+could not sink, he ordered the crew to store the top with provisions.
+And as all exerted themselves with the energy of despair, two barrels of
+beef, some hams, pork, butter, cheese, and a large jar of brandy, were
+handed in a trice up from below, but not before the water had nearly
+filled the cabin, and forced those employed there to cease their
+operations, and with the two unfortunate passengers to fly to the deck.
+Fortunately for the latter, they knew not the full horror of our
+situation. The poor lady, whose name I have forgotten, young and
+delicate, already suffering from confinement below and sea sickness,
+pale and shivering, but patient and resigned, had but a short time taken
+her seat beside her fellow passenger on some planks near the taffrail,
+on which lay extended the unfortunate cook, unable to move from his
+bruises, when the vessel, a heavy lurch having shifted her cargo, was
+laid on her beam-ends, and the water rushing in, carried every thing
+off the deck--provisions, stores, planks, all went adrift--and with the
+latter, the poor lady, who, with the cook, floated away on them, without
+the possibility of our saving either of them. But such was the
+indescribable horror of those who were left, that had we been able to
+reason or reflect we might have envied our departed shipmates.
+
+A few minutes before we went over, two of the crew, invalids, having
+gone to the maintop, one of them was forced into the belly of the main
+top-sail, and there found a watery grave. The rest of the crew, and the
+male passenger, got upon her side. In this hopeless situation, secured,
+and clinging to the channels and rigging, the sea every instant dashing
+over us, and threatening destruction, we remained some hours. Then the
+vessel once more righted, and we crawled on board. The deck having blown
+up, and the stern gone the same way, we had now the prospect of
+perishing with cold and hunger. For our ultimate preservation I conceive
+we were mainly indebted to the carpenter's having providentially
+retained his axe. With it, the foremast was cut away. While doing this,
+we found a piece of pork about four pounds weight; and even the
+possession of this morsel raised our drooping spirits. It would at least
+prolong existence a few hours, and in that interval, the gale might
+abate, some friendly sail heave in sight, and the elements relent. Such
+were our reflections. Oh, how our eye-balls strained, as, emerging from
+the trough of the sea on the crest of a liquid mountain, we gazed on the
+misty horizon, until, from time to time, we fancied, nay, felt assured,
+we saw the object of our search, but the evening closed in, and with it
+hope almost expired. That day, not a morsel passed our lips. The pork,
+our only supply, given in charge to the captain, it was thought prudent
+to husband as long as possible.
+
+Meanwhile, with a top-gallant studding-sail remaining in the top, which
+was stretched over the mast-head, we contrived to procure a partial
+shelter from the inclemency of the weather. Under this, drenched as we
+were and shivering with cold, some of us crouched for the night; but
+others of the crew remained all that night in the rigging. In the
+morning we all--fourteen in number--mustered on deck, and received from
+the mate a small piece of pork, about two ounces, the remainder being
+put away, and reserved for the next day. This, and some water, the only
+article of which--a cask had been discovered forward, well stowed away
+among the planks--we had abundance, constituted our only meal that day.
+Somewhat refreshed, we all went to work, and as the studding-sail
+afforded but a scanty shelter, we fitted the trysail for this purpose;
+on opening which we found the cat drowned, and much as our stomachs
+might have revolted against such food on ordinary occasions, yet poor
+puss was instantly skinned and her carcass hung up in the maintop.
+
+This night we were somewhat better lodged, and the following day, having
+received our scanty ration of pork, now nearly consumed, we got three
+swiftsures round the hull of the vessel, to prevent her from going to
+pieces. Foraging daily for food, we sought incessantly in every
+crevice, hole, and corner, but in vain. We were now approaching that
+state of suffering beyond which nature cannot carry us. With some,
+indeed, they were already past endurance; and one individual, who had
+left a wife and family dependent upon him for support in London, unable
+any longer to bear up against them, and the almost certain prospect of
+starvation, went down out of the top, and we saw him no more. Having
+eked out the pork until the fourth day, we commenced on the
+cat--fortunately large and in good condition--a mouthful of which, with
+some water, furnished our daily allowance.
+
+Sickness and debility had now made such ravages among us all, that
+although we had a tolerable stock of water, we found great difficulty in
+procuring it. We had hitherto, in rotation, taken our turn to fill a
+small beaker at the cask, wedged in among the cargo of deals; but now,
+scarcely able to keep our feet along the planks, and still less so to
+haul the vessel up to the top, we were in danger of even this resource
+being cut off from us. In this manner, incredible as it may seem, we
+managed to keep body and soul together till the eleventh day; our only
+sustenance, the pork, the cat, water, and the bark of some young birch
+trees, which latter, in searching for a keg of tamarinds, which we had
+hoped to find, we had latterly come athwart.
+
+On the twelfth morning, at daybreak, the hailing of some one from the
+deck electrified us all. Supposing, as we had missed none of our
+shipmates from the top, that it must be some boat or vessel, we all
+eagerly made a movement to answer our supposed deliverers, and such was
+our excitement that it well nigh upset what little reason we had left.
+We soon found out our mistake. We saw that one of the party was missing;
+and from this individual, whom we had found without shoes, hat, or
+jacket, had the voice proceeded.
+
+Despair had now taken such complete hold, that, suspended between life
+and death, a torpor had seized us, and, resigned to our fate, we had
+scarcely sufficient energy to lift our heads, and exercise the only
+faculty on which depended our safety. The delirium of our unfortunate
+shipmate had, however, reanimated us, and by this means, through
+Providence, he was made instrumental to our deliverance. Not long after,
+one of the men suddenly exclaimed, "This is Sunday morning!--The Lord
+will deliver us from our distress!--at any rate I will take a look
+round." With this he arose, and having looked about him a few minutes,
+the cheering cry of "a sail!" announced the fulfilment of this singular
+prophecy. "Yes," he repeated in answer to our doubts, "a sail, and
+bearing right down upon us!"
+
+We all eagerly got up, and looking in the direction indicated to us, the
+welcome certainty, that we were not cheated of our hopes almost turned
+our brains. The vessel, which proved to be a Boston brig, bound to
+London, ran down across our bows, hove too, sent the boats alongside,
+and by ten o'clock we were all safe on board. Singularly enough, our
+brig, which had been lying-to with her head to the northward and
+westward, since the commencement of our disasters, went about the
+evening previous to our quitting her as well as if she had been under
+sail,--another providential occurrence, for had she remained with her
+head to the northward, we should have seen nothing of our deliverers.
+From the latter we experienced all the care and attention our deplorable
+condition required; and, with the exception of two of the party, who
+were frost-bitten, and who died two days after our quitting the wreck,
+we were soon restored to health, and reached St. Catherine's Dock on the
+30th of the following month.
+
+[Illustration: VOYAGE OF THE ABERGAVENNY.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE ABERGAVENNY.
+
+
+The Earl of Abergavenny, East Indiaman, left Portsmouth, in the
+beginning of February, 1805, with forty passengers, and property to the
+value of eighty-nine thousand pounds sterling on board. On the 5th of
+February, at ten A.M. when she was about ten leagues to the westward of
+Portland, the commodore gave a signal for her to bear up. At this time
+the wind was west south-west; she had the main top-mast struck, the fore
+and mizzen top-gallant mast on deck, and the jib-boom in. At three a
+pilot came on board, when they were about two leagues west from
+Portland; the cables were ranged and bitted, and the jib-boom got out.
+The wind suddenly died away as she crossed the Shangles, a shoal of rock
+and shingle, about two miles from the land; and a strong tide setting
+the ship to westward, drifted her into the breakers. A sea taking her on
+the larboard quarter brought her to, with her head to the northward,
+when she instantly struck the ground, at five in afternoon. All the
+reefs were let out, and the top-sails hoisted up, in the hope that the
+ship might shoot across the reef; the wind shifting meanwhile to
+north-west, she remained there two hours and a half, with four feet of
+water in the hold, the tide alternately setting her on, and the surf
+driving her back, beating all the while with such violent shocks, that
+the men for some time could scarcely stand upon the decks. At length,
+however, she was got off the rocks.
+
+The pumps were kept constantly going, and for fifteen minutes after
+clearing the rocks, kept the water at four feet; but the leak gaining
+upon them, all sails were set, with the view of running for the nearest
+port. But the water now rose so fast, than she refused to answer the
+helm, and they resolved to run her on the first shore. The captain and
+officers still thought that she might be got off without material
+damage, and no signal guns of distress were fired for three quarters of
+an hour, though sensible of some danger, they kept silent, lest they
+should alarm the passengers. Soon however the peril appeared but too
+manifest; the carpenter announced that a leak was at the bottom of the
+chain-pumps, through which the water gushed so fast, that they could not
+stop it. Eleven feet of water were already in the hold, and the crew
+were set to bale at the fore scuttle and hatchway. Though they could not
+keep the water under, they still hoped to preserve her afloat, till she
+could be run upon Weymouth sand. The lashings of the boats were cut;
+but they could not get out the long-boat, without bending the mainsail
+aback, which would have retarded the vessel so much, as to deprive them
+of the chance of running her aground.
+
+At six in the afternoon they gave up all hope of saving the vessel;
+other leaks had been sprung, and it became manifest, from the damage she
+had sustained that she must speedily go down. The captain and officers
+were still cool, and preserved perfect subordination. As night came on,
+and their situation became more terrible, several passengers insisted on
+being set on shore; and some small sloops being near, one of which sent
+off a skiff, two ladies, and three other passengers went away in her.
+More would have embarked had they not feared to encounter a tempestuous
+sea in so dark a night.
+
+Several boats were heard at a short distance, about nine o'clock, but
+they rendered no assistance; being either engaged in plunder, or in
+rescuing some of those unfortunate individuals who hazarded themselves
+on pieces of wreck, to gain the land. Those on board baled and pumped
+without intermission; the cadets and passengers struggling with the
+rest. A midshipman was appointed to guard the spirit room. Some of the
+more disorderly sailors pressed upon him. "Give us some grog," they
+cried, "it will be all one an hour hence." "I know we must die," replied
+he, coolly, "but let us die like men;" and armed with a brace of
+pistols, he kept his post even while the ship was sinking.
+
+At length the carpenter came up from below, and told those who worked at
+the pumps that he could do no more. Some gave themselves up to despair,
+others prayed; and some resolved not to perish without a struggle,
+committed themselves on pieces of the wreck to the waves. The chief mate
+came to the captain, and said, "We have done all we can, sir, the ship
+will sink in a moment;" to which the captain replied, "it cannot be
+helped--God's will be done." The vessel gradually settled in the trough
+of the sea. The cries of the drowning rose above the sound of the
+waters, and were heard at a great distance. Some kept running about the
+deck as long as it kept above the waves. At eleven, when she went down,
+many hastened up the shrouds and masts. The captain was seen clinging to
+the ropes; the fourth mate tried to persuade him to exert himself, but
+he submitted without resistance to his fate.
+
+The hull struck the ground, while part of the masts and rigging remained
+above water. On the last cast of the lead, eleven fathoms had been
+found, and about one hundred and eighty men still clung to the rigging.
+The night was dark and frosty, the sea incessantly breaking upon them.
+Shocking scenes occurred, in the attempts made by some to obtain places
+of greater safety. One seaman had ascended to a considerable height, and
+endeavored to climb yet higher; another seized hold of his leg; he drew
+his clasp-knife, and deliberately cut the miserable wretch's fingers
+asunder; he dropped and was killed by the fall. Many perished in the
+shrouds. A sergeant had secured his wife there; she lost her hold, and
+in her last struggle for life, bit a large piece from her husband's arm,
+which was dreadfully lacerated.
+
+About an hour after she went down, the survivors were cheered by hearing
+the sound of vessels beating the waves at a distance; they hailed a
+sloop-rigged vessel, with two boats astern of her. Their voices must
+have been drowned by the waves. By twelve many more had perished. Some
+from cold and fatigue could no longer retain their hold; every instant
+those who still hung on, were shocked by the splash, which told that
+another of their number had yielded to his fate. In a short time, boats
+were again heard near them, but they did not, though repeatedly hailed,
+come near enough to take any on board; an act of cold and calculating
+timidity, which could not be justified by the excuse, that they feared
+lest all, eager to be saved, should have jumped down, and borne them to
+the bottom.
+
+At length two sloops, which had heard the guns of distress, anchored
+close to the wreck, took off the survivors, twenty at a time, from the
+shrouds, and in the morning conveyed them to Weymouth; so far from
+crowding into the boats, they got off one by one, as called upon by
+those who commanded the boats. One still remained; the sixth mate
+ascended the mast and found him in a state of insensibility; he bore him
+down on his back, and with his burden reached the boat in safety; but
+the delivered person died the next day.
+
+When the awful words were heard, "The ship must go down," three of the
+cadets went into the cabin, where they stood for a short time, looking
+at each other, without saying a word. At length one said, "Let us return
+to the deck;" two did so, but the other remained below. He opened his
+desk, took out his commission, his introductory letters, and some money,
+went on deck, but saw neither of his companions. Then looking forward,
+he saw the ship going down head foremost, and the sea rolling in an
+immense column along the deck. He tried to ascend the steps leading to
+the poop, but was launched among the waves encumbered by boots and a
+great coat, and unable to swim. Afterwards, finding himself on the
+opposite side, he conceived that when the stern of the ship sunk, he
+would be drawn into the vortex. While struggling to keep himself afloat,
+he seized something which frequently struck the back of his hand, and
+found it to be a rope hanging from the mizzen-shrouds. Trying to ascend
+several feet by it, he fell into the sea; but by a sudden lurch from the
+ship, he was thrown into the mizzen-shrouds, where he fixed himself as
+well as circumstances would allow.
+
+
+
+
+CRUISE OF THE SALDANHA AND TALBOT.
+
+BY ONE OF THE OFFICERS.
+
+
+At midnight of Saturday, the 30th of November, 1811, with a fair wind
+and a smooth sea, we weighed from our station, in company with the
+Saldanha frigate, of thirty-eight guns, Captain Packenham, with a crew
+of three hundred men, on a cruise, as was intended, of twenty days--the
+Saldanha taking a westerly course, while we stood in the opposite
+direction.
+
+We had scarcely got out of the lock and cleared the heads, however, when
+we plunged at once into all the miseries of a gale of wind blowing from
+the west. During the three following days it continued to increase in
+violence, when the islands of Coll and Tiree became visible to us. As
+the wind had now chopped round more to the north, and continued unabated
+in violence, the danger of getting involved among the numerous small
+islands and rugged headlands, on the north-west coast of
+Inverness-shire, became evident. It was therefore deemed expedient to
+wear the ship round, and make a port with all expedition. With this
+view, and favored by the wind, a course was shaped for Lochswilly, and
+away we scudded under close-reefed foresail and main-topsail, followed
+by a tremendous sea, which threatened every moment to overwhelm us, and
+accompanied by piercing showers of hail, and a gale which blew with
+incredible fury. The same course was steered until next day about noon,
+when land was seen on the lee-bow. The weather being thick, some time
+elapsed before it could be distinctly made out, and it was then
+ascertained to be the island of North Arran, on the coast of Donegal,
+westward of Lochswilly. The ship was therefore hauled up some points,
+and we yet entertained hopes of reaching an anchorage before nightfall,
+when the weather gradually thickened, and the sea, now that we were upon
+the wind, broke over us in all directions. Its violence was such, that
+in a few minutes several of our ports were stove in, at which the water
+poured in in great abundance, until it was actually breast high on the
+lee-side of the main deck. Fortunately, but little got below, and the
+ship was relieved by taking in the foresail. But a dreadful addition was
+now made to the precariousness of our situation, by the cry of "land
+a-head!" which was seen from the forecastle, and must have been very
+near. Not a moment was now lost in wearing the ship round on the other
+tack, and making what little sail could be carried, to weather the land
+we had already passed. This soon proved, however, to be a forlorn
+prospect, for it was found that we should run our distance by ten
+o'clock. All the horrors of shipwreck now stared us in the face,
+aggravated tenfold by the darkness of the night, and the tremendous
+force of the wind, which now blew a hurricane. Mountains are
+insignificant when speaking of the sea that kept pace with it; its
+violence was awful beyond description, and it frequently broke over all
+the poor little ship, that shivered and groaned, but behaved admirably.
+
+The force of the sea may be guessed from the fact of the sheet-anchor,
+nearly a ton and a half in weight, being actually lifted on board, to
+say nothing of the forechain-plates' board broken, both gangways torn
+away, quarter-galleries stove in, &c. In short, on getting into port,
+the vessel was found to be loosened through all her frame, and leaking
+at every seam. As far as depended on her good qualities, however, I felt
+assured at the time we were safe, for I had seen enough of the Talbot
+to be convinced we were in one of the finest sea-boats that ever swam.
+But what could all the skill of the ship builder avail in a situation
+like ours? With a night full fifteen hours long before us, and knowing
+that we were fast driving on the land, anxiety and dread were on every
+face, and every mind felt the terrors of uncertainty and suspense. At
+length, about twelve o'clock, the dreadful truth was disclosed to us!
+
+Judge of my sensation when I saw the frowning rocks of Arran, scarcely
+half a mile distant, on our lee-bow. To our inexpressible relief, and
+not less to our surprise, we fairly weathered all, and were
+congratulating each other on our escape, when on looking forward I
+imagined I saw breakers at no great distance on our lee; and this
+suspicion was soon confirmed, when the moon, which shone at intervals,
+suddenly broke out from behind a cloud, and presented to us a most
+terrific spectacle. At not more than a quarter of a mile's distance on
+our lee-beam, appeared a range of tremendous breakers, amongst which it
+seemed as if every sea would throw us. Their height, it may be guessed,
+was prodigious, when they could be clearly distinguished from the
+foaming waters of the surrounded ocean. It was a scene seldom to be
+witnessed, and never forgotten! "Lord have mercy on us!" was now on the
+lip of everyone--destruction seemed inevitable. Captain Swaine, whose
+coolness I have never seen surpassed issued his orders clearly and
+collectedly when it was proposed as a last resource to drop the anchors,
+cut away the masts, and trust to the chance of riding out the gale. This
+scheme was actually determined on, and every thing was in readiness, but
+happily was deferred until an experiment was tried aloft In addition to
+the close-reefed main-topsail and foresail, the fore-topsail and trysail
+were now set, and the result was almost magical. With a few plunges we
+cleared not only the reef, but a huge rock upon which I could with ease
+have tossed a biscuit, and in a few minutes we were inexpressibly
+rejoiced to observe both far astern.
+
+We had now miraculously escaped all but certain destruction a second
+time, but much was yet to be feared. We had still to pass Cape Jeller,
+and the moments dragged on in gloomy apprehension and anxious suspense.
+The ship carried sail most wonderfully, and we continued to go along at
+the rate of seven knots, shipping very heavy seas, and laboring
+much--all with much solicitude looking out for daylight. The dawn at
+length appeared, and to our great joy we saw the land several miles
+astern, having passed the Cape and many other hidden dangers during the
+darkness.
+
+Matters on the morning of the 5th, assumed a very different aspect from
+that which we had experienced for the last two days; the wind gradually
+subsided, and with it the sea, and a favorable breeze now springing up,
+we were enabled to make a good offing. Fortunately no accident of
+consequence occurred, although several of our people were severely
+bruised by falls. Poor fellows! they certainly suffered enough; not a
+dry stitch, not a dry hammock have they had since we sailed. Happily,
+however, their misfortunes are soon forgot in a dry shirt and a can of
+grog.
+
+The most melancholy part of the narrative is still to be told. On coming
+up to our anchorage, we observed an unusual degree of curiosity and
+bustle in the fort; crowds of people were congregated on both sides,
+running to and fro, examining us through spy-glasses; in short, an
+extraordinary commotion was apparent. The meaning of all this was but
+too soon made known to us by a boat coming alongside, from which we
+learned that the unfortunate Saldanha had gone to pieces, and every man
+perished! Our own destruction had likewise been reckoned inevitable from
+the time of the discovery of the unhappy fate of our consort, five days
+beforehand; and hence the astonishment at our unexpected return. From
+all that could be learned concerning the dreadful catastrophe, I am
+inclined to believe that the Saldanha had been driven on the rocks about
+the time our doom appeared so certain in another quarter. Her lights
+were seen by the signal-tower at nine o'clock of that fearful Wednesday
+night, December 4th, after which it is supposed she went ashore on the
+rocks at a small bay called Ballymastaker, almost at the entrance of
+Lochswilly harbor.
+
+Next morning the beach was strewed with fragments of the wreck, and
+upwards of two hundred of the bodies of the unfortunate sufferers were
+washed ashore. One man--and one only--out of the three hundred, was
+ascertained to have come ashore alive, but almost in a state of
+insensibility. Unhappily there was no person present to administer to
+his wants judiciously, and upon craving something to drink, about half a
+pint of whisky was given him by the people, which almost instantly
+killed him! Poor Pakenham's body was recognised amidst the others, and
+like these, stripped quite naked by the inhuman wretches, who flocked to
+the wreck as to a blessing! It is even suspected that he came on shore
+alive, but was stripped and left to perish. Nothing could equal the
+audacity of the plunderers, although a party of the Lanark militia was
+doing duty around the wreck. But this is an ungracious and revolting
+subject, which no one of proper feeling would wish to dwell upon. Still
+less am I inclined so describe the heart-rending scene at Buncrana,
+where the widows of many of the sufferers are residing. The surgeon's
+wife, a native of Halifax, has never spoken since the dreadful tidings
+arrived. Consolation is inadmissible, and no one has yet ventured to
+offer it.
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE NAUTILUS.
+
+
+The ship Nautilus, Captain Palmer, with important despatches for
+England, sailed from the Dardanelles, on the 30th of January, 1807.
+Passing through the islands which abound in the Greek Archipelago, she
+approached the Negropont, where the navigation became both intricate
+and dangerous. The wind blew fresh, and the night was dark and squally;
+the pilot, a Greek, advised them to lay-to till morning; at daylight she
+again went on her course, passing in the evening, Falconera and
+Anti-Milo. The pilot, who had never gone farther on this tack, here
+relinquished the management of the vessel to the captain, who, anxious
+to get on, resolved to proceed during the night, confidently expecting
+to clear the Archipelago by morning; he then went below, to take some
+rest, after marking out on the chest the course which he meant to steer.
+
+[Illustration: SHIPWRECK OF THE NAUTILUS.]
+
+The night was extremely dark, vivid lightning at times flashed through
+the horizon. The wind increased; and though the ship carried but little
+sail, she went at the rate of nine miles an hour, borne on by a high
+sea, which, with the brightness of the lightning, made the night appear
+awful. At half past two in the morning, they saw high land, which they
+took for the island of Cerigotto, and went confidently on, supposing
+that all danger was over. At half-past four, the man on the look-out,
+cried, "breakers a-head!" and instantly the vessel struck with a
+tremendous crash; the violence of the shock being such, that those below
+were thrown from their beds, and on coming on deck, were compelled to
+cling to the cordage. All was confusion and alarm; scarcely had part of
+the crew time to hurry on deck, before the ladder gave way, leaving
+numbers struggling with the water, which rushed in at the bottom. The
+captain and lieutenant endeavored to mitigate the fears of the people;
+and afterwards, going down to the cabin, burnt the papers and private
+signals. Meantime, every sea dashed the vessel against the rocks; and
+they were soon compelled to climb the rigging, where they remained an
+hour, the surge continually breaking upon them.
+
+The lightning had ceased, but so dark was the night, that they could not
+see a ship's length before them; their only hope rested in the falling
+of the main mast, which they trusted would reach a small rock, which lay
+very near them. About half an hour before morning, the mast gave way,
+providentially falling towards the rock, and by means of it they were
+enabled to gain the land. In this hasty struggle to get to the rock,
+many accidents occurred; some were drowned, one man had his arm broke,
+and many were much hurt. The captain was the last man who left the
+vessel, refusing to quit it till all had gained the rock. All the boats
+but one had been staved in pieces; the jolly-boat indeed remained, but
+they could not haul it in. For a time the hull of the wreck sheltered
+them from the violence of the surf; but it soon broke up, and it became
+necessary to abandon the small rock on which they stood, and to wade to
+another somewhat larger. In their way they encountered many loose spars,
+dashing about in the channel; several in crossing were severely hurt by
+them. They felt grievously the loss of their shoes, for the sharp rocks
+tore their feet dreadfully, and their legs were covered with blood. In
+the morning they saw the sea covered with the fragments of the wreck,
+and many of their comrades floating about on spars and timbers, to whom
+they could not give any assistance.
+
+They saw that they were cast away on a coral rock almost on a level with
+the sea, about four hundred yards long, and three hundred broad. They
+were at least twelve miles from the nearest islands, which were
+afterwards found to be those of Cerigotto and Pera. In case any vessel
+should pass by, they hoisted a signal of distress on a long pole. The
+weather was very cold, and the day before they were wrecked, the deck
+had been covered with ice; with much difficulty they managed to kindle a
+fire, by means of a flint and some powder. They erected a small tent,
+composed of pieces of canvas and boards, and were thus enabled to dry
+their few clothes. The night was dreary and comfortless; but they
+consoled themselves with the hope that their fire might be descried in
+the dark, and taken for a signal of distress. Next day they were
+delighted at the approach of a small whale-boat, manned by ten of their
+comrades. When the vessel was wrecked, these men had lowered themselves
+into the water, and had reached the island of Pera, but finding no fresh
+water, were compelled to depart; and noticing the fire were enabled to
+join their shipmates. But the waves ran so high that the boat could not
+come to the shore, and some of those on the land endeavored to reach it.
+One of the seamen called to Captain Palmer, inviting him to come to
+them, but he steadily refused, saying, "No, Smith, save your unfortunate
+shipmates; never mind me." After some consultation, they resolved to
+take the Greek pilot on board, intending to go to Cerigotto, where, he
+assured them, were a few families of fishermen, who might perhaps be
+able to afford them some relief.
+
+After the boat departed, the wind increased; in about two hours a
+fearful storm came on. The waves mounted up, and extinguished their
+fire; they swept over nearly the whole of the rock, compelling them to
+flee for refuge to the highest part. Thus did nearly ninety pass a night
+of the utmost horror; being compelled, lest they should be washed off,
+to fasten a rope round the summit of a rock, and to clasp each other.
+Their fatigue had been so great that several of them became delirious,
+and lost their hold. They were also in constant terror of the wind
+veering more to the north, in which case the waves would have dashed
+over their position.
+
+They now began to sink under their hardships, and many had suffered
+deplorably. One had been so dashed against the rocks as to be nearly
+scalped, exhibiting a dreadful spectacle; he lingered out the night, but
+expired next morning. They were ill prepared to sustain famine, and they
+were almost hopeless of escape. They dreaded lest the storm should come
+on before the boat could have reached the island, for on her safety
+their own depended. In the midst of these horrors the daylight broke,
+and they saw the bodies of their departed shipmates, some still writhing
+in the agonies of death. The sea had broken over them all night, and
+some, among whom was the carpenter, had perished from cold.
+
+Soon after, a vessel approached, and their hearts beat high with the
+hope of deliverance. All her sails were set, and she came down before
+the wind, steering right for the rock. They made repeated signals of
+distress, and the vessel hove to, and hoisted out her boat. They hastily
+prepared rafts to carry them through the surf, confident that the boat
+was provided with supplies to relieve them. The boat came within
+pistol-shot, full of men dressed in the European fashion. But what were
+their indignation and grief, when the person who steered, after gazing
+at them a few minutes, waved his hat, and then rowed off to the ship!
+Their misery was increased by seeing the crew of the stranger-vessel
+employed in collecting the floating fragments of the wreck. After this
+grievous disappointment, their only hopes lay in the return of the boat.
+They looked in vain; not a glimpse of her was to be seen. A raging
+thirst tormented them; and some, in spite of warning, drank salt water;
+raging madness soon followed, and their agonies were terminated by
+death. Another awful night was passed by them. To preserve themselves
+from the cold, they huddled close together, and covered themselves with
+their few remaining rags. They were haunted by the ravings of those who
+had drunk the sea-water, whom they tried in vain to pacify.
+
+About twelve o'clock, the crew of the whale-boat hailed them; they cried
+out in their agony for water. They could not procure it, for those in
+the boat had none but earthen vessels, which could not be conveyed
+through the surf. They were assured that they would be taken off by a
+fishing vessel next morning; but there seemed to be little chance of
+their surviving till then.
+
+In the morning, the sun for the first time shone upon the rock. They
+waited hour after hour, but there was no appearance either of the boat
+or the vessel. Famine consumed them; but they looked with loathing on
+the only means of appeasing it. When, however, the day wore on, after
+praying for forgiveness of the sinful act, they were compelled to feed
+on one of their number who had died the preceding night. Several
+expired towards evening; among whom were the captain and first
+lieutenant. During the night, some thought of constructing a raft which
+might carry them to Cerigotto. The wind seemed favorable; and to perish
+in the waters seemed preferable to remaining to die a lingering death
+from hunger and thirst. At daylight, as fast as their feeble strength
+permitted, they prepared to put their plan in execution, by lashing
+together a number of larger spars. Scarcely had they launched it, when
+it was destroyed. Five, rendered desperate, embarked on a few spars
+hastily lashed together, which gave them scarcely room to stand; they
+were soon carried away by unknown currents, and were no more heard of.
+
+In the afternoon the whale-boat came again in sight. The crew told them
+that they had experienced great difficulty in persuading the Greek
+fishermen of Cerigotto to venture to put to sea, because of the stormy
+weather; but they gave them hopes, that if the weather moderated, the
+boats would come next day. Before they had done speaking, twelve men
+plunged from the rock into the sea, and nearly reached the boat; two
+were taken in, one was drowned, and the rest were so fortunate as to
+recover their former station.
+
+As the day wore on, their weakness increased. One of the survivors
+described himself as feeling the approach of annihilation; his sight
+failed, and his senses were confused; his strength was exhausted; he
+looked towards the setting sun, expecting never to see it rise again.
+Suddenly the approach of the boats was announced; and from the depth of
+despair, they rose to the very summit of joy. Their parched frames were
+refreshed with copious draughts of water.
+
+Immediate preparations were made for departure. Of one hundred and
+twenty-two persons on board the Nautilus, when she struck, fifty-eight
+had perished. Eighteen were drowned when she was wrecked, five were lost
+in the small boat, and thirty-four died of famine. About fifty now
+embarked in four fishing vessels, and landed the same evening at
+Cerigotto; making sixty-four in all, including those saved in the
+whale-boat. During their six days sojourn on the rock, they had nothing
+to subsist on, save human flesh.
+
+They landed at a small creek. The Greeks received them with great
+hospitality, but had not skill to cure their wounds, and had no bandages
+but those procured by tearing up their own shirts. Wishing to procure
+some medical assistance, they desired to reach Cerigo, an island twenty
+miles distant, on which an English vice-consul resided. Fourteen days
+elapsed before they could set sail. They bade adieu to these kind
+preservers, and in six or eight hours reached Cerigo, where all possible
+help was afforded them. Thence they were conveyed by a Russian ship to
+Corfu; where they arrived on the 2d of March, 1807, about two months
+after their melancholy disaster.
+
+
+
+
+GALLANT EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE DECATUR.
+
+
+Decatur is one of the most illustrious names in the naval annals of
+America. Among the many officers who have borne this name, none was more
+celebrated and admired in his life time and none more deeply lamented
+at his untimely decease than Commodore Stephen Decatur.
+
+[Illustration: BURNING OF THE PHILADELPHIA.]
+
+His life was a series of heroic actions. But of these perhaps the most
+remarkable of all is that which is recorded in the following language of
+his biographer--the burning of the frigate Philadelphia.
+
+Decatur had been sent out from the United States, in the Argus, to join
+Commodore Preble's squadron before Tripoli. He exchanged this vessel
+with Lieutenant Hull for the Enterprise.
+
+After making that exchange, he proceeded to Syracuse, where the squadron
+was to rendezvous. On his arrival at that port, he was informed of the
+fate of the frigate Philadelphia, which had run aground on the Barbary
+coast, and fallen into the hands of the Tripolitans. The idea
+immediately presented itself to his mind of attempting her recapture or
+destruction. On Commodore Preble's arrival, a few days afterwards, he
+proposed to him a plan for the purpose, and volunteered his services to
+execute it. The wary mind of that veteran officer at first disapproved
+of an enterprise so full of peril; but the risks and difficulties that
+surrounded it, only stimulated the ardour of Decatur, and imparted to it
+an air of adventure, fascinating to his youthful imagination.
+
+[Illustration: COMMODORE PREBLE.]
+
+The consent of the commodore having been obtained, Lieutenant Decatur
+selected for the expedition a ketch (the Intrepid) which he had captured
+a few weeks before from the enemy, and manned her with seventy
+volunteers, chiefly from his own crew. He sailed from Syracuse on the 3d
+of February, 1804, accompanied by the United States brig Syren,
+Lieutenant Stewart, who was to aid with his boats, and to receive the
+crew of the ketch, in case it should be found expedient to use her as a
+fire ship.
+
+After fifteen days of very tempestuous weather, they arrived at the
+harbor of Tripoli, a little before sunset. It had been arranged between
+Lieutenants Decatur and Stewart, that the ketch should enter the harbor
+about ten o'clock that night, attended by the boats of the Syren. On
+arriving off the harbor, the Syren, in consequence of a change of wind,
+had been thrown six or eight miles without the Intrepid. The wind at
+this time was fair, but fast declining, and Lieutenant Decatur
+apprehended that, should he wait for the Syren's boats to come up, it
+might be fatal to the enterprise, as they could not remain longer on the
+coast, their provisions being nearly exhausted. For these reasons he
+determined to venture into the harbor alone, which he did about eight
+o'clock.
+
+An idea may be formed of the extreme hazard of the enterprise from the
+situation of the frigate. She was moored within half gunshot of the
+bashaw's castle, and of the principal battery. Two of the enemy's
+cruisers lay within two cables' length, on the starboard quarter, and
+their gunboats within half gunshot, on the starboard bow. All the guns
+of the frigate were mounted and loaded. Such were the immediate perils
+that our hero ventured to encounter with a single ketch, beside the
+other dangers that abound in a strongly fortified harbor.
+
+Although from the entrance to the place where the frigate lay, was only
+three miles, yet, in consequence of the lightness of the wind, they did
+not get within hail of her until eleven o'clock. When they had
+approached within two hundred yards, they were hailed and ordered to
+anchor, or they would be fired into. Lieutenant Decatur ordered a
+Maltese pilot, who was on board the ketch, to answer that they had lost
+their anchors in a gale of wind on the coast, and, therefore, could not
+comply with their request. By this time it had become perfectly calm,
+and they were about fifty yards from the frigate. Lieutenant Decatur
+ordered a small boat that was alongside of the ketch, to take a rope and
+make it fast to the frigate's fore-chains. This being done, they began
+to warp the ketch alongside. It was not until this moment that the enemy
+suspected the character of their visitor, and great confusion
+immediately ensued. This enabled our adventurers to get alongside of the
+frigate, when Decatur immediately sprang aboard, followed by Mr. Charles
+Morris, midshipman. These two were nearly a minute on deck, before their
+companions could succeed in mounting the side. Fortunately, the Turks
+had not sufficiently recovered from their surprise to take advantage of
+this delay. They were crowded together on the quarterdeck, perfectly
+astonished and aghast, without making any attempt to oppose the
+assailing party. As soon as a sufficient number of men had gained the
+deck to form a front equal to that of the enemy, they rushed in upon
+them. The Turks stood the assault for a short time, and were completely
+overpowered. About twenty were killed on the spot, many jumped
+overboard, and the rest flew to the maindeck, whither they were pursued
+and driven to the hold.
+
+After entire possession had been gained of the ship, and every thing
+prepared to set fire to her, a number of launches were seen rowing about
+the harbor. This determined Lieutenant Decatur to remain on board the
+frigate, from whence a better defence could be made than from on board
+the ketch. The enemy had already commenced firing on them from their
+batteries and castle, and from two corsairs that were lying near.
+Perceiving that the launches did not attempt to approach, he ordered the
+ship should be set on fire, which was done, at the same time, in
+different parts. As soon as this was done, they left her; and such was
+the rapidity of the flames, that it was with the utmost difficulty they
+preserved the ketch. At this critical moment a most propitious breeze
+sprang up, blowing directly out of the harbor, which, in a few moments,
+carried them out of reach of the enemy's guns, and they made good their
+retreat without the loss of a single man, and with but four wounded.
+
+For this gallant and romantic achievement, Lieutenant Decatur was
+promoted to the rank of post captain, there being at that time no
+intermediate grade. This promotion was peculiarly gratifying to him,
+insomuch as it was done with the consent of the officers over whose
+heads he was raised.
+
+In the ensuing spring, it being determined to make an attack upon
+Tripoli, Commodore Preble obtained from the King of Naples, the loan of
+six gunboats and two bombards, which he formed into two divisions, and
+gave the command of one of them to Captain Decatur, the other to
+Lieutenant Somers. The squadron sailed from Syracuse, consisting of the
+frigate Constitution, the brig Syren, the schooners Nautilus and Vixen,
+and the gunboats.
+
+Having arrived on the coast of Barbary, they were for some days
+prevented from making the attack, by adverse wind and weather. At
+length on the morning of the 3d of August, the weather being favorable,
+the signal was made from the commodore's ship to prepare for action, the
+light vessels towing the gunboats to windward. At nine o'clock, the
+signal was given for bombarding the enemy's vessels and the town.
+
+The gunboats were cast off, and advanced in a line ahead, led on by
+Captain Decatur, and covered by the frigate Constitution, and the brigs
+and schooners.
+
+The enemy's gunboats were moored along the harbor under the batteries
+and within musket shot. Their sails had been taken from them, and they
+were ordered to sink, rather than abandon their position. They were
+aided and covered, likewise, by a brig of sixteen, and a schooner of ten
+guns.
+
+Before entering into close action, Captain Decatur went alongside each
+of his boats, and ordered them to unship their bowsprits and follow him,
+as it was his intention to board the enemy's boats.
+
+Lieutenant James Decatur commanded one of the boats belonging to
+Commodore Preble's division, but, being farther to windward than the
+rest of his division, he joined and took orders from his brother.
+
+When Captain Decatur, who was in the leading boat, came within range of
+the fire from the batteries, a heavy fire was opened upon him from them
+and the gunboats. He returned the fire, and continued advancing, until
+he came in contact with the boats. At this time, Commodore Preble seeing
+Decatur advancing nearer than he thought prudent, ordered the signal to
+be made for a retreat, but it was found that in making out the signals
+for the boats, the one for a retreat had been omitted.
+
+The enemy's boats had about forty men each; ours an equal number,
+twenty-seven of whom were Americans, and thirteen Neapolitans.
+
+Decatur, on boarding the enemy, was instantly followed by his
+countrymen, but the Neapolitans remained behind. The Turks did not
+sustain the combat hand to hand, with that firmness they had obtained a
+reputation for. In ten minutes the deck was cleared. Eight of them
+sought refuge in the hold, and, of the rest, some fell on the deck, and
+others jumped into the sea. Only three of the Americans were wounded.
+
+As Decatur was about to proceed out with his prize, the boat which had
+been commanded by his brother, came under his stern, and the men
+informed him that they had engaged and captured one of the enemy; but
+that her commander, after surrendering, had treacherously shot
+Lieutenant James Decatur, and pushed off with the boat, and was then
+making for the harbor.
+
+The feelings of the gallant Decatur, on receiving this intelligence, may
+be more easily imagined than described. Every consideration of prudence
+and safety was lost in his eagerness to punish so dastardly an act, and
+to revenge the death of a brother so basely murdered. He pushed within
+the enemy's line with his single boat, and having succeeded in getting
+alongside of the retreating foe, boarded her at the head of eleven men,
+who were all the Americans he had left. The fate of this contest was
+extremely doubtful for about twenty minutes. All the Americans, except
+four, were now severely wounded. Decatur singled out the commander as
+the peculiar object of his vengeance. The Turk was armed with an
+espontoon, Decatur with a cutlass; in attempting to cut off the head of
+the weapon, his sword struck on the iron, and broke off close to the
+hilt. The Turk, at this moment, made a push, which slightly wounded him
+in the right arm and breast. He immediately seized the spear, and closed
+with him. A fierce struggle ensued, and both fell, Decatur uppermost. By
+this time the Turk had drawn a dagger from his belt, and was about to
+plunge it into the body of his foe, when Decatur caught his arm, and
+shot him with a pistol, which he drew from his pocket. During the time
+they were struggling on the deck, the crews rushed to aid their
+commanders, and a most sanguinary scene took place, insomuch that when
+Decatur had despatched his adversary, it was with the utmost difficulty
+he could extricate himself from the killed and wounded that had fallen
+around him.
+
+It is with no common feeling of admiration that we record an instance of
+heroic courage, and loyal self-devotion, on the part of a common sailor.
+
+During the early part of Decatur's struggle with the Turk, he was
+assailed in the rear by one of the enemy, who had just aimed a blow at
+his head which must have proved fatal; at this fearful juncture, a
+noble-hearted tar, who had been so badly wounded as to lose the use of
+his hands, seeing no other means of saving his commander, rushed between
+him and the uplifted sabre, and received the blow on his own head, which
+fractured his skull. We love to pause and honor great actions in humble
+life, because they speak well for human nature. Men of rank and station
+in society, often do gallant deeds, in a manner from necessity. Their
+conspicuous station obliges them to do so, or their eagerness for glory
+urges them on; but an act like this we have mentioned, so desperate, yet
+so disinterested, done by an obscure, unambitious individual, a poor
+sailor, can spring from nothing but nobleness of soul. We are happy to
+add that this generous fellow survived, and long after received a
+pension from government.
+
+Decatur succeeded in getting, with both his prizes, to the squadron, and
+the next day received the highest commendation, in a general order, from
+Commodore Preble. When that able officer was superseded in the command
+of the squadron, he gave the Constitution to Captain Decatur, who had
+some time before received his commission. From that ship he was removed
+to the Congress, and returned home in her, when peace was concluded in
+Tripoli.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE HULL.
+
+
+Commodore Hull became a sailor when he was only eight years old. He
+distinguished himself greatly in the naval war with France, and in the
+war with Tripoli, especially at the capture of Derne, in Africa.
+
+[Illustration: COMMODORE HULL.]
+
+At the commencement of the war of 1812, Hull having been advanced in the
+meantime to the rank of captain, was placed in command of the frigate
+Constitution, in which he was destined to perform those brilliant
+actions which have rendered him one of the most celebrated heroes of our
+navy. His first exploit was the escape of the Constitution from a
+British squadron, which is justly regarded as one of the most remarkable
+recorded in naval history. The account of it contained in the official
+letter of Captain Hull has all the interest of a romance. It is as
+follows:
+
+
+     "SIR:--In pursuance of your orders of the 3d instant, I left
+     Annapolis on the 5th instant, and the capes on the 12th, of which I
+     advised you by the pilot who brought the ship to sea.
+
+     For several days after we got out, the wind was light and ahead,
+     which, with a strong southerly current, prevented our making much
+     way to the northward. On the 17th, at two P.M., being in twenty-two
+     fathoms water off Egg Harbor, four sail of ships were discovered
+     from the masthead, to the northward and in shore of us, apparently
+     ships of war. The wind being very light all sail was made in chase
+     of them, to ascertain whether they were the enemy's ships, or our
+     squadron having got out of New York, waiting the arrival of the
+     Constitution, the latter of which I had reason to believe was the
+     case.
+
+     At four in the afternoon, a ship was seen from the masthead,
+     bearing about north-east, standing in for us under all sail, which
+     she continued so to do until sundown, at which time she was too far
+     off to distinguish signals, and the ships in shore only to be seen
+     from the tops; they were standing off to the southward and
+     eastward. As we could not ascertain before dark what the ship in
+     the offing was, I determined to stand for her, and get near enough
+     to make the night signal.
+
+     At ten in the evening, being within six or eight miles of the
+     strange sail, the private signal was made, and kept up nearly one
+     hour, but finding she could not answer it, I concluded she and the
+     ships in shore were enemy.
+
+     I immediately hauled off to the southward and eastward, and made
+     all sail, having determined to lie off till daylight to see what
+     they were. The ship that we had been chasing hauled off after us,
+     showing a light, and occasionally making signals, supposed to be
+     for the ships in shore.
+
+     On the 18th, at daylight, or a little before it was quite light,
+     saw two sail under our lee, which proved to be frigates of the
+     enemy's. One frigate astern within about five or six miles, and a
+     line of battle ship, a frigate, a brig, and a schooner, about ten
+     or twelve miles directly astern, all in chase of us, with a fine
+     breeze, and coming up fast, it being nearly calm where we were.
+     Soon after sunrise, the wind entirely left us, and the ship would
+     not steer, but fell round off with her head towards the two ships
+     under our lee. The boats were instantly hoisted out, and sent ahead
+     to tow the ship's head around, and to endeavor to get her farther
+     from the enemy, being then within five miles of three heavy
+     frigates. The boats of the enemy were got out and sent ahead to
+     tow, by which, with the light air that remained with them, they
+     came up very fast. Finding the enemy gaining on us, and but little
+     chance of escaping from them, I ordered two of the guns on the gun
+     deck to be ran out at the cabin windows for stern guns on the gun
+     deck, and hoisted one of the twenty-four pounders off the gun deck,
+     and ran that, with the forecastle gun, an eighteen pounder, out at
+     the ports on the quarter deck, and cleared the ship for action,
+     being determined they should not get her without resistance on our
+     part, notwithstanding their force and the situation we were placed
+     in.
+
+     At about seven, in the morning, the ship nearest us approaching
+     within gunshot, and directly astern, I ordered one of the stern
+     guns fired, to see if we could reach her, to endeavor to disable
+     her masts; found the shot fell a little short, would not fire any
+     more.
+
+     [Illustration: ESCAPE OF THE CONSTITUTION.]
+
+     At eight, four of the enemy's ships nearly within gunshot, some of
+     them having six or eight boats ahead towing, with all their oars
+     and sweeps out, to row them up with us, which they were fast
+     doing. It now appeared that we must be taken, and that our escape
+     was impossible--four heavy ships nearly within gunshot, and coming
+     up fast, and not the least hope of a breeze to give us a chance of
+     getting off by out sailing them.
+
+     In this situation, finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms
+     water, by the suggestion of that valuable officer, Lieutenant
+     Morris, I determined to try and warp the ship ahead, by carrying
+     out anchors and warping her up to them; three or four hundred
+     fathoms of rope was instantly got up, and two anchors got ready and
+     sent ahead, by which means we began to gain ahead of the enemy;
+     they, however, soon saw our boats carrying out the anchors, and
+     adopted the same plan, under very advantageous circumstances, as
+     all the boats from the ships furthermost off were sent to tow and
+     warp up those nearest to us, by which means they again came up, so
+     that at nine, the ship nearest us began to fire her bow guns, which
+     we instantly returned by our stern guns in the cabin and on the
+     quarter deck. All the shot from the enemy fell short; but we have
+     reason to believe that some of ours went on board her, as we could
+     not see them strike the water. Soon after nine, a second frigate
+     passed under our lee, and opened her broadside, but finding her
+     shot fall short, discontinued her fire; but continued, as did all
+     the rest of them, to make all possible exertion to get up with us.
+     From nine to twelve, all hands were employed in warping the ship
+     ahead, and in starting some of the water in the main hold to
+     lighten her, which, with the help of a light air, we rather gained
+     of the enemy, or, at least, held our own. About two, in the
+     afternoon, all the boats from the line of battle ship and some of
+     the frigates were sent to the frigate nearest us, to endeavor to
+     tow her up, but a light breeze sprung up, which enabled us to hold
+     way with her, notwithstanding they had eight or ten boats ahead,
+     and all her sails furled to tow her to windward. The wind continued
+     light until eleven at night, and the boats were kept ahead towing
+     and warping to keep out of reach of the enemy, three of the
+     frigates being very near us; at eleven, we got a light breeze from
+     the southward, the boats came along side and were hoisted up, the
+     ship having too much way to keep them ahead, the enemy still in
+     chase and very near.
+
+     On the 19th, at daylight, passed within gunshot of one of the
+     frigates, but she did not fire on us, perhaps, for fear of
+     becalming her, as the wind was light; soon after passing us she
+     tacked, and stood after us--at this time six sail were in sight,
+     under all sail after us. At nine in the morning, saw a strange
+     sail, on our weather beam, supposed to be an American merchant
+     ship; the instant the frigate nearest us saw her, she hoisted
+     American colors, as did all the squadron, in hopes to decoy her
+     down; I immediately hoisted the English colors, that she might not
+     be deceived; she soon hauled her wind, and, as is to be hoped, made
+     her escape. All this day the wind increased gradually, and we
+     gained on the enemy, in the course of the day, six or eight miles;
+     they, however, continued chasing all night under a press of sail.
+
+     On the 20th, at daylight in the morning, only three of them could
+     be seen from the masthead, the nearest of which was about twelve
+     miles off, directly astern. All hands were set at work wetting the
+     sails, from the royals down, with the engines and fire buckets, and
+     we soon found that we left the enemy very fast. At a quarter past
+     eight, the enemy finding that they were fast dropping astern, gave
+     over chase, and hauled their wind to the northward, probably for
+     the station off New York. At half past eight, saw a sail ahead,
+     gave chase after her under all sail. At nine, saw another strange
+     sail under our lee bow, we soon spoke the first sail discovered,
+     and found her to be an American brig from St. Domingo, bound to
+     Portland; I directed the captain how to steer to avoid the enemy,
+     and made sail for the vessel to leeward; on coming up with her, she
+     proved to be an American brig from St. Bartholomew's, bound to
+     Philadelphia; but, on being informed of war, he bore up for
+     Charleston, South Carolina. Finding the ship so far to the
+     southward and eastward, and the enemy's squadron stationed off New
+     York, which would make it impossible to get in there, I determined
+     to make for Boston, to receive your farther orders, and I hope my
+     having done so will meet your approbation. My wish to explain to
+     you as clearly as possible why your orders have not been executed,
+     and the length of time the enemy were in chase of us, with various
+     other circumstances, have caused me to make this communication much
+     longer than I could have wished, yet I cannot in justice to the
+     brave officers and crew under my command, close it without
+     expressing to you the confidence I have in them, and assuring you
+     that their conduct while under the guns of the enemy was such as
+     might have been expected from American officers and seamen. I have
+     the honor to be, with very great respect, sir, your obedient humble
+     servant,
+
+     ISAAC HULL."
+
+[Illustration: Hull's Victory]
+
+Such is Captain Hull's modest account of this truly brilliant exploit.
+Sailing on a cruise immediately after this, with the same frigate,
+officers, and crew, on the 19th of August he fell in with His Britannic
+Majesty's ship Guerriere, rated at thirty-eight guns, and carrying
+fifty, commanded by Captain Dacres, who, sometime before, had politely
+endorsed on the register of an American ship an invitation to Captain
+Hull to give him a meeting of this kind.
+
+[Illustration: DACRES DELIVERING UP HIS SWORD.]
+
+
+At half past three, P.M., Captain Hull made out his antagonist to be a
+frigate, and continued the chase till he was within about three miles,
+when he cleared for action; the chase backed her main-topsail and waited
+for him to come down. As soon as the Constitution was ready, Hull bore
+down to bring the enemy to close action immediately; but, on coming
+within gunshot, the Guerriere gave a broadside and filled away and wore,
+giving a broadside on the other tack; but without effect, her shot
+falling short. She then continued wearing and manoeuvring for about
+three quarters of an hour to get a raking position,--but, finding she
+could not, she bore up and ran under her topsails and jib, with the wind
+on the quarter. During this time, the Constitution, not having fired a
+single broadside, the impatience of the officers and men to engage was
+excessive. Nothing but the most rigid discipline could have restrained
+them. Hull, however, was preparing to decide the contest in a summary
+method of his own. He now made sail to bring the Constitution up with
+her antagonist, and at five minutes before six P.M., _being alongside
+within half pistol shot_, he commenced a heavy fire from all his guns,
+_double shotted with round and grape_; and so well directed, and so well
+kept up was the fire, that in sixteen minutes the mizzenmast of the
+Guerriere went by the board, and her mainyard in the slings, and the
+hull, rigging, and sails were completely torn to pieces. The fire was
+kept up for fifteen minutes longer, when the main and foremast went,
+taking with them every spar except the bowsprit, and leaving the
+Guerriere a complete wreck. On seeing this Hull ordered the firing to
+cease, having brought his enemy in thirty minutes after he was fairly
+alongside to such a condition, that a few more broadsides must have
+carried her down.
+
+The prize being so shattered that she was not worth bringing into port,
+after removing the prisoners to the Constitution, she was set on fire
+and blown up. In the action, the Constitution lost seven killed, and
+seven wounded; the Guerriere, fifteen killed, sixty-two
+wounded--including the captain and several officers, and twenty-four
+missing.
+
+The news of this victory was received in the United States with the
+greatest joy and exultation. All parties united in celebrating it, and
+the citizens and public authorities vied with each other in bestowing
+marks of approbation upon Captain Hull and his gallant officers and
+crew.
+
+[Illustration: HYDER ALLY AND GENERAL MONK]
+
+
+
+
+EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE BARNEY.
+
+
+This gentleman was one of the old fashioned commodores, a capital
+sailor, an intrepid warrior, and a thorough going patriot. He was born
+in Baltimore, in 1759. He entered the marine early in life. At the age
+of sixteen he served in the expedition of Commodore Hopkins to the
+Bahama Islands, and continued in active service through the whole
+revolutionary war.
+
+In 1780 he was captured by a British seventy-four, when taking a prize
+into port and sent with other prisoners to England. On the passage, the
+prisoners--amounting to about sixty--were confined in the most loathsome
+of dungeons, without light or pure air, and with a scanty supply of
+provisions.
+
+They thought when they arrived at Plymouth, that their privations were
+at an end; but they were only removed to another prison-ship, which,
+although dirty and crowded, was, in some measure, better than the one
+they had left. From this, contrary to expectation, as soon as they were
+so much recovered as to be able to walk, they were brought on shore and
+confined in Mill prison, where they met the anxious faces of several
+hundred American prisoners, who had undergone the same privations as
+themselves.
+
+This prison was surrounded by two strong walls, twenty feet apart, and
+was guarded by numerous sentries. There were small gates in the walls,
+and these were placed opposite each other, the inner one generally
+remaining open. The prisoners were allowed the privilege of the yard
+nearly all day, and this set the inventive mind of Barney upon the
+scheme, which, in the end, terminated in his liberty; not, however,
+without infinite danger and trouble. He set about finding out some small
+chance which might afford the least hope of release; and having
+discovered one of the sentries that had served in the United States, and
+remembered the kindness with which he had been there treated, Barney and
+he formed the means of escape. It was arranged that Barney should affect
+to have hurt his foot and obtain a pair of crutches, and thus lull
+suspicion.
+
+On the 18th of May, 1781, he habited himself in the undress uniform of a
+British officer, the whole covered with a old greatcoat, and, by the aid
+of the sentinel, cleared the prison; when he threw off the coat, and
+soon arrived at the house of a well known friend to the American cause,
+in Plymouth. That he might not be soon missed, he got a lad, who, after
+answering to his own name, was to get out, and answer to Barney's, in
+the yard, which little stratagem succeeded admirably. When Barney
+arrived at the friend's house, he made preparations to leave as soon as
+possible, well knowing that if any of the British were detected
+harboring him, they would be convicted of high treason. In the evening,
+therefore, he departed to the house of his friend's father, at a
+considerable distance, where he would be safer. On arriving there, he
+was surprised to find two of his old friends--Americans--who had been,
+for some time, anxiously waiting for an opportunity of returning home,
+and now thought that the time had arrived.
+
+Lieutenant Barney determined to sail for the French coast, and, for this
+purpose, he and the two gentlemen purchased a small fishing vessel, and
+habiting themselves in some fishermen's old apparel, they set sail on
+their intended voyage. Admiral Digby's fleet lay at the mouth of the
+river, and our adventurers had to pass through the midst of them, and
+then run the chance of capture by the numerous British cruisers, which
+continually ply about the channel. This was a daring undertaking, as the
+fleet, he thought, had doubtless received notice of his escape, and the
+enemy would be rigid in their search. He, therefore, determined to act
+with coolness, and, if intercepted, to give such answers to the
+questions put to him, as might best lull suspicion. If he was detected,
+he would pay for the attempt with his life.
+
+He knew that if his escape was detected, it would be immediately
+communicated to the fleet, and thus lessen his chances; especially as
+the least unusual appearance in his assumed character, would excite
+immediate suspicion. Even should he be able to pass through the fleet,
+the British channel abounded with the English cruisers, which were quite
+adept in the art of picking up stragglers. With these dangers painted in
+lively colors before his eyes, he preserved his usual self-possession,
+and inspired with confidence his companions, who had never handled a
+rope, and relied exclusively upon his daring.
+
+By sunrise, the next morning, they were "under way," the two gentlemen
+remaining below, and Lieutenant Barney and the servant being the only
+ones on deck, to avoid suspicion. With a good breeze, and a favorable
+tide, it was not long before they were in the midst of the hostile
+fleet, which seemed to take no notice of them. Their hearts beat quick
+when they were thus hanging between life and death; but as soon as the
+last of the enemy was passed, they declared themselves safe through
+_that_ portion of the ordeal.
+
+But what attempt ever ended to the satisfaction of the undertaker?
+Before the enemy were clear out of sight, the practised eye of Barney
+caught a sail which he knew to be bearing down upon him. He saw that
+resistance was out of the question; but that if he managed the affair
+adroitly he _might_ escape. It was now that he was called upon to
+exercise that firmness of mind, coolness and contempt of danger, and
+quickness of resource in time of need, that ever distinguished his
+character, and showed him to be a man of no ordinary talents. In less
+than an hour the privateer--for such she was--came alongside, and sent
+an officer to see "what he wanted steering for a hostile coast." The
+first questions that were put, and answered unhesitatingly, were--what
+he had on board? and where he was bound? Of course he had nothing on
+board, and his destination was France--on business of importance from
+the ministry; at the same time untying the rope that bound the old coat
+around him, and displaying the British half uniform. The officer touched
+his hat, begged pardon, and said he would go on board and report to the
+commanding officer.
+
+The result of the interview was that Barney was made a prisoner once
+more, and ordered with a prize-master to Plymouth. But being forced by
+stress of weather into a small bay, near Plymouth, he contrived to
+escape from his captors, and find his way to the mansion of the
+venerable clergyman, at Plymouth. Deeming it unsafe to remain there,
+lest he might be discovered, after a few days he set out at midnight in
+a postchaise for Exeter, and from thence by stages to Bristol, where he
+had a letter of credit to an American gentleman.
+
+Here he remained for three weeks, and from thence he went to London,
+directed to a countryman, who received him kindly, and offered his
+services towards effecting his final escape. After remaining here for
+six weeks, he found an opportunity of sailing for France; and after an
+extremely boisterous and squally passage, reached Ostend, from whence he
+soon found his way to Amsterdam, where he seized the opportunity of
+paying his respects to Mr. John Adams, then Minister Plenipotentiary
+from the United States to Holland. Through the courtesy of this
+gentleman, he obtained a passage to his own country, and, after some
+adventures, reached Philadelphia, on the 21st of March, 1782.
+
+But he was not long allowed to enjoy the pleasure which he expected,
+after such a trial of danger and fatigue. In less than a week after he
+arrived at Philadelphia, he was offered the command of the Hyder Ally,
+of sixteen guns, fitted out by the state authorities of Pennsylvania, to
+repress the enemy's privateers, with which the Delaware river abounded.
+
+On the 8th of April, 1782, he entered upon his destined service, which
+was to convoy a fleet of merchantmen to the capes, and to protect them
+from the "refugee boats," with which the river abounded. While waiting
+at the capes, he was assailed by two ships and a brig belong to the
+enemy, who, finding him unsupported, commenced a furious attack, which
+he sustained with great coolness, while his convoy were safely retiring
+up the river. The brig came up first, and gave him a broadside as she
+was passing; but kept her course up the bay after the convoy, while
+Barney waited for the ship, which was coming up rapidly. Having
+approached within pistol shot, the Hyder Ally poured a broadside into
+her, which somewhat staggered the enemy, who thought Barney would
+"strike his colors." The enemy seemed disposed to board, and was ranging
+alongside of him, when he ordered the quarter-master, in a loud voice,
+to "port the helm!"--having previously given him secret instructions to
+put the helm hard a-starboard, which latter order was obeyed; by this
+manoeuvre the enemy's jib-boom caught in the fore-rigging of the Hyder
+Ally, thus giving her a raking position, which Captain Barney knew how
+to improve. The firing on both sides was tremendous;--an idea of it may
+be obtained from the fact, that more than twenty broadsides were fired
+in twenty-six minutes! In the mizzen staystail of the General Monk there
+were afterwards counted, three hundred and sixty-five shot-holes. During
+the whole of this short but glorious battle, Captain Barney was
+stationed upon the quarterdeck, exposed to the fire of the enemy's
+musketry, which was excessively annoying, and began to be felt by the
+men, insomuch that Captain Barney ordered a body of riflemen, whom he
+had on board, to direct their fire into the enemy's top, which
+immediately had the desired effect.
+
+The capture of the General Monk was one of the most brilliant
+achievements in naval history. The General Monk mounted eighteen guns,
+and had one hundred and thirty-six men, and lost twenty men killed, and
+thirty-three wounded. The Hyder Ally had sixteen guns, and one hundred
+and ten men, and lost four men killed, and eleven wounded.
+
+All the officers of the General Monk were wounded except one. The
+captain himself was severely wounded. The brig which accompanied the
+enemy ran ashore to avoid capture. Captain Barney now followed his
+convoy up to Philadelphia. After a short visit to his family, he
+returned to his command, where he soon captured the "Hook-'em-snivy"--a
+refugee schooner, which had done a great deal of mischief on the
+Delaware river.
+
+These captures struck such terror among the privateers, that they began
+to disperse to more profitable grounds. In consequence of the glorious
+actions, Captain Barney was presented with a gold-hilted sword, in the
+name of the state.
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+CATALOGUE
+
+OF
+
+ENTERTAINING AND INSTRUCTIVE
+
+JUVENILE BOOKS,
+
+PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY
+
+C.G. HENDERSON & CO.
+
+AT THEIR
+
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+PHILADELPHIA.
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+Nut Cracker and Sugar Dolly
+
+A PARTY TALE.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN.
+
+BY CHARLES A. DANA
+
+SQUARE 16mo. CLOTH AND CLOTH GILT
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This New Fairy Tale is one of the liveliest, most readable, and most
+unexceptionable for Children which has ever appeared.
+
+THRILLING STORIES
+
+of the
+
+OCEAN.
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+for the Entertainment and Instruction of Young.
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+COSTUMES OF EUROPE.
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+vol. Square 16mo. Fine Cloth binding, 50 cts; with Col'd Engravings, 75
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+This is a Companion volume to the COSTUMES OF AMERICA, and is equally
+instructive as well as pleasing for young readers.
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+Europe and America.
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+KRISS KRINGLE'S
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+RICHLY EMBELLISHED WITH PICTURES.
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+Square 16mo. Paper Covers, 12-1/2 cents.
+             Cloth Binding, 25      "
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+MAJA'S ALPHABET.
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+VERY BEAUTIFUL PICTORIAL ALPHABET,
+
+IN RHYME
+
+WITH NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS, BY ABSOLON.
+
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+CARLO FRANCONI,
+
+AN ITALIAN STORY,
+
+And other stories for Young People.
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS.
+
+Square 16mo. Cloth Binding.
+
+This is a very touching and entertaining Story for Youth. The Scene is
+laid in England, and in Italy, the incidents are of a peculiarly
+interesting character.
+
+
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+COSTUMES OF AMERICA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An excellent volume for Young People of both sexes, and well calculated
+to awaken an interest in the History of this Continent. Illustrated with
+Twenty-four Engravings of Original Costumes. One volume, square 16mo.
+Cloth, 60 cents. With Colored Plates, 75 cents.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean, by Marmaduke Park
+
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean, by Marmaduke Park
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean
+       From Authentic Accounts Of Modern Voyagers And Travellers; Designed
+              For The Entertainment And Instruction Of Young People
+              
+
+Author: Marmaduke Park
+
+Release Date: October 6, 2004 [EBook #13604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THRILLING STORIES OF THE OCEAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Josephine Paolucci, Juliet Sutherland. The scans made
+available through the generosity of the Internet Archive Children's
+Library.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image1_full.png"><img src="images/image1_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Frontpiece" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h1>Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean</h1>
+    <p>From authentic accounts of modern voyagers and travellers; designed for the
+    entertainment and instruction of young people.</p>
+    <center>
+      By Marmaduke Park.
+    </center>
+    <center>
+      With Numerous Illustrations.
+    </center>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image2_full.png"><img src="images/image2_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The White Shark." /></a>
+      <p>The White Shark.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <center>
+      PHILADELPHIA:<br />
+      C.G. HENDERSON &amp; CO.,<br />
+      NO. 164 CHESTNUT STREET.<br />
+      1852.
+    </center>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page5" id="page5"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 5]</span> <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image3_full.png"><img src="images/image3_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The White Shark." /></a>
+      <p>The White Shark.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>STORIES OF THE OCEAN.</h2>
+    <center>
+      VOLNEY BECKNER.
+    </center>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image4_full.png"><img src="images/image4_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Ship Cannon." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The white sharks are the dread of sailors in all hot climates, for they constantly
+    attend vessels in expectation of anything which may be thrown overboard. A shark will
+    thus sometimes traverse the ocean in company with a ship for several hundred leagues.
+    Woe to the poor mariner who may chance to fall overboard while this sea-monster is
+    present.</p>
+    <a name="page6" id="page6"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 6]</span>
+    <p>Some species of sharks grow to an enormous size, often weighing from one to four
+    thousand pounds each. The skin of the shark is rough, and is used for polishing wood,
+    ivory, &amp;c.; that of one species is manufactured into an article called
+    <i>shagreen</i>: spectacle-cases are made of it. The white shark is the sailor's
+    worst enemy: he has five rows of wedge-shaped teeth, which are notched like a saw:
+    when the animal is at rest they are flat in his mouth, but when about to seize his
+    prey they are erected by a set of muscles which join them to the jaw. His mouth is so
+    situated under the head that he is obliged to turn himself on one side before he can
+    grasp any thing with those enormous jaws.</p>
+    <p>I will now give you an account of the death of a very brave little boy, who was
+    killed by a shark. He was an Irish boy; his name was Volney Beckner, the son of a
+    poor fisherman. His father, having always intended Volney for a seafaring life, took
+    great pains to teach him such things as it is useful for a sailor to know, and tried
+    to make him brave and hardy; he taught him to swim when a mere baby.</p>
+    <a name="page7" id="page7"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 7]</span> <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image5_full.png"><img src="images/image5_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Volney Beckner's first voyage." /></a>
+      <p>Volney Beckner's first voyage.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>Volney was only nine years old when he first went to sea in a merchant ship; the
+    same vessel in which his father sometimes sailed. Here he worked hard and fared hard,
+    but this gave him no uneasiness; his frame was robust, he never took cold, he knew
+    not what fear was.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image6_full.png"><img src="images/image6_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Volney Beckner at sea." /></a>
+      <p>Volney Beckner at sea.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page8" id="page8"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 8]</span>
+    <p>In the most boisterous weather, when the rain fell in torrents, and the wind
+    howled around the ship, the little Irish boy would fearlessly and cheerfully climb
+    the stays and sailyards, mount the topmast, or perform any other duty required of
+    him. At twelve years old the captain promoted the clever, good tempered, and
+    trustworthy boy; spoke well of him before the whole crew, and doubled his pay.</p>
+    <a name="page9" id="page9"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 9]</span>
+    <p>Volney was very sensible to his praises. His messmates loved him for his generous
+    nature, and because he had often shown himself ready to brave danger in order to
+    assist them; but an occasion soon arrived in which he had an opportunity of
+    performing one of the most truly heroic deeds on record.</p>
+    <p>The vessel in which Volney and his father sailed was bound to Port au Prince, in
+    St. Domingo. A little girl, the daughter of one of the passengers, having slipped
+    away from her nurse, ran on deck to amuse herself. While gazing on the expanse of
+    water, the heaving of the vessel made her dizzy, and she fell overboard.</p>
+    <p>Volney's father saw the accident, darted after her, and quickly caught her by the
+    dress; but while with one hand he swam to reach the ship, and with the other held the
+    child, he saw a shark advancing towards them. He called aloud for help; there was no
+    time to lose, yet none dared to afford him any. No one, did I say? Yes, little
+    Volney, prompted by filial love, ventured on a deed which strong men dared not
+    attempt.</p>
+    <a name="page10" id="page10"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 10]</span>
+    <p>Armed with a broad, sharp sabre, he threw himself into the sea, then diving like a
+    fish under the shark, he stabbed the weapon into his body up to the hilt. Thus
+    wounded the shark quitted his prey, and turned on the boy, who again and again
+    attacked him with the sabre, but the struggle was too unequal; ropes were quickly
+    thrown from the deck to the father and son; each succeeded in grasping one, and loud
+    rose the cry of joy, "They are saved!" Not so! The shark, enraged at seeing that he
+    was about to be altogether disappointed of his prey, made one desperate spring, and
+    tore asunder the body of the noble-hearted little boy, while his father and the
+    fainting child in his arms were saved.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image7_full.png"><img src="images/image7_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page12" id="page12"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 12]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image8_full.png"><img src="images/image8_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Poultry Basket&mdash;A Life-Preserver." /></a>
+      <p>The Poultry Basket&mdash;A Life-Preserver.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page13" id="page13"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 13]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image9_full.png"><img src="images/image9_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE POULTRY BASKET&mdash;A LIFE-PRESERVER.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image10_full.png"><img src="images/image10_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>I will tell you an old story of an incident which occurred many years ago, but
+    perhaps it may be new to you, and please you as much as it did me when I was a little
+    girl, and used to sit on my grandpapa's knee, and listen to this tale among many
+    others.</p>
+    <a name="page14" id="page14"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 14]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image11_full.png"><img src="images/image11_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The hero of my story was a countryman; you may, if you please, fancy his neat
+    white cottage on the hill-side, with its rustic porch, all overgrown with jasmine,
+    roses, and clematis; the pretty garden and orchard belonging to it, with the snug
+    poultry yard, the shed for the cow, and the stack of food for winter's use on one
+    side.</p>
+    <a name="page15" id="page15"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 15]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image12_full.png"><img src="images/image12_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The poultry yard." /></a>
+      <p>The poultry yard.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>You may fancy the pleasure of the little children who lived at this cottage in
+    going with their mother morning and evening to feed the poultry; the noise and bustle
+    among the feathered tribe at this time; how some rudely push before and peck the
+    others in their anxiety to obtain the first grains that fall from the basket, and how
+    the little children take care that the most greedy shall not get it all; their joy at
+    seeing the young broods of tiny chicks covered with downy feathers, and the anxiety
+    of the hens each to protect her own from danger, and teach them to scratch and pick
+    up food for themselves; while they never forget to admire and praise the beauty of
+    the fine old cock, as he struts about with an air of magnificence, like the very king
+    of the guard.</p>
+    <a name="page16" id="page16"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 16]</span>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="line">
+        "High was his comb, and coral red withal,
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        In dents embattled like a castle wall;
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        His bill was raven-black and shone like jet,
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        Blue were his legs, and orient were his feet;
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        White were his nails, like silver to behold!
+      </div>
+      <div class="line">
+        His body glittering like burnished gold."
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you had been there, you would have wished to visit the little orchard; to see
+    the gentle cow, and the geese feeding on the common beyond; to watch the young
+    ducklings, dipping and ducking and enjoying their watering sport in the pond.</p>
+    <p>If it be spring, the children would delight in gathering the sweet-scented meadow
+    flowers&mdash;the water ranunculus, with its golden cups, the modest daisy, the pink
+    cuckoo-flower, and the yellow cowslips; while overhead the bees kept up a constant
+    humming; they have found their way from the straw hives in the garden and are diving
+    into the delicious blossoms of the apple and cherry trees, robbing many a one of its
+    sweets.</p>
+    <a name="page17" id="page17"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 17]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image13_full.png"><img src="images/image13_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The bee hive." /></a>
+      <p>The bee hive.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>But now to my history of what did really happen to a countryman, who very likely
+    lived in such a pretty cottage as I have described.</p>
+    <p>He had more poultry in his yard than he needed for his own use; some of them had
+    been fatted for sale; and wishing to turn them into money, he left his home, which
+    was near Bristol, with a basket full of them on his arm. Having reached the river, he
+    went on board the ferry boat, intending to go across to a place called Bristol
+    Hot-Wells. Many gentle folks visit this spot for the sake of drinking the waters of
+    the wells, which are thought to be very beneficial in some complaints; and no doubt
+    our countryman hoped that among them his poultry would fetch a good price.</p>
+    <a name="page18" id="page18"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 18]</span>
+    <p>The ferry boat was nearly half way over the river, when, by some accident, the
+    poor man lost his footing and fell into the stream; he could not swim, and the
+    current carried him more than a hundred yards from the boat; but he kept fast hold of
+    his poultry basket, which being buoyant, supported him until he was perceived, and
+    rescued by some men in a fishing-smack.</p>
+    <p>I hope he reached the Hot-Wells in safety after all, and sold his poultry for as
+    much as he expected; and, what is still better, that his heart was filled with
+    gratitude to God for his preservation from danger so imminent.</p>
+    <a name="page20" id="page20"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 20]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image14_full.png"><img src="images/image14_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image15_full.png"><img src="images/image15_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Life Boat." /></a>
+      <p>The Life Boat.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page21" id="page21"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 21]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image16_full.png"><img src="images/image16_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE LIFE BOAT.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image17_full.png"><img src="images/image17_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Oh what a stirring scene is this! see how the brave fellows are pulling with their
+    oars, and endeavoring with all their might to reach the ship in distress before it is
+    too late! Well, I suppose you are curious to know how an open boat like this can
+    float in such an angry, boiling sea. I will tell you how it is accomplished; the
+    sides of the boat are lined with hollow boxes of copper, which being perfectly
+    air-tight, render her buoyant, even when full of water, or loaded to the very water's
+    edge.</p>
+    <a name="page22" id="page22"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 22]</span>
+    <p>The originator of this simple and beautiful contrivance was a London coach maker,
+    named Lionel Lukin, a man whose benevolent feelings flowed towards all his fellow
+    men, but more especially towards that portion of them who brave the dangers of the
+    sea. After devoting sixty years of his life to the pursuits of his business, he
+    retired to Hythe in Kent, where he finished a well-spent life in peace and
+    tranquility, dying in February, 1834. His body was interred in the churchyard of
+    Hythe, which is situated on rising ground, commanding a fine view of the ocean; a fit
+    resting place for the remains of one whose talents had been successfully directed to
+    the means of rescuing from shipwreck and a watery grave many hundreds, or perhaps we
+    may say many thousands, of poor seamen. He obtained a patent for his first boat in
+    1785.</p>
+    <a name="page23" id="page23"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 23]</span>
+    <p>The two sailors in the picture below are Greenwich pensioners, supported, you
+    know, at Greenwich Hospital, which was founded by Charles II. for superannuated or
+    wounded sailors. They are smoking their pipes, and discussing the merits of the Life
+    Boat.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image18_full.png"><img src="images/image18_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page24" id="page24"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 24]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image19_full.png"><img src="images/image19_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Whale." /></a>
+      <p>The Whale.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>WHALE FISHING.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image20_full.png"><img src="images/image20_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The whale is the largest of all known animals. There are three kinds of whale; the
+    Greenland, called by the sailors the right whale, as being most highly prized by
+    them; the great northern rorqual, called by fishers the razor-back or finner, and the
+    cachalot or spermaciti whale. The common whale measures from sixty to seventy feet in
+    length: the mouth, when open, is large enough to admit a ship's jolly boat, with all
+    her men in it. It contains no teeth; and enormous as the creature is, the opening to
+    the throat is very narrow, not more than an inch and a half across in the largest
+    whale.</p>
+    <a name="page25" id="page25"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 25]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image21_full.png"><img src="images/image21_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Whale Fishing." /></a>
+      <p>Whale Fishing.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page27" id="page27"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 27]</span>
+    <p>Instead of teeth the mouth of the whale is furnished with a curious framework of a
+    substance called <i>baleen</i>; you will know it by the name of whalebone; it is
+    arranged in rows, and projects beyond the lips in a hanging fringe; the food of the
+    whale consists of shrimps, small fishes, sea-snails, and innumerable minute
+    creatures, called medusae, which are found in those seas where the whales feed in
+    such vast quantities that they make the water of a deep green or olive color.</p>
+    <p>When feeding the whale swims with open mouth under the water, and all the objects
+    which lie in the way of that great moving cavern are caught by the baleen, and never
+    seen again. Along with their food they swallow a vast quantity of water, which passes
+    back again through the nostrils, and is collected into a bag placed at the external
+    orifice of the cavity of the nose, whence it is expelled by the pressure of powerful
+    muscles through a very narrow opening pierced in the top of the head.</p>
+    <a name="page28" id="page28"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 28]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image22_full.png"><img src="images/image22_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Cachalot." /></a>
+      <p>The Cachalot.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>In this way it spouts the water in beautiful jets from twenty to thirty feet in
+    height. The voice of the whale is like a low murmuring: it has a smooth skin all over
+    its body, under which lies that thick lard which yields the oil for which they are so
+    much sought. The Greenland whale has but two side-fins; its tail is in the shape of a
+    crescent; it is an instrument of immense power; it has been sometimes known with one
+    stroke to hurl large boats high into the air, breaking them into a thousand
+    fragments. The whale shows great affection for her young, which is called the calf;
+    the fishermen well know this, and turn it to their own account; they try to strike
+    the young with the harpoon, which is a strong, barbed instrument, and if they do this
+    they are almost sure of securing the mother also, as nothing will induce her to leave
+    it.</p>
+    <a name="page29" id="page29"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 29]</span>
+    <p>Mr. Scorseby, who was for a long time engaged in the whale fishery, has written a
+    book containing a very interesting account of them. He mentions a case in which a
+    young whale was struck beside its dam. She instantly seized and darted off with it,
+    but not until the line had been fixed to its body. In spite of all that could be done
+    to her, she remained near her dying little one, till she was struck again and again,
+    and thus both perished. Sometimes, however, on an occasion like this, the old whale
+    becomes furious, and then the danger to the men is very great, as they attack the
+    whale in boats, several of which belong to each ship.</p>
+    <p>A number of these boats once made towards a whale, which, with her calf was
+    playing round a group of rocks. The old whale perceiving the approaching danger, did
+    all she could to warn her little one of it, till the sight became quite affecting.
+    She led it away from the boats, swam round it, embraced it with her fins, and
+    sometimes rolled over with it in the waves.</p>
+    <a name="page30" id="page30"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 30]</span>
+    <p>The men in the boats now rowed a-head of the whales, and drove them back among the
+    rocks, at which the mother evinced great uneasiness and anxiety; she swam round and
+    round the young one in lessening circles; but all her care was unheeded, and the
+    inexperienced calf soon met its fate. It was struck and killed, and a harpoon fixed
+    in the mother, when, roused to reckless fury, she flew on one of the boats, and made
+    her tail descend with such tremendous force on the very centre of it, as to cut it in
+    two, and kill two of the men, the rest swimming in all directions for their
+    lives.</p>
+    <a name="page32" id="page32"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 32]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image23_full.png"><img src="images/image23_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="A Ship Towed To Land By Bullocks." /></a>
+      <p>A Ship Towed To Land By Bullocks.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page33" id="page33"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 33]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image24_full.png"><img src="images/image24_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SHIP TOWED TO LAND BY BULLOCKS</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image25_full.png"><img src="images/image25_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Swimming is a manly exercise, and one in which, under proper care, every little
+    boy ought to be instructed. In the first place it is a very healthy and invigorating
+    practice frequently to immerse the body in water: and when we recollect how often the
+    knowledge of this art has been blessed by the Supreme Disposer of events as a means
+    of saving his rational creatures from sudden death, it seems that to neglect this
+    object is almost to refuse to avail ourselves of one of the means of safety, which a
+    kind Providence has placed within our reach.</p>
+    <a name="page34" id="page34"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 34]</span>
+    <p>Only imagine yourself to be, as many before you have been, in a situation of
+    pressing danger on the sea, and yet at no great distance from the land, so that you
+    might hope to reach it by swimming, but to remain on board the vessel appeared
+    certain death, how thankful you would then feel to your friends if they had put this
+    means of escape into your power! Or if you were to see some unfortunate
+    fellow-creature struggling in the water, and about to disappear from your sight, how
+    willingly, if conscious of your own power to support yourself, would you plunge into
+    the water to his rescue! and how would your heart glow with delight if your efforts
+    to save him should prove successful!</p>
+    <a name="page35" id="page35"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 35]</span>
+    <p>Here is a picture representing the very remarkable preservation of the crew of a
+    vessel on the coast of Newfoundland. In this instance man availed himself of the
+    instinct which ever prompts the brute creation to self-preservation. The ship was
+    freighted with live cattle; in a dreadful storm she was dismasted, and became a mere
+    wreck. The crew being unable to manage her, it occurred to the captain, whose name
+    was Drummond, as a last resort, to attach some ropes to the horns of some of the
+    bullocks, and turn them into the sea. This was done, the bullocks swam towards land
+    and towed the ship to the shore. Thus the lives of the crew were saved.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image26_full.png"><img src="images/image26_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page36" id="page36"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 36]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image27_full.png"><img src="images/image27_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE SINKING OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image28_full.png"><img src="images/image28_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The Royal George was an old ship; she had seen much service. Her build was rather
+    short and high, but she sailed well, and carried the tallest masts and squarest
+    canvas of any of England's gun-ships. She had just returned from Spithead, where
+    there were twenty or thirty ships of war, called a fleet, lying under command of Lord
+    Howe. It was on the 29th of August, 1782. She was lying off Portsmouth; her decks had
+    been washed the day before, and the carpenter discovered that the pipes which
+    admitted water to cleanse the ship was worn out, and must be replaced. This pipe
+    being three feet under the water, it was needful to heel, or lay the ship a little on
+    one side. To do this, the heavy guns on the larboard side were run out of the
+    port-holes (those window-like openings which you see in the side of the vessel) as
+    far as they would go, and the guns on the starboard side were drawn up and secured in
+    the middle of the deck; this brought the sills of the port-holes on the lowest side
+    nearly even with the water.</p>
+    <a name="page37" id="page37"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 37]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image29_full.png"><img src="images/image29_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Sinking Of The Royal George." /></a>
+      <p>Sinking Of The Royal George.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page39" id="page39"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 39]</span>
+    <p>Just as the crew had finished breakfast, a vessel called the Lark came on the low
+    side of the ship to unship a cargo of rum; the casks were put on board on that side,
+    and this additional weight, together with that of the men employed in unloading,
+    caused the ship to heel still more on one side; every wave of the sea now washed in
+    at her port-holes, and thus she had soon so great a weight of water in her hold, that
+    slowly and almost imperceptibly she sank still further down on her side. Twice, the
+    carpenter, seeing the danger, went on board to ask the officer on duty to order the
+    ship to be righted; and if he had not been a proud and angry man, who would not
+    acknowledge himself to be in the wrong, all might yet have been well.</p>
+    <a name="page40" id="page40"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 40]</span>
+    <p>The plumbers had almost finished their work, when a sudden breeze blew on the
+    raised side of the ship, forced her still further down, and the water began to pour
+    into her lower port-holes. Instantly the danger became apparent; the men were ordered
+    to right the ship: they ran to move the guns for this purpose, but it was <i>too
+    late</i>.</p>
+    <a name="page41" id="page41"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 41]</span>
+    <p>In a minute or two more, she fell quite over on her side, with her masts nearly
+    flat on the water, and the Royal George sank to the bottom, before one signal of
+    distress could be given! By this dreadful accident, about nine hundred persons lost
+    their lives; about two hundred and thirty were saved, some by running up the rigging,
+    and being with others picked up by the boats which put off immediately from other
+    vessels to their assistance. There were many visitors, women and little children on
+    board at the time of the accident.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image30_full.png"><img src="images/image30_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page42" id="page42"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 42]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image31_full.png"><img src="images/image31_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>BLOWING UP OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image32_full.png"><img src="images/image32_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>At the time when the dreadful event which I have just related to you occurred, the
+    Lark sloop, which brought the cargo of rum, was lying alongside of the Royal George;
+    in going down, the main-yard of the Royal George caught the boom of the Lark, and
+    they sank together, but this made the position of the Royal George much more upright
+    in the water than it would otherwise have been. There she lay at the bottom of the
+    sea, just as you have seen small vessels when left by the tide on a bank. Cowper,
+    when he heard the sad tale, thus wrote</p>
+    <a name="page45" id="page45"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 45]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "Her timbers yet are sound,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;And she may float again,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          Full charged with England's thunder,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;And plough the distant main.
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "But Kempenfelt is gone,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;His victories are o'er,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          And he, and his eight hundred
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;Shall plough the wave no more."
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image33_full.png"><img src="images/image33_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Blowing Up Of The Royal George." /></a>
+      <p>Blowing Up Of The Royal George.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>Admiral Kempenfelt was writing in his cabin when the ship sank; his first captain
+    tried to inform him of their situation, but the heeling of the ship so jammed the
+    cabin doors that he could not open them: thus the admiral perished with the rest. It
+    seems Cowper thought the Royal George might be recovered; other people were of the
+    same opinion.</p>
+    <a name="page46" id="page46"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 46]</span>
+    <p>In September of the year in which the vessel sank, a gentleman, named Tracey,
+    living in the neighborhood, by means of diving-machines, ascertained the position and
+    state of the ship, and made proposals to government to adopt means of raising her and
+    getting her again afloat. After a great many vexatious delays and interruptions on
+    the part of those who were to have supplied him with assistance, he succeeded in
+    getting up the Lark sloop. His efforts to raise the Royal George were so far
+    successful, that at every time of high tide she was lifted from her bed; and on the
+    9th of October she was hove at least thirty or forty feet to westward; but the days
+    were getting short, the boisterous winds of winter were setting in, the lighters to
+    which Tracey's apparatus was attached were too old and rotten to bear the strain, and
+    he was forced to abandon the attempt.</p>
+    <a name="page47" id="page47"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 47]</span>
+    <p>The sunken ship remained, a constant impediment to other vessels wishing to cast
+    anchor near the spot, for nearly fifty years, when Colonel Pasley, by means of
+    gunpowder, completely demolished the wreck: the loose pieces of timber floated to the
+    surface; heavier pieces&mdash;the ship's guns, cables, anchors, the fire-hearth,
+    cooking utensils, and many smaller articles were recovered by the divers. These men
+    went down in Indian-rubber dresses, which were air and water-tight; they were
+    furnished with helmets, in each side of which were glass windows, to admit light, and
+    supplied with air by means of pipes, communicating with an air-pump above. By these
+    means they could remain under water more than an hour at a time. I do not think you
+    are old enough to understand the nature of Colonel Pasley's operations. Large hollow
+    vessels, called cylinders, were filled with gunpowder, and attached by the divers to
+    the wreck, these were connected by conducting wires with a battery on board a lighter
+    above, at a sufficient distance to be out of reach of danger when the explosion took
+    place. Colonel Pasley then gave the word to fire the end of the rod; instantly a
+    report was heard, and those who witnessed the explosions, say that the effect was
+    very beautiful. On <a name="page48" id="page48"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    48]</span> one occasion, the water rose in a splendid column above fifty feet high,
+    the spray sparkling like diamonds in the sun; then the large fragments of the wreck
+    came floating to the surface; soon after the mud from the bottom, blackening the
+    circle of water, and spreading to a great distance around; and with it rose to the
+    surface great numbers of fish, who, poor things, had found a hiding-place in the
+    wreck, but were dislodged and killed by the terrible gunpowder.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image34_full.png"><img src="images/image34_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page50" id="page50"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 50]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image35_full.png"><img src="images/image35_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Loss Of The Melville Castle." /></a>
+      <p>Loss Of The Melville Castle.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page51" id="page51"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 51]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image36_full.png"><img src="images/image36_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE MELVILLE CASTLE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image37_full.png"><img src="images/image37_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Many and great are the dangers to which those who lead a seafaring life are
+    exposed. The lightning's flash may strike a ship when far away from port, upon the
+    trackless deep, or the sudden bursting of a particular kind of cloud, called a
+    waterspout, may overwhelm her, and none be left to tell her fate. But of all the
+    perils to which a ship is liable, I think that of her striking on a sand-bank, or on
+    sunken rocks is the greatest. There must be men and women now living on the Kentish
+    coast, in whose memory the disastrous wreck of the Melville Castle, with all its
+    attendant horrors, is yet fresh. It is a sorrowful tale, doubly so, inasmuch as acts
+    of imprudence, and still worse, of obstinacy, may be said to have occasioned the loss
+    of four hundred and fifty lives.</p>
+    <a name="page52" id="page52"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 52]</span>
+    <p>In the first place, the Melville Castle, or as I suppose we should call her the
+    Vryheid, was in a very decayed state; she had been long in the East India Company's
+    service, and was by them sold to some Dutch merchants, who had her upper works
+    tolerably repaired, new sheathed and coppered her, and resold her to the Dutch
+    government, who were then in want of a vessel to carry out troops and stores to
+    Batavia.</p>
+    <a name="page53" id="page53"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 53]</span>
+    <p>The Melville Castle was accordingly equipped for the voyage, painted throughout,
+    and her name changed to the Vryheid. On the the morning of November, 1802, she set
+    sail from the Texel, a port on the coast of Holland, with a fair wind, which lasted
+    till early on the following day, when a heavy gale came on in an adverse
+    direction.</p>
+    <p>The captain immediately had the top-gallant masts and yards struck to make her
+    ride more easily; but as the day advanced, the violence of the wind increased, and
+    vain seemed every effort of the crew to manage the ship. There were many mothers and
+    little children on board, whose state was truly pitiable. The ship was scourged
+    onward by the resistless blast, which continued to increase until it blew a perfect
+    hurricane.</p>
+    <p>About three in the afternoon, the mainmast fell overboard, sweeping several of the
+    crew into the sea, and severely injuring four or five more. By this time they were
+    near enough to the Kentish coast to discern objects on land, but the waves which
+    rolled mountains high prevented the possibility of any help approaching. By great
+    exertion the ship was brought to anchor in Hythe Bay, and for a few moments hope
+    cheered the bosoms of those on board; it was <i>but</i> a few, for almost immediately
+    she was found to have sprung a leak; and while all hands were busy at the pumps, the
+    storm came on with increased fury.</p>
+    <a name="page54" id="page54"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 54]</span>
+    <p>In this dismal plight they continued till about six o'clock the following morning,
+    when the ship parted from one of her largest anchors, and drifted on towards
+    Dymchurch-wall, about three miles to the west of Hythe. This wall is formed by
+    immense piles, and cross pieces of timber, supported by wooden jetties, which stretch
+    far into the sea. It was built to prevent the water from overflowing a rich, level
+    district, called Romney Marsh.</p>
+    <p>The crew continued to fire guns and hoist signals of distress. At daybreak a pilot
+    boat put off from Dover, and nearing the Melville Castle, advised the captain to put
+    back to Deal or Hythe, and wait for calmer weather, or, said the boatman, "all hands
+    will assuredly be lost." But the captain would not act on his recommendation; he
+    thought the pilot boat exaggerated the danger, hoped the wind would abate as the day
+    opened, and that he should avoid the demands of the Dover pilot or the Down fees by
+    not casting anchor there. Another help the captain rejected, and bitterly did he
+    lament it when it was too late.</p>
+    <a name="page55" id="page55"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 55]</span>
+    <p>No sooner had the pilot boat departed, than the commodore at Deal despatched two
+    boats to endeavor to board the ship. The captain obstinately refused to take any
+    notice of them, and ordered the crew to let the vessel drive before the wind. This
+    they did, till the ship ran so close in shore, that the captain himself saw the
+    imminent danger, and twice attempted to put her about, but in vain. On the first of
+    the projecting jetties of Dymchurch-wall the vessel struck. I would not if I could
+    grieve your young heart with a detail of all the horrors that ensued; the devoted
+    ship continued to beat on the piles, the sea breaking over her with such violence,
+    that the pumps could no longer be worked.</p>
+    <a name="page56" id="page56"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 56]</span>
+    <p>The foremast soon went over the ship's side, carrying twelve seamen with it, who
+    were swallowed up by the billows. The rudder was unshipped, the tiller tore up the
+    gundeck, and the water rushed in at the port-holes. At this fearful moment most of
+    the passengers and crew joined in solemn prayer to the Almighty. Morning came, but it
+    was only to witness the demolition of the wreck.</p>
+    <p>Many were the efforts made by the sufferers, some in the jolly boat, some on a
+    raft, others by lashing themselves to pieces of timber, hogsheads, and even hencoops,
+    to reach the shore; but out of four hundred and seventy-two persons who a few days
+    before had left the coast of Holland, not more than eighteen escaped the raging
+    billows. The miserable remnant received generous attention from the inhabitants of
+    the place, who did all in their power to aid their recovery.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image38_full.png"><img src="images/image38_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page58" id="page58"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 58]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image39_full.png"><img src="images/image39_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Burning Of The Kent East Indiaman." /></a>
+      <p>Burning Of The Kent East Indiaman.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page59" id="page59"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 59]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image40_full.png"><img src="images/image40_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>BURNING OF THE KENT EAST INDIAMAN.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image41_full.png"><img src="images/image41_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>This picture represents the burning of the Kent East Indiaman, in the Bay of
+    Biscay. She had on board in all six hundred and forty-one persons at the time of the
+    accident. The fire broke out in the hold during a storm. An officer on duty, finding
+    that a spirit cask had broken loose, was taking measures to secure it, when a lurch
+    of the ship caused him to drop his lantern, and in his eagerness to save it, he let
+    go the cask, which suddenly stove in, and the spirits communicated with the flame,
+    the whole place was instantly in a blaze. Hopes of subduing the fire at first were
+    strong, but soon heavy volumes of smoke and a pitchy smell told that it had reached
+    the cable-room.</p>
+    <a name="page60" id="page60"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 60]</span>
+    <p>In these awful circumstances, the captain ordered the lower decks to be scuttled,
+    to admit water. This was done; several poor seamen being suffocated by the smoke in
+    executing the order; but now a new danger threatened, the sea rushed in so furiously,
+    that the ship was becoming water-logged, and all feared her going down. Between six
+    and seven hundred human beings, were by by this time crowded on the deck. Many on
+    their knees earnestly implored the mercy of an all-powerful God! while some old
+    stout-hearted sailors quietly seated themselves directly over the powder magazine,
+    expecting an explosion every moment, and thinking thus to put a speedier end to their
+    torture.</p>
+    <a name="page61" id="page61"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 61]</span>
+    <p>In this time of despair, it occurred to the fourth mate to send a man to the
+    foremast, hoping, but scarce daring to think it probable, that some friendly sail
+    might be in sight. The man at the fore-top looked around him; it was a moment of
+    intense anxiety; then waving his hat, he cried out, "A sail, on the lee-bow!"</p>
+    <p>Those on deck received the news with heart-felt gratitude, and answered with three
+    cheers. Signals of distress were instantly hoisted, and endeavors used to make
+    towards the stranger, while the minute guns were fired continuously. She proved to be
+    the brig Cambria, Captain Cook, master, bound to Vera Cruz, having twenty Cornish
+    miners, and some agents of the Mining Company on board. For about one quarter of an
+    hour, the crew of the Kent doubted whether the brig perceived their signals: but
+    after a period of dreadful suspense, they saw the British colors hoisted, and the
+    brig making towards them.</p>
+    <a name="page62" id="page62"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 62]</span>
+    <p>On this, the crew of the Kent got their boats in readiness; the first was filled
+    with women, passengers, and officers' wives, and was lowered into a sea so
+    tempestuous as to leave small hope of their reaching the brig; they did, however,
+    after being nearly swamped through some entanglement of the ropes, get clear of the
+    Kent, and were safely taken on board the Cambria, which prudently lay at some
+    distance off.</p>
+    <p>After the first trip, it was found impossible for the boats to come close
+    alongside of the Kent, and the poor women and children suffered dreadfully, in being
+    lowered over the stern into them by means of ropes. Amid this gloomy scene, many
+    beautiful examples occurred of filial and parental affection, and of disinterested
+    friendship; and many sorrowful instances of individual loss and suffering. At length,
+    when all had been removed from the burning vessel, but a few, who were so overcome by
+    fear as to refuse to make the attempt to reach the brig, the captain quitted his
+    ill-fated ship.</p>
+    <a name="page63" id="page63"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 63]</span>
+    <p>The flames which had spread along her upper deck, now mounted rapidly to the mast
+    and rigging, forming one general conflagration and lighting up the heavens to an
+    immense distance round. One by one her stately masts fell over her sides. By
+    half-past one in the morning the fire reached the powder magazine; the looked-for
+    explosion took place, and the burning fragments of the vessel were blown high into
+    the air, like so many rockets.</p>
+    <p>The Cambria, with her crowd of sufferers, made all speed to the nearest port, and
+    reached Portsmouth in safety, shortly after midnight, on the 3d of March, 1825, the
+    accident having taken place on the 28th of February. Wonderful to tell, fourteen of
+    the poor creatures, left on the Kent, were rescued by another ship, the Caroline, on
+    her passage from Alexandria to Liverpool.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page64" id="page64"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 64]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image42_full.png"><img src="images/image42_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE PELICAN.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image43_full.png"><img src="images/image43_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The life of a pelican seems to be a very lazy, if not a very pleasant one. Man,
+    ever on the watch to turn the habits of animals to his own account, observing how
+    good a fisherman the pelican is, often catches and tames him, and makes him fish for
+    <i>him</i>. I have heard of a bird of this kind in America, which was so well
+    trained, that it would at command go off in the morning, and return at night with its
+    pouch full, and stretched to the utmost; part of its treasure it disgorged for its
+    master, the rest was given to the bird for its trouble. It is hardly credible what
+    these extraordinary pouches will hold; it is said, that among other things, a man's
+    leg with the boots on was once found in one of them.</p>
+    <a name="page65" id="page65"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 65]</span>
+    <p>Pelicans live in flocks; they and the cormorants sometimes help one another to get
+    a living. The cormorant is a species of pelican, of a dusky color: it is sometimes
+    called the sea crow. The cormorants are the best divers, so the pelicans arrange
+    themselves in a large circle at some great distance from the land, and flap their
+    great wings on the surface of the water, while the cormorants dive beneath. Away swim
+    the poor frightened fish towards the shore; the pelicans draw into a narrower circle,
+    and the fish at last are brought into so small a compass, that their pursuers find no
+    difficulty in obtaining a plentiful meal.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page66" id="page66"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 66]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image44_full.png"><img src="images/image44_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Sea Turtle." /></a>
+      <p>The Sea Turtle.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>CATCHING TURTLE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image45_full.png"><img src="images/image45_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>There are two kinds of turtle; the one is called the green turtle, and is much
+    valued as a delicious article of food; the other the hawk's bill turtle supplies the
+    tortoise shell of commerce, which is prepared and moulded into various forms by heat.
+    The flesh of the hawk's bill turtle is considered very unwholesome.</p>
+    <a name="page67" id="page67"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 67]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image46_full.png"><img src="images/image46_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Catching Turtle." /></a>
+      <p>Catching Turtle.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page69" id="page69"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 69]</span>
+    <p>The turtles in the picture are of the edible kind; they are found on the shores of
+    nearly all the countries within the tropics.</p>
+    <p>There is a little rocky island in the south Atlantic Ocean, called the Island of
+    Ascension, where they are found in vast numbers, and this barren spot is often
+    visited by Indiamen for the purpose of obtaining some of them. The turtles feed on
+    the sea weed and other marine plants which grow on the shoals and sand banks, and
+    with their powerful jaws, they crush the small sea shells which are found among the
+    weeds. This kind of food is always to be had in great abundance, so that the turtles
+    have no occasion to quarrel among themselves, for that which is afforded in such
+    plenty for all; indeed they seem to be a very quiet and inoffensive race, herding
+    peaceably together on their extensive feeding-grounds, and when satisfied retiring to
+    the fresh water at the mouth of the rivers, where they remain holding their heads
+    above water, as if to breathe the fresh air, till the shadow of any of their numerous
+    enemies alarms them, when they instantly dive to the bottom for security.</p>
+    <a name="page70" id="page70"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 70]</span>
+    <p>In the month of April, the females leave the water after sunset, in order to
+    deposit their eggs in the sand. By means of their fore-fins they dig a hole above
+    high water mark, about one foot wide and two deep, into which they drop above a
+    hundred eggs; they then cover them lightly over with a layer of sand, sufficient to
+    hide them, and yet thin enough to admit the warmth of the sun's rays for hatching
+    them. The instinct which leads the female turtle to the shore to lay her eggs,
+    renders her a prey to man. The fishers wait for them on shore, especially on a
+    moonlight night, and following them in one of their journeys, either coming or
+    returning, they turn them quickly over on their backs, before they have time to
+    defend themselves, or to blind their assailants by throwing up the sand with their
+    fins.</p>
+    <a name="page71" id="page71"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 71]</span>
+    <p>When very large, for I should tell you that the usual weight of the turtle is from
+    four to six hundred pounds, it requires the efforts of several men to turn them over,
+    and for this purpose they often employ levers: the back shell of the turtle is so
+    flat that when once over it is impossible for them to right themselves, so there the
+    poor creatures lie in this helpless condition, till they are either taken away in the
+    manner you see in the picture, or deposited by their captors in a crawl, which is a
+    kind of enclosure surrounded by stakes, and so situated as to admit the influx of the
+    sea.</p>
+    <p>The inhabitants of the Bahama Isles, catch many turtles at a considerable distance
+    from the shore; they strike them with a spear, the head of which slips off when it
+    has entered the body of the turtle, but it is fastened by a string to the pole, and
+    by means of this apparatus they are able to secure them, and either take them into
+    the boat or haul them on shore. The length of the green turtle frequently exceeds six
+    feet. A boy ten years old, a son of Captain Roche, once made use of a very large
+    shell as a boat, and ventured in it from the shore to his father's ship which lay
+    about a quarter of a mile off. It was in the bay of Campeachy, off Port Royal, where
+    the rightful occupant of this shell was caught.</p>
+    <a name="page72" id="page72"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 72]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image47_full.png"><img src="images/image47_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Catching Turtle." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page74" id="page74"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 74]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image48_full.png"><img src="images/image48_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Wreck Of The Steamboat." /></a>
+      <p>Wreck Of The Steamboat.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page75" id="page75"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 75]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image49_full.png"><img src="images/image49_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE WRECK OF THE STEAMBOAT.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image50_full.png"><img src="images/image50_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The following narrative teaches a lesson of courage and devotion such as are
+    seldom read. In one of the light-houses of the desolate Farne Isles, amid the ocean,
+    with no prospect before it but the wide expanse of sea, and now and then a distant
+    sail appearing, her cradle hymn the ceaseless sound of the everlasting deep, there
+    lived a little child whose name was Grace Darling. Her father was the keeper of the
+    light-house; and here Grace lived and grew up to the age of twenty-two, her mother's
+    constant helpmate in all domestic duties. She had a fair and healthy countenance,
+    which wore a kind and cheerful smile, proceeding from a heart at peace with others,
+    and happy in the consciousness of endeavoring to do its duty.</p>
+    <a name="page76" id="page76"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 76]</span>
+    <p>It was at early dawn, one September morning, in the year 1838, that the family at
+    the Longstone light-house looked out through a dense fog which hung over the waters.
+    All night the sea had run extremely high, with a heavy gale from the north, and at
+    this moment the storm continued unabated. Mr. and Mrs. Darling and Grace were at this
+    time the only persons in the light-house; through the dim mist they perceived the
+    wreck of a large steam vessel on the rocks, and by the aid of their telescope the
+    could even make out the forms of some persons clinging to her.</p>
+    <a name="page77" id="page77"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 77]</span>
+    <p>It was the Forfarshire steamboat on her passage from Hull to Dundee. She left the
+    former place with sixty-three persons on board. She had entered Berwick Bay about
+    eight o'clock the previous evening, in a heavy gale and in a leaky condition; the
+    motion of the vessel soon increased the leak to such a degree that the fires could
+    not be kept burning. About ten o'clock she bore up off St. Abb's Head, the storm
+    still raging. Soon after the engineer reported that the engines would not work; the
+    vessel became unmanageable; it was raining heavily, and the fog was so dense that it
+    was impossible to make out their situation. At length the appearance of breakers
+    close to leeward, and the Farne lights just becoming visible, showed to all on board
+    their imminent danger.</p>
+    <p>The captain vainly tried to run the vessel between the islands and the main land,
+    she would no longer answer the helm, and was driven to and fro by a furious sea.
+    Between three and four o'clock in the morning she struck with her bows foremost on a
+    jagged rock, which pierced her timbers. Soon after the first shock a mighty wave
+    lifted the vessel from the rock, and let her fall again with such violence as fairly
+    to break her in two pieces; the after part, containing the cabin with many
+    passengers, all of whom perished, was instantly carried away through a tremendous
+    current, while the fore part was fixed on the rock. The survivors, only nine in
+    number, five of the crew and four passengers, remained in this dreadful situation
+    till daybreak, when they were descried by the family at the light-house. But who
+    could dare to cross the raging abyss which lay between them?</p>
+    <a name="page78" id="page78"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 78]</span>
+    <p>Grace, full of pity and anxiety for the wretched people on the wreck, forgot all
+    toil and danger, and urged her father to launch the boat; she took one oar and her
+    father the other; but Grace had never assisted in the boat before, and it was only by
+    extreme exertion and the most determined courage that they succeeded in bringing the
+    boat up to the rock, and rescuing nine of their fellow creatures from a watery grave,
+    and with the help of the crew in returning, landed all safe at the light-house.</p>
+    <a name="page79" id="page79"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 79]</span>
+    <p>Happy Grace Darling! she needed no other reward than the joy of her own heart and
+    the warm thanks of those she had helped to deliver; but the news of the heroic deed
+    soon spread, and wondering and admiring strangers came from far and near to see Grace
+    and that lonely light-house. Nay more, they showered gifts upon her, and a public
+    subscription was raised with a view of rewarding her bravery, to the amount of seven
+    hundred pounds. She continued to live with her parents on their barren isles, finding
+    happiness in her simple duties and in administering to their comfort, until her
+    death, which took place little more than three years after the wreck of the
+    Forfarshire steamer.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image51_full.png"><img src="images/image51_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page80" id="page80"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 80]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image53_full.png"><img src="images/image53_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>WATERSPOUTS.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image54_full.png"><img src="images/image54_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>These wonderful appearances are caused by the action of currents of wind meeting
+    in the atmosphere from different quarters. They are sometimes seen on land, but much
+    more frequently at sea, where they are very dangerous visitors. I will try to give
+    you some idea of what they are, and perhaps the picture may help you a little. I dare
+    say you have often noticed little eddies of wind whirling up dust and leaves, or any
+    light substances which happened to be in the way; when these occur on a larger scale
+    they are called whirlwinds.</p>
+    <a name="page81" id="page81"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 81]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image55_full.png"><img src="images/image55_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Waterspouts." /></a>
+      <p>Waterspouts.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page83" id="page83"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 83]</span>
+    <p>Now if a cloud happens to be exactly in the point where two such furious currents
+    of wind meet, it is turned round and round by them with great speed and is condensed
+    into the form of a cone; this whirling motion drives from the centre of the cloud all
+    the particles contained in it, producing what is called a vacuum, or empty space,
+    into which the water or any thing else lying beneath it has an irresistible tendency
+    to rush. Underneath the dense impending cloud, the sea becomes violently agitated,
+    and the waves dart rapidly towards the centre of the troubled mass of water: on
+    reaching it they disperse in vapor, and rise, whirling in a spiral direction towards
+    the cloud. The descending and ascending <a name="page84" id="page84"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 84]</span> columns unite, the whole presenting the appearance of
+    a hollow cylinder, or tube of glass, empty within. This, Maltebrun tells us, and he
+    further adds, "it glides over the sea without any wind being felt; indeed several
+    have been seen at once, pursuing different directions. When the cloud and the marine
+    base of the waterspout move with equal velocity, the lower cone is often seen to
+    incline sideways, or even to bend, and finally to burst in pieces. A noise is then
+    heard like the noise of a cataract falling in a deep valley. Lightning frequently
+    issues from the very bosom of the waterspout, particularly when it breaks; but no
+    thunder is ever heard."</p>
+    <a name="page85" id="page85"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 85]</span>
+    <p>Sailors, to prevent the danger which would arise from coming in contact with one
+    of these tremendous columns, discharge a cannon into it: the ball passing through it
+    breaks the watery cylinder, and causes it to burst, just as a touch causes your
+    beautiful soap-bubbles to vanish, and turn to water again. These waterspouts, at sea,
+    generally occur between the tropics, and I believe frequently after a calm, such as
+    the poet has described in the following lines:</p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;'Twas sad as sad could be,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          And we did speak only to break
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;The silence of the sea!
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "All in a hot and copper sky,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;The bloody sun at noon,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          Right up above the mast did stand.
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;No bigger than the moon.
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "Day after day, day after day,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;We stuck, nor breath, nor motion;
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          As idle as a painted ship
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;Upon a painted ocean.
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="line">
+          "Water, water, every where,
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;And all the boards did shrink;
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          Water, water, every where
+        </div>
+        <div class="line">
+          &nbsp;&nbsp;And not a drop to drink!"
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>Happily "dead calms" do not generally last so long as to lead to any serious
+    result. Sailors have a superstitious and foolish belief that whistling in a calm will
+    bring up a breeze, and they do this in a drawling, beseeching tone, on some prominent
+    part of the vessel. Poor fellows! what a pity that their thoughts should not more
+    frequently be directed to Him "who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his
+    hand, and meted out heaven with a span," and whose works and wonders in the deep
+    "they that go down to the sea in ships" have such abundant opportunity for
+    observing.</p>
+    <a name="page86" id="page86"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 86]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image56_full.png"><img src="images/image56_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page87" id="page87"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 87]</span>
+    <h2>HEAVING THE LEAD.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image57_full.png"><img src="images/image57_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Here we have a sailor in the act of heaving the lead, or taking soundings, which
+    is a thing extremely necessary to be done when a ship is approaching the shore, as
+    there is great danger of her running on a sand-bank or striking on a sunken rock. I
+    will now tell you how it is managed. A sailor gets over the ship's side, as you see
+    in the engraving, and takes his station in what are called "the chains;" he holds in
+    his hand a coil of rope, with the length in fathoms marked upon it; this rope has a
+    mass of lead attached to the end of it. At the <a name="page88" id="page88"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 88]</span> bottom of the lead, is a hollow place, into which a
+    piece of tallow candle is stuck, which brings up distinguishing marks from the bottom
+    of the sea, such as small shells, sand, or mud, adhering to it. If the tallow be only
+    indented it is supposed to have fallen on bare rocks. A correct account of the
+    soundings is entered in the logbook; this book contains a description of the ship's
+    course, the direction of the wind, and other circumstances, during every hour of each
+    day and night. Having arranged the rope so as to allow it to fall freely when cast,
+    the sailor throws the lead forward into the water, giving rope sufficient to allow it
+    to touch the bottom; then with a sudden jerk, such as long practice <a name="page89"
+    id="page89"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 89]</span> alone can enable him to give, he
+    raises the weight, and after examining the mark on the rope made by the water, calls
+    out lustily, so that all forward can hear, "By the mark seven," or "By the deep
+    nine," according to the case, or whatever the number of fathoms may be. The lead-line
+    is marked into lengths of six feet, called fathoms, by knots, or pieces of leather,
+    or old sail-cloth. In narrow or intricate channels, it is sometimes needful to place
+    a man in the chains on each side of the ship, as the depth will vary a fathom or more
+    even in the breadth of the vessel, and it is of great consequence that the leadsmen
+    give the depth correctly, as a wrong report might cause the ship to run aground. The
+    time that the leadsman is employed in taking soundings is often a period of deep
+    anxiety to the crew and passengers, especially if the vessel be near an unknown
+    coast. When the decrease in the number of fathoms is sudden, the captain knows that
+    danger is near, and quickly gives orders to alter the ship's course: the sailors
+    instantly obey his directions; but sometimes not all their activity and energy can
+    save the vessel; she strikes and becomes a wreck.</p>
+    <a name="page90" id="page90"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 90]</span>
+    <p>Turn to the 27th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in your Bible, and you will
+    there read the deeply interesting account of Paul's shipwreck on the island Melita.
+    Life has often been compared to a voyage&mdash;and aptly so.</p>
+    <p>You will find that you, like the mariner, are exposed to many dangers, and that
+    you are never for one moment safe in trusting to your own skill to guide your little
+    bark. In watchfulness and prayer, look to your Heavenly Pilot for directions under
+    every circumstance, often examining your own heart, as the seaman heaves the lead in
+    danger. Then will you be safely guided through storms and calms, amid rocks and
+    shoals, and reach at last the blessed haven of eternal rest and peace.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image58_full.png"><img src="images/image58_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page91" id="page91"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 91]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image59_full.png"><img src="images/image59_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>THE BALLOON AT SEA.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image52_full.png"><img src="images/image52_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>A balloon is a hollow globe, made of silk, rendered air-tight by a coating of gum
+    and resin, and enclosed within a strong network. When filled with gas it is so much
+    lighter than the air which surrounds us, that it will rise with heavier bodies
+    suspended to it. In a sort of car or boat attached, men, who are called "aeronauts,"
+    have performed journeys through the air.</p>
+    <a name="page92" id="page92"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 92]</span>
+    <p>The balloon was invented by a Frenchman named Montgolfier. Great expectations were
+    at first entertained of this art of sailing through the air, but as yet it has not
+    proved of much practical use. Many disasters have at different times befallen balloon
+    voyagers.</p>
+    <p>Many years ago, Major Mooney ascended in his balloon from Norwich, expecting from
+    the direction of the wind that he might descend near Ipswich; but when he had risen
+    about one mile from the earth, a violent current carried him and his balloon towards
+    Yarmouth. The balloon fell on the sea, about nine miles from land. The Major
+    supported himself for some time in the water, by holding firmly to the balloon, and
+    was at last rescued from his dangerous situation by the crew of a cutter which was
+    cruising on the coast.</p>
+    <a name="page93" id="page93"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 93]</span>
+    <p>This was a disastrous voyage, but I think it will interest you to hear of a more
+    successful one, performed by three gentlemen, one of whom, Mr. Green, has introduced
+    some great improvements in the art of filling and guiding balloons. These gentlemen
+    left the earth in the car of a very large balloon, at half-past one o'clock, on
+    Monday, the 7th of November, 1836, intending to proceed to some point on the
+    continent of Europe not very distant from Paris. They were provided with provisions
+    for a fortnight; these, with sand-bags for ballast, cordage, and all needful
+    apparatus for such a journey were placed in the bottom of the car, while all around
+    hung cloaks, carpet bags, barrels of wood and copper, barometers, telescopes, lamps,
+    spirit-flasks, coffee-warmers, &amp;c, for you know it would be impossible for them
+    afterwards to supply any thing which might have been forgotten.</p>
+    <a name="page94" id="page94"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 94]</span>
+    <p>Thus duly furnished, the balloon was rapidly borne away by a moderate breeze over
+    the fertile fields of Kent to Dover. It was forty-eight minutes past four when the
+    first sound of the waves on the sea-beach broke on the voyagers' ears: the sun was
+    sinking below the horizon, and as the balloon was rapidly borne into the region of
+    mist which hung over the ocean, we must suppose something of dread and uncertainty
+    attended the adventurer's minds. Scarcely, however, had they completed some
+    arrangements, intended to render the balloon more buoyant in the heavy atmosphere,
+    than again the sound of waves surprised them, and below were seen glittering the
+    well-known lights of Calais and the neighboring shores. Passing over Calais the
+    aeronauts lowered a blue-light to give notice of their presence, but could not tell
+    whether the inhabitants perceived it. By this time night had completely closed in,
+    and still the silken ball pursued its course. So long as lights were burning in the
+    towns and villages which it passed in rapid succession, the solitary voyagers looked
+    down on the scene with delight; sometimes they could even catch the hum of the yet
+    busy multitude, or the bark of a watch-dog; but midnight came, and the world was
+    hushed in sleep.</p>
+    <a name="page95" id="page95"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 95]</span>
+    <p>As soon as the people were again stirring below, the guide-rope was hauled into
+    the balloon, and the grappling-iron lowered; and after sundry difficulties from the
+    danger of getting entangled in a wood, and grievously affrighting two ladies, who
+    stood awhile petrified with amazement at the unusual apparition, the voyagers
+    succeeded in alighting in a grassy valley, about six miles from the town of Weilburg,
+    in the Duchy of Nassau. Here every attention and accommodation was afforded them, and
+    thus ended this remarkable journey, an extent of about five hundred British miles
+    having been passed over in the space of eighteen hours.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image60_full.png"><img src="images/image60_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page96" id="page96"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 96]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image61_full.png"><img src="images/image61_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>AN ADVENTURE OF PAUL JONES.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image62_full.png"><img src="images/image62_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>John Paul Jones was a famous naval commander in the service of the United States,
+    during the revolutionary war. He was a native of Scotland, but having come to
+    Virginia and settled before the war broke out, he joined the patriots as soon as
+    hostilities commenced, and rendered the most important services through the whole of
+    the long and arduous contest, by which our independence was acquired.</p>
+    <a name="page99" id="page99"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 99]</span>
+    <p>The following account of one of his adventures is given by his biographer.</p>
+    <p>Eager to retaliate upon Britain for some predatory exploits of her sailors on the
+    American coast, and exasperated by the resolution which the English government had
+    taken, to treat all the supporters of independence as traitors and rebels, Captain
+    Paul Jones entered the Irish Channel, and approaching his native shores, not as a
+    friend, but as a determined enemy. On the night of the 22d of April, 1778, he came to
+    anchor in the Solway Firth, almost within sight of the trees which sheltered the
+    house in which he first drew the breath of life.</p>
+    <p>Early next morning, he rowed for the English coast, at the head of thirty-one
+    volunteers, in two boats, with the intention of destroying the shipping, about two
+    hundred sail, which lay in the harbor of Whitehaven.</p>
+    <a name="page100" id="page100"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 100]</span>
+    <p>In this daring attempt he would probably have succeeded without difficulty, had
+    not the strength of the opposing tide retarded his progress so much, that day began
+    to dawn before he could gain the shore. He despatched the smaller of the two boats to
+    the north of the port to set fire to the vessels, whilst he led the remainder of the
+    party to the more hazardous duty of securing the fort, which was situated on a hill
+    to the south. It was a cold morning, and the sentinels little aware that an enemy was
+    so near, had retired into the guard-room for warmth, affording Jones an opportunity
+    to take them by surprise, of which he did not fail to avail himself. Climbing over
+    the shoulders of the tallest of his men, he crept silently through one of the
+    embrasures and was instantly followed by the rest. Their first care was to make fast
+    the door of the guard-room, and their next to spike the cannon, thirty-six in number.
+    Having effected this without bloodshed, they proceeded to join the detachment which
+    had been sent to the north; and finding that a false alarm had deterred them from
+    executing their orders, Jones instantly proceeded to set fire to the vessels within
+    his reach. By this time, however, the inhabitants were roused, and the invaders were
+    obliged to retreat, leaving three ships in flames, of which one alone was
+    destroyed.</p>
+    <a name="page101" id="page101"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 101]</span>
+    <p>On the same day with this adventure, another memorable occurrence took place,
+    which contributed, for a time, to add greatly to the odium which the first had
+    brought on his name in Britain, but which, in the end, enabled him to prove that he
+    was possessed of the most heroic qualities. In cruising off the coast of Galloway, it
+    occurred to him, that, if he could get into his power a man of high rank and
+    influence in the state, he should able, by retaining him as a hostage, to ensure to
+    the American prisoners of war more lenient treatment than was threatened by the
+    British government. Knowing that the Earl of Selkirk possessed a seat at St. Mary's
+    Isle, a beautiful peninsula at the mouth of the Dee, and being ill-informed with
+    regard to the political connections of that nobleman, he destined him for the subject
+    of his experiment. With that <a name="page102" id="page102"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 102]</span> view, he landed on the Isle, about noon, with two
+    officers and a few men; but, before they had proceeded far, he learned that his
+    lordship was from home. Finding his object frustrated, he now wished to return; but
+    his crew were not so easily satisfied. Their object was plunder; and as they
+    consisted of men in a very imperfect state of discipline, and with whom it would have
+    been dangerous to contend, he allowed them to proceed. He exacted from them, however,
+    a promise that they should be guilty of no violence; that the men should not enter
+    the house, and that the officers, after having made their demands, should accept what
+    might be put into their hands without scrutiny. These conditions were punctually
+    obeyed. The greater part of the Selkirk plate was carried off in triumph by the crew,
+    and Paul Jones was, for a time, stigmatized as a freebooter; but he nobly vindicated
+    his character, by taking the earliest opportunity of purchasing the whole of it, out
+    of his own <a name="page103" id="page103"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 103]</span>
+    private funds, and remitting it safe to its original owner, without accepting the
+    smallest remuneration. National prejudice has misrepresented this transaction; and in
+    order to excite the popular indignation against Jones, it has been common to state,
+    that this attempt on the person, and as it was supposed the property, of Lord
+    Selkirk, was aggravated by ingratitude, his father having eaten of that nobleman's
+    bread. Nothing can be more false. Neither Mr. Paul, nor any of his kindred, ever was
+    in the earl's employ, or had ever the most distant connection with his lordship or
+    his family; and in a correspondence which took place between our hero and Lady
+    Selkirk, relative to the restitution of the plate, a most honorable testimony was
+    gratefully paid by the latter to the captain's character.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page104" id="page104"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 104]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image63_full.png"><img src="images/image63_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Nelson Saved By His Coxswain." /></a>
+      <p>Nelson Saved By His Coxswain.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>ADMIRAL NELSON.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image64_full.png"><img src="images/image64_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Nelson lost the sight of one eye at the siege of Calvi, by a shot driving the sand
+    and gravel into it, and he lost his arm by a shot in an expedition against Teneriffe;
+    but the most dangerous of his exploits were, boarding the battery at San Bartolomeo,
+    boarding the San Joseph, the boat action in the Bay of Cadiz, and the famous battles
+    of the Nile and Trafalgar. Of these, perhaps, the boat action during the blockade of
+    Cadiz was the most severe. While making an attempt against the Spanish gunboats, he
+    was attacked by D. Miguel Tregayen, in an armed launch, carrying twenty-six men;
+    fearful odds against his ten bargemen, captain, and coxswain. Eighteen Spaniards were
+    killed, the rest wounded, and the launch captured.</p>
+    <a name="page105" id="page105"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 105]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image65_full.png"><img src="images/image65_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Admiral Nelson." /></a>
+      <p>Admiral Nelson.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page107" id="page107"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 107]</span>
+    <p>The Spaniards were more than two to one, and yet he beat them; but it was a hard
+    and desperate struggle, hand to hand and blade to blade. Twice did John Sykes, the
+    coxswain, save Nelson's life, by parrying off blows that would have destroyed him,
+    and once did he interpose his head to receive the blow of a Spanish sabre; but he
+    would willingly have died for his admiral.</p>
+    <p>Poor Sykes was wounded badly, but not killed.</p>
+    <a name="page108" id="page108"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 108]</span>
+    <p>When Nelson's health was established after the loss of his arm, he sent to the
+    minister of St. George's, Hanover Square, the following desire to offer up his
+    thanksgiving:&mdash;"An officer desires to return thanks to Almighty God for his
+    perfect recovery from a severe wound, and also for the many mercies bestowed on him."
+    Thus showing that he was humble enough to be thankful to God, and continued so in the
+    midst of all his successes.</p>
+    <p>The following is an instance of his coolness in the hour of danger. The late
+    Lieutenant-General the Hon. Sir William Stewart, as lieutenant-colonel of the
+    rifle-brigade, embarked to do duty in the fleet which was led by Sir Hyde Parker and
+    Nelson, to the attack of Copenhagen in 1801. "I was," says he, "with Lord Nelson when
+    he wrote the note to the Crown Prince of Denmark, proposing terms of arrangement. A
+    cannon ball struck off the head of the boy who was crossing the cabin with the light
+    to seal it. "Bring another candle," said his lordship. I observed, that I thought it
+    might very well be sent as it was, for it would not be expected that the usual forms
+    could be observed at such a moment. "That is the very thing I should wish to avoid,
+    Colonel," replied he, "for if the least appearance of precipitation were perceptible
+    in the manner of sending this note, it might spoil all." Another candle being now
+    brought, his lordship sealed the letter, carefully enclosed in an envelope, with a
+    seal bearing his coat of arms and coronet, and delivered it to the officer in waiting
+    to receive it. It is said that the moment was a critical one, and that Lord Nelson's
+    note decided the event."</p>
+    <a name="page109" id="page109"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 109]</span>
+    <p>A seaman of the name of Hewson, who had served under Nelson, was working as a
+    caster in a manufactory at Birmingham when Nelson visited that place. Among other
+    manufactories, the admiral paid a visit to that where Hewson was at work as a
+    brass-founder; and though no employment disfigures a workman more with smoke and dust
+    than the process of casting, the quick eye of Nelson recognized in the caster an old
+    associate. "What, Hewson, my lad," said he, "are you here?" Hewson laid hold of the
+    hair that hung over his forehead, and making an awkward bow, replied, "Yes, your
+    honor." "Why, how comes this about! You and I are old acquaintances; you were with me
+    in the Captain when I boarded the San Joseph, were you not?" Hewson again laid hold
+    of of his hair, and bowing, replied, "Yes, your honor." "I remember you well," said
+    Nelson; "you were one of the cleverest fellows about the vessel! If any thing was to
+    be done, Hewson was the lad to do. Why, what do you here, working like a negro? Take
+    this," throwing him money, "and wash the dust down your throat."</p>
+    <a name="page110" id="page110"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 110]</span>
+    <p>Hewson withdrew to a neighboring alehouse, boasting of the character the admiral
+    had given him. Month after month passed away, but Hewson returned not&mdash;his
+    shop-tools were abandoned, and no one could account for his absence. At length a
+    stripling, in a sailor's jacket, entered the manufactory and said, "he was come to
+    settle his father's affairs." This was no other than Hewson's son, from whose account
+    it appeared, that when Hewson, somewhat elevated with liquor, but more with the
+    praise the admiral had bestowed on him, quitted Birmingham, he walked his way down to
+    Portsmouth, entered once more on board Lord Nelson's ship, and fell with him in the
+    battle of Trafalgar.</p>
+    <a name="page111" id="page111"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 111]</span>
+    <p>At the battle of Trafalgar, Collingwood, in the Royal Sovereign, led the lee-line
+    of fourteen ships, Nelson, in the Victory, was at the head of the weather-line,
+    consisting of fourteen ships. Besides these there were four frigates.</p>
+    <p>The ships of France and Spain, opposed to the British, were in number
+    thirty-three, with seven large frigates. The odds were great against the English, but
+    the superior tactics, and well-known bravery of Nelson, clothed him with power, that
+    more than made up the difference. When every thing was prepared for the engagement,
+    Nelson retired into his cabin alone, and wrote down the following prayer.</p>
+    <a name="page112" id="page112"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 112]</span>
+    <p>"May the great God, whom I worship grant to my country, and for the benefit of
+    Europe in general, a great and glorious victory, and may no misconduct in any one
+    tarnish it, and may humanity after victory, be the predominant feature in the British
+    fleet! For myself, individually, I commit my life to Him that made me; and may his
+    blessing alight on my endeavors for serving my country faithfully! To him I resign
+    myself, and the just cause which is entrusted to me to defend. Amen! Amen! Amen!"</p>
+    <p>He wore on the day of the battle his admiral's frock coat, and on his left breast,
+    over his heart, four stars of the orders of honor, which had been conferred upon him.
+    Those around thought it was dangerous to wear his stars, lest he should be too
+    plainly seen by the enemy, but they were afraid to tell him so, because he had said,
+    "In honor I gained them, and in honor I will die with them."</p>
+    <a name="page113" id="page113"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 113]</span>
+    <p>The effect produced by the signal given by Lord Nelson, "England expects every man
+    to do his duty!" was wonderful; it ran from ship to ship, from man to man, from heart
+    to heart, like a train of gunpowder. Officers and men seemed animated with one
+    spirit, and that was a determination to win the day, or at least never to surrender
+    to the enemy.</p>
+    <p>The captains commanded on their quarterdecks; the boatswains in the forecastle;
+    the gunners attended to the magazines, and the carpenters with their plug-shots, put
+    themselves in readiness with high-wrought energy, nor were the seamen and marines a
+    whit behind hand in entering on their several duties. The guns, the tackle, the
+    round, grape, and canister-shot, the powder-boys, the captains of guns, with their
+    priming-boxes, and the officers with their drawn swords, cut an imposing appearance;
+    and the cock-pit would have made a rudy face turn pale.</p>
+    <p>The wounded are all taken down into the cock-pit. It will hardly bear thinking
+    about. But in the cockpit were laid out ready for use, wine, water, and surgeon's
+    instruments, with napkins, basins, sponges, and bandages.</p>
+    <a name="page114" id="page114"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 114]</span>
+    <p>The combined fleets of France and Spain, at Trafalgar, under Villenueve, the
+    French admiral, a brave and skilful man, were in the form of a crescent, and the two
+    British lines ran down upon them parallel to each other. As soon as the British van
+    was within gunshot the enemy opened their fire. The Royal Sovereign soon rounded to
+    under the stern of the Santa Anna, and Admiral Nelson's ship, the Victory, laid
+    herself on board the Redoubtable. From that moment the roaring of guns, the crash
+    against the sides of the ships, clouds of smoke, splintered yards, and falling masts,
+    were the order of the day.</p>
+    <p>The death warrant of the navy of France was signed and sealed by the fight of
+    Trafalgar. In the heat of the action, a ball, fired from the mizzen-top of the
+    Redoubtable, struck Admiral Nelson on the left shoulder, when he instantly fell.
+    "They have done for me, at last, Hardy," said he, to his captain.</p>
+    <p>Though mortally wounded, he gave some necessary direction concerning the ship, and
+    when carried below inquired earnestly how the battle went on. When he knew that the
+    victory had been gained&mdash;for twenty ships in all struck to the British
+    admiral&mdash;he expressed himself satisfied. "Now I am satisfied," said he; "thank
+    God, I have done my duty!" Many times he repeated this expression, and "Thank God I
+    have done my duty;" and "Kiss me, Hardy," were among the last words that were uttered
+    by his lips. Thus, with a heart full of patriotism, died the bravest commander, the
+    most vigilant seaman, and the most ardent friend of his country, that every led on a
+    British fleet to victory.</p>
+    <a name="page115" id="page115"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 115]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image66_full.png"><img src="images/image66_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Death Of Nelson." /></a>
+      <p>Death Of Nelson.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page117" id="page117"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 117]</span>
+    <p>Even amid the exultation of victory, a grateful country mourned his loss. A
+    bountiful provision was made for his family; a public funeral was awarded to his
+    remains, and monuments in the principal cities of his native land were erected to his
+    memory. A sorrowing nation lamented over his bier, and Britania, indeed, felt that
+    old England's defender was numbered with the dead.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page118" id="page118"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 118]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image67_full.png"><img src="images/image67_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Balboa Discovering The Pacific Ocean." /></a>
+      <p>Balboa Discovering The Pacific Ocean.</p>
+    </div>
+    <h2>DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image68_full.png"><img src="images/image68_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Vasco Nunes de Balboa, a Spaniard, as you see by his name, was born in 1475. He
+    was one of the adventurers who pursued the path which Columbus had pointed out. He
+    led a party of Spaniards, who going out from Darien founded a colony in the
+    neighboring regions. Some gold being found the Spaniards got into a violent
+    quarrel.</p>
+    <a name="page119" id="page119"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 119]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image69_full.png"><img src="images/image69_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="The Indian Chief Disgusted At The Spaniards." /></a>
+      <p>The Indian Chief Disgusted At The Spaniards.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>One of the Indian chiefs being present, was so disgusted at this, that he struck
+    the scales with which they were weighing it so hard with his fist, that the gold was
+    scattered all about.</p>
+    <p>"Why," said he, "do you quarrel for such a trifle? If you really value gold so
+    highly, as to leave your own homes, and come and seize the lands and dwellings of
+    others for the sake of it, I can tell you of a land where you may find it in plenty.
+    Beyond those lofty mountains," said he, pointing to the south-west, "lies a mighty
+    sea, which people sail on with vessels almost as big as yours. All the streams that
+    flow from the other side of these mountains abound in gold, and all the utensils of
+    the people are made of gold."</p>
+    <a name="page120" id="page120"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 120]</span>
+    <p>This was enough for Balboa. He inquired of the Indian the best way of getting
+    across the mountains, to find this land of gold. The Indian kindly told him every
+    thing he knew, but at the same time warned him not to go over there, for the Indians
+    were many and were fierce, and would eat human flesh. But Balboa was not to be
+    discouraged. He collected a band of one hundred and ninety bold and hardy men, armed
+    with swords, targets, and cross-bows, and some blood-hounds, (for, strange to tell,
+    the Spaniards had trained fierce dogs to hunt the Indians, and even the mild Bilboa
+    was not ashamed to use them,) and so he set out on his expedition to the west.</p>
+    <a name="page121" id="page121"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 121]</span>
+    <p>Embarking with his men, September 1st, 1513, at the village of Darien, in a
+    brigantine and nine large canoes, he sailed along the coast to the north-west, to
+    Coyba, where the young Indian chief lived, and where the Isthmus of Darien is
+    narrowest. He had taken a few friendly Indians with him, as guides; and the young
+    chief furnished him with a few more on his arrival. Then leaving half his own men at
+    Coyba, to guard the brigantine and canoes, he began his march for the mountains, and
+    through the terrible wilderness.</p>
+    <p>It was the 6th of September. The heat was excessive, and the journey toilsome and
+    difficult. They had to climb rocky precipices, struggle through close and tangled
+    forests, and cross marshes, which the great rains had rendered almost impassable.
+    September 8th, they passed an Indian village at the foot of the mountains, but the
+    inhabitants did not molest them; on the contrary they fled into the forests.</p>
+    <p>Here some of the men became exhausted, from the great heat and travelling in the
+    marshes. These were sent back, by slow marches, in the care of guides, to Coyba. On
+    the 20th of September they again set forward.</p>
+    <a name="page122" id="page122"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 122]</span>
+    <p>The wilderness was so craggy, and the forest trees and underwood so matted
+    together, that in four days they only advanced about thirty miles, and they now began
+    to suffer from hunger. They also met with many rapid foaming streams, to cross some
+    of which they had to stop and build rafts.</p>
+    <p>Now it was that they met with a numerous tribe of Indians, who, armed with bows
+    and arrows, and clubs of palm wood, almost as hard as iron, gave them battle. But the
+    Spaniards, although comparatively few in numbers, with their fire-arms and
+    bloodhounds and the aid of the friendly Indians who were with them, soon put them to
+    flight, and took possession of their village. Balboa's men robbed the village of all
+    its gold and silver, and of every thing valuable in it; and even he himself, whose
+    heart the love of gold had begun already to harden, shared with his men the
+    plunder.</p>
+    <p>It was a dear bought victory, however; for though the Indians had lost six hundred
+    of their number in the contest, they could easily recruit their forces. But Balboa,
+    whose band was now reduced, by sickness and the contest, from ninety-five men to
+    sixty-seven, had no means of adding to their strength, but was forced to proceed with
+    what forces he had.</p>
+    <a name="page123" id="page123"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 123]</span>
+    <p>Early the next morning after the battle, they set out on their journey up the
+    mountain. About ten o'clock they came out of the tangled forest, and reached an open
+    space, where they enjoyed the cool breezes of the mountains. They now began to take a
+    little courage. Their joy was heightened still more, when they heard one of the
+    Indian guides exclaim, "The sea! the sea!"</p>
+    <p>Balboa commanded his men to stop; and resolving to be the first European who
+    should behold this new sea, he forbade his men to stir from their places till he
+    called them. Then ascending to the summit of the height, which the Indian had
+    mounted, he beheld the sea glittering in the morning sun.</p>
+    <p>Calling now upon his little troop to ascend the height, and view the noble
+    prospect along with him, "behold," said he, "the rich reward of our toil. This is a
+    sight upon which no Spaniard's eye ever before rested." And in their great joy the
+    leader and his men embraced each other.</p>
+    <a name="page124" id="page124"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 124]</span>
+    <p>Balboa then took possession of the sea and coast, and the surrounding country, in
+    the name of the King of Spain; and having cut down a tree, and made it into the form
+    of a cross&mdash;for they were Catholics&mdash;he set it up on the very spot where he
+    first beheld the grand Pacific Ocean. He also made a high mound, by heaping up large
+    stones, upon which he carved the king's name. This was on September 26th, 1513.</p>
+    <p>Not content with seeing the ocean, Balboa determined to visit it. Arriving, after
+    much toil, at one of the bays on the coast, he called it St. Michael's Bay. Coming to
+    a beach a mile or two long, "If this is a sea," said he, "it will soon be covered
+    with water; let us wait and see if there be a tide." So he seated himself under a
+    tree, and the water soon began to flow. He tasted it and found it salt; and then
+    waded up to his knees in it, and took possession of it in the name of his king.</p>
+    <a name="page126" id="page126"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 126]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image70_full.png"><img src="images/image70_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Death Of Balboa." /></a>
+      <p>Death Of Balboa.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page127" id="page127"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 127]</span>
+    <p>Balboa's heart was now so lifted up by success, and his whole nature so changed,
+    that he was ready to fight and destroy every Indian tribe that opposed his progress.
+    But he had not always the best of it. On one occasion he was lost, with one or two
+    followers, and having been seized by some natives, carried immediately before their
+    cazique, or chief. He was seated on a raised seat, covered with a panther's skin, and
+    bore a single feather of the vulture upon his head. Beside him stood his slaves, to
+    fan him, and screen his head from the sun, and around him warriors, with the sculls
+    of their enemies fixed upon their spears: which made the whole scene very
+    horrible.</p>
+    <p>Balboa humbled himself before the chief; and taking off his coat, profusely
+    decorated, offered it as a peace offering. The cazique would not accept it, but said,
+    "You are poor and desolate&mdash;I am rich and powerful. I will not hurt you, though
+    you are my enemy." He then ordered him safe conduct through the forests; and Balboa
+    regained his own people, the Spaniards, in safety. This escape softened Balboa's
+    heart, and he never afterwards treated the Indians with the same severity.</p>
+    <a name="page128" id="page128"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 128]</span>
+    <p>After many victories, and many other singular escapes, he returned back to Coyba.
+    But the sufferings of his men, in returning, were extreme, for want both of water and
+    provisions. The streams were most of them dried up, and provisions could not be
+    found. Gold they indeed had, almost as much as they could carry, and the Indians kept
+    bringing them more; but this they could not eat or drink, and it would not buy what
+    was not to be bought.</p>
+    <p>He arrived at Darien after about two months' absence, having lost nearly all his
+    men, by war and sickness. His discovery made a great noise, and procured him much
+    honor, but he did not live to enjoy it.</p>
+    <p>A new governor was appointed in his place, who, having a mortal hatred to Balboa,
+    threw him into prison, and, after a mock trial, had him beheaded, in 1517, in his
+    48th year.</p>
+    <a name="page130" id="page130"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 130]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image71_full.png"><img src="images/image71_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Admiral Keppel." /></a>
+      <p>Admiral Keppel.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page131" id="page131"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 131]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image72_full.png"><img src="images/image72_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>ADMIRAL KEPPEL AND THE DEY OF ALGIERS.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image73_full.png"><img src="images/image73_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>When Admiral Keppel was sent to the Dey of Algiers, to demand restitution of two
+    ships which the pirates had taken, he sailed with his squadron into the Bay of
+    Algiers, and cast anchor in front of the Dey's <a name="page132"
+    id="page132"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 132]</span> palace. He then landed, and,
+    attended only by his captain and barge's crew, demanded an immediate audience of the
+    Dey. This being granted, he claimed full satisfaction for the injuries done to the
+    subjects of his Britannic Majesty. Surprised and enraged at the boldness of the
+    admiral's remonstrance, the Dey exclaimed, "that he wondered at the English King's
+    insolence in sending him a foolish, beardless boy." A well-timed reply from the
+    admiral made the Dey forget the laws of all nations in respect to ambassadors, and he
+    ordered his mutes to attend with the bow-string, at the same time telling the admiral
+    he should pay for his audacity with his life. Unmoved by this menace, the admiral
+    took the Dey to the window facing the bay, and showed him the English fleet riding at
+    anchor, and told him that if he dared put him to death there were men enough in that
+    fleet to make him a glorious funeral-pile. The Dey was wise enough to take the hint.
+    The admiral obtained ample restitution, and came off in safety.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page134" id="page134"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 134]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image74_full.png"><img src="images/image74_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Loss Of The Cataraque" /></a>
+      <p>Loss Of The Cataraque</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page135" id="page135"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 135]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image75_full.png"><img src="images/image75_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE CATARAQUE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image76_full.png"><img src="images/image76_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Admiral Keppel." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The Cataraque, Captain C.W. Findlay, sailed from Liverpool, on the 20th of April,
+    1849, with three hundred and sixty emigrants, and a crew including two doctors,
+    (brothers,) of forty-six souls. The emigrants were principally from Bedfordshire,
+    Staffordshire, Yorkshire, and Northamptonshire. About one hundred and twenty of the
+    passengers were married, with families, and in all seventy-three children.</p>
+    <a name="page136" id="page136"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 136]</span>
+    <p>On the 3d of August, at seven o'clock in the evening, the ship was hove to, and
+    continued lying to until three A.M. of the 4th. At half past four, being quite dark,
+    and raining hard, blowing a fearful gale, the ship struck on a reef, situated on the
+    west coast of King's Island, at the entrance of Bass's Straights.</p>
+    <p>Immediately after the ship struck, she was sounded, and it was ascertained that
+    there was four feet of water in the hold. An awful scene of confusion and misery
+    ensued. All the passengers attempted to rush upon deck, and many succeeded in doing
+    so, until the heaving of the vessel knocked down the ladders, when the shrieks from
+    below, calling on those on deck to assist them were terrific. The crew were on deck
+    the moment the ship struck, and were instantly employed in handing up the passengers.
+    Up to the time the vessel began breaking up, the crew succeeded in getting upwards of
+    three hundred passengers on deck. But a terrible fate awaited the greater part of
+    them.</p>
+    <a name="page137" id="page137"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 137]</span>
+    <p>The day dawned. The stern of the vessel was found to be washed in, and numerous
+    dead bodies were found floating round the ship; some clinging to the rocks which they
+    had grasped in despair. About two hundred of the passengers and crew held on to the
+    vessel, although the raging sea was breaking over her, and every wave washed some of
+    them to a watery grave. In this manner, kindred were separated, while those who
+    remained could only expect the same fate to reach them. Things continued in this
+    condition until four in the afternoon, when the vessel parted amidships, at the fore
+    part of the main rigging, and immediately between seventy and a hundred persons were
+    thrown into the waves. Thus the insatiable ocean swallowed its prey piece-meal. About
+    five, the wreck parted by the fore-rigging, and so many persons were thrown into the
+    sea, that only seventy were left on the forecastle, they being lashed to the wreck.
+    Even these were gradually diminished in number, some giving out from exhaustion, and
+    others anticipating fate, by drowning themselves.</p>
+    <a name="page138" id="page138"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 138]</span>
+    <p>When day dawned, on the following morning, only about thirty persons were left
+    alive, and these were almost exhausted. The sea was making a clean breach into the
+    forecastle, the deck of which was rapidly breaking up. Parents and children, husbands
+    and wives, were seen floating around the vessel, many in an embrace, which even the
+    ocean's power could not sunder. The few who remained alive could only look up to
+    heaven for a hope of safety. Soon after daylight, the vessel totally disappeared, and
+    out of four hundred and twenty-three persons who had been on board the vessel, only
+    nine were saved by being washed on shore, and these were nearly exhausted.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image77_full.png"><img src="images/image77_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page140" id="page140"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 140]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image78_full.png"><img src="images/image78_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Loss Of The Francis Spaight." /></a>
+      <p>Loss Of The Francis Spaight.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page141" id="page141"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 141]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image79_full.png"><img src="images/image79_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE FRANCIS SPAIGHT.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image80_full.png"><img src="images/image80_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>On the morning of the 7th of January, 1848, the barque Francis Spaight, lying in
+    Table Bay, at the Cape of Good Hope, parted her anchor, and in attempting to beat
+    out, grounded, broadside on the beach. The gale at the time she struck was furious,
+    and the surf tremendous, making a clean breach over the vessel, carrying away the
+    bulwark, long boat, main hatch, and part of the deck, with one of the crew.</p>
+    <a name="page142" id="page142"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 142]</span>
+    <p>The shore was thronged with the inhabitants of Cape Town, anxious for the fate of
+    the vessel. An attempt was made to send a rope from the land to the wreck, but the
+    rope broke. Rockets were fired with lines attached, and one was thrown across the
+    foremast stay, where none of the men could reach it, on account of the fearful
+    rolling of the sea. After some extraordinary delay, a whale boat was brought from the
+    town, and manned by six daring fellows, who dashed through the surf, and were soon
+    alongside the vessel.</p>
+    <p>All except the carpenter, fifteen in number, got into the boat, and pushed off. At
+    this moment a terrific sea upset the boat, and twenty-one persons were struggling in
+    the surf for life. The people on the beach were horror-stricken; and men on horseback
+    were seen plunging into the sea, risking their lives to save their fellow-creatures;
+    but eighteen sunk to rise no more. The masts of the vessel fell with a tremendous
+    crash, but the carpenter still clung to the wreck. At length a surf-boat, towed by a
+    smaller one, proceeded towards the wreck. One of these boats was capsized, and two
+    lives lost. But the carpenter was rescued. This man, (James Robertson,) and John
+    McLeod, seaman, were all of the crew that reached the shore. The inhabitants of Cape
+    Town were all anxiety in regard to the fate of the vessel; and those daring heroes
+    who sacrificed themselves for the sake of their fellow men were worthy of a monument
+    as lofty as those erected to the bravest warriors.</p>
+    <a name="page143" id="page143"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 143]</span>
+    <p>The place where the Francis Spaight went ashore had been, a short time previous,
+    the scene of a far more terrible disaster. This was the wreck of the ship Waterloo,
+    by which two hundred persons were lost, in spite of the most extraordinary and heroic
+    exertions on the part of the inhabitants of Cape Town.</p>
+    <a name="page144" id="page144"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 144]</span>
+    <p>The bay is very much exposed to storms, and its shores are particulary dangerous,
+    on account of their shelving character. The Francis Spaight had just put into the bay
+    for the purpose of obtaining a supply of provisions, and it was intended that she
+    should sail the next day. But the Ruler of the elements intended it otherwise. Her
+    cargo was nearly a total loss.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image81_full.png"><img src="images/image81_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page145" id="page145"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 145]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image82_full.png"><img src="images/image82_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE GOLDEN RULE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image83_full.png"><img src="images/image83_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The ship Golden Rule, Captain Austin, sailed from Wiscasset, with a cargo of
+    timber, September, 8, 1807.</p>
+    <p>On the 29th, she experienced a severe gale from the south-east; and at eight
+    o'clock, A.M., they discovered that she had sprung a leak, and had four feet of water
+    in her hold; at nine it had increased to eight feet, notwithstanding they had two
+    pumps going, and were throwing her deck load overboard, which they were enabled to do
+    very slowly, from the sea driving the planks about the deck, and wounding the
+    crew.</p>
+    <a name="page146" id="page146"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 146]</span>
+    <p>About ten o'clock, the water had risen to twelve feet, and the gale had also
+    evidently increased; the crew and all on board were quite exhausted; and on going
+    into the cabin they found she was welling fast. The main and mizzen masts were now
+    cut away, to prevent her upsetting, and she was quite clear of her deck load. At
+    eleven o'clock she was full up to her main deck, and all her bulk heads were knocked
+    away.</p>
+    <p>It now occurred to some of the crew, to endeavor to save some bread; and Mr. Boyd,
+    the first mate, with great resolution, went into the cabin and gave out some bread,
+    and two bottles of rum; but so rapidly did she fill, from the timber of her cargo
+    shifting, that he was forced to break through the sky-light to save himself. Their
+    small stock of provisions was now put into the binnacle, as a secure place. It had
+    been there but a few minutes, when a tremendous sea struck them, and carried away the
+    binnacle.</p>
+    <a name="page147" id="page147"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 147]</span>
+    <p>They had now little hope left&mdash;the wheel was broken, and they proceeded to
+    secure themselves as well as they could, some in the fore-top, and the rest were
+    lashing themselves to the taffrail; before they could accomplish the latter plan,
+    another sea, if possible, more heavy than the former, hurried them all from their
+    places, and washed two of the men overboard; they were seen swimming for the ship, a
+    short time, when a wave hurried them from the sight of their lamenting comrades.</p>
+    <p>They now endeavored to keep the ship before the wind, which they were partially
+    enabled to do through the night. The next day another man died from cold and
+    hunger.</p>
+    <p>The deck was now blown up, and her side stove in, all hands had given themselves
+    up, when, on the 30th at noon, they were roused by the cry of "a sail!" and they had
+    the satisfaction to see her bear down for them. She was the brig George, of Portland;
+    and Captain Wildridge sent his long-boat to take them from the wreck.</p>
+    <a name="page148" id="page148"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 148]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image84_full.png"><img src="images/image84_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page149" id="page149"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 149]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image85_full.png"><img src="images/image85_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>DANGERS OF WHALING SHIPS AMONG ICE BERGS.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image86_full.png"><img src="images/image86_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The masses of ice by which the ocean is traversed assume a vast variety of shapes,
+    but may be comprehended in two general classes. The first consists of sheets of ice,
+    analogous to those which annually cover the the lakes and rivers of northern lands.
+    They present a surface which is <a name="page150" id="page150"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 150]</span> generally level, but here and there diversified by
+    projections, called <i>hummocks</i>, which arise from the ice having been thrown up
+    by some pressure or force to which it has been subject. Sheets of ice, which are so
+    large that their whole extent of surface cannot be seen from the masthead of a
+    vessel, are called <i>fields</i>. They have sometimes an area of more than a hundred
+    square miles, and rise above the level of the sea from two to eight feet. When a
+    piece of ice, though of a considerable size, can be distinguished in its extent, it
+    is termed a <i>floe</i>. A number of sheets, large or small, joining each other, and
+    stretching out in any particular direction, constitute a <i>stream</i>. Captain Cook
+    found a stream extending across Behring's Straits, connecting eastern Asia with the
+    western extremity of North America. Owing to the vast extent of some fields of ice,
+    they would undoubtedly be conducted to a lower latitude in the Atlantic before their
+    dissolution, under the influence of a warmer climate, but for the intervention of
+    other causes. It frequently <a name="page151" id="page151"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 151]</span> happens that two masses are propelled against each
+    other, and are both shivered into fragments by the violence of the concussion. The
+    ordinary swell of the ocean also acts with tremendous power upon a large tract,
+    especially when it has been so thawed as to have become thin, and breaks it up into a
+    thousand smaller pieces in a very short period. The danger of being entrapped between
+    two ice-fields coming into contact with each other is one of the perils which the
+    navigator has frequently to encounter in the northern seas; and fatal to his vessel
+    and his life has the occurrence often been, while in a vast number of instances
+    escape has seemed almost miraculous.</p>
+    <p>"At half-past six," says Captain Ross, relating to his first voyage of discovery,
+    in the Isabella, to the arctic regions, with Captain Parry, in the Alexander, "the
+    ice began to move, and, the wind increasing to a gale, the only chance left for us
+    was to endeavor to force the ship through it to the north, where it partially opened;
+    but the channel was so much obstructed by heavy fragments, that our utmost efforts
+    were ineffectual; the ice closed in upon us, and at noon we felt its pressure most
+    severely. A large floe, which lay on one side of the Isabella, appeared to be fixed;
+    while, on the other side, another of considerable bulk was passing along with a rapid
+    motion, assuming a somewhat circular direction, in consequence of one side having
+    struck on the fixed field. The pressure continuing to increase, it became doubtful
+    whether the ship would be able to sustain it; every support threatened to give way,
+    the beams in the hold began to bend, and the iron tanks settled together.</p>
+    <a name="page152" id="page152"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 152]</span>
+    <p>"At this critical moment, when it seemed impossible for us to bear the
+    accumulating pressure much longer, the hull rose several feet; while the ice, which
+    was more than six feet thick, broke against the sides, curling back on itself. The
+    great stress now fell upon our bow; and, after being again lifted up, we were carried
+    with great violence towards the Alexander which had hitherto been, in a great
+    measure, defended by <a name="page153" id="page153"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    153]</span> the Isabella. Every effort to avoid their getting foul of each other
+    failed; the ice-anchors and cables broke one after another; and the sterns of the two
+    ships came so violently into contact, as to crush to pieces a boat that could not be
+    removed in time. The collision was tremendous, the anchors and chain-plates being
+    broken, and nothing less than the loss of the masts expected; but at this eventful
+    instant, by the interposition of Providence, the force of the ice seemed exhausted;
+    the two fields suddenly receded, and we passed the Alexander with comparatively
+    little damage. A clear channel soon after opened, and we ran into a pool, thus
+    escaping the immediate danger; but the fall of snow being very heavy, our situation
+    still remained doubtful, nor could we conjecture whether we were yet in a place of
+    safety. Neither the masters, the mates, nor those men who had been all their lives in
+    the Greenland service, had ever experienced such imminent peril; and they declared,
+    that a common whaler must have been crushed to atoms."</p>
+    <a name="page154" id="page154"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 154]</span>
+    <p>Captain Scoresby relates a similar narrow escape from destruction owing to the
+    same cause. "In the year 1804," he observes, "I had an opportunity of witnessing the
+    effects produced by the lesser masses in motion. Passing between two fields of ice
+    newly formed, about a foot in thickness, they were observed rapidly to approach each
+    other, and, before our ship could pass the strait, they met with a velocity of three
+    or four miles per hour. The one overlaid the other, and presently covered many acres
+    of surface. The ship proving an obstacle to the course of the ice, it squeezed up on
+    both sides, shaking her in a dreadful manner, and producing a loud grinding or
+    lengthened acute trembling noise, according as the degree of pressure was diminished
+    or increased, until it had risen as high as the deck. After about two hours the
+    motion ceased, and soon afterwards the two sheets of ice receded from each other
+    nearly as rapidly as they had before advanced. The ship in this case did not receive
+    any injury; but, had the ice only been half a foot thicker, she might have been
+    wrecked." Other navigators have not been so fortunate; and the annual loss of whaling
+    vessels in the polar seas is considerable, the Dutch having had as many as
+    seventy-three sail of ships wrecked in one season. Between the years 1669 and 1778,
+    both inclusive, or a period of one hundred and seven years, they sent to the
+    Greenland fishery fourteen thousand one hundred and sixty-seven ships, of which five
+    hundred and sixty-one, or about four in the hundred, were lost.</p>
+    <a name="page155" id="page155"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 155]</span>
+    <p>Every one will remember the intense and mournful interest occasioned by the loss
+    of the President steamer which left New York in the year 1841 to cross the Atlantic,
+    but perished in the passage, without leaving a survivor to tell the story of her
+    fate. It has been deemed highly probable that this vessel got entangled in the ice,
+    and was destroyed by collision with its masses; for during that year, in the month of
+    April, the Great Western steamer encountered a field extending upwards of a hundred
+    miles in one direction, surrounded with an immense number of floes and bergs, and had
+    great difficulty in effecting its passage by this floating continent in safety.</p>
+    <a name="page156" id="page156"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 156]</span>
+    <p>Another form under which the ice appears in the ocean is that of bergs, which
+    differ from the ice-fields in shape and origin. They are masses projecting to a great
+    height above the surface of the water, and have the appearance of chalk or marble
+    cliffs and mountains upon the deep. They have been seen with an elevation of two
+    hundred feet&mdash;a circumference of two miles: and it has been shown by experiments
+    on the buoyancy of ice floating in sea water, that the proportion above the surface
+    is only about one-seventh of the thickness of the whole mass. During the first
+    expedition of Ross, he found an ice berg in Baffin's Bay, at a distance of seven
+    leagues from the land, which was measured by a party under Lieutenant Parry.
+    Considerable difficulty was experienced in the attempt to land, as, in rowing round
+    the berg, they found it perpendicular in every place but one. When they had ascended
+    to the <a name="page157" id="page157"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 157]</span> top,
+    which was perfectly flat, they discovered a white bear in quiet possession of the
+    mass, who plunged into the sea without hesitation, and effected his escape. The party
+    found the ice berg to be four thousand one hundred and sixty-nine yards long, three
+    thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine yards broad, and fifty-one feet high, being
+    aground in sixty-one fathoms. Its appearance was like that of the back of the Isle of
+    Wight, and the cliffs resembled those of the chalk range to the west of Dover. The
+    weight of this mass was calculated to amount to one billion two hundred and ninety
+    two millions three hundred and ninety seven thousand six hundred and seventy-three
+    tons.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image87_full.png"><img src="images/image87_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="A White Bear." /></a>
+      <p>A White Bear.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page158" id="page158"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 158]</span>
+    <p>An ice berg examined by Captain Graah, on the east coast of Greenland, rose one
+    hundred and twenty feet out of the water, had a circumference of four thousand feet
+    at the base, and its solid contents were estimated to be upwards of nine hundred
+    millions of cubic feet. When viewed at a distance, nothing can be more interesting
+    than the appearance of a considerable number of these formations, exhibiting an
+    infinite variety of shape, and requiring no stretch of imagination to convert them
+    into a series of floating towers, castles, churches, obelisks, and pyramids, or a
+    snowy range of Alpine heights. No pencil, an observer has remarked, has ever given
+    any thing like the true effect of an ice berg. In a picture they are huge, uncouth
+    masses, stuck in the sea; while their chief beauty and grandeur&mdash;their slow
+    stately motion, the whirling of the snow about their summits, and the fearful
+    crackling of their parts&mdash;they cannot give. The ice of the bergs is compact and
+    solid, or of a fine green tint verging to blue; and large pieces may be frequently
+    obtained, equal to the most beautiful crystal in transparency. It is stated by
+    Scoresby, that with a portion of this ice, of by no means regular convexity, used as
+    a burning lens, he has frequently burnt wood, fired gunpowder, melted lead, and lit
+    the sailors' pipes, to their no small astonishment, the ice itself remaining in the
+    mean while perfectly fixed and pellucid.</p>
+    <a name="page159" id="page159"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 159]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image88_full.png"><img src="images/image88_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page160" id="page160"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 160]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image89_full.png"><img src="images/image89_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>MASSACRE OF THE CREW OF THE ATAHUALPA.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image90_full.png"><img src="images/image90_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The Atahualpa, of Boston, left that port in August, 1803, bound to the north-west
+    coast of America, for the purpose of trading with the natives. She arrived on the
+    coast in the month of January, 1804; and, after visiting the several islands, and
+    purchasing skins, on the 5th of June, 1805, weighed anchor from Chockokee, on the
+    north-west coast, and made sail. On the 8th, arrived at Millbank sound, and came to
+    an anchor within musket-shot of the village. Soon after her arrival, the chief of the
+    Indians, by the name of Keite, came off to the ship, with some of his tribe, and
+    informed the captain that the Caroline, Captain Sturgess, had sailed from thence ten
+    days before.</p>
+    <a name="page161" id="page161"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 161]</span>
+    <p>On the 11th, the chief came off again, with his tribe, and another tribe that was
+    there, and traded very briskly till towards night, when becoming very insolent, they
+    were all turned out of the ship.</p>
+    <p>On the 13th, Keite and his tribe came on board in the morning, and seemed much
+    more desirous to trade than before, which Captain Porter was very glad to see. The
+    chief mate and two of the ship's company, were then engaged in ripping the main-sail
+    in pieces, on the quarter-deck; the second mate with two hands was repairing the
+    top-sail; two on the starboard side of the main-deck, spinning spun yarn; two more on
+    the forecastle, making sinnet; two more on the larboard side of the main-deck,
+    running shot in the armorer's forge; the cooper was making tubs; the cook, and
+    captain's steward in the galley, at their duty; and all hands, as usual, employed on
+    the ship's duty; the armorer was in the steerage, and the boatswain in the cabin;
+    Captain Porter, Mr. Ratstraw, his clerk, and Mr. Lyman Plummer, (nephew of Theodore
+    Lyman, Esq. of Boston, ship owner,) were standing on the larboard side of the
+    quarter-deck, abreast of the cabin hatchway.</p>
+    <a name="page162" id="page162"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 162]</span>
+    <p>The chief, Keite, stood leaning on the rail, and called Captain Porter to look at
+    the skins that were in the canoe, alongside the ship; the captain accordingly went to
+    look over the side, when the chief, with some more Indians, laid hold of him, and
+    gave a shout. Immediately all the Indians alongside of the canoe, and those on board,
+    armed with daggers, pistols, pikes, and other weapons, seized every man on deck, who
+    were totally unprepared for so sudden an attack. A most dreadful and sanguinary
+    contest immediately took place; when, after a short but bloody engagement of about
+    five minutes, the deck was immediately cleared of them.</p>
+    <a name="page163" id="page163"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 163]</span>
+    <p>There were about two hundred Indians, it is supposed, on board at this time; they
+    first daggered Captain Porter several times in the back, put him in a canoe
+    alongside, and carried him on shore; and, as we were afterwards informed by Captain
+    Smith, of the ship Mary, of Boston, who was informed by the New Hecta tribe, was by
+    them tied to a tree, in which unhappy and miserable situation he languished fifteen
+    days, refusing every species of nourishment offered him by these savages, occasioned
+    by his grief at this unfortunate accident.</p>
+    <p>Previous to this fatal business, there were twenty-three hands on board; ten of
+    whom were barbarously killed, and nine wounded. Among the killed were, Captain Oliver
+    Porter, Mr. John Hill, chief mate; Daniel Gooding, second mate; John D. Katstraw,
+    captain's clerk; Mr. Lyman Plummer, Peter Shooner, Luther Lapham, Samuel Lapham,
+    seamen; Isaac Lammes, cooper; and John Williams, cook. Mr. Lyman Plummer survived
+    about two hours after he was wounded. The cook, who was most shockingly cut and
+    mangled, languished till about six o'clock the next morning.</p>
+    <a name="page164" id="page164"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 164]</span>
+    <p>Among the wounded were, Ebenezer Baker, seaman, most dangerously, with daggers, he
+    having two stabs in his left thigh, one in his groin, one in his back, one in his
+    breast, and one in his neck; Henry Thompson, seaman, very dangerously, with daggers,
+    having one wound on the right side, one on the left shoulder, another on the left
+    arm, and two or three smaller ones on the same arm, one on the right temple, and
+    another on the left cheek; Ebenezer Williams, seaman, had three wounds in his thigh,
+    with daggers,&mdash;two on his back, and one on the right shoulder with a
+    boarding-pike; Luke Bates, seamen, one wound on the right shoulder with a
+    boarding-pike; Joseph Robinson, carpenter, wounded on the left breast; Thomas
+    Edwards, steward, stabbed on the left shoulder; W. Walker had two stabs, with
+    daggers, in his back.</p>
+    <a name="page165" id="page165"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 165]</span>
+    <p>After the deck was cleared of these sanguinary savages, several guns were fired at
+    the village, the sails were loosened, stream-cable cut, and the ship put to sea. The
+    same night they got under weigh, seven large war-canoes hove in sight, with about
+    thirty Indians in each. In this deplorable condition, with only four or five hands on
+    board capable of duty, the Atahualpa shaped her course for New Heita; but the wind
+    chopping round, put about, and stood to the westward.</p>
+    <p>On the 17th, it was thought time to bury the dead, when, after having sewed them
+    up, and got them ready for interment, prayers were read. They were then buried in
+    Queen Charlotte's Sound.</p>
+    <p>It cannot be ascertained with any degree of accuracy, how many of the Indians were
+    killed in this dreadful contest. It is supposed, however, that the number must have
+    exceeded forty; for a large canoe being under the ship's bow, with about twenty
+    Indians in her, who were cutting a cable, a swivel and several muskets were fired
+    into her, and but one of the Indians reached the shore in safety.</p>
+    <a name="page166" id="page166"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 166]</span>
+    <p>During the conflict with the savages, there were two barrels of powder unheaded,
+    and a loaded pistol prepared and given to a person who stood ready, should they get
+    into the cabin, and secure to themselves the ship, to fire into it, and blow the
+    whole up, preferring to die in that manner rather than fall into the hands of such
+    merciless wretches.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image91_full.png"><img src="images/image91_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page168" id="page168"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 168]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image92_full.png"><img src="images/image92_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Shipwreck Of The Blendenhall." /></a>
+      <p>Shipwreck Of The Blendenhall.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page169" id="page169"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 169]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image93_full.png"><img src="images/image93_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SHIPWRECK OF THE BLENDENHALL.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image94_full.png"><img src="images/image94_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>In the year 1821, the Blendenhall, free trader, bound from England for Bombay,
+    partly laden with broad-cloths, was proceeding on her voyage with every prospect of a
+    successful issue. While thus pursuing her way through the Atlantic, she was
+    unfortunately driven from her course, by <a name="page170" id="page170"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 170]</span> adverse winds and currents, more to the southward and
+    westward than was required, and it became desirable to reach the island of Tristan
+    d'Acunha, in order to ascertain and rectify the reckoning. This island, which is
+    called after the Portuguese admiral who first discovered it, is one of a group of
+    three, the others being the Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands, situated many
+    hundreds of miles from any land, and in a south-westerly direction from the Cape of
+    Good Hope. The shores are rugged and precipitous in the extreme, and form, perhaps,
+    the most dangerous coast upon which any vessel could be driven.</p>
+    <a name="page171" id="page171"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 171]</span>
+    <p>It was while steering to reach this group of islands, that, one morning, a
+    passenger on board the Blendenhall, who chanced to be upon deck earlier than usual,
+    observed great quantities of sea-weed occasionally floating alongside. This excited
+    some alarm, and a man was immediately sent aloft to keep a good look-out. The weather
+    was then extremely hazy, though moderate; the weeds continued; all were on the alert;
+    they shortened sail, and the boatswain piped for breakfast. In less than ten minutes,
+    "breakers ahead!" startled every soul, and in a moment all were on deck. "Breakers
+    starboard! breakers larboard! breakers all around," was the ominous cry a moment
+    afterwards, and all was confusion. The words were scarcely uttered, when, and before
+    the helm was up, the ill-fated ship struck, and after a few tremendous shocks against
+    the sunken reef, she parted about mid-ship. Ropes and stays were cut away&mdash;all
+    rushed forward, as if instinctively, and had barely reached the forecastle, when the
+    stern and quarter-deck broke asunder with a violent crash, and sunk to rise no more.
+    Two of the seamen miserably perished&mdash;the rest, including officers, passengers
+    and crew, held on about the head and bows&mdash;the struggle was for life!</p>
+    <a name="page172" id="page172"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 172]</span>
+    <p>At this moment, the Inaccessible Island, which till then had been veiled in thick
+    clouds and mist, appeared frowning above the haze. The wreck was more than two miles
+    from the frightful shore. The base of the island was still buried in impenetrable
+    gloom. In this perilous extremity, one was for cutting away the anchor, which had
+    been got up to the cat-head in time of need; another was for cutting down the
+    foremast (the foretop-mast being already by the board.) The fog totally disappeared,
+    and the black rocky island stood in all its rugged deformity before their eyes.
+    Suddenly the sun broke out in full splendor, as if to expose more clearly to the view
+    of the sufferers their dreadful predicament. Despair was in every bosom&mdash;death,
+    arrayed in all its terrors, seemed to hover over the wreck. But exertion was
+    required, and every thing that human energy could devise was effected. The wreck, on
+    which all eagerly clung, was fortunately drifted by the tide and wind between ledges
+    of sunken rocks and thundering breakers, until, after the lapse of several hours, it
+    entered the only spot on the island where a landing was possibly practicable, for all
+    the other parts of the coast consisted of perpendicular cliffs of granite, rising
+    from <a name="page173" id="page173"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 173]</span> amidst
+    the deafening surf to the height of twenty, forty, and sixty feet. As the shore was
+    neared, a raft was prepared, and on this a few paddled for the cove. At last the
+    wreck drove right in: ropes were instantly thrown out, and the crew and passengers,
+    (except two who had been crushed in the wreck,) including three ladies and a female
+    attendant, were snatched from the watery grave, which a few short hours before had
+    appeared inevitable, and safely landed on the beach. Evening had now set in, and
+    every effort was made to secure whatever could be saved from the wreck. Bales of
+    cloth, cases of wine, a few boxes of cheese, some hams, the carcass of a milch cow
+    that had been washed on shore, buckets, tubs, butts, a seaman's chest, (containing a
+    tinder-box and needles and thread,) with a number of elegant mahogany turned
+    bed-posts, and part of an investment for the India market, were got on shore. The
+    rain poured down in torrents&mdash;all hands were busily at work to procure shelter
+    from the weather; and with the bed-posts and broad-cloths, and part of the foresail,
+    as many tents were soon pitched as there were individuals on the island.</p>
+    <a name="page174" id="page174"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 174]</span>
+    <p>Drenched with the sea and with the rain, hungry, cold, and comfortless, thousands
+    of miles from their native land, almost beyond expectation of human succor, hope
+    nearly annihilated,&mdash;the shipwrecked voyagers retired to their tents. In the
+    morning the wreck had gone to pieces; and planks, and spars, and whatever had floated
+    in, were eagerly dragged on shore. No sooner was the unfortunate ship broken up, than
+    deeming themselves freed from the bonds of authority, many began to secure whatever
+    came to land: and the captain, officers, passengers, and crew, were now reduced to
+    the same level, and obliged to take their turn to fetch water, and explore the island
+    for food. The work of exploring was soon over&mdash;there was not a bird, nor a
+    quadruped, nor a single tree to be seen. All was barren and desolate. The low parts
+    were scattered over with stones and sand, and a few stunted weeds, rocks, ferns, and
+    other plants. The top <a name="page175" id="page175"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    175]</span> of the mountain was found to consist of a fragment of original
+    table-land, very marshy, and full of deep sloughs, intersected with small rills of
+    water, pure and pellucid as crystal, and a profusion of wild parsley and celery. The
+    prospect was one dreary scene of destitution, without a single ray of hope to relieve
+    the misery of the desponding crew. After some days, the dead cow, hams, and cheese,
+    were consumed; and from one end of the island to the other, not a morsel of food
+    could be seen. Even the celery began to fail. A few bottles of wine, which, for
+    security had been secreted under ground, only remained. Famine now began to threaten.
+    Every stone near the sea was examined for shell-fish, but in vain.</p>
+    <a name="page176" id="page176"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 176]</span>
+    <p>In this dreadful extremity, and while the half-famished seamen were at night
+    squatting in sullen dejection round their fires, a large lot of sea-birds, allured by
+    the flames, rushed into the midst of them, and were greedily laid hold of as fast as
+    they could be seized. For several nights in succession, similar flocks came in; and
+    by multiplying their fires a considerable supply was secured. These visits, however,
+    ceased at length, and the wretched party were exposed again to the most severe
+    privation. When their stock of wild fowl had been exhausted for more than two days,
+    each began to fear they were now approaching that sad point of necessity, when,
+    between death and casting lots who should be sacrificed to serve for food for the
+    rest, no alternative remained. While horror at the bare contemplation of an extremity
+    so repulsive occupied the thoughts of all, the horizon was observed to be suddenly
+    obscured, and presently clouds of penguin alighted on the island. The low grounds
+    were actually covered; and before the evening was dark, the sand could not be seen
+    for the number of eggs, which, like a sheet of snow, lay on the surface of the earth.
+    The penguins continued on the island four or five days, when, as if by signal, the
+    whole took their flight, and were never seen again. A few were killed, but the flesh
+    was so extremely rank and nauseous that it could not be eaten. The eggs <a
+    name="page177" id="page177"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 177]</span> were collected
+    and dressed in all manner of ways, and supplied abundance of food for upwards of
+    three weeks. At the expiration of that period, famine once more seemed inevitable;
+    the third morning began to dawn upon the unfortunate company after their stock of
+    eggs were exhausted; they had now been without food for more than forty hours, and
+    were fainting and dejected; when, as though this desolate rock were really a land of
+    miracles, a man came running up to the encampment with the unexpected and joyful
+    tidings that "millions of sea-cows had come on shore." The crew climbed over the
+    ledge of rocks that flanked their tents, and the sight of a shoal of manatees
+    immediately beneath them gladdened their hearts. These came in with the flood, and
+    were left in the puddles between the broken rocks of the cove. This supply continued
+    for two or three weeks. The flesh was mere blubber, and quite unfit for food, for not
+    a man could retain it on his stomach; but the liver was excellent, and on this they
+    subsisted. In the meantime, the carpenter with his <a name="page178"
+    id="page178"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 178]</span> gang had constructed a boat,
+    and four of the men had adventured in her for Tristan d'Acunha, in hopes of
+    ultimately extricating their fellow-sufferers from their perilous situation.
+    Unfortunately the boat was lost&mdash;whether carried away by the violence of the
+    currents that set in between the islands, or dashed to pieces against the breakers,
+    was never known, for no vestige of the boat or crew was ever seen. Before the
+    manatees, however, began to quit the shore, a second boat was launched; and in this
+    an officer and some seamen made a second attempt, and happily succeeded in effecting
+    a landing, after much labor, on the island, where they were received with much
+    cordiality and humanity by Governor Glass&mdash;a personage whom it will be necessary
+    to describe.</p>
+    <a name="page179" id="page179"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 179]</span>
+    <p>Tristan d'Acunha is believed to have been uninhabited until 1811, when three
+    Americans took up their residence upon it, for the purpose of cultivating vegetables,
+    and selling the produce, particularly potatoes, to vessels which might touch there on
+    their way to India, the Cape, or other parts in the southern ocean. These Americans
+    remained its only inhabitants till 1816, when, on Bonaparte being sent to St. Helena,
+    the British government deemed it expedient to garrison the island, and sent the
+    Falmouth man-of-war with a colony of forty persons, which arrived in the month of
+    August. At this time the chief of the American settlers was dead, and two only
+    survived; but what finally became of these we are not informed. The British garrison
+    was soon given up, the colony abandoned, and all returned to the Cape of Good Hope,
+    except a person named Glass, a Scotchman, who had been corporal of artillery, and his
+    wife, a Cape Creole. One or two other families afterwards joined them, and thus the
+    foundation of a nation on a small scale was formed; Mr. Glass, with the title and
+    character of governor, like a second Robinson Crusoe, being the undisputed chief and
+    lawgiver of the whole. On being visited in 1825, by Mr. Augustus Earle, the little
+    colony was found to be on the <a name="page180" id="page180"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 180]</span> increase, a considerable number of children having
+    been born since the period of settlement. The different families inhabited a small
+    village, consisting of cottages covered with thatch made of the long grass of the
+    island, and exhibiting an air of comfort, cleanliness, and plenty, truly English.</p>
+    <p>It was to this island that the boat's crew of the Blendenhall had bent their
+    course, and its principal inhabitant, Governor Glass, showed them every mark of
+    attention, not only on the score of humanity, but because they were fellow-subjects
+    of the same power&mdash;for, be it known, Glass did not lay claim to independent
+    monarchy, but always prayed publicly for King George as his lawful sovereign. On
+    learning the situation of the crew, on Inaccessible Island, he instantly launched his
+    boat, and unawed by considerations of personal danger, hastened, at the risk of his
+    life, to deliver his shipwrecked countrymen from the calamities they had so long
+    endured. He made repeated trips, surmounted all difficulties, and fortunately
+    succeeded in safely landing them on his own island, after they had been exposed for
+    nearly three months to the horrors of a situation almost unparalleled in the recorded
+    sufferings of seafaring men.</p>
+    <a name="page181" id="page181"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 181]</span>
+    <p>After being hospitably treated by Glass and his company for three months, the
+    survivors obtained a passage to the Cape, all except a young sailor named White, who
+    had formed an attachment to one of the servant girls on board, and who, in all the
+    miseries which had been endured, had been her constant protector and companion;
+    whilst gratitude on her part prevented her wishing to leave him. Both chose to
+    remain, and were forthwith adopted as free citizens of the little community.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image95_full.png"><img src="images/image95_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page182" id="page182"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 182]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image96_full.png"><img src="images/image96_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SHIPWRECK OF THE MEDUSA.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image97_full.png"><img src="images/image97_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>On the 17th of June, 1816, the Medusa, French frigate, commanded by Captain
+    Chaumareys, and accompanied by three smaller vessels, sailed from the island of Aix,
+    for the coast of Africa, in order to take possession of some colonies. The first
+    accident she encountered was off <a name="page183" id="page183"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 183]</span> Cape Finisterre, when one of the crew fell into the
+    sea; and from the apathy of his companions, their want of promptitude in manoeuvring,
+    with the want of every precaution, he was left to perish. On the tenth day of
+    sailing, there appeared an error of thirty leagues in the reckoning. On the 1st of
+    July, they entered the tropics; and there, with a childish disregard to danger, and
+    knowing that she was surrounded by all the unseen perils of the ocean, her crew
+    performed the ceremony usual to the occasion, while the vessel was running headlong
+    on destruction. The captain, presided over the disgraceful scene of merriment,
+    leaving the ship to the command of a Mons. Richefort, who had passed the ten
+    preceding years of his life in an English prison&mdash;a few persons on board
+    remonstrated in vain; though it was ascertained that they were on the banks of
+    Arguise, she continued her course, and heaved the lead, without slackening the sail.
+    Every thing denoted shallow water, but M. Richefort persisted in saying that they
+    were in one hundred fathoms. At that very moment only six fathoms were found; and the
+    vessel struck three times, being in about sixteen feet water, and the tide full
+    flood. At ebb-tide, there remained but twelve feet water; and after some bungling
+    manoeuvres, all hope of getting the ship off was abandoned.</p>
+    <a name="page184" id="page184"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 184]</span>
+    <p>When the frigate struck, she had on board six boats, of various capacities, all of
+    which could not contain the crew and passengers; and a raft was constructed. A
+    dreadful scene ensued. All scrambled out of the wreck without order or precaution.
+    The first who reached the boats refused to admit any of their fellow-sufferers into
+    them, though there was ample room for more. Some, apprehending that a plot had been
+    formed to abandon them in the vessel, flew to arms. No one assisted his companions;
+    and Captain Chaumareys stole out of a port-hole into his own boat, leaving a great
+    part of the crew to shift for themselves. At length they put off to sea, intending to
+    steer for the sandy coast of the desert, there to land, and thence to proceed with a
+    caravan to the island of St. Louis.</p>
+    <a name="page185" id="page185"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 185]</span>
+    <p>The raft had been constructed without foresight or intelligence. It was about
+    sixty-five feet long and twenty-five broad, but the only part which could be depended
+    upon was the middle; and that was so small, that fifteen persons could not lie down
+    upon it. Those who stood on the floor were in constant danger of slipping through
+    between the planks; the sea flowed in on all its sides. When one hundred and fifty
+    passengers who were destined to be its burden, were on board, they stood like a solid
+    parallelogram, without a possibility of moving; and they were up to their waists in
+    water. The original plan was, that as much provision as possible should be put upon
+    this raft; that it should be taken in tow by the six boats; and that, at stated
+    intervals, the crews should come on board to receive their rations. As they left the
+    ship, M. Correard asked whether the charts, instruments, and sea-stores were on
+    board; and was told by an officer, that nothing was wanting. "And who is to command
+    us?" "I am to command you," answered he, "and will be with you in a moment." The
+    officer with these words, the last in his mouth, went on board one of the boats, and
+    returned no more.</p>
+    <a name="page186" id="page186"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 186]</span>
+    <p>The desperate squadron had only proceeded three leagues, when a faulty, if not
+    treacherous manoeuvre, broke the tow-line which fastened the captain's boat to the
+    raft; and this became the signal to all to let loose their cables. The weather was
+    calm. The coast was known to be but twelve or fifteen leagues distant; and the land
+    was in fact discovered by the boats on the very evening on which they abandoned the
+    raft. They were not therefore driven to this measure by any new perils; and the cry
+    of "<i>Nous les abandonons!</i>" which resounded throughout the line, was the yell of
+    a spontaneous and instinctive impulse of cowardice, perfidy, and cruelty; and the
+    impulse was as unanimous as it was diabolical. The raft was left to the mercy of the
+    waves; one after another, the boats disappeared, and despair became general. Not one
+    of the promised <a name="page187" id="page187"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    187]</span> articles, no provisions, except a very few casks of wine, and some
+    spoiled biscuit, sufficient for one single meal was found. A small pocket compass,
+    which chance had discovered, their last guide in a trackless ocean, fell between the
+    beams into the sea. As the crew had taken no nourishment since morning, some wine and
+    biscuit were distributed; and this day, the first of thirteen on the raft, was the
+    last on which they tasted any solid food&mdash;except such as human nature shudders
+    at. The only thing which kept them alive was the hope of revenge on those who had
+    treacherously betrayed them.</p>
+    <a name="page188" id="page188"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 188]</span>
+    <p>The first night was stormy; and the waves, which had free access, committed
+    dreadful ravages, and threatened worse. When day appeared, twelve miserable wretches
+    were found crushed to death between the openings of the raft, and several more were
+    missing; but the number could not be ascertained, as several soldiers had taken the
+    billets of the dead, in order to obtain two, or even three rations. The second night
+    was still more dreadful, and many were washed off; although the crew had so crowded
+    together, that some were smothered by the mere pressure. To soothe their last
+    moments, the soldiers drank immoderately; and one, who affected to rest himself upon
+    the side, but was treacherously cutting the ropes, was thrown into the sea. Another
+    whom M. Correard had snatched from the waves, turned traitor a second time, as soon
+    as he had recovered his senses; but he too was killed. At length the revolted, who
+    were chiefly soldiers, threw themselves upon their knees, and abjectly implored
+    mercy. At midnight, however, they rebelled again. Those who had no arms, fought with
+    their teeth, and thus many severe wounds were inflicted. One was most wantonly and
+    dreadfully bitten above the heel, while his companions were beating him upon the head
+    with their carbines, before throwing him into the sea. The raft was strewed with dead
+    bodies, after innumerable instances of treachery and cruelty; and from sixty to
+    sixty-five perished that night. The force and courage of the strongest began to yield
+    to their misfortunes; and even the most resolute labored under mental derangement. In
+    the conflict, the revolted had thrown two casks of wine, and all the remaining water,
+    into the sea; and it became necessary to diminish each man's share.</p>
+    <a name="page189" id="page189"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 189]</span>
+    <p>A day of comparative tranquility succeeded. The survivors erected their mast
+    again, which had been wantonly cut down in the battle of the night; and endeavored to
+    catch some fish, but in vain. They were reduced to feed on the dead bodies of their
+    companions. A third night followed, broken by the plaintive cries of wretches,
+    exposed to every kind of suffering, ten or twelve of whom died of want, and awfully
+    foretold the fate of the remainder. The following day was fine. Some flying fish were
+    caught in the raft; which, mixed up with human flesh, afforded one scanty meal.</p>
+    <a name="page190" id="page190"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 190]</span>
+    <p>A new insurrection to destroy the raft, broke out on the fourth night; this too,
+    was marked by perfidy, and ended in blood. Most of the rebels were thrown into the
+    sea. The fifth morning mustered but thirty men alive; and these sick and wounded,
+    with the skin of their lower extremities corroded by the salt water. Two soldiers
+    were detected drinking the wine of the only remaining cask; they were instantly
+    thrown into the sea. One boy died, and there remained only twenty-seven; of whom
+    fifteen only seemed likely to live. A council of war, preceded by the most horrid
+    despair, was held; as the weak consumed a part of the common store, they determined
+    to throw them into the sea. This sentence was put into immediate execution! and all
+    the arms on board, which now filled their minds with horror, were, with the exception
+    of a single sabre, committed to the deep.</p>
+    <a name="page191" id="page191"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 191]</span>
+    <p>Distress and misery increased with an accelerated ratio; and even after the
+    desperate measure of destroying their companions, and eating the most nauseous
+    aliments, the surviving fifteen could not hope for more than a few days' existence. A
+    butterfly lighted on their sail the ninth day, and though it was held to be a
+    messenger of good, yet many a greedy eye was cast upon it. Some sea-fowl also
+    appeared; but it was impossible to catch them. The misery of the survivors increased
+    with a rapidity which cannot be described; they even stole from each other little
+    goblets of urine which had been set to cool in the sea water, and were now considered
+    a luxury. The most trifling article of food, a lemon, a small bottle of spirituous
+    dentrifice, a little garlic, became causes of contention; and every daily
+    distribution of wine awakened a spirit of selfishness and ferocity, which common
+    sufferings and common interest could not subdue into more social feelings.</p>
+    <p>Three days more passed over in expressible anguish, when they constructed a
+    smaller and more manageable raft, in the hope of directing it to the shore; but on
+    trial it was found insufficient. On the seventeenth day, a brig was seen; which,
+    after exciting the vicissitudes of hope and fear, proved to be the Argus, sent out in
+    quest of the Medusa. The inhabitants of the raft were all received on board, and were
+    again very nearly perishing, by a fire which broke out in the night. The six boats
+    which had so cruelly cast them adrift, reached the coast of Africa in safety; and
+    after many dangers among the Moors, the survivors arrived at St. Louis.</p>
+    <a name="page192" id="page192"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 192]</span>
+    <p>After this, a vessel was despatched to the wreck of the Medusa, to carry away the
+    money and provisions; after beating about for eight days, she was forced to return.
+    She again put to sea, but after being away five days, again came back. Ten days more
+    were lost in repairing her; and she did not reach the spot till fifty-two days after
+    the vessel had been lost; and dreadful to relate, three miserable sufferers were
+    found on board. Sixty men had been abandoned there by their magnanimous countrymen.
+    All these had been carried off except seventeen, some of whom were drunk, and others
+    refused to leave the vessel. They remained at peace as long as their provisions
+    lasted. Twelve embarked on board a raft, for Sahara, and were never more heard of.
+    Another put to sea on a hen-coop, and sunk immediately. Four remained behind, one of
+    whom, exhausted with hunger and fatigue, perished. The other three lived in separate
+    corners of the wreck, and never met but to run at each other with drawn
+    <i>knives</i>. They were put on board the vessel, with all that could be saved from
+    the wreck of the Medusa.</p>
+    <a name="page193" id="page193"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 193]</span>
+    <p>The vessel was no sooner seen returning to St. Louis, than every heart beat high
+    with joy, in the hope of recovering some property. The men and officers of the Medusa
+    jumped on board, and asked if any thing had been saved. "Yes," was the reply, "but it
+    is all ours now;" and the naked Frenchmen, whose calamities had found pity from the
+    Moors of the desert, were now deliberately plundered by their own countrymen.</p>
+    <p>A fair was held in the town, which lasted eight days. The clothes, furniture, and
+    necessary articles of life, belonging to the men and officers of the Medusa, were
+    publicly sold before their faces. Such of the French as were able, proceeded to the
+    camp at Daceard, and the sick remained at St. Louis. The French governor had promised
+    them clothes and provisions, but sent none; and during five months, they owed their
+    existence to strangers&mdash;to the British.</p>
+    <a name="page194" id="page194"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 194]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image98_full.png"><img src="images/image98_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page195" id="page195"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 195]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image99_full.png"><img src="images/image99_thumbnail.png" alt="" />
+      </a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SINGULAR LOSS OF THE SHIP ESSEX, SUNK BY A WHALE.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image100_full.png"><img src="images/image100_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The ship Essex, Captain George Pollard, sailed from Nantucket, on the 12th of
+    August, 1819, on a whaling voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Her crew consisted of
+    twenty-one men, fourteen of whom were whites, mostly <a name="page196"
+    id="page196"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 196]</span> belonging to Nantucket, the
+    remainder were blacks. On the 20th of November, 1820, in latitude 0&deg; 40' S.
+    longitude 119&deg; W. a school of whales was discovered, and in pursuing them the
+    mate's boat was stove, which obliged him to return to the ship, when they commenced
+    repairing the damage. The captain and second mate were left with their boats pursuing
+    the whales. During this interval the mate discovered a large spermaceti whale, near
+    the ship, but, not suspecting the approach of any danger, it gave them no alarm,
+    until they saw the whale coming with full speed towards them. In a moment they were
+    astonished by a tremendous crash. The whale had struck the ship a little forward of
+    the fore chains. It was some minutes before the crew recovered from their
+    astonishment, so far as to examine whether any damage had been sustained. They then
+    tried their pumps, and found that the ship was sinking. A signal was immediately set
+    for the boats. The whale now <a name="page197" id="page197"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 197]</span> appeared again making for the ship, and coming with
+    great velocity, with the water foaming around him, he struck the ship a second blow,
+    which nearly stove in her bows. There was now no hope of saving the ship, and the
+    only course to be pursued was, to prepare to leave her with all possible haste. They
+    collected a few things, hove them into the boat and shoved off. The ship immediately
+    fell upon one side and sunk to the water's edge. When the captain's and second mate's
+    boat arrived, such was the consternation, that for some time not a word was spoken.
+    The danger of their situation at length aroused them, as from a terrific dream, to a
+    no less terrific reality. They remained by the wreck two or three days, in which time
+    they cut away the masts, which caused her to right a little. Holes were then cut in
+    the deck, by which means they obtained about six hundred pounds of bread, and as much
+    water as they could take, besides other articles likely to be of use to them. On the
+    22d of November, they left the ship, with as gloomy a prospect before them as can
+    well be imagined. The nearest land was about one thousand <a name="page198"
+    id="page198"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 198]</span> miles to the windward of them;
+    they were in open boats, weak and leaky, with a very small pittance of bread and
+    water for support of so many men, during the time they must necessarily be at sea.
+    Sails had been prepared for the boats, before leaving the ship, which proved of
+    material benefit. Steering southerly by the wind, they hoped to fall in with some
+    ship, but in this they were disappointed. After being in the boat twenty-eight days,
+    experiencing many sufferings by gales of wind, want of water, and scanty provisions,
+    they arrived at Duncie's Island, latitude 24&deg; 40' S., longitude 124&deg; 40' W.,
+    where they were disappointed in not finding a sufficiency of any kind of food for so
+    large a company to subsist on. Their boats being very weak and leaky, they were
+    hauled on shore and repaired. They found a gentle spring of fresh water, flowing out
+    of a rock, at about half ebb of the tide, from which they filled their kegs. Three of
+    the men chose to stay on the island, and take their chance for some vessel to take
+    them off.</p>
+    <a name="page199" id="page199"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 199]</span>
+    <p>On the 27th of December, they left this island, and steered for Easter Island; but
+    passed it far to the leeward. They then directed their course for Juan Fernandez,
+    which was about twenty-five hundred miles east by south-east from them. On the 10th
+    of January, 1821, Matthew P. Joy, the second mate, died, and his body was launched
+    into the deep. His constitution was slender, and it was supposed that his sufferings,
+    though great, were not the immediate cause of his death. On the 12th, the mate's boat
+    separated from the other two, and did not fall in with them afterwards. The situation
+    of the mate and his crew, became daily more and more distressing. The weather was
+    mostly calm, the sun hot and scorching. They were growing weaker and weaker by want
+    of food, and yet, such was their distance from land, that they were obliged to lessen
+    their allowance nearly one half. On the 20th, a black man died.</p>
+    <a name="page200" id="page200"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 200]</span>
+    <p>On the 28th, they found, on calculation, that their allowance, only one and a half
+    ounce of bread per day to a man, would be exhausted in fourteen days; and that this
+    allowance was not sufficient to sustain life. They therefore determined to extend the
+    indulgence, and take the consequence, whether to live or die. On the 8th of February,
+    another of the crew died. From this time to the 17th, their sufferings were extreme.
+    At seven o'clock, A.M. of that day, they were aroused from a lethargy by the cheering
+    cry of the steersman, "there's a sail!" The boat was soon descried by the vessel, the
+    brig Indian, Captain Grozier, of London, which took them on board, latitude 33&deg;
+    45' S., longitude 81&deg; 3' W. They were treated by Captain Grozier with all the
+    care and tenderness which their weak condition required. On the same day they made
+    Massafuero, and on the 25th, arrived at Valparaiso.</p>
+    <a name="page201" id="page201"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 201]</span>
+    <p>Captain Pollard and Charles Ramsdell, the only survivors in the captain's boat,
+    were taken up on the 23d of February, 1821, by the ship Dauphin, of Nantucket,
+    Captain Zimri Coffin, in latitude 37&deg; S. off St. Mary's. The captain relates,
+    that, after the mate's boat was separated from the others, they made what progress
+    their weak condition would permit, towards the island of Juan Fernandez, but contrary
+    winds and calm weather, together with the extreme debility of the crew, prevented
+    their making much progress.</p>
+    <p>On the 29th of January, the second mate's boat separated from the captain's, in
+    the night, at which time their provisions were totally exhausted, since which they
+    have not been heard from.</p>
+    <p>We shall not attempt a sketch of the sufferings of the crews of these boats.
+    Imagination may picture the horrors of their situation, and the extremes to which
+    they were driven to sustain life, but no power of the imagination can heighten the
+    dreadful reality.</p>
+    <p>The following is an account of the whole crew.</p>
+    <a name="page202" id="page202"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 202]</span>
+    <p>In the captain's boat but two survived, Captain Pollard and Charles Ramsdell. In
+    the mate's boat three survived, Owen Chase, the mate, Benjamin Lawrence, and Thomas
+    Nickerson. Left on Duncie's Island, and afterwards taken off, Seth Weeks, William
+    Wright, and Thomas Chapple. One left the ship before the accident. In the second
+    mate's boat, when separated from the captain's, three. Dead, nine, which added to the
+    second mate's crew, doubtless lost, makes total deaths twelve.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image101_full.png"><img src="images/image101_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page203" id="page203"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 203]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image102_full.png"><img src="images/image102_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE WELLINGTON.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image103_full.png"><img src="images/image103_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>We sailed from the Cove of Cork for St. Andrews, on the 6th of October, 1833.
+    During a passage of sixty days, all of which time we struggled against adverse winds,
+    nothing material occurred, save the shifting of our ballast, (limestone,) which
+    caused some alarm; but the promptitude <a name="page204" id="page204"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 204]</span> and alacrity of the crew soon set it all right. On
+    reaching the ballast-ground, we discharged our ballast; and after we had repaired the
+    rigging, we took in a cargo of deals. Here four of the men left us, and we had to
+    wait for others to supply their place.</p>
+    <p>On the 23d of December we sailed on our return to Cork; mustering in all seventeen
+    persons, including one male and one female passenger. With a fine stiff breeze down
+    the bay, we soon lost sight of land, and nothing of note occurred till the 30th, when
+    the wind got up from the north-west, and soon blew so heavy a gale, that we were
+    obliged to take in every thing but a close-reefed main-topsail, under which we
+    scudded till the 5th of January. All this time it blew a hurricane, principally from
+    the north-west, but occasionally, after a short lull, flying round to the south-west,
+    with a fury that nothing could resist. The sea threatened to overwhelm our little
+    craft. It was several times proposed to lay her to; but the fatal opinion prevailed
+    that she did better in scudding. On the night of the 6th, a tremendous sea struck her
+    on the stern, stove in all the dead-lights, and washed them into the cabin, lifted
+    the taffrail a foot or more out of its place, carried away the afterpart of the
+    larboard bulwark, shattered the whole of the stern-frame, and washed one of the
+    steersmen away from the wheel. The carpenter and crew with much labor secured the
+    stern as well as they could for the night, and next morning the wind moderated a
+    little, new dead-lights were put in, and the damages further repaired.</p>
+    <a name="page205" id="page205"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 205]</span>
+    <p>Every stitch of canvas, but the main-topsail, jib, and trysail, were split into
+    ribbons, so that we became anxious to know how we should reach port when the gale
+    subsided. But we were soon spared further care on that head. As the day closed in,
+    the tempest resumed its fury, and by the following morning, (the 8th,) raged with
+    such appalling violence, that we laid her too. From her straining, the brig had now
+    began to make so much water, as to require all hands in succession at the pumps till
+    the following morning at two, when the larboard watch went below, the watch on deck,
+    by constant exertion, sufficing to keep her free.</p>
+    <a name="page206" id="page206"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 206]</span>
+    <p>At seven on the morning of the 9th, a tremendous sea broke over the starboard bow,
+    overwhelming all, and sweeping caboose, boats, planks, casks, every thing before it,
+    to the afterpart of the deck; even the starboard anchor was lifted on to the
+    forecastle; and and the cook, who was in the galley, washed with all his culinary
+    apparatus into the lee-scuppers, where he remained some time in a very perilous
+    situation, jammed in amongst the loose spars and other portions of the wreck, until
+    extricated by the watch on deck, who, being aft at the moment of the occurrence,
+    escaped unhurt. Before we could recover from this shock, the watch below rushed on
+    deck, with the appalling intelligence, that the water had found its way below, and
+    was pouring in like a torrent We found that the coppers, forced along the deck with
+    irresistible violence, had, by striking a stanchen fixed firmly in the deck, split
+    the covering fore and aft, and let in the water. The captain thought it <a
+    name="page207" id="page207"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 207]</span> time to prepare
+    for the worst. As the ship, from her buoyant cargo, could not sink, he ordered the
+    crew to store the top with provisions. And as all exerted themselves with the energy
+    of despair, two barrels of beef, some hams, pork, butter, cheese, and a large jar of
+    brandy, were handed in a trice up from below, but not before the water had nearly
+    filled the cabin, and forced those employed there to cease their operations, and with
+    the two unfortunate passengers to fly to the deck. Fortunately for the latter, they
+    knew not the full horror of our situation. The poor lady, whose name I have
+    forgotten, young and delicate, already suffering from confinement below and sea
+    sickness, pale and shivering, but patient and resigned, had but a short time taken
+    her seat beside her fellow passenger on some planks near the taffrail, on which lay
+    extended the unfortunate cook, unable to move from his bruises, when the vessel, a
+    heavy lurch having shifted her cargo, was laid on her beam-ends, and the water
+    rushing in, carried every thing off the deck&mdash;provisions, stores, planks, all
+    went adrift&mdash;and with the latter, the poor lady, who, with the cook, floated
+    away on them, without the possibility of our saving either of them. But such was the
+    indescribable horror of those who were left, that had we been able to reason or
+    reflect we might have envied our departed shipmates.</p>
+    <a name="page208" id="page208"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 208]</span>
+    <p>A few minutes before we went over, two of the crew, invalids, having gone to the
+    maintop, one of them was forced into the belly of the main top-sail, and there found
+    a watery grave. The rest of the crew, and the male passenger, got upon her side. In
+    this hopeless situation, secured, and clinging to the channels and rigging, the sea
+    every instant dashing over us, and threatening destruction, we remained some hours.
+    Then the vessel once more righted, and we crawled on board. The deck having blown up,
+    and the stern gone the same way, we had now the prospect of perishing with cold and
+    hunger. For our ultimate preservation I conceive we were mainly indebted to the
+    carpenter's having providentially <a name="page209" id="page209"></a><span
+    class="newpage">[pg 209]</span> retained his axe. With it, the foremast was cut away.
+    While doing this, we found a piece of pork about four pounds weight; and even the
+    possession of this morsel raised our drooping spirits. It would at least prolong
+    existence a few hours, and in that interval, the gale might abate, some friendly sail
+    heave in sight, and the elements relent. Such were our reflections. Oh, how our
+    eye-balls strained, as, emerging from the trough of the sea on the crest of a liquid
+    mountain, we gazed on the misty horizon, until, from time to time, we fancied, nay,
+    felt assured, we saw the object of our search, but the evening closed in, and with it
+    hope almost expired. That day, not a morsel passed our lips. The pork, our only
+    supply, given in charge to the captain, it was thought prudent to husband as long as
+    possible.</p>
+    <a name="page210" id="page210"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 210]</span>
+    <p>Meanwhile, with a top-gallant studding-sail remaining in the top, which was
+    stretched over the mast-head, we contrived to procure a partial shelter from the
+    inclemency of the weather. Under this, drenched as we were and shivering with cold,
+    some of us crouched for the night; but others of the crew remained all that night in
+    the rigging. In the morning we all&mdash;fourteen in number&mdash;mustered on deck,
+    and received from the mate a small piece of pork, about two ounces, the remainder
+    being put away, and reserved for the next day. This, and some water, the only article
+    of which&mdash;a cask had been discovered forward, well stowed away among the
+    planks&mdash;we had abundance, constituted our only meal that day. Somewhat
+    refreshed, we all went to work, and as the studding-sail afforded but a scanty
+    shelter, we fitted the trysail for this purpose; on opening which we found the cat
+    drowned, and much as our stomachs might have revolted against such food on ordinary
+    occasions, yet poor puss was instantly skinned and her carcass hung up in the
+    maintop.</p>
+    <a name="page211" id="page211"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 211]</span>
+    <p>This night we were somewhat better lodged, and the following day, having received
+    our scanty ration of pork, now nearly consumed, we got three swiftsures round the
+    hull of the vessel, to prevent her from going to pieces. Foraging daily for food, we
+    sought incessantly in every crevice, hole, and corner, but in vain. We were now
+    approaching that state of suffering beyond which nature cannot carry us. With some,
+    indeed, they were already past endurance; and one individual, who had left a wife and
+    family dependent upon him for support in London, unable any longer to bear up against
+    them, and the almost certain prospect of starvation, went down out of the top, and we
+    saw him no more. Having eked out the pork until the fourth day, we commenced on the
+    cat&mdash;fortunately large and in good condition&mdash;a mouthful of which, with
+    some water, furnished our daily allowance.</p>
+    <p>Sickness and debility had now made such ravages among us all, that although we had
+    a tolerable stock of water, we found great difficulty in procuring it. We had
+    hitherto, in rotation, taken our turn to fill a small beaker at the cask, wedged in
+    among the cargo of deals; but now, scarcely able to keep our feet along the planks,
+    and still less so to haul the vessel up to the top, we were in danger of even this
+    resource being cut off from us. In this manner, incredible as it may seem, we managed
+    to keep body and soul together till the eleventh day; our only sustenance, the pork,
+    the cat, water, and the bark of some young birch trees, which latter, in searching
+    for a keg of tamarinds, which we had hoped to find, we had latterly come athwart.</p>
+    <a name="page212" id="page212"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 212]</span>
+    <p>On the twelfth morning, at daybreak, the hailing of some one from the deck
+    electrified us all. Supposing, as we had missed none of our shipmates from the top,
+    that it must be some boat or vessel, we all eagerly made a movement to answer our
+    supposed deliverers, and such was our excitement that it well nigh upset what little
+    reason we had left. We soon found out our mistake. We saw that one of the party was
+    missing; and from this individual, whom we had found without shoes, hat, or jacket,
+    had the voice proceeded.</p>
+    <a name="page213" id="page213"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 213]</span>
+    <p>Despair had now taken such complete hold, that, suspended between life and death,
+    a torpor had seized us, and, resigned to our fate, we had scarcely sufficient energy
+    to lift our heads, and exercise the only faculty on which depended our safety. The
+    delirium of our unfortunate shipmate had, however, reanimated us, and by this means,
+    through Providence, he was made instrumental to our deliverance. Not long after, one
+    of the men suddenly exclaimed, "This is Sunday morning!&mdash;The Lord will deliver
+    us from our distress!&mdash;at any rate I will take a look round." With this he
+    arose, and having looked about him a few minutes, the cheering cry of "a sail!"
+    announced the fulfilment of this singular prophecy. "Yes," he repeated in answer to
+    our doubts, "a sail, and bearing right down upon us!"</p>
+    <a name="page214" id="page214"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 214]</span>
+    <p>We all eagerly got up, and looking in the direction indicated to us, the welcome
+    certainty, that we were not cheated of our hopes almost turned our brains. The
+    vessel, which proved to be a Boston brig, bound to London, ran down across our bows,
+    hove too, sent the boats alongside, and by ten o'clock we were all safe on board.
+    Singularly enough, our brig, which had been lying-to with her head to the northward
+    and westward, since the commencement of our disasters, went about the evening
+    previous to our quitting her as well as if she had been under sail,&mdash;another
+    providential occurrence, for had she remained with her head to the northward, we
+    should have seen nothing of our deliverers. From the latter we experienced all the
+    care and attention our deplorable condition required; and, with the exception of two
+    of the party, who were frost-bitten, and who died two days after our quitting the
+    wreck, we were soon restored to health, and reached St. Catherine's Dock on the 30th
+    of the following month.<br clear="all" />
+    </p>
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image104_full.png"><img src="images/image104_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page216" id="page216"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 216]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image105_full.png"><img src="images/image105_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Voyage Of The Abergavenny." /></a>
+      <p>Voyage Of The Abergavenny.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page217" id="page217"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 217]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image106_full.png"><img src="images/image106_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>LOSS OF THE ABERGAVENNY.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image107_full.png"><img src="images/image107_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The Earl of Abergavenny, East Indiaman, left Portsmouth, in the beginning of
+    February, 1805, with forty passengers, and property to the value of eighty-nine
+    thousand pounds sterling on board. On the 5th of February, at ten A.M. when she was
+    about ten leagues to the westward of Portland, the commodore gave a signal for her to
+    bear up. At this time <a name="page218" id="page218"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    218]</span> the wind was west south-west; she had the main top-mast struck, the fore
+    and mizzen top-gallant mast on deck, and the jib-boom in. At three a pilot came on
+    board, when they were about two leagues west from Portland; the cables were ranged
+    and bitted, and the jib-boom got out. The wind suddenly died away as she crossed the
+    Shangles, a shoal of rock and shingle, about two miles from the land; and a strong
+    tide setting the ship to westward, drifted her into the breakers. A sea taking her on
+    the larboard quarter brought her to, with her head to the northward, when she
+    instantly struck the ground, at five in afternoon. All the reefs were let out, and
+    the top-sails hoisted up, in the hope that the ship might shoot across the reef; the
+    wind shifting meanwhile to north-west, she remained there two hours and a half, with
+    four feet of water in the hold, the tide alternately setting her on, and the surf
+    driving her back, beating all the while with such violent shocks, that the men for
+    some time could scarcely stand upon the decks. At length, however, she was got off
+    the rocks.</p>
+    <a name="page219" id="page219"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 219]</span>
+    <p>The pumps were kept constantly going, and for fifteen minutes after clearing the
+    rocks, kept the water at four feet; but the leak gaining upon them, all sails were
+    set, with the view of running for the nearest port. But the water now rose so fast,
+    than she refused to answer the helm, and they resolved to run her on the first shore.
+    The captain and officers still thought that she might be got off without material
+    damage, and no signal guns of distress were fired for three quarters of an hour,
+    though sensible of some danger, they kept silent, lest they should alarm the
+    passengers. Soon however the peril appeared but too manifest; the carpenter announced
+    that a leak was at the bottom of the chain-pumps, through which the water gushed so
+    fast, that they could not stop it. Eleven feet of water were already in the hold, and
+    the crew were set to bale at the fore scuttle and hatchway. Though they could not
+    keep the water under, they still hoped to preserve her afloat, till she could be run
+    upon Weymouth sand. The lashings of the boats were cut; but they could not get out
+    the long-boat, without bending the mainsail aback, which would have retarded the
+    vessel so much, as to deprive them of the chance of running her aground.</p>
+    <a name="page220" id="page220"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 220]</span>
+    <p>At six in the afternoon they gave up all hope of saving the vessel; other leaks
+    had been sprung, and it became manifest, from the damage she had sustained that she
+    must speedily go down. The captain and officers were still cool, and preserved
+    perfect subordination. As night came on, and their situation became more terrible,
+    several passengers insisted on being set on shore; and some small sloops being near,
+    one of which sent off a skiff, two ladies, and three other passengers went away in
+    her. More would have embarked had they not feared to encounter a tempestuous sea in
+    so dark a night.</p>
+    <a name="page221" id="page221"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 221]</span>
+    <p>Several boats were heard at a short distance, about nine o'clock, but they
+    rendered no assistance; being either engaged in plunder, or in rescuing some of those
+    unfortunate individuals who hazarded themselves on pieces of wreck, to gain the land.
+    Those on board baled and pumped without intermission; the cadets and passengers
+    struggling with the rest. A midshipman was appointed to guard the spirit room. Some
+    of the more disorderly sailors pressed upon him. "Give us some grog," they cried, "it
+    will be all one an hour hence." "I know we must die," replied he, coolly, "but let us
+    die like men;" and armed with a brace of pistols, he kept his post even while the
+    ship was sinking.</p>
+    <p>At length the carpenter came up from below, and told those who worked at the pumps
+    that he could do no more. Some gave themselves up to despair, others prayed; and some
+    resolved not to perish without a struggle, committed themselves on pieces of the
+    wreck to the waves. The chief mate came to the captain, and said, "We have done all
+    we can, sir, the ship will sink in a moment;" to which the captain replied, "it
+    cannot be helped&mdash;God's will be done." The vessel gradually settled in the
+    trough of the sea. The cries of the drowning rose above the sound of the waters, and
+    were heard at a great distance. Some kept running about the deck as long as it kept
+    above the waves. At eleven, when she went down, many hastened up the shrouds and
+    masts. The captain was seen clinging to the ropes; the fourth mate tried to persuade
+    him to exert himself, but he submitted without resistance to his fate.</p>
+    <a name="page222" id="page222"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 222]</span>
+    <p>The hull struck the ground, while part of the masts and rigging remained above
+    water. On the last cast of the lead, eleven fathoms had been found, and about one
+    hundred and eighty men still clung to the rigging. The night was dark and frosty, the
+    sea incessantly breaking upon them. Shocking scenes occurred, in the attempts made by
+    some to obtain places of greater safety. One seaman had ascended to a considerable
+    height, and endeavored to climb yet higher; another seized hold of his leg; he drew
+    his clasp-knife, and deliberately cut the miserable wretch's fingers asunder; he
+    dropped and was killed by the fall. Many perished in the shrouds. A sergeant had
+    secured his wife there; she lost her hold, and in her last struggle for life, bit a
+    large piece from her husband's arm, which was dreadfully lacerated.</p>
+    <a name="page223" id="page223"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 223]</span>
+    <p>About an hour after she went down, the survivors were cheered by hearing the sound
+    of vessels beating the waves at a distance; they hailed a sloop-rigged vessel, with
+    two boats astern of her. Their voices must have been drowned by the waves. By twelve
+    many more had perished. Some from cold and fatigue could no longer retain their hold;
+    every instant those who still hung on, were shocked by the splash, which told that
+    another of their number had yielded to his fate. In a short time, boats were again
+    heard near them, but they did not, though repeatedly hailed, come near enough to take
+    any on board; an act of cold and calculating timidity, which could not be justified
+    by the excuse, that they feared lest all, eager to be saved, should have jumped down,
+    and borne them to the bottom.</p>
+    <a name="page224" id="page224"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 224]</span>
+    <p>At length two sloops, which had heard the guns of distress, anchored close to the
+    wreck, took off the survivors, twenty at a time, from the shrouds, and in the morning
+    conveyed them to Weymouth; so far from crowding into the boats, they got off one by
+    one, as called upon by those who commanded the boats. One still remained; the sixth
+    mate ascended the mast and found him in a state of insensibility; he bore him down on
+    his back, and with his burden reached the boat in safety; but the delivered person
+    died the next day.</p>
+    <p>When the awful words were heard, "The ship must go down," three of the cadets went
+    into the cabin, where they stood for a short time, looking at each other, without
+    saying a word. At length one said, "Let us return to the deck;" two did so, but the
+    other remained below. He opened his desk, took out his commission, his introductory
+    letters, and some money, went on deck, but saw neither of his companions. Then
+    looking forward, he saw the ship going down head foremost, and the sea rolling in an
+    immense column along the deck. He tried to ascend the steps leading to the poop, but
+    was launched among the waves encumbered by boots and a great coat, and unable to
+    swim. Afterwards, finding himself on the opposite side, he conceived that when the
+    stern of the ship sunk, he would be drawn into the vortex. While struggling to keep
+    himself afloat, he seized something which frequently struck the back of his hand, and
+    found it to be a rope hanging from the mizzen-shrouds. Trying to ascend several feet
+    by it, he fell into the sea; but by a sudden lurch from the ship, he was thrown into
+    the mizzen-shrouds, where he fixed himself as well as circumstances would allow.</p>
+    <a name="page225" id="page225"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 225]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image108_full.png"><img src="images/image108_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page226" id="page226"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 226]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image109_full.png"><img src="images/image109_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>CRUISE OF THE SALDANHA AND TALBOT.</h2>
+    <center>
+      BY ONE OF THE OFFICERS.
+    </center>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image110_full.png"><img src="images/image110_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>At midnight of Saturday, the 30th of November, 1811, with a fair wind and a smooth
+    sea, we weighed from our station, in company with the Saldanha frigate, of
+    thirty-eight guns, Captain Packenham, with a crew of three hundred men, on a cruise,
+    as was intended, of twenty days&mdash;the Saldanha taking a westerly course, while we
+    stood in the opposite direction.</p>
+    <a name="page227" id="page227"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 227]</span>
+    <p>We had scarcely got out of the lock and cleared the heads, however, when we
+    plunged at once into all the miseries of a gale of wind blowing from the west. During
+    the three following days it continued to increase in violence, when the islands of
+    Coll and Tiree became visible to us. As the wind had now chopped round more to the
+    north, and continued unabated in violence, the danger of getting involved among the
+    numerous small islands and rugged headlands, on the north-west coast of
+    Inverness-shire, became evident. It was therefore deemed expedient to wear the ship
+    round, and make a port with all expedition. With this view, and favored by the wind,
+    a course was shaped for Lochswilly, and away we scudded under close-reefed foresail
+    and main-topsail, followed by a tremendous sea, which threatened every moment to
+    overwhelm us, and accompanied by piercing showers of hail, and a gale which blew with
+    incredible fury. The same course was steered until next day about noon, <a
+    name="page228" id="page228"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 228]</span> when land was
+    seen on the lee-bow. The weather being thick, some time elapsed before it could be
+    distinctly made out, and it was then ascertained to be the island of North Arran, on
+    the coast of Donegal, westward of Lochswilly. The ship was therefore hauled up some
+    points, and we yet entertained hopes of reaching an anchorage before nightfall, when
+    the weather gradually thickened, and the sea, now that we were upon the wind, broke
+    over us in all directions. Its violence was such, that in a few minutes several of
+    our ports were stove in, at which the water poured in in great abundance, until it
+    was actually breast high on the lee-side of the main deck. Fortunately, but little
+    got below, and the ship was relieved by taking in the foresail. But a dreadful
+    addition was now made to the precariousness of our situation, by the cry of "land
+    a-head!" which was seen from the forecastle, and must have been very near. Not a
+    moment was now lost in wearing the ship round on the other tack, and making what
+    little sail could be carried, to weather the land we had already passed. This soon
+    proved, however, to be a forlorn prospect, for it was found that we should run our
+    distance by ten o'clock. All the horrors of shipwreck now stared us in the face,
+    aggravated tenfold by the darkness of the night, and the tremendous force of the
+    wind, which now blew a hurricane. Mountains are insignificant when speaking of the
+    sea that kept pace with it; its violence was awful beyond description, and it
+    frequently broke over all the poor little ship, that shivered and groaned, but
+    behaved admirably.</p>
+    <a name="page229" id="page229"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 229]</span>
+    <p>The force of the sea may be guessed from the fact of the sheet-anchor, nearly a
+    ton and a half in weight, being actually lifted on board, to say nothing of the
+    forechain-plates' board broken, both gangways torn away, quarter-galleries stove in,
+    &amp;c. In short, on getting into port, the vessel was found to be loosened through
+    all her frame, and leaking at every seam. As far as depended on her good qualities,
+    however, I felt assured at the time we were safe, for I had seen enough of the Talbot
+    to be convinced we were in one of the finest sea-boats that ever swam. But what could
+    all the skill of the ship builder avail in a situation like ours? With a night full
+    fifteen hours long before us, and knowing that we were fast driving on the land,
+    anxiety and dread were on every face, and every mind felt the terrors of uncertainty
+    and suspense. At length, about twelve o'clock, the dreadful truth was disclosed to
+    us!</p>
+    <a name="page230" id="page230"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 230]</span>
+    <p>Judge of my sensation when I saw the frowning rocks of Arran, scarcely half a mile
+    distant, on our lee-bow. To our inexpressible relief, and not less to our surprise,
+    we fairly weathered all, and were congratulating each other on our escape, when on
+    looking forward I imagined I saw breakers at no great distance on our lee; and this
+    suspicion was soon confirmed, when the moon, which shone at intervals, suddenly broke
+    out from behind a cloud, and presented to us a most terrific spectacle. At not more
+    than a quarter of a mile's distance on our lee-beam, appeared a range of tremendous
+    breakers, amongst which it seemed as if every sea would throw us. Their height, it
+    may be guessed, <a name="page231" id="page231"></a><span class="newpage">[pg
+    231]</span> was prodigious, when they could be clearly distinguished from the foaming
+    waters of the surrounded ocean. It was a scene seldom to be witnessed, and never
+    forgotten! "Lord have mercy on us!" was now on the lip of everyone&mdash;destruction
+    seemed inevitable. Captain Swaine, whose coolness I have never seen surpassed issued
+    his orders clearly and collectedly when it was proposed as a last resource to drop
+    the anchors, cut away the masts, and trust to the chance of riding out the gale. This
+    scheme was actually determined on, and every thing was in readiness, but happily was
+    deferred until an experiment was tried aloft In addition to the close-reefed
+    main-topsail and foresail, the fore-topsail and trysail were now set, and the result
+    was almost magical. With a few plunges we cleared not only the reef, but a huge rock
+    upon which I could with ease have tossed a biscuit, and in a few minutes we were
+    inexpressibly rejoiced to observe both far astern.</p>
+    <a name="page232" id="page232"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 232]</span>
+    <p>We had now miraculously escaped all but certain destruction a second time, but
+    much was yet to be feared. We had still to pass Cape Jeller, and the moments dragged
+    on in gloomy apprehension and anxious suspense. The ship carried sail most
+    wonderfully, and we continued to go along at the rate of seven knots, shipping very
+    heavy seas, and laboring much&mdash;all with much solicitude looking out for
+    daylight. The dawn at length appeared, and to our great joy we saw the land several
+    miles astern, having passed the Cape and many other hidden dangers during the
+    darkness.</p>
+    <p>Matters on the morning of the 5th, assumed a very different aspect from that which
+    we had experienced for the last two days; the wind gradually subsided, and with it
+    the sea, and a favorable breeze now springing up, we were enabled to make a good
+    offing. Fortunately no accident of consequence occurred, although several of our
+    people were severely bruised by falls. Poor fellows! they certainly suffered enough;
+    not a dry stitch, not a dry hammock have they had since we sailed. Happily, however,
+    their misfortunes are soon forgot in a dry shirt and a can of grog.</p>
+    <a name="page233" id="page233"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 233]</span>
+    <p>The most melancholy part of the narrative is still to be told. On coming up to our
+    anchorage, we observed an unusual degree of curiosity and bustle in the fort; crowds
+    of people were congregated on both sides, running to and fro, examining us through
+    spy-glasses; in short, an extraordinary commotion was apparent. The meaning of all
+    this was but too soon made known to us by a boat coming alongside, from which we
+    learned that the unfortunate Saldanha had gone to pieces, and every man perished! Our
+    own destruction had likewise been reckoned inevitable from the time of the discovery
+    of the unhappy fate of our consort, five days beforehand; and hence the astonishment
+    at our unexpected return. From all that could be learned concerning the dreadful
+    catastrophe, I am inclined to believe that the Saldanha had been driven on the rocks
+    about the time our doom appeared so certain in another quarter. Her lights were seen
+    by the signal-tower at nine o'clock of that fearful Wednesday night, December 4th,
+    after which it is supposed she went ashore on the rocks at a small bay called
+    Ballymastaker, almost at the entrance of Lochswilly harbor.</p>
+    <a name="page234" id="page234"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 234]</span>
+    <p>Next morning the beach was strewed with fragments of the wreck, and upwards of two
+    hundred of the bodies of the unfortunate sufferers were washed ashore. One
+    man&mdash;and one only&mdash;out of the three hundred, was ascertained to have come
+    ashore alive, but almost in a state of insensibility. Unhappily there was no person
+    present to administer to his wants judiciously, and upon craving something to drink,
+    about half a pint of whisky was given him by the people, which almost instantly
+    killed him! Poor Pakenham's body was recognised amidst the others, and like these,
+    stripped quite naked by the inhuman wretches, who flocked to the wreck as to a
+    blessing! It is even suspected that he came on shore alive, but was stripped and left
+    to perish. Nothing could equal the audacity of the plunderers, although a party of
+    the Lanark militia was doing duty around the wreck. But this is an ungracious and
+    revolting subject, which no one of proper feeling would wish to dwell upon. Still
+    less am I inclined so describe the heart-rending scene at Buncrana, where the widows
+    of many of the sufferers are residing. The surgeon's wife, a native of Halifax, has
+    never spoken since the dreadful tidings arrived. Consolation is inadmissible, and no
+    one has yet ventured to offer it.</p>
+    <a name="page235" id="page235"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 235]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image111_full.png"><img src="images/image111_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page236" id="page236"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 236]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image112_full.png"><img src="images/image112_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>SHIPWRECK OF THE NAUTILUS.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image113_full.png"><img src="images/image113_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>The ship Nautilus, Captain Palmer, with important despatches for England, sailed
+    from the Dardanelles, on the 30th of January, 1807. Passing through the islands which
+    abound in the Greek Archipelago, she approached the Negropont, where the navigation
+    became both intricate and dangerous. The wind blew fresh, and the night was dark and
+    squally; the pilot, a Greek, advised them to lay-to till morning; at daylight she
+    again went on her course, passing in the evening, Falconera and Anti-Milo. The pilot,
+    who had never gone farther on this tack, here relinquished the management of the
+    vessel to the captain, who, anxious to get on, resolved to proceed during the night,
+    confidently expecting to clear the Archipelago by morning; he then went below, to
+    take some rest, after marking out on the chest the course which he meant to
+    steer.</p>
+    <a name="page237" id="page237"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 237]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image112_full.png"><img src="images/image112_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Shipwreck Of The Nautilus." /></a>
+      <p>Shipwreck Of The Nautilus.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page239" id="page239"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 239]</span>
+    <p>The night was extremely dark, vivid lightning at times flashed through the
+    horizon. The wind increased; and though the ship carried but little sail, she went at
+    the rate of nine miles an hour, borne on by a high sea, which, with the brightness of
+    the lightning, made the night appear awful. At half past two in the morning, they saw
+    high land, which they took for the island of Cerigotto, and went confidently on,
+    supposing that all danger was over. At half-past four, the man on the look-out, <a
+    name="page240" id="page240"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 240]</span> cried,
+    "breakers a-head!" and instantly the vessel struck with a tremendous crash; the
+    violence of the shock being such, that those below were thrown from their beds, and
+    on coming on deck, were compelled to cling to the cordage. All was confusion and
+    alarm; scarcely had part of the crew time to hurry on deck, before the ladder gave
+    way, leaving numbers struggling with the water, which rushed in at the bottom. The
+    captain and lieutenant endeavored to mitigate the fears of the people; and
+    afterwards, going down to the cabin, burnt the papers and private signals. Meantime,
+    every sea dashed the vessel against the rocks; and they were soon compelled to climb
+    the rigging, where they remained an hour, the surge continually breaking upon
+    them.</p>
+    <a name="page241" id="page241"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 241]</span>
+    <p>The lightning had ceased, but so dark was the night, that they could not see a
+    ship's length before them; their only hope rested in the falling of the main mast,
+    which they trusted would reach a small rock, which lay very near them. About half an
+    hour before morning, the mast gave way, providentially falling towards the rock, and
+    by means of it they were enabled to gain the land. In this hasty struggle to get to
+    the rock, many accidents occurred; some were drowned, one man had his arm broke, and
+    many were much hurt. The captain was the last man who left the vessel, refusing to
+    quit it till all had gained the rock. All the boats but one had been staved in
+    pieces; the jolly-boat indeed remained, but they could not haul it in. For a time the
+    hull of the wreck sheltered them from the violence of the surf; but it soon broke up,
+    and it became necessary to abandon the small rock on which they stood, and to wade to
+    another somewhat larger. In their way they encountered many loose spars, dashing
+    about in the channel; several in crossing were severely hurt by them. They felt
+    grievously the loss of their shoes, for the sharp rocks tore their feet dreadfully,
+    and their legs were covered with blood. In the morning they saw the sea covered with
+    the fragments of the wreck, and many of their comrades floating about on spars and
+    timbers, to whom they could not give any assistance.</p>
+    <a name="page242" id="page242"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 242]</span>
+    <p>They saw that they were cast away on a coral rock almost on a level with the sea,
+    about four hundred yards long, and three hundred broad. They were at least twelve
+    miles from the nearest islands, which were afterwards found to be those of Cerigotto
+    and Pera. In case any vessel should pass by, they hoisted a signal of distress on a
+    long pole. The weather was very cold, and the day before they were wrecked, the deck
+    had been covered with ice; with much difficulty they managed to kindle a fire, by
+    means of a flint and some powder. They erected a small tent, composed of pieces of
+    canvas and boards, and were thus enabled to dry their few clothes. The night was
+    dreary and comfortless; but they consoled themselves with the hope that their fire
+    might be descried in the dark, and taken for a signal of distress. Next day they were
+    delighted at the approach of a small whale-boat, manned by ten of their comrades.
+    When the vessel was wrecked, these men had lowered themselves <a name="page243"
+    id="page243"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 243]</span> into the water, and had
+    reached the island of Pera, but finding no fresh water, were compelled to depart; and
+    noticing the fire were enabled to join their shipmates. But the waves ran so high
+    that the boat could not come to the shore, and some of those on the land endeavored
+    to reach it. One of the seamen called to Captain Palmer, inviting him to come to
+    them, but he steadily refused, saying, "No, Smith, save your unfortunate shipmates;
+    never mind me." After some consultation, they resolved to take the Greek pilot on
+    board, intending to go to Cerigotto, where, he assured them, were a few families of
+    fishermen, who might perhaps be able to afford them some relief.</p>
+    <p>After the boat departed, the wind increased; in about two hours a fearful storm
+    came on. The waves mounted up, and extinguished their fire; they swept over nearly
+    the whole of the rock, compelling them to flee for refuge to the highest part. Thus
+    did nearly ninety pass a night of the utmost horror; being compelled, lest they
+    should be washed off, to fasten a rope round the summit of a rock, and to clasp each
+    other. Their fatigue had been so great that several of them became delirious, and
+    lost their hold. They were also in constant terror of the wind veering more to the
+    north, in which case the waves would have dashed over their position.</p>
+    <a name="page244" id="page244"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 244]</span>
+    <p>They now began to sink under their hardships, and many had suffered deplorably.
+    One had been so dashed against the rocks as to be nearly scalped, exhibiting a
+    dreadful spectacle; he lingered out the night, but expired next morning. They were
+    ill prepared to sustain famine, and they were almost hopeless of escape. They dreaded
+    lest the storm should come on before the boat could have reached the island, for on
+    her safety their own depended. In the midst of these horrors the daylight broke, and
+    they saw the bodies of their departed shipmates, some still writhing in the agonies
+    of death. The sea had broken over them all night, and some, among whom was the
+    carpenter, had perished from cold.</p>
+     <a name="page245" id="page245"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 245]</span>
+    <p>Soon after, a vessel approached, and their hearts beat high with the hope of
+    deliverance. All her sails were set, and she came down before the wind, steering
+    right for the rock. They made repeated signals of distress, and the vessel hove to,
+    and hoisted out her boat. They hastily prepared rafts to carry them through the surf,
+    confident that the boat was provided with supplies to relieve them. The boat came
+    within pistol-shot, full of men dressed in the European fashion. But what were their
+    indignation and grief, when the person who steered, after gazing at them a few
+    minutes, waved his hat, and then rowed off to the ship! Their misery was increased by
+    seeing the crew of the stranger-vessel employed in collecting the floating fragments
+    of the wreck. After this grievous disappointment, their only hopes lay in the return
+    of the boat. They looked in vain; not a glimpse of her was to be seen. A raging
+    thirst tormented them; and some, in spite of warning, drank salt water; raging
+    madness soon followed, and their agonies were terminated by death. Another awful
+    night was passed by them. To preserve themselves from the cold, they huddled close
+    together, and covered themselves with their few remaining rags. They were haunted by
+    the ravings of those who had drunk the sea-water, whom they tried in vain to
+    pacify.</p>
+    <a name="page246" id="page246"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 246]</span>
+    <p>About twelve o'clock, the crew of the whale-boat hailed them; they cried out in
+    their agony for water. They could not procure it, for those in the boat had none but
+    earthen vessels, which could not be conveyed through the surf. They were assured that
+    they would be taken off by a fishing vessel next morning; but there seemed to be
+    little chance of their surviving till then.</p>
+    <a name="page247" id="page247"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 247]</span>
+    <p>In the morning, the sun for the first time shone upon the rock. They waited hour
+    after hour, but there was no appearance either of the boat or the vessel. Famine
+    consumed them; but they looked with loathing on the only means of appeasing it. When,
+    however, the day wore on, after praying for forgiveness of the sinful act, they were
+    compelled to feed on one of their number who had died the preceding night. Several
+    expired towards evening; among whom were the captain and first lieutenant. During the
+    night, some thought of constructing a raft which might carry them to Cerigotto. The
+    wind seemed favorable; and to perish in the waters seemed preferable to remaining to
+    die a lingering death from hunger and thirst. At daylight, as fast as their feeble
+    strength permitted, they prepared to put their plan in execution, by lashing together
+    a number of larger spars. Scarcely had they launched it, when it was destroyed. Five,
+    rendered desperate, embarked on a few spars hastily lashed together, which gave them
+    scarcely room to stand; they were soon carried away by unknown currents, and were no
+    more heard of.</p>
+    <p>In the afternoon the whale-boat came again in sight. The crew told them that they
+    had experienced great difficulty in persuading the Greek fishermen of Cerigotto to
+    venture to put to sea, because of the stormy weather; but they gave them hopes, that
+    if the weather moderated, the boats would come next day. Before they had done
+    speaking, twelve men plunged from the rock into the sea, and nearly reached the boat;
+    two were taken in, one was drowned, and the rest were so fortunate as to recover
+    their former station.</p>
+    <a name="page248" id="page248"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 248]</span>
+    <p>As the day wore on, their weakness increased. One of the survivors described
+    himself as feeling the approach of annihilation; his sight failed, and his senses
+    were confused; his strength was exhausted; he looked towards the setting sun,
+    expecting never to see it rise again. Suddenly the approach of the boats was
+    announced; and from the depth of despair, they rose to the very summit of joy. Their
+    parched frames were refreshed with copious draughts of water.</p>
+    <p>Immediate preparations were made for departure. Of one hundred and twenty-two
+    persons on board the Nautilus, when she struck, fifty-eight had perished. Eighteen
+    were drowned when she was wrecked, five were lost in the small boat, and thirty-four
+    died of famine. About fifty now embarked in four fishing vessels, and landed the same
+    evening at Cerigotto; making sixty-four in all, including those saved in the
+    whale-boat. During their six days sojourn on the rock, they had nothing to subsist
+    on, save human flesh.</p>
+    <a name="page249" id="page249"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 249]</span>
+    <p>They landed at a small creek. The Greeks received them with great hospitality, but
+    had not skill to cure their wounds, and had no bandages but those procured by tearing
+    up their own shirts. Wishing to procure some medical assistance, they desired to
+    reach Cerigo, an island twenty miles distant, on which an English vice-consul
+    resided. Fourteen days elapsed before they could set sail. They bade adieu to these
+    kind preservers, and in six or eight hours reached Cerigo, where all possible help
+    was afforded them. Thence they were conveyed by a Russian ship to Corfu; where they
+    arrived on the 2d of March, 1807, about two months after their melancholy
+    disaster.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page250" id="page250"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 250]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image115_full.png"><img src="images/image115_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>GALLANT EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE DECATUR.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image116_full.png"><img src="images/image116_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Decatur is one of the most illustrious names in the naval annals of America. Among
+    the many officers who have borne this name, none was more celebrated and admired in
+    his life time and none more deeply lamented at his untimely decease than Commodore
+    Stephen Decatur.</p>
+    <a name="page251" id="page251"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 251]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image117_full.png"><img src="images/image117_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Burning Of The Philadelphia." /></a>
+      <p>Burning Of The Philadelphia.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page253" id="page253"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 253]</span>
+    <p>His life was a series of heroic actions. But of these perhaps the most remarkable
+    of all is that which is recorded in the following language of his
+    biographer&mdash;the burning of the frigate Philadelphia.</p>
+    <p>Decatur had been sent out from the United States, in the Argus, to join Commodore
+    Preble's squadron before Tripoli. He exchanged this vessel with Lieutenant Hull for
+    the Enterprise.</p>
+    <p>After making that exchange, he proceeded to Syracuse, where the squadron was to
+    rendezvous. On his arrival at that port, he was informed of the fate of the frigate
+    Philadelphia, which had run aground on the Barbary coast, and fallen into the hands
+    of the Tripolitans. The idea immediately presented itself to his mind of attempting
+    her recapture or destruction. On Commodore Preble's arrival, a few days afterwards,
+    he proposed to him a plan for the purpose, and volunteered his services to execute
+    it. The wary mind of that veteran officer at first disapproved of an enterprise so
+    full of peril; but the risks and difficulties that surrounded it, only stimulated the
+    ardour of Decatur, and imparted to it an air of adventure, fascinating to his
+    youthful imagination.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image118_full.png"><img src="images/image118_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Commodore Preble." /></a>
+      <p>Commodore Preble.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page254" id="page254"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 254]</span>
+    <p>The consent of the commodore having been obtained, Lieutenant Decatur selected for
+    the expedition a ketch (the Intrepid) which he had captured a few weeks before from
+    the enemy, and manned her with seventy volunteers, chiefly from his own crew. He
+    sailed from Syracuse on the 3d of February, 1804, accompanied by the United States
+    brig Syren, Lieutenant Stewart, who was to aid with his boats, and to receive the
+    crew of the ketch, in case it should be found expedient to use her as a fire
+    ship.</p>
+    <a name="page255" id="page255"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 255]</span>
+    <p>After fifteen days of very tempestuous weather, they arrived at the harbor of
+    Tripoli, a little before sunset. It had been arranged between Lieutenants Decatur and
+    Stewart, that the ketch should enter the harbor about ten o'clock that night,
+    attended by the boats of the Syren. On arriving off the harbor, the Syren, in
+    consequence of a change of wind, had been thrown six or eight miles without the
+    Intrepid. The wind at this time was fair, but fast declining, and Lieutenant Decatur
+    apprehended that, should he wait for the Syren's boats to come up, it might be fatal
+    to the enterprise, as they could not remain longer on the coast, their provisions
+    being nearly exhausted. For these reasons he determined to venture into the harbor
+    alone, which he did about eight o'clock.</p>
+    <a name="page256" id="page256"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 256]</span>
+    <p>An idea may be formed of the extreme hazard of the enterprise from the situation
+    of the frigate. She was moored within half gunshot of the bashaw's castle, and of the
+    principal battery. Two of the enemy's cruisers lay within two cables' length, on the
+    starboard quarter, and their gunboats within half gunshot, on the starboard bow. All
+    the guns of the frigate were mounted and loaded. Such were the immediate perils that
+    our hero ventured to encounter with a single ketch, beside the other dangers that
+    abound in a strongly fortified harbor.</p>
+    <p>Although from the entrance to the place where the frigate lay, was only three
+    miles, yet, in consequence of the lightness of the wind, they did not get within hail
+    of her until eleven o'clock. When they had approached within two hundred yards, they
+    were hailed and ordered to anchor, or they would be fired into. Lieutenant Decatur
+    ordered a Maltese pilot, who was on board the ketch, to answer that they had lost
+    their anchors in a gale of wind on the coast, and, therefore, could not comply with
+    their request. By this time it had become perfectly calm, <a name="page257"
+    id="page257"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 257]</span> and they were about fifty
+    yards from the frigate. Lieutenant Decatur ordered a small boat that was alongside of
+    the ketch, to take a rope and make it fast to the frigate's fore-chains. This being
+    done, they began to warp the ketch alongside. It was not until this moment that the
+    enemy suspected the character of their visitor, and great confusion immediately
+    ensued. This enabled our adventurers to get alongside of the frigate, when Decatur
+    immediately sprang aboard, followed by Mr. Charles Morris, midshipman. These two were
+    nearly a minute on deck, before their companions could succeed in mounting the side.
+    Fortunately, the Turks had not sufficiently recovered from their surprise to take
+    advantage of this delay. They were crowded together on the quarterdeck, perfectly
+    astonished and aghast, without making any attempt to oppose the assailing party. As
+    soon as a sufficient number of men had gained the deck to form a front equal to that
+    of the enemy, they rushed in upon them. The Turks stood the assault for a short time,
+    and were completely overpowered. About twenty were killed on the spot, many jumped
+    overboard, and the rest flew to the maindeck, whither they were pursued and driven to
+    the hold.</p>
+    <a name="page258" id="page258"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 258]</span>
+    <p>After entire possession had been gained of the ship, and every thing prepared to
+    set fire to her, a number of launches were seen rowing about the harbor. This
+    determined Lieutenant Decatur to remain on board the frigate, from whence a better
+    defence could be made than from on board the ketch. The enemy had already commenced
+    firing on them from their batteries and castle, and from two corsairs that were lying
+    near. Perceiving that the launches did not attempt to approach, he ordered the ship
+    should be set on fire, which was done, at the same time, in different parts. As soon
+    as this was done, they left her; and such was the rapidity of the flames, that it was
+    with the utmost difficulty they preserved the ketch. At this critical moment a most
+    propitious breeze sprang up, blowing directly out of the harbor, which, in a few
+    moments, carried them out of reach of the enemy's guns, and they made good their
+    retreat without the loss of a single man, and with but four wounded.</p>
+    <a name="page259" id="page259"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 259]</span>
+    <p>For this gallant and romantic achievement, Lieutenant Decatur was promoted to the
+    rank of post captain, there being at that time no intermediate grade. This promotion
+    was peculiarly gratifying to him, insomuch as it was done with the consent of the
+    officers over whose heads he was raised.</p>
+    <p>In the ensuing spring, it being determined to make an attack upon Tripoli,
+    Commodore Preble obtained from the King of Naples, the loan of six gunboats and two
+    bombards, which he formed into two divisions, and gave the command of one of them to
+    Captain Decatur, the other to Lieutenant Somers. The squadron sailed from Syracuse,
+    consisting of the frigate Constitution, the brig Syren, the schooners Nautilus and
+    Vixen, and the gunboats.</p>
+    <a name="page260" id="page260"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 260]</span>
+    <p>Having arrived on the coast of Barbary, they were for some days prevented from
+    making the attack, by adverse wind and weather. At length on the morning of the 3d of
+    August, the weather being favorable, the signal was made from the commodore's ship to
+    prepare for action, the light vessels towing the gunboats to windward. At nine
+    o'clock, the signal was given for bombarding the enemy's vessels and the town.</p>
+    <p>The gunboats were cast off, and advanced in a line ahead, led on by Captain
+    Decatur, and covered by the frigate Constitution, and the brigs and schooners.</p>
+    <p>The enemy's gunboats were moored along the harbor under the batteries and within
+    musket shot. Their sails had been taken from them, and they were ordered to sink,
+    rather than abandon their position. They were aided and covered, likewise, by a brig
+    of sixteen, and a schooner of ten guns.</p>
+    <p>Before entering into close action, Captain Decatur went alongside each of his
+    boats, and ordered them to unship their bowsprits and follow him, as it was his
+    intention to board the enemy's boats.</p>
+    <a name="page261" id="page261"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 261]</span>
+    <p>Lieutenant James Decatur commanded one of the boats belonging to Commodore
+    Preble's division, but, being farther to windward than the rest of his division, he
+    joined and took orders from his brother.</p>
+    <p>When Captain Decatur, who was in the leading boat, came within range of the fire
+    from the batteries, a heavy fire was opened upon him from them and the gunboats. He
+    returned the fire, and continued advancing, until he came in contact with the boats.
+    At this time, Commodore Preble seeing Decatur advancing nearer than he thought
+    prudent, ordered the signal to be made for a retreat, but it was found that in making
+    out the signals for the boats, the one for a retreat had been omitted.</p>
+    <p>The enemy's boats had about forty men each; ours an equal number, twenty-seven of
+    whom were Americans, and thirteen Neapolitans.</p>
+    <p>Decatur, on boarding the enemy, was instantly followed by his countrymen, but the
+    Neapolitans remained behind. The Turks did not sustain the combat hand to hand, with
+    that firmness they had obtained a reputation for. In ten minutes the deck was
+    cleared. Eight of them sought refuge in the hold, and, of the rest, some fell on the
+    deck, and others jumped into the sea. Only three of the Americans were wounded.</p>
+    <a name="page262" id="page262"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 262]</span>
+    <p>As Decatur was about to proceed out with his prize, the boat which had been
+    commanded by his brother, came under his stern, and the men informed him that they
+    had engaged and captured one of the enemy; but that her commander, after
+    surrendering, had treacherously shot Lieutenant James Decatur, and pushed off with
+    the boat, and was then making for the harbor.</p>
+    <a name="page263" id="page263"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 263]</span>
+    <p>The feelings of the gallant Decatur, on receiving this intelligence, may be more
+    easily imagined than described. Every consideration of prudence and safety was lost
+    in his eagerness to punish so dastardly an act, and to revenge the death of a brother
+    so basely murdered. He pushed within the enemy's line with his single boat, and
+    having succeeded in getting alongside of the retreating foe, boarded her at the head
+    of eleven men, who were all the Americans he had left. The fate of this contest was
+    extremely doubtful for about twenty minutes. All the Americans, except four, were now
+    severely wounded. Decatur singled out the commander as the peculiar object of his
+    vengeance. The Turk was armed with an espontoon, Decatur with a cutlass; in
+    attempting to cut off the head of the weapon, his sword struck on the iron, and broke
+    off close to the hilt. The Turk, at this moment, made a push, which slightly wounded
+    him in the right arm and breast. He immediately seized the spear, and closed with
+    him. A fierce struggle ensued, and both fell, Decatur uppermost. By this time the
+    Turk had drawn a dagger from his belt, and was about to plunge it into the body of
+    his foe, when Decatur caught his arm, and shot him with a pistol, which he drew from
+    his pocket. During the time they were struggling on the deck, the crews rushed to aid
+    their commanders, and a most sanguinary scene took place, insomuch that when Decatur
+    had despatched his adversary, it was with the utmost difficulty he could extricate
+    himself from the killed and wounded that had fallen around him.</p>
+    <a name="page264" id="page264"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 264]</span>
+    <p>It is with no common feeling of admiration that we record an instance of heroic
+    courage, and loyal self-devotion, on the part of a common sailor.</p>
+    <p>During the early part of Decatur's struggle with the Turk, he was assailed in the
+    rear by one of the enemy, who had just aimed a blow at his head which must have
+    proved fatal; at this fearful juncture, a noble-hearted tar, who had been so badly
+    wounded as to lose the use of his hands, seeing no other means of saving his
+    commander, rushed between him and the uplifted sabre, and received the blow on his
+    own head, which fractured his skull. We love to pause and honor great actions in
+    humble life, because they speak well for human nature. Men of rank and station in
+    society, often do gallant deeds, in a manner from necessity. Their conspicuous
+    station obliges them to do so, or their eagerness for glory urges them on; but an act
+    like this we have mentioned, so desperate, yet so disinterested, done by an obscure,
+    unambitious individual, a poor sailor, can spring from nothing but nobleness of soul.
+    We are happy to add that this generous fellow survived, and long after received a
+    pension from government.</p>
+    <a name="page265" id="page265"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 265]</span>
+    <p>Decatur succeeded in getting, with both his prizes, to the squadron, and the next
+    day received the highest commendation, in a general order, from Commodore Preble.
+    When that able officer was superseded in the command of the squadron, he gave the
+    Constitution to Captain Decatur, who had some time before received his commission.
+    From that ship he was removed to the Congress, and returned home in her, when peace
+    was concluded in Tripoli.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image119_full.png"><img src="images/image119_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page266" id="page266"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 266]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image120_full.png"><img src="images/image120_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE HULL.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image121_full.png"><img src="images/image121_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Commodore Hull became a sailor when he was only eight years old. He distinguished
+    himself greatly in the naval war with France, and in the war with Tripoli, especially
+    at the capture of Derne, in Africa.</p>
+    <a name="page267" id="page267"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 267]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image122_full.png"><img src="images/image122_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Commodore Hull." /></a>
+      <p>Commodore Hull.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page269" id="page269"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 269]</span>
+    <p>At the commencement of the war of 1812, Hull having been advanced in the meantime
+    to the rank of captain, was placed in command of the frigate Constitution, in which
+    he was destined to perform those brilliant actions which have rendered him one of the
+    most celebrated heroes of our navy. His first exploit was the escape of the
+    Constitution from a British squadron, which is justly regarded as one of the most
+    remarkable recorded in naval history. The account of it contained in the official
+    letter of Captain Hull has all the interest of a romance. It is as follows:</p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>"SIR:&mdash;In pursuance of your orders of the 3d instant, I left Annapolis on
+      the 5th instant, and the capes on the 12th, of which I advised you by the pilot who
+      brought the ship to sea.</p>
+      <p>For several days after we got out, the wind was light and ahead, which, with a
+      strong southerly current, prevented our making much way to the northward. On the
+      17th, at two P.M., being in twenty-two fathoms water off Egg Harbor, four sail of
+      ships were discovered from the masthead, to the northward and in shore of us,
+      apparently ships of war. The wind being very light all sail was made in chase of
+      them, to ascertain whether they were the enemy's ships, or our squadron having got
+      out of New York, waiting the arrival of the Constitution, the latter of which I had
+      reason to believe was the case.</p>
+      <a name="page270" id="page270"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 270]</span>
+      <p>At four in the afternoon, a ship was seen from the masthead, bearing about
+      north-east, standing in for us under all sail, which she continued so to do until
+      sundown, at which time she was too far off to distinguish signals, and the ships in
+      shore only to be seen from the tops; they were standing off to the southward and
+      eastward. As we could not ascertain before dark what the ship in the offing was, I
+      determined to stand for her, and get near enough to make the night signal.</p>
+      <p>At ten in the evening, being within six or eight miles of the strange sail, the
+      private signal was made, and kept up nearly one hour, but finding she could not
+      answer it, I concluded she and the ships in shore were enemy.</p>
+      <a name="page271" id="page271"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 271]</span>
+      <p>I immediately hauled off to the southward and eastward, and made all sail,
+      having determined to lie off till daylight to see what they were. The ship that we
+      had been chasing hauled off after us, showing a light, and occasionally making
+      signals, supposed to be for the ships in shore.</p>
+      <p>On the 18th, at daylight, or a little before it was quite light, saw two sail
+      under our lee, which proved to be frigates of the enemy's. One frigate astern
+      within about five or six miles, and a line of battle ship, a frigate, a brig, and a
+      schooner, about ten or twelve miles directly astern, all in chase of us, with a
+      fine breeze, and coming up fast, it being nearly calm where we were. Soon after
+      sunrise, the wind entirely left us, and the ship would not steer, but fell round
+      off with her head towards the two ships under our lee. The boats were instantly
+      hoisted out, and sent ahead to tow the ship's head around, and to endeavor to get
+      her farther from the enemy, being then within five miles of three heavy frigates.
+      The boats of the enemy were got out and sent ahead to tow, by which, with the light
+      air that remained with them, they came up very fast. Finding the enemy gaining on
+      us, and but little chance of escaping from them, I ordered two of the guns on the
+      gun deck to be ran out at the cabin windows for stern guns on the gun deck, and
+      hoisted one of the twenty-four pounders off the gun deck, and ran that, with the
+      forecastle gun, an eighteen pounder, out at the ports on the quarter deck, and
+      cleared the ship for action, being determined they should not get her without
+      resistance on our part, notwithstanding their force and the situation we were
+      placed in.</p>
+      <a name="page272" id="page272"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 272]</span>
+      <p>At about seven, in the morning, the ship nearest us approaching within gunshot,
+      and directly astern, I ordered one of the stern guns fired, to see if we could
+      reach her, to endeavor to disable her masts; found the shot fell a little short,
+      would not fire any more.</p>
+      <a name="page273" id="page273"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 273]</span><br
+      clear="all" />
+      <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/image123_full.png"><img src="images/image123_thumbnail.png"
+        alt="Escape Of The Constitution." /></a>
+        <p>Escape Of The Constitution.</p>
+      </div>
+      <p>At eight, four of the enemy's ships nearly within gunshot, some of them having
+      six or eight boats ahead towing, with all their oars and sweeps out, to row them up
+      with us, which they were fast doing. It now appeared that we must be taken, and
+      that our escape was impossible&mdash;four heavy ships nearly within gunshot, and
+      coming up fast, and not the least hope of a breeze to give us a chance of getting
+      off by out sailing them.</p>
+      <a name="page275" id="page275"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 275]</span>
+      <p>In this situation, finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms water, by the
+      suggestion of that valuable officer, Lieutenant Morris, I determined to try and
+      warp the ship ahead, by carrying out anchors and warping her up to them; three or
+      four hundred fathoms of rope was instantly got up, and two anchors got ready and
+      sent ahead, by which means we began to gain ahead of the enemy; they, however, soon
+      saw our boats carrying out the anchors, and adopted the same plan, under very
+      advantageous circumstances, as all the boats from the ships furthermost off were
+      sent to tow and warp up those nearest to us, by which means they again came up, so
+      that at nine, the ship nearest us began to fire her bow guns, which we instantly
+      returned by our stern guns in the cabin and on the quarter deck. All the shot from
+      the enemy fell short; but we have <a name="page276" id="page276"></a><span
+      class="newpage">[pg 276]</span> reason to believe that some of ours went on board
+      her, as we could not see them strike the water. Soon after nine, a second frigate
+      passed under our lee, and opened her broadside, but finding her shot fall short,
+      discontinued her fire; but continued, as did all the rest of them, to make all
+      possible exertion to get up with us. From nine to twelve, all hands were employed
+      in warping the ship ahead, and in starting some of the water in the main hold to
+      lighten her, which, with the help of a light air, we rather gained of the enemy,
+      or, at least, held our own. About two, in the afternoon, all the boats from the
+      line of battle ship and some of the frigates were sent to the frigate nearest us,
+      to endeavor to tow her up, but a light breeze sprung up, which enabled us to hold
+      way with her, notwithstanding they had eight or ten boats ahead, and all her sails
+      furled to tow her to windward. The wind continued light until eleven at night, and
+      the boats were kept ahead towing and warping to keep out of reach of the enemy,
+      three of the frigates being very near us; at eleven, we got a light breeze from the
+      southward, the boats came along side and were hoisted up, the ship having too much
+      way to keep them ahead, the enemy still in chase and very near.</p>
+      <a name="page277" id="page277"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 277]</span>
+      <p>On the 19th, at daylight, passed within gunshot of one of the frigates, but she
+      did not fire on us, perhaps, for fear of becalming her, as the wind was light; soon
+      after passing us she tacked, and stood after us&mdash;at this time six sail were in
+      sight, under all sail after us. At nine in the morning, saw a strange sail, on our
+      weather beam, supposed to be an American merchant ship; the instant the frigate
+      nearest us saw her, she hoisted American colors, as did all the squadron, in hopes
+      to decoy her down; I immediately hoisted the English colors, that she might not be
+      deceived; she soon hauled her wind, and, as is to be hoped, made her escape. All
+      this day the wind increased gradually, and we gained on the enemy, in the course of
+      the day, six or eight miles; they, however, continued chasing all night under a
+      press of sail.</p>
+      <a name="page279" id="page279"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 279]</span><br
+      clear="all" />
+      <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/image124_full.png"><img src="images/image124_thumbnail.png"
+        alt="" /></a>
+      </div>
+      <a name="page281" id="page281"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 281]</span>
+      <p>On the 20th, at daylight in the morning, only three of them could be seen from
+      the masthead, the nearest of which was about twelve miles off, directly astern. All
+      hands were set at work wetting the sails, from the royals down, with the engines
+      and fire buckets, and we soon found that we left the enemy very fast. At a quarter
+      past eight, the enemy finding that they were fast dropping astern, gave over chase,
+      and hauled their wind to the northward, probably for the station off New York. At
+      half past eight, saw a sail ahead, gave chase after her under all sail. At nine,
+      saw another strange sail under our lee bow, we soon spoke the first sail
+      discovered, and found her to be an American brig from St. Domingo, bound to
+      Portland; I directed the captain how to steer to avoid the enemy, and made sail for
+      the vessel to leeward; on coming up with her, she proved to be an American brig
+      from St. Bartholomew's, bound to Philadelphia; but, on being informed of war, he
+      bore up for Charleston, South Carolina. Finding the ship so far to the southward
+      and eastward, and the enemy's squadron stationed off New York, which would make it
+      impossible to get in there, I determined to make for Boston, to receive your
+      farther orders, and I hope my having done so will meet your approbation. My wish to
+      explain to you as clearly as possible why your orders have not been executed, and
+      the length of time the enemy were in chase of us, with various other circumstances,
+      have caused me to make this communication much longer than I could have wished, yet
+      I cannot in justice to the brave officers and crew under my command, close it
+      without expressing to you the confidence I have in them, and assuring you that
+      their conduct while under the guns of the enemy was such as might have been
+      expected from American officers and seamen. I have the honor to be, with very great
+      respect, sir, your obedient humble servant,</p>
+      <p>ISAAC HULL."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <a name="page282" id="page282"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 282]</span>
+    <p>Such is Captain Hull's modest account of this truly brilliant exploit. Sailing on
+    a cruise immediately after this, with the same frigate, officers, and crew, on the
+    19th of August he fell in with His Britannic Majesty's ship Guerriere, rated at
+    thirty-eight guns, and carrying fifty, commanded by Captain Dacres, who, sometime
+    before, had politely endorsed on the register of an American ship an invitation to
+    Captain Hull to give him a meeting of this kind.</p>
+    <a name="page283" id="page283"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 283]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image125_full.png"><img src="images/image125_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Dacres Delivering Up His Sword." /></a>
+      <p>Dacres Delivering Up His Sword.</p>
+    </div>
+    <a name="page285" id="page285"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 285]</span>
+    <p>At half past three, P.M., Captain Hull made out his antagonist to be a frigate,
+    and continued the chase till he was within about three miles, when he cleared for
+    action; the chase backed her main-topsail and waited for him to come down. As soon as
+    the Constitution was ready, Hull bore down to bring the enemy to close action
+    immediately; but, on coming within gunshot, the Guerriere gave a broadside and filled
+    away and wore, giving a broadside on the other tack; but without effect, her shot
+    falling short. She then continued wearing and manoeuvring for about three quarters of
+    an hour to get a raking position,&mdash;but, finding she could not, she bore up and
+    ran under her topsails and jib, with the wind on the quarter. During this time, the
+    Constitution, not having fired a single broadside, the impatience of the officers and
+    men to engage was excessive. Nothing but the most rigid discipline could have
+    restrained them. Hull, however, was preparing to decide the contest in a summary
+    method of his own. He now made sail to bring the Constitution up with her antagonist,
+    and at five minutes before six P.M., <i>being alongside within half pistol shot</i>,
+    he commenced a heavy fire from all his guns, <i>double shotted with round and
+    grape</i>; and so well directed, and so well kept up was the fire, that in sixteen
+    minutes the mizzenmast of the Guerriere went by the board, and her mainyard in the
+    slings, and the hull, rigging, and sails were completely torn to pieces. The fire was
+    kept up for fifteen minutes longer, when the main and foremast went, taking with them
+    every spar except the bowsprit, and leaving the Guerriere a complete wreck. On seeing
+    this Hull ordered the firing to cease, having brought his enemy in thirty minutes
+    after he was fairly alongside to such a condition, that a few more broadsides must
+    have carried her down.</p>
+    <a name="page286" id="page286"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 286]</span>
+    <p>The prize being so shattered that she was not worth bringing into port, after
+    removing the prisoners to the Constitution, she was set on fire and blown up. In the
+    action, the Constitution lost seven killed, and seven wounded; the Guerriere, fifteen
+    killed, sixty-two wounded&mdash;including the captain and several officers, and
+    twenty-four missing.</p>
+    <p>The news of this victory was received in the United States with the greatest joy
+    and exultation. All parties united in celebrating it, and the citizens and public
+    authorities vied with each other in bestowing marks of approbation upon Captain Hull
+    and his gallant officers and crew.</p>
+    <a name="page288" id="page288"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 288]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image126_full.png"><img src="images/image126_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="Hyder Ally And General Monk." /></a>
+      <p>Hyder Ally And General Monk.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <a name="page289" id="page289"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 289]</span> <br
+    clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image127_full.png"><img src="images/image127_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE BARNEY.</h2>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figleft">
+      <a href="images/image128_full.png"><img src="images/image128_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>This gentleman was one of the old fashioned commodores, a capital sailor, an
+    intrepid warrior, and a thorough going patriot. He was born in Baltimore, in 1759. He
+    entered the marine early in life. At the age of sixteen he served in the expedition
+    of Commodore Hopkins to the Bahama Islands, and continued in active service through
+    the whole revolutionary war.</p>
+    <a name="page290" id="page290"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 290]</span>
+    <p>In 1780 he was captured by a British seventy-four, when taking a prize into port
+    and sent with other prisoners to England. On the passage, the
+    prisoners&mdash;amounting to about sixty&mdash;were confined in the most loathsome of
+    dungeons, without light or pure air, and with a scanty supply of provisions.</p>
+    <p>They thought when they arrived at Plymouth, that their privations were at an end;
+    but they were only removed to another prison-ship, which, although dirty and crowded,
+    was, in some measure, better than the one they had left. From this, contrary to
+    expectation, as soon as they were so much recovered as to be able to walk, they were
+    brought on shore and confined in Mill prison, where they met the anxious faces of
+    several hundred American prisoners, who had undergone the same privations as
+    themselves.</p>
+    <a name="page291" id="page291"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 291]</span>
+    <p>This prison was surrounded by two strong walls, twenty feet apart, and was guarded
+    by numerous sentries. There were small gates in the walls, and these were placed
+    opposite each other, the inner one generally remaining open. The prisoners were
+    allowed the privilege of the yard nearly all day, and this set the inventive mind of
+    Barney upon the scheme, which, in the end, terminated in his liberty; not, however,
+    without infinite danger and trouble. He set about finding out some small chance which
+    might afford the least hope of release; and having discovered one of the sentries
+    that had served in the United States, and remembered the kindness with which he had
+    been there treated, Barney and he formed the means of escape. It was arranged that
+    Barney should affect to have hurt his foot and obtain a pair of crutches, and thus
+    lull suspicion.</p>
+    <a name="page292" id="page292"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 292]</span>
+    <p>On the 18th of May, 1781, he habited himself in the undress uniform of a British
+    officer, the whole covered with a old greatcoat, and, by the aid of the sentinel,
+    cleared the prison; when he threw off the coat, and soon arrived at the house of a
+    well known friend to the American cause, in Plymouth. That he might not be soon
+    missed, he got a lad, who, after answering to his own name, was to get out, and
+    answer to Barney's, in the yard, which little stratagem succeeded admirably. When
+    Barney arrived at the friend's house, he made preparations to leave as soon as
+    possible, well knowing that if any of the British were detected harboring him, they
+    would be convicted of high treason. In the evening, therefore, he departed to the
+    house of his friend's father, at a considerable distance, where he would be safer. On
+    arriving there, he was surprised to find two of his old
+    friends&mdash;Americans&mdash;who had been, for some time, anxiously waiting for an
+    opportunity of returning home, and now thought that the time had arrived.</p>
+    <a name="page293" id="page293"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 293]</span>
+    <p>Lieutenant Barney determined to sail for the French coast, and, for this purpose,
+    he and the two gentlemen purchased a small fishing vessel, and habiting themselves in
+    some fishermen's old apparel, they set sail on their intended voyage. Admiral Digby's
+    fleet lay at the mouth of the river, and our adventurers had to pass through the
+    midst of them, and then run the chance of capture by the numerous British cruisers,
+    which continually ply about the channel. This was a daring undertaking, as the fleet,
+    he thought, had doubtless received notice of his escape, and the enemy would be rigid
+    in their search. He, therefore, determined to act with coolness, and, if intercepted,
+    to give such answers to the questions put to him, as might best lull suspicion. If he
+    was detected, he would pay for the attempt with his life.</p>
+    <p>He knew that if his escape was detected, it would be immediately communicated to
+    the fleet, and thus lessen his chances; especially as the least unusual appearance in
+    his assumed character, would excite immediate suspicion. Even should he be able to
+    pass through the fleet, the British channel abounded with the English cruisers, which
+    were quite adept in the art of picking up stragglers. With these dangers painted in
+    lively colors before his eyes, he preserved his usual self-possession, and inspired
+    with confidence his companions, who had never handled a rope, and relied exclusively
+    upon his daring.</p>
+    <a name="page294" id="page294"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 294]</span>
+    <p>By sunrise, the next morning, they were "under way," the two gentlemen remaining
+    below, and Lieutenant Barney and the servant being the only ones on deck, to avoid
+    suspicion. With a good breeze, and a favorable tide, it was not long before they were
+    in the midst of the hostile fleet, which seemed to take no notice of them. Their
+    hearts beat quick when they were thus hanging between life and death; but as soon as
+    the last of the enemy was passed, they declared themselves safe through <i>that</i>
+    portion of the ordeal.</p>
+    <a name="page295" id="page295"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 295]</span>
+    <p>But what attempt ever ended to the satisfaction of the undertaker? Before the
+    enemy were clear out of sight, the practised eye of Barney caught a sail which he
+    knew to be bearing down upon him. He saw that resistance was out of the question; but
+    that if he managed the affair adroitly he <i>might</i> escape. It was now that he was
+    called upon to exercise that firmness of mind, coolness and contempt of danger, and
+    quickness of resource in time of need, that ever distinguished his character, and
+    showed him to be a man of no ordinary talents. In less than an hour the
+    privateer&mdash;for such she was&mdash;came alongside, and sent an officer to see
+    "what he wanted steering for a hostile coast." The first questions that were put, and
+    answered unhesitatingly, were&mdash;what he had on board? and where he was bound? Of
+    course he had nothing on board, and his destination was France&mdash;on business of
+    importance from the ministry; at the same time untying the rope that bound the old
+    coat around him, and displaying the British half uniform. The officer touched his
+    hat, begged pardon, and said he would go on board and report to the commanding
+    officer.</p>
+    <p>The result of the interview was that Barney was made a prisoner once more, and
+    ordered with a prize-master to Plymouth. But being forced by stress of weather into a
+    small bay, near Plymouth, he contrived to escape from his captors, and find his way
+    to the mansion of the venerable clergyman, at Plymouth. Deeming it unsafe to remain
+    there, lest he might be discovered, after a few days he set out at midnight in a
+    postchaise for Exeter, and from thence by stages to Bristol, where he had a letter of
+    credit to an American gentleman.</p>
+    <a name="page296" id="page296"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 296]</span>
+    <p>Here he remained for three weeks, and from thence he went to London, directed to a
+    countryman, who received him kindly, and offered his services towards effecting his
+    final escape. After remaining here for six weeks, he found an opportunity of sailing
+    for France; and after an extremely boisterous and squally passage, reached Ostend,
+    from whence he soon found his way to Amsterdam, where he seized the opportunity of
+    paying his respects to Mr. John Adams, then Minister Plenipotentiary from the United
+    States to Holland. Through the courtesy of this gentleman, he obtained a passage to
+    his own country, and, after some adventures, reached Philadelphia, on the 21st of
+    March, 1782.</p>
+    <a name="page297" id="page297"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 297]</span>
+    <p>But he was not long allowed to enjoy the pleasure which he expected, after such a
+    trial of danger and fatigue. In less than a week after he arrived at Philadelphia, he
+    was offered the command of the Hyder Ally, of sixteen guns, fitted out by the state
+    authorities of Pennsylvania, to repress the enemy's privateers, with which the
+    Delaware river abounded.</p>
+    <p>On the 8th of April, 1782, he entered upon his destined service, which was to
+    convoy a fleet of merchantmen to the capes, and to protect them from the "refugee
+    boats," with which the river abounded. While waiting at the capes, he was assailed by
+    two ships and a brig belong to the enemy, who, finding him unsupported, commenced a
+    furious attack, which he sustained with great coolness, while his convoy were safely
+    retiring up the river. The brig came up first, and gave him a broadside as she was
+    passing; but kept her course up the bay after the convoy, while Barney waited for the
+    ship, which was coming up rapidly. Having approached within pistol shot, the Hyder
+    Ally poured a broadside into her, which somewhat staggered the enemy, who thought
+    Barney would <a name="page298" id="page298"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 298]</span>
+    "strike his colors." The enemy seemed disposed to board, and was ranging alongside of
+    him, when he ordered the quarter-master, in a loud voice, to "port the
+    helm!"&mdash;having previously given him secret instructions to put the helm hard
+    a-starboard, which latter order was obeyed; by this manoeuvre the enemy's jib-boom
+    caught in the fore-rigging of the Hyder Ally, thus giving her a raking position,
+    which Captain Barney knew how to improve. The firing on both sides was
+    tremendous;&mdash;an idea of it may be obtained from the fact, that more than twenty
+    broadsides were fired in twenty-six minutes! In the mizzen staystail of the General
+    Monk there were afterwards counted, three hundred and sixty-five shot-holes. During
+    the whole of this short but glorious battle, Captain Barney was stationed upon the
+    quarterdeck, exposed to the fire of the enemy's musketry, which was excessively
+    annoying, and began to be felt by the men, insomuch that Captain Barney ordered a
+    body of riflemen, whom he had on board, to direct their fire into the enemy's top,
+    which immediately had the desired effect.</p>
+    <a name="page299" id="page299"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 299]</span>
+    <p>The capture of the General Monk was one of the most brilliant achievements in
+    naval history. The General Monk mounted eighteen guns, and had one hundred and
+    thirty-six men, and lost twenty men killed, and thirty-three wounded. The Hyder Ally
+    had sixteen guns, and one hundred and ten men, and lost four men killed, and eleven
+    wounded.</p>
+    <p>All the officers of the General Monk were wounded except one. The captain himself
+    was severely wounded. The brig which accompanied the enemy ran ashore to avoid
+    capture. Captain Barney now followed his convoy up to Philadelphia. After a short
+    visit to his family, he returned to his command, where he soon captured the
+    "Hook-'em-snivy"&mdash;a refugee schooner, which had done a great deal of mischief on
+    the Delaware river.</p>
+    <a name="page300" id="page300"></a><span class="newpage">[pg 300]</span>
+    <p>These captures struck such terror among the privateers, that they began to
+    disperse to more profitable grounds. In consequence of the glorious actions, Captain
+    Barney was presented with a gold-hilted sword, in the name of the state.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image129_full.png"><img src="images/image129_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <p>A CATALOGUE OF ENTERTAINING AND INSTRUCTIVE JUVENILE BOOKS,</p>
+    <p>PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY</p>
+    <p>C.G. HENDERSON &amp; CO.</p>
+    <p>AT THEIR</p>
+    <p>Central Book &amp; Stationary Warehouse,</p>
+    <p>No. 164 CHESTNUT STREET</p>
+    <p><i>Corner of Seventh</i></p>
+    <p>UNDER BARNUM'S MUSEUM.</p>
+    <p>PHILADELPHIA.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image130_full.png"><img src="images/image130_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>Nut Cracker and Sugar Dolly</p>
+    <p>A PARTY TALE.</p>
+    <p>TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN.</p>
+    <p>BY CHARLES A. DANA</p>
+    <p>SQUARE 16mo. CLOTH AND CLOTH GILT</p>
+    <hr class="thoughtbreak" />
+    <p>This New Fairy Tale is one of the liveliest, most readable, and most
+    unexceptionable for Children which has ever appeared.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image131_full.png"><img src="images/image131_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>THRILLING STORIES</p>
+    <p>of the</p>
+    <p>OCEAN.</p>
+    <p>for the Entertainment and Instruction of Young.</p>
+    <hr class="thoughtbreak" />
+    <p>This is a neat Volume of 300 pages, with numerous Embellishments. It is written in
+    a familiar, popular style, and is well suited to the Juvenile, Family or School
+    library.</p>
+    <p>CLOTH BINDING, PLAIN AND GILT EXTRA.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <h2>COSTUMES OF EUROPE.</h2>
+    <p>Beautifully Embellished with 24 Engravings of Original Costumes. One vol. Square
+    16mo. Fine Cloth binding, 50 cts; with Col'd Engravings, 75 cts.</p>
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image132_full.png"><img src="images/image132_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>This is a Companion volume to the COSTUMES OF AMERICA, and is equally instructive
+    as well as pleasing for young readers.</p>
+    <p>Every intelligent Boy should possess a Copy of the Book of Costumes of Europe and
+    America.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image133_full.png"><img src="images/image133_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>KRISS KRINGLE'S</p>
+    <p>RHYME BOOK.</p>
+    <hr class="thoughtbreak" />
+    <p>A lively book of Rhymes for very little Children.</p>
+    <p>RICHLY EMBELLISHED WITH PICTURES.</p>
+    <p>Square 16mo. Paper Covers, 12-1/2 cents.</p>
+    <p>Cloth Binding, 25 cents.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image134_full.png"><img src="images/image134_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <h2>[Illustration]</h2>
+    <p>MAJA'S ALPHABET.</p>
+    <p>A</p>
+    <p>VERY BEAUTIFUL PICTORIAL ALPHABET,</p>
+    <p>IN RHYME</p>
+    <p>WITH NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS, BY ABSOLON.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image135_full.png"><img src="images/image135_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>CARLO FRANCONI,</p>
+    <p>AN ITALIAN STORY,</p>
+    <p>And other stories for Young People.</p>
+    <p>BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS.</p>
+    <p>Square 16mo. Cloth Binding.</p>
+    <p>This is a very touching and entertaining Story for Youth. The Scene is laid in
+    England, and in Italy, the incidents are of a peculiarly interesting character.</p>
+    <hr />
+    <br clear="all" />
+    <div class="figcenter">
+      <a href="images/image136_full.png"><img src="images/image136_thumbnail.png"
+      alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>COSTUMES OF AMERICA.</p>
+    <hr class="thoughtbreak" />
+    <p>An excellent volume for Young People of both sexes, and well calculated to awaken
+    an interest in the History of this Continent. Illustrated with Twenty-four Engravings
+    of Original Costumes. One volume, square 16mo. Cloth, 60 cents. With Colored Plates,
+    75 cents.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean, by Marmaduke Park
+
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+  </body>
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+Project Gutenberg's Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean, by Marmaduke Park
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean
+       From Authentic Accounts Of Modern Voyagers And Travellers; Designed
+       For The Entertainment And Instruction Of Young People
+
+
+Author: Marmaduke Park
+
+Release Date: October 6, 2004 [EBook #13604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THRILLING STORIES OF THE OCEAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Josephine Paolucci, Juliet Sutherland. The scans made
+available through the generosity of the Internet Archive Children's
+Library.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE SHARK.]
+
+
+
+
+THRILLING
+
+STORIES OF THE OCEAN.
+
+FROM AUTHENTIC ACCOUNTS OF MODERN
+
+VOYAGERS AND TRAVELLERS;
+
+DESIGNED FOR THE
+
+ENTERTAINMENT AND INSTRUCTION
+
+OF
+
+YOUNG PEOPLE.
+
+
+BY MARMADUKE PARK.
+
+With Numerous Illustrations.
+
+
+PHILADELPHIA:
+
+C.G. HENDERSON & CO.,
+
+NO. 164 CHESTNUT STREET.
+
+1852.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE SHARK]
+
+
+
+
+STORIES OF THE OCEAN.
+
+
+
+
+VOLNEY BECKNER.
+
+
+The white sharks are the dread of sailors in all hot climates, for they
+constantly attend vessels in expectation of anything which may be thrown
+overboard. A shark will thus sometimes traverse the ocean in company
+with a ship for several hundred leagues. Woe to the poor mariner who
+may chance to fall overboard while this sea-monster is present.
+
+Some species of sharks grow to an enormous size, often weighing from one
+to four thousand pounds each. The skin of the shark is rough, and is
+used for polishing wood, ivory, &c.; that of one species is manufactured
+into an article called _agreen_: spectacle-cases are made of it. The
+white shark is the sailor's worst enemy: he has five rows of
+wedge-shaped teeth, which are notched like a saw: when the animal is at
+rest they are flat in his mouth, but when about to seize his prey they
+are erected by a set of muscles which join them to the jaw. His mouth is
+so situated under the head that he is obliged to turn himself on one
+side before he can grasp any thing with those enormous jaws.
+
+I will now give you an account of the death of a very brave little boy,
+who was killed by a shark. He was an Irish boy; his name was Volney
+Beckner, the son of a poor fisherman. His father, having always intended
+Volney for a seafaring life, took great pains to teach him such things
+as it is useful for a sailor to know, and tried to make him brave and
+hardy; he taught him to swim when a mere baby.
+
+[Illustration: VOLNEY BECKNER'S FIRST VOYAGE.]
+
+Volney was only nine years old when he first went to sea in a merchant
+ship; the same vessel in which his father sometimes sailed. Here he
+worked hard and fared hard, but this gave him no uneasiness; his frame
+was robust, he never took cold, he knew not what fear was.
+
+[Illustration: VOLNEY BECKNER AT SEA.]
+
+In the most boisterous weather, when the rain fell in torrents, and the
+wind howled around the ship, the little Irish boy would fearlessly and
+cheerfully climb the stays and sailyards, mount the topmast, or perform
+any other duty required of him. At twelve years old the captain promoted
+the clever, good tempered, and trustworthy boy; spoke well of him before
+the whole crew, and doubled his pay.
+
+Volney was very sensible to his praises. His messmates loved him for his
+generous nature, and because he had often shown himself ready to brave
+danger in order to assist them; but an occasion soon arrived in which he
+had an opportunity of performing one of the most truly heroic deeds on
+record.
+
+The vessel in which Volney and his father sailed was bound to Port au
+Prince, in St. Domingo. A little girl, the daughter of one of the
+passengers, having slipped away from her nurse, ran on deck to amuse
+herself. While gazing on the expanse of water, the heaving of the vessel
+made her dizzy, and she fell overboard.
+
+Volney's father saw the accident, darted after her, and quickly caught
+her by the dress; but while with one hand he swam to reach the ship, and
+with the other held the child, he saw a shark advancing towards them. He
+called aloud for help; there was no time to lose, yet none dared to
+afford him any. No one, did I say? Yes, little Volney, prompted by
+filial love, ventured on a deed which strong men dared not attempt.
+
+Armed with a broad, sharp sabre, he threw himself into the sea, then
+diving like a fish under the shark, he stabbed the weapon into his body
+up to the hilt. Thus wounded the shark quitted his prey, and turned on
+the boy, who again and again attacked him with the sabre, but the
+struggle was too unequal; ropes were quickly thrown from the deck to the
+father and son; each succeeded in grasping one, and loud rose the cry of
+joy, "They are saved!" Not so! The shark, enraged at seeing that he was
+about to be altogether disappointed of his prey, made one desperate
+spring, and tore asunder the body of the noble-hearted little boy, while
+his father and the fainting child in his arms were saved.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE POULTRY BASKET--A LIFE-PRESERVER.]
+
+
+
+
+THE POULTRY BASKET--A LIFE-PRESERVER.
+
+
+I will tell you an old story of an incident which occurred many years
+ago, but perhaps it may be new to you, and please you as much as it did
+me when I was a little girl, and used to sit on my grandpapa's knee, and
+listen to this tale among many others.
+
+The hero of my story was a countryman; you may, if you please, fancy his
+neat white cottage on the hill-side, with its rustic porch, all
+overgrown with jasmine, roses, and clematis; the pretty garden and
+orchard belonging to it, with the snug poultry yard, the shed for the
+cow, and the stack of food for winter's use on one side.
+
+[Illustration: THE POULTRY YARD.]
+
+You may fancy the pleasure of the little children who lived at this
+cottage in going with their mother morning and evening to feed the
+poultry; the noise and bustle among the feathered tribe at this time;
+how some rudely push before and peck the others in their anxiety to
+obtain the first grains that fall from the basket, and how the little
+children take care that the most greedy shall not get it all; their joy
+at seeing the young broods of tiny chicks covered with downy feathers,
+and the anxiety of the hens each to protect her own from danger, and
+teach them to scratch and pick up food for themselves; while they never
+forget to admire and praise the beauty of the fine old cock, as he
+struts about with an air of magnificence, like the very king of the
+guard.
+
+  "High was his comb, and coral red withal,
+  In dents embattled like a castle wall;
+  His bill was raven-black and shone like jet,
+  Blue were his legs, and orient were his feet;
+  White were his nails, like silver to behold!
+  His body glittering like burnished gold."
+
+If you had been there, you would have wished to visit the little
+orchard; to see the gentle cow, and the geese feeding on the common
+beyond; to watch the young ducklings, dipping and ducking and enjoying
+their watering sport in the pond.
+
+If it be spring, the children would delight in gathering the
+sweet-scented meadow flowers--the water ranunculus, with its golden
+cups, the modest daisy, the pink cuckoo-flower, and the yellow cowslips;
+while overhead the bees kept up a constant humming; they have found
+their way from the straw hives in the garden and are diving into the
+delicious blossoms of the apple and cherry trees, robbing many a one of
+its sweets.
+
+[Illustration: THE BEE HIVE.]
+
+But now to my history of what did really happen to a countryman, who
+very likely lived in such a pretty cottage as I have described.
+
+He had more poultry in his yard than he needed for his own use; some of
+them had been fatted for sale; and wishing to turn them into money, he
+left his home, which was near Bristol, with a basket full of them on his
+arm. Having reached the river, he went on board the ferry boat,
+intending to go across to a place called Bristol Hot-Wells. Many gentle
+folks visit this spot for the sake of drinking the waters of the wells,
+which are thought to be very beneficial in some complaints; and no doubt
+our countryman hoped that among them his poultry would fetch a good
+price.
+
+The ferry boat was nearly half way over the river, when, by some
+accident, the poor man lost his footing and fell into the stream; he
+could not swim, and the current carried him more than a hundred yards
+from the boat; but he kept fast hold of his poultry basket, which being
+buoyant, supported him until he was perceived, and rescued by some men
+in a fishing-smack.
+
+I hope he reached the Hot-Wells in safety after all, and sold his
+poultry for as much as he expected; and, what is still better, that his
+heart was filled with gratitude to God for his preservation from danger
+so imminent.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIFE BOAT.]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE BOAT.
+
+
+Oh what a stirring scene is this! see how the brave fellows are pulling
+with their oars, and endeavoring with all their might to reach the ship
+in distress before it is too late! Well, I suppose you are curious to
+know how an open boat like this can float in such an angry, boiling sea.
+I will tell you how it is accomplished; the sides of the boat are lined
+with hollow boxes of copper, which being perfectly air-tight, render her
+buoyant, even when full of water, or loaded to the very water's edge.
+
+The originator of this simple and beautiful contrivance was a London
+coach maker, named Lionel Lukin, a man whose benevolent feelings flowed
+towards all his fellow men, but more especially towards that portion of
+them who brave the dangers of the sea. After devoting sixty years of his
+life to the pursuits of his business, he retired to Hythe in Kent, where
+he finished a well-spent life in peace and tranquility, dying in
+February, 1834. His body was interred in the churchyard of Hythe, which
+is situated on rising ground, commanding a fine view of the ocean; a fit
+resting place for the remains of one whose talents had been successfully
+directed to the means of rescuing from shipwreck and a watery grave many
+hundreds, or perhaps we may say many thousands, of poor seamen. He
+obtained a patent for his first boat in 1785.
+
+The two sailors in the picture below are Greenwich pensioners,
+supported, you know, at Greenwich Hospital, which was founded by Charles
+II. for superannuated or wounded sailors. They are smoking their pipes,
+and discussing the merits of the Life Boat.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHALE.]
+
+
+
+
+WHALE FISHING.
+
+
+The whale is the largest of all known animals. There are three kinds of
+whale; the Greenland, called by the sailors the right whale, as being
+most highly prized by them; the great northern rorqual, called by
+fishers the razor-back or finner, and the cachalot or spermaciti whale.
+The common whale measures from sixty to seventy feet in length: the
+mouth, when open, is large enough to admit a ship's jolly boat, with all
+her men in it. It contains no teeth; and enormous as the creature is,
+the opening to the throat is very narrow, not more than an inch and a
+half across in the largest whale.
+
+[Illustration: WHALE FISHING]
+
+Instead of teeth the mouth of the whale is furnished with a curious
+framework of a substance called _baleen_; you will know it by the name
+of whalebone; it is arranged in rows, and projects beyond the lips in a
+hanging fringe; the food of the whale consists of shrimps, small fishes,
+sea-snails, and innumerable minute creatures, called medusae, which are
+found in those seas where the whales feed in such vast quantities that
+they make the water of a deep green or olive color.
+
+When feeding the whale swims with open mouth under the water, and all
+the objects which lie in the way of that great moving cavern are caught
+by the baleen, and never seen again. Along with their food they swallow
+a vast quantity of water, which passes back again through the nostrils,
+and is collected into a bag placed at the external orifice of the cavity
+of the nose, whence it is expelled by the pressure of powerful muscles
+through a very narrow opening pierced in the top of the head.
+
+[Illustration: THE CACHALOT]
+
+In this way it spouts the water in beautiful jets from twenty to thirty
+feet in height. The voice of the whale is like a low murmuring: it has a
+smooth skin all over its body, under which lies that thick lard which
+yields the oil for which they are so much sought. The Greenland whale
+has but two side-fins; its tail is in the shape of a crescent; it is an
+instrument of immense power; it has been sometimes known with one stroke
+to hurl large boats high into the air, breaking them into a thousand
+fragments. The whale shows great affection for her young, which is
+called the calf; the fishermen well know this, and turn it to their own
+account; they try to strike the young with the harpoon, which is a
+strong, barbed instrument, and if they do this they are almost sure of
+securing the mother also, as nothing will induce her to leave it.
+
+Mr. Scorseby, who was for a long time engaged in the whale fishery, has
+written a book containing a very interesting account of them. He
+mentions a case in which a young whale was struck beside its dam. She
+instantly seized and darted off with it, but not until the line had been
+fixed to its body. In spite of all that could be done to her, she
+remained near her dying little one, till she was struck again and again,
+and thus both perished. Sometimes, however, on an occasion like this,
+the old whale becomes furious, and then the danger to the men is very
+great, as they attack the whale in boats, several of which belong to
+each ship.
+
+A number of these boats once made towards a whale, which, with her calf
+was playing round a group of rocks. The old whale perceiving the
+approaching danger, did all she could to warn her little one of it, till
+the sight became quite affecting. She led it away from the boats, swam
+round it, embraced it with her fins, and sometimes rolled over with it
+in the waves.
+
+The men in the boats now rowed a-head of the whales, and drove them back
+among the rocks, at which the mother evinced great uneasiness and
+anxiety; she swam round and round the young one in lessening circles;
+but all her care was unheeded, and the inexperienced calf soon met its
+fate. It was struck and killed, and a harpoon fixed in the mother, when,
+roused to reckless fury, she flew on one of the boats, and made her tail
+descend with such tremendous force on the very centre of it, as to cut
+it in two, and kill two of the men, the rest swimming in all directions
+for their lives.
+
+[Illustration: A SHIP TOWED TO LAND BY BULLOCKS.]
+
+
+
+
+SHIP TOWED TO LAND BY BULLOCKS
+
+
+Swimming is a manly exercise, and one in which, under proper care, every
+little boy ought to be instructed. In the first place it is a very
+healthy and invigorating practice frequently to immerse the body in
+water: and when we recollect how often the knowledge of this art has
+been blessed by the Supreme Disposer of events as a means of saving his
+rational creatures from sudden death, it seems that to neglect this
+object is almost to refuse to avail ourselves of one of the means of
+safety, which a kind Providence has placed within our reach.
+
+Only imagine yourself to be, as many before you have been, in a
+situation of pressing danger on the sea, and yet at no great distance
+from the land, so that you might hope to reach it by swimming, but to
+remain on board the vessel appeared certain death, how thankful you
+would then feel to your friends if they had put this means of escape
+into your power! Or if you were to see some unfortunate fellow-creature
+struggling in the water, and about to disappear from your sight, how
+willingly, if conscious of your own power to support yourself, would you
+plunge into the water to his rescue! and how would your heart glow with
+delight if your efforts to save him should prove successful!
+
+Here is a picture representing the very remarkable preservation of the
+crew of a vessel on the coast of Newfoundland. In this instance man
+availed himself of the instinct which ever prompts the brute creation to
+self-preservation. The ship was freighted with live cattle; in a
+dreadful storm she was dismasted, and became a mere wreck. The crew
+being unable to manage her, it occurred to the captain, whose name was
+Drummond, as a last resort, to attach some ropes to the horns of some of
+the bullocks, and turn them into the sea. This was done, the bullocks
+swam towards land and towed the ship to the shore. Thus the lives of the
+crew were saved.
+
+
+
+
+THE SINKING OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.
+
+
+The Royal George was an old ship; she had seen much service. Her build
+was rather short and high, but she sailed well, and carried the tallest
+masts and squarest canvas of any of England's gun-ships. She had just
+returned from Spithead, where there were twenty or thirty ships of war,
+called a fleet, lying under command of Lord Howe. It was on the 29th of
+August, 1782. She was lying off Portsmouth; her decks had been washed
+the day before, and the carpenter discovered that the pipes which
+admitted water to cleanse the ship was worn out, and must be replaced.
+This pipe being three feet under the water, it was needful to heel, or
+lay the ship a little on one side. To do this, the heavy guns on the
+larboard side were run out of the port-holes (those window-like openings
+which you see in the side of the vessel) as far as they would go, and
+the guns on the starboard side were drawn up and secured in the middle
+of the deck; this brought the sills of the port-holes on the lowest side
+nearly even with the water.
+
+[Illustration: SINKING OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.]
+
+Just as the crew had finished breakfast, a vessel called the Lark came
+on the low side of the ship to unship a cargo of rum; the casks were put
+on board on that side, and this additional weight, together with that of
+the men employed in unloading, caused the ship to heel still more on one
+side; every wave of the sea now washed in at her port-holes, and thus
+she had soon so great a weight of water in her hold, that slowly and
+almost imperceptibly she sank still further down on her side. Twice, the
+carpenter, seeing the danger, went on board to ask the officer on duty
+to order the ship to be righted; and if he had not been a proud and
+angry man, who would not acknowledge himself to be in the wrong, all
+might yet have been well.
+
+The plumbers had almost finished their work, when a sudden breeze blew
+on the raised side of the ship, forced her still further down, and the
+water began to pour into her lower port-holes. Instantly the danger
+became apparent; the men were ordered to right the ship: they ran to
+move the guns for this purpose, but it was _too late_.
+
+In a minute or two more, she fell quite over on her side, with her masts
+nearly flat on the water, and the Royal George sank to the bottom,
+before one signal of distress could be given! By this dreadful accident,
+about nine hundred persons lost their lives; about two hundred and
+thirty were saved, some by running up the rigging, and being with others
+picked up by the boats which put off immediately from other vessels to
+their assistance. There were many visitors, women and little children on
+board at the time of the accident.
+
+
+
+
+BLOWING UP OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.
+
+
+At the time when the dreadful event which I have just related to you
+occurred, the Lark sloop, which brought the cargo of rum, was lying
+alongside of the Royal George; in going down, the main-yard of the Royal
+George caught the boom of the Lark, and they sank together, but this
+made the position of the Royal George much more upright in the water
+than it would otherwise have been. There she lay at the bottom of the
+sea, just as you have seen small vessels when left by the tide on a
+bank. Cowper, when he heard the sad tale, thus wrote
+
+  "Her timbers yet are sound,
+    And she may float again,
+  Full charged with England's thunder,
+    And plough the distant main.
+
+  "But Kempenfelt is gone,
+    His victories are o'er,
+  And he, and his eight hundred
+    Shall plough the wave no more."
+
+Admiral Kempenfelt was writing in his cabin when the ship sank; his
+first captain tried to inform him of their situation, but the heeling of
+the ship so jammed the cabin doors that he could not open them: thus the
+admiral perished with the rest. It seems Cowper thought the Royal George
+might be recovered; other people were of the same opinion.
+
+[Illustration: BLOWING UP OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.]
+
+In September of the year in which the vessel sank, a gentleman, named
+Tracey, living in the neighborhood, by means of diving-machines,
+ascertained the position and state of the ship, and made proposals to
+government to adopt means of raising her and getting her again afloat.
+After a great many vexatious delays and interruptions on the part of
+those who were to have supplied him with assistance, he succeeded in
+getting up the Lark sloop. His efforts to raise the Royal George were so
+far successful, that at every time of high tide she was lifted from her
+bed; and on the 9th of October she was hove at least thirty or forty
+feet to westward; but the days were getting short, the boisterous winds
+of winter were setting in, the lighters to which Tracey's apparatus was
+attached were too old and rotten to bear the strain, and he was forced
+to abandon the attempt.
+
+The sunken ship remained, a constant impediment to other vessels wishing
+to cast anchor near the spot, for nearly fifty years, when Colonel
+Pasley, by means of gunpowder, completely demolished the wreck: the
+loose pieces of timber floated to the surface; heavier pieces--the
+ship's guns, cables, anchors, the fire-hearth, cooking utensils, and
+many smaller articles were recovered by the divers. These men went down
+in Indian-rubber dresses, which were air and water-tight; they were
+furnished with helmets, in each side of which were glass windows, to
+admit light, and supplied with air by means of pipes, communicating with
+an air-pump above. By these means they could remain under water more
+than an hour at a time. I do not think you are old enough to understand
+the nature of Colonel Pasley's operations. Large hollow vessels, called
+cylinders, were filled with gunpowder, and attached by the divers to the
+wreck, these were connected by conducting wires with a battery on board
+a lighter above, at a sufficient distance to be out of reach of danger
+when the explosion took place. Colonel Pasley then gave the word to fire
+the end of the rod; instantly a report was heard, and those who
+witnessed the explosions, say that the effect was very beautiful. On
+one occasion, the water rose in a splendid column above fifty feet high,
+the spray sparkling like diamonds in the sun; then the large fragments
+of the wreck came floating to the surface; soon after the mud from the
+bottom, blackening the circle of water, and spreading to a great
+distance around; and with it rose to the surface great numbers of fish,
+who, poor things, had found a hiding-place in the wreck, but were
+dislodged and killed by the terrible gunpowder.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE MELVILLE CASTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE MELVILLE CASTLE.
+
+
+Many and great are the dangers to which those who lead a seafaring life
+are exposed. The lightning's flash may strike a ship when far away from
+port, upon the trackless deep, or the sudden bursting of a particular
+kind of cloud, called a waterspout, may overwhelm her, and none be left
+to tell her fate. But of all the perils to which a ship is liable, I
+think that of her striking on a sand-bank, or on sunken rocks is the
+greatest. There must be men and women now living on the Kentish coast,
+in whose memory the disastrous wreck of the Melville Castle, with all
+its attendant horrors, is yet fresh. It is a sorrowful tale, doubly so,
+inasmuch as acts of imprudence, and still worse, of obstinacy, may be
+said to have occasioned the loss of four hundred and fifty lives.
+
+In the first place, the Melville Castle, or as I suppose we should call
+her the Vryheid, was in a very decayed state; she had been long in the
+East India Company's service, and was by them sold to some Dutch
+merchants, who had her upper works tolerably repaired, new sheathed and
+coppered her, and resold her to the Dutch government, who were then in
+want of a vessel to carry out troops and stores to Batavia.
+
+The Melville Castle was accordingly equipped for the voyage, painted
+throughout, and her name changed to the Vryheid. On the the morning of
+November, 1802, she set sail from the Texel, a port on the coast of
+Holland, with a fair wind, which lasted till early on the following day,
+when a heavy gale came on in an adverse direction.
+
+The captain immediately had the top-gallant masts and yards struck to
+make her ride more easily; but as the day advanced, the violence of the
+wind increased, and vain seemed every effort of the crew to manage the
+ship. There were many mothers and little children on board, whose state
+was truly pitiable. The ship was scourged onward by the resistless
+blast, which continued to increase until it blew a perfect hurricane.
+
+About three in the afternoon, the mainmast fell overboard, sweeping
+several of the crew into the sea, and severely injuring four or five
+more. By this time they were near enough to the Kentish coast to discern
+objects on land, but the waves which rolled mountains high prevented the
+possibility of any help approaching. By great exertion the ship was
+brought to anchor in Hythe Bay, and for a few moments hope cheered the
+bosoms of those on board; it was _but_ a few, for almost immediately
+she was found to have sprung a leak; and while all hands were busy at
+the pumps, the storm came on with increased fury.
+
+In this dismal plight they continued till about six o'clock the
+following morning, when the ship parted from one of her largest anchors,
+and drifted on towards Dymchurch-wall, about three miles to the west of
+Hythe. This wall is formed by immense piles, and cross pieces of timber,
+supported by wooden jetties, which stretch far into the sea. It was
+built to prevent the water from overflowing a rich, level district,
+called Romney Marsh.
+
+The crew continued to fire guns and hoist signals of distress. At
+daybreak a pilot boat put off from Dover, and nearing the Melville
+Castle, advised the captain to put back to Deal or Hythe, and wait for
+calmer weather, or, said the boatman, "all hands will assuredly be
+lost." But the captain would not act on his recommendation; he thought
+the pilot boat exaggerated the danger, hoped the wind would abate as
+the day opened, and that he should avoid the demands of the Dover pilot
+or the Down fees by not casting anchor there. Another help the captain
+rejected, and bitterly did he lament it when it was too late.
+
+No sooner had the pilot boat departed, than the commodore at Deal
+despatched two boats to endeavor to board the ship. The captain
+obstinately refused to take any notice of them, and ordered the crew to
+let the vessel drive before the wind. This they did, till the ship ran
+so close in shore, that the captain himself saw the imminent danger, and
+twice attempted to put her about, but in vain. On the first of the
+projecting jetties of Dymchurch-wall the vessel struck. I would not if I
+could grieve your young heart with a detail of all the horrors that
+ensued; the devoted ship continued to beat on the piles, the sea
+breaking over her with such violence, that the pumps could no longer be
+worked.
+
+The foremast soon went over the ship's side, carrying twelve seamen
+with it, who were swallowed up by the billows. The rudder was unshipped,
+the tiller tore up the gundeck, and the water rushed in at the
+port-holes. At this fearful moment most of the passengers and crew
+joined in solemn prayer to the Almighty. Morning came, but it was only
+to witness the demolition of the wreck.
+
+Many were the efforts made by the sufferers, some in the jolly boat,
+some on a raft, others by lashing themselves to pieces of timber,
+hogsheads, and even hencoops, to reach the shore; but out of four
+hundred and seventy-two persons who a few days before had left the coast
+of Holland, not more than eighteen escaped the raging billows. The
+miserable remnant received generous attention from the inhabitants of
+the place, who did all in their power to aid their recovery.
+
+[Illustration: BURNING OF THE KENT EAST INDIAMAN.]
+
+
+
+
+BURNING OF THE KENT EAST INDIAMAN.
+
+
+This picture represents the burning of the Kent East Indiaman, in the
+Bay of Biscay. She had on board in all six hundred and forty-one persons
+at the time of the accident. The fire broke out in the hold during a
+storm. An officer on duty, finding that a spirit cask had broken loose,
+was taking measures to secure it, when a lurch of the ship caused him to
+drop his lantern, and in his eagerness to save it, he let go the cask,
+which suddenly stove in, and the spirits communicated with the flame,
+the whole place was instantly in a blaze. Hopes of subduing the fire at
+first were strong, but soon heavy volumes of smoke and a pitchy smell
+told that it had reached the cable-room.
+
+In these awful circumstances, the captain ordered the lower decks to be
+scuttled, to admit water. This was done; several poor seamen being
+suffocated by the smoke in executing the order; but now a new danger
+threatened, the sea rushed in so furiously, that the ship was becoming
+water-logged, and all feared her going down. Between six and seven
+hundred human beings, were by by this time crowded on the deck. Many on
+their knees earnestly implored the mercy of an all-powerful God! while
+some old stout-hearted sailors quietly seated themselves directly over
+the powder magazine, expecting an explosion every moment, and thinking
+thus to put a speedier end to their torture.
+
+In this time of despair, it occurred to the fourth mate to send a man to
+the foremast, hoping, but scarce daring to think it probable, that some
+friendly sail might be in sight. The man at the fore-top looked around
+him; it was a moment of intense anxiety; then waving his hat, he cried
+out, "A sail, on the lee-bow!"
+
+Those on deck received the news with heart-felt gratitude, and answered
+with three cheers. Signals of distress were instantly hoisted, and
+endeavors used to make towards the stranger, while the minute guns were
+fired continuously. She proved to be the brig Cambria, Captain Cook,
+master, bound to Vera Cruz, having twenty Cornish miners, and some
+agents of the Mining Company on board. For about one quarter of an hour,
+the crew of the Kent doubted whether the brig perceived their signals:
+but after a period of dreadful suspense, they saw the British colors
+hoisted, and the brig making towards them.
+
+On this, the crew of the Kent got their boats in readiness; the first
+was filled with women, passengers, and officers' wives, and was lowered
+into a sea so tempestuous as to leave small hope of their reaching the
+brig; they did, however, after being nearly swamped through some
+entanglement of the ropes, get clear of the Kent, and were safely taken
+on board the Cambria, which prudently lay at some distance off.
+
+After the first trip, it was found impossible for the boats to come
+close alongside of the Kent, and the poor women and children suffered
+dreadfully, in being lowered over the stern into them by means of ropes.
+Amid this gloomy scene, many beautiful examples occurred of filial and
+parental affection, and of disinterested friendship; and many sorrowful
+instances of individual loss and suffering. At length, when all had been
+removed from the burning vessel, but a few, who were so overcome by
+fear as to refuse to make the attempt to reach the brig, the captain
+quitted his ill-fated ship.
+
+The flames which had spread along her upper deck, now mounted rapidly to
+the mast and rigging, forming one general conflagration and lighting up
+the heavens to an immense distance round. One by one her stately masts
+fell over her sides. By half-past one in the morning the fire reached
+the powder magazine; the looked-for explosion took place, and the
+burning fragments of the vessel were blown high into the air, like so
+many rockets.
+
+The Cambria, with her crowd of sufferers, made all speed to the nearest
+port, and reached Portsmouth in safety, shortly after midnight, on the
+3d of March, 1825, the accident having taken place on the 28th of
+February. Wonderful to tell, fourteen of the poor creatures, left on the
+Kent, were rescued by another ship, the Caroline, on her passage from
+Alexandria to Liverpool.
+
+
+
+
+THE PELICAN.
+
+
+The life of a pelican seems to be a very lazy, if not a very pleasant
+one. Man, ever on the watch to turn the habits of animals to his own
+account, observing how good a fisherman the pelican is, often catches
+and tames him, and makes him fish for _him_. I have heard of a bird of
+this kind in America, which was so well trained, that it would at
+command go off in the morning, and return at night with its pouch full,
+and stretched to the utmost; part of its treasure it disgorged for its
+master, the rest was given to the bird for its trouble. It is hardly
+credible what these extraordinary pouches will hold; it is said, that
+among other things, a man's leg with the boots on was once found in one
+of them.
+
+Pelicans live in flocks; they and the cormorants sometimes help one
+another to get a living. The cormorant is a species of pelican, of a
+dusky color: it is sometimes called the sea crow. The cormorants are the
+best divers, so the pelicans arrange themselves in a large circle at
+some great distance from the land, and flap their great wings on the
+surface of the water, while the cormorants dive beneath. Away swim the
+poor frightened fish towards the shore; the pelicans draw into a
+narrower circle, and the fish at last are brought into so small a
+compass, that their pursuers find no difficulty in obtaining a plentiful
+meal.
+
+[Illustration: THE SEA TURTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+CATCHING TURTLE.
+
+
+There are two kinds of turtle; the one is called the green turtle, and
+is much valued as a delicious article of food; the other the hawk's bill
+turtle supplies the tortoise shell of commerce, which is prepared and
+moulded into various forms by heat. The flesh of the hawk's bill turtle
+is considered very unwholesome.
+
+[Illustration: CATCHING TURTLE.]
+
+The turtles in the picture are of the edible kind; they are found on the
+shores of nearly all the countries within the tropics.
+
+There is a little rocky island in the south Atlantic Ocean, called the
+Island of Ascension, where they are found in vast numbers, and this
+barren spot is often visited by Indiamen for the purpose of obtaining
+some of them. The turtles feed on the sea weed and other marine plants
+which grow on the shoals and sand banks, and with their powerful jaws,
+they crush the small sea shells which are found among the weeds. This
+kind of food is always to be had in great abundance, so that the turtles
+have no occasion to quarrel among themselves, for that which is afforded
+in such plenty for all; indeed they seem to be a very quiet and
+inoffensive race, herding peaceably together on their extensive
+feeding-grounds, and when satisfied retiring to the fresh water at the
+mouth of the rivers, where they remain holding their heads above water,
+as if to breathe the fresh air, till the shadow of any of their numerous
+enemies alarms them, when they instantly dive to the bottom for
+security.
+
+In the month of April, the females leave the water after sunset, in
+order to deposit their eggs in the sand. By means of their fore-fins
+they dig a hole above high water mark, about one foot wide and two deep,
+into which they drop above a hundred eggs; they then cover them lightly
+over with a layer of sand, sufficient to hide them, and yet thin enough
+to admit the warmth of the sun's rays for hatching them. The instinct
+which leads the female turtle to the shore to lay her eggs, renders her
+a prey to man. The fishers wait for them on shore, especially on a
+moonlight night, and following them in one of their journeys, either
+coming or returning, they turn them quickly over on their backs, before
+they have time to defend themselves, or to blind their assailants by
+throwing up the sand with their fins.
+
+When very large, for I should tell you that the usual weight of the
+turtle is from four to six hundred pounds, it requires the efforts of
+several men to turn them over, and for this purpose they often employ
+levers: the back shell of the turtle is so flat that when once over it
+is impossible for them to right themselves, so there the poor creatures
+lie in this helpless condition, till they are either taken away in the
+manner you see in the picture, or deposited by their captors in a crawl,
+which is a kind of enclosure surrounded by stakes, and so situated as to
+admit the influx of the sea.
+
+The inhabitants of the Bahama Isles, catch many turtles at a
+considerable distance from the shore; they strike them with a spear, the
+head of which slips off when it has entered the body of the turtle, but
+it is fastened by a string to the pole, and by means of this apparatus
+they are able to secure them, and either take them into the boat or haul
+them on shore. The length of the green turtle frequently exceeds six
+feet. A boy ten years old, a son of Captain Roche, once made use of a
+very large shell as a boat, and ventured in it from the shore to his
+father's ship which lay about a quarter of a mile off. It was in the
+bay of Campeachy, off Port Royal, where the rightful occupant of this
+shell was caught.
+
+[Illustration: WRECK OF THE STEAMBOAT.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WRECK OF THE STEAMBOAT.
+
+
+The following narrative teaches a lesson of courage and devotion such as
+are seldom read. In one of the light-houses of the desolate Farne Isles,
+amid the ocean, with no prospect before it but the wide expanse of sea,
+and now and then a distant sail appearing, her cradle hymn the ceaseless
+sound of the everlasting deep, there lived a little child whose name
+was Grace Darling. Her father was the keeper of the light-house; and
+here Grace lived and grew up to the age of twenty-two, her mother's
+constant helpmate in all domestic duties. She had a fair and healthy
+countenance, which wore a kind and cheerful smile, proceeding from a
+heart at peace with others, and happy in the consciousness of
+endeavoring to do its duty.
+
+It was at early dawn, one September morning, in the year 1838, that the
+family at the Longstone light-house looked out through a dense fog which
+hung over the waters. All night the sea had run extremely high, with a
+heavy gale from the north, and at this moment the storm continued
+unabated. Mr. and Mrs. Darling and Grace were at this time the only
+persons in the light-house; through the dim mist they perceived the
+wreck of a large steam vessel on the rocks, and by the aid of their
+telescope the could even make out the forms of some persons clinging to
+her.
+
+It was the Forfarshire steamboat on her passage from Hull to Dundee.
+She left the former place with sixty-three persons on board. She had
+entered Berwick Bay about eight o'clock the previous evening, in a heavy
+gale and in a leaky condition; the motion of the vessel soon increased
+the leak to such a degree that the fires could not be kept burning.
+About ten o'clock she bore up off St. Abb's Head, the storm still
+raging. Soon after the engineer reported that the engines would not
+work; the vessel became unmanageable; it was raining heavily, and the
+fog was so dense that it was impossible to make out their situation. At
+length the appearance of breakers close to leeward, and the Farne lights
+just becoming visible, showed to all on board their imminent danger.
+
+The captain vainly tried to run the vessel between the islands and the
+main land, she would no longer answer the helm, and was driven to and
+fro by a furious sea. Between three and four o'clock in the morning she
+struck with her bows foremost on a jagged rock, which pierced her
+timbers. Soon after the first shock a mighty wave lifted the vessel
+from the rock, and let her fall again with such violence as fairly to
+break her in two pieces; the after part, containing the cabin with many
+passengers, all of whom perished, was instantly carried away through a
+tremendous current, while the fore part was fixed on the rock. The
+survivors, only nine in number, five of the crew and four passengers,
+remained in this dreadful situation till daybreak, when they were
+descried by the family at the light-house. But who could dare to cross
+the raging abyss which lay between them?
+
+Grace, full of pity and anxiety for the wretched people on the wreck,
+forgot all toil and danger, and urged her father to launch the boat; she
+took one oar and her father the other; but Grace had never assisted in
+the boat before, and it was only by extreme exertion and the most
+determined courage that they succeeded in bringing the boat up to the
+rock, and rescuing nine of their fellow creatures from a watery grave,
+and with the help of the crew in returning, landed all safe at the
+light-house.
+
+Happy Grace Darling! she needed no other reward than the joy of her own
+heart and the warm thanks of those she had helped to deliver; but the
+news of the heroic deed soon spread, and wondering and admiring
+strangers came from far and near to see Grace and that lonely
+light-house. Nay more, they showered gifts upon her, and a public
+subscription was raised with a view of rewarding her bravery, to the
+amount of seven hundred pounds. She continued to live with her parents
+on their barren isles, finding happiness in her simple duties and in
+administering to their comfort, until her death, which took place little
+more than three years after the wreck of the Forfarshire steamer.
+
+
+
+
+WATERSPOUTS.
+
+These wonderful appearances are caused by the action of currents of wind
+meeting in the atmosphere from different quarters. They are sometimes
+seen on land, but much more frequently at sea, where they are very
+dangerous visitors. I will try to give you some idea of what they are,
+and perhaps the picture may help you a little. I dare say you have often
+noticed little eddies of wind whirling up dust and leaves, or any light
+substances which happened to be in the way; when these occur on a larger
+scale they are called whirlwinds.
+
+[Illustration: WATERSPOUTS.]
+
+Now if a cloud happens to be exactly in the point where two such furious
+currents of wind meet, it is turned round and round by them with great
+speed and is condensed into the form of a cone; this whirling motion
+drives from the centre of the cloud all the particles contained in it,
+producing what is called a vacuum, or empty space, into which the water
+or any thing else lying beneath it has an irresistible tendency to rush.
+Underneath the dense impending cloud, the sea becomes violently
+agitated, and the waves dart rapidly towards the centre of the troubled
+mass of water: on reaching it they disperse in vapor, and rise, whirling
+in a spiral direction towards the cloud. The descending and ascending
+columns unite, the whole presenting the appearance of a hollow cylinder,
+or tube of glass, empty within. This, Maltebrun tells us, and he further
+adds, "it glides over the sea without any wind being felt; indeed
+several have been seen at once, pursuing different directions. When the
+cloud and the marine base of the waterspout move with equal velocity,
+the lower cone is often seen to incline sideways, or even to bend, and
+finally to burst in pieces. A noise is then heard like the noise of a
+cataract falling in a deep valley. Lightning frequently issues from the
+very bosom of the waterspout, particularly when it breaks; but no
+thunder is ever heard."
+
+Sailors, to prevent the danger which would arise from coming in contact
+with one of these tremendous columns, discharge a cannon into it: the
+ball passing through it breaks the watery cylinder, and causes it to
+burst, just as a touch causes your beautiful soap-bubbles to vanish, and
+turn to water again. These waterspouts, at sea, generally occur between
+the tropics, and I believe frequently after a calm, such as the poet
+has described in the following lines:
+
+  "Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down,
+    'Twas sad as sad could be,
+  And we did speak only to break
+    The silence of the sea!
+
+  "All in a hot and copper sky,
+    The bloody sun at noon,
+  Right up above the mast did stand.
+    No bigger than the moon.
+
+  "Day after day, day after day,
+    We stuck, nor breath, nor motion;
+  As idle as a painted ship
+    Upon a painted ocean.
+
+  "Water, water, every where,
+    And all the boards did shrink;
+  Water, water, every where
+    And not a drop to drink!"
+
+Happily "dead calms" do not generally last so long as to lead to any
+serious result. Sailors have a superstitious and foolish belief that
+whistling in a calm will bring up a breeze, and they do this in a
+drawling, beseeching tone, on some prominent part of the vessel. Poor
+fellows! what a pity that their thoughts should not more frequently be
+directed to Him "who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand,
+and meted out heaven with a span," and whose works and wonders in the
+deep "they that go down to the sea in ships" have such abundant
+opportunity for observing.
+
+
+
+
+HEAVING THE LEAD.
+
+
+Here we have a sailor in the act of heaving the lead, or taking
+soundings, which is a thing extremely necessary to be done when a ship
+is approaching the shore, as there is great danger of her running on a
+sand-bank or striking on a sunken rock. I will now tell you how it is
+managed. A sailor gets over the ship's side, as you see in the
+engraving, and takes his station in what are called "the chains;" he
+holds in his hand a coil of rope, with the length in fathoms marked upon
+it; this rope has a mass of lead attached to the end of it. At the
+bottom of the lead, is a hollow place, into which a piece of tallow
+candle is stuck, which brings up distinguishing marks from the bottom of
+the sea, such as small shells, sand, or mud, adhering to it. If the
+tallow be only indented it is supposed to have fallen on bare rocks. A
+correct account of the soundings is entered in the logbook; this book
+contains a description of the ship's course, the direction of the wind,
+and other circumstances, during every hour of each day and night. Having
+arranged the rope so as to allow it to fall freely when cast, the sailor
+throws the lead forward into the water, giving rope sufficient to allow
+it to touch the bottom; then with a sudden jerk, such as long practice
+alone can enable him to give, he raises the weight, and after examining
+the mark on the rope made by the water, calls out lustily, so that all
+forward can hear, "By the mark seven," or "By the deep nine," according
+to the case, or whatever the number of fathoms may be. The lead-line is
+marked into lengths of six feet, called fathoms, by knots, or pieces of
+leather, or old sail-cloth. In narrow or intricate channels, it is
+sometimes needful to place a man in the chains on each side of the ship,
+as the depth will vary a fathom or more even in the breadth of the
+vessel, and it is of great consequence that the leadsmen give the depth
+correctly, as a wrong report might cause the ship to run aground. The
+time that the leadsman is employed in taking soundings is often a period
+of deep anxiety to the crew and passengers, especially if the vessel be
+near an unknown coast. When the decrease in the number of fathoms is
+sudden, the captain knows that danger is near, and quickly gives orders
+to alter the ship's course: the sailors instantly obey his directions;
+but sometimes not all their activity and energy can save the vessel; she
+strikes and becomes a wreck.
+
+Turn to the 27th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in your Bible, and
+you will there read the deeply interesting account of Paul's shipwreck
+on the island Melita. Life has often been compared to a voyage--and
+aptly so.
+
+You will find that you, like the mariner, are exposed to many dangers,
+and that you are never for one moment safe in trusting to your own skill
+to guide your little bark. In watchfulness and prayer, look to your
+Heavenly Pilot for directions under every circumstance, often examining
+your own heart, as the seaman heaves the lead in danger. Then will you
+be safely guided through storms and calms, amid rocks and shoals, and
+reach at last the blessed haven of eternal rest and peace.
+
+
+
+
+THE BALLOON AT SEA.
+
+
+A balloon is a hollow globe, made of silk, rendered air-tight by a
+coating of gum and resin, and enclosed within a strong network. When
+filled with gas it is so much lighter than the air which surrounds us,
+that it will rise with heavier bodies suspended to it. In a sort of car
+or boat attached, men, who are called "aeronauts," have performed
+journeys through the air.
+
+The balloon was invented by a Frenchman named Montgolfier. Great
+expectations were at first entertained of this art of sailing through
+the air, but as yet it has not proved of much practical use. Many
+disasters have at different times befallen balloon voyagers.
+
+Many years ago, Major Mooney ascended in his balloon from Norwich,
+expecting from the direction of the wind that he might descend near
+Ipswich; but when he had risen about one mile from the earth, a violent
+current carried him and his balloon towards Yarmouth. The balloon fell
+on the sea, about nine miles from land. The Major supported himself for
+some time in the water, by holding firmly to the balloon, and was at
+last rescued from his dangerous situation by the crew of a cutter which
+was cruising on the coast.
+
+This was a disastrous voyage, but I think it will interest you to hear
+of a more successful one, performed by three gentlemen, one of whom,
+Mr. Green, has introduced some great improvements in the art of filling
+and guiding balloons. These gentlemen left the earth in the car of a
+very large balloon, at half-past one o'clock, on Monday, the 7th of
+November, 1836, intending to proceed to some point on the continent of
+Europe not very distant from Paris. They were provided with provisions
+for a fortnight; these, with sand-bags for ballast, cordage, and all
+needful apparatus for such a journey were placed in the bottom of the
+car, while all around hung cloaks, carpet bags, barrels of wood and
+copper, barometers, telescopes, lamps, spirit-flasks, coffee-warmers,
+&c, for you know it would be impossible for them afterwards to supply
+any thing which might have been forgotten.
+
+Thus duly furnished, the balloon was rapidly borne away by a moderate
+breeze over the fertile fields of Kent to Dover. It was forty-eight
+minutes past four when the first sound of the waves on the sea-beach
+broke on the voyagers' ears: the sun was sinking below the horizon, and
+as the balloon was rapidly borne into the region of mist which hung over
+the ocean, we must suppose something of dread and uncertainty attended
+the adventurer's minds. Scarcely, however, had they completed some
+arrangements, intended to render the balloon more buoyant in the heavy
+atmosphere, than again the sound of waves surprised them, and below were
+seen glittering the well-known lights of Calais and the neighboring
+shores. Passing over Calais the aeronauts lowered a blue-light to give
+notice of their presence, but could not tell whether the inhabitants
+perceived it. By this time night had completely closed in, and still the
+silken ball pursued its course. So long as lights were burning in the
+towns and villages which it passed in rapid succession, the solitary
+voyagers looked down on the scene with delight; sometimes they could
+even catch the hum of the yet busy multitude, or the bark of a
+watch-dog; but midnight came, and the world was hushed in sleep.
+
+As soon as the people were again stirring below, the guide-rope was
+hauled into the balloon, and the grappling-iron lowered; and after
+sundry difficulties from the danger of getting entangled in a wood, and
+grievously affrighting two ladies, who stood awhile petrified with
+amazement at the unusual apparition, the voyagers succeeded in alighting
+in a grassy valley, about six miles from the town of Weilburg, in the
+Duchy of Nassau. Here every attention and accommodation was afforded
+them, and thus ended this remarkable journey, an extent of about five
+hundred British miles having been passed over in the space of eighteen
+hours.
+
+
+
+
+AN ADVENTURE OF PAUL JONES.
+
+
+John Paul Jones was a famous naval commander in the service of the
+United States, during the revolutionary war. He was a native of
+Scotland, but having come to Virginia and settled before the war broke
+out, he joined the patriots as soon as hostilities commenced, and
+rendered the most important services through the whole of the long and
+arduous contest, by which our independence was acquired.
+
+The following account of one of his adventures is given by his
+biographer.
+
+Eager to retaliate upon Britain for some predatory exploits of her
+sailors on the American coast, and exasperated by the resolution which
+the English government had taken, to treat all the supporters of
+independence as traitors and rebels, Captain Paul Jones entered the
+Irish Channel, and approaching his native shores, not as a friend, but
+as a determined enemy. On the night of the 22d of April, 1778, he came
+to anchor in the Solway Firth, almost within sight of the trees which
+sheltered the house in which he first drew the breath of life.
+
+Early next morning, he rowed for the English coast, at the head of
+thirty-one volunteers, in two boats, with the intention of destroying
+the shipping, about two hundred sail, which lay in the harbor of
+Whitehaven.
+
+In this daring attempt he would probably have succeeded without
+difficulty, had not the strength of the opposing tide retarded his
+progress so much, that day began to dawn before he could gain the shore.
+He despatched the smaller of the two boats to the north of the port to
+set fire to the vessels, whilst he led the remainder of the party to the
+more hazardous duty of securing the fort, which was situated on a hill
+to the south. It was a cold morning, and the sentinels little aware that
+an enemy was so near, had retired into the guard-room for warmth,
+affording Jones an opportunity to take them by surprise, of which he did
+not fail to avail himself. Climbing over the shoulders of the tallest of
+his men, he crept silently through one of the embrasures and was
+instantly followed by the rest. Their first care was to make fast the
+door of the guard-room, and their next to spike the cannon, thirty-six
+in number. Having effected this without bloodshed, they proceeded to
+join the detachment which had been sent to the north; and finding that a
+false alarm had deterred them from executing their orders, Jones
+instantly proceeded to set fire to the vessels within his reach. By this
+time, however, the inhabitants were roused, and the invaders were
+obliged to retreat, leaving three ships in flames, of which one alone
+was destroyed.
+
+On the same day with this adventure, another memorable occurrence took
+place, which contributed, for a time, to add greatly to the odium which
+the first had brought on his name in Britain, but which, in the end,
+enabled him to prove that he was possessed of the most heroic qualities.
+In cruising off the coast of Galloway, it occurred to him, that, if he
+could get into his power a man of high rank and influence in the state,
+he should able, by retaining him as a hostage, to ensure to the American
+prisoners of war more lenient treatment than was threatened by the
+British government. Knowing that the Earl of Selkirk possessed a seat at
+St. Mary's Isle, a beautiful peninsula at the mouth of the Dee, and
+being ill-informed with regard to the political connections of that
+nobleman, he destined him for the subject of his experiment. With that
+view, he landed on the Isle, about noon, with two officers and a few
+men; but, before they had proceeded far, he learned that his lordship
+was from home. Finding his object frustrated, he now wished to return;
+but his crew were not so easily satisfied. Their object was plunder; and
+as they consisted of men in a very imperfect state of discipline, and
+with whom it would have been dangerous to contend, he allowed them to
+proceed. He exacted from them, however, a promise that they should be
+guilty of no violence; that the men should not enter the house, and that
+the officers, after having made their demands, should accept what might
+be put into their hands without scrutiny. These conditions were
+punctually obeyed. The greater part of the Selkirk plate was carried off
+in triumph by the crew, and Paul Jones was, for a time, stigmatized as a
+freebooter; but he nobly vindicated his character, by taking the
+earliest opportunity of purchasing the whole of it, out of his own
+private funds, and remitting it safe to its original owner, without
+accepting the smallest remuneration. National prejudice has
+misrepresented this transaction; and in order to excite the popular
+indignation against Jones, it has been common to state, that this
+attempt on the person, and as it was supposed the property, of Lord
+Selkirk, was aggravated by ingratitude, his father having eaten of that
+nobleman's bread. Nothing can be more false. Neither Mr. Paul, nor any
+of his kindred, ever was in the earl's employ, or had ever the most
+distant connection with his lordship or his family; and in a
+correspondence which took place between our hero and Lady Selkirk,
+relative to the restitution of the plate, a most honorable testimony was
+gratefully paid by the latter to the captain's character.
+
+[Illustration; NELSON SAVED BY HIS COXSWAIN.]
+
+
+
+
+ADMIRAL NELSON.
+
+
+Nelson lost the sight of one eye at the siege of Calvi, by a shot
+driving the sand and gravel into it, and he lost his arm by a shot in an
+expedition against Teneriffe; but the most dangerous of his exploits
+were, boarding the battery at San Bartolomeo, boarding the San Joseph,
+the boat action in the Bay of Cadiz, and the famous battles of the Nile
+and Trafalgar. Of these, perhaps, the boat action during the blockade of
+Cadiz was the most severe. While making an attempt against the Spanish
+gunboats, he was attacked by D. Miguel Tregayen, in an armed launch,
+carrying twenty-six men; fearful odds against his ten bargemen, captain,
+and coxswain. Eighteen Spaniards were killed, the rest wounded, and the
+launch captured.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL NELSON.]
+
+The Spaniards were more than two to one, and yet he beat them; but it
+was a hard and desperate struggle, hand to hand and blade to blade.
+Twice did John Sykes, the coxswain, save Nelson's life, by parrying off
+blows that would have destroyed him, and once did he interpose his head
+to receive the blow of a Spanish sabre; but he would willingly have died
+for his admiral.
+
+Poor Sykes was wounded badly, but not killed.
+
+When Nelson's health was established after the loss of his arm, he sent
+to the minister of St. George's, Hanover Square, the following desire to
+offer up his thanksgiving:--"An officer desires to return thanks to
+Almighty God for his perfect recovery from a severe wound, and also for
+the many mercies bestowed on him." Thus showing that he was humble
+enough to be thankful to God, and continued so in the midst of all his
+successes.
+
+The following is an instance of his coolness in the hour of danger. The
+late Lieutenant-General the Hon. Sir William Stewart, as
+lieutenant-colonel of the rifle-brigade, embarked to do duty in the
+fleet which was led by Sir Hyde Parker and Nelson, to the attack of
+Copenhagen in 1801. "I was," says he, "with Lord Nelson when he wrote
+the note to the Crown Prince of Denmark, proposing terms of arrangement.
+A cannon ball struck off the head of the boy who was crossing the cabin
+with the light to seal it. "Bring another candle," said his lordship. I
+observed, that I thought it might very well be sent as it was, for it
+would not be expected that the usual forms could be observed at such a
+moment. "That is the very thing I should wish to avoid, Colonel,"
+replied he, "for if the least appearance of precipitation were
+perceptible in the manner of sending this note, it might spoil all."
+Another candle being now brought, his lordship sealed the letter,
+carefully enclosed in an envelope, with a seal bearing his coat of arms
+and coronet, and delivered it to the officer in waiting to receive it.
+It is said that the moment was a critical one, and that Lord Nelson's
+note decided the event."
+
+A seaman of the name of Hewson, who had served under Nelson, was working
+as a caster in a manufactory at Birmingham when Nelson visited that
+place. Among other manufactories, the admiral paid a visit to that where
+Hewson was at work as a brass-founder; and though no employment
+disfigures a workman more with smoke and dust than the process of
+casting, the quick eye of Nelson recognized in the caster an old
+associate. "What, Hewson, my lad," said he, "are you here?" Hewson laid
+hold of the hair that hung over his forehead, and making an awkward bow,
+replied, "Yes, your honor." "Why, how comes this about! You and I are
+old acquaintances; you were with me in the Captain when I boarded the
+San Joseph, were you not?" Hewson again laid hold of of his hair, and
+bowing, replied, "Yes, your honor." "I remember you well," said Nelson;
+"you were one of the cleverest fellows about the vessel! If any thing
+was to be done, Hewson was the lad to do. Why, what do you here, working
+like a negro? Take this," throwing him money, "and wash the dust down
+your throat."
+
+Hewson withdrew to a neighboring alehouse, boasting of the character the
+admiral had given him. Month after month passed away, but Hewson
+returned not--his shop-tools were abandoned, and no one could account
+for his absence. At length a stripling, in a sailor's jacket, entered
+the manufactory and said, "he was come to settle his father's affairs."
+This was no other than Hewson's son, from whose account it appeared,
+that when Hewson, somewhat elevated with liquor, but more with the
+praise the admiral had bestowed on him, quitted Birmingham, he walked
+his way down to Portsmouth, entered once more on board Lord Nelson's
+ship, and fell with him in the battle of Trafalgar.
+
+At the battle of Trafalgar, Collingwood, in the Royal Sovereign, led the
+lee-line of fourteen ships, Nelson, in the Victory, was at the head of
+the weather-line, consisting of fourteen ships. Besides these there were
+four frigates.
+
+The ships of France and Spain, opposed to the British, were in number
+thirty-three, with seven large frigates. The odds were great against the
+English, but the superior tactics, and well-known bravery of Nelson,
+clothed him with power, that more than made up the difference. When
+every thing was prepared for the engagement, Nelson retired into his
+cabin alone, and wrote down the following prayer.
+
+"May the great God, whom I worship grant to my country, and for the
+benefit of Europe in general, a great and glorious victory, and may no
+misconduct in any one tarnish it, and may humanity after victory, be the
+predominant feature in the British fleet! For myself, individually, I
+commit my life to Him that made me; and may his blessing alight on my
+endeavors for serving my country faithfully! To him I resign myself, and
+the just cause which is entrusted to me to defend. Amen! Amen! Amen!"
+
+He wore on the day of the battle his admiral's frock coat, and on his
+left breast, over his heart, four stars of the orders of honor, which
+had been conferred upon him. Those around thought it was dangerous to
+wear his stars, lest he should be too plainly seen by the enemy, but
+they were afraid to tell him so, because he had said, "In honor I gained
+them, and in honor I will die with them."
+
+The effect produced by the signal given by Lord Nelson, "England expects
+every man to do his duty!" was wonderful; it ran from ship to ship,
+from man to man, from heart to heart, like a train of gunpowder.
+Officers and men seemed animated with one spirit, and that was a
+determination to win the day, or at least never to surrender to the
+enemy.
+
+The captains commanded on their quarterdecks; the boatswains in the
+forecastle; the gunners attended to the magazines, and the carpenters
+with their plug-shots, put themselves in readiness with high-wrought
+energy, nor were the seamen and marines a whit behind hand in entering
+on their several duties. The guns, the tackle, the round, grape, and
+canister-shot, the powder-boys, the captains of guns, with their
+priming-boxes, and the officers with their drawn swords, cut an imposing
+appearance; and the cock-pit would have made a rudy face turn pale.
+
+The wounded are all taken down into the cock-pit. It will hardly bear
+thinking about. But in the cockpit were laid out ready for use, wine,
+water, and surgeon's instruments, with napkins, basins, sponges, and
+bandages.
+
+The combined fleets of France and Spain, at Trafalgar, under
+Villenueve, the French admiral, a brave and skilful man, were in the
+form of a crescent, and the two British lines ran down upon them
+parallel to each other. As soon as the British van was within gunshot
+the enemy opened their fire. The Royal Sovereign soon rounded to under
+the stern of the Santa Anna, and Admiral Nelson's ship, the Victory,
+laid herself on board the Redoubtable. From that moment the roaring of
+guns, the crash against the sides of the ships, clouds of smoke,
+splintered yards, and falling masts, were the order of the day.
+
+The death warrant of the navy of France was signed and sealed by the
+fight of Trafalgar. In the heat of the action, a ball, fired from the
+mizzen-top of the Redoubtable, struck Admiral Nelson on the left
+shoulder, when he instantly fell. "They have done for me, at last,
+Hardy," said he, to his captain.
+
+Though mortally wounded, he gave some necessary direction concerning the
+ship, and when carried below inquired earnestly how the battle went on.
+When he knew that the victory had been gained--for twenty ships in all
+struck to the British admiral--he expressed himself satisfied. "Now I am
+satisfied," said he; "thank God, I have done my duty!" Many times he
+repeated this expression, and "Thank God I have done my duty;" and "Kiss
+me, Hardy," were among the last words that were uttered by his lips.
+Thus, with a heart full of patriotism, died the bravest commander, the
+most vigilant seaman, and the most ardent friend of his country, that
+every led on a British fleet to victory.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH OF NELSON.]
+
+Even amid the exultation of victory, a grateful country mourned his
+loss. A bountiful provision was made for his family; a public funeral
+was awarded to his remains, and monuments in the principal cities of his
+native land were erected to his memory. A sorrowing nation lamented over
+his bier, and Britania, indeed, felt that old England's defender was
+numbered with the dead.
+
+[Illustration: BALBOA DISCOVERING THE PACIFIC OCEAN.]
+
+
+
+
+DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
+
+
+Vasco Nunes de Balboa, a Spaniard, as you see by his name, was born in
+1475. He was one of the adventurers who pursued the path which Columbus
+had pointed out. He led a party of Spaniards, who going out from Darien
+founded a colony in the neighboring regions. Some gold being found the
+Spaniards got into a violent quarrel.
+
+[Illustration: THE INDIAN CHIEF DISGUSTED AT THE SPANIARDS.]
+
+One of the Indian chiefs being present, was so disgusted at this, that
+he struck the scales with which they were weighing it so hard with his
+fist, that the gold was scattered all about.
+
+"Why," said he, "do you quarrel for such a trifle? If you really value
+gold so highly, as to leave your own homes, and come and seize the lands
+and dwellings of others for the sake of it, I can tell you of a land
+where you may find it in plenty. Beyond those lofty mountains," said he,
+pointing to the south-west, "lies a mighty sea, which people sail on
+with vessels almost as big as yours. All the streams that flow from the
+other side of these mountains abound in gold, and all the utensils of
+the people are made of gold."
+
+This was enough for Balboa. He inquired of the Indian the best way of
+getting across the mountains, to find this land of gold. The Indian
+kindly told him every thing he knew, but at the same time warned him not
+to go over there, for the Indians were many and were fierce, and would
+eat human flesh. But Balboa was not to be discouraged. He collected a
+band of one hundred and ninety bold and hardy men, armed with swords,
+targets, and cross-bows, and some blood-hounds, (for, strange to tell,
+the Spaniards had trained fierce dogs to hunt the Indians, and even the
+mild Bilboa was not ashamed to use them,) and so he set out on his
+expedition to the west.
+
+Embarking with his men, September 1st, 1513, at the village of Darien,
+in a brigantine and nine large canoes, he sailed along the coast to the
+north-west, to Coyba, where the young Indian chief lived, and where the
+Isthmus of Darien is narrowest. He had taken a few friendly Indians with
+him, as guides; and the young chief furnished him with a few more on his
+arrival. Then leaving half his own men at Coyba, to guard the brigantine
+and canoes, he began his march for the mountains, and through the
+terrible wilderness.
+
+It was the 6th of September. The heat was excessive, and the journey
+toilsome and difficult. They had to climb rocky precipices, struggle
+through close and tangled forests, and cross marshes, which the great
+rains had rendered almost impassable. September 8th, they passed an
+Indian village at the foot of the mountains, but the inhabitants did not
+molest them; on the contrary they fled into the forests.
+
+Here some of the men became exhausted, from the great heat and
+travelling in the marshes. These were sent back, by slow marches, in the
+care of guides, to Coyba. On the 20th of September they again set
+forward.
+
+The wilderness was so craggy, and the forest trees and underwood so
+matted together, that in four days they only advanced about thirty
+miles, and they now began to suffer from hunger. They also met with many
+rapid foaming streams, to cross some of which they had to stop and build
+rafts.
+
+Now it was that they met with a numerous tribe of Indians, who, armed
+with bows and arrows, and clubs of palm wood, almost as hard as iron,
+gave them battle. But the Spaniards, although comparatively few in
+numbers, with their fire-arms and bloodhounds and the aid of the
+friendly Indians who were with them, soon put them to flight, and took
+possession of their village. Balboa's men robbed the village of all its
+gold and silver, and of every thing valuable in it; and even he himself,
+whose heart the love of gold had begun already to harden, shared with
+his men the plunder.
+
+It was a dear bought victory, however; for though the Indians had lost
+six hundred of their number in the contest, they could easily recruit
+their forces. But Balboa, whose band was now reduced, by sickness and
+the contest, from ninety-five men to sixty-seven, had no means of adding
+to their strength, but was forced to proceed with what forces he had.
+
+Early the next morning after the battle, they set out on their journey
+up the mountain. About ten o'clock they came out of the tangled forest,
+and reached an open space, where they enjoyed the cool breezes of the
+mountains. They now began to take a little courage. Their joy was
+heightened still more, when they heard one of the Indian guides exclaim,
+"The sea! the sea!"
+
+Balboa commanded his men to stop; and resolving to be the first European
+who should behold this new sea, he forbade his men to stir from their
+places till he called them. Then ascending to the summit of the height,
+which the Indian had mounted, he beheld the sea glittering in the
+morning sun.
+
+Calling now upon his little troop to ascend the height, and view the
+noble prospect along with him, "behold," said he, "the rich reward of
+our toil. This is a sight upon which no Spaniard's eye ever before
+rested." And in their great joy the leader and his men embraced each
+other.
+
+Balboa then took possession of the sea and coast, and the surrounding
+country, in the name of the King of Spain; and having cut down a tree,
+and made it into the form of a cross--for they were Catholics--he set it
+up on the very spot where he first beheld the grand Pacific Ocean. He
+also made a high mound, by heaping up large stones, upon which he carved
+the king's name. This was on September 26th, 1513.
+
+Not content with seeing the ocean, Balboa determined to visit it.
+Arriving, after much toil, at one of the bays on the coast, he called it
+St. Michael's Bay. Coming to a beach a mile or two long, "If this is a
+sea," said he, "it will soon be covered with water; let us wait and see
+if there be a tide." So he seated himself under a tree, and the water
+soon began to flow. He tasted it and found it salt; and then waded up to
+his knees in it, and took possession of it in the name of his king.
+
+[Illustration: DEATH OF BALBOA.]
+
+Balboa's heart was now so lifted up by success, and his whole nature so
+changed, that he was ready to fight and destroy every Indian tribe that
+opposed his progress. But he had not always the best of it. On one
+occasion he was lost, with one or two followers, and having been seized
+by some natives, carried immediately before their cazique, or chief. He
+was seated on a raised seat, covered with a panther's skin, and bore a
+single feather of the vulture upon his head. Beside him stood his
+slaves, to fan him, and screen his head from the sun, and around him
+warriors, with the sculls of their enemies fixed upon their spears:
+which made the whole scene very horrible.
+
+Balboa humbled himself before the chief; and taking off his coat,
+profusely decorated, offered it as a peace offering. The cazique would
+not accept it, but said, "You are poor and desolate--I am rich and
+powerful. I will not hurt you, though you are my enemy." He then ordered
+him safe conduct through the forests; and Balboa regained his own
+people, the Spaniards, in safety. This escape softened Balboa's heart,
+and he never afterwards treated the Indians with the same severity.
+
+After many victories, and many other singular escapes, he returned back
+to Coyba. But the sufferings of his men, in returning, were extreme, for
+want both of water and provisions. The streams were most of them dried
+up, and provisions could not be found. Gold they indeed had, almost as
+much as they could carry, and the Indians kept bringing them more; but
+this they could not eat or drink, and it would not buy what was not to
+be bought.
+
+He arrived at Darien after about two months' absence, having lost nearly
+all his men, by war and sickness. His discovery made a great noise, and
+procured him much honor, but he did not live to enjoy it.
+
+A new governor was appointed in his place, who, having a mortal hatred
+to Balboa, threw him into prison, and, after a mock trial, had him
+beheaded, in 1517, in his 48th year.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL KEPPEL.]
+
+
+
+
+ADMIRAL KEPPEL AND THE DEY OF ALGIERS.
+
+
+When Admiral Keppel was sent to the Dey of Algiers, to demand
+restitution of two ships which the pirates had taken, he sailed with his
+squadron into the Bay of Algiers, and cast anchor in front of the Dey's
+palace. He then landed, and, attended only by his captain and barge's
+crew, demanded an immediate audience of the Dey. This being granted, he
+claimed full satisfaction for the injuries done to the subjects of his
+Britannic Majesty. Surprised and enraged at the boldness of the
+admiral's remonstrance, the Dey exclaimed, "that he wondered at the
+English King's insolence in sending him a foolish, beardless boy." A
+well-timed reply from the admiral made the Dey forget the laws of all
+nations in respect to ambassadors, and he ordered his mutes to attend
+with the bow-string, at the same time telling the admiral he should pay
+for his audacity with his life. Unmoved by this menace, the admiral took
+the Dey to the window facing the bay, and showed him the English fleet
+riding at anchor, and told him that if he dared put him to death there
+were men enough in that fleet to make him a glorious funeral-pile. The
+Dey was wise enough to take the hint. The admiral obtained ample
+restitution, and came off in safety.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE CATARAQUE.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE CATARAQUE.
+
+
+The Cataraque, Captain C.W. Findlay, sailed from Liverpool, on the 20th
+of April, 1849, with three hundred and sixty emigrants, and a crew
+including two doctors, (brothers,) of forty-six souls. The emigrants
+were principally from Bedfordshire, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, and
+Northamptonshire. About one hundred and twenty of the passengers were
+married, with families, and in all seventy-three children.
+
+On the 3d of August, at seven o'clock in the evening, the ship was hove
+to, and continued lying to until three A.M. of the 4th. At half past
+four, being quite dark, and raining hard, blowing a fearful gale, the
+ship struck on a reef, situated on the west coast of King's Island, at
+the entrance of Bass's Straights.
+
+Immediately after the ship struck, she was sounded, and it was
+ascertained that there was four feet of water in the hold. An awful
+scene of confusion and misery ensued. All the passengers attempted to
+rush upon deck, and many succeeded in doing so, until the heaving of the
+vessel knocked down the ladders, when the shrieks from below, calling on
+those on deck to assist them were terrific. The crew were on deck the
+moment the ship struck, and were instantly employed in handing up the
+passengers. Up to the time the vessel began breaking up, the crew
+succeeded in getting upwards of three hundred passengers on deck. But a
+terrible fate awaited the greater part of them.
+
+The day dawned. The stern of the vessel was found to be washed in, and
+numerous dead bodies were found floating round the ship; some clinging
+to the rocks which they had grasped in despair. About two hundred of the
+passengers and crew held on to the vessel, although the raging sea was
+breaking over her, and every wave washed some of them to a watery grave.
+In this manner, kindred were separated, while those who remained could
+only expect the same fate to reach them. Things continued in this
+condition until four in the afternoon, when the vessel parted amidships,
+at the fore part of the main rigging, and immediately between seventy
+and a hundred persons were thrown into the waves. Thus the insatiable
+ocean swallowed its prey piece-meal. About five, the wreck parted by the
+fore-rigging, and so many persons were thrown into the sea, that only
+seventy were left on the forecastle, they being lashed to the wreck.
+Even these were gradually diminished in number, some giving out from
+exhaustion, and others anticipating fate, by drowning themselves.
+
+When day dawned, on the following morning, only about thirty persons
+were left alive, and these were almost exhausted. The sea was making a
+clean breach into the forecastle, the deck of which was rapidly breaking
+up. Parents and children, husbands and wives, were seen floating around
+the vessel, many in an embrace, which even the ocean's power could not
+sunder. The few who remained alive could only look up to heaven for a
+hope of safety. Soon after daylight, the vessel totally disappeared, and
+out of four hundred and twenty-three persons who had been on board the
+vessel, only nine were saved by being washed on shore, and these were
+nearly exhausted.
+
+[Illustration: LOSS OF THE FRANCIS SPAIGHT.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE FRANCIS SPAIGHT.
+
+
+On the morning of the 7th of January, 1848, the barque Francis Spaight,
+lying in Table Bay, at the Cape of Good Hope, parted her anchor, and in
+attempting to beat out, grounded, broadside on the beach. The gale at
+the time she struck was furious, and the surf tremendous, making a clean
+breach over the vessel, carrying away the bulwark, long boat, main
+hatch, and part of the deck, with one of the crew.
+
+The shore was thronged with the inhabitants of Cape Town, anxious for
+the fate of the vessel. An attempt was made to send a rope from the land
+to the wreck, but the rope broke. Rockets were fired with lines
+attached, and one was thrown across the foremast stay, where none of the
+men could reach it, on account of the fearful rolling of the sea. After
+some extraordinary delay, a whale boat was brought from the town, and
+manned by six daring fellows, who dashed through the surf, and were soon
+alongside the vessel.
+
+All except the carpenter, fifteen in number, got into the boat, and
+pushed off. At this moment a terrific sea upset the boat, and twenty-one
+persons were struggling in the surf for life. The people on the beach
+were horror-stricken; and men on horseback were seen plunging into the
+sea, risking their lives to save their fellow-creatures; but eighteen
+sunk to rise no more. The masts of the vessel fell with a tremendous
+crash, but the carpenter still clung to the wreck. At length a
+surf-boat, towed by a smaller one, proceeded towards the wreck. One of
+these boats was capsized, and two lives lost. But the carpenter was
+rescued. This man, (James Robertson,) and John McLeod, seaman, were all
+of the crew that reached the shore. The inhabitants of Cape Town were
+all anxiety in regard to the fate of the vessel; and those daring heroes
+who sacrificed themselves for the sake of their fellow men were worthy
+of a monument as lofty as those erected to the bravest warriors.
+
+The place where the Francis Spaight went ashore had been, a short time
+previous, the scene of a far more terrible disaster. This was the wreck
+of the ship Waterloo, by which two hundred persons were lost, in spite
+of the most extraordinary and heroic exertions on the part of the
+inhabitants of Cape Town.
+
+The bay is very much exposed to storms, and its shores are particulary
+dangerous, on account of their shelving character. The Francis Spaight
+had just put into the bay for the purpose of obtaining a supply of
+provisions, and it was intended that she should sail the next day. But
+the Ruler of the elements intended it otherwise. Her cargo was nearly a
+total loss.
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE GOLDEN RULE.
+
+
+The ship Golden Rule, Captain Austin, sailed from Wiscasset, with a
+cargo of timber, September, 8, 1807.
+
+On the 29th, she experienced a severe gale from the south-east; and at
+eight o'clock, A.M., they discovered that she had sprung a leak, and
+had four feet of water in her hold; at nine it had increased to eight
+feet, notwithstanding they had two pumps going, and were throwing her
+deck load overboard, which they were enabled to do very slowly, from the
+sea driving the planks about the deck, and wounding the crew.
+
+About ten o'clock, the water had risen to twelve feet, and the gale had
+also evidently increased; the crew and all on board were quite
+exhausted; and on going into the cabin they found she was welling fast.
+The main and mizzen masts were now cut away, to prevent her upsetting,
+and she was quite clear of her deck load. At eleven o'clock she was full
+up to her main deck, and all her bulk heads were knocked away.
+
+It now occurred to some of the crew, to endeavor to save some bread; and
+Mr. Boyd, the first mate, with great resolution, went into the cabin and
+gave out some bread, and two bottles of rum; but so rapidly did she
+fill, from the timber of her cargo shifting, that he was forced to break
+through the sky-light to save himself. Their small stock of provisions
+was now put into the binnacle, as a secure place. It had been there but
+a few minutes, when a tremendous sea struck them, and carried away the
+binnacle.
+
+They had now little hope left--the wheel was broken, and they proceeded
+to secure themselves as well as they could, some in the fore-top, and
+the rest were lashing themselves to the taffrail; before they could
+accomplish the latter plan, another sea, if possible, more heavy than
+the former, hurried them all from their places, and washed two of the
+men overboard; they were seen swimming for the ship, a short time, when
+a wave hurried them from the sight of their lamenting comrades.
+
+They now endeavored to keep the ship before the wind, which they were
+partially enabled to do through the night. The next day another man died
+from cold and hunger.
+
+The deck was now blown up, and her side stove in, all hands had given
+themselves up, when, on the 30th at noon, they were roused by the cry
+of "a sail!" and they had the satisfaction to see her bear down for
+them. She was the brig George, of Portland; and Captain Wildridge sent
+his long-boat to take them from the wreck.
+
+
+
+
+DANGERS OF WHALING SHIPS AMONG ICE BERGS.
+
+
+The masses of ice by which the ocean is traversed assume a vast variety
+of shapes, but may be comprehended in two general classes. The first
+consists of sheets of ice, analogous to those which annually cover the
+the lakes and rivers of northern lands. They present a surface which is
+generally level, but here and there diversified by projections, called
+_hummocks_, which arise from the ice having been thrown up by some
+pressure or force to which it has been subject. Sheets of ice, which are
+so large that their whole extent of surface cannot be seen from the
+masthead of a vessel, are called _fields_. They have sometimes an area
+of more than a hundred square miles, and rise above the level of the sea
+from two to eight feet. When a piece of ice, though of a considerable
+size, can be distinguished in its extent, it is termed a _floe_. A
+number of sheets, large or small, joining each other, and stretching out
+in any particular direction, constitute a _stream_. Captain Cook found a
+stream extending across Behring's Straits, connecting eastern Asia with
+the western extremity of North America. Owing to the vast extent of some
+fields of ice, they would undoubtedly be conducted to a lower latitude
+in the Atlantic before their dissolution, under the influence of a
+warmer climate, but for the intervention of other causes. It frequently
+happens that two masses are propelled against each other, and are both
+shivered into fragments by the violence of the concussion. The ordinary
+swell of the ocean also acts with tremendous power upon a large tract,
+especially when it has been so thawed as to have become thin, and breaks
+it up into a thousand smaller pieces in a very short period. The danger
+of being entrapped between two ice-fields coming into contact with each
+other is one of the perils which the navigator has frequently to
+encounter in the northern seas; and fatal to his vessel and his life has
+the occurrence often been, while in a vast number of instances escape
+has seemed almost miraculous.
+
+"At half-past six," says Captain Ross, relating to his first voyage of
+discovery, in the Isabella, to the arctic regions, with Captain Parry,
+in the Alexander, "the ice began to move, and, the wind increasing to a
+gale, the only chance left for us was to endeavor to force the ship
+through it to the north, where it partially opened; but the channel was
+so much obstructed by heavy fragments, that our utmost efforts were
+ineffectual; the ice closed in upon us, and at noon we felt its pressure
+most severely. A large floe, which lay on one side of the Isabella,
+appeared to be fixed; while, on the other side, another of considerable
+bulk was passing along with a rapid motion, assuming a somewhat circular
+direction, in consequence of one side having struck on the fixed field.
+The pressure continuing to increase, it became doubtful whether the ship
+would be able to sustain it; every support threatened to give way, the
+beams in the hold began to bend, and the iron tanks settled together.
+
+"At this critical moment, when it seemed impossible for us to bear the
+accumulating pressure much longer, the hull rose several feet; while the
+ice, which was more than six feet thick, broke against the sides,
+curling back on itself. The great stress now fell upon our bow; and,
+after being again lifted up, we were carried with great violence towards
+the Alexander which had hitherto been, in a great measure, defended by
+the Isabella. Every effort to avoid their getting foul of each other
+failed; the ice-anchors and cables broke one after another; and the
+sterns of the two ships came so violently into contact, as to crush to
+pieces a boat that could not be removed in time. The collision was
+tremendous, the anchors and chain-plates being broken, and nothing less
+than the loss of the masts expected; but at this eventful instant, by
+the interposition of Providence, the force of the ice seemed exhausted;
+the two fields suddenly receded, and we passed the Alexander with
+comparatively little damage. A clear channel soon after opened, and we
+ran into a pool, thus escaping the immediate danger; but the fall of
+snow being very heavy, our situation still remained doubtful, nor could
+we conjecture whether we were yet in a place of safety. Neither the
+masters, the mates, nor those men who had been all their lives in the
+Greenland service, had ever experienced such imminent peril; and they
+declared, that a common whaler must have been crushed to atoms."
+
+Captain Scoresby relates a similar narrow escape from destruction owing
+to the same cause. "In the year 1804," he observes, "I had an
+opportunity of witnessing the effects produced by the lesser masses in
+motion. Passing between two fields of ice newly formed, about a foot in
+thickness, they were observed rapidly to approach each other, and,
+before our ship could pass the strait, they met with a velocity of three
+or four miles per hour. The one overlaid the other, and presently
+covered many acres of surface. The ship proving an obstacle to the
+course of the ice, it squeezed up on both sides, shaking her in a
+dreadful manner, and producing a loud grinding or lengthened acute
+trembling noise, according as the degree of pressure was diminished or
+increased, until it had risen as high as the deck. After about two hours
+the motion ceased, and soon afterwards the two sheets of ice receded
+from each other nearly as rapidly as they had before advanced. The ship
+in this case did not receive any injury; but, had the ice only been half
+a foot thicker, she might have been wrecked." Other navigators have not
+been so fortunate; and the annual loss of whaling vessels in the polar
+seas is considerable, the Dutch having had as many as seventy-three sail
+of ships wrecked in one season. Between the years 1669 and 1778, both
+inclusive, or a period of one hundred and seven years, they sent to the
+Greenland fishery fourteen thousand one hundred and sixty-seven ships,
+of which five hundred and sixty-one, or about four in the hundred, were
+lost.
+
+Every one will remember the intense and mournful interest occasioned by
+the loss of the President steamer which left New York in the year 1841
+to cross the Atlantic, but perished in the passage, without leaving a
+survivor to tell the story of her fate. It has been deemed highly
+probable that this vessel got entangled in the ice, and was destroyed by
+collision with its masses; for during that year, in the month of April,
+the Great Western steamer encountered a field extending upwards of a
+hundred miles in one direction, surrounded with an immense number of
+floes and bergs, and had great difficulty in effecting its passage by
+this floating continent in safety.
+
+Another form under which the ice appears in the ocean is that of bergs,
+which differ from the ice-fields in shape and origin. They are masses
+projecting to a great height above the surface of the water, and have
+the appearance of chalk or marble cliffs and mountains upon the deep.
+They have been seen with an elevation of two hundred feet--a
+circumference of two miles: and it has been shown by experiments on the
+buoyancy of ice floating in sea water, that the proportion above the
+surface is only about one-seventh of the thickness of the whole mass.
+During the first expedition of Ross, he found an ice berg in Baffin's
+Bay, at a distance of seven leagues from the land, which was measured by
+a party under Lieutenant Parry. Considerable difficulty was experienced
+in the attempt to land, as, in rowing round the berg, they found it
+perpendicular in every place but one. When they had ascended to the
+top, which was perfectly flat, they discovered a white bear in quiet
+possession of the mass, who plunged into the sea without hesitation, and
+effected his escape. The party found the ice berg to be four thousand
+one hundred and sixty-nine yards long, three thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-nine yards broad, and fifty-one feet high, being aground in
+sixty-one fathoms. Its appearance was like that of the back of the Isle
+of Wight, and the cliffs resembled those of the chalk range to the west
+of Dover. The weight of this mass was calculated to amount to one
+billion two hundred and ninety two millions three hundred and ninety
+seven thousand six hundred and seventy-three tons.
+
+[Illustration: A WHITE BEAR.]
+
+An ice berg examined by Captain Graah, on the east coast of Greenland,
+rose one hundred and twenty feet out of the water, had a circumference
+of four thousand feet at the base, and its solid contents were estimated
+to be upwards of nine hundred millions of cubic feet. When viewed at a
+distance, nothing can be more interesting than the appearance of a
+considerable number of these formations, exhibiting an infinite variety
+of shape, and requiring no stretch of imagination to convert them into a
+series of floating towers, castles, churches, obelisks, and pyramids, or
+a snowy range of Alpine heights. No pencil, an observer has remarked,
+has ever given any thing like the true effect of an ice berg. In a
+picture they are huge, uncouth masses, stuck in the sea; while their
+chief beauty and grandeur--their slow stately motion, the whirling of
+the snow about their summits, and the fearful crackling of their
+parts--they cannot give. The ice of the bergs is compact and solid, or
+of a fine green tint verging to blue; and large pieces may be frequently
+obtained, equal to the most beautiful crystal in transparency. It is
+stated by Scoresby, that with a portion of this ice, of by no means
+regular convexity, used as a burning lens, he has frequently burnt wood,
+fired gunpowder, melted lead, and lit the sailors' pipes, to their no
+small astonishment, the ice itself remaining in the mean while perfectly
+fixed and pellucid.
+
+
+
+
+MASSACRE OF THE CREW OF THE ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+The Atahualpa, of Boston, left that port in August, 1803, bound to the
+north-west coast of America, for the purpose of trading with the
+natives. She arrived on the coast in the month of January, 1804; and,
+after visiting the several islands, and purchasing skins, on the 5th of
+June, 1805, weighed anchor from Chockokee, on the north-west coast, and
+made sail. On the 8th, arrived at Millbank sound, and came to an anchor
+within musket-shot of the village. Soon after her arrival, the chief of
+the Indians, by the name of Keite, came off to the ship, with some of
+his tribe, and informed the captain that the Caroline, Captain Sturgess,
+had sailed from thence ten days before.
+
+On the 11th, the chief came off again, with his tribe, and another tribe
+that was there, and traded very briskly till towards night, when
+becoming very insolent, they were all turned out of the ship.
+
+On the 13th, Keite and his tribe came on board in the morning, and
+seemed much more desirous to trade than before, which Captain Porter was
+very glad to see. The chief mate and two of the ship's company, were
+then engaged in ripping the main-sail in pieces, on the quarter-deck;
+the second mate with two hands was repairing the top-sail; two on the
+starboard side of the main-deck, spinning spun yarn; two more on the
+forecastle, making sinnet; two more on the larboard side of the
+main-deck, running shot in the armorer's forge; the cooper was making
+tubs; the cook, and captain's steward in the galley, at their duty; and
+all hands, as usual, employed on the ship's duty; the armorer was in the
+steerage, and the boatswain in the cabin; Captain Porter, Mr. Ratstraw,
+his clerk, and Mr. Lyman Plummer, (nephew of Theodore Lyman, Esq. of
+Boston, ship owner,) were standing on the larboard side of the
+quarter-deck, abreast of the cabin hatchway.
+
+The chief, Keite, stood leaning on the rail, and called Captain Porter
+to look at the skins that were in the canoe, alongside the ship; the
+captain accordingly went to look over the side, when the chief, with
+some more Indians, laid hold of him, and gave a shout. Immediately all
+the Indians alongside of the canoe, and those on board, armed with
+daggers, pistols, pikes, and other weapons, seized every man on deck,
+who were totally unprepared for so sudden an attack. A most dreadful and
+sanguinary contest immediately took place; when, after a short but
+bloody engagement of about five minutes, the deck was immediately
+cleared of them.
+
+There were about two hundred Indians, it is supposed, on board at this
+time; they first daggered Captain Porter several times in the back, put
+him in a canoe alongside, and carried him on shore; and, as we were
+afterwards informed by Captain Smith, of the ship Mary, of Boston, who
+was informed by the New Hecta tribe, was by them tied to a tree, in
+which unhappy and miserable situation he languished fifteen days,
+refusing every species of nourishment offered him by these savages,
+occasioned by his grief at this unfortunate accident.
+
+Previous to this fatal business, there were twenty-three hands on board;
+ten of whom were barbarously killed, and nine wounded. Among the killed
+were, Captain Oliver Porter, Mr. John Hill, chief mate; Daniel Gooding,
+second mate; John D. Katstraw, captain's clerk; Mr. Lyman Plummer, Peter
+Shooner, Luther Lapham, Samuel Lapham, seamen; Isaac Lammes, cooper; and
+John Williams, cook. Mr. Lyman Plummer survived about two hours after
+he was wounded. The cook, who was most shockingly cut and mangled,
+languished till about six o'clock the next morning.
+
+Among the wounded were, Ebenezer Baker, seaman, most dangerously, with
+daggers, he having two stabs in his left thigh, one in his groin, one in
+his back, one in his breast, and one in his neck; Henry Thompson,
+seaman, very dangerously, with daggers, having one wound on the right
+side, one on the left shoulder, another on the left arm, and two or
+three smaller ones on the same arm, one on the right temple, and another
+on the left cheek; Ebenezer Williams, seaman, had three wounds in his
+thigh, with daggers,--two on his back, and one on the right shoulder
+with a boarding-pike; Luke Bates, seamen, one wound on the right
+shoulder with a boarding-pike; Joseph Robinson, carpenter, wounded on
+the left breast; Thomas Edwards, steward, stabbed on the left shoulder;
+W. Walker had two stabs, with daggers, in his back.
+
+After the deck was cleared of these sanguinary savages, several guns
+were fired at the village, the sails were loosened, stream-cable cut,
+and the ship put to sea. The same night they got under weigh, seven
+large war-canoes hove in sight, with about thirty Indians in each. In
+this deplorable condition, with only four or five hands on board capable
+of duty, the Atahualpa shaped her course for New Heita; but the wind
+chopping round, put about, and stood to the westward.
+
+On the 17th, it was thought time to bury the dead, when, after having
+sewed them up, and got them ready for interment, prayers were read. They
+were then buried in Queen Charlotte's Sound.
+
+It cannot be ascertained with any degree of accuracy, how many of the
+Indians were killed in this dreadful contest. It is supposed, however,
+that the number must have exceeded forty; for a large canoe being under
+the ship's bow, with about twenty Indians in her, who were cutting a
+cable, a swivel and several muskets were fired into her, and but one of
+the Indians reached the shore in safety.
+
+During the conflict with the savages, there were two barrels of powder
+unheaded, and a loaded pistol prepared and given to a person who stood
+ready, should they get into the cabin, and secure to themselves the
+ship, to fire into it, and blow the whole up, preferring to die in that
+manner rather than fall into the hands of such merciless wretches.
+
+[Illustration: SHIPWRECK OF THE BLENDENHALL.]
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE BLENDENHALL.
+
+
+In the year 1821, the Blendenhall, free trader, bound from England for
+Bombay, partly laden with broad-cloths, was proceeding on her voyage
+with every prospect of a successful issue. While thus pursuing her way
+through the Atlantic, she was unfortunately driven from her course, by
+adverse winds and currents, more to the southward and westward than was
+required, and it became desirable to reach the island of Tristan
+d'Acunha, in order to ascertain and rectify the reckoning. This island,
+which is called after the Portuguese admiral who first discovered it, is
+one of a group of three, the others being the Inaccessible and
+Nightingale Islands, situated many hundreds of miles from any land, and
+in a south-westerly direction from the Cape of Good Hope. The shores are
+rugged and precipitous in the extreme, and form, perhaps, the most
+dangerous coast upon which any vessel could be driven.
+
+It was while steering to reach this group of islands, that, one morning,
+a passenger on board the Blendenhall, who chanced to be upon deck
+earlier than usual, observed great quantities of sea-weed occasionally
+floating alongside. This excited some alarm, and a man was immediately
+sent aloft to keep a good look-out. The weather was then extremely hazy,
+though moderate; the weeds continued; all were on the alert; they
+shortened sail, and the boatswain piped for breakfast. In less than ten
+minutes, "breakers ahead!" startled every soul, and in a moment all were
+on deck. "Breakers starboard! breakers larboard! breakers all around,"
+was the ominous cry a moment afterwards, and all was confusion. The
+words were scarcely uttered, when, and before the helm was up, the
+ill-fated ship struck, and after a few tremendous shocks against the
+sunken reef, she parted about mid-ship. Ropes and stays were cut
+away--all rushed forward, as if instinctively, and had barely reached
+the forecastle, when the stern and quarter-deck broke asunder with a
+violent crash, and sunk to rise no more. Two of the seamen miserably
+perished--the rest, including officers, passengers and crew, held on
+about the head and bows--the struggle was for life!
+
+At this moment, the Inaccessible Island, which till then had been veiled
+in thick clouds and mist, appeared frowning above the haze. The wreck
+was more than two miles from the frightful shore. The base of the
+island was still buried in impenetrable gloom. In this perilous
+extremity, one was for cutting away the anchor, which had been got up to
+the cat-head in time of need; another was for cutting down the foremast
+(the foretop-mast being already by the board.) The fog totally
+disappeared, and the black rocky island stood in all its rugged
+deformity before their eyes. Suddenly the sun broke out in full
+splendor, as if to expose more clearly to the view of the sufferers
+their dreadful predicament. Despair was in every bosom--death, arrayed
+in all its terrors, seemed to hover over the wreck. But exertion was
+required, and every thing that human energy could devise was effected.
+The wreck, on which all eagerly clung, was fortunately drifted by the
+tide and wind between ledges of sunken rocks and thundering breakers,
+until, after the lapse of several hours, it entered the only spot on the
+island where a landing was possibly practicable, for all the other parts
+of the coast consisted of perpendicular cliffs of granite, rising from
+amidst the deafening surf to the height of twenty, forty, and sixty
+feet. As the shore was neared, a raft was prepared, and on this a few
+paddled for the cove. At last the wreck drove right in: ropes were
+instantly thrown out, and the crew and passengers, (except two who had
+been crushed in the wreck,) including three ladies and a female
+attendant, were snatched from the watery grave, which a few short hours
+before had appeared inevitable, and safely landed on the beach. Evening
+had now set in, and every effort was made to secure whatever could be
+saved from the wreck. Bales of cloth, cases of wine, a few boxes of
+cheese, some hams, the carcass of a milch cow that had been washed on
+shore, buckets, tubs, butts, a seaman's chest, (containing a tinder-box
+and needles and thread,) with a number of elegant mahogany turned
+bed-posts, and part of an investment for the India market, were got on
+shore. The rain poured down in torrents--all hands were busily at work
+to procure shelter from the weather; and with the bed-posts and
+broad-cloths, and part of the foresail, as many tents were soon pitched
+as there were individuals on the island.
+
+Drenched with the sea and with the rain, hungry, cold, and comfortless,
+thousands of miles from their native land, almost beyond expectation of
+human succor, hope nearly annihilated,--the shipwrecked voyagers retired
+to their tents. In the morning the wreck had gone to pieces; and planks,
+and spars, and whatever had floated in, were eagerly dragged on shore.
+No sooner was the unfortunate ship broken up, than deeming themselves
+freed from the bonds of authority, many began to secure whatever came to
+land: and the captain, officers, passengers, and crew, were now reduced
+to the same level, and obliged to take their turn to fetch water, and
+explore the island for food. The work of exploring was soon over--there
+was not a bird, nor a quadruped, nor a single tree to be seen. All was
+barren and desolate. The low parts were scattered over with stones and
+sand, and a few stunted weeds, rocks, ferns, and other plants. The top
+of the mountain was found to consist of a fragment of original
+table-land, very marshy, and full of deep sloughs, intersected with
+small rills of water, pure and pellucid as crystal, and a profusion of
+wild parsley and celery. The prospect was one dreary scene of
+destitution, without a single ray of hope to relieve the misery of the
+desponding crew. After some days, the dead cow, hams, and cheese, were
+consumed; and from one end of the island to the other, not a morsel of
+food could be seen. Even the celery began to fail. A few bottles of
+wine, which, for security had been secreted under ground, only remained.
+Famine now began to threaten. Every stone near the sea was examined for
+shell-fish, but in vain.
+
+In this dreadful extremity, and while the half-famished seamen were at
+night squatting in sullen dejection round their fires, a large lot of
+sea-birds, allured by the flames, rushed into the midst of them, and
+were greedily laid hold of as fast as they could be seized. For several
+nights in succession, similar flocks came in; and by multiplying their
+fires a considerable supply was secured. These visits, however, ceased
+at length, and the wretched party were exposed again to the most severe
+privation. When their stock of wild fowl had been exhausted for more
+than two days, each began to fear they were now approaching that sad
+point of necessity, when, between death and casting lots who should be
+sacrificed to serve for food for the rest, no alternative remained.
+While horror at the bare contemplation of an extremity so repulsive
+occupied the thoughts of all, the horizon was observed to be suddenly
+obscured, and presently clouds of penguin alighted on the island. The
+low grounds were actually covered; and before the evening was dark, the
+sand could not be seen for the number of eggs, which, like a sheet of
+snow, lay on the surface of the earth. The penguins continued on the
+island four or five days, when, as if by signal, the whole took their
+flight, and were never seen again. A few were killed, but the flesh was
+so extremely rank and nauseous that it could not be eaten. The eggs
+were collected and dressed in all manner of ways, and supplied abundance
+of food for upwards of three weeks. At the expiration of that period,
+famine once more seemed inevitable; the third morning began to dawn upon
+the unfortunate company after their stock of eggs were exhausted; they
+had now been without food for more than forty hours, and were fainting
+and dejected; when, as though this desolate rock were really a land of
+miracles, a man came running up to the encampment with the unexpected
+and joyful tidings that "millions of sea-cows had come on shore." The
+crew climbed over the ledge of rocks that flanked their tents, and the
+sight of a shoal of manatees immediately beneath them gladdened their
+hearts. These came in with the flood, and were left in the puddles
+between the broken rocks of the cove. This supply continued for two or
+three weeks. The flesh was mere blubber, and quite unfit for food, for
+not a man could retain it on his stomach; but the liver was excellent,
+and on this they subsisted. In the meantime, the carpenter with his
+gang had constructed a boat, and four of the men had adventured in her
+for Tristan d'Acunha, in hopes of ultimately extricating their
+fellow-sufferers from their perilous situation. Unfortunately the boat
+was lost--whether carried away by the violence of the currents that set
+in between the islands, or dashed to pieces against the breakers, was
+never known, for no vestige of the boat or crew was ever seen. Before
+the manatees, however, began to quit the shore, a second boat was
+launched; and in this an officer and some seamen made a second attempt,
+and happily succeeded in effecting a landing, after much labor, on the
+island, where they were received with much cordiality and humanity by
+Governor Glass--a personage whom it will be necessary to describe.
+
+Tristan d'Acunha is believed to have been uninhabited until 1811, when
+three Americans took up their residence upon it, for the purpose of
+cultivating vegetables, and selling the produce, particularly potatoes,
+to vessels which might touch there on their way to India, the Cape, or
+other parts in the southern ocean. These Americans remained its only
+inhabitants till 1816, when, on Bonaparte being sent to St. Helena, the
+British government deemed it expedient to garrison the island, and sent
+the Falmouth man-of-war with a colony of forty persons, which arrived in
+the month of August. At this time the chief of the American settlers was
+dead, and two only survived; but what finally became of these we are not
+informed. The British garrison was soon given up, the colony abandoned,
+and all returned to the Cape of Good Hope, except a person named Glass,
+a Scotchman, who had been corporal of artillery, and his wife, a Cape
+Creole. One or two other families afterwards joined them, and thus the
+foundation of a nation on a small scale was formed; Mr. Glass, with the
+title and character of governor, like a second Robinson Crusoe, being
+the undisputed chief and lawgiver of the whole. On being visited in
+1825, by Mr. Augustus Earle, the little colony was found to be on the
+increase, a considerable number of children having been born since the
+period of settlement. The different families inhabited a small village,
+consisting of cottages covered with thatch made of the long grass of the
+island, and exhibiting an air of comfort, cleanliness, and plenty, truly
+English.
+
+It was to this island that the boat's crew of the Blendenhall had bent
+their course, and its principal inhabitant, Governor Glass, showed them
+every mark of attention, not only on the score of humanity, but because
+they were fellow-subjects of the same power--for, be it known, Glass did
+not lay claim to independent monarchy, but always prayed publicly for
+King George as his lawful sovereign. On learning the situation of the
+crew, on Inaccessible Island, he instantly launched his boat, and unawed
+by considerations of personal danger, hastened, at the risk of his life,
+to deliver his shipwrecked countrymen from the calamities they had so
+long endured. He made repeated trips, surmounted all difficulties, and
+fortunately succeeded in safely landing them on his own island, after
+they had been exposed for nearly three months to the horrors of a
+situation almost unparalleled in the recorded sufferings of seafaring
+men.
+
+After being hospitably treated by Glass and his company for three
+months, the survivors obtained a passage to the Cape, all except a young
+sailor named White, who had formed an attachment to one of the servant
+girls on board, and who, in all the miseries which had been endured, had
+been her constant protector and companion; whilst gratitude on her part
+prevented her wishing to leave him. Both chose to remain, and were
+forthwith adopted as free citizens of the little community.
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE MEDUSA.
+
+
+On the 17th of June, 1816, the Medusa, French frigate, commanded by
+Captain Chaumareys, and accompanied by three smaller vessels, sailed
+from the island of Aix, for the coast of Africa, in order to take
+possession of some colonies. The first accident she encountered was off
+Cape Finisterre, when one of the crew fell into the sea; and from the
+apathy of his companions, their want of promptitude in manoeuvring, with
+the want of every precaution, he was left to perish. On the tenth day of
+sailing, there appeared an error of thirty leagues in the reckoning. On
+the 1st of July, they entered the tropics; and there, with a childish
+disregard to danger, and knowing that she was surrounded by all the
+unseen perils of the ocean, her crew performed the ceremony usual to the
+occasion, while the vessel was running headlong on destruction. The
+captain, presided over the disgraceful scene of merriment, leaving the
+ship to the command of a Mons. Richefort, who had passed the ten
+preceding years of his life in an English prison--a few persons on board
+remonstrated in vain; though it was ascertained that they were on the
+banks of Arguise, she continued her course, and heaved the lead, without
+slackening the sail. Every thing denoted shallow water, but M. Richefort
+persisted in saying that they were in one hundred fathoms. At that very
+moment only six fathoms were found; and the vessel struck three times,
+being in about sixteen feet water, and the tide full flood. At ebb-tide,
+there remained but twelve feet water; and after some bungling
+manoeuvres, all hope of getting the ship off was abandoned.
+
+When the frigate struck, she had on board six boats, of various
+capacities, all of which could not contain the crew and passengers; and
+a raft was constructed. A dreadful scene ensued. All scrambled out of
+the wreck without order or precaution. The first who reached the boats
+refused to admit any of their fellow-sufferers into them, though there
+was ample room for more. Some, apprehending that a plot had been formed
+to abandon them in the vessel, flew to arms. No one assisted his
+companions; and Captain Chaumareys stole out of a port-hole into his own
+boat, leaving a great part of the crew to shift for themselves. At
+length they put off to sea, intending to steer for the sandy coast of
+the desert, there to land, and thence to proceed with a caravan to the
+island of St. Louis.
+
+The raft had been constructed without foresight or intelligence. It was
+about sixty-five feet long and twenty-five broad, but the only part
+which could be depended upon was the middle; and that was so small, that
+fifteen persons could not lie down upon it. Those who stood on the floor
+were in constant danger of slipping through between the planks; the sea
+flowed in on all its sides. When one hundred and fifty passengers who
+were destined to be its burden, were on board, they stood like a solid
+parallelogram, without a possibility of moving; and they were up to
+their waists in water. The original plan was, that as much provision as
+possible should be put upon this raft; that it should be taken in tow by
+the six boats; and that, at stated intervals, the crews should come on
+board to receive their rations. As they left the ship, M. Correard asked
+whether the charts, instruments, and sea-stores were on board; and was
+told by an officer, that nothing was wanting. "And who is to command
+us?" "I am to command you," answered he, "and will be with you in a
+moment." The officer with these words, the last in his mouth, went on
+board one of the boats, and returned no more.
+
+The desperate squadron had only proceeded three leagues, when a faulty,
+if not treacherous manoeuvre, broke the tow-line which fastened the
+captain's boat to the raft; and this became the signal to all to let
+loose their cables. The weather was calm. The coast was known to be but
+twelve or fifteen leagues distant; and the land was in fact discovered
+by the boats on the very evening on which they abandoned the raft. They
+were not therefore driven to this measure by any new perils; and the cry
+of "_Nous les abandonons!_" which resounded throughout the line, was the
+yell of a spontaneous and instinctive impulse of cowardice, perfidy, and
+cruelty; and the impulse was as unanimous as it was diabolical. The raft
+was left to the mercy of the waves; one after another, the boats
+disappeared, and despair became general. Not one of the promised
+articles, no provisions, except a very few casks of wine, and some
+spoiled biscuit, sufficient for one single meal was found. A small
+pocket compass, which chance had discovered, their last guide in a
+trackless ocean, fell between the beams into the sea. As the crew had
+taken no nourishment since morning, some wine and biscuit were
+distributed; and this day, the first of thirteen on the raft, was the
+last on which they tasted any solid food--except such as human nature
+shudders at. The only thing which kept them alive was the hope of
+revenge on those who had treacherously betrayed them.
+
+The first night was stormy; and the waves, which had free access,
+committed dreadful ravages, and threatened worse. When day appeared,
+twelve miserable wretches were found crushed to death between the
+openings of the raft, and several more were missing; but the number
+could not be ascertained, as several soldiers had taken the billets of
+the dead, in order to obtain two, or even three rations. The second
+night was still more dreadful, and many were washed off; although the
+crew had so crowded together, that some were smothered by the mere
+pressure. To soothe their last moments, the soldiers drank immoderately;
+and one, who affected to rest himself upon the side, but was
+treacherously cutting the ropes, was thrown into the sea. Another whom
+M. Correard had snatched from the waves, turned traitor a second time,
+as soon as he had recovered his senses; but he too was killed. At length
+the revolted, who were chiefly soldiers, threw themselves upon their
+knees, and abjectly implored mercy. At midnight, however, they rebelled
+again. Those who had no arms, fought with their teeth, and thus many
+severe wounds were inflicted. One was most wantonly and dreadfully
+bitten above the heel, while his companions were beating him upon the
+head with their carbines, before throwing him into the sea. The raft was
+strewed with dead bodies, after innumerable instances of treachery and
+cruelty; and from sixty to sixty-five perished that night. The force and
+courage of the strongest began to yield to their misfortunes; and even
+the most resolute labored under mental derangement. In the conflict, the
+revolted had thrown two casks of wine, and all the remaining water, into
+the sea; and it became necessary to diminish each man's share.
+
+A day of comparative tranquility succeeded. The survivors erected their
+mast again, which had been wantonly cut down in the battle of the night;
+and endeavored to catch some fish, but in vain. They were reduced to
+feed on the dead bodies of their companions. A third night followed,
+broken by the plaintive cries of wretches, exposed to every kind of
+suffering, ten or twelve of whom died of want, and awfully foretold the
+fate of the remainder. The following day was fine. Some flying fish were
+caught in the raft; which, mixed up with human flesh, afforded one
+scanty meal.
+
+A new insurrection to destroy the raft, broke out on the fourth night;
+this too, was marked by perfidy, and ended in blood. Most of the rebels
+were thrown into the sea. The fifth morning mustered but thirty men
+alive; and these sick and wounded, with the skin of their lower
+extremities corroded by the salt water. Two soldiers were detected
+drinking the wine of the only remaining cask; they were instantly thrown
+into the sea. One boy died, and there remained only twenty-seven; of
+whom fifteen only seemed likely to live. A council of war, preceded by
+the most horrid despair, was held; as the weak consumed a part of the
+common store, they determined to throw them into the sea. This sentence
+was put into immediate execution! and all the arms on board, which now
+filled their minds with horror, were, with the exception of a single
+sabre, committed to the deep.
+
+Distress and misery increased with an accelerated ratio; and even after
+the desperate measure of destroying their companions, and eating the
+most nauseous aliments, the surviving fifteen could not hope for more
+than a few days' existence. A butterfly lighted on their sail the ninth
+day, and though it was held to be a messenger of good, yet many a
+greedy eye was cast upon it. Some sea-fowl also appeared; but it was
+impossible to catch them. The misery of the survivors increased with a
+rapidity which cannot be described; they even stole from each other
+little goblets of urine which had been set to cool in the sea water, and
+were now considered a luxury. The most trifling article of food, a
+lemon, a small bottle of spirituous dentrifice, a little garlic, became
+causes of contention; and every daily distribution of wine awakened a
+spirit of selfishness and ferocity, which common sufferings and common
+interest could not subdue into more social feelings.
+
+Three days more passed over in expressible anguish, when they
+constructed a smaller and more manageable raft, in the hope of directing
+it to the shore; but on trial it was found insufficient. On the
+seventeenth day, a brig was seen; which, after exciting the vicissitudes
+of hope and fear, proved to be the Argus, sent out in quest of the
+Medusa. The inhabitants of the raft were all received on board, and were
+again very nearly perishing, by a fire which broke out in the night.
+The six boats which had so cruelly cast them adrift, reached the coast
+of Africa in safety; and after many dangers among the Moors, the
+survivors arrived at St. Louis.
+
+After this, a vessel was despatched to the wreck of the Medusa, to carry
+away the money and provisions; after beating about for eight days, she
+was forced to return. She again put to sea, but after being away five
+days, again came back. Ten days more were lost in repairing her; and she
+did not reach the spot till fifty-two days after the vessel had been
+lost; and dreadful to relate, three miserable sufferers were found on
+board. Sixty men had been abandoned there by their magnanimous
+countrymen. All these had been carried off except seventeen, some of
+whom were drunk, and others refused to leave the vessel. They remained
+at peace as long as their provisions lasted. Twelve embarked on board a
+raft, for Sahara, and were never more heard of. Another put to sea on a
+hen-coop, and sunk immediately. Four remained behind, one of whom,
+exhausted with hunger and fatigue, perished. The other three lived in
+separate corners of the wreck, and never met but to run at each other
+with drawn _knives_. They were put on board the vessel, with all that
+could be saved from the wreck of the Medusa.
+
+The vessel was no sooner seen returning to St. Louis, than every heart
+beat high with joy, in the hope of recovering some property. The men and
+officers of the Medusa jumped on board, and asked if any thing had been
+saved. "Yes," was the reply, "but it is all ours now;" and the naked
+Frenchmen, whose calamities had found pity from the Moors of the desert,
+were now deliberately plundered by their own countrymen.
+
+A fair was held in the town, which lasted eight days. The clothes,
+furniture, and necessary articles of life, belonging to the men and
+officers of the Medusa, were publicly sold before their faces. Such of
+the French as were able, proceeded to the camp at Daceard, and the sick
+remained at St. Louis. The French governor had promised them clothes
+and provisions, but sent none; and during five months, they owed their
+existence to strangers--to the British.
+
+
+
+
+SINGULAR LOSS OF THE SHIP ESSEX, SUNK BY A WHALE.
+
+
+The ship Essex, Captain George Pollard, sailed from Nantucket, on the
+12th of August, 1819, on a whaling voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Her crew
+consisted of twenty-one men, fourteen of whom were whites, mostly
+belonging to Nantucket, the remainder were blacks. On the 20th of
+November, 1820, in latitude 0 deg. 40' S. longitude 119 deg. W. a school of
+whales was discovered, and in pursuing them the mate's boat was stove,
+which obliged him to return to the ship, when they commenced repairing
+the damage. The captain and second mate were left with their boats
+pursuing the whales. During this interval the mate discovered a large
+spermaceti whale, near the ship, but, not suspecting the approach of any
+danger, it gave them no alarm, until they saw the whale coming with full
+speed towards them. In a moment they were astonished by a tremendous
+crash. The whale had struck the ship a little forward of the fore
+chains. It was some minutes before the crew recovered from their
+astonishment, so far as to examine whether any damage had been
+sustained. They then tried their pumps, and found that the ship was
+sinking. A signal was immediately set for the boats. The whale now
+appeared again making for the ship, and coming with great velocity, with
+the water foaming around him, he struck the ship a second blow, which
+nearly stove in her bows. There was now no hope of saving the ship, and
+the only course to be pursued was, to prepare to leave her with all
+possible haste. They collected a few things, hove them into the boat and
+shoved off. The ship immediately fell upon one side and sunk to the
+water's edge. When the captain's and second mate's boat arrived, such
+was the consternation, that for some time not a word was spoken. The
+danger of their situation at length aroused them, as from a terrific
+dream, to a no less terrific reality. They remained by the wreck two or
+three days, in which time they cut away the masts, which caused her to
+right a little. Holes were then cut in the deck, by which means they
+obtained about six hundred pounds of bread, and as much water as they
+could take, besides other articles likely to be of use to them. On the
+22d of November, they left the ship, with as gloomy a prospect before
+them as can well be imagined. The nearest land was about one thousand
+miles to the windward of them; they were in open boats, weak and leaky,
+with a very small pittance of bread and water for support of so many
+men, during the time they must necessarily be at sea. Sails had been
+prepared for the boats, before leaving the ship, which proved of
+material benefit. Steering southerly by the wind, they hoped to fall in
+with some ship, but in this they were disappointed. After being in the
+boat twenty-eight days, experiencing many sufferings by gales of wind,
+want of water, and scanty provisions, they arrived at Duncie's Island,
+latitude 24 deg. 40' S., longitude 124 deg. 40' W., where they were disappointed
+in not finding a sufficiency of any kind of food for so large a company
+to subsist on. Their boats being very weak and leaky, they were hauled
+on shore and repaired. They found a gentle spring of fresh water,
+flowing out of a rock, at about half ebb of the tide, from which they
+filled their kegs. Three of the men chose to stay on the island, and
+take their chance for some vessel to take them off.
+
+On the 27th of December, they left this island, and steered for Easter
+Island; but passed it far to the leeward. They then directed their
+course for Juan Fernandez, which was about twenty-five hundred miles
+east by south-east from them. On the 10th of January, 1821, Matthew P.
+Joy, the second mate, died, and his body was launched into the deep. His
+constitution was slender, and it was supposed that his sufferings,
+though great, were not the immediate cause of his death. On the 12th,
+the mate's boat separated from the other two, and did not fall in with
+them afterwards. The situation of the mate and his crew, became daily
+more and more distressing. The weather was mostly calm, the sun hot and
+scorching. They were growing weaker and weaker by want of food, and yet,
+such was their distance from land, that they were obliged to lessen
+their allowance nearly one half. On the 20th, a black man died.
+
+On the 28th, they found, on calculation, that their allowance, only one
+and a half ounce of bread per day to a man, would be exhausted in
+fourteen days; and that this allowance was not sufficient to sustain
+life. They therefore determined to extend the indulgence, and take the
+consequence, whether to live or die. On the 8th of February, another of
+the crew died. From this time to the 17th, their sufferings were
+extreme. At seven o'clock, A.M. of that day, they were aroused from a
+lethargy by the cheering cry of the steersman, "there's a sail!" The
+boat was soon descried by the vessel, the brig Indian, Captain Grozier,
+of London, which took them on board, latitude 33 deg. 45' S., longitude 81 deg.
+3' W. They were treated by Captain Grozier with all the care and
+tenderness which their weak condition required. On the same day they
+made Massafuero, and on the 25th, arrived at Valparaiso.
+
+Captain Pollard and Charles Ramsdell, the only survivors in the
+captain's boat, were taken up on the 23d of February, 1821, by the ship
+Dauphin, of Nantucket, Captain Zimri Coffin, in latitude 37 deg. S. off St.
+Mary's. The captain relates, that, after the mate's boat was separated
+from the others, they made what progress their weak condition would
+permit, towards the island of Juan Fernandez, but contrary winds and
+calm weather, together with the extreme debility of the crew, prevented
+their making much progress.
+
+On the 29th of January, the second mate's boat separated from the
+captain's, in the night, at which time their provisions were totally
+exhausted, since which they have not been heard from.
+
+We shall not attempt a sketch of the sufferings of the crews of these
+boats. Imagination may picture the horrors of their situation, and the
+extremes to which they were driven to sustain life, but no power of the
+imagination can heighten the dreadful reality.
+
+The following is an account of the whole crew.
+
+In the captain's boat but two survived, Captain Pollard and Charles
+Ramsdell. In the mate's boat three survived, Owen Chase, the mate,
+Benjamin Lawrence, and Thomas Nickerson. Left on Duncie's Island, and
+afterwards taken off, Seth Weeks, William Wright, and Thomas Chapple.
+One left the ship before the accident. In the second mate's boat, when
+separated from the captain's, three. Dead, nine, which added to the
+second mate's crew, doubtless lost, makes total deaths twelve.
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE WELLINGTON.
+
+
+We sailed from the Cove of Cork for St. Andrews, on the 6th of October,
+1833. During a passage of sixty days, all of which time we struggled
+against adverse winds, nothing material occurred, save the shifting of
+our ballast, (limestone,) which caused some alarm; but the promptitude
+and alacrity of the crew soon set it all right. On reaching the
+ballast-ground, we discharged our ballast; and after we had repaired the
+rigging, we took in a cargo of deals. Here four of the men left us, and
+we had to wait for others to supply their place.
+
+On the 23d of December we sailed on our return to Cork; mustering in all
+seventeen persons, including one male and one female passenger. With a
+fine stiff breeze down the bay, we soon lost sight of land, and nothing
+of note occurred till the 30th, when the wind got up from the
+north-west, and soon blew so heavy a gale, that we were obliged to take
+in every thing but a close-reefed main-topsail, under which we scudded
+till the 5th of January. All this time it blew a hurricane, principally
+from the north-west, but occasionally, after a short lull, flying round
+to the south-west, with a fury that nothing could resist. The sea
+threatened to overwhelm our little craft. It was several times proposed
+to lay her to; but the fatal opinion prevailed that she did better in
+scudding. On the night of the 6th, a tremendous sea struck her on the
+stern, stove in all the dead-lights, and washed them into the cabin,
+lifted the taffrail a foot or more out of its place, carried away the
+afterpart of the larboard bulwark, shattered the whole of the
+stern-frame, and washed one of the steersmen away from the wheel. The
+carpenter and crew with much labor secured the stern as well as they
+could for the night, and next morning the wind moderated a little, new
+dead-lights were put in, and the damages further repaired.
+
+Every stitch of canvas, but the main-topsail, jib, and trysail, were
+split into ribbons, so that we became anxious to know how we should
+reach port when the gale subsided. But we were soon spared further care
+on that head. As the day closed in, the tempest resumed its fury, and by
+the following morning, (the 8th,) raged with such appalling violence,
+that we laid her too. From her straining, the brig had now began to make
+so much water, as to require all hands in succession at the pumps till
+the following morning at two, when the larboard watch went below, the
+watch on deck, by constant exertion, sufficing to keep her free.
+
+At seven on the morning of the 9th, a tremendous sea broke over the
+starboard bow, overwhelming all, and sweeping caboose, boats, planks,
+casks, every thing before it, to the afterpart of the deck; even the
+starboard anchor was lifted on to the forecastle; and and the cook, who
+was in the galley, washed with all his culinary apparatus into the
+lee-scuppers, where he remained some time in a very perilous situation,
+jammed in amongst the loose spars and other portions of the wreck, until
+extricated by the watch on deck, who, being aft at the moment of the
+occurrence, escaped unhurt. Before we could recover from this shock, the
+watch below rushed on deck, with the appalling intelligence, that the
+water had found its way below, and was pouring in like a torrent We
+found that the coppers, forced along the deck with irresistible
+violence, had, by striking a stanchen fixed firmly in the deck, split
+the covering fore and aft, and let in the water. The captain thought it
+time to prepare for the worst. As the ship, from her buoyant cargo,
+could not sink, he ordered the crew to store the top with provisions.
+And as all exerted themselves with the energy of despair, two barrels of
+beef, some hams, pork, butter, cheese, and a large jar of brandy, were
+handed in a trice up from below, but not before the water had nearly
+filled the cabin, and forced those employed there to cease their
+operations, and with the two unfortunate passengers to fly to the deck.
+Fortunately for the latter, they knew not the full horror of our
+situation. The poor lady, whose name I have forgotten, young and
+delicate, already suffering from confinement below and sea sickness,
+pale and shivering, but patient and resigned, had but a short time taken
+her seat beside her fellow passenger on some planks near the taffrail,
+on which lay extended the unfortunate cook, unable to move from his
+bruises, when the vessel, a heavy lurch having shifted her cargo, was
+laid on her beam-ends, and the water rushing in, carried every thing
+off the deck--provisions, stores, planks, all went adrift--and with the
+latter, the poor lady, who, with the cook, floated away on them, without
+the possibility of our saving either of them. But such was the
+indescribable horror of those who were left, that had we been able to
+reason or reflect we might have envied our departed shipmates.
+
+A few minutes before we went over, two of the crew, invalids, having
+gone to the maintop, one of them was forced into the belly of the main
+top-sail, and there found a watery grave. The rest of the crew, and the
+male passenger, got upon her side. In this hopeless situation, secured,
+and clinging to the channels and rigging, the sea every instant dashing
+over us, and threatening destruction, we remained some hours. Then the
+vessel once more righted, and we crawled on board. The deck having blown
+up, and the stern gone the same way, we had now the prospect of
+perishing with cold and hunger. For our ultimate preservation I conceive
+we were mainly indebted to the carpenter's having providentially
+retained his axe. With it, the foremast was cut away. While doing this,
+we found a piece of pork about four pounds weight; and even the
+possession of this morsel raised our drooping spirits. It would at least
+prolong existence a few hours, and in that interval, the gale might
+abate, some friendly sail heave in sight, and the elements relent. Such
+were our reflections. Oh, how our eye-balls strained, as, emerging from
+the trough of the sea on the crest of a liquid mountain, we gazed on the
+misty horizon, until, from time to time, we fancied, nay, felt assured,
+we saw the object of our search, but the evening closed in, and with it
+hope almost expired. That day, not a morsel passed our lips. The pork,
+our only supply, given in charge to the captain, it was thought prudent
+to husband as long as possible.
+
+Meanwhile, with a top-gallant studding-sail remaining in the top, which
+was stretched over the mast-head, we contrived to procure a partial
+shelter from the inclemency of the weather. Under this, drenched as we
+were and shivering with cold, some of us crouched for the night; but
+others of the crew remained all that night in the rigging. In the
+morning we all--fourteen in number--mustered on deck, and received from
+the mate a small piece of pork, about two ounces, the remainder being
+put away, and reserved for the next day. This, and some water, the only
+article of which--a cask had been discovered forward, well stowed away
+among the planks--we had abundance, constituted our only meal that day.
+Somewhat refreshed, we all went to work, and as the studding-sail
+afforded but a scanty shelter, we fitted the trysail for this purpose;
+on opening which we found the cat drowned, and much as our stomachs
+might have revolted against such food on ordinary occasions, yet poor
+puss was instantly skinned and her carcass hung up in the maintop.
+
+This night we were somewhat better lodged, and the following day, having
+received our scanty ration of pork, now nearly consumed, we got three
+swiftsures round the hull of the vessel, to prevent her from going to
+pieces. Foraging daily for food, we sought incessantly in every
+crevice, hole, and corner, but in vain. We were now approaching that
+state of suffering beyond which nature cannot carry us. With some,
+indeed, they were already past endurance; and one individual, who had
+left a wife and family dependent upon him for support in London, unable
+any longer to bear up against them, and the almost certain prospect of
+starvation, went down out of the top, and we saw him no more. Having
+eked out the pork until the fourth day, we commenced on the
+cat--fortunately large and in good condition--a mouthful of which, with
+some water, furnished our daily allowance.
+
+Sickness and debility had now made such ravages among us all, that
+although we had a tolerable stock of water, we found great difficulty in
+procuring it. We had hitherto, in rotation, taken our turn to fill a
+small beaker at the cask, wedged in among the cargo of deals; but now,
+scarcely able to keep our feet along the planks, and still less so to
+haul the vessel up to the top, we were in danger of even this resource
+being cut off from us. In this manner, incredible as it may seem, we
+managed to keep body and soul together till the eleventh day; our only
+sustenance, the pork, the cat, water, and the bark of some young birch
+trees, which latter, in searching for a keg of tamarinds, which we had
+hoped to find, we had latterly come athwart.
+
+On the twelfth morning, at daybreak, the hailing of some one from the
+deck electrified us all. Supposing, as we had missed none of our
+shipmates from the top, that it must be some boat or vessel, we all
+eagerly made a movement to answer our supposed deliverers, and such was
+our excitement that it well nigh upset what little reason we had left.
+We soon found out our mistake. We saw that one of the party was missing;
+and from this individual, whom we had found without shoes, hat, or
+jacket, had the voice proceeded.
+
+Despair had now taken such complete hold, that, suspended between life
+and death, a torpor had seized us, and, resigned to our fate, we had
+scarcely sufficient energy to lift our heads, and exercise the only
+faculty on which depended our safety. The delirium of our unfortunate
+shipmate had, however, reanimated us, and by this means, through
+Providence, he was made instrumental to our deliverance. Not long after,
+one of the men suddenly exclaimed, "This is Sunday morning!--The Lord
+will deliver us from our distress!--at any rate I will take a look
+round." With this he arose, and having looked about him a few minutes,
+the cheering cry of "a sail!" announced the fulfilment of this singular
+prophecy. "Yes," he repeated in answer to our doubts, "a sail, and
+bearing right down upon us!"
+
+We all eagerly got up, and looking in the direction indicated to us, the
+welcome certainty, that we were not cheated of our hopes almost turned
+our brains. The vessel, which proved to be a Boston brig, bound to
+London, ran down across our bows, hove too, sent the boats alongside,
+and by ten o'clock we were all safe on board. Singularly enough, our
+brig, which had been lying-to with her head to the northward and
+westward, since the commencement of our disasters, went about the
+evening previous to our quitting her as well as if she had been under
+sail,--another providential occurrence, for had she remained with her
+head to the northward, we should have seen nothing of our deliverers.
+From the latter we experienced all the care and attention our deplorable
+condition required; and, with the exception of two of the party, who
+were frost-bitten, and who died two days after our quitting the wreck,
+we were soon restored to health, and reached St. Catherine's Dock on the
+30th of the following month.
+
+[Illustration: VOYAGE OF THE ABERGAVENNY.]
+
+
+
+
+LOSS OF THE ABERGAVENNY.
+
+
+The Earl of Abergavenny, East Indiaman, left Portsmouth, in the
+beginning of February, 1805, with forty passengers, and property to the
+value of eighty-nine thousand pounds sterling on board. On the 5th of
+February, at ten A.M. when she was about ten leagues to the westward of
+Portland, the commodore gave a signal for her to bear up. At this time
+the wind was west south-west; she had the main top-mast struck, the fore
+and mizzen top-gallant mast on deck, and the jib-boom in. At three a
+pilot came on board, when they were about two leagues west from
+Portland; the cables were ranged and bitted, and the jib-boom got out.
+The wind suddenly died away as she crossed the Shangles, a shoal of rock
+and shingle, about two miles from the land; and a strong tide setting
+the ship to westward, drifted her into the breakers. A sea taking her on
+the larboard quarter brought her to, with her head to the northward,
+when she instantly struck the ground, at five in afternoon. All the
+reefs were let out, and the top-sails hoisted up, in the hope that the
+ship might shoot across the reef; the wind shifting meanwhile to
+north-west, she remained there two hours and a half, with four feet of
+water in the hold, the tide alternately setting her on, and the surf
+driving her back, beating all the while with such violent shocks, that
+the men for some time could scarcely stand upon the decks. At length,
+however, she was got off the rocks.
+
+The pumps were kept constantly going, and for fifteen minutes after
+clearing the rocks, kept the water at four feet; but the leak gaining
+upon them, all sails were set, with the view of running for the nearest
+port. But the water now rose so fast, than she refused to answer the
+helm, and they resolved to run her on the first shore. The captain and
+officers still thought that she might be got off without material
+damage, and no signal guns of distress were fired for three quarters of
+an hour, though sensible of some danger, they kept silent, lest they
+should alarm the passengers. Soon however the peril appeared but too
+manifest; the carpenter announced that a leak was at the bottom of the
+chain-pumps, through which the water gushed so fast, that they could not
+stop it. Eleven feet of water were already in the hold, and the crew
+were set to bale at the fore scuttle and hatchway. Though they could not
+keep the water under, they still hoped to preserve her afloat, till she
+could be run upon Weymouth sand. The lashings of the boats were cut;
+but they could not get out the long-boat, without bending the mainsail
+aback, which would have retarded the vessel so much, as to deprive them
+of the chance of running her aground.
+
+At six in the afternoon they gave up all hope of saving the vessel;
+other leaks had been sprung, and it became manifest, from the damage she
+had sustained that she must speedily go down. The captain and officers
+were still cool, and preserved perfect subordination. As night came on,
+and their situation became more terrible, several passengers insisted on
+being set on shore; and some small sloops being near, one of which sent
+off a skiff, two ladies, and three other passengers went away in her.
+More would have embarked had they not feared to encounter a tempestuous
+sea in so dark a night.
+
+Several boats were heard at a short distance, about nine o'clock, but
+they rendered no assistance; being either engaged in plunder, or in
+rescuing some of those unfortunate individuals who hazarded themselves
+on pieces of wreck, to gain the land. Those on board baled and pumped
+without intermission; the cadets and passengers struggling with the
+rest. A midshipman was appointed to guard the spirit room. Some of the
+more disorderly sailors pressed upon him. "Give us some grog," they
+cried, "it will be all one an hour hence." "I know we must die," replied
+he, coolly, "but let us die like men;" and armed with a brace of
+pistols, he kept his post even while the ship was sinking.
+
+At length the carpenter came up from below, and told those who worked at
+the pumps that he could do no more. Some gave themselves up to despair,
+others prayed; and some resolved not to perish without a struggle,
+committed themselves on pieces of the wreck to the waves. The chief mate
+came to the captain, and said, "We have done all we can, sir, the ship
+will sink in a moment;" to which the captain replied, "it cannot be
+helped--God's will be done." The vessel gradually settled in the trough
+of the sea. The cries of the drowning rose above the sound of the
+waters, and were heard at a great distance. Some kept running about the
+deck as long as it kept above the waves. At eleven, when she went down,
+many hastened up the shrouds and masts. The captain was seen clinging to
+the ropes; the fourth mate tried to persuade him to exert himself, but
+he submitted without resistance to his fate.
+
+The hull struck the ground, while part of the masts and rigging remained
+above water. On the last cast of the lead, eleven fathoms had been
+found, and about one hundred and eighty men still clung to the rigging.
+The night was dark and frosty, the sea incessantly breaking upon them.
+Shocking scenes occurred, in the attempts made by some to obtain places
+of greater safety. One seaman had ascended to a considerable height, and
+endeavored to climb yet higher; another seized hold of his leg; he drew
+his clasp-knife, and deliberately cut the miserable wretch's fingers
+asunder; he dropped and was killed by the fall. Many perished in the
+shrouds. A sergeant had secured his wife there; she lost her hold, and
+in her last struggle for life, bit a large piece from her husband's arm,
+which was dreadfully lacerated.
+
+About an hour after she went down, the survivors were cheered by hearing
+the sound of vessels beating the waves at a distance; they hailed a
+sloop-rigged vessel, with two boats astern of her. Their voices must
+have been drowned by the waves. By twelve many more had perished. Some
+from cold and fatigue could no longer retain their hold; every instant
+those who still hung on, were shocked by the splash, which told that
+another of their number had yielded to his fate. In a short time, boats
+were again heard near them, but they did not, though repeatedly hailed,
+come near enough to take any on board; an act of cold and calculating
+timidity, which could not be justified by the excuse, that they feared
+lest all, eager to be saved, should have jumped down, and borne them to
+the bottom.
+
+At length two sloops, which had heard the guns of distress, anchored
+close to the wreck, took off the survivors, twenty at a time, from the
+shrouds, and in the morning conveyed them to Weymouth; so far from
+crowding into the boats, they got off one by one, as called upon by
+those who commanded the boats. One still remained; the sixth mate
+ascended the mast and found him in a state of insensibility; he bore him
+down on his back, and with his burden reached the boat in safety; but
+the delivered person died the next day.
+
+When the awful words were heard, "The ship must go down," three of the
+cadets went into the cabin, where they stood for a short time, looking
+at each other, without saying a word. At length one said, "Let us return
+to the deck;" two did so, but the other remained below. He opened his
+desk, took out his commission, his introductory letters, and some money,
+went on deck, but saw neither of his companions. Then looking forward,
+he saw the ship going down head foremost, and the sea rolling in an
+immense column along the deck. He tried to ascend the steps leading to
+the poop, but was launched among the waves encumbered by boots and a
+great coat, and unable to swim. Afterwards, finding himself on the
+opposite side, he conceived that when the stern of the ship sunk, he
+would be drawn into the vortex. While struggling to keep himself afloat,
+he seized something which frequently struck the back of his hand, and
+found it to be a rope hanging from the mizzen-shrouds. Trying to ascend
+several feet by it, he fell into the sea; but by a sudden lurch from the
+ship, he was thrown into the mizzen-shrouds, where he fixed himself as
+well as circumstances would allow.
+
+
+
+
+CRUISE OF THE SALDANHA AND TALBOT.
+
+BY ONE OF THE OFFICERS.
+
+
+At midnight of Saturday, the 30th of November, 1811, with a fair wind
+and a smooth sea, we weighed from our station, in company with the
+Saldanha frigate, of thirty-eight guns, Captain Packenham, with a crew
+of three hundred men, on a cruise, as was intended, of twenty days--the
+Saldanha taking a westerly course, while we stood in the opposite
+direction.
+
+We had scarcely got out of the lock and cleared the heads, however, when
+we plunged at once into all the miseries of a gale of wind blowing from
+the west. During the three following days it continued to increase in
+violence, when the islands of Coll and Tiree became visible to us. As
+the wind had now chopped round more to the north, and continued unabated
+in violence, the danger of getting involved among the numerous small
+islands and rugged headlands, on the north-west coast of
+Inverness-shire, became evident. It was therefore deemed expedient to
+wear the ship round, and make a port with all expedition. With this
+view, and favored by the wind, a course was shaped for Lochswilly, and
+away we scudded under close-reefed foresail and main-topsail, followed
+by a tremendous sea, which threatened every moment to overwhelm us, and
+accompanied by piercing showers of hail, and a gale which blew with
+incredible fury. The same course was steered until next day about noon,
+when land was seen on the lee-bow. The weather being thick, some time
+elapsed before it could be distinctly made out, and it was then
+ascertained to be the island of North Arran, on the coast of Donegal,
+westward of Lochswilly. The ship was therefore hauled up some points,
+and we yet entertained hopes of reaching an anchorage before nightfall,
+when the weather gradually thickened, and the sea, now that we were upon
+the wind, broke over us in all directions. Its violence was such, that
+in a few minutes several of our ports were stove in, at which the water
+poured in in great abundance, until it was actually breast high on the
+lee-side of the main deck. Fortunately, but little got below, and the
+ship was relieved by taking in the foresail. But a dreadful addition was
+now made to the precariousness of our situation, by the cry of "land
+a-head!" which was seen from the forecastle, and must have been very
+near. Not a moment was now lost in wearing the ship round on the other
+tack, and making what little sail could be carried, to weather the land
+we had already passed. This soon proved, however, to be a forlorn
+prospect, for it was found that we should run our distance by ten
+o'clock. All the horrors of shipwreck now stared us in the face,
+aggravated tenfold by the darkness of the night, and the tremendous
+force of the wind, which now blew a hurricane. Mountains are
+insignificant when speaking of the sea that kept pace with it; its
+violence was awful beyond description, and it frequently broke over all
+the poor little ship, that shivered and groaned, but behaved admirably.
+
+The force of the sea may be guessed from the fact of the sheet-anchor,
+nearly a ton and a half in weight, being actually lifted on board, to
+say nothing of the forechain-plates' board broken, both gangways torn
+away, quarter-galleries stove in, &c. In short, on getting into port,
+the vessel was found to be loosened through all her frame, and leaking
+at every seam. As far as depended on her good qualities, however, I felt
+assured at the time we were safe, for I had seen enough of the Talbot
+to be convinced we were in one of the finest sea-boats that ever swam.
+But what could all the skill of the ship builder avail in a situation
+like ours? With a night full fifteen hours long before us, and knowing
+that we were fast driving on the land, anxiety and dread were on every
+face, and every mind felt the terrors of uncertainty and suspense. At
+length, about twelve o'clock, the dreadful truth was disclosed to us!
+
+Judge of my sensation when I saw the frowning rocks of Arran, scarcely
+half a mile distant, on our lee-bow. To our inexpressible relief, and
+not less to our surprise, we fairly weathered all, and were
+congratulating each other on our escape, when on looking forward I
+imagined I saw breakers at no great distance on our lee; and this
+suspicion was soon confirmed, when the moon, which shone at intervals,
+suddenly broke out from behind a cloud, and presented to us a most
+terrific spectacle. At not more than a quarter of a mile's distance on
+our lee-beam, appeared a range of tremendous breakers, amongst which it
+seemed as if every sea would throw us. Their height, it may be guessed,
+was prodigious, when they could be clearly distinguished from the
+foaming waters of the surrounded ocean. It was a scene seldom to be
+witnessed, and never forgotten! "Lord have mercy on us!" was now on the
+lip of everyone--destruction seemed inevitable. Captain Swaine, whose
+coolness I have never seen surpassed issued his orders clearly and
+collectedly when it was proposed as a last resource to drop the anchors,
+cut away the masts, and trust to the chance of riding out the gale. This
+scheme was actually determined on, and every thing was in readiness, but
+happily was deferred until an experiment was tried aloft In addition to
+the close-reefed main-topsail and foresail, the fore-topsail and trysail
+were now set, and the result was almost magical. With a few plunges we
+cleared not only the reef, but a huge rock upon which I could with ease
+have tossed a biscuit, and in a few minutes we were inexpressibly
+rejoiced to observe both far astern.
+
+We had now miraculously escaped all but certain destruction a second
+time, but much was yet to be feared. We had still to pass Cape Jeller,
+and the moments dragged on in gloomy apprehension and anxious suspense.
+The ship carried sail most wonderfully, and we continued to go along at
+the rate of seven knots, shipping very heavy seas, and laboring
+much--all with much solicitude looking out for daylight. The dawn at
+length appeared, and to our great joy we saw the land several miles
+astern, having passed the Cape and many other hidden dangers during the
+darkness.
+
+Matters on the morning of the 5th, assumed a very different aspect from
+that which we had experienced for the last two days; the wind gradually
+subsided, and with it the sea, and a favorable breeze now springing up,
+we were enabled to make a good offing. Fortunately no accident of
+consequence occurred, although several of our people were severely
+bruised by falls. Poor fellows! they certainly suffered enough; not a
+dry stitch, not a dry hammock have they had since we sailed. Happily,
+however, their misfortunes are soon forgot in a dry shirt and a can of
+grog.
+
+The most melancholy part of the narrative is still to be told. On coming
+up to our anchorage, we observed an unusual degree of curiosity and
+bustle in the fort; crowds of people were congregated on both sides,
+running to and fro, examining us through spy-glasses; in short, an
+extraordinary commotion was apparent. The meaning of all this was but
+too soon made known to us by a boat coming alongside, from which we
+learned that the unfortunate Saldanha had gone to pieces, and every man
+perished! Our own destruction had likewise been reckoned inevitable from
+the time of the discovery of the unhappy fate of our consort, five days
+beforehand; and hence the astonishment at our unexpected return. From
+all that could be learned concerning the dreadful catastrophe, I am
+inclined to believe that the Saldanha had been driven on the rocks about
+the time our doom appeared so certain in another quarter. Her lights
+were seen by the signal-tower at nine o'clock of that fearful Wednesday
+night, December 4th, after which it is supposed she went ashore on the
+rocks at a small bay called Ballymastaker, almost at the entrance of
+Lochswilly harbor.
+
+Next morning the beach was strewed with fragments of the wreck, and
+upwards of two hundred of the bodies of the unfortunate sufferers were
+washed ashore. One man--and one only--out of the three hundred, was
+ascertained to have come ashore alive, but almost in a state of
+insensibility. Unhappily there was no person present to administer to
+his wants judiciously, and upon craving something to drink, about half a
+pint of whisky was given him by the people, which almost instantly
+killed him! Poor Pakenham's body was recognised amidst the others, and
+like these, stripped quite naked by the inhuman wretches, who flocked to
+the wreck as to a blessing! It is even suspected that he came on shore
+alive, but was stripped and left to perish. Nothing could equal the
+audacity of the plunderers, although a party of the Lanark militia was
+doing duty around the wreck. But this is an ungracious and revolting
+subject, which no one of proper feeling would wish to dwell upon. Still
+less am I inclined so describe the heart-rending scene at Buncrana,
+where the widows of many of the sufferers are residing. The surgeon's
+wife, a native of Halifax, has never spoken since the dreadful tidings
+arrived. Consolation is inadmissible, and no one has yet ventured to
+offer it.
+
+
+
+
+SHIPWRECK OF THE NAUTILUS.
+
+
+The ship Nautilus, Captain Palmer, with important despatches for
+England, sailed from the Dardanelles, on the 30th of January, 1807.
+Passing through the islands which abound in the Greek Archipelago, she
+approached the Negropont, where the navigation became both intricate
+and dangerous. The wind blew fresh, and the night was dark and squally;
+the pilot, a Greek, advised them to lay-to till morning; at daylight she
+again went on her course, passing in the evening, Falconera and
+Anti-Milo. The pilot, who had never gone farther on this tack, here
+relinquished the management of the vessel to the captain, who, anxious
+to get on, resolved to proceed during the night, confidently expecting
+to clear the Archipelago by morning; he then went below, to take some
+rest, after marking out on the chest the course which he meant to steer.
+
+[Illustration: SHIPWRECK OF THE NAUTILUS.]
+
+The night was extremely dark, vivid lightning at times flashed through
+the horizon. The wind increased; and though the ship carried but little
+sail, she went at the rate of nine miles an hour, borne on by a high
+sea, which, with the brightness of the lightning, made the night appear
+awful. At half past two in the morning, they saw high land, which they
+took for the island of Cerigotto, and went confidently on, supposing
+that all danger was over. At half-past four, the man on the look-out,
+cried, "breakers a-head!" and instantly the vessel struck with a
+tremendous crash; the violence of the shock being such, that those below
+were thrown from their beds, and on coming on deck, were compelled to
+cling to the cordage. All was confusion and alarm; scarcely had part of
+the crew time to hurry on deck, before the ladder gave way, leaving
+numbers struggling with the water, which rushed in at the bottom. The
+captain and lieutenant endeavored to mitigate the fears of the people;
+and afterwards, going down to the cabin, burnt the papers and private
+signals. Meantime, every sea dashed the vessel against the rocks; and
+they were soon compelled to climb the rigging, where they remained an
+hour, the surge continually breaking upon them.
+
+The lightning had ceased, but so dark was the night, that they could not
+see a ship's length before them; their only hope rested in the falling
+of the main mast, which they trusted would reach a small rock, which lay
+very near them. About half an hour before morning, the mast gave way,
+providentially falling towards the rock, and by means of it they were
+enabled to gain the land. In this hasty struggle to get to the rock,
+many accidents occurred; some were drowned, one man had his arm broke,
+and many were much hurt. The captain was the last man who left the
+vessel, refusing to quit it till all had gained the rock. All the boats
+but one had been staved in pieces; the jolly-boat indeed remained, but
+they could not haul it in. For a time the hull of the wreck sheltered
+them from the violence of the surf; but it soon broke up, and it became
+necessary to abandon the small rock on which they stood, and to wade to
+another somewhat larger. In their way they encountered many loose spars,
+dashing about in the channel; several in crossing were severely hurt by
+them. They felt grievously the loss of their shoes, for the sharp rocks
+tore their feet dreadfully, and their legs were covered with blood. In
+the morning they saw the sea covered with the fragments of the wreck,
+and many of their comrades floating about on spars and timbers, to whom
+they could not give any assistance.
+
+They saw that they were cast away on a coral rock almost on a level with
+the sea, about four hundred yards long, and three hundred broad. They
+were at least twelve miles from the nearest islands, which were
+afterwards found to be those of Cerigotto and Pera. In case any vessel
+should pass by, they hoisted a signal of distress on a long pole. The
+weather was very cold, and the day before they were wrecked, the deck
+had been covered with ice; with much difficulty they managed to kindle a
+fire, by means of a flint and some powder. They erected a small tent,
+composed of pieces of canvas and boards, and were thus enabled to dry
+their few clothes. The night was dreary and comfortless; but they
+consoled themselves with the hope that their fire might be descried in
+the dark, and taken for a signal of distress. Next day they were
+delighted at the approach of a small whale-boat, manned by ten of their
+comrades. When the vessel was wrecked, these men had lowered themselves
+into the water, and had reached the island of Pera, but finding no fresh
+water, were compelled to depart; and noticing the fire were enabled to
+join their shipmates. But the waves ran so high that the boat could not
+come to the shore, and some of those on the land endeavored to reach it.
+One of the seamen called to Captain Palmer, inviting him to come to
+them, but he steadily refused, saying, "No, Smith, save your unfortunate
+shipmates; never mind me." After some consultation, they resolved to
+take the Greek pilot on board, intending to go to Cerigotto, where, he
+assured them, were a few families of fishermen, who might perhaps be
+able to afford them some relief.
+
+After the boat departed, the wind increased; in about two hours a
+fearful storm came on. The waves mounted up, and extinguished their
+fire; they swept over nearly the whole of the rock, compelling them to
+flee for refuge to the highest part. Thus did nearly ninety pass a night
+of the utmost horror; being compelled, lest they should be washed off,
+to fasten a rope round the summit of a rock, and to clasp each other.
+Their fatigue had been so great that several of them became delirious,
+and lost their hold. They were also in constant terror of the wind
+veering more to the north, in which case the waves would have dashed
+over their position.
+
+They now began to sink under their hardships, and many had suffered
+deplorably. One had been so dashed against the rocks as to be nearly
+scalped, exhibiting a dreadful spectacle; he lingered out the night, but
+expired next morning. They were ill prepared to sustain famine, and they
+were almost hopeless of escape. They dreaded lest the storm should come
+on before the boat could have reached the island, for on her safety
+their own depended. In the midst of these horrors the daylight broke,
+and they saw the bodies of their departed shipmates, some still writhing
+in the agonies of death. The sea had broken over them all night, and
+some, among whom was the carpenter, had perished from cold.
+
+Soon after, a vessel approached, and their hearts beat high with the
+hope of deliverance. All her sails were set, and she came down before
+the wind, steering right for the rock. They made repeated signals of
+distress, and the vessel hove to, and hoisted out her boat. They hastily
+prepared rafts to carry them through the surf, confident that the boat
+was provided with supplies to relieve them. The boat came within
+pistol-shot, full of men dressed in the European fashion. But what were
+their indignation and grief, when the person who steered, after gazing
+at them a few minutes, waved his hat, and then rowed off to the ship!
+Their misery was increased by seeing the crew of the stranger-vessel
+employed in collecting the floating fragments of the wreck. After this
+grievous disappointment, their only hopes lay in the return of the boat.
+They looked in vain; not a glimpse of her was to be seen. A raging
+thirst tormented them; and some, in spite of warning, drank salt water;
+raging madness soon followed, and their agonies were terminated by
+death. Another awful night was passed by them. To preserve themselves
+from the cold, they huddled close together, and covered themselves with
+their few remaining rags. They were haunted by the ravings of those who
+had drunk the sea-water, whom they tried in vain to pacify.
+
+About twelve o'clock, the crew of the whale-boat hailed them; they cried
+out in their agony for water. They could not procure it, for those in
+the boat had none but earthen vessels, which could not be conveyed
+through the surf. They were assured that they would be taken off by a
+fishing vessel next morning; but there seemed to be little chance of
+their surviving till then.
+
+In the morning, the sun for the first time shone upon the rock. They
+waited hour after hour, but there was no appearance either of the boat
+or the vessel. Famine consumed them; but they looked with loathing on
+the only means of appeasing it. When, however, the day wore on, after
+praying for forgiveness of the sinful act, they were compelled to feed
+on one of their number who had died the preceding night. Several
+expired towards evening; among whom were the captain and first
+lieutenant. During the night, some thought of constructing a raft which
+might carry them to Cerigotto. The wind seemed favorable; and to perish
+in the waters seemed preferable to remaining to die a lingering death
+from hunger and thirst. At daylight, as fast as their feeble strength
+permitted, they prepared to put their plan in execution, by lashing
+together a number of larger spars. Scarcely had they launched it, when
+it was destroyed. Five, rendered desperate, embarked on a few spars
+hastily lashed together, which gave them scarcely room to stand; they
+were soon carried away by unknown currents, and were no more heard of.
+
+In the afternoon the whale-boat came again in sight. The crew told them
+that they had experienced great difficulty in persuading the Greek
+fishermen of Cerigotto to venture to put to sea, because of the stormy
+weather; but they gave them hopes, that if the weather moderated, the
+boats would come next day. Before they had done speaking, twelve men
+plunged from the rock into the sea, and nearly reached the boat; two
+were taken in, one was drowned, and the rest were so fortunate as to
+recover their former station.
+
+As the day wore on, their weakness increased. One of the survivors
+described himself as feeling the approach of annihilation; his sight
+failed, and his senses were confused; his strength was exhausted; he
+looked towards the setting sun, expecting never to see it rise again.
+Suddenly the approach of the boats was announced; and from the depth of
+despair, they rose to the very summit of joy. Their parched frames were
+refreshed with copious draughts of water.
+
+Immediate preparations were made for departure. Of one hundred and
+twenty-two persons on board the Nautilus, when she struck, fifty-eight
+had perished. Eighteen were drowned when she was wrecked, five were lost
+in the small boat, and thirty-four died of famine. About fifty now
+embarked in four fishing vessels, and landed the same evening at
+Cerigotto; making sixty-four in all, including those saved in the
+whale-boat. During their six days sojourn on the rock, they had nothing
+to subsist on, save human flesh.
+
+They landed at a small creek. The Greeks received them with great
+hospitality, but had not skill to cure their wounds, and had no bandages
+but those procured by tearing up their own shirts. Wishing to procure
+some medical assistance, they desired to reach Cerigo, an island twenty
+miles distant, on which an English vice-consul resided. Fourteen days
+elapsed before they could set sail. They bade adieu to these kind
+preservers, and in six or eight hours reached Cerigo, where all possible
+help was afforded them. Thence they were conveyed by a Russian ship to
+Corfu; where they arrived on the 2d of March, 1807, about two months
+after their melancholy disaster.
+
+
+
+
+GALLANT EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE DECATUR.
+
+
+Decatur is one of the most illustrious names in the naval annals of
+America. Among the many officers who have borne this name, none was more
+celebrated and admired in his life time and none more deeply lamented
+at his untimely decease than Commodore Stephen Decatur.
+
+[Illustration: BURNING OF THE PHILADELPHIA.]
+
+His life was a series of heroic actions. But of these perhaps the most
+remarkable of all is that which is recorded in the following language of
+his biographer--the burning of the frigate Philadelphia.
+
+Decatur had been sent out from the United States, in the Argus, to join
+Commodore Preble's squadron before Tripoli. He exchanged this vessel
+with Lieutenant Hull for the Enterprise.
+
+After making that exchange, he proceeded to Syracuse, where the squadron
+was to rendezvous. On his arrival at that port, he was informed of the
+fate of the frigate Philadelphia, which had run aground on the Barbary
+coast, and fallen into the hands of the Tripolitans. The idea
+immediately presented itself to his mind of attempting her recapture or
+destruction. On Commodore Preble's arrival, a few days afterwards, he
+proposed to him a plan for the purpose, and volunteered his services to
+execute it. The wary mind of that veteran officer at first disapproved
+of an enterprise so full of peril; but the risks and difficulties that
+surrounded it, only stimulated the ardour of Decatur, and imparted to it
+an air of adventure, fascinating to his youthful imagination.
+
+[Illustration: COMMODORE PREBLE.]
+
+The consent of the commodore having been obtained, Lieutenant Decatur
+selected for the expedition a ketch (the Intrepid) which he had captured
+a few weeks before from the enemy, and manned her with seventy
+volunteers, chiefly from his own crew. He sailed from Syracuse on the 3d
+of February, 1804, accompanied by the United States brig Syren,
+Lieutenant Stewart, who was to aid with his boats, and to receive the
+crew of the ketch, in case it should be found expedient to use her as a
+fire ship.
+
+After fifteen days of very tempestuous weather, they arrived at the
+harbor of Tripoli, a little before sunset. It had been arranged between
+Lieutenants Decatur and Stewart, that the ketch should enter the harbor
+about ten o'clock that night, attended by the boats of the Syren. On
+arriving off the harbor, the Syren, in consequence of a change of wind,
+had been thrown six or eight miles without the Intrepid. The wind at
+this time was fair, but fast declining, and Lieutenant Decatur
+apprehended that, should he wait for the Syren's boats to come up, it
+might be fatal to the enterprise, as they could not remain longer on the
+coast, their provisions being nearly exhausted. For these reasons he
+determined to venture into the harbor alone, which he did about eight
+o'clock.
+
+An idea may be formed of the extreme hazard of the enterprise from the
+situation of the frigate. She was moored within half gunshot of the
+bashaw's castle, and of the principal battery. Two of the enemy's
+cruisers lay within two cables' length, on the starboard quarter, and
+their gunboats within half gunshot, on the starboard bow. All the guns
+of the frigate were mounted and loaded. Such were the immediate perils
+that our hero ventured to encounter with a single ketch, beside the
+other dangers that abound in a strongly fortified harbor.
+
+Although from the entrance to the place where the frigate lay, was only
+three miles, yet, in consequence of the lightness of the wind, they did
+not get within hail of her until eleven o'clock. When they had
+approached within two hundred yards, they were hailed and ordered to
+anchor, or they would be fired into. Lieutenant Decatur ordered a
+Maltese pilot, who was on board the ketch, to answer that they had lost
+their anchors in a gale of wind on the coast, and, therefore, could not
+comply with their request. By this time it had become perfectly calm,
+and they were about fifty yards from the frigate. Lieutenant Decatur
+ordered a small boat that was alongside of the ketch, to take a rope and
+make it fast to the frigate's fore-chains. This being done, they began
+to warp the ketch alongside. It was not until this moment that the enemy
+suspected the character of their visitor, and great confusion
+immediately ensued. This enabled our adventurers to get alongside of the
+frigate, when Decatur immediately sprang aboard, followed by Mr. Charles
+Morris, midshipman. These two were nearly a minute on deck, before their
+companions could succeed in mounting the side. Fortunately, the Turks
+had not sufficiently recovered from their surprise to take advantage of
+this delay. They were crowded together on the quarterdeck, perfectly
+astonished and aghast, without making any attempt to oppose the
+assailing party. As soon as a sufficient number of men had gained the
+deck to form a front equal to that of the enemy, they rushed in upon
+them. The Turks stood the assault for a short time, and were completely
+overpowered. About twenty were killed on the spot, many jumped
+overboard, and the rest flew to the maindeck, whither they were pursued
+and driven to the hold.
+
+After entire possession had been gained of the ship, and every thing
+prepared to set fire to her, a number of launches were seen rowing about
+the harbor. This determined Lieutenant Decatur to remain on board the
+frigate, from whence a better defence could be made than from on board
+the ketch. The enemy had already commenced firing on them from their
+batteries and castle, and from two corsairs that were lying near.
+Perceiving that the launches did not attempt to approach, he ordered the
+ship should be set on fire, which was done, at the same time, in
+different parts. As soon as this was done, they left her; and such was
+the rapidity of the flames, that it was with the utmost difficulty they
+preserved the ketch. At this critical moment a most propitious breeze
+sprang up, blowing directly out of the harbor, which, in a few moments,
+carried them out of reach of the enemy's guns, and they made good their
+retreat without the loss of a single man, and with but four wounded.
+
+For this gallant and romantic achievement, Lieutenant Decatur was
+promoted to the rank of post captain, there being at that time no
+intermediate grade. This promotion was peculiarly gratifying to him,
+insomuch as it was done with the consent of the officers over whose
+heads he was raised.
+
+In the ensuing spring, it being determined to make an attack upon
+Tripoli, Commodore Preble obtained from the King of Naples, the loan of
+six gunboats and two bombards, which he formed into two divisions, and
+gave the command of one of them to Captain Decatur, the other to
+Lieutenant Somers. The squadron sailed from Syracuse, consisting of the
+frigate Constitution, the brig Syren, the schooners Nautilus and Vixen,
+and the gunboats.
+
+Having arrived on the coast of Barbary, they were for some days
+prevented from making the attack, by adverse wind and weather. At
+length on the morning of the 3d of August, the weather being favorable,
+the signal was made from the commodore's ship to prepare for action, the
+light vessels towing the gunboats to windward. At nine o'clock, the
+signal was given for bombarding the enemy's vessels and the town.
+
+The gunboats were cast off, and advanced in a line ahead, led on by
+Captain Decatur, and covered by the frigate Constitution, and the brigs
+and schooners.
+
+The enemy's gunboats were moored along the harbor under the batteries
+and within musket shot. Their sails had been taken from them, and they
+were ordered to sink, rather than abandon their position. They were
+aided and covered, likewise, by a brig of sixteen, and a schooner of ten
+guns.
+
+Before entering into close action, Captain Decatur went alongside each
+of his boats, and ordered them to unship their bowsprits and follow him,
+as it was his intention to board the enemy's boats.
+
+Lieutenant James Decatur commanded one of the boats belonging to
+Commodore Preble's division, but, being farther to windward than the
+rest of his division, he joined and took orders from his brother.
+
+When Captain Decatur, who was in the leading boat, came within range of
+the fire from the batteries, a heavy fire was opened upon him from them
+and the gunboats. He returned the fire, and continued advancing, until
+he came in contact with the boats. At this time, Commodore Preble seeing
+Decatur advancing nearer than he thought prudent, ordered the signal to
+be made for a retreat, but it was found that in making out the signals
+for the boats, the one for a retreat had been omitted.
+
+The enemy's boats had about forty men each; ours an equal number,
+twenty-seven of whom were Americans, and thirteen Neapolitans.
+
+Decatur, on boarding the enemy, was instantly followed by his
+countrymen, but the Neapolitans remained behind. The Turks did not
+sustain the combat hand to hand, with that firmness they had obtained a
+reputation for. In ten minutes the deck was cleared. Eight of them
+sought refuge in the hold, and, of the rest, some fell on the deck, and
+others jumped into the sea. Only three of the Americans were wounded.
+
+As Decatur was about to proceed out with his prize, the boat which had
+been commanded by his brother, came under his stern, and the men
+informed him that they had engaged and captured one of the enemy; but
+that her commander, after surrendering, had treacherously shot
+Lieutenant James Decatur, and pushed off with the boat, and was then
+making for the harbor.
+
+The feelings of the gallant Decatur, on receiving this intelligence, may
+be more easily imagined than described. Every consideration of prudence
+and safety was lost in his eagerness to punish so dastardly an act, and
+to revenge the death of a brother so basely murdered. He pushed within
+the enemy's line with his single boat, and having succeeded in getting
+alongside of the retreating foe, boarded her at the head of eleven men,
+who were all the Americans he had left. The fate of this contest was
+extremely doubtful for about twenty minutes. All the Americans, except
+four, were now severely wounded. Decatur singled out the commander as
+the peculiar object of his vengeance. The Turk was armed with an
+espontoon, Decatur with a cutlass; in attempting to cut off the head of
+the weapon, his sword struck on the iron, and broke off close to the
+hilt. The Turk, at this moment, made a push, which slightly wounded him
+in the right arm and breast. He immediately seized the spear, and closed
+with him. A fierce struggle ensued, and both fell, Decatur uppermost. By
+this time the Turk had drawn a dagger from his belt, and was about to
+plunge it into the body of his foe, when Decatur caught his arm, and
+shot him with a pistol, which he drew from his pocket. During the time
+they were struggling on the deck, the crews rushed to aid their
+commanders, and a most sanguinary scene took place, insomuch that when
+Decatur had despatched his adversary, it was with the utmost difficulty
+he could extricate himself from the killed and wounded that had fallen
+around him.
+
+It is with no common feeling of admiration that we record an instance of
+heroic courage, and loyal self-devotion, on the part of a common sailor.
+
+During the early part of Decatur's struggle with the Turk, he was
+assailed in the rear by one of the enemy, who had just aimed a blow at
+his head which must have proved fatal; at this fearful juncture, a
+noble-hearted tar, who had been so badly wounded as to lose the use of
+his hands, seeing no other means of saving his commander, rushed between
+him and the uplifted sabre, and received the blow on his own head, which
+fractured his skull. We love to pause and honor great actions in humble
+life, because they speak well for human nature. Men of rank and station
+in society, often do gallant deeds, in a manner from necessity. Their
+conspicuous station obliges them to do so, or their eagerness for glory
+urges them on; but an act like this we have mentioned, so desperate, yet
+so disinterested, done by an obscure, unambitious individual, a poor
+sailor, can spring from nothing but nobleness of soul. We are happy to
+add that this generous fellow survived, and long after received a
+pension from government.
+
+Decatur succeeded in getting, with both his prizes, to the squadron, and
+the next day received the highest commendation, in a general order, from
+Commodore Preble. When that able officer was superseded in the command
+of the squadron, he gave the Constitution to Captain Decatur, who had
+some time before received his commission. From that ship he was removed
+to the Congress, and returned home in her, when peace was concluded in
+Tripoli.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE HULL.
+
+
+Commodore Hull became a sailor when he was only eight years old. He
+distinguished himself greatly in the naval war with France, and in the
+war with Tripoli, especially at the capture of Derne, in Africa.
+
+[Illustration: COMMODORE HULL.]
+
+At the commencement of the war of 1812, Hull having been advanced in the
+meantime to the rank of captain, was placed in command of the frigate
+Constitution, in which he was destined to perform those brilliant
+actions which have rendered him one of the most celebrated heroes of our
+navy. His first exploit was the escape of the Constitution from a
+British squadron, which is justly regarded as one of the most remarkable
+recorded in naval history. The account of it contained in the official
+letter of Captain Hull has all the interest of a romance. It is as
+follows:
+
+
+     "SIR:--In pursuance of your orders of the 3d instant, I left
+     Annapolis on the 5th instant, and the capes on the 12th, of which I
+     advised you by the pilot who brought the ship to sea.
+
+     For several days after we got out, the wind was light and ahead,
+     which, with a strong southerly current, prevented our making much
+     way to the northward. On the 17th, at two P.M., being in twenty-two
+     fathoms water off Egg Harbor, four sail of ships were discovered
+     from the masthead, to the northward and in shore of us, apparently
+     ships of war. The wind being very light all sail was made in chase
+     of them, to ascertain whether they were the enemy's ships, or our
+     squadron having got out of New York, waiting the arrival of the
+     Constitution, the latter of which I had reason to believe was the
+     case.
+
+     At four in the afternoon, a ship was seen from the masthead,
+     bearing about north-east, standing in for us under all sail, which
+     she continued so to do until sundown, at which time she was too far
+     off to distinguish signals, and the ships in shore only to be seen
+     from the tops; they were standing off to the southward and
+     eastward. As we could not ascertain before dark what the ship in
+     the offing was, I determined to stand for her, and get near enough
+     to make the night signal.
+
+     At ten in the evening, being within six or eight miles of the
+     strange sail, the private signal was made, and kept up nearly one
+     hour, but finding she could not answer it, I concluded she and the
+     ships in shore were enemy.
+
+     I immediately hauled off to the southward and eastward, and made
+     all sail, having determined to lie off till daylight to see what
+     they were. The ship that we had been chasing hauled off after us,
+     showing a light, and occasionally making signals, supposed to be
+     for the ships in shore.
+
+     On the 18th, at daylight, or a little before it was quite light,
+     saw two sail under our lee, which proved to be frigates of the
+     enemy's. One frigate astern within about five or six miles, and a
+     line of battle ship, a frigate, a brig, and a schooner, about ten
+     or twelve miles directly astern, all in chase of us, with a fine
+     breeze, and coming up fast, it being nearly calm where we were.
+     Soon after sunrise, the wind entirely left us, and the ship would
+     not steer, but fell round off with her head towards the two ships
+     under our lee. The boats were instantly hoisted out, and sent ahead
+     to tow the ship's head around, and to endeavor to get her farther
+     from the enemy, being then within five miles of three heavy
+     frigates. The boats of the enemy were got out and sent ahead to
+     tow, by which, with the light air that remained with them, they
+     came up very fast. Finding the enemy gaining on us, and but little
+     chance of escaping from them, I ordered two of the guns on the gun
+     deck to be ran out at the cabin windows for stern guns on the gun
+     deck, and hoisted one of the twenty-four pounders off the gun deck,
+     and ran that, with the forecastle gun, an eighteen pounder, out at
+     the ports on the quarter deck, and cleared the ship for action,
+     being determined they should not get her without resistance on our
+     part, notwithstanding their force and the situation we were placed
+     in.
+
+     At about seven, in the morning, the ship nearest us approaching
+     within gunshot, and directly astern, I ordered one of the stern
+     guns fired, to see if we could reach her, to endeavor to disable
+     her masts; found the shot fell a little short, would not fire any
+     more.
+
+     [Illustration: ESCAPE OF THE CONSTITUTION.]
+
+     At eight, four of the enemy's ships nearly within gunshot, some of
+     them having six or eight boats ahead towing, with all their oars
+     and sweeps out, to row them up with us, which they were fast
+     doing. It now appeared that we must be taken, and that our escape
+     was impossible--four heavy ships nearly within gunshot, and coming
+     up fast, and not the least hope of a breeze to give us a chance of
+     getting off by out sailing them.
+
+     In this situation, finding ourselves in only twenty-four fathoms
+     water, by the suggestion of that valuable officer, Lieutenant
+     Morris, I determined to try and warp the ship ahead, by carrying
+     out anchors and warping her up to them; three or four hundred
+     fathoms of rope was instantly got up, and two anchors got ready and
+     sent ahead, by which means we began to gain ahead of the enemy;
+     they, however, soon saw our boats carrying out the anchors, and
+     adopted the same plan, under very advantageous circumstances, as
+     all the boats from the ships furthermost off were sent to tow and
+     warp up those nearest to us, by which means they again came up, so
+     that at nine, the ship nearest us began to fire her bow guns, which
+     we instantly returned by our stern guns in the cabin and on the
+     quarter deck. All the shot from the enemy fell short; but we have
+     reason to believe that some of ours went on board her, as we could
+     not see them strike the water. Soon after nine, a second frigate
+     passed under our lee, and opened her broadside, but finding her
+     shot fall short, discontinued her fire; but continued, as did all
+     the rest of them, to make all possible exertion to get up with us.
+     From nine to twelve, all hands were employed in warping the ship
+     ahead, and in starting some of the water in the main hold to
+     lighten her, which, with the help of a light air, we rather gained
+     of the enemy, or, at least, held our own. About two, in the
+     afternoon, all the boats from the line of battle ship and some of
+     the frigates were sent to the frigate nearest us, to endeavor to
+     tow her up, but a light breeze sprung up, which enabled us to hold
+     way with her, notwithstanding they had eight or ten boats ahead,
+     and all her sails furled to tow her to windward. The wind continued
+     light until eleven at night, and the boats were kept ahead towing
+     and warping to keep out of reach of the enemy, three of the
+     frigates being very near us; at eleven, we got a light breeze from
+     the southward, the boats came along side and were hoisted up, the
+     ship having too much way to keep them ahead, the enemy still in
+     chase and very near.
+
+     On the 19th, at daylight, passed within gunshot of one of the
+     frigates, but she did not fire on us, perhaps, for fear of
+     becalming her, as the wind was light; soon after passing us she
+     tacked, and stood after us--at this time six sail were in sight,
+     under all sail after us. At nine in the morning, saw a strange
+     sail, on our weather beam, supposed to be an American merchant
+     ship; the instant the frigate nearest us saw her, she hoisted
+     American colors, as did all the squadron, in hopes to decoy her
+     down; I immediately hoisted the English colors, that she might not
+     be deceived; she soon hauled her wind, and, as is to be hoped, made
+     her escape. All this day the wind increased gradually, and we
+     gained on the enemy, in the course of the day, six or eight miles;
+     they, however, continued chasing all night under a press of sail.
+
+     On the 20th, at daylight in the morning, only three of them could
+     be seen from the masthead, the nearest of which was about twelve
+     miles off, directly astern. All hands were set at work wetting the
+     sails, from the royals down, with the engines and fire buckets, and
+     we soon found that we left the enemy very fast. At a quarter past
+     eight, the enemy finding that they were fast dropping astern, gave
+     over chase, and hauled their wind to the northward, probably for
+     the station off New York. At half past eight, saw a sail ahead,
+     gave chase after her under all sail. At nine, saw another strange
+     sail under our lee bow, we soon spoke the first sail discovered,
+     and found her to be an American brig from St. Domingo, bound to
+     Portland; I directed the captain how to steer to avoid the enemy,
+     and made sail for the vessel to leeward; on coming up with her, she
+     proved to be an American brig from St. Bartholomew's, bound to
+     Philadelphia; but, on being informed of war, he bore up for
+     Charleston, South Carolina. Finding the ship so far to the
+     southward and eastward, and the enemy's squadron stationed off New
+     York, which would make it impossible to get in there, I determined
+     to make for Boston, to receive your farther orders, and I hope my
+     having done so will meet your approbation. My wish to explain to
+     you as clearly as possible why your orders have not been executed,
+     and the length of time the enemy were in chase of us, with various
+     other circumstances, have caused me to make this communication much
+     longer than I could have wished, yet I cannot in justice to the
+     brave officers and crew under my command, close it without
+     expressing to you the confidence I have in them, and assuring you
+     that their conduct while under the guns of the enemy was such as
+     might have been expected from American officers and seamen. I have
+     the honor to be, with very great respect, sir, your obedient humble
+     servant,
+
+     ISAAC HULL."
+
+[Illustration: Hull's Victory]
+
+Such is Captain Hull's modest account of this truly brilliant exploit.
+Sailing on a cruise immediately after this, with the same frigate,
+officers, and crew, on the 19th of August he fell in with His Britannic
+Majesty's ship Guerriere, rated at thirty-eight guns, and carrying
+fifty, commanded by Captain Dacres, who, sometime before, had politely
+endorsed on the register of an American ship an invitation to Captain
+Hull to give him a meeting of this kind.
+
+[Illustration: DACRES DELIVERING UP HIS SWORD.]
+
+
+At half past three, P.M., Captain Hull made out his antagonist to be a
+frigate, and continued the chase till he was within about three miles,
+when he cleared for action; the chase backed her main-topsail and waited
+for him to come down. As soon as the Constitution was ready, Hull bore
+down to bring the enemy to close action immediately; but, on coming
+within gunshot, the Guerriere gave a broadside and filled away and wore,
+giving a broadside on the other tack; but without effect, her shot
+falling short. She then continued wearing and manoeuvring for about
+three quarters of an hour to get a raking position,--but, finding she
+could not, she bore up and ran under her topsails and jib, with the wind
+on the quarter. During this time, the Constitution, not having fired a
+single broadside, the impatience of the officers and men to engage was
+excessive. Nothing but the most rigid discipline could have restrained
+them. Hull, however, was preparing to decide the contest in a summary
+method of his own. He now made sail to bring the Constitution up with
+her antagonist, and at five minutes before six P.M., _being alongside
+within half pistol shot_, he commenced a heavy fire from all his guns,
+_double shotted with round and grape_; and so well directed, and so well
+kept up was the fire, that in sixteen minutes the mizzenmast of the
+Guerriere went by the board, and her mainyard in the slings, and the
+hull, rigging, and sails were completely torn to pieces. The fire was
+kept up for fifteen minutes longer, when the main and foremast went,
+taking with them every spar except the bowsprit, and leaving the
+Guerriere a complete wreck. On seeing this Hull ordered the firing to
+cease, having brought his enemy in thirty minutes after he was fairly
+alongside to such a condition, that a few more broadsides must have
+carried her down.
+
+The prize being so shattered that she was not worth bringing into port,
+after removing the prisoners to the Constitution, she was set on fire
+and blown up. In the action, the Constitution lost seven killed, and
+seven wounded; the Guerriere, fifteen killed, sixty-two
+wounded--including the captain and several officers, and twenty-four
+missing.
+
+The news of this victory was received in the United States with the
+greatest joy and exultation. All parties united in celebrating it, and
+the citizens and public authorities vied with each other in bestowing
+marks of approbation upon Captain Hull and his gallant officers and
+crew.
+
+[Illustration: HYDER ALLY AND GENERAL MONK]
+
+
+
+
+EXPLOITS OF COMMODORE BARNEY.
+
+
+This gentleman was one of the old fashioned commodores, a capital
+sailor, an intrepid warrior, and a thorough going patriot. He was born
+in Baltimore, in 1759. He entered the marine early in life. At the age
+of sixteen he served in the expedition of Commodore Hopkins to the
+Bahama Islands, and continued in active service through the whole
+revolutionary war.
+
+In 1780 he was captured by a British seventy-four, when taking a prize
+into port and sent with other prisoners to England. On the passage, the
+prisoners--amounting to about sixty--were confined in the most loathsome
+of dungeons, without light or pure air, and with a scanty supply of
+provisions.
+
+They thought when they arrived at Plymouth, that their privations were
+at an end; but they were only removed to another prison-ship, which,
+although dirty and crowded, was, in some measure, better than the one
+they had left. From this, contrary to expectation, as soon as they were
+so much recovered as to be able to walk, they were brought on shore and
+confined in Mill prison, where they met the anxious faces of several
+hundred American prisoners, who had undergone the same privations as
+themselves.
+
+This prison was surrounded by two strong walls, twenty feet apart, and
+was guarded by numerous sentries. There were small gates in the walls,
+and these were placed opposite each other, the inner one generally
+remaining open. The prisoners were allowed the privilege of the yard
+nearly all day, and this set the inventive mind of Barney upon the
+scheme, which, in the end, terminated in his liberty; not, however,
+without infinite danger and trouble. He set about finding out some small
+chance which might afford the least hope of release; and having
+discovered one of the sentries that had served in the United States, and
+remembered the kindness with which he had been there treated, Barney and
+he formed the means of escape. It was arranged that Barney should affect
+to have hurt his foot and obtain a pair of crutches, and thus lull
+suspicion.
+
+On the 18th of May, 1781, he habited himself in the undress uniform of a
+British officer, the whole covered with a old greatcoat, and, by the aid
+of the sentinel, cleared the prison; when he threw off the coat, and
+soon arrived at the house of a well known friend to the American cause,
+in Plymouth. That he might not be soon missed, he got a lad, who, after
+answering to his own name, was to get out, and answer to Barney's, in
+the yard, which little stratagem succeeded admirably. When Barney
+arrived at the friend's house, he made preparations to leave as soon as
+possible, well knowing that if any of the British were detected
+harboring him, they would be convicted of high treason. In the evening,
+therefore, he departed to the house of his friend's father, at a
+considerable distance, where he would be safer. On arriving there, he
+was surprised to find two of his old friends--Americans--who had been,
+for some time, anxiously waiting for an opportunity of returning home,
+and now thought that the time had arrived.
+
+Lieutenant Barney determined to sail for the French coast, and, for this
+purpose, he and the two gentlemen purchased a small fishing vessel, and
+habiting themselves in some fishermen's old apparel, they set sail on
+their intended voyage. Admiral Digby's fleet lay at the mouth of the
+river, and our adventurers had to pass through the midst of them, and
+then run the chance of capture by the numerous British cruisers, which
+continually ply about the channel. This was a daring undertaking, as the
+fleet, he thought, had doubtless received notice of his escape, and the
+enemy would be rigid in their search. He, therefore, determined to act
+with coolness, and, if intercepted, to give such answers to the
+questions put to him, as might best lull suspicion. If he was detected,
+he would pay for the attempt with his life.
+
+He knew that if his escape was detected, it would be immediately
+communicated to the fleet, and thus lessen his chances; especially as
+the least unusual appearance in his assumed character, would excite
+immediate suspicion. Even should he be able to pass through the fleet,
+the British channel abounded with the English cruisers, which were quite
+adept in the art of picking up stragglers. With these dangers painted in
+lively colors before his eyes, he preserved his usual self-possession,
+and inspired with confidence his companions, who had never handled a
+rope, and relied exclusively upon his daring.
+
+By sunrise, the next morning, they were "under way," the two gentlemen
+remaining below, and Lieutenant Barney and the servant being the only
+ones on deck, to avoid suspicion. With a good breeze, and a favorable
+tide, it was not long before they were in the midst of the hostile
+fleet, which seemed to take no notice of them. Their hearts beat quick
+when they were thus hanging between life and death; but as soon as the
+last of the enemy was passed, they declared themselves safe through
+_that_ portion of the ordeal.
+
+But what attempt ever ended to the satisfaction of the undertaker?
+Before the enemy were clear out of sight, the practised eye of Barney
+caught a sail which he knew to be bearing down upon him. He saw that
+resistance was out of the question; but that if he managed the affair
+adroitly he _might_ escape. It was now that he was called upon to
+exercise that firmness of mind, coolness and contempt of danger, and
+quickness of resource in time of need, that ever distinguished his
+character, and showed him to be a man of no ordinary talents. In less
+than an hour the privateer--for such she was--came alongside, and sent
+an officer to see "what he wanted steering for a hostile coast." The
+first questions that were put, and answered unhesitatingly, were--what
+he had on board? and where he was bound? Of course he had nothing on
+board, and his destination was France--on business of importance from
+the ministry; at the same time untying the rope that bound the old coat
+around him, and displaying the British half uniform. The officer touched
+his hat, begged pardon, and said he would go on board and report to the
+commanding officer.
+
+The result of the interview was that Barney was made a prisoner once
+more, and ordered with a prize-master to Plymouth. But being forced by
+stress of weather into a small bay, near Plymouth, he contrived to
+escape from his captors, and find his way to the mansion of the
+venerable clergyman, at Plymouth. Deeming it unsafe to remain there,
+lest he might be discovered, after a few days he set out at midnight in
+a postchaise for Exeter, and from thence by stages to Bristol, where he
+had a letter of credit to an American gentleman.
+
+Here he remained for three weeks, and from thence he went to London,
+directed to a countryman, who received him kindly, and offered his
+services towards effecting his final escape. After remaining here for
+six weeks, he found an opportunity of sailing for France; and after an
+extremely boisterous and squally passage, reached Ostend, from whence he
+soon found his way to Amsterdam, where he seized the opportunity of
+paying his respects to Mr. John Adams, then Minister Plenipotentiary
+from the United States to Holland. Through the courtesy of this
+gentleman, he obtained a passage to his own country, and, after some
+adventures, reached Philadelphia, on the 21st of March, 1782.
+
+But he was not long allowed to enjoy the pleasure which he expected,
+after such a trial of danger and fatigue. In less than a week after he
+arrived at Philadelphia, he was offered the command of the Hyder Ally,
+of sixteen guns, fitted out by the state authorities of Pennsylvania, to
+repress the enemy's privateers, with which the Delaware river abounded.
+
+On the 8th of April, 1782, he entered upon his destined service, which
+was to convoy a fleet of merchantmen to the capes, and to protect them
+from the "refugee boats," with which the river abounded. While waiting
+at the capes, he was assailed by two ships and a brig belong to the
+enemy, who, finding him unsupported, commenced a furious attack, which
+he sustained with great coolness, while his convoy were safely retiring
+up the river. The brig came up first, and gave him a broadside as she
+was passing; but kept her course up the bay after the convoy, while
+Barney waited for the ship, which was coming up rapidly. Having
+approached within pistol shot, the Hyder Ally poured a broadside into
+her, which somewhat staggered the enemy, who thought Barney would
+"strike his colors." The enemy seemed disposed to board, and was ranging
+alongside of him, when he ordered the quarter-master, in a loud voice,
+to "port the helm!"--having previously given him secret instructions to
+put the helm hard a-starboard, which latter order was obeyed; by this
+manoeuvre the enemy's jib-boom caught in the fore-rigging of the Hyder
+Ally, thus giving her a raking position, which Captain Barney knew how
+to improve. The firing on both sides was tremendous;--an idea of it may
+be obtained from the fact, that more than twenty broadsides were fired
+in twenty-six minutes! In the mizzen staystail of the General Monk there
+were afterwards counted, three hundred and sixty-five shot-holes. During
+the whole of this short but glorious battle, Captain Barney was
+stationed upon the quarterdeck, exposed to the fire of the enemy's
+musketry, which was excessively annoying, and began to be felt by the
+men, insomuch that Captain Barney ordered a body of riflemen, whom he
+had on board, to direct their fire into the enemy's top, which
+immediately had the desired effect.
+
+The capture of the General Monk was one of the most brilliant
+achievements in naval history. The General Monk mounted eighteen guns,
+and had one hundred and thirty-six men, and lost twenty men killed, and
+thirty-three wounded. The Hyder Ally had sixteen guns, and one hundred
+and ten men, and lost four men killed, and eleven wounded.
+
+All the officers of the General Monk were wounded except one. The
+captain himself was severely wounded. The brig which accompanied the
+enemy ran ashore to avoid capture. Captain Barney now followed his
+convoy up to Philadelphia. After a short visit to his family, he
+returned to his command, where he soon captured the "Hook-'em-snivy"--a
+refugee schooner, which had done a great deal of mischief on the
+Delaware river.
+
+These captures struck such terror among the privateers, that they began
+to disperse to more profitable grounds. In consequence of the glorious
+actions, Captain Barney was presented with a gold-hilted sword, in the
+name of the state.
+
+
+
+
+A
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+UNDER BARNUM'S MUSEUM.
+
+PHILADELPHIA.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Nut Cracker and Sugar Dolly
+
+A PARTY TALE.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN.
+
+BY CHARLES A. DANA
+
+SQUARE 16mo. CLOTH AND CLOTH GILT
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
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+THRILLING STORIES
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+
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+             Cloth Binding, 25      "
+
+
+
+
+
+MAJA'S ALPHABET.
+
+A
+
+VERY BEAUTIFUL PICTORIAL ALPHABET,
+
+IN RHYME
+
+WITH NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS, BY ABSOLON.
+
+
+
+
+CARLO FRANCONI,
+
+AN ITALIAN STORY,
+
+And other stories for Young People.
+
+BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS FROM ORIGINAL DESIGNS.
+
+Square 16mo. Cloth Binding.
+
+This is a very touching and entertaining Story for Youth. The Scene is
+laid in England, and in Italy, the incidents are of a peculiarly
+interesting character.
+
+
+
+
+COSTUMES OF AMERICA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An excellent volume for Young People of both sexes, and well calculated
+to awaken an interest in the History of this Continent. Illustrated with
+Twenty-four Engravings of Original Costumes. One volume, square 16mo.
+Cloth, 60 cents. With Colored Plates, 75 cents.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Thrilling Stories Of The Ocean, by Marmaduke Park
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