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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13613 ***
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME IV
+
+   Sexual Selection In Man
+   I. Touch. Ii. Smell. Iii. Hearing. Iv. Vision.
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+As in many other of these _Studies_, and perhaps more than in most, the
+task attempted in the present volume is mainly of a tentative and
+preliminary character. There is here little scope yet for the presentation
+of definite scientific results. However it may be in the physical
+universe, in the cosmos of science our knowledge must be nebulous before
+it constellates into definitely measurable shapes, and nothing is gained
+by attempting to anticipate the evolutionary process. Thus it is that
+here, for the most part, we have to content ourselves at present with the
+task of mapping out the field in broad and general outlines, bringing
+together the facts and considerations which indicate the direction in
+which more extended and precise results will in the future be probably
+found.
+
+In his famous _Descent of Man_, wherein he first set forth the doctrine of
+sexual selection, Darwin injured an essentially sound principle by
+introducing into it a psychological confusion whereby the physiological
+sensory stimuli through which sexual selection operates were regarded as
+equivalent to æsthetic preferences. This confusion misled many, and it is
+only within recent years (as has been set forth in the "Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse" in the previous volume of these _Studies_) that the
+investigations and criticisms of numerous workers have placed the doctrine
+of sexual selection on a firm basis by eliminating its hazardous æsthetic
+element. Love springs up as a response to a number of stimuli to
+tumescence, the object that most adequately arouses tumescence being that
+which evokes love; the question of æsthetic beauty, although it develops
+on this basis, is not itself fundamental and need not even be consciously
+present at all. When we look at these phenomena in their broadest
+biological aspects, love is only to a limited extent a response to beauty;
+to a greater extent beauty is simply a name for the complexus of stimuli
+which most adequately arouses love. If we analyze these stimuli to
+tumescence as they proceed from a person of the opposite sex we find that
+they are all appeals which must come through the channels of four senses:
+touch, smell, hearing, and, above all, vision. When a man or a woman
+experiences sexual love for one particular person from among the multitude
+by which he or she is surrounded, this is due to the influences of a group
+of stimuli coming through the channels of one or more of these senses.
+There has been a sexual selection conditioned by sensory stimuli. This is
+true even of the finer and more spiritual influences that proceed from one
+person to another, although, in order to grasp the phenomena adequately,
+it is best to insist on the more fundamental and less complex forms which
+they assume. In this sense sexual selection is no longer a hypothesis
+concerning the truth of which it is possible to dispute; it is a
+self-evident fact. The difficulty is not as to its existence, but as to
+the methods by which it may be most precisely measured. It is
+fundamentally a psychological process, and should be approached from the
+psychological side. This is the reason for dealing with it here. Obscure
+as the psychological aspects of sexual selection still remain, they are
+full of fascination, for they reveal to us the more intimate sides of
+human evolution, of the process whereby man is molded into the shapes we
+know.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+Carbis Water,
+
+Lelant, Cornwall, England.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.
+
+The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man. The Four Senses
+Involved.
+
+
+TOUCH.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive Character of the Skin. Its Qualities. Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure. The Characteristics of Touch. As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection. The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of Touch.
+Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch. Sexual Hyperæsthesia to Touch.
+The Sexual Associations of Acne.
+
+II.
+
+Ticklishness. Its Origin and Significance. The Psychology of Tickling.
+Laughter. Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence. The Sexual Relationships of
+Itching. The Pleasure of Tickling. Its Decrease with Age and Sexual
+Activity.
+
+III.
+
+The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres. Orificial Contacts. Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio. The Kiss. The Nipples. The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres. This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood. The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual Centres.
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Significance of the Association between
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.
+
+IV.
+
+The Bath. Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the Skin.
+Its Cult of Personal Filth. The Reasons which Justified this Attitude. The
+World-wide Tendency to Association between Extreme Cleanliness and Sexual
+Licentiousness. The Immorality Associated with Public Baths in Europe down
+to Modern Times.
+
+V.
+
+Summary. Fundamental Importance of Touch. The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.
+
+
+SMELL.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitiveness of Smell. The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory Centres.
+Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals. Its Diminished Importance
+in Man. The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.
+
+II.
+
+Rise of the Study of Olfaction. Cloquet. Zwaardemaker. The Theory of
+Smell. The Classification of Odors. The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man. Smell as the Sense of Imagination. Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants. Vasomotor and Muscular Effects. Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.
+
+III.
+
+The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples. The Negro, etc. The European.
+The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell. The Odor of Sanctity. The
+Odor of Death. The Odors of Different Parts of the Body. The Appearance of
+Specific Odors at Puberty. The Odors of Sexual Excitement. The Odors of
+Menstruation. Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual Character. The Custom of
+Salutation by Smell. The Kiss. Sexual Selection by Smell. The Alleged
+Association between Size of Nose and Sexual Vigor. The Probably Intimate
+Relationship between the Olfactory and Genital Spheres. Reflex Influences
+from the Nose. Reflex Influences from the Genital Sphere. Olfactory
+Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to Sexual States. The Olfactive
+Type. The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and Allied States. In Certain
+Poets and Novelists. Olfactory Fetichism. The Part Played by Olfaction in
+Normal Sexual Attraction. In the East, etc. In Modern Europe. The Odor of
+the Armpit and its Variations. As a Sexual and General Stimulant. Body
+Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree
+of Tumescence is Already Present. The Question whether Men or Women are
+more Liable to Feel Olfactory Influences. Women Usually more Attentive to
+Odors. The Special Interest in Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.
+
+IV.
+
+The Influence of Perfumes. Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors. This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers. The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes. The Sexual Effects of Perfumes. Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors. The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor. Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and Man.
+Musk a Powerful Stimulant. Its Widespread Use as a Perfume. Peau
+d'Espagne. The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects. The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers. The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors. The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.
+
+V.
+
+The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation. The Symptoms of
+Vanillism. The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of Flowers.
+Effects of Flowers on the Voice.
+
+VI.
+
+The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections. It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance. It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.
+
+
+HEARING
+
+I.
+
+The Physiological Basis of Rhythm. Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus. The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement. The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc. The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals. Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals. The Larynx and Voice in Man. The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes. Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education and Medicine. Its Therapeutic
+Uses. Significance of the Romantic Interest in Music at Puberty. Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music.
+Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of Hearing. The
+Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship. Women Notably Susceptible to
+the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.
+
+II.
+
+Summary. Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.
+
+
+VISION.
+
+I.
+
+Primacy of Vision in Man. Beauty as a Sexual Allurement. The Objective
+Element in Beauty. Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World. Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of View.
+Savages often Admire European Beauty. The Appeal of Beauty to some Extent
+Common even to Animals and Man.
+
+II.
+
+Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters. The Sexual Organs. Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments. Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such Devices. The
+Religious Element. Unæsthetic Character of the Sexual Organs. Importance
+of the Secondary Sexual Characters. The Pelvis and Hips. Steatopygia.
+Obesity. Gait. The Pregnant Woman as a Mediæval Type of Beauty. The Ideals
+of the Renaissance. The Breasts. The Corset. Its Object. Its History.
+Hair. The Beard. The Element of National or Racial Type in Beauty. The
+Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes. The General European Admiration
+for Blondes. The Individual Factors in the Constitution of the Idea of
+Beauty. The Love of the Exotic.
+
+III.
+
+Beauty Not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision. Movement. The
+Mirror. Narcissism. Pygmalionism. Mixoscopy. The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty. The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength. The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.
+
+IV.
+
+The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction. The Admiration for
+High Stature. The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation. The Charm of Parity.
+Conjugal Mating. The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards General
+Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married Couples. Preferential
+Mating and Assortative Mating. The Nature of the Advantage Attained by the
+Fair in Sexual Selection. The Abhorrence of Incest and the Theories of its
+Cause. The Explanation in Reality Simple. The Abhorrence of Incest in
+Relation to Sexual Selection. The Limits to the Charm of Parity in
+Conjugal Mating. The Charm of Disparity in Secondary Sexual Characters.
+
+V.
+
+Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+The Origins of the Kiss.
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+Histories of Sexual Development.
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.
+
+The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man--The Four Senses
+Involved.
+
+
+Tumescence--the process by which the organism is brought into the physical
+and psychic state necessary to insure conjugation and detumescence--to
+some extent comes about through the spontaneous action of internal forces.
+To that extent it is analogous to the physical and psychic changes which
+accompany the gradual filling of the bladder and precede its evacuation.
+But even among animals who are by no means high in the zoölogical scale
+the process is more complicated than this. External stimuli act at every
+stage, arousing or heightening the process of tumescence, and in normal
+human beings it may be said that the process is never completed without
+the aid of such stimuli, for even in the auto-erotic sphere external
+stimuli are still active, either actually or in imagination.
+
+The chief stimuli which influence tumescence and thus direct sexual choice
+come chiefly--indeed, exclusively--through the four senses of touch,
+smell, hearing, and sight. All the phenomena of sexual selection, so far
+as they are based externally, act through these four senses.[1] The
+reality of the influence thus exerted may be demonstrated statistically
+even in civilized man, and it has been shown that, as regards, for
+instance, eye-color, conjugal partners differ sensibly from the unmarried
+persons by whom they are surrounded. When, therefore, we are exploring the
+nature of the influence which stimuli, acting through the sensory
+channels, exert on the strength and direction of the sexual impulse, we
+are intimately concerned with the process by which the actual form and
+color, not alone of living things generally, but of our own species, have
+been shaped and are still being shaped. At the same time, it is probable,
+we are exploring the mystery which underlies all the subtle appreciations,
+all the emotional undertones, which are woven in the web of the whole
+world as it appeals to us through those sensory passages by which alone it
+can reach us. We are here approaching, therefore, a fundamental subject of
+unsurpassable importance, a subject which has not yet been accurately
+explored save at a few isolated points and one which it is therefore
+impossible to deal with fully and adequately. Yet it cannot be passed
+over, for it enters into the whole psychology of the sexual instinct.
+
+Of the four senses--touch, smell, hearing, and sight--with which we are
+here concerned, touch is the most primitive, and it may be said to be the
+most important, though it is usually the last to make its appeal felt.
+Smell, which occupies the chief place among many animals, is of
+comparatively less importance, though of considerable interest, in man; it
+is only less intimate and final than touch. Sight occupies an intermediate
+position, and on this account, and also on account of the very great part
+played by vision in life generally as well as in art, it is the most
+important of all the senses from the human sexual point of view. Hearing,
+from the same point of view, is the most remote of all the senses in its
+appeal to the sexual impulse, and on that account it is, when it
+intervenes, among the first to make its influence felt.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Taste must, I believe, be excluded, for if we abstract the parts of
+touch and smell, even in those abnormal sexual acts in which it may seem
+to be affected, taste could scarcely have any influence. Most of our
+"tasting," as Waller puts it, is done by the nose, which, in man, is in
+specially close relationship, posteriorly, with the mouth. There are at
+most four taste sensations--sweet, bitter, salt, and sour--if even all of
+these are simple tastes. What commonly pass for taste sensations, as shown
+by some experiments of G.T.W. Patrick (_Psychological Review_, 1898, p.
+160), are the composite results of the mingling of sensations of smell,
+touch, temperature, sight, and taste.
+
+
+
+
+TOUCH.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive Character of the Skin--Its Qualities--Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure--The Characteristics of Touch--As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection--The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of
+Touch--Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch--Sexual Hyperæsthesia to
+Touch--The Sexual Associations of Acne.
+
+
+We are accustomed to regard the skin as mainly owing its existence to the
+need for the protection of the delicate vessels, nerves, viscera, and
+muscles underneath. Undoubtedly it performs, and by its tough and elastic
+texture is well fitted to perform, this extremely important service. But
+the skin is not merely a method of protection against the external world;
+it is also a method of bringing us into sensitive contact with the
+external world. It is thus, as the organ of touch, the seat of the most
+widely diffused sense we possess, and, moreover, the sense which is the
+most ancient and fundamental of all--the mother of the other senses.
+
+It is scarcely necessary to insist that the primitive nature of the
+sensory function of the skin with the derivative nature of the other
+senses, is a well ascertained and demonstrable fact. The lower we descend
+in the animal scale, the more varied we find the functions of the skin to
+be, and if in the higher animals much of the complexity has disappeared,
+that is only because the specialization of the various skin regions into
+distinct organs has rendered this complexity unnecessary. Even yet,
+however, in man himself the skin still retains, in a more or less latent
+condition, much of its varied and primary power, and the analysis of
+pathological and even normal phenomena serves to bring these old powers
+into clear light.
+
+    Woods Hutchinson (_Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology_,
+    1901, Chapters VII and VIII) has admirably set forth the immense
+    importance of the skin, as in the first place "a tissue which is
+    silk to the touch, the most exquisitely beautiful surface in the
+    universe to the eye, and yet a wall of adamant against hostile
+    attack. Impervious alike, by virtue of its wonderful responsive
+    vitality, to moisture and drought, cold and heat, electrical
+    changes, hostile bacteria, the most virulent of poisons and the
+    deadliest of gases, it is one of the real Wonders of the World.
+    More beautiful than velvet, softer and more pliable than silk,
+    more impervious than rubber, and more durable under exposure than
+    steel, well-nigh as resistant to electric currents as glass, it
+    is one of the toughest and most dangerproof substances in the
+    three kingdoms of nature" (although, as this author adds, we
+    "hardly dare permit it to see the sunlight or breathe the open
+    air"). But it is more than this. It is, as Woods Hutchinson
+    expresses it, the creator of the entire body; its embryonic
+    infoldings form the alimentary canal, the brain, the spinal cord,
+    while every sense is but a specialization of its general organic
+    activity. It is furthermore a kind of "skin-heart," promoting the
+    circulation by its own energy; it is the great heat-regulating
+    organ of the body; it is an excretory organ only second to the
+    kidneys, which descend from it, and finally it still remains the
+    seat of touch.
+
+    It may be added that the extreme beauty of the skin as a surface
+    is very clearly brought out by the inadequacy of the comparisons
+    commonly used in order to express its beauty. Snow, marble,
+    alabaster, ivory, milk, cream, silk, velvet, and all the other
+    conventional similes furnish surfaces which from any point of
+    view are incomparably inferior to the skin itself. (Cf. Stratz,
+    _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter XII.)
+
+    With reference to the extraordinary vitality of the skin,
+    emphasized by Woods Hutchinson, it may be added that, when
+    experimenting on the skin with the electric current, Waller found
+    that healthy skin showed signs of life ten days or more after
+    excision. It has been found also that fragments of skin which
+    have been preserved in sterile fluid for even as long as nine
+    months may still be successfully transplanted on to the body.
+    (_British Medical Journal_, July 19, 1902.)
+
+    Everything indicates, remark Stanley Hall and Donaldson ("Motor
+    Sensations in the Skin," _Mind_, 1885), that the skin is "not
+    only the primeval and most reliable source of our knowledge of
+    the external world or the archæological field of psychology," but
+    a field in which work may shed light on some of the most
+    fundamental problems of psychic action. Groos (_Spiele der
+    Menschen_, pp. 8-16) also deals with the primitive character of
+    touch sensations.
+
+    Touch sensations are without doubt the first of all the sensory
+    impressions to prove pleasurable. We should, indeed, expect this
+    from the fact that the skin reflexes have already appeared before
+    birth, while a pleasurable sensitiveness of the lips is doubtless
+    a factor in the child's response to the contact of the maternal
+    nipple. Very early memories of sensory pleasure seem to be
+    frequently, perhaps most frequently, tactile in character, though
+    this fact is often disguised in recollection, owing to tactile
+    impression being vague and diffused; there is thus in Elizabeth
+    Potwin's "Study of Early Memories" (_Psychological Review_,
+    November, 1901) no separate group of tactile memories, and the
+    more elaborate investigation by Colegrove ("Individual Memories,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, January, 1899) yields no
+    decisive results under this head. See, however, Stanley Hall's
+    valuable study, "Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898. Külpe has a
+    discussion of the psychology of cutaneous sensations (_Outlines
+    of Psychology_ [English translation], pp. 87 et seq.)
+
+    Harriet Martineau, at the beginning of her _Autobiography_,
+    referring to the vivid character of tactile sensations in early
+    childhood, remarks, concerning an early memory of touching a
+    velvet button, that "the rapture of the sensation was really
+    monstrous." And a lady tells me that one of her earliest memories
+    at the age of 3 is of the exquisite sensation of the casual
+    contact of a cool stone with the vulva in the act of urinating.
+    Such sensations, of course, cannot be termed specifically sexual,
+    though they help to furnish the tactile basis on which the
+    specifically sexual sensations develop.
+
+    The elementary sensitiveness of the skin is shown by the fact
+    that moderate excitation suffices to raise the temperature, while
+    Heidenhain and others have shown that in animals cutaneous
+    stimuli modify the sensibility of the brain cortex, slight
+    stimulus increasing excitability and strong stimulus diminishing
+    it. Féré has shown that the slight stimulus to the skin furnished
+    by placing a piece of metal on the arm or elsewhere suffices to
+    increase the output of work with the ergograph. (Féré, _Comptes
+    Rendus Société de Biologie_, July 12, 1902; id., _Pathologic des
+    Emotions_, pp. 40 et seq.)
+
+    Féré found that the application of a mustard plaster to the skin,
+    or an icebag, or a hot-water bottle, or even a light touch with a
+    painter's brush, all exerted a powerful effect in increasing
+    muscular work with the ergograph. "The tonic effect of cutaneous
+    excitation," he remarks, "throws light on the psychology of the
+    caress. It is always the most sensitive parts of the body which
+    seek to give or to receive caresses. Many animals rub or lick
+    each other. The mucous surfaces share in this irritability of the
+    skin. The kiss is not only an expression of feeling; it is a
+    means of provoking it. Cataglottism is by no means confined to
+    pigeons. The tonic value of cutaneous stimulation is indeed a
+    commonly accepted idea. Wrestlers rub their hands or limbs, and
+    the hand-shake also is not without its physiological basis.
+
+    "Cutaneous excitations may cause painful sensations to cease. Many
+    massage practices which favor work act chiefly as sensorial
+    stimulants; on this account many nervous persons cannot abandon
+    them, and the Greeks and Romans found in massage not only health,
+    but pleasure. Lauder Brunton regards many common manoeuvres, like
+    scratching the head and pulling the mustache, as methods of
+    dilating the bloodvessels of the brain by stimulating the facial
+    nerve. The motor reactions of cutaneous excitations favor this
+    hypothesis." (Féré, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XV, "Influence
+    des Excitations du Toucher sur le Travail.")
+
+The main characteristics of the primitive sense of touch are its wide
+diffusion over the whole body and the massive vagueness and imprecision of
+the messages it sends to the brain. This is the reason, why it is, of all
+the senses, the least intellectual and the least æsthetic; it is also the
+reason why it is, of all the senses, the most-profoundly emotional.
+"Touch," wrote Bain in his _Emotions and Will_, "is both the alpha and the
+omega of affection," and he insisted on the special significance in this
+connection of "tenderness"--a characteristic emotional quality of
+affection which is directly founded on sensations of touch. If tenderness
+is the alpha of affection, even between the sexes, its omega is to be
+found in the sexual embrace, which may be said to be a method of
+obtaining, through a specialized organization of the skin, the most
+exquisite and intense sensations of touch.
+
+    "We believe nothing is so exciting to the instinct or mere
+    passions as the presence of the hand or those tactile caresses
+    which mark affection," states the anonymous author of an article
+    on "Woman in her Psychological Relations," in the _Journal of
+    Psychological Medicine_, 1851. "They are the most general stimuli
+    in lower animals. The first recourse in difficulty or danger, and
+    the primary solace in anguish, for woman is the bosom of her
+    husband or her lover. She seeks solace and protection and repose
+    on that part of the body where she herself places the objects of
+    her own affection. Woman appears to have the same instinctive
+    impulse in this respect all over the world."
+
+It is because the sexual orgasm is founded on a special adaptation and
+intensification of touch sensations that the sense of touch generally is
+to be regarded as occupying the very first place in reference to the
+sexual emotions. Féré, Mantegazza, Penta, and most other writers on this
+question are here agreed. Touch sensations constitute a vast gamut for the
+expression of affection, with at one end the note of minimum personal
+affection in the brief and limited touch involved by the conventional
+hand-shake and the conventional kiss, and at the other end the final and
+intimate contact in which passion finds the supreme satisfaction of its
+most profound desire. The intermediate region has its great significance
+for us because it offers a field in which affection has its full scope,
+but in which every road may possibly lead to the goal of sexual love. It
+is the intimacy of touch contacts, their inevitable approach to the
+threshold of sexual emotion, which leads to a jealous and instinctive
+parsimony in the contact of skin and skin and to the tendency with the
+increased sensitiveness of the nervous system involved by civilization to
+restrain even the conventional touch manifestation of ordinary affection
+and esteem. In China fathers leave off kissing their daughters while they
+are still young children. In England the kiss as an ordinary greeting
+between men and women--a custom inherited from classic and early Christian
+antiquity--still persisted to the beginning of the eighteenth century. In
+France the same custom existed in the seventeenth century, but in the
+middle of that century was beginning to be regarded as dangerous,[2] while
+at the present time the conventional kiss on the cheek is strictly
+differentiated from the kiss on the mouth, which is reserved for lovers.
+Touch contacts between person and person, other than those limited and
+defined by custom, tend to become either unpleasant--as an undesired
+intrusion into an intimate sphere--or else, when occurring between man and
+woman at some peculiar moment, they may make a powerful reverberation in
+the emotional and more specifically sexual sphere. One man falls in love
+with his future wife because he has to carry her upstairs with a sprained
+ankle. Another dates his love-story from a romp in which his cheek
+accidentally came in contact with that of his future wife. A woman will
+sometimes instinctively strive to attract the attention of the man who
+appeals to her by a peculiar and prolonged pressure of the hand--the only
+touch contact permitted to her. Dante, as Penta has remarked, refers to
+"sight or touch" as the two channels through which a woman's love is
+revived (_Purgatorio_, VIII, 76). Even the hand-shake of a sympathetic man
+is enough in some chaste and sensitive women to produce sexual excitement
+or sometimes even the orgasm. The cases in which love arises from the
+influence of stimuli coming through the sense of touch are no doubt
+frequent, and they would be still more frequent if it were not that the
+very proximity of this sense to the sexual sphere causes it to be guarded
+with a care which in the case of the other senses it is impossible to
+exercise. This intimacy of touch and the reaction against its sexual
+approximations leads to what James has called "the _antisexual instinct_,
+the instinct of personal isolation, the actual repulsiveness to us of the
+idea of intimate contact with most of the persons we meet, especially
+those of our own sex." He refers in this connection to the unpleasantness
+of the sensation felt on occupying a seat still warm from the body of
+another person.[3] The Catholic Church has always recognized the risks of
+vuluptuous emotion involved in tactile contacts, and the facility with
+which even the most innocent contacts may take on a libidinous
+character.[4]
+
+    The following observations were written by a lady (aged 30) who
+    has never had sexual relationships: "I am only conscious of a
+    very sweet and pleasurable emotion when coming in contact with
+    honorable men, and consider that a comparison can be made between
+    the idealism of such emotions and those of music, of beauties of
+    Nature, and of productions of art. While studying and writing
+    articles upon a new subject I came in contact with a specialist,
+    who rendered me considerable aid, and, one day, while jointly
+    correcting a piece of work, he touched my hand. This produced a
+    sweet and pure sensation of thrill through the whole system. I
+    said nothing; in fact, was too thrilled for speech; and never to
+    this day have shown any responsive action, but for months at
+    certain periods, generally twice a month, I have experienced the
+    most pleasurable emotions. I have seen this friend twice since,
+    and have a curious feeling that I stand on one side of a hedge,
+    while he is on the other, and, as neither makes an approach,
+    pleasure of the highest kind is experienced, but not allowed to
+    go beyond reasonable and health-giving bounds. In some moments I
+    feel overcome by a sense of mastery by this man, and yet, feeling
+    that any approach would be undignified, some pleasure is
+    experienced in restraining and keeping within proper bounds this
+    passional emotion. All these thrills of pleasurable emotion
+    possess a psychic value, and, so long as the nervous system is
+    kept in perfect health, they do not seem to have the power to
+    injure, but rather one is able to utilize the passionate emotions
+    as weapons for pleasure and work."
+
+    Various parts of the skin surface appear to have special sexual
+    sensitiveness, peculiarly marked in many individuals, especially
+    women; so that, as Féré remarks (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, second
+    edition, 1902, p. 130), contact stimulation of the lips, lobe of
+    ear, nape of neck, little finger, knee, etc., may suffice even to
+    produce the orgasm. Some sexually hyperæsthetic women, as has
+    already been noted, experience this when shaking hands with a man
+    who is attractive to them. In some neurotic persons this
+    sensibility, as Féré shows, may exist in so morbid a degree that
+    even the contact of the sensitive spot with unattractive persons
+    or inanimate objects may produce the orgasm. In this connection
+    reference may be made to the well-known fact that in some
+    hysterical subjects there are so-called "erogenous zones" simple
+    pressure on which suffices to evoke the complete orgasm. There
+    is, perhaps, some significance, from our present point of view,
+    in the fact that, as emphasized by Savill ("Hysterical Skin
+    Symptoms," _Lancet_, January 30, 1904), the skin is one of the
+    very best places to study hysteria.
+
+    The intimate connection between the skin and the sexual sphere is
+    also shown in pathological conditions of the skin, especially in
+    acne as well as simple pimples on the face. The sexual
+    development of puberty involves a development of hair in various
+    regions of the body which previously were hairless. As, however,
+    the sebaceous glands on the face and elsewhere are the vestiges
+    of former hairs and survive from a period when the whole body was
+    hairy, they also tend to experience in an abortive manner this
+    same impulse. Thus, we may say that, with the development of the
+    sexual organs at puberty, there is correlated excitement of the
+    whole pilo-sebaceous apparatus. In the regions where this
+    apparatus is vestigial, and notably in the face, this abortive
+    attempt of the hair-follicles and their sebaceous appendages to
+    produce hairs tends only to disorganization, and simple
+    _comedones_ or pustular acne pimples are liable to occur. As a
+    rule, acne appears about puberty and dies out slowly during
+    adolescence. While fairly common in young women, it is usually
+    much less severe, but tends to be exacerbated at the menstrual
+    periods; it is also apt to appear at the change of life. (Stephen
+    Mackenzie, "The Etiology and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris,"
+    _British Medical Journal_, September 29, 1894. Laycock [_Nervous
+    Diseases of Women_, 1840, p. 23] pointed out that acne occurs
+    chiefly in those parts of the surface covered by sexual hair. A
+    lucid account of the origin of acne will be found in Woods
+    Hutchinson's _Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology_, pp.
+    179-184. G.J. Engelmann ["The Hystero-neuroses," _Gynæcological
+    Transactions_, 1887, pp. 124 et seq.] discusses various
+    pathological disorders of the skin as reflex disturbances
+    originating in the sexual sphere.)
+
+    The influence of menstruation in exacerbating acne has been
+    called in question, but it seems to be well established. Thus,
+    Bulkley ("Relation between Certain Diseases of the Skin and the
+    Menstrual Function," _Transactions of the Medical Society of New
+    York_, 1901, p. 328) found that, in 510 cases of acne in women,
+    145, or nearly one-third, were worse about the monthly period.
+    Sometimes it only appeared during menstruation. The exacerbation
+    occurred much more frequently just before than just after the
+    period. There was usually some disturbance of menstruation.
+    Various other disorders of the skin show a similar relationship
+    to menstruation.
+
+    It has been asserted that masturbation is a frequent or constant
+    cause of acne at puberty. (See, e.g., discussion in _British
+    Medical Journal_, July, 1882.) This cannot be accepted. Acne very
+    frequently occurs without masturbation, and masturbation is very
+    frequently practiced without producing acne. At the same time we
+    may well believe that at the period of puberty, when the
+    pilo-sebaceous system is already in sensitive touch with the
+    sexual system, the shock of frequently repeated masturbation may
+    (in the same way as disordered menstruation) have its
+    repercussion on the skin. Thus, a lady has informed me that at
+    about the age of 18 she found that frequently repeated
+    masturbation was followed by the appearance of _comedones_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, p. 81.
+
+[3] W. James, _Principles of Psychology_, vol. ii. p. 347.
+
+[4] Numerous passages from the theologians bearing on this point are
+brought together in _Moechialogia_, pp. 221-220.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Ticklishness--Its Origin and Significance--The Psychology of
+Tickling--Laughter--Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence--The Sexual
+Relationships of Itching--The Pleasure of Tickling--Its Decrease with Age
+and Sexual Activity.
+
+
+Touch, as has already been remarked, is the least intellectual of the
+senses. There is, however, one form of touch sensation--that is to say,
+ticklishness--which is of so special and peculiar a nature that it has
+sometimes been put aside in a class apart from all other touch sensations.
+Scaliger proposed to class titillation as a sixth, or separate, sense.
+Alrutz, of Upsala, regards tickling as a milder degree of itching, and
+considers that the two together constitute a sensation of distinct quality
+with distinct end-organs, for the mediation of that quality.[5] However we
+may regard this extreme view, tickling is certainly a specialized
+modification of touch and it is at the same time the most intellectual
+mode of touch sensation and that with the closest connection with the
+sexual sphere. To regard tickling as an intellectual manifestation may
+cause surprise, more especially when it is remembered that ticklishness is
+a form of sensation which reaches full development very early in life, and
+it has to be admitted that, as compared even with the messages that may be
+sent through smell and taste, the intellectual element in ticklishness
+remains small. But its presence here has been independently recognized by
+various investigators. Groos points out the psychic factor in tickling as
+evidenced by the impossibility of self-tickling.[6] Louis Robinson
+considers that ticklishness "appears to be one of the simplest
+developments of mechanical and automatic nervous processes in the
+direction of the complex functioning of the higher centres which comes
+within the scope of psychology,"[7] Stanley Hall and Allin remark that
+"these minimal touch excitations represent the very oldest stratum of
+psychic life in the soul."[8] Hirman Stanley, in a somewhat similar
+manner, pushes the intellectual element in ticklishness very far back and
+associates it with "tentacular experience." "By temporary self-extension,"
+he remarks, "even low amoeboid organisms have slight, but suggestive,
+touch experiences that stimulate very general and violent reactions, and
+in higher organisms extended touch-organs, as tentacles, antennæ, hair,
+etc., become permanent and very delicately sensitive organs, where minimal
+contacts have very distinct and powerful reactions." Thus ticklishness
+would be the survival of long passed ancestral tentacular experience,
+which, originally a stimulation producing intense agitation and alarm, has
+now become merely a play activity and a source of keen pleasure.[9]
+
+We need not, however, go so far back in the zoölogical series to explain
+the origin and significance of tickling in the human species. Sir J.Y.
+Simpson suggested, in an elaborate study of the position of the child in
+the womb, that the extreme excitomotory sensibility of the skin in various
+regions, such as the sole of the foot, the knee, the sides, which already
+exists before birth, has for its object the excitation and preservation of
+the muscular movements necessary to keep the foetus in the most favorable
+position in the womb.[10] It is, in fact, certainly the case that the
+stimulation of all the ticklish regions in the body tends to produce
+exactly that curled up position of extreme muscular flexion and general
+ovoid shape which is the normal position of the foetus in the womb. We may
+well believe that in this early developed reflex activity we have the
+basis of that somewhat more complex ticklishness which appears somewhat
+later.
+
+The mental element in tickling is indicated by the fact that even a child,
+in whom ticklishness is highly developed, cannot tickle himself; so that
+tickling is not a simple reflex. This fact was long ago pointed out by
+Erasmus Darwin, and he accounted for it by supposing that voluntary
+exertion diminishes the energy of sensation.[11] This explanation is,
+however, inadmissible, for, although we cannot easily tickle ourselves by
+the contact of the skin with our own fingers, we can do so with the aid of
+a foreign body, like a feather. We may perhaps suppose that, as
+ticklishness has probably developed under the influence of natural
+selection as a method of protection against attack and a warning of the
+approach of foreign bodies, its end would be defeated if it involved a
+simple reaction to the contact of the organism with itself. This need of
+protection it is which involves the necessity of a minimal excitation
+producing a maximal effect, though the mechanism whereby this takes place
+has caused considerable discussion. We may, it is probable, best account
+for it by invoking the summation-irradiation theory of pain-pleasure, the
+summation of the stimuli in their course through the nerves, aided by
+capillary congestion, leading to irradiation due to anastomoses between
+the tactile corpuscles, not to speak of the much wider irradiation which
+is possible by means of central nervous connections.
+
+    Prof. C.L. Herrick adopts this explanation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, and rests it, in part, on Dogiel's study of the tactile
+    corpuscles ("Psychological Corollaries of Modern Neurological
+    Discoveries," _Journal of Comparative Neurology_, March, 1898).
+    The following remarks of Prof. A. Allin may also be quoted in
+    further explanation of the same theory: "So far as ticklishness
+    is concerned, a very important factor in the production of this
+    feeling is undoubtedly that of the summation of stimuli. In a
+    research of Stirling's, carried on under Ludwig's direction, it
+    was shown that reflex contractions only occur from repeated
+    shocks to the nerve-centres--that is, through summation of
+    successive stimuli. That this result is also due in some degree
+    to an alternating increase in the sensibility of the various
+    areas in question from altered supply of blood is reasonably
+    certain. As a consequence of this summation-process there would
+    result in many cases and in cases of excessive nervous discharge
+    the opposite of pleasure, namely: pain. A number of instances
+    have been recorded of death resulting from tickling, and there is
+    no reason to doubt the truth of the statement that Simon de
+    Montfort, during the persecution of the Albigenses, put some of
+    them to death by tickling the soles of their feet with a feather.
+    An additional causal factor in the production of tickling may lie
+    in the nature and structure of the nervous process involved in
+    perception in general. According to certain histological
+    researches of recent years we know that between the sense-organs
+    and the central nervous system there exist closely connected
+    chains of conductors or neurons, along which an impression
+    received by a single sensory cell on the periphery is propagated
+    avalanchelike through an increasing number of neurons until the
+    brain is reached. If on the periphery a single cell is excited
+    the avalanchelike process continues until finally hundreds or
+    thousands of nerve-cells in the cortex are aroused to
+    considerable activity. Golgi, Ramón y Cajal, Koelliker, Held,
+    Retzius, and others have demonstrated the histological basis of
+    this law for vision, hearing, and smell, and we may safely assume
+    from the phenomena of tickling that the sense of touch is not
+    lacking in a similar arrangement. May not a suggestion be
+    offered, with some plausibility, that even in ideal or
+    representative tickling, where tickling results, say, from
+    someone pointing a finger at the ticklish places, this
+    avalanchelike process may be incited from central centres, thus
+    producing, although in a modified degree, the pleasant phenomena
+    in question? As to the deepest causal factor, I should say that
+    tickling is the result of vasomotor shock." (A. Allin, "On
+    Laughter," _Psychological Review_, May, 1903.)
+
+The intellectual element in tickling conies out in its connection with
+laughter and the sense of the comic, of which it may be said to constitute
+the physical basis. While we are not here concerned with laughter and the
+comic sense,--a subject which has lately attracted considerable
+attention,--it may be instructive to point out that there is more than an
+analogy between laughter and the phenomena of sexual tumescence and
+detumescence. The process whereby prolonged tickling, with its nervous
+summation and irradiation and accompanying hyperæmia, finds sudden relief
+in an explosion of laughter is a real example of tumescence--as it has
+been defined in the study in another volume entitled "An Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse"--resulting finally in the orgasm of detumescence. The
+reality of the connection between the sexual embrace and tickling is
+indicated by the fact that in some languages, as in that of the
+Fuegians,[12] the same word is applied to both. That ordinary tickling is
+not sexual is due to the circumstances of the case and the regions to
+which the tickling is applied. If, however, the tickling is applied within
+the sexual sphere, then there is a tendency for orgasm to take place
+instead of laughter. The connection which, through the phenomena of
+tickling, laughter thus bears to the sexual sphere is well indicated, as
+Groos has pointed out, by the fact that in sexually-minded people sexual
+allusions tend to produce laughter, this being the method by which they
+are diverted from the risks of more specifically sexual detumescence.[13]
+
+    Reference has been made to the view of Alrutz, according to which
+    tickling is a milder degree of itching. It is more convenient and
+    probably more correct to regard itching or pruritus, as it is
+    termed in its pathological forms, as a distinct sensation, for it
+    does not arise under precisely the same conditions as tickling
+    nor is it relieved in the same way. There is interest, however,
+    in pointing out in this connection that, like tickling, itching
+    has a real parallelism to the specialized sexual sensations.
+    Bronson, who has very ably interpreted the sensations of itching
+    (New York Neurological Society, October 7, 1890; _Medical News_,
+    February 14, 1903, and summarized in the _British Medical
+    Journal_, March 7, 1903; and elsewhere), regards it as a
+    perversion of the sense of touch, a dysæsthesia due to obstructed
+    nerve-excitation with imperfect conduction of the generated force
+    into correlated nervous energy. The scratching which relieves
+    itching directs the nervous energy into freer channels, sometimes
+    substituting for the pruritus either painful or voluptuous
+    sensations. Such voluptuous sensations may be regarded as a
+    generalized aphrodisiac sense comparable to the specialized
+    sexual orgasm. Bronson refers to the significant fact that
+    itching occurs so frequently in the sexual region, and states
+    that sexual neurasthenia is sometimes the only discoverable cause
+    of genital and anal pruritus. (Cf. discussion on pruritus,
+    _British Medical Journal_, November 30, 1895.) Gilman, again
+    (_American Journal of Psychology_, vi, p. 22), considers that
+    scratching, as well as sneezing, is comparable to coitus.
+
+The sexual embrace has an intimate connection with the phenomena of
+ticklishness which could not fail to be recognized. This connection is,
+indeed, the basis of Spinoza's famous definition of love,--"_Amor est
+titillatio quædam concomitante idea causæ externæ_,"--a statement which
+seems to be reflected in Chamfort's definition of love as "_l'échange de
+deux fantaisies, et le contact de deux epidermes_." The sexual act, says
+Gowers, is, in fact, a skin reflex.[14] "The sexual parts," Hall and Allin
+state, "have a ticklishness as unique as their function and as keen as
+their importance." Herrick finds the supreme illustration of the summation
+and irradiation theory of tickling in the phenomena of erotic excitement,
+and points out that in harmony with this the skin of the sexual region is,
+as Dogiel has shown, that portion of the body in which the tactile
+corpuscles are most thoroughly and elaborately provided with anastomosing
+fibres. It has been pointed out[15] that, when ordinary tactile
+sensibility is partially abolished,--especially in hemianæsthesia in the
+insane,--some sexual disturbance is specially apt to be found in
+association.
+
+In young children, in girls even when they are no longer children, and
+occasionally in men, tickling may be a source of acute pleasure, which in
+very early life is not sexual, but later tends to become so under
+circumstances predisposing to the production of erotic emotion, and
+especially when the nervous system is keyed up to a high tone favorable
+for the production of the maximum effect of tickling.
+
+    "When young," writes a lady aged 28, "I was extremely fond of
+    being tickled, and I am to some extent still. Between the ages of
+    10 and 12 it gave me exquisite pleasure, which I now regard as
+    sexual in character. I used to bribe my younger sister to tickle
+    my feet until she was tired."
+
+    Stanley Hall and Allin in their investigation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, largely carried out among young women teachers, found
+    that in 60 clearly marked cases ticklishness was more marked at
+    one time than another, "as when they have been 'carrying on,' or
+    are in a happy mood, are nervous or unwell, after a good meal,
+    when being washed, when in perfect health, when with people they
+    like, etc." (Hall and Allin, "Tickling and Laughter," _American
+    Journal of Psychology_, October, 1897.) It will be observed that
+    most of the conditions mentioned are such as would be favorable
+    to excitations of an emotionally sexual character.
+
+    The palms of the hands may be very ticklish during sexual
+    excitement, especially in women, and Moll (_Konträre
+    Sexualempfindung_, p. 180) remarks that in some men titillation
+    of the skin of the back, of the feet, and even of the forehead
+    evokes erotic feelings.
+
+    It may be added that, as might be expected, titillation of the
+    skin often has the same significance in animals as in man. "In
+    some animals," remarks Louis Robinson (art. "Ticklishness,"
+    _Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_), "local titillation of
+    the skin, though in parts remote from the reproductive organs,
+    plainly acts indirectly upon them as a stimulus. Thus, Harvey
+    records that, by stroking the back of a favorite parrot (which he
+    had possessed for years and supposed to be a male), he not only
+    gave the bird gratification,--which was the sole intention of the
+    illustrious physiologist,--but also caused it to reveal its sex
+    by laying an egg."
+
+The sexual significance of tickling is very clearly indicated by the fact
+that the general ticklishness of the body, which is so marked in children
+and in young girls, greatly diminishes, as a rule, after sexual
+relationships have been established. Dr. Gina Lombroso, who investigated
+the cutaneous reflexes, found that both the abdominal and plantar
+reflexes, which are well marked in childhood and in young people between
+the ages of 15 and 18, were much diminished in older persons, and to a
+greater extent in women than in men, to a greater extent in the abdominal
+region than on the soles of the feet;[16] her results do not directly show
+the influence of sexual relationship, but they have an indirect bearing
+which is worth noting.
+
+The difference in ticklishness between the unmarried woman and the married
+woman corresponds to their difference in degree of modesty. Both modesty
+and ticklishness may be said to be characters which are no longer needed.
+From this point of view the general ticklishness of the skin is a kind of
+body modesty. It is so even apart from any sexual significance of
+tickling, and Louis Robinson has pointed out that in young apes, puppies,
+and other like animals the most ticklish regions correspond to the most
+vulnerable spots in a fight, and that consequently in the mock fights of
+early life skill in defending these spots is attained.
+
+    In Iceland, according to Margarethe Filhés (as quoted by Max
+    Bartels, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. 2-3, p. 57), it
+    may be known whether a youth is pure or a maid is intact by their
+    susceptibility to tickling. It is considered a bad sign if that
+    is lost.
+
+    I am indebted to a medical correspondent for the following
+    communication: "Married women have told me that they find that
+    after marriage they are not ticklish under the arms or on the
+    breasts, though before marriage any tickling or touching in these
+    regions, especially by a man, would make them jump or get
+    hysterical or 'queer,' as they call it. Before coitus the sexual
+    energy seems to be dissipated along all the nerve-channels and
+    especially along the secondary sexual routes,--the breasts, nape
+    of neck, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, armpits, and hair thereon,
+    etc.,--but after marriage the surplus energy is diverted from
+    these secondary channels, and response to tickling is diminished.
+    I have often noted in insane cases, especially mania in
+    adolescent girls, that they are excessively ticklish. Again, in
+    ordinary routine practice I have observed that, though married
+    women show no ticklishness during auscultation and percussion of
+    the chest, this is by no means always so in young girls. Perhaps
+    ticklishness in virgins is Nature's self-protection against rape
+    and sexual advances, and the young girl instinctively wishing to
+    hide the armpits, breasts, and other ticklish regions, tucks
+    herself up to prevent these parts being touched. The married
+    woman, being in love with a man, does not shut up these parts, as
+    she reciprocates the advances that he makes; she no longer
+    requires ticklishness as a protection against sexual aggression."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] Alrutz's views are summarized in _Psychological Review_, Sept., 1901.
+
+[6] _Die Spiele der Menschen_, 1899, p. 206.
+
+[7] L. Robinson, art. "Ticklishness," Tuke's _Dictionary of Psychological
+Medicine_.
+
+[8] Stanley Hall and Allin, "Tickling and Laughter," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, October, 1897.
+
+[9] H.M. Stanley, "Remarks on Tickling and Laughter," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, vol. ix, January, 1898.
+
+[10] Simpson, "On the Attitude of the Foetus in Utero," _Obstetric
+Memoirs_, 1856, vol. ii.
+
+[11] Erasmus Darwin, _Zoönomia_, Sect. XVII, 4.
+
+[12] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii. p.
+296.
+
+[13] Such an interpretation is supported by the arguments of W. McDougall
+("The Theory of Laughter," _Nature_, February 5, 1903), who contends,
+without any reference to the sexual field, that one of the objects of
+laughter is automatically to "disperse our attention."
+
+[14] Even the structure of the vaginal mucous membrane, it may be noted,
+is analogous to that of the skin. D. Berry Hart, "Note on the Development
+of the Clitoris, Vagina, and Hymen," _Transactions of the Edinburgh
+Obstetrical Society_, vol. xxi, 1896.
+
+[15] W.H.B. Stoddart, "Anæsthesia in the Insane," _Journal of Mental
+Science_, October, 1899.
+
+[16] Gina Lombroso, "Sur les Réflexes Cutanés," International Congress of
+Criminal Anthropology, Amsterdam, _Comptes Rendus_, p. 295.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres--Orificial Contacts--Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio--The Kiss--The Nipples--The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres--This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood--The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual
+Centres--Suckling and Sexual Emotion--The Significance of the Association
+between Suckling and Sexual Emotion--This Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.
+
+
+We have seen that the skin generally has a high degree of sensibility,
+which frequently tends to be in more or less definite association with the
+sexual centres. We have seen also that the central and specific sexual
+sensation, the sexual embrace itself, is, in large measure, a specialized
+kind of skin reflex. Between the generalized skin sensations and the great
+primary sexual centre of sensation there are certain secondary sexual
+centres which, on account of their importance, may here be briefly
+considered.
+
+These secondary centres have in common the fact that they always involve
+the entrances and the exits of the body--the regions, that is, where skin
+merges into mucous membrane, and where, in the course of evolution,
+tactile sensibility has become highly refined. It may, indeed, be said
+generally of these frontier regions of the body that their contact with
+the same or a similar frontier region in another person of opposite sex,
+under conditions otherwise favorable to tumescence, will tend to produce a
+minimum and even sometimes a maximum degree of sexual excitation. Contact
+of these regions with each other or with the sexual region itself so
+closely simulates the central sexual reflex that channels are set up for
+the same nervous energy and secondary sexual centres are constituted.
+
+It is important to remember that the phenomena we are here concerned with
+are essentially normal. Many of them are commonly spoken of as
+perversions. In so far, however, as they are aids to tumescence they must
+be regarded as coming within the range of normal variation. They may be
+considered unæsthetic, but that is another matter. It has, moreover, to be
+remembered that æsthetic values are changed under the influence of sexual
+emotion; from the lover's point of view many things are beautiful which
+are unbeautiful from the point of view of him who is not a lover, and the
+greater the degree to which the lover is swayed by his passion the greater
+the extent to which his normal æsthetic standard is liable to be modified.
+A broad consideration of the phenomena among civilized and uncivilized
+peoples amply suffices to show the fallacy of the tendency, so common
+among unscientific writers on these subjects, to introduce normal æsthetic
+standards into the sexual sphere. From the normal standpoint of ordinary
+daily life, indeed, the whole process of sex is unæsthetic, except the
+earlier stages of tumescence.[17]
+
+So long as they constitute a part of the phase of tumescence, the
+utilization of the sexual excitations obtainable through these channels
+must be considered within the normal range of variation, as we may
+observe, indeed, among many animals. When, however, such contacts of the
+orifices of the body, other than those of the male and female sexual
+organs proper, are used to procure not merely tumescence, but
+detumescence, they become, in the strict and technical sense, perversions.
+They are perversions in exactly the same sense as are the methods of
+intercourse which involve the use of checks to prevent fecundation. The
+æsthetic question, however, remains the same as if we were dealing with
+tumescence. It is necessary that this should be pointed out clearly, even
+at the risk of misapprehension, as confusions are here very common.
+
+    The essentially sexual character of the sensitivity of the
+    orificial contacts is shown by the fact that it may sometimes be
+    accidentally developed even in early childhood. This is well
+    illustrated in a case recorded by Féré. A little girl of 4, of
+    nervous temperament and liable to fits of anger in which she
+    would roll on the ground and tear her clothes, once ran out into
+    the garden in such a fit of temper and threw herself on the lawn
+    in a half-naked condition. As she lay there two dogs with whom
+    she was accustomed to play came up and began to lick the
+    uncovered parts of the body. It so happened that as one dog
+    licked her mouth the other licked her sexual parts. She
+    experienced a shock of intense sensation which she could never
+    forget and never describe, accompanied by a delicious tension of
+    the sexual organs. She rose and ran away with a feeling of shame,
+    though she could not comprehend what had happened. The impression
+    thus made was so profound that it persisted throughout life and
+    served as the point of departure of sexual perversions, while the
+    contact of a dog's tongue with her mouth alone afterward sufficed
+    to evoke sexual pleasure. (Féré, _Archives de Neurologie_, 1903,
+    No. 90.)
+
+    I do not purpose to discuss here either _cunnilingus_ (the
+    apposition of the mouth to the female pudendum) or _fellatio_
+    (the apposition of the mouth to the male organ), the agent in the
+    former case being, in normal heterosexual relationships, a man,
+    in the latter a woman; they are not purely tactile phenomena, but
+    involve various other physical and psychic elements.
+    _Cunnilingus_ was a very familiar manifestation in classic times,
+    as shown by frequent and mostly very contemptuous references in
+    Aristophanes, Juvenal, and many other Greek and Roman writers;
+    the Greeks regarded it as a Phoenician practice, just as it is
+    now commonly considered French; it tends to be especially
+    prevalent at all periods of high civilization. _Fellatio_ has
+    also been equally well known, in both ancient and modern times,
+    especially as practiced by inverted men. It may be accepted that
+    both _cunnilingus_ and _fellatio_, as practiced by either sex,
+    are liable to occur among healthy or morbid persons, in
+    heterosexual or homosexual relationships. They have little
+    psychological significance, except to the extent that when
+    practiced to the exclusion of normal sexual relationships they
+    become perversions, and as such tend to be associated with
+    various degenerative conditions, although such associations are
+    not invariable.
+
+    The essentially normal character of _cunnilingus_ and _fellatio_,
+    when occurring as incidents in the process of tumescence, is
+    shown by the fact that they are practiced by many animals. This
+    is the case, for instance, among dogs. Moll points out that not
+    infrequently the bitch, while under the dog, but before
+    intromission, will change her position to lick the dog's
+    penis--apparently from an instinctive impulse to heighten her own
+    and his excitement--and then return to the normal position, while
+    _cunnilingus_ is of constant occurrence among animals, and on
+    account of its frequency among dogs was called by the Greeks
+    skylax (Rosenbaum, _Geschichte der Lustseuche im Altertume_,
+    fifth edition, pp. 260-278; also notes in Moll, _Untersuchungen
+    über pie Libido Sexualis_, Bd. I, pp. 134, 369; and Bloch,
+    _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp.
+    216 et seq.)
+
+    The occurrence of _cunnilingus_ as a sexual episode of tumescence
+    among lower human races is well illustrated by a practice of the
+    natives of the Caroline Islands (as recorded by Kubary in his
+    ethnographic study of this people and quoted by Ploss and
+    Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i). It is here customary for a man to
+    place a piece of fish between the labia, while he stimulates the
+    latter by his tongue and teeth until under stress of sexual
+    excitement the woman urinates; this is regarded as an indication
+    that the proper moment for intercourse has arrived. Such a
+    practice rests on physiologically sound facts whatever may be
+    thought of it from an æsthetic standpoint.
+
+    The contrast between the normal æsthetic standpoint in this
+    matter and the lover's is well illustrated by the following
+    quotations: Dr. A.B. Holder, in the course of his description of
+    the American Indian _boté_, remarks, concerning _fellatio_: "Of
+    all the many varieties of sexual perversion, this, it seems to
+    me, is the most debased that could be conceived of." On the other
+    hand, in a communication from a writer and scholar of high
+    intellectual distinction occurs the statement: "I affirm that, of
+    all sexual acts, _fellatio_ is most an affair of imagination and
+    sympathy." It must be pointed out that there is no contradiction
+    in these two statements, and that each is justified, according as
+    we take the point of view of the ordinary onlooker or of the
+    impassioned lover eager to give a final proof of his or her
+    devotion. It must be added that from a scientific point of view
+    we are not entitled to take either side.
+
+Of the whole of this group of phenomena, the most typical and the most
+widespread example is certainly the kiss. We have in the lips a highly
+sensitive frontier region between skin and mucous membrane, in many
+respects analogous to the vulvo-vaginal orifice, and reinforcible,
+moreover, by the active movements of the still more highly sensitive
+tongue. Close and prolonged contact of these regions, therefore, under
+conditions favorable to tumescence sets up a powerful current of nervous
+stimulation. After those contacts in which the sexual regions themselves
+take a direct part, there is certainly no such channel for directing
+nervous force into the sexual sphere as the kiss. This is nowhere so well
+recognized as in France, where a young girl's lips are religiously kept
+for her lover, to such an extent, indeed, that young girls sometimes come
+to believe that the whole physical side of love is comprehended in a kiss
+on the mouth; so highly intelligent a woman as Madam Adam has described
+the agony she felt as a girl when kissed on the lips by a man, owing to
+the conviction that she had thereby lost her virtue. Although the lips
+occupy this highly important position as a secondary sexual focus
+in the sphere of touch, the kiss is--unlike _cunnilingus_ and
+_fellatio_--confined to man and, indeed, to a large extent, to civilized
+man. It is the outcome of a compound evolution which had its beginning
+outside the sphere of touch, and it would therefore be out of place to
+deal with the interesting question of its development in this place. It
+will be discussed elsewhere.[18]
+
+There is yet another orificial frontier region which is a highly important
+tactile sexual focus: the nipple. The breasts raise, indeed, several
+interesting questions in their intimate connection with the sexual sphere
+and it may be worth while to consider them at this point.
+
+The breasts have from the present point of view this special significance
+among the sexual centres that they primarily exist, not for the contact of
+the lover, but the contact of the child. This is doubtless, indeed, the
+fundamental fact on which all the touch contacts we are here concerned
+with have grown up. The sexual sensitivity of the lover's lips to
+orificial contacts has been developed from the sensitivity of the infant's
+lips to contact with his mother's nipple. It is on the ground of that
+evolution that we are bound to consider here the precise position of the
+breasts as a sexual centre.
+
+As the great secreting organs of milk, the function of the breasts must
+begin immediately the child is cut off from the nutrition derived from
+direct contact with his mother's blood. It is therefore essential that the
+connection between the sexual organs proper, more especially the womb, and
+the breasts should be exceedingly intimate, so that the breasts may be in
+a condition to respond adequately to the demand of the child's sucking
+lips at the earliest moment after birth. As a matter of fact, this
+connection is very intimate, so intimate that it takes place in two
+totally distinct ways--by the nervous system and by the blood.
+
+    The breasts of young girls sometimes become tender at puberty in
+    sympathy with the evolution of the sexual organs, although the
+    swelling of the breasts at this period is not normally a
+    glandular process. At the recurring periods of menstruation,
+    again, sensations in the breasts are not uncommon.
+
+    It is not, however, until impregnation occurs that really
+    decisive changes take place in the breasts. "As soon as the ovum
+    is impregnated, that is to say within a few days," as W.D.A.
+    Griffith states it ("The Diagnosis of Pregnancy," _British
+    Medical Journal_, April 11, 1903), "the changes begin to occur in
+    the breast, changes which are just as well worked out as are the
+    changes in the uterus and the vagina, which, from the
+    commencement of pregnancy, prepare for the labor which ought to
+    follow nine months afterward. These are changes in the direction
+    of marked activity of function. An organ which was previously
+    quite passive, without activity of circulation and the effects of
+    active circulation, begins to grow and continues to grow in
+    activity and size as pregnancy progresses."
+
+    The association between breasts and womb is so obvious that it
+    has not escaped many savage peoples, who are often, indeed,
+    excellent observers. Among one primitive people at least the
+    activity of the breast at impregnation seems to be clearly
+    recognized. The Sinangolo of British New Guinea, says Seligmann
+    (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, July-December, 1902,
+    p. 298) believe that conception takes place in the breasts; on
+    this account they hold that coitus should never take place before
+    the child is weaned or he might imbibe semen with the milk.
+
+    It is natural to assume that this connection between the activity
+    of the womb and the glandular activity of the breasts is a
+    nervous connection, by means of the spinal cord, and such a
+    connection certainly exists and plays a very important part in
+    the stimulating action of the breasts on the sexual organs. But
+    that there is a more direct channel of communication even than
+    the nervous system is shown by the fact that the secretion of
+    milk will take place at parturition, even when the nervous
+    connection has been destroyed. Mironoff found that, when the
+    mammary gland is completely separated from the central nervous
+    system, secretion, though slightly diminished, still continued.
+    In two goats he cut the nerves shortly before parturition and
+    after birth the breasts still swelled and functioned normally
+    (_Archives des Sciences Biologiques_, St. Petersburg, 1895,
+    summarized in _L'Année Biologique_; 1895, p. 329). Ribbert,
+    again, cut out the mammary gland of a young rabbit and
+    transplanted it into the ear; five months after the rabbit bore
+    young and the gland secreted milk freely. The case has been
+    reported of a woman whose spinal cord was destroyed by an
+    accident at the level of the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebræ,
+    yet lactation was perfectly normal (_British Medical Journal_,
+    August 5, 1899, p. 374). We are driven to suppose that there is
+    some chemical change in the blood, some internal secretion from
+    the uterus or the ovaries, which acts as a direct stimulant to
+    the breasts. (See a comprehensive discussion of the phenomena of
+    the connection between the breasts and sexual organs, though the
+    conclusions are not unassailable, by Temesvary, _Journal of
+    Obstetrics and Gynæcology of the British Empire_, June, 1903).
+    That this hypothetical secretion starts from the womb rather than
+    the ovaries seems to be indicated by the fact that removal of
+    both ovaries during pregnancy will not suffice to prevent
+    lactation. In favor of the ovaries, see Beatson, _Lancet_, July,
+    1896; in favor of the uterus, Armand Routh, "On the Interaction
+    between the Ovaries and the Mammary Glands," _British Medical
+    Journal_, September 30, 1899.
+
+While, however, the communications from the sexual organs to the breast
+are of a complex and at present ill understood character, the
+communication from the breasts to the sexual organs is without doubt
+mainly and chiefly nervous. When the child is put to the breast after
+birth the suction of the nipple causes a reflex contraction of the womb,
+and it is held by many, though not all, authorities that in a woman who
+does not suckle her child there is some risk that the womb will not return
+to its normal involuted size. It has also been asserted that to put a
+child to the breast during the early months of pregnancy causes so great a
+degree of uterine contraction that abortion may result.
+
+    Freund found in Germany that stimulation of the nipples by an
+    electrical cupping apparatus brought about contraction of the
+    pregnant uterus. At an earlier period it was recommended to
+    irritate the nipple in order to excite the uterus to parturient
+    action. Simpson, while pointing out that this was scarcely
+    adequate to produce the effect desired, thought that placing a
+    child to the breast after labor had begun might increase uterine
+    action. (J.Y. Simpson, _Obstetric Memoirs_, vol. i, p. 836; also
+    Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 132).
+
+    The influence of lactation over the womb in preventing the return
+    of menstruation during its continuance is well known. According
+    to Remfry's investigation of 900 cases in England, in 57 per
+    cent. of cases there is no menstruation during lactation. (L.
+    Remfry, in paper read before Obstetrical Society of London,
+    summarized in the _British Medical Journal_, January 11, 1896, p.
+    86). Bendix, in Germany, found among 140 cases that in about 40
+    per cent. there was no menstruation during lactation (paper read
+    before Düsseldorf meeting of the Society of German Naturalists
+    and Physicians, 1899). When the child is not suckled menstruation
+    tends to reappear about six months after parturition.
+
+    It is possible that the divergent opinions of authorities
+    concerning the necessarily favorable influence of lactation in
+    promoting the return of the womb to its normal size may be due to
+    a confusion of two distinct influences: the reflex action of the
+    nipple on the womb and the effects of prolonged glandular
+    secretion of the breasts in debilitated persons. The act of
+    suckling undoubtedly tends to promote uterine contraction, and in
+    healthy women during lactation the womb may even (according to
+    Vineberg) be temporarily reduced to a smaller size than before
+    impregnation, thus producing what is known as "lactation
+    atrophy." In debilitated women, however, the strain of
+    milk-production may lead to general lack of muscular tone, and
+    involution of the womb thus be hindered rather than aided by
+    lactation.
+
+On the objective side, then, the nipple is to be regarded as an erectile
+organ, richly supplied with nerves and vessels, which, under the
+stimulation of the infant's lips--or any similar compression, and even
+under the influence of emotion or cold,--becomes firm and projects, mainly
+as a result of muscular contraction; for, unlike the penis and the
+clitoris, the nipple contains no true erectile tissue and little capacity
+for vascular engorgement.[19] We must then suppose that an impetus tends
+to be transmitted through the spinal cord to the sexual organs, setting up
+a greater or less degree of nervous and muscular excitement with uterine
+contraction. These being the objective manifestations, what manifestations
+are to be noted on the subjective side?
+
+It is a remarkable proof of the general indifference with which in Europe
+even the fairly constant and prominent characteristics of the psychology
+of women have been treated until recent times that, so far as I am
+aware,--though I have made no special research to this end,--no one before
+the end of the eighteenth century had recorded the fact that the act of
+suckling tends to produce in women voluptuous sexual emotions. Cabanis in
+1802, in the memoir on "Influence des Sexes" in his _Rapports du Physique
+et du Moral de l'Homme_, wrote that several suckling women had told him
+that the child in sucking the breast made them experience a vivid
+sensation of pleasure, shared in some degree by the sexual organs. There
+can be no doubt that in healthy suckling women this phenomenon is
+exceedingly common, though in the absence of any methodical and precise
+investigation it cannot be affirmed that it is experienced by every woman
+in some degree, and it is highly probable that this is not the case. One
+lady, perfectly normal, states that she has had stronger sexual feelings
+in suckling her children than she has ever experienced with her husband,
+but that so far as possible she has tried to repress them, as she regards
+them as brutish under these circumstances. Many other women state
+generally that suckling is the most delicious physical feeling they have
+ever experienced. In most cases, however, it does not appear to lead to a
+desire for intercourse, and some of those who make this statement have no
+desire for coitus during lactation, though they may have strong sexual
+needs at other times. It is probable that this corresponds to the normal
+condition, and that the voluptuous sensations aroused by suckling are
+adequately gratified by the child. It may be added that there are probably
+many women who could say, with a lady quoted by Féré,[20] that the only
+real pleasures of sex they have ever known are those derived from their
+suckling infants.
+
+It is not difficult to see why this normal association of sexual emotion
+with suckling should have come about. It is essential for the preservation
+of the lives of young mammals that the mothers should have an adequate
+motive in pleasurable sensation for enduring the trouble of suckling. The
+most obvious method for obtaining the necessary degree of pleasurable
+sensation lay in utilizing the reservoir of sexual emotion, with which
+channels of communication might already be said to be open through the
+action of the sexual organs on the breasts during pregnancy. The
+voluptuous element in suckling may thus be called a merciful provision of
+Nature for securing the maintenance of the child.
+
+    Cabanis seems to have realized the significance of this
+    connection as the basis of the sympathy between mother and child,
+    and more recently Lombroso and Ferrero have remarked (_La Donna
+    Delinquente_, p. 438) on the fact that maternal love has a sexual
+    basis in the element of venereal pleasure, though usually
+    inconsiderable, experienced during suckling. Houzeau has referred
+    to the fact that in the majority of animals the relation between
+    mother and offspring is only close during the period of
+    lactation, and this is certainly connected with the fact that it
+    is only during lactation that the female animal can derive
+    physical gratification from her offspring. When living on a farm
+    I have ascertained that cows sometimes, though not frequently,
+    exhibit slight signs of sexual excitement, with secretion of
+    mucus, while being milked; so that, as the dairymaid herself
+    observed, it is as if they were being "bulled." The sow, like
+    some other mammals, often eats her own young after birth,
+    mistaking them, it is thought, for the placenta, which is
+    normally eaten by most mammals; it is said that the sow never
+    eats her young when they have once taken the teat.
+
+    It occasionally happens that this normal tendency for suckling to
+    produce voluptuous sexual emotions is present in an extreme
+    degree, and may lead to sexual perversions. It does not appear
+    that the sexual sensations aroused by suckling usually culminate
+    in the orgasm; this however, was noted in a case recorded by
+    Féré, of a slightly neurotic woman in whom intense sexual
+    excitement occurred during suckling, especially if prolonged; so
+    far as possible, she shortened the periods of suckling in order
+    to prevent, not always successfully, the occurrence of the orgasm
+    (Féré, _Archives de Neurologie_ No. 30, 1903). Icard refers to
+    the case of a woman who sought to become pregnant solely for the
+    sake of the voluptuous sensations she derived from suckling, and
+    Yellowlees (Art. "Masturbation," _Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine_) speaks of the overwhelming character of "the storms of
+    sexual feeling sometimes observed during lactation."
+
+    It may be remarked that the frequency of the association between
+    lactation and the sexual sensations is indicated by the fact
+    that, as Savage remarks, lactational insanity is often
+    accompanied by fancies regarding the reproductive organs.
+
+When we have realized the special sensitivity of the orificial regions and
+the peculiarly close relationships between the breasts and the sexual
+organs we may easily understand the considerable part which they normally
+play in the art of love. As one of the chief secondary sexual characters
+in women, and one of her chief beauties, a woman's breasts offer
+themselves to the lover's lips with a less intimate attraction than her
+mouth only because the mouth is better able to respond. On her side, such
+contact is often instinctively desired. Just as the sexual disturbance of
+pregnancy is accompanied by a sympathetic disturbance in the breasts, so
+the sexual excitement produced by the lover's proximity reacts on the
+breasts; the nipple becomes turgid and erect in sympathy with the
+clitoris; the woman craves to place her lover in the place of the child,
+and experiences a sensation in which these two supreme objects of her
+desire are deliciously mingled.
+
+    The powerful effect which stimulation of the nipple produces on
+    the sexual sphere has led to the breasts playing a prominent part
+    in the erotic art of those lands in which this art has been most
+    carefully cultivated. Thus in India, according to Vatsyayana,
+    many authors are of the opinion that in approaching a woman a
+    lover should begin by sucking the nipples of her breasts, and in
+    the songs of the Bayaderes of Southern India sucking the nipple
+    is mentioned as one of the natural preliminaries of coitus.
+
+    In some cases, and more especially in neurotic persons, the
+    sexual pleasure derived from manipulation of the nipple passes
+    normal limits and, being preferred even to coitus, becomes a
+    perversion. In girls' schools, it is said, especially in France,
+    sucking and titillation of the breasts are not uncommon; in men,
+    also, titillation of the nipples occasionally produces sexual
+    sensations (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 132).
+    Hildebrandt recorded the case of a young woman whose nipples had
+    been sucked by her lover; by constantly drawing her breasts she
+    became able to suck them herself and thus attained extreme sexual
+    pleasure. A.J. Bloch, of New Orleans, has noted the case of a
+    woman who complained of swelling of the breasts; the gentlest
+    manipulation produced an orgasm, and it was found that the
+    swelling had been intentionally produced for the sake of this
+    manipulation. Moraglia in Italy knew a very beautiful woman who
+    was perfectly cold in normal sexual relationships, but madly
+    excited when her husband pressed or sucked her breasts. Lombroso
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1885, fasc. IV) has described the
+    somewhat similar case of a woman who had no sexual sensitivity in
+    the clitoris, vagina, or labia, and no pleasure in coitus except
+    in very strange positions, but possessed intense sexual feelings
+    in the right nipple as well as in the upper third of the thigh.
+
+    It is remarkable that not only is suckling apt to be accompanied
+    by sexual pleasure in the mother, but that, in some cases, the
+    infant also appears to have a somewhat similar experience. This
+    is, at all events, indicated in a remarkable case recorded by
+    Féré (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 257). A female
+    infant child of slightly neurotic heredity was weaned at the age
+    of 14 months, but so great was her affection for her mother's
+    breasts, though she had already become accustomed to other food,
+    that this was only accomplished with great difficulty and by
+    allowing her still to caress the naked breasts several times a
+    day. This went on for many months, when the mother, becoming
+    again pregnant, insisted on putting an end to it. So jealous was
+    the child, however, that it was necessary to conceal from her the
+    fact that her younger sister was suckled at her mother's breasts,
+    and once at the age of 3, when she saw her father aiding her
+    mother to undress, she became violently jealous of him. This
+    jealousy, as well as the passion for her mother's breasts,
+    persisted to the age of puberty, though she learned to conceal
+    it. At the age of 13, when menstruation began, she noticed in
+    dancing with her favorite girl friends that when her breasts came
+    in contact with theirs she experienced a very agreeable
+    sensation, with erection of the nipples; but it was not till the
+    age of 16 that she observed that the sexual region took part in
+    this excitement and became moist. From this period she had erotic
+    dreams about young girls. She never experienced any attraction
+    for young men, but eventually married; though having much esteem
+    and affection for her husband, she never felt any but the
+    slightest sexual enjoyment in his arms, and then only by evoking
+    feminine images. This case, in which the sensations of an infant
+    at the breast formed the point of departure of a sexual
+    perversion which lasted through life, is, so far as I am aware,
+    unique.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[17] Jonas Cohn (_Allgemeine Æsthetik_, 1901, p. 11) lays it down that
+psychology has nothing to do with good or bad taste. "The distinction
+between good and bad taste has no meaning for psychology. On this account,
+the fundamental conceptions of æsthetics cannot arise from psychology." It
+may be a question whether this view can be accepted quite absolutely.
+
+[18] See Appendix A: "The Origins of the Kiss."
+
+[19] See J.B. Hellier, "On the Nipple Reflex," _British Medical Journal_,
+November 7, 1896.
+
+[20] Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 147.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Bath--Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the
+Skin--Its Cult of Personal Filth--The Reasons which Justified this
+Attitude--The World-wide Tendency to Association between Extreme
+Cleanliness and Sexual Licentiousness--The Immorality Associated with
+Public Baths in Europe down to Modern Times.
+
+
+The hygiene of the skin, as well as its special cult, consists in bathing.
+The bath, as is well known, attained under the Romans a degree of
+development which, in Europe at all events, it has never reached before or
+since, and the modern visitor to Rome carries away with him no more
+impressive memory than that of the Baths of Caracalla. Since the coming of
+Christianity the cult of the skin, and even its hygiene, have never again
+attained the same general and unquestioned exaltation. The Church killed
+the bath. St. Jerome tells us with approval that when the holy Paula noted
+that any of her nuns were too careful in this matter she would gravely
+reprove them, saying that "the purity of the body and its garments means
+the impurity of the soul."[21] Or, as the modern monk of Mount Athos still
+declares: "A man should live in dirt as in a coat of mail, so that his
+soul may sojourn more securely within."
+
+    Our knowledge of the bathing arrangements of Roman days is
+    chiefly derived from Pompeii. Three public baths (two for both
+    men and women, who were also probably allowed to use the third
+    occasionally) have so far been excavated in this small town, as
+    well as at least three private bathing establishments (at least
+    one of them for women), while about a dozen houses contain
+    complete baths for private use. Even in a little farm house at
+    Boscoreale (two miles out of Pompeii) there was an elaborate
+    series of bathing rooms. It may be added that Pompeii was well
+    supplied with water. All houses but the poorest had flowing
+    jets, and some houses had as many as ten jets. (See Man's
+    _Pompeii_, Chapters XXVI-XXVIII.)
+
+    The Church succeeded to the domination of imperial Rome, and
+    adopted many of the methods of its predecessor. But there could
+    be no greater contrast than is presented by the attitude of
+    Paganism and of Christianity toward the bath.
+
+    As regards the tendencies of the public baths in imperial Rome,
+    some of the evidence is brought together in the section on this
+    subject in Rosenbaum's _Geschichte der Lustseuche im Alterthume_.
+    As regards the attitude of the earliest Christian ascetics in
+    this matter I may refer the reader to an interesting passage in
+    Lecky's _History of European Morals_ (vol. ii, pp. 107-112), in
+    which are brought together a number of highly instructive
+    examples of the manner in which many of the most eminent of the
+    early saints deliberately cultivated personal filth.
+
+    In the middle ages, when the extreme excesses of the early
+    ascetics had died out, and monasticiam became regulated, monks
+    generally took two baths a year when in health; in illness they
+    could be taken as often as necessary. The rules of Cluny only
+    allowed three towels to the community: one for the novices, one
+    for the professed, and one for the lay brothers. At the end of
+    the seventeenth century Madame de Mazarin, having retired to a
+    convent of Visitandines, one day desired to wash her feet, but
+    the whole establishment was set in an uproar at such an idea, and
+    she received a direct refusal. In 1760 the Dominican Richard
+    wrote that in itself the bath is permissible, but it must be
+    taken solely for necessity, not for pleasure. The Church taught,
+    and this lesson is still inculcated in convent schools, that it
+    is wrong to expose the body even to one's own gaze, and it is not
+    surprising that many holy persons boasted that they had never
+    even washed their hands. (Most of these facts have been taken
+    from A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, one of the _Vie Privée
+    d'Autrefois_ series, in which further details may be found.)
+
+    In sixteenth-century Italy, a land of supreme elegance and
+    fashion, superior even to France, the conditions were the same,
+    and how little water found favor even with aristocratic ladies we
+    may gather from the contemporary books on the toilet, which
+    abound with recipes against itch and similar diseases. It should
+    be added that Burckhardt (_Die Cultur der Renaissance in
+    Italien_, eighth edition, volume ii, p. 92) considers that in
+    spite of skin diseases the Italians of the Renaissance were the
+    first nation in Europe for cleanliness.
+
+    It is unnecessary to consider the state of things in other
+    European countries. The aristocratic conditions of former days
+    are the plebeian conditions of to-day. So far as England is
+    concerned, such documents as Chadwick's _Report on the Sanitary
+    Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain_ (1842)
+    sufficiently illustrate the ideas and the practices as regards
+    personal cleanliness which prevailed among the masses during the
+    nineteenth century and which to a large extent still prevail.
+
+A considerable amount of opprobrium has been cast upon the Catholic Church
+for its direct and indirect influence in promoting bodily uncleanliness.
+Nietzsche sarcastically refers to the facts, and Mr. Frederick Harrison
+asserts that "the tone of the middle ages in the matter of dirt was a form
+of mental disease." It would be easy to quote many other authors to the
+same effect.
+
+It is necessary to point out, however, that the writers who have committed
+themselves to such utterances have not only done an injustice to
+Christianity, but have shown a lack of historical insight. Christianity
+was essentially and fundamentally a rebellion against the classic world,
+against its vices, and against their concomitant virtues, against both its
+practices and its ideals. It sprang up in a different part of the
+Mediterranean basin, from a different level of culture; it found its
+supporters in a new and lower social stratum. The cult of charity,
+simplicity, and faith, while not primarily ascetic, became inevitably
+allied with asceticism, because from its point of view: sexuality was the
+very stronghold of the classic world. In the second century the genius of
+Clement of Alexandria and of the great Christian thinkers who followed him
+seized on all those elements in classic life and philosophy which could be
+amalgamated with Christianity without, as they trusted, destroying its
+essence, but in the matter of sexuality there could be no compromise, and
+the condemnation of sexuality involved the condemnation of the bath. It
+required very little insight and sagacity for the Christians to
+see--though we are now apt to slur over the fact--that the cult of the
+bath was in very truth the cult of the flesh.[22] However profound their
+ignorance of anatomy, physiology, and psychology might be, they had
+before them ample evidence to show that the skin is an outlying sexual
+zone and that every application which promoted the purity, brilliance, and
+healthfulness of the skin constituted a direct appeal, feeble or strong as
+the case might be, to those passions against which they were warring. The
+moral was evident: better let the temporary garment of your flesh be
+soaked with dirt than risk staining the radiant purity of your immortal
+soul. If Christianity had not drawn that moral with clear insight and
+relentless logic Christianity would never have been a great force in the
+world.
+
+    If any doubt is felt as to the really essential character of the
+    connection between cleanliness and the sexual impulse it may be
+    dispelled by the consideration that the association is by no
+    means confined to Christian Europe. If we go outside Europe and
+    even Christendom altogether, to the other side of the world, we
+    find it still well marked. The wantonness of the luxurious people
+    of Tahiti when first discovered by European voyagers is
+    notorious. The Areoi of Tahiti, a society largely constituted on
+    a basis of debauchery, is a unique institution so far as
+    primitive peoples are concerned. Cook, after giving one of the
+    earliest descriptions of this society and its objects at Tahiti
+    (Hawkesworth, _An Account of Voyages_, etc., 1775, vol. ii, p.
+    55), immediately goes on to describe the extreme and scrupulous
+    cleanliness of the people of Tahiti in every respect; they not
+    only bathed their bodies and clothes every day, but in all
+    respects they carried cleanliness to a higher point than even
+    "the politest assembly in Europe." Another traveler bears similar
+    testimony: "The inhabitants of the Society Isles are, among all
+    the nations of the South Seas, the most cleanly; and the better
+    sort of them carry cleanliness to a very great length"; they
+    bathe morning and evening in the sea, he remarks, and afterward
+    in fresh water to remove the particles of salt, wash their hands
+    before and after meals, etc. (J.R. Forster, "_Observations made
+    during a Voyage round the World_," 1798, p. 398.) And William
+    Ellis, in his detailed description of the people of Tahiti
+    (_Polynesian Researches_, 1832, vol. i, especially Chapters VI
+    and IX), while emphasizing their extreme cleanliness, every
+    person of every class bathing at least once or twice a day,
+    dwells on what he considers their unspeakable moral debasement;
+    "notwithstanding the apparent mildness of their disposition and
+    the cheerful vivacity of their conversation, no portion of the
+    human race was ever perhaps sunk lower in brutal licentiousness
+    and moral degradation."
+
+    After leaving Tahiti Cook went on to New Zealand. Here he found
+    that the people were more virtuous than at Tahiti, and also, he
+    found, less clean.
+
+It is, however, a mistake to suppose that physical uncleanliness ruled
+supreme through mediæval and later times. It is true that the eighteenth
+century, which saw the birth of so much that marks our modern world,
+witnessed a revival of the old ideal of bodily purity. But the struggle
+between two opposing ideals had been carried on for a thousand years or
+more before this. The Church, indeed, was in this matter founded on an
+impregnable rock. But there never has been a time when influences outside
+the Church have not found a shelter somewhere. Those traditions of the
+classic world which Christianity threw aside as useless or worse quietly
+reappeared. In no respect was this more notably the case than in regard to
+the love of pure water and the cult of the bath. Islam adopted the
+complete Roman bath, and made it an institution of daily life, a necessity
+for all classes. Granada is the spot in Europe where to-day we find the
+most exquisite remains of Mohammedan culture, and, though the fury of
+Christian conquest dragged the harrow over the soil of Granada, even yet
+streams and fountains spring up there and gush abundantly and one seldom
+loses the sound of the plash of water. The flower of Christian chivalry
+and Christian intelligence went to Palestine to wrest the Holy Sepulchre
+from the hands of pagan Mohammedans. They found there many excellent
+things which they had not gone out to seek, and the Crusaders produced a
+kind of premature and abortive Renaissance, the shadow of lost classic
+things reflected on Christian Europe from the mirror of Islam.
+
+    Yet it is worth while to point out, as bearing on the
+    associations of the bath here emphasized, that even in Islam we
+    may trace the existence of a religious attitude unfavorable to
+    the bath. Before the time of Mohammed there were no public baths
+    in Arabia, and it was and is believed that baths are specially
+    haunted by the djinn--the evil spirits. Mohammed himself was at
+    first so prejudiced against public baths that he forbade both men
+    and women to enter them. Afterward, however, he permitted men to
+    use them provided they wore a cloth round the loins, and women
+    also when they could not conveniently bathe at home. Among the
+    Prophet's sayings is found the assertion: "Whatever woman enters
+    a bath the devil is with her," and "All the earth is given to me
+    as a place of prayer, and as pure, except the burial ground and
+    the bath." (See, e.g., E.W. Lane, _Arabian Society in the Middle
+    Ages_, 1883, pp. 179-183.) Although, therefore, the bath, or
+    _hammam_, on grounds of ritual ablution, hygiene, and enjoyment
+    speedily became universally popular in Islam among all classes
+    and both sexes, Mohammed himself may be said to have opposed it.
+
+Among the discoveries which the Crusaders made and brought home with them
+one of the most notable was that of the bath, which in its more elaborate
+forms seems to have been absolutely forgotten in Europe, though Roman
+baths might everywhere have been found underground. All authorities seem
+to be agreed in finding here the origin of the revival of the public bath.
+It is to Rome first, and later to Islam, the lineal inheritor of classic
+culture, that we owe the cult of water and of physical purity. Even to-day
+the Turkish bath, which is the most popular of elaborate methods of
+bathing, recalls by its characteristics and its name the fact that it is a
+Mohammedan survival of Roman life.
+
+From the twelfth century onward baths have repeatedly been introduced from
+the East, and reintroduced afresh in slightly modified forms, and have
+flourished with varying degrees of success. In the thirteenth century they
+were very common, especially in Paris, and though they were often used,
+more especially in Germany, by both sexes in common, every effort was made
+to keep them orderly and respectable. These efforts were, however, always
+unsuccessful in the end. A bath always tended in the end to become a
+brothel, and hence either became unfashionable or was suppressed by the
+authorities. It is sufficient to refer to the reputation in England of
+"hot-houses" and "bagnios." It was not until toward the end of the
+eighteenth century that it began to be recognized that the claims of
+physical cleanliness were sufficiently imperative to make it necessary
+that the fairly avoidable risks to morality in bathing should be avoided
+and the unavoidable risks bravely incurred. At the present day, now that
+we are accustomed to weave ingeniously together in the texture of our
+lives the conflicting traditions of classic and Christian days, we have
+almost persuaded ourselves that the pagan virtue of cleanliness comes next
+after godliness, and we bathe, forgetful of the great moral struggle which
+once went on around the bath. But we refrain from building ourselves
+palaces to bathe in, and for the most part we bathe with exceeding
+moderation.[23] It is probable that we may best harmonize our conflicting
+traditions by rejecting not only the Christian glorification of dirt, but
+also, save for definitely therapeutic purposes, the excessive heat,
+friction, and stimulation involved by the classic forms of bathing. Our
+reasonable ideal should render it easy and natural for every man, woman,
+and child to have a simple bath, tepid in winter, cold in summer, all the
+year round.
+
+    For the history of the bath in mediæval times and later Europe,
+    see A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, in the _Vie Privée
+    d'Autrefois_ series; Rudeck, _Geschichte der öffentlichen
+    Sittlichkeit in Deutschland_; T. Wright, _The Homes of Other
+    Days_; E. Dühren, _Das Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. 1.
+
+    Outside the Church, there was a greater amount of cleanliness
+    than we are sometimes apt to suppose. It may, indeed, be said
+    that the uncleanliness of holy men and women would have attracted
+    no attention if it had corresponded to the condition generally
+    prevailing. Before public baths were established bathing in
+    private was certainly practiced; thus Ordericus Vitalis, in
+    narrating the murder of Mabel, the Countess de Montgomery, in
+    Normandy in 1082, casually mentions that she was lying on the bed
+    after her bath (_Ecclesiastical History_, Book V, Chapter XIII).
+    In warm weather, it would appear, mediæval ladies bathed in
+    streams, as we may still see countrywomen do in Russia, Bohemia,
+    and occasionally nearer home. The statement of the historian
+    Michelet, therefore, that Percival, Iseult, and the other
+    ethereal personages of mediæval times "certainly never washed"
+    (_La Sorcière_, p. 110) requires some qualification.
+
+    In 1292 there were twenty-six bathing establishments in Paris,
+    and an attendant would go through the streets in the morning
+    announcing that they were ready. One could have a vapor bath only
+    or a hot bath to succeed it, as in the East. No woman of bad
+    reputation, leper, or vagabond was at this time allowed to
+    frequent the baths, which were closed on Sundays and feast-days.
+    By the fourteenth century, however, the baths began to have a
+    reputation for immorality, as well as luxury, and, according to
+    Dufour, the baths of Paris "rivaled those of imperial Rome: love,
+    prostitution, and debauchery attracted the majority to the
+    bathing establishments, where everything was covered by a decent
+    veil." He adds that, notwithstanding the scandal thus caused and
+    the invectives of preachers, all went to the baths, young and
+    old, rich and poor, and he makes the statement, which seems to
+    echo the constant assertion of the early Fathers, that "a woman
+    who frequented the baths returned home physically pure only at
+    the expense of her moral purity."
+
+    In Germany there was even greater freedom of manners in bathing,
+    though, it would seem, less real licentiousness. Even the
+    smallest towns had their baths, which were frequented by all
+    classes. As soon as the horn blew to announce that the baths were
+    ready all hastened along the street, the poorer folk almost
+    completely undressing themselves before leaving their homes.
+    Bathing was nearly always in common without any garment being
+    worn, women attendants commonly rubbed and massaged both sexes,
+    and the dressing room was frequently used by men and women in
+    common; this led to obvious evils. The Germans, as Weinhold
+    points out (_Die Deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter_, 1882, bd. ii,
+    pp. 112 et seq.), have been fond of bathing in the open air in
+    streams from the days of Tacitus and Cæsar until comparatively
+    modern times, when the police have interfered. It was the same in
+    Switzerland. Poggio, early in the sixteenth century, found it the
+    custom for men and women to bathe together at Baden, and said
+    that he seemed to be assisting at the _floralia_ of ancient Rome,
+    or in Plato's Republic. Sénancour, who quotes the passage (_De
+    l'Amour_, 1834, vol. i, p. 313), remarks that at the beginning of
+    the nineteenth century there was still great liberty at the Baden
+    baths.
+
+    Of the thirteenth century in England Thomas Wright (_Homes of
+    Other Days_, 1871, p. 271) remarks: "The practice of warm bathing
+    prevailed very generally in all classes of society, and is
+    frequently alluded to in the mediæval romances and stories. For
+    this purpose a large bathing-tub was used. People sometimes
+    bathed immediately after rising in the morning, and we find the
+    bath used after dinner and before going to bed. A bath was also
+    often prepared for a visitor on his arrival from a journey; and,
+    what seems still more singular, in the numerous stories of
+    amorous intrigues the two lovers usually began their interviews
+    by bathing together."
+
+    In England the association between bathing and immorality was
+    established with special rapidity and thoroughness. Baths were
+    here officially recognized as brothels, and this as early as the
+    twelfth century, under Henry II. These organized bath-brothels
+    were confined to Southwark, outside the walls of the city, a
+    quarter which was also given up to various sports and amusements.
+    At a later period, "hot-houses," bagnios, and hummums (the
+    eastern _hammam_) were spread all over London and remained
+    closely identified with prostitution, these names, indeed,
+    constantly tending to become synonymous with brothels. (T.
+    Wright, _Homes of Other Days_, 1871, pp. 494-496, gives an
+    account of them.)
+
+    In France the baths, being anathematized by both Catholics and
+    Huguenots, began to lose vogue and disappear. "Morality gained,"
+    remarks Franklin, "but cleanliness lost." Even the charming and
+    elegant Margaret of Navarre found it quite natural for a lady to
+    mention incidentally to her lover that she had not washed her
+    hands for a week. Then began an extreme tendency to use
+    cosmetics, essences, perfumes, and a fierce war with vermin, up
+    to the seventeenth century, when some progress was made, and
+    persons who desired to be very elegant and refined were
+    recommended to wash their faces "nearly every day." Even in 1782,
+    however, while a linen cloth was advised for the purpose of
+    cleaning the face and hands, the use of water was still somewhat
+    discountenanced. The use of hot and cold baths was now, however,
+    beginning to be established in Paris and elsewhere, and the
+    bathing establishments at the great European health resorts were
+    also beginning to be put on the orderly footing which is now
+    customary. When Casanova, in the middle of the eighteenth
+    century, went to the public baths at Berne he was evidently
+    somewhat surprised when he found that he was invited to choose
+    his own attendant from a number of young women, and when he
+    realized that these attendants were, in all respects, at the
+    disposition of the bathers. It is evident that establishments of
+    this kind were then already dying out, although it may be added
+    that the customs described by Casanova appear to have persisted
+    in Budapest and St. Petersburg almost or quite up to the present.
+    The great European public baths have long been above suspicion in
+    this respect (though homosexual practices are not quite
+    excluded), while it is well recognized that many kinds of hot
+    baths now in use produce a powerfully stimulating action upon the
+    sexual system, and patients taking such baths for medical
+    purposes are frequently warned against giving way to these
+    influences.
+
+    The struggle which in former ages went on around bathing
+    establishments has now been in part transferred to massage
+    establishments. Massage is an equally powerful stimulant to the
+    skin and the sexual sphere,--acting mainly by friction instead of
+    mainly by heat,--and it has not yet attained that position of
+    general recognition and popularity which, in the case of bathing
+    establishments, renders it bad policy to court disrepute.
+
+    Like bathing, massage is a hygienic and therapeutic method of
+    influencing the skin and subjacent tissues which, together with
+    its advantages, has certain concomitant disadvantages in its
+    liability to affect the sexual sphere. This influence is apt to
+    be experienced by individuals of both sexes, though it is perhaps
+    specially marked in women. Jouin (quoted in Paris _Journal de
+    Médecine_, April 23, 1893) found that of 20 women treated by
+    massage, of whom he made inquiries, 14 declared that they
+    experienced voluptuous sensations; 8 of these belonged to
+    respectable families; the other 6 were women of the _demimonde_
+    and gave precise details; Jouin refers in this connection to the
+    _aliptes_ of Rome. It is unnecessary to add that the
+    gynæcological massage introduced in recent years by the Swedish
+    teacher of gymnastics, Thure-Brandt, as involving prolonged
+    rubbing and kneading of the pelvic regions, "_pression glissante
+    du vagin_" etc. (_Massage Gynécologique_, by G. de Frumerie,
+    1897), whatever its therapeutic value, cannot fail in a large
+    proportion of cases to stimulate the sexual emotions. (Eulenburg
+    remarks that for sexual anæsthesia in women the Thure-Brandt
+    system of massage may "naturally" be recommended, _Sexuale
+    Neuropathie_, p. 78.) I have been informed that in London and
+    elsewhere massage establishments are sometimes visited by women
+    who seek sexual gratification by massage of the genital regions
+    by the _masseuse_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[21] "_Dicens munditiam corporis atque vestitus animæ esse
+immunditiam_"--St. Jerome, _Ad Eustochium Virginem_.
+
+[22] With regard to the physiological mechanism by which bathing produces
+its tonic and stimulating effects Woods Hutchinson has an interesting
+discussion (Chapter VII) in his _Studies in Human and Comparative
+Pathology_.
+
+[23] Thus among the young women admitted to the Chicago Normal School to
+be trained as teachers, Miss Lura Sanborn, the director of physical
+training, states (_Doctor's Magazine_, December, 1900) that a bath once a
+fortnight is found to be not unusual.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Summary--Fundamental Importance of Touch--The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.
+
+
+The sense of touch is so universally diffused over the whole skin, and in
+so many various degrees and modifications, and it is, moreover, so truly
+the Alpha and the Omega of affection, that a broken and fragmentary
+treatment of the subject has been inevitable.
+
+The skin is the archæological field of human and prehuman experience, the
+foundation on which all forms of sensory perception have grown up, and as
+sexual sensibility is among the most ancient of all forms of sensibility,
+the sexual instinct is necessarily, in the main, a comparatively slightly
+modified form of general touch sensibility. This primitive character of
+the great region of tactile sensation, its vagueness and diffusion, the
+comparatively unintellectual as well as unæsthetic nature of the mental
+conceptions which arise on the tactile basis make it difficult to deal
+precisely with the psychology of touch. The very same qualities, however,
+serve greatly to heighten the emotional intensity of skin sensations. So
+that, of all the great sensory fields, the field of touch is at once the
+least intellectual and the most massively emotional. These qualities, as
+well as its intimate and primitive association with the apparatus of
+tumescence and detumescence, make touch the readiest and most powerful
+channel by which the sexual sphere may be reached.
+
+In disentangling the phenomena of tactile sensibility ticklishness has
+been selected for special consideration as a kind of sensation, founded on
+reflexes developing even before birth, which is very closely related to
+sexual phenomena. It is, as it were, a play of tumescence, on which
+laughter supervenes as a play of detumescence. It leads on to the more
+serious phenomena of tumescence, and it tends to die out after
+adolescence, at the period during which sexual relationships normally
+begin. Such a view of ticklishness, as a kind of modesty of the skin,
+existing merely to be destroyed, need only be regarded as one of its
+aspects. Ticklishness certainly arose from a non-sexual starting-point,
+and may well have protective uses in the young animal.
+
+The readiness with which tactile sensibility takes on a sexual character
+and forms reflex channels of communication with the sexual sphere proper
+is illustrated by the existence of certain secondary sexual foci only
+inferior in sexual excitability to the genital region. We have seen that
+the chief of these normal foci are situated in the orificial regions where
+skin and mucous membrane meet, and that the contact of any two orificial
+regions between two persons of different sex brought together under
+favorable conditions is apt, when prolonged, to produce a very intense
+degree of sexual erethism. This is a normal phenomenon in so far as it is
+a part of tumescence, and not a method of obtaining detumescence. The kiss
+is a typical example of these contacts, while the nipple is of special
+interest in this connection, because we are thereby enabled to bring the
+psychology of lactation into intimate relationship with the psychology of
+sexual love.
+
+The extreme sensitiveness of the skin, the readiness with which its
+stimulation reverberates into the sexual sphere, clearly brought out by
+the present study, enable us to understand better a very ancient
+contest--the moral struggle around the bath. There has always been a
+tendency for the extreme cultivation of physical purity to lead on to the
+excessive stimulation of the sexual sphere; so that the Christian ascetics
+were entirely justified, on their premises, in fighting against the bath
+and in directly or indirectly fostering a cult of physical uncleanliness.
+While, however, in the past there has clearly been a general tendency for
+the cult of physical purity to be associated with moral licentiousness,
+and there are sufficient grounds for such an association, it is important
+to remember that it is not an inevitable and fatal association; a
+scrupulously clean person is by no means necessarily impelled to
+licentiousness; a physically unclean person is by no means necessarily
+morally pure. When we have eliminated certain forms of the bath which must
+be regarded as luxuries rather than hygienic necessities, though they
+occasionally possess therapeutic virtues, we have eliminated the most
+violent appeals of the bath to the sexual impulse. So imperative are the
+demands of physical purity now becoming, in general opinion, that such
+small risks to moral purity as may still remain are constantly and wisely
+disregarded, and the immoral traditions of the bath now, for the most
+part, belong to the past.
+
+
+
+
+SMELL.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitiveness of Smell--The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory
+Centres--Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals--Its Diminished
+Importance in Man--The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.
+
+
+The first more highly organized sense to arise on the diffused tactile
+sensitivity of the skin is, in most cases, without doubt that of smell. At
+first, indeed, olfactory sensibility is not clearly differentiated from
+general tactile sensibility; the pit of thickened and ciliated epithelium
+or the highly mobile antennæ which in many lower animals are sensitive to
+odorous stimuli are also extremely sensitive to tactile stimuli; this is,
+for instance, the case with the snail, in whom at the same time olfactive
+sensibility seems to be spread over the whole body.[24] The sense of smell
+is gradually specialized, and when taste also begins to develop a kind of
+chemical sense is constituted. The organ of smell, however, speedily
+begins to rise in importance as we ascend the zoölogical scale. In the
+lower vertebrates, when they began to adopt a life on dry land, the sense
+of smell seems to have been that part of their sensory equipment which
+proved most useful under the new conditions, and it developed with
+astonishing rapidity. Edinger finds that in the brain of reptiles the
+"area olfactoria" is of enormous extent, covering, indeed, the greater
+part of the cortex, though it may be quite true, as Herrick remarks, that,
+while smell is preponderant, it is perhaps not correct to attribute an
+exclusively olfactory tone to the cerebral activities of the _Sauropsida_
+or even the _Ichthyopsida_. Among most mammals, however, in any case,
+smell is certainly the most highly developed of the senses; it gives the
+first information of remote objects that concern them; it gives the most
+precise information concerning the near objects that concern them; it is
+the sense in terms of which most of their mental operations must be
+conducted and their emotional impulses reach consciousness. Among the apes
+it has greatly lost importance and in man it has become almost
+rudimentary, giving place to the supremacy of vision.
+
+    Prof. G. Elliot Smith, a leading authority on the brain, has well
+    summarized the facts concerning the predominance of the olfactory
+    region in the mammal brain, and his conclusions may be quoted. It
+    should be premised that Elliot Smith divides the brain into
+    rhinencephalon and neopallium. Rhinencephalon designates the
+    regions which are pre-eminently olfactory in function: the
+    olfactory bulb, its peduncle, the tuberculum olfactorium and
+    locus perforatus, the pyriform lobe, the paraterminal body, and
+    the whole hippocampal formation. The neopallium is the dorsal cap
+    of the brain, with frontal, parietal, and occipital areas,
+    comprehending all that part of the brain which is the seat of the
+    higher associative activities, reaching its fullest development
+    in man.
+
+    "In the early mammals the olfactory areas form by far the greater
+    part of the cerebral hemisphere, which is not surprising when it
+    is recalled that the forebrain is, in the primitive brain,
+    essentially an appendage, so to speak, of the smell apparatus.
+    When the cerebral hemisphere comes to occupy such a dominant
+    position in the brain it is perhaps not unnatural to find that
+    the sense of smell is the most influential and the chief source
+    of information to the animal; or, perhaps, it would be more
+    accurate to say that the olfactory sense, which conveys general
+    information to the animal such as no other sense can bring
+    concerning its prey (whether near or far, hidden or exposed), is
+    much the most serviceable of all the avenues of information to
+    the lowly mammal leading a terrestrial life, and therefore
+    becomes predominant; and its particular domain--the
+    forebrain--becomes the ruling portion of the nervous system.
+
+    "This early predominance of the sense of smell persists in most
+    mammals (unless an aquatic mode of life interferes and deposes
+    it: compare the _Cetacea, Sirenia_, and _Pinnipedia_, for
+    example) even though a large neopallium develops to receive
+    visual, auditory, tactile, and other impressions pouring into the
+    forebrain. In the _Anthropoidea_ alone of nonaquatic mammals the
+    olfactory regions undergo an absolute (and not only relative, as
+    in the _Carnivora_ and _Ungulata_) dwindling, which is equally
+    shared by the human brain, in common with those of the other
+    _Simiidæ_, the _Cercopithecidæ_, and the _Cebidæ_. But all the
+    parts of the rhinencephalon, which are so distinct in macrosmatic
+    mammals, can also be recognized in the human brain. The small
+    ellipsoidal olfactory bulb is moored, so to speak, on the
+    cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone by the olfactory nerves; so
+    that, as the place of attachment of the olfactory peduncle to the
+    expanding cerebral hemisphere becomes removed (as a result of the
+    forward extension of the hemisphere) progressively farther and
+    farther backward, the peduncle becomes greatly stretched and
+    elongated. And, as this stretching involves the gray matter
+    without lessening the number of nerve-fibres in the olfactory
+    tract, the peduncle becomes practically what it is usually
+    called--i.e., the olfactory 'tract.' The tuberculum olfactorium
+    becomes greatly reduced and at the same time flattened; so that
+    it is not easy to draw a line of demarcation between it and the
+    anterior perforated space. The anterior rhinal fissure, which is
+    present in the early human foetus, vanishes (almost, if not
+    altogether) in the adult. Part of the posterior rhinal fissure is
+    always present in the 'incisura temporalis,' and sometimes,
+    especially in some of the non-European races, the whole of the
+    posterior rhinal fissure is retained in that typical form which
+    we find in the anthropoid apes." (G. Elliot Smith, in
+    _Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological
+    Series of Comparative Anatomy Contained in the Museum of the
+    Royal College of Surgeons of England_, second edition, vol. ii.)
+    A full statement of Elliot Smith's investigations, with diagrams,
+    is given by Bullen, _Journal of Mental Science_, July, 1899. It
+    may be added that the whole subject of the olfactory centres has
+    been thoroughly studied by Elliot Smith, as well as by Edinger,
+    Mayer, and C.L. Herrick. In the _Journal of Comparative
+    Neurology_, edited by the last named, numerous discussions and
+    summaries bearing on the subject will be found from 1896 onward.
+    Regarding the primitive sense-organs of smell in the various
+    invertebrate groups some information will be found in A.B.
+    Griffiths's _Physiology of the Invertebrata_, Chapter XI.
+
+The predominance of the olfactory area in the nervous system of the
+vertebrates generally has inevitably involved intimate psychic
+associations between olfactory stimuli and the sexual impulse. For most
+mammals not only are all sexual associations mainly olfactory, but the
+impressions received by this sense suffice to dominate all others. An
+animal not only receives adequate sexual excitement from olfactory
+stimuli, but those stimuli often suffice to counterbalance all the
+evidence of the other senses.
+
+    We may observe this very well in the case of the dog. Thus, a
+    young dog, well known to me, who had never had connection with a
+    bitch, but was always in the society of its father, once met the
+    latter directly after the elder dog had been with a bitch. He
+    immediately endeavored to behave toward the elder dog, in spite
+    of angry repulses, exactly as a dog behaves toward a bitch in
+    heat. The messages received by the sense of smell were
+    sufficiently urgent not only to set the sexual mechanism in
+    action, but to overcome the experiences of a lifetime. There is
+    an interesting chapter on the sense of smell in the mental life
+    of the dog in Giessler's _Psychologie des Geruches_, 1894,
+    Chapter XI, Passy (in the appendix to his memoir on olfaction,
+    _L'Année Psychologique_, 1895) gives the result of some
+    interesting experiments as to the effects of perfume on dogs;
+    civet and castoreum were found to have the most powerfully
+    exciting effect.
+
+    The influences of smell are equally omnipotent in the sexual life
+    of many insects. Thus, Féré has found that in cockchafers sexual
+    coupling failed to take place when the antennæ, which are the
+    organs of smell, were removed; he also found that males, after
+    they had coupled with females, proved sexually attractive to
+    other males (_Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie_, May 21,
+    1898). Féré similarly found that, in a species of _Bombyx_, males
+    after contact with females sometimes proved attractive to other
+    males, although no abnormal relationships followed. (_Soc. de
+    Biol_, July 30, 1898.)
+
+With the advent of the higher apes, and especially of man, all this has
+been changed. The sense of smell, indeed, still persists universally and
+it is still also exceedingly delicate, though often neglected.[25] It is,
+moreover, a useful auxiliary in the exploration of the external world,
+for, in contrast to the very few sensations furnished to us by touch and
+by taste, we are acquainted with a vast number of smells, though the
+information they give us is frequently vague. An experienced perfumer,
+says Piesse, will have two hundred odors in his laboratory and can
+distinguish them all. To a sensitive nose nearly everything smells. Passy
+goes so far as to state that he has "never met with any object that is
+really inodorous when one pays attention to it, not even excepting glass,"
+and, though we can scarcely accept this statement absolutely,--especially
+in view of the careful experiments of Ayrton, which show that, contrary
+to a common belief, metals when perfectly clean and free from traces of
+contact with the skin or with salt solutions have no smell,--odor is still
+extremely widely diffused. This is especially the case in hot countries,
+and the experiments of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition on the
+sense of smell of the Papuans were considerably impeded by the fact that
+at Torres Straits everything, even water, seemed to have a smell. Savages
+are often accused more or less justly of indifference to bad odors. They
+are very often, however, keenly alive to the significance of smells and
+their varieties, though it does not appear that the sense of smell is
+notably more developed in savage than in civilized peoples. Odors also
+continue to play a part in the emotional life of man, more especially in
+hot countries. Nevertheless both in practical life and in emotional life,
+in science and in art, smell is, at the best, under normal conditions,
+merely an auxiliary. If the sense of smell were abolished altogether the
+life of mankind would continue as before, with little or no sensible
+modification, though the pleasures of life, and especially of eating and
+drinking, would be to some extent diminished.
+
+    In New Ireland, Duffield remarks (_Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute_, 1886, p. 118), the natives have a very keen sense of
+    smell; unusual odors are repulsive to them, and "carbolic acid
+    drove them wild."
+
+    The New Caledonians, according to Foley (_Bulletin de la Société
+    d'Anthropologie_, November 6, 1879), only like the smells of meat
+    and fish which are becoming "high," like _popoya_, which smells
+    of fowl manure, and _kava_, of rotten eggs. Fruits and vegetables
+    which are beginning to go bad seem the best to them, while the
+    fresh and natural odors which we prefer seem merely to say to
+    them: "We are not yet eatable." (A taste for putrefying food,
+    common among savages, by no means necessarily involves a distaste
+    for agreeable scents, and even among Europeans there is a
+    widespread taste for offensively smelling and putrid foods,
+    especially cheese and game.)
+
+    The natives of Torres Straits were carefully examined by Dr. C.S.
+    Myers with regard to their olfactory acuteness and olfactory
+    preferences. It was found that acuteness was, if anything,
+    slightly greater than among Europeans. This appeared to be
+    largely due to the careful attention they pay to odors. The
+    resemblances which they detected among different odorous
+    substances were frequently found to rest on real chemical
+    affinities. The odors they were observed to dislike most
+    frequently were asafoetida, valerianic acid, and civet, the last
+    being regarded as most repulsive of all on account of its
+    resemblance to fæcal odor, which these people regard with intense
+    disgust. Their favorite odors were musk, thyme, and especially
+    violet. (_Report of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to
+    Torres Straits_, vol. ii, Part II, 1903.)
+
+    In Australia Lumholtz (_Among Cannibals_, p. 115) found that the
+    blacks had a keener sense of smell than he possessed.
+
+    In New Zealand the Maoris, as W. Colenso shows, possessed,
+    formerly at all events, a very keen sense of smell or else were
+    very attentive to smell, and their taste as regarded agreeable
+    and disagreeable odors corresponded very closely to European
+    taste, although it must be added that some of their common
+    articles of food possessed a very offensive odor. They are not
+    only sensitive to European perfumes, but possessed various
+    perfumes of their own, derived from plants and possessing a
+    pleasant, powerful, and lasting odor; the choicest and rarest was
+    the gum of the _taramea_ (_Aciphylla Colensoi_), which was
+    gathered by virgins after the use of prayers and charms. Sir
+    Joseph Banks noted that Maori chiefs wore little bundles of
+    perfumes around their necks, and Cook made the same observation
+    concerning the young women. References to the four chief Maori
+    perfumes are contained in a stanza which is still often hummed to
+    express satisfaction, and sung by a mother to her  child:--
+
+        "My little neck-satchel of sweet-scented moss,
+        My little neck-satchel of fragrant fern,
+        My little neck-satchel of odoriferous gum,
+        My sweet-smelling neck-locket of sharp-pointed _taramea_."
+
+    In the summer season the sleeping houses of Maori chiefs were
+    often strewed with a large, sweet-scented, flowering grass of
+    powerful odor. (W. Colenso, _Transactions of the New Zealand
+    Institute_, vol. xxiv, reprinted in _Nature_, November 10, 1892.)
+
+    Javanese women rub themselves with a mixture of chalk and strong
+    essence which, when rubbed off, leaves a distinct perfume on the
+    body. (Stratz, _Die Frauenkleidung_, p. 84.)
+
+    The Samoans, Friedländer states (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_,
+    1899, p. 52), are very fond of fragrant and aromatic odors. He
+    gives a list of some twenty odorous plants which they use, more
+    especially as garlands for the head and neck, including
+    ylang-ylang and gardenia; he remarks that of one of these plants
+    (cordyline) he could not himself detect the odor.
+
+    The Nicobarese, Man remarks (_Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute_, 1889, p. 377), like the natives of New Zealand,
+    particularly dislike the smell of carbolic acid. Both young men
+    and women are very partial to scents; the former say they find
+    their use a certain passport to the favor of their wives, and
+    they bring home from the jungle the scented leaves of a certain
+    creeper to their sweethearts and wives.
+
+    Swahili women devote much attention to perfuming themselves. When
+    a woman wishes to make herself desirable she anoints herself all
+    over with fragrant ointments, sprinkles herself with rose-water,
+    puts perfume into her clothes, strews jasmine flowers on her bed
+    as well as binding them round her neck and waist, and smokes
+    _ûdi_, the perfumed wood of the aloe; "every man is glad when his
+    wife smells of _ûdi_" (Velten, _Sitten und Gebraüche der
+    Suaheli_, pp. 212-214).
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] Emile Yung, "Le Sens Olfactif de l'Escargot (Helix Pomata),"
+_Archives de Psychologie_, November, 1903.
+
+[25] The sensitiveness of smell in man generally exceeds that of chemical
+reaction or even of spectral analysis; see Passy, _L'Année Psychologique_,
+second year, 1895, p. 380.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Rise of the Study of Olfaction--Cloquet--Zwaardemaker--The Theory of
+Smell--The Classification of Odors--The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man--Smell as the Sense of Imagination--Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants--Vasomotor and Muscular Effects--Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.
+
+
+During the eighteenth century a great impetus was given to the
+physiological and psychological study of the senses by the philosophical
+doctrines of Locke and the English school generally which then prevailed
+in Europe. These thinkers had emphasized the immense importance of the
+information derived through the senses in building up the intellect, so
+that the study of all the sensory channels assumed a significance which it
+had never possessed before. The olfactory sense fully shared in the
+impetus thus given to sensory investigation. At the beginning of the
+nineteenth century a distinguished French physician, Hippolyte Cloquet, a
+disciple of Cabanis, devoted himself more especially to this subject.
+After publishing in 1815 a preliminary work, he issued in 1821 his
+_Osphrésiologie, ou Traité des odeurs, du sens et des organes de
+l'Olfaction_, a complete monograph on the anatomy, physiology, psychology,
+and pathology of the olfactory organ and its functions, and a work that
+may still be consulted with profit, if indeed it can even yet be said to
+be at every point superseded. After Cloquet's time the study of the sense
+of smell seems to have fallen into some degree of discredit. For more than
+half a century no important progress was made in this field. Serious
+investigators seemed to have become shy of the primitive senses generally,
+and the subject of smell was mainly left to those interested in "curious"
+subjects. Many interesting observations were, however, incidentally made;
+thus Laycock, who was a pioneer in so many by-paths of psychology and
+anthropology, showed a special interest in the olfactory sense, and
+frequently touched on it in his _Nervous Diseases of Women_ and
+elsewhere. The writer who more than any other has in recent years restored
+the study of the sense of smell from a by-path to its proper position as a
+highway for investigation is without doubt Professor Zwaardemaker, of
+Utrecht. The invention of his first olfactometer in 1888 and the
+appearance in 1895 of his great work _Die Physiologie des Geruchs_ have
+served to give the physiology of the sense of smell an assured status and
+to open the way anew for much fruitful investigation, while a number of
+inquirers in many countries have had their attention directed to the
+elucidation of this sense.
+
+Notwithstanding, however, the amount of work which has been done in this
+field during recent years, it cannot be said that the body of assured
+conclusions so far reached is large. The most fundamental principles of
+olfactory physiology and psychology are still somewhat vague and
+uncertain. Although sensations of smell are numerous and varied, in this
+respect approaching the sensations of vision and hearing, smell still
+remains close to touch in the vagueness of its messages (while the most
+sensitive of the senses, remarks Passy, it is the least precise), the
+difficulty of classifying them, the impossibility of so controlling them
+as to found upon them any art. It seems better, therefore, not to attempt
+to force the present study of a special aspect of olfaction into any
+general scheme which may possibly not be really valid.
+
+    The earliest and most general tendency in regard to the theory of
+    smell was to regard it as a kind of chemical sense directly
+    stimulated by minute particles of solid substance. A vibratory
+    theory of smell, however, making it somewhat analogous to
+    hearing, easily presents itself. When I first began the study of
+    physiology in 1881, a speculation of this kind presented itself
+    to my mind. Long before Philipp von Walther, a professor at
+    Landshut, had put forward a dynamic theory of olfaction
+    (_Physiologie des Menschen_, 1807-8, vol. ii, p. 278). "It is a
+    purely dynamic operation of the odorous substance in the
+    olfactory organ," he stated. Odor is conveyed by the air, he
+    believed, in the same way as heat. It must be added that his
+    reasons for this theory will not always bear examination. More
+    recently a similar theory has been seriously put forward in
+    various quarters. Sir William Ramsay tentatively suggested such a
+    theory (_Nature_, vol. xxv, p. 187) in analogy with light and
+    sound. Haycraft (_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_,
+    1883-87, and _Brain_, 1887-88), largely starting from
+    Mendelieff's law of periodicity, similarly sought to bring smell
+    into line with the higher senses, arguing that molecules with the
+    same vibration have the same smell. Rutherford (_Nature_, August
+    11, 1892, p. 343), attaching importance to the evidence brought
+    forward by von Brunn showing that the olfactory cells terminate
+    in very delicate short hairs, also stated his belief that the
+    different qualities of smell result from differences in the
+    frequency and form of the vibrations initiated by the action of
+    the chemical molecules on these olfactory cells, though he
+    admitted that such a conception involved a very subtle conception
+    of molecular vibration. Vaschide and Van Melle (Paris Academy of
+    Sciences, December 26, 1899) have, again, argued that smell is
+    produced by rays of short wave-lengths, analogous to light-rays,
+    Röntgen rays, etc. Chemical action is however, a very important
+    factor in the production of odors; this has been well shown by
+    Ayrton (_Nature_, September 8, 1898). We seem to be forced in the
+    direction of a chemico-vibratory theory, as pointed out by
+    Southerden (_Nature_, March 26, 1903), the olfactory cells being
+    directly stimulated, not by the ordinary vibrations of the
+    molecules, but by the agitations accompanying chemical changes.
+
+    The vibratory hypothesis of the action of odors has had some
+    influence on the recent physiologists who have chiefly occupied
+    themselves with olfaction. "It is probable," Zwaardemaker writes
+    (_L'Année Psychologique_, 1898), "that aroma is a
+    physico-chemical attribute of the molecules"; he points out that
+    there is an intimate analogy between color and odor, and remarks
+    that this analogy leads us to suppose in an aroma ether
+    vibrations of which the period is determined by the structure of
+    the molecule.
+
+    Since the physiology of olfaction is yet so obscure it is not
+    surprising that we have no thoroughly scientific classification
+    of smells, notwithstanding various ambitious attempts to reach a
+    classification. The classification adopted by Zwaardemaker is
+    founded on the ancient scheme of Linnæus, and may here be
+    reproduced:--
+
+    I. Ethereal odors (chiefly esters; Rimmel's fruity series).
+
+    II. Aromatic odors (terpenes, camphors, and the spicy,
+    herbaceous, rosaceous, and almond series; the chemical types are
+    well determined: cineol, eugenol, anethol, geraniol,
+    benzaldehyde).
+
+    III. The balsamic odors (chiefly aldehydes, Rimmel's jasmin,
+    violet, and balsamic series, with the chemical types: terpineol,
+    ionone, vanillin).
+
+    IV. The ambrosiacal odors (ambergris and musk).
+
+    V. The alliaceous odors, with the cacodylic group (asafoetida,
+    ichthyol, etc.).
+
+    VI. Empyreumatic odors.
+
+    VII. Valerianaceous odors (Linnæus's _Odores hircini_, the capryl
+    group, largely composed of sexual odors).
+
+    VIII. Narcotic odors (Linnæus's _Odores tetri_).
+
+    IX. Stenches.
+
+    A valuable and interesting memoir, "Revue Générale sur les
+    Sensations Olfactives," by J. Passy, the chief French authority
+    on this subject, will be found in the second volume of _L'Année
+    Psychologique_, 1895. In the fifth issue of the same year-book
+    (for 1898) Zwaardemaker presents a full summary of his work and
+    views, "Les Sensations Olfactives, leurs Combinaisons et leurs
+    Compensations." A convenient, but less authoritative, summary of
+    the facts of normal and pathological olfaction will be found in a
+    little volume of the "Actualités Médicales" series by Dr. Collet,
+    _L'Odorat et ses Troubles_, 1904. In a little book entitled
+    _Wegweiser zu einer Psychologie des Geruches_ (1894) Giessler has
+    sought to outline a psychology of smell, but his sketch can only
+    be regarded as tentative and provisional.
+
+At the outset, nevertheless, it seems desirable that we should at least
+have some conception of the special characteristics which mark the great
+and varied mass of sensations reaching the brain through the channel of
+the olfactory organ. The main special character of olfactory images seems
+to be conditioned by the fact that they are intermediate in character
+between those of touch or taste and those of sight or sound, that they
+have much of the vagueness of the first and something of the richness and
+variety of the second. Æsthetically, also, they occupy an intermediate
+position between the higher and the lower senses.[26] They are, at the
+same time, less practically useful than either the lower or the higher
+senses. They furnish us with a great mass of what we may call
+by-sensations, which are of little practical use, but inevitably become
+intimately mixed with the experiences of life by association and thus
+acquire an emotional significance which is often very considerable. Their
+emotional force, it may well be, is connected with the fact that their
+anatomical seat is the most ancient part of the brain. They lie in a
+remote almost disused storehouse of our minds and show the fascination or
+the repulsiveness of all vague and remote things. It is for this reason
+that they are--to an extent that is remarkable when we consider that they
+are much more precise than touch sensations--subject to the influence of
+emotional associations. The very same odor may be at one moment highly
+pleasant, at the next moment highly unpleasant, in accordance with the
+emotional attitude resulting from its associations. Visual images have no
+such extreme flexibility; they are too definite to be so easily
+influenced. Our feelings about the beauty of a flower cannot oscillate so
+easily or so far as may our feelings about the agreeableness of its odor.
+Our olfactory experiences thus institute a more or less continuous series
+of by-sensations accompanying us through life, of no great practical
+significance, but of considerable emotional significance from their
+variety, their intimacy, their associational facility, their remote
+ancestral reverberations through our brains.
+
+It is the existence of these characteristics--at once so vague and so
+specific, so useless and so intimate--which led various writers to
+describe the sense of smell as, above all others, the sense of
+imagination. No sense has so strong a power of suggestion, the power of
+calling up ancient memories with a wider and deeper emotional
+reverberation, while at the same time no sense furnishes impressions which
+so easily change emotional color and tone, in harmony with the recipient's
+general attitude. Odors are thus specially apt both to control the
+emotional life and to become its slaves. With the use of incense religions
+have utilized the imaginative and symbolical virtues of fragrance. All the
+legends of the saints have insisted on the odor of sanctity that exhales
+from the bodies of holy persons, especially at the moment of death. Under
+the conditions of civilization these primitive emotional associations of
+odor tend to be dispersed, but, on the other hand, the imaginative side of
+the olfactory sense becomes accentuated, and personal idiosyncrasies of
+all kinds tend to manifest themselves in the sphere of smell.
+
+    Rousseau (in _Emile_, Bk. II) regarded smell as the sense of the
+    imagination. So, also, at an earlier period, it was termed
+    (according to Cloquet) by Cardano. Cloquet frequently insisted on
+    the qualities of odors which cause them to appeal to the
+    imagination; on their irregular and inconstant character; on
+    their power of intoxicating the mind on some occasions; on the
+    curious individual and racial preferences in the matter of odors.
+    He remarked on the fact that the Persians employed asafoetida as
+    a seasoning, while valerian was accounted a perfume in antiquity.
+    (Cloquet, _Osphrésiologie_, pp. 28, 45, 71, 112.) It may be
+    added, as a curious example familiar to most people of the
+    dependence of the emotional tone of a smell on its associations,
+    that, while the exhalations of other people's bodies are
+    ordinarily disagreeable to us, such is not the case with our own;
+    this is expressed in the crude and vigorous dictum of the
+    Elizabethan poet, Marston, "Every man's dung smell sweet i' his
+    own nose." There are doubtless many implications, moral as well
+    as psychological, in that statement.
+
+    The modern authorities on olfaction, Passy and Zwaardemaker, both
+    alike insist on the same characteristics of the sense of smell:
+    its extreme acuity and yet its vagueness. "We live in a world of
+    odor," Zwaardemaker remarks (_L'Année Psychologique_, 1898, p.
+    203), "as we live in a world of light and of sound. But smell
+    yields us no distinct ideas grouped in regular order, still less
+    that are fixed in the memory as a grammatical discipline.
+    Olfactory sensations awake vague and half-understood perceptions,
+    which are accompanied by very strong emotion. The emotion
+    dominates us, but the sensation which was the cause of it remains
+    unperceived." Even in the same individual there are wide
+    variations in the sensitiveness to odors at different times, more
+    especially as regards faint odors; Passy (_L'Année
+    Psychologique_, 1895, p. 387) brings forward some observations on
+    this point.
+
+    Maudsley noted the peculiarly suggestive power of odors; "there
+    are certain smells," he remarked, "which never fail to bring back
+    to me instantly and visibly scenes of my boyhood"; many of us
+    could probably say the same. Another writer (E. Dillon, "A
+    Neglected Sense," _Nineteenth Century_, April, 1894) remarks that
+    "no sense has a stronger power of suggestion."
+
+    Ribot has made an interesting investigation as to the prevalence
+    and nature of the emotional memory of odors (_Psychology of the
+    Emotions_, Chapter XI). By "emotional memory" is meant the
+    spontaneous or voluntary revivability of the image, olfactory or
+    other. (For the general question, see an article by F. Pillon,
+    "La Mémoire Affective, son Importance Théorique et Pratique,"
+    _Revue Philosophique_, February, 1901; also Paulhan, "Sur la
+    Mémoire Affective," _Revue Philosophique_, December, 1902 and
+    January, 1903.) Ribot found that 40 per cent. of persons are
+    unable to revive any such images of taste or smell; 48 per cent,
+    could revive some; 12 per cent, declared themselves capable of
+    reviving all, or nearly all, at pleasure. In some persons there
+    is no necessary accompanying revival of visual or tactile
+    representations, but in the majority the revived odor ultimately
+    excites a corresponding visual image. The odors most frequently
+    recalled were pinks, musk, violets, heliotrope, carbolic acid,
+    the smell of the country, of grass, etc. Piéron (_Revue
+    Philosophique_, December, 1902) has described the special power
+    possessed by vague odors, in his own case, of evoking ancient
+    impressions.
+
+    Dr. J.N. Mackenzie (_American Journal of the Medical Sciences_,
+    January, 1886) considers that civilization exerts an influence in
+    heightening or encouraging the influence of olfaction as it
+    affects our emotions and judgment, and that, in the same way, as
+    we ascend the social scale the more readily our minds are
+    influenced and perhaps perverted by impressions received through
+    the sense of smell.
+
+Odors are powerful stimulants to the whole nervous system, causing, like
+other stimulants, an increase of energy which, if excessive or prolonged,
+leads to nervous exhaustion. Thus, it is well recognized in medicine that
+the aromatics containing volatile oils (such as anise, cinnamon,
+cardamoms, cloves, coriander, and peppermint) are antispasmodics and
+anæsthetics, and that they stimulate digestion, circulation, and the
+nervous system, in large doses producing depression. The carefully
+arranged plethysmographic experiments of Shields, at the Johns Hopkins
+University, have shown that olfactory sensations, by their action on the
+vasomotor system, cause an increase of blood in the brain and sometimes in
+addition stimulation of the heart; musk, wintergreen, wood violet, and
+especially heliotrope were found to act strongly in these ways.[27]
+
+Féré's experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph have greatly
+contributed to illustrate the stimulating effects of odors. Thus, he found
+that smelling musk suffices to double muscular effort. With a number of
+odorous substances he has found that muscular work is temporarily
+heightened; when taste stimulation was added the increase of energy,
+notably when using lemon was "colossal." A kind of "sensorial
+intoxication" could be produced by the inhalation of odors and the whole
+system stimulated to greater activity; the visual acuity was increased,
+and electric and general excitability heightened.[28] Such effects may be
+obtained in perfectly healthy persons, though both Shields and Féré have
+found that in highly nervous persons the effects are liable to be much
+greater. It is doubtless on this account that it is among civilized
+peoples that attention is chiefly directed to perfumes, and that under the
+conditions of modern life the interest in olfaction and its study has been
+revived.
+
+It is the genuinely stimulant qualities of odorous substances which led to
+the widespread use of the more potent among them by ancient physicians,
+and has led a few modern physicians to employ them still. Thus, vanilla,
+according to Eloy, deserves to be much more frequently used
+therapeutically than it is, on account of its excitomotor properties; he
+states that its qualities as an excitant of sexual desire have long been
+recognized and that Fonssagrives used to prescribe it for sexual
+frigidity.[29]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[26] The opinions of psychologists concerning the æsthetic significance of
+smell, not on the whole very favorable, are brought together and discussed
+by J.V. Volkelt, "Der Æsthetische Wert der niederen Sinne," _Zeitschrift
+für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane_, 1902, ht. 3.
+
+[27] T.E. Shields, "The Effect of Odors, etc., upon the Blood-flow,"
+_Journal of Experimental Medicine_, vol. i, November, 1896. In France, O.
+Henry and Tardif have made somewhat similar experiments on respiration and
+circulation. See the latter's _Les Odeurs et les Parfums_, Chapter III.
+
+[28] Féré, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter VI; ib., _Comptes Rendus de
+la Société de Biologie_, November 3, December 15 and 22, 1900.
+
+[29] Eloy, art. "Vanille," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
+Médicales_.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples--The Negro, etc.--The
+European--The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell--The Odor of
+Sanctity--The Odor of Death--The Odors of Different Parts of the Body--The
+Appearance of Specific Odors at Puberty--The Odors of Sexual
+Excitement--The Odors of Menstruation--Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual
+Character--The Custom of Salutation by Smell--The Kiss--Sexual Selection
+by Smell--The Alleged Association between Size of Nose and Sexual
+Vigor--The Probably Intimate Relationship between the Olfactory and
+Genital Spheres--Reflex Influences from the Nose--Reflex Influences from
+the Genital Sphere--Olfactory Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to
+Sexual States--The Olfactive Type--The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and
+Allied States--In Certain Poets and Novelists--Olfactory Fetichism--The
+Part Played by Olfaction in Normal Sexual Attraction--In the East,
+etc.--In Modern Europe--The Odor of the Armpit and its Variations--As a
+Sexual and General Stimulant--Body Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause
+Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree of Tumescence is Already Present--The
+Question whether Men or Women are more Liable to Feel Olfactory
+Influences--Women Usually more Attentive to Odors--The Special Interest in
+Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.
+
+
+In approaching the specifically sexual aspect of odor in the human species
+we may start from the fundamental fact--a fact we seek so far as possible
+to disguise in our ordinary social relations--that all men and women are
+odorous. This is marked among all races. The powerful odor of many, though
+not all, negroes is well known; it is by no means due to uncleanly habits,
+and Joest remarks that it is even increased by cleanliness, which opens
+the pores of the skin; according to Sir H. Johnston, it is most marked in
+the armpits and is stronger in men than in women. Pruner Bey describes it
+as "ammoniacal and rancid; it is like the odor of the he-goat." The odor
+varies not only individually, but according to the tribe; Castellani
+states that the negress of the Congo has merely a slight "_goût de
+noisette_" which is agreeable rather than otherwise. Monbuttu women,
+according to Parke, have a strong Gorgonzola perfume, and Emin told Parke
+that he could distinguish the members of different tribes by their
+characteristic odor. In the same way the Nicobarese, according to Man, can
+distinguish a member of each of the six tribes of the archipelago by
+smell. The odor of Australian blacks is less strong than that of negroes
+and has been described as of a phosphoric character. The South American
+Indians, d'Orbigny stated, have an odor stronger than that of Europeans,
+though not as strong as most negroes; it is marked, Latcham states, even
+among those who, like the Araucanos, bathe constantly. The Chinese have a
+musky odor. The odor of many peoples is described as being of garlic.[30]
+
+A South Sea Islander, we are told by Charles de Varigny, on coming to
+Sydney and seeing the ladies walking about the streets and apparently
+doing nothing, expressed much astonishment, adding, with a gesture of
+contempt, "and they have no smell!" It is by no means true, however, that
+Europeans are odorless. They are, indeed, considerably more odorous than
+are many other races,--for instance, the Japanese,--and there is doubtless
+some association between the greater hairiness of Europeans and their
+marked odor, since the sebaceous glands are part of the hair apparatus. A
+Japanese anthropologist, Adachi, has published an interesting study on the
+odor of Europeans,[31] which he describes as a strong and pungent
+smell,--sometimes sweet, sometimes bitter,--of varying strength in
+different individuals, absent in children and the aged, and having its
+chief focus in the armpits, which, however carefully they are washed,
+immediately become odorous again. Adachi has found that the sweat-glands
+are larger in Europeans than in the Japanese, among whom a strong personal
+odor is so uncommon that "armpit stink" is a disqualification for the
+army. It is certainly true that the white races smell less strongly than
+most of the dark races, odor seeming to be correlated to some extent with
+intensity of pigmentation, as well as with hairiness; but even the most
+scrupulously clean Europeans all smell. This fact may not always be
+obvious to human nostrils, apart from intimate contact, but it is well
+known to dogs, to whom their masters are recognizable by smell. When Hue
+traveled in Tibet in Chinese disguise he was not detected by the natives,
+but the dogs recognized him as a foreigner by his smell and barked at him.
+Many Chinese can tell by smell when a European has been in a room.[32]
+There are, however, some Europeans who can recognize and distinguish their
+friends by smell. The case has been recorded of a man who with bandaged
+eyes could recognize his acquaintances, at the distance of several paces,
+the moment they entered the room. In another case a deaf and blind mute
+woman in Massachusetts knew all her acquaintances by smell, and could sort
+linen after it came from the wash by the odor alone. Governesses have been
+known to be able when blindfolded to recognize the ownership of their
+pupil's garments by smell; such a case is known to me. Such odor is
+usually described as being agreeable, but not one person in fifty, it is
+stated, is able to distinguish it with sufficient precision to use it as a
+method of recognition. Among some races, however this aptitude would
+appear to be better developed. Dr. C.S. Myers at Sarawak noted that his
+Malay boy sorted the clean linen according to the skin-odor of the
+wearer.[33] Chinese servants are said to do the same, as well as
+Australians and natives of Luzon.[34]
+
+    Although the distinctively individual odor of most persons is not
+    sufficiently marked to be generally perceptible, there are cases
+    in which it is more distinct to all nostrils. The most famous
+    case of this kind is that of Alexander the Great, who, according
+    to Plutarch, exhaled so sweet an odor that his tunics were soaked
+    with aromatic perfume (_Convivalium Disputationum_, lib. I,
+    quest. 6). Malherbe, Cujas, and Haller are said to have diffused
+    a musky odor. The agreeable odor of Walt Whitman has been
+    remarked by Kennedy and others. The perfume exhaled by many holy
+    men and women, so often noted by ancient writers (discussed by
+    Görres in the second volume of his _Christliche Mystik_) and
+    which has entered into current phraseology as a merely
+    metaphorical "odor of sanctity," was doubtless due, as Hammond
+    first pointed out, to abnormal nervous conditions, for it is well
+    known that such conditions affect the odor, and in insanity, for
+    instance, the presence is noted of bodily odors which have
+    sometimes even been considered of diagnostic importance. J.B.
+    Friedreich, _Allgemeine Diagnostik der Psychischen Krankheiten_,
+    second edition, 1832, pp. 9-10, quotes passages from various
+    authors on this point, which he accepts; various writers of more
+    recent date have made similar observations.
+
+    The odor of sanctity was specially noted at death, and was
+    doubtless confused with the _odor mortis_, which frequently
+    precedes death and by some is regarded as an almost certain
+    indication of its approach. In the _British Medical Journal_, for
+    May and June, 1898, will be found letters from several
+    correspondents substantiating this point. One of these
+    correspondents (Dr. Tuckey, of Tywardwreath, Cornwall) mentions
+    that he has in Cornwall often seen ravens flying over houses in
+    which persons lay dying, evidently attracted by a characteristic
+    odor.
+
+It must be borne in mind, however, that, while every person has, to a
+sensitive nose, a distinguishing odor, we must regard that odor either as
+but one of the various sensations given off by the body, or else as a
+combination of two or more of these emanations. The body in reality gives
+off a number of different odors. The most important of these are: (1) the
+general skin odor, a faint, but agreeable, fragrance often to be detected
+on the skin even immediately after washing; (2) the smell of the hair and
+scalp; (3) the odor of the breath; (4) the odor of the armpit; (5) the
+odor of the feet; (6) the perineal odor; (7) in men the odor of the
+preputial smegma; (8) in women the odor of the mons veneris, that of
+vulvar smegma, that of vaginal mucus, and the menstrual odor. All these
+are odors which may usually be detected, though sometimes only in a very
+faint degree, in healthy and well-washed persons under normal conditions.
+It is unnecessary here to take into account the special odors of various
+secretions and excretions.[35]
+
+It is a significant fact, both as regards the ancestral sexual connections
+of the body odors and their actual sexual associations to-day, that, as
+Hippocrates long ago noted, it is not until puberty that they assume their
+adult characteristics. The infant, the adult, the aged person, each has
+his own kind of smell, and, as Monin remarks, it might be possible, within
+certain limits, to discover the age of a person by his odor. Jorg in 1832
+pointed out that in girls the appearance of a specific smell of the
+excreta indicates the establishment of puberty, and Kaan, in his
+_Psychopathia Sexualis_, remarked that at puberty "the sweat gives out a
+more acrid odor resembling musk." In both sexes puberty, adolescence,
+early manhood and womanhood are marked by a gradual development of the
+adult odor of skin and excreta, in general harmony with the secondary
+sexual development of hair and pigment. Venturi, indeed, has, not without
+reason, described the odor of the body as a secondary sexual
+character.[36] It may be added that, as is the case with the pigment in
+various parts of the body in women, some of these odors tend to become
+exaggerated in sympathy with sexual and other emotional states.
+
+    The odor of the infant is said to be of butyric acid; that of old
+    people to resemble dry leaves. Continent young men have been said
+    by many ancient writers to smell more strongly than the unchaste,
+    and some writers have described as "seminal odor"--an odor
+    resembling that of animals in heat, faintly recalling that of the
+    he-goat, according to Venturi--the exhalations of the skin at
+    such times.
+
+    During sexual excitement, as women can testify, a man very
+    frequently, if not normally, gives out an odor which, as usually
+    described, proceeds from the skin, the breath, or both. Grimaldi
+    states that it is as of rancid butter; others say it resembles
+    chloroform. It is said to be sometimes perceptible for a distance
+    of several feet and to last for several hours after coitus.
+    (Various quotations are given by Gould and Pyle, _Anomalies and
+    Curiosities of Medicine_, section on "Human Odors," pp. 397-403.)
+    St. Philip Neri is said to have been able to recognize a chaste
+    man by smell.
+
+    During menstruation girls and young women frequently give off an
+    odor which is quite distinct from that of the menstrual fluid,
+    and is specially marked in the breath, which may smell of
+    chloroform or violets. Pouchet (confirmed by Raciborski, _Traité
+    de la Menstruation_, 1868, p. 74) stated that about a day before
+    the onset of menstruation a characteristic smell is exuded.
+    Menstruating girls are also said sometimes to give off a smell of
+    leather. Aubert, of Lyons (as quoted by Galopin), describes the
+    odor of the skin of a woman during menstruation as an agreeable
+    aromatic or acidulous perfume of chloroform character. By some
+    this is described as emanating especially from the armpits.
+    Sandras (quoted by Raciborski) knew a lady who could always tell
+    by a sensation of faintness and _malaise_--apparently due to a
+    sensation of smell--when she was in contact with a menstruating
+    woman. I am acquainted with a man, having strong olfactory
+    sympathies and antipathies, who detects the presence of
+    menstruation by smell. It is said that Hortense Baré, who
+    accompanied her lover, the botanist Commerson, to the Pacific
+    disguised as a man, was recognized by the natives as a woman by
+    means of smell.
+
+    Women, like men, frequently give out an odor during coitus or
+    strong sexual excitement. This odor may be entirely different
+    from that normally emanating from the woman, of an acid or
+    hircine character, and sufficiently strong to remain in a room
+    for a considerable period. Many of the ancient medical writers
+    (as quoted by Schurigius, _Parthenologia_, p. 286) described the
+    goaty smell produced by venery, especially in women; they
+    regarded it as specially marked in harlots and in the newly
+    married, and sometimes even considered it a certain sign of
+    defloration. The case has been recorded of a woman who emitted a
+    rose odor for two days after coitus (McBride, quoted by Kiernan
+    in an interesting summary, "Odor in Pathology," _Doctor's
+    Magazine_, December, 1900). There was, it is said (_Journal des
+    Savans_ 1684, p. 39, quoting from the _Journal d'Angleterre_) a
+    monk in Prague who could recognize by smell the chastity of the
+    women who approached him. (This monk, it is added, when he died,
+    was composing a new science of odors.)
+
+    Gustav Klein (as quoted by Adler, _Die Mangelhafte
+    Geschlechtsempfindungen des Weibes_, p. 25) argues that the
+    special function of the glands at the vulvar orifice--the
+    _glandulæ vestibulares majores_--is to give out an odorous
+    secretion to act as an attraction to the male, this relic of
+    sexual periodicity no longer, however, playing an important part
+    in the human species. The vulvar secretion, however, it may be
+    added, still has a more aromatic odor than the vaginal secretion,
+    with its simple mucous odor, very clearly perceived during
+    parturition.
+
+    It may be added that we still know extremely little concerning
+    the sexual odors of women among primitive peoples. Ploss and
+    Bartels are only able to bring forward (_Das Weib_, 1901, bd. 1,
+    p. 218) a statement concerning the women of New Caledonia, who,
+    according to Moncelon, when young and ardent, give out during
+    coitus a powerful odor which no ablution will remove. In abnormal
+    states of sexual excitement such odor may be persistent, and,
+    according to an ancient observation, a nymphomaniac, whose
+    periods of sexual excitement lasted all through the spring-time,
+    at these periods always emitted a goatlike odor. It has been said
+    (G. Tourdes, art. "Aphrodisie," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des
+    Sciences Médicales_) that the erotic temperament is characterized
+    by a special odor.
+
+If the body odors tend to develop at puberty, to be maintained during
+sexual life, especially in sympathy with conditions of sexual disturbance,
+and to become diminished in old age, being thus a kind of secondary sexual
+character, we should expect them to be less marked in those cases in which
+the primary sexual characters are less marked. It is possible that this is
+actually the case. Hagen, in his _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, quotes from
+Roubaud's _Traité de l'Impuissance_ the statement that the body odor of
+the castrated differs from that of normal individuals. Burdach had
+previously stated that the odor of the eunuch is less marked than that of
+the normal man.
+
+It is thus possible that defective sexual development tends to be
+associated with corresponding olfactory defect. Heschl[37] has reported a
+case in which absence of both olfactory nerves coincided with defective
+development of the sexual organs. Féré remarks that the impotent show a
+repugnance for sexual odors. Dr. Kiernan informs me that in women after
+oöphorectomy he has noted a tendency to diminished (and occasionally
+increased) sense of smell. These questions, however, await more careful
+and extended observation.
+
+A very significant transition from the phenomena of personal odor to those
+of sexual attraction by personal odor is to be found in the fact that
+among the peoples inhabiting a large part of the world's surface the
+ordinary salutation between friends is by mutual smelling of the person.
+In some form or another the method of salutation by applying the nose to
+the nose, face, or hand of a friend in greeting is found throughout a
+large part of the Pacific, among the Papuans, the Eskimo, the hill tribes
+of India, in Africa, and elsewhere.[38] Thus, among a certain hill tribe
+in India, according to Lewin, they smell a friend's cheek: "in their
+language, they do not say, 'Give me a kiss,' but they say 'Smell me.'" And
+on the Gambia, according to F. Moore, "When the men salute the women,
+they, instead of shaking their hands, put it up to their noses, and smell
+twice to the back of it." Here we have very clearly a recognition of the
+emotional value of personal odor widely prevailing throughout the world.
+The salutation on an olfactory basis may, indeed, be said to be more
+general than the salutation on a tactile basis on which European
+handshaking rests, each form involving one of the two most intimate and
+emotional senses. The kiss may be said to be a development proceeding both
+from the olfactory and the tactile bases, with perhaps some other elements
+as well, and is too complex to be regarded as a phenomenon of either
+purely tactile or purely olfactory origin.[39]
+
+As the sole factor in sexual selection olfaction must be rare. It is said
+that Asiatic princes have sometimes caused a number of the ladies to race
+in the seraglio garden until they were heated; their garments have then
+been brought to the prince, who has selected one of them solely by the
+odor.[40] There was here a sexual selection mainly by odor. Any exclusive
+efficacy of the olfactory sense is rare, not so much because the
+impressions of this sense are inoperative, but because agreeable personal
+odors are not sufficiently powerful, and the olfactory organ is too
+obtuse, to enable smell to take precedence of sight. Nevertheless, in many
+people, it is probable that certain odors, especially those that are
+correlated with a healthy and sexually desirable person, tend to be
+agreeable; they are fortified by their association with the loved person,
+sometimes to an irresistible degree; and their potency is doubtless
+increased by the fact, to which reference has already been made, that many
+odors, including some bodily odors, are nervous stimulants.
+
+It is possible that the sexual associations of odors have been still
+further fortified by a tendency to correlation between a high development
+of the olfactory organ and a high development of the sexual apparatus. An
+association between a large nose and a large male organ is a very ancient
+observation and has been verified occasionally in recent times. There is
+normally at puberty a great increase in the septum of the nose, and it is
+quite conceivable, in view of the sympathy, which, as we shall see,
+certainly exists between the olfactory and sexual region, that the two
+regions may develop together under a common influence.
+
+    The Romans firmly believed in the connection between a large nose
+    and a large penis. "Noscitur e naso quanta sit hasta viro,"
+    stated Ovid. This belief continued to prevail, especially in
+    Italy, through the middle ages; the physiognomists made much of
+    it, and licentious women (like Joanna of Naples) were, it
+    appears, accustomed to bear it in mind, although disappointment
+    is recorded often to have followed. (See e.g., the quotations and
+    references given by J.N. Mackenzie, "Physiological and
+    Pathological Relations between the Nose and the Sexual Apparatus
+    in Man." _Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, No. 82, January,
+    1898; also Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, pp. 15-19.) A
+    similar belief as to the association between the sexual impulse
+    in women and a long nose was evidently common in England in the
+    sixteenth century, for in Massinger's _Emperor of the East_ (Act
+    II, Scene I) we read,
+
+        "Her nose, which by its length assures me
+        Of storms at midnight if I fail to pay her
+        The tribute she expects."
+
+    At the present day, a proverb of the Venetian people still
+    embodies the belief in the connection between a large nose and a
+    large sexual member.
+
+    The probability that such an association tends in many cases to
+    prevail is indicated not only by the beliefs of antiquity, when
+    more careful attention was paid to these matters, but by the
+    testimony of various modern observers, although it does not
+    appear that any series of exact observations have yet been made.
+
+    It may be noted that Marro, in his careful anthropological study
+    of criminals (_I Caratteri dei Delinquenti_), found no class of
+    criminals with so large a proportion alike of anomalies of the
+    nose and anomalies of the genital organs as sexual offenders.
+
+However this may be, it is less doubtful that there is a very intimate
+relation both in men and women between the olfactory mucous membrane of
+the nose and the whole genital apparatus, that they frequently show a
+sympathetic action, that influences acting on the genital sphere will
+affect the nose, and occasionally, it is probable, influences acting on
+the nose reflexly affect the genital sphere. To discuss these
+relationships would here be out of place, since specialists are not
+altogether in agreement concerning the matter. A few are inclined to
+regard the association as extremely intimate, so that each region is
+sensitive even to slight stimuli applied to the other region, while, on
+the other hand, many authorities ignore altogether the question of the
+relationship. It would appear, however, that there really is, in a
+considerable number of people at all events, a reflex connection of this
+kind. It has especially been noted that in many cases congestion of the
+nose precedes menstruation.
+
+Bleeding of the nose is specially apt to occur at puberty and during
+adolescence, while in women it may take the place of menstruation and is
+sometimes more apt to occur at the menstrual periods; disorders of the
+nose have also been found to be aggravated at these periods. It has even
+been possible to control bleeding of the nose, both in men and women, by
+applying ice to the sexual regions. In both men and women, again, cases
+have been recorded in which sexual excitement, whether of coitus or
+masturbation, has been followed by bleeding of the nose. In numerous cases
+it is followed by slight congestive conditions of the nasal passages and
+especially by sneezing. Various authors have referred to this phenomenon;
+I am acquainted with a lady in whom it is fairly constant.[41] Féré
+records the case of a lady, a nervous subject, who began to experience
+intense spontaneous sexual excitement shortly after marriage, accompanied
+by much secretion from the nose.[42] J.N. Mackenzie is acquainted with a
+number of such cases, and he considers that the popular expression
+"bride's cold" indicates that this effect of strong sexual excitement is
+widely recognized.
+
+    The late Professor Hack, of Freiburg, in 1884, called general
+    medical attention to the intimate connection between the nose and
+    states of nervous hyperexcitability in various parts of the body,
+    although such a connection had been recognized for many centuries
+    in medical literature. While Hack and his disciples thus gave
+    prominence to this association, they undoubtedly greatly
+    exaggerated its importance and significance. (Sir Felix Semon,
+    _British Medical Journal_, November 9, 1901.) Even many workers
+    who have more recently further added to our knowledge have also,
+    as sometimes happens with enthusiasts, unduly strained their own
+    data. Starting from the fact that in women during menstruation
+    examination of the nose reveals a degree of congestion not found
+    during the rest of the month, Fliess (_Die Beziehungen zwischen
+    Nase und Weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen_, 1897), with the help of
+    a number of elaborate and prolonged observations, has reached
+    conclusions which, while they seem to be hazardous at some
+    points, have certainly contributed to build up our knowledge of
+    this obscure subject. Schiff (_Wiener klinische Wochenschrift_,
+    1900, p. 58, summarized in _British Medical Journal_, February
+    16, 1901), starting from a skeptical standpoint, has confirmed
+    some of Fliess's results, and in a large number of cases
+    controlled painful menstruation by painting with cocaine the
+    so-called "genital spots" in the nose, all possibility of
+    suggestion being avoided. Ries, of Chicago, has been similarly
+    successful with the method of Fliess (_American Gynæcology_, vol.
+    iii, No. 4, 1903). Benedikt (_Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift_,
+    No. 8, 1901, summarized in _Journal of Medical Science_, October,
+    1901), while pointing out that the nose is not the only organ in
+    sympathetic relation with the sexual sphere, suggests that the
+    mechanism of the relationship is involved in the larger problem
+    of the harmony in growth and in nutrition of the different parts
+    of the organism. In this way, probably, we may attach
+    considerable significance to the existence of a kind of erectile
+    tissue in the nose.
+
+    An interesting example of a reflex influence from the nose
+    affecting the genital sphere has been brought forward by Dr. E.S.
+    Talbot, of Chicago: "A 56-year-old man was operated on
+    (September 1, 1903) for the removal of the left cartilage of the
+    septum of the nose owing to a previous traumatic fracture at the
+    sixteenth year. No pain was experienced until two years ago, when
+    a continual soreness occurred at the apical end of the fracture
+    during the winter months. The operation was decided upon fearing
+    more serious complications. The parts were cocainized. No pain
+    was experienced in the operation except at one point at the lower
+    posterior portion near the floor of the nose. A profound shock to
+    the general system followed. The reflex influence of the pain
+    upon the genital organs caused semen to flow continually for
+    three weeks. Treatment of general motor irritability with camphor
+    monobromate and conium, on consultation with Dr. Kiernan, checked
+    the flow. The discharge produced spinal neurasthenia. The legs
+    and feet felt heavy. Erythromelalgia caused uneasiness. The
+    patient walked with difficulty. The tired feeling in the feet and
+    limbs was quite noticeable four months after the operation,
+    although the pain had, to a great extent diminished." (Chicago
+    Academy of Medicine, January, 1904, and private letter.)
+
+    J.N. Mackenzie has brought together a great many original
+    observations, together with interesting quotations from old
+    medical literature, in his two papers: "The Pathological Nasal
+    Reflex" (_New York Medical Journal_, August 20, 1887) and "The
+    Physiological and Pathological Relations between the Nose and the
+    Sexual Apparatus of Man" (_Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_,
+    January 1, 1898). A number of cases have also been brought
+    together from the literature by G. Endriss in his Inaugural
+    Dissertation, _Die bisherigen Beobachtungen von Physiologischen
+    und Pathologischen Beziehungen der oberen Luftwege zu den
+    Sexualorganen_, Teil. II, Würzburg, 1892.
+
+The intimate association between the sexual centers and the olfactory
+tract is well illustrated by the fact that this primitive and ancient
+association tends to come to the surface in insanity. It is recognized by
+many alienists that insanity of a sexual character is specially liable to
+be associated with hallucinations of smell.
+
+    Many eminent alienists in various countries are very decidedly of
+    the opinion that there is a special tendency to the association
+    of olfactory hallucinations with sexual manifestations, and,
+    although one or two authorities have expressed doubt on the
+    matter, the available evidence clearly indicates such an
+    association. Hallucinations of smell are comparatively rare as
+    compared to hallucinations of sight and hearing; they are
+    commoner in women than in men and they not infrequently occur at
+    periods of sexual disturbance, at adolescence, in puerperal
+    fever, at the change of life, in women with ovarian troubles, and
+    in old people troubled with sexual desires or remorse for such
+    desires. They have often been noted as specially frequent in
+    cases of excessive masturbation.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing, who found olfactory hallucinations common in
+    various sexual states, considers that they are directly dependent
+    on sexual excitement (_Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie_,
+    bd. 34, ht. 4, 1877). Conolly Norman believes in a distinct and
+    frequent association between olfactory hallucinations and sexual
+    disturbance (_Journal of Mental Science_, July, 1899, p. 532).
+    Savage is also impressed by the close association between sexual
+    disturbance or changes in the reproductive organs and
+    hallucinations of smell as well as of touch. He has found that
+    persistent hallucinations of smell disappeared when a diseased
+    ovary was removed, although the patient remained insane. He
+    considers that such hallucinations of smell are allied to
+    reversions. (G.H. Savage, "Smell, Hallucinations of," Tuke's
+    _Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_; cf. the same author's
+    manual of _Insanity and Allied Neuroses_.) Matusch, while not
+    finding olfactory hallucinations common at the climacteric,
+    states that when they are present they are connected with uterine
+    trouble and sexual craving. He finds them more common in young
+    women. (Matusch, "Der Einfluss des Climacterium auf Entstchung
+    und Form der Geistesstörung," _Allgemeine Zeitschrift für
+    Psychiatrie_, vol. xlvi, ht. 4). Féré has related a significant
+    case of a young man in whom hallucinations of smell accompanied
+    the sexual orgasm; he subsequently developed epilepsy, to which
+    the hallucination then constituted the aura (_Comptes Rendus de
+    la Société de Biologie_, December, 1896). The prevalence of a
+    sexual element in olfactory hallucinations has been investigated
+    by Bullen, who examined into 95 cases of hallucinations of smell
+    among the patients in several asylums. (In a few cases there were
+    reasons for believing that peripheral conditions existed which
+    would render these hallucinations more strictly illusions.) Of
+    these, 64 were women. Sixteen of the women were climacteric
+    cases, and 3 of them had sexual hallucinations or delusions.
+    Fourteen other women (chiefly cases of chronic delusional
+    insanity) had sexual delusions. Altogether, 31 men and women had
+    sexual delusions. This is a large proportion. Bullen is not,
+    however, inclined to admit any direct connection between the
+    reproductive system and the sense of smell. He finds that other
+    hallucinations are very frequently associated with the olfactory
+    hallucinations, and considers that the co-existence of olfactory
+    and sexual troubles simply indicates a very deep and widespread
+    nervous disturbance. (F. St. John Bullen, "Olfactory
+    Hallucinations in the Insane," _Journal of Mental Science_, July,
+    1899.) In order to elucidate the matter fully we require further
+    precise inquiries on the lines Bullen has laid down.
+
+    It may be of interest to note, in this connection, that smell and
+    taste hallucinations appear to be specially frequent in forms of
+    religious insanity. Thus, Dr. Zurcher, in her inaugural
+    dissertation on Joan of Arc (_Jeanne d'Arc_, Leipzig, 1895, p.
+    72), estimates that on the average in such insanity nearly 50 per
+    cent, of the hallucinations affect smell and taste; she refers
+    also to the olfactory hallucinations of great religious leaders,
+    Francis of Assisi, Katherina Emmerich, Lazzaretti, and the
+    Anabaptists.
+
+It may well be, as Zwaardemaker has suggested in his _Physiologie des
+Geruchs_, that the nasal congestion at menstruation and similar phenomena
+are connected with that association of smell and sexuality which is
+observable throughout the whole animal world, and that the congestion
+brings about a temporary increase of olfactory sensitiveness during the
+stage of sexual excitation.[43] Careful investigation of olfactory
+acuteness would reveal the existence of such menstrual heightening of its
+acuity.
+
+In a few exceptional, but still quite healthy people, smell would appear
+to possess an emotional predominance which it cannot be said to possess in
+the average person. These exceptional people are of what Binet in his
+study of sexual fetichism calls olfactive type; such persons form a group
+which, though of smaller size and less importance, is fairly comparable to
+the well-known groups of visual type, of auditory type, and of psychomotor
+type. Such people would be more attentive to odors, more moved by
+olfactory sympathies and antipathies, than are ordinary people. For these,
+it may well be, the supremacy accorded to olfactory influences in Jäger's
+_Entdeckung der Seele_, though extravagantly incorrect for ordinary
+persons, may appear quite reasonable.
+
+It is certain also that a great many neurasthenic people, and
+particularly those who are sexually neurasthenic, are peculiarly
+susceptible to olfactory influences. A number of eminent poets and
+novelists--especially, it would appear, in France--seem to be in this
+case. Baudelaire, of all great poets, has most persistently and most
+elaborately emphasized the imaginative and emotional significance of odor;
+the _Fleurs du Mal_ and many of the _Petits Poèmes en Prose_ are, from
+this point of view, of great interest. There can be no doubt that in
+Baudelaire's own imaginative and emotional life the sense of smell played
+a highly important part; and that, in his own words, odor was to him what
+music is to others. Throughout Zola's novels--and perhaps more especially
+in _La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret_--there is an extreme insistence on odors of
+every kind. Prof. Leopold Bernard wrote an elaborate study of this aspect
+of Zola's work[44]; he believed that underlying Zola's interest in odors
+there was an abnormally keen olfactory sensibility and large development
+of the olfactory region of the brain. Such a supposition is, however,
+unnecessary, and, as a matter of fact, a careful examination of Zola's
+olfactory sensibility, conducted by M. Passy, showed that it was somewhat
+below normal.[45] At the same time it was shown that Zola was really a
+person of olfactory psychic type, with a special attention to odors and a
+special memory for them; as is frequently the case with perfumers with
+less than normal olfactory acuity he possessed a more than normal power of
+discriminating odors; it is possible that in early life his olfactory
+acuity may also have been above normal. In the same way Nietzsche, in his
+writings, shows a marked sensibility, and especially antipathy, as regards
+odors, which has by some been regarded as an index to a real physical
+sensibility of abnormal keenness; according to Möbius, however, there was
+no reason for supposing this to be the case.[46] Huysmans, who throughout
+his books reveals a very intense preoccupation with the exact shades of
+many kinds of sensory impressions, and an apparently abnormally keen
+sensibility to them, has shown a great interest in odors, more especially
+in an oft-quoted passage in _A Rebours_. The blind Milton of "Paradise
+Lost" (as the late Mr. Grant Allen once remarked to me), dwells much on
+scents; in this case it is doubtless to the blindness and not to any
+special organic predisposition that we must attribute this direction of
+sensory attention.[47] Among our older English poets, also, Herrick
+displays a special interest in odors with a definite realization of their
+sexual attractiveness.[48] Shelley, who was alive to so many of the
+unusual æsthetic aspects of things, often shows an enthusiastic delight in
+odors, more especially those of flowers. It may, indeed, be said that most
+poets--though to a less degree than those I have mentioned--devote a
+special attention to odors, and, since it has been possible to describe
+smell as the sense of imagination, this need not surprise us. That
+Shakespeare, for instance, ranked this sense very high indeed is shown by
+various passages in his works and notably by Sonnet LIV: "O, how much more
+doth beauty beauteous seem?"--in which he implicitly places the attraction
+of odor on at least as high a level as that of vision.[49]
+
+A neurasthenic sensitiveness to odors, specially sexual odors, is
+frequently accompanied by lack of sexual vigor. In this way we may account
+for the numerous cases in which old men in whom sexual desire survives the
+loss of virile powers--probably somewhat abnormal persons at the
+outset--find satisfaction in sexual odors. Here, also, we have the basis
+for olfactory fetichism. In such fetichism the odor of the woman alone,
+whoever she may be and however unattractive she may be, suffices to
+furnish complete sexual satisfaction. In many, although not all, of those
+cases in which articles of women's clothing become the object of
+fetichistic attraction, there is certainly an olfactory element due to the
+personal odor attaching to the garments.[50]
+
+    Olfactory influences play a certain part in various sexually
+    abnormal tendencies and practices which do not proceed from an
+    exclusively olfactory fascination. Thus, _cunnilingus_ and
+    _fellatio_ derive part of their attraction, more especially in
+    some individuals, from a predilection for the odors of the sexual
+    parts. (See, e.g., Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido
+    Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 134.) In many cases smell plays no part in
+    the attraction; "I enjoy _cunnilingus_, if I like the girl very
+    much," a correspondent writes, "_in spite_ of the smell." We may
+    associate this impulse with the prevalence of these practices
+    among sexual inverts, in whom olfactory attractions are often
+    specially marked. Those individuals, also, who are sexually
+    affected by the urinary and alvine excretions ("_renifleurs_,"
+    "_stereoraires_," etc.) are largely, though not necessarily
+    altogether, moved by olfactory impressions. The attraction was,
+    however, exclusively olfactory in the case of the young woman
+    recorded by Moraglia (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1892, p. 267),
+    who was irresistibly excited by the odor of the fermented urine
+    of men, and possibly also in the case narrated to Moraglia by
+    Prof. L. Bianchi (ib. p. 568), in which a wife required flatus
+    from her husband.
+
+    The sexual pleasure derived from partial strangulation (discussed
+    in the study of "Love and Pain" in a previous volume) may be
+    associated with heightened olfactory sexual excitation. Dr.
+    Kiernan, who points this out to me, has investigated a few
+    neuropathic patients who like to have their necks squeezed, as
+    they express it, and finds that in the majority the olfactory
+    sensibility is thus intensified.
+
+Even in ordinary normal persons, however, there can be no doubt that
+personal odor tends to play a not inconsiderable part in sexual
+attractions and sexual repulsions. As a sexual excitant, indeed, it comes
+far behind the stimuli received through the sense of sight. The
+comparative bluntness of the sense of smell in man makes it difficult for
+olfactory influence to be felt, as a rule, until the preliminaries of
+courtship are already over; so that it is impossible for smell ever to
+possess the same significance in sexual attraction in man that it
+possesses in the lower animals. With that reservation there can be no
+doubt that odor has a certain favorable or unfavorable influence in sexual
+relationships in all human races from the lowest to the highest. The
+Polynesian spoke with contempt of those women of European race who "have
+no smell," and in view of the pronounced personal odor of so many savage
+peoples as well as of the careful attention which they so often pay to
+odors, we may certainly assume, even in the absence of much definite
+evidence, that smell counts for much in their sexual relationships. This
+is confirmed by such practices as that found among some primitive
+peoples--as, it is stated, in the Philippines--of lovers exchanging their
+garments to have the smell of the loved one about them. In the barbaric
+stages of society this element becomes self-conscious and is clearly
+avowed; personal odors are constantly described with complacency,
+sometimes as mingled with the lavish use of artificial perfumes, in much
+of the erotic literature produced in the highest stages of barbarism,
+especially by Eastern peoples living in hot climates; it is only necessary
+to refer to the _Song of Songs_, the _Arabian Nights_, and the Indian
+treatises on love. Even in some parts of Europe the same influence is
+recognized in the crudest animal form, and Krauss states that among the
+Southern Slavs it is sometimes customary to leave the sexual parts
+unwashed because a strong odor of these parts is regarded as a sexual
+stimulant. Under the usual conditions of life in Europe personal odor has
+sunk into the background; this has been so equally under the conditions of
+classic, mediæval, and modern life. Personal odor has been generally
+regarded as unæsthetic; it has, for the most part, only been mentioned to
+be reprobated, and even those poets and others who during recent centuries
+have shown a sensitive delight and interest in odors--Herrick, Shelley,
+Baudelaire, Zola, and Huysmans--have seldom ventured to insist that a
+purely natural and personal odor can be agreeable. The fact that it may be
+so, and that for most people such odors cannot be a matter of indifference
+in the most intimate of all relationships, is usually only to be learned
+casually and incidentally. There can be no doubt, however, that, as
+Kiernan points out, the extent to which olfaction influences the sexual
+sphere in civilized man has been much underestimated. We need not,
+therefore, be surprised at the greater interest which has recently been
+taken in this subject. As usually happens, indeed, there has been in some
+writers a tendency to run to the opposite extreme, and we cannot, with
+Gustav Jäger, regard the sexual instinct as mainly or altogether an
+olfactory matter.
+
+    Of the Padmini, the perfect woman, the "lotus woman," Hindu
+    writers say that "her sweat has the odor of musk," while the
+    vulgar woman, they say, smells of fish (_Kama Sutra of
+    Vatsyayana_). Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, 1901, p. 218) bring
+    forward a passage from the Tamil _Kokkôgam_, minutely describing
+    various kinds of sexual odor in women, which they regard as
+    resting on sound observation.
+
+    Four things in a woman, says the Arab, should be perfumed: the
+    mouth, the armpits, the pudenda, and the nose. The Persian poets,
+    in describing the body, delighted to use metaphors involving
+    odor. Not only the hair and the down on the face, but the chin,
+    the mouth, the beauty spots, the neck, all suggested odorous
+    images. The epithets applied to the hair frequently refer to
+    musk, ambergris, and civet. (_Anis El-Ochchâq_ translated by
+    Huart, _Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes_, fasc. 25,
+    1875.)
+
+    The Hebrew _Song of Songs_ furnishes a typical example of a very
+    beautiful Eastern love-poem in which the importance of the appeal
+    to the sense of smell is throughout emphasized. There are in this
+    short poem as many as twenty-four fairly definite references to
+    odors,--personal odors, perfumes, and flowers,--while numerous
+    other references to flowers, etc., seem to point to olfactory
+    associations. Both the lover and his sweetheart express pleasure
+    in each other's personal odor.
+
+        "My beloved is unto me," she sings, "as a bag of myrrh
+        That lieth between my breasts;
+        My beloved is unto me as a cluster of henna flowers
+        In the vineyard of En-gedi."
+
+    And again: "His cheeks are as a bed of spices [or balsam], as
+    banks of sweet herbs." While of her he says: "The smell of thy
+    breath [or nose] is like apples."
+
+    Greek and Roman antiquity, which has so largely influenced the
+    traditions of modern Europe, was lavish in the use of perfumes,
+    but showed no sympathy with personal odors. For the Roman
+    satirists, like Martial, a personal odor is nearly always an
+    unpleasant odor, though, there are a few allusions in classic
+    literature recognizing bodily smell as a sexual attraction. Ovid,
+    in his _Ars Amandi_ (Book III), says it is scarcely necessary to
+    remind a lady that she must not keep a goat in her armpits: "_ne
+    trux caper iret in alas_." "_Mulier tum bene olet ubi nihil
+    olet_" is an ancient dictum, and in the sixteenth century
+    Montaigne still repeated the same saying with complete approval.
+
+    A different current of feeling began to appear with the new
+    emotional movement during the eighteenth century. Rousseau called
+    attention to the importance of the olfactory sense, and in his
+    educational work, _Emile_ (Bk. II), he referred to the odor of a
+    woman's "_cabinet de toilette_" as not so feeble a snare as is
+    commonly supposed. In the same century Casanova wrote still more
+    emphatically concerning the same point; in the preface to his
+    _Mémoires_ he states: "I have always found sweet the odor of the
+    women I have loved"; and elsewhere: "There is something in the
+    air of the bedroom of the woman one loves, something so intimate,
+    so balsamic, such voluptuous emanations, that if a lover had to
+    choose between Heaven and this place of delight his hesitation
+    would not last for a moment" (_Mémoires_, vol. iii). In the
+    previous century, in England, Sir Kenelm Digby, in his
+    interesting and remarkable _Private Memoirs_, when describing a
+    visit to Lady Venetia Stanley, afterward his wife, touches on
+    personal odor as an element of attraction; he had found her
+    asleep in bed and on her breasts "did glisten a few drops of
+    sweatlike diamond sparks, and had a more fragrant odor than the
+    violets or primroses whose season was newly passed."
+
+    In 1821 Cadet-Devaux published, in the _Revue Encyclopédique_, a
+    study entitled "De l'atmosphère de la Femme et de sa Puissance,"
+    which attracted a great deal of attention in Germany as well as
+    in France; he considered that the exhalations of the feminine
+    body are of the first importance in sexual attraction.
+
+    Prof. A. Galopin in 1886 wrote a semiscientific book, _Le Parfum
+    de la Femme_, in which the sexual significance of personal odor
+    is developed to its fullest. He writes with enthusiasm concerning
+    the sweet and health-giving character of the natural perfume of a
+    beloved woman, and the mischief done both to health and love by
+    the use of artificial perfumes. "The purest marriage that can be
+    contracted between a man and a woman," he asserts (p. 157) "is
+    that engendered by olfaction and sanctioned by a common
+    assimilation in the brain of the animated molecules due to the
+    secretion and evaporation of two bodies in contact and sympathy."
+
+    In a book written during the first half of the nineteenth century
+    which contains various subtle observations on love we read, with
+    reference to the sweet odor which poets have found in the breath
+    of women: "In reality many women have an intoxicatingly agreeable
+    breath which plays no small part in the love-compelling
+    atmosphere which they spread around them" (_Eros oder Wörterbuch
+    über die Physiologie_, 1849, Bd. 1, p. 45).
+
+    Most of the writers on the psychology of love at this period,
+    however, seem to have passed over the olfactory element in sexual
+    attraction, regarding it probably as too unæsthetic. It receives
+    no emphasis either in Sénancour's _De l'Amour_ or Stendhal's _De
+    l'Amour_ or Michelet's _L'Amour_.
+
+    The poets within recent times have frequently referred to odors,
+    personal and other, but the novelists have more rarely done so.
+    Zola and Huysmans, the two novelists who have most elaborately
+    and insistently developed the olfactory side of life, have dwelt
+    more on odors that are repulsive than on those that are
+    agreeable. It is therefore of interest to note that in a few
+    remarkable novels of recent times the attractiveness of personal
+    odor has been emphasized. This is notably so in Tolstoy's _War
+    and Peace_, in which Count Peter suddenly resolves to marry
+    Princess Helena after inhaling her odor at a ball. In
+    d'Annunzio's _Trionfo della Morte_ the seductive and consoling
+    odor of the beloved woman's skin is described in several
+    passages; thus, when Giorgio kissed Ippolita's arms and
+    shoulders, we are told, "he perceived the sharp and yet delicate
+    perfume of her, the perfume of the skin that in the hour of joy
+    became intoxicating as that of the tuberose, and a terrible lash
+    to desire."
+
+When we are dealing with the sexual significance of personal odors in man
+there is at the outset an important difference to be noticed in comparison
+with the lower mammals. Not only is the significance of odor altogether
+very much less, but the focus of olfactory attractiveness has been
+displaced. The centre of olfactory attractiveness is not, as usually among
+animals, in the sexual region, but is transferred to the upper part of the
+body. In this respect the sexual olfactory allurement in man resembles
+what we find in the sphere of vision, for neither the sexual organs of man
+nor of woman are usually beautiful in the eyes of the opposite sex, and
+their exhibition is not among us regarded as a necessary stage in
+courtship. The odor of the body, like its beauty, in so far as it can be
+regarded as a possible sexual allurement, has in the course of development
+been transferred to the upper parts. The careful concealment of the sexual
+region has doubtless favored this transfer. It has thus happened that when
+personal odor acts as a sexual allurement it is the armpit, in any case
+normally the chief focus of odor in the body, which mainly comes into
+play, together with the skin and the hair.
+
+    Aubert, of Lyons, noted that during menstruation the odor of the
+    armpits may become more powerful, and describes it as being at
+    this time an aromatic odor of acidulous or chloroform character.
+    Galopin remarks that, while some women's armpits smell of sheep
+    in rut, others, when exposed to the air, have a fragrance of
+    ambergris or violet. Dark persons (according to Gould and Pyle)
+    are said sometimes to exhale a prussic acid odor, and blondes
+    more frequently musk; Galopin associates the ambergris odor more
+    especially with blondes.
+
+    While some European poets have faintly indicated the woman's
+    armpit as a centre of sexual attraction, it is among Eastern
+    poets that we may find the idea more directly and naturally
+    expressed. Thus, in a Chinese drama ("The Transmigration of
+    Yo-Chow," _Mercure de France_, No. 8, 1901) we find a learned
+    young doctor addressing the following poem to his  betrothed:--
+
+        "When I have climbed to the bushy summit of Mount Chao,
+        I have still not reached to the level of your odorous armpit.
+        I must needs mount to the sky
+        Before the breeze brings to me
+        The perfume of that embalsamed nest!"
+
+    This poet seems, however, to have been carried to a pitch of
+    enthusiasm unusual even in China, for his future mother-in-law,
+    after expressing her admiration for the poem, remarks: "But who
+    would have thought one could find so many beautiful things under
+    my daughter's armpit!"
+
+    The odor of the armpit is the most powerful in the body,
+    sufficiently powerful to act as a muscular stimulant even in the
+    absence of any direct sexual association. This is indicated by an
+    observation made by Féré, who noticed, when living opposite a
+    laundry, that an old woman who worked near the window would,
+    toward the close of the day, introduce her right hand under the
+    sleeve of the other to the armpit and then hold it to her nose;
+    this she would do about every five minutes. It was evident that
+    the odor acted as a stimulant to her failing energies. Féré has
+    been informed by others who have had occasion to frequent
+    workrooms that this proceeding is by no means uncommon among
+    persons of both sexes. (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second
+    edition, p. 135.) I have myself noticed the same gesture very
+    deliberately made in the street by a young English woman of the
+    working class, under circumstances which suggested that it acted
+    as an immediate stimulant in fatigue.
+
+    Huysmans--who in his novels has insisted on odors, both those of
+    a personal kind and perfumes, with great precision--has devoted
+    one of the sketches, "Le Gousset," in his _Croquis Parisiens_
+    (1880) to the varying odors of women's armpits. "I have followed
+    this fragrance in the country," he remarks, "behind a group of
+    women gleaners under the bright sun. It was excessive and
+    terrible; it stung your nostrils like an unstoppered bottle of
+    alkali; it seized you, irritating your mucous membrane with a
+    rough odor which had in it something of the relish of wild duck
+    cooked with olives and the sharp odor of the shallot. On the
+    whole, it was not a vile or repugnant emanation; it united, as an
+    anticipated thing, with the formidable odors of the landscape; it
+    was the pure note, completing with the human animals' cry of heat
+    the odorous melody of beasts and woods." He goes on to speak of
+    the perfume of feminine arms in the ball-room. "There the aroma
+    is of ammoniated valerian, of chlorinated urine, brutally
+    accentuated sometimes, even with a slight scent of prussic acid
+    about it, a faint whiff of overripe peaches." These
+    "spice-boxes," however, Huysmans continues, are more seductive
+    when their perfume is filtered through the garments. "The appeal
+    of the balsam of their arms is then less insolent, less cynical,
+    than at the ball where they are more naked, but it more easily
+    uncages the animal in man. Various as the color of the hair, the
+    odor of the armpit is infinitely divisible; its gamut covers the
+    whole keyboard of odors, reaching the obstinate scents of syringa
+    and elder, and sometimes recalling the sweet perfume of the
+    rubbed fingers that have held a cigarette. Audacious and
+    sometimes fatiguing in the brunette and the black woman, sharp
+    and fierce in the red woman, the armpit is heady as some sugared
+    wines in the blondes." It will be noted that this very exact
+    description corresponds at various points with the remarks of
+    more scientific observers.
+
+    Sometimes the odor of the armpit may even become a kind of fetich
+    which is craved for its own sake and in itself suffices to give
+    pleasure. Féré has recorded such a case, in a friend of his own,
+    a man of 60, with whom at one time he used to hunt, of robust
+    health and belonging to a healthy family. On these hunting
+    expeditions he used to tease the girls and women he met
+    (sometimes even rather old women) in a surprising manner, when he
+    came upon them walking in the fields with their short-sleeved
+    chemises exposed. When he had succeeded in introducing his hand
+    into the woman's armpit he went away satisfied, and frequently
+    held the hand to his nose with evident pleasure. After long
+    hesitation Féré asked for an explanation, which was frankly
+    given. As a child he had liked the odor, without knowing why. As
+    a young man women with strong odors had stimulated him to
+    extraordinary sexual exploits, and now they were the only women
+    who had any influence on him. He professed to be able to
+    recognize continence by the odor, as well as the most favorable
+    moment for approaching a woman. Throughout life a cold in the
+    head had always been accompanied by persistent general
+    excitement. (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1902, p. 134.)
+
+We not only have to recognize that in the course of evolution the specific
+odors of the sexual region have sunk into the background as a source of
+sexual allurements, we have further to recognize the significant fact that
+even those personal odors which are chiefly liable under normal
+circumstances to come occasionally within the conscious sexual sphere, and
+indeed purely personal odors of all kinds, fail to exert any attraction,
+but rather tend to cause antipathy, unless some degree of tumescence has
+already been attained. That is to say, our olfactory experiences of the
+human body approximate rather to our tactile experiences of it than to our
+visual experiences. Sight is our most intellectual sense, and we trust
+ourselves to it with comparative boldness without any undue dread that its
+messages will hurt us by their personal intimacy; we even court its
+experiences, for it is the chief organ of our curiosity, as smell is of a
+dog's. But smell with us has ceased to be a leading channel of
+intellectual curiosity. Personal odors do not, as vision does, give us
+information that is very largely intellectual; they make an appeal that is
+mainly of an intimate, emotional, imaginative character. They thus tend,
+when we are in our normal condition, to arouse what James calls the
+antisexual instinct.
+
+    "I cannot understand how people do not see how the senses are
+    connected," said Jenny Lind to J.A. Symonds (Horatio Brown, _J.A.
+    Symonds_, vol. i, p. 207). "What I have suffered from my sense of
+    smell! My youth was misery from my acuteness of sensibility."
+
+    Mantegazza discusses the strength of olfactory antipathies
+    (_Fisiologia dell' Odio_, p. 101), and mentions that once when
+    ill in Paraguay he was nursed by an Indian girl of 16, who was
+    fresh as a peach and extremely clean, but whose odor--"a mixture
+    of wild beast's lair and decayed onions"--caused nausea and
+    almost made him faint.
+
+    Moll (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 135)
+    records the case of a neuropathic man who was constantly rendered
+    impotent by his antipathy to personal body odors. It had very
+    frequently happened to him to be attracted by the face and
+    appearance of a girl, but at the last moment potency was
+    inhibited by the perception of personal odor.
+
+    In the case of a man of distinguished ability known to me,
+    belonging to a somewhat neuropathic family, there is extreme
+    sensitiveness to the smell of a woman, which is frequently the
+    most obvious thing to him about her. He has seldom known a woman
+    whose natural perfume entirely suits him, and his olfactory
+    impressions have frequently been the immediate cause of a rupture
+    of relationships.
+
+    It was formerly discussed whether strong personal odor
+    constituted adequate ground for divorce. Hagen, who brings
+    forward references on this point (_Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, pp.
+    75-83), considers that the body odors are normally and naturally
+    repulsive because they are closely associated with the capryl
+    group of odors, which are those of many of the excretions.
+
+    Olfactory antipathies are, however, often strictly subordinated
+    to the individual's general emotional attitude toward the object
+    from which they emanate. This is illustrated in the case, known
+    to me, of a man who on a hot day entering a steamboat with a
+    woman to whom he was attached seated himself between her and a
+    man, a stranger. He soon became conscious of an axillary odor
+    which he concluded to come from the man and which he felt as
+    disagreeable. But a little later he realized that it proceeded
+    from his own companion, and with this discovery the odor at once
+    lost its disagreeable character.
+
+    In this respect a personal odor resembles a personal touch. Two
+    intimate touches of the hand, though of precisely similar
+    physical quality, may in their emotional effects be separated by
+    an immeasurable interval, in dependence on our attitude toward
+    the person from whom they proceed.
+
+Personal odor, in order to make its allurement felt, and not to arouse
+antipathy, must, in normal persons, have been preceded by conditions which
+have inhibited the play of the antisexual instinct. A certain degree of
+tumescence must already have been attained. It is even possible, when we
+bear in mind the intimate sympathy between the sexual sphere and the nose,
+that the olfactory organ needs to have its sensibility modified in a form
+receptive to sexual messages, though such an assumption is by no means
+necessary. It is when such a faint preliminary degree of tumescence has
+been attained, however it may have been attained,--for the methods of
+tumescence, as we know, are innumerable,--that a sympathetic personal odor
+is enabled to make its appeal. If we analyze the cases in which olfactory
+perceptions have proved potent in love, we shall nearly always find that
+they have been experienced under circumstances favorable for the
+occurrence of tumescence. When this is not the case we may reasonably
+suspect the presence of some degree of perversion.
+
+    In the oft-quoted case of the Austrian peasant who found that he
+    was aided in seducing young women by dancing with them and then
+    wiping their faces with a handkerchief he had kept in his armpit,
+    we may doubtless regard the preliminary excitement of the dance
+    as an essential factor in the influence produced.
+
+    In the same way, I am acquainted with the ease of a lady not
+    usually sensitive to simple body odors (though affected by
+    perfumes and flowers) who on one occasion, when already in a
+    state of sexual erethism, was highly excited when perceiving the
+    odor of her lover's axilla.
+
+    The same influence of preliminary excitement may be seen in
+    another instance known to me, that of a gentlemen who when
+    traveling abroad fell in with three charming young ladies during
+    a long railway journey. He was conscious of a pleasurable
+    excitement caused by the prolonged intimacy of the journey, but
+    this only became definitely sexual when the youngest of the
+    ladies, stretching before him to look out of the window and
+    holding on to the rack above, accidentally brought her axilla
+    into close proximity with his face, whereupon erection was
+    caused, although he himself regards personal odors, at all events
+    when emanating from strangers, as indifferent or repulsive.
+
+    A medical correspondent, referring to the fact that with many men
+    (indeed women also) sexual excitement occurs after dancing for a
+    considerable time, remarks that he considers the odor of the
+    woman's sweat is here a considerable factor.
+
+The characteristics of olfaction which our investigation has so far
+revealed have not, on the whole, been favorable to the influence of
+personal odors as a sexual attraction in civilized men. It is a primitive
+sense which had its flowering time before men arose; it is a comparatively
+unæsthetic sense; it is a somewhat obtuse sense which among Europeans is
+usually incapable of perceiving the odor of the "human flower"--to use
+Goethe's phrase--except on very close contact, and on this account, and on
+account of the fact that it is a predominantly emotional sense, personal
+odors in ordinary social intercourse are less likely to arouse the sexual
+instinct than the antisexual instinct. If a certain degree of tumescence
+is required before a personal odor can exert an attractive influence, a
+powerful personal odor, strong enough to be perceived before any degree of
+tumescence is attained, will tend to cause repulsion, and in so doing
+tend, consciously or unconsciously, to excite prejudice against personal
+odor altogether. This is actually the case in civilization, and most
+people, it would appear, view with more or less antipathy the personal
+odors of those persons to whom they are not sexually attracted, while
+their attitude is neutral in this respect toward the individuals to whom
+they are sexually attracted.[51] The following statement by a
+correspondent seems to me to express the experience of the majority of men
+in this respect: "I do not notice that different people have different
+smells. Certain women I have known have been in the habit of using
+particular scents, but no associations could be aroused if I were to smell
+the same scent now, for I should not identify it. As a boy I was very fond
+of scent, and I associate this with my marked sexual proclivities. I like
+a woman to use a little scent. It rouses my sexual feelings, but not to
+any large extent. I dislike the smell of a woman's vagina." While the last
+statement seems to express the feeling of many if not most men, it may be
+proper to add that there seems no natural reason why the vulvar odor of a
+clean and healthy woman should be other than agreeable to a normal man who
+is her lover.
+
+In literature it is the natural odor of women rather than men which
+receives attention. We should expect this to be the case since literature
+is chiefly produced by men. The question as to whether men or women are
+really more apt to be sexually influenced in this way cannot thus be
+decided. Among animals, it seems probable, both sexes are alike influenced
+by odors, for, while it is usually the male whose sexual regions are
+furnished with special scent glands, when such occur, the peculiar odor of
+the female during the sexual season is certainly not less efficacious as
+an allurement to the male. If we compare the general susceptibility of men
+and women to agreeable odors, apart from the question of sexual
+allurement, there can be little doubt that it is most marked among women.
+As Groos points out, even among children little girls are more interested
+in scents than boys, and the investigations of various workers, especially
+Garbini, have shown that there is actually a greater power of
+discriminating odors among girls than among boys. Marro has gone further,
+and in an extended series of observations on girls before and after the
+establishment of puberty--which is of considerable interest from the point
+of view of the sexual significance of olfaction--he has shown reason to
+believe that girls acquire an increased susceptibility to odors when
+sexual life begins, although they show no such increased powers as regards
+the other senses.[52] On the whole, it would appear that, while women are
+not apt to be seriously affected, in the absence of any preliminary
+excitation, by crude body odors, they are by no means insusceptible to the
+sexual influence of olfactory impressions. It is probable, indeed, that
+they are more affected, and more frequently affected, in this way, than
+are men.
+
+    Edouard de Goncourt, in his novel _Chérie_--the intimate history
+    of a young girl, founded, he states, on much personal
+    observation--describes (Chapter LXXXV) the delight with which
+    sensuous, but chaste young girls often take in strong perfumes.
+    "Perfume and love," he remarks, "impart delights which are
+    closely allied." In an earlier chapter (XLIV) he writes of his
+    heroine at the age of 15: "The intimately happy emotion which the
+    young girl experienced in reading _Paul et Virginie_ and other
+    honestly amorous books she sought to make more complete and
+    intense and penetrating by soaking the book with scent, and the
+    love-story reached her senses and imagination through pages moist
+    with liquid perfume."
+
+    Carbini (_Archivio per l'Antropologia_, 1896, fasc. 3) in a very
+    thorough investigation of a large number of children, found that
+    the earliest osmo-gustative sensations occurred in the fourth
+    week in girls, the fifth week in boys; the first real and
+    definite olfactory sensations appeared in the fifteenth month in
+    girls, in the sixteenth in boys; while experiments on several
+    hundred children between the ages of 3 and 6 years showed the
+    girls slightly, but distinctly, superior to the boys. It may, of
+    course, be argued that these results merely show a somewhat
+    greater precocity of girls. I have summarized the main
+    investigations into this question in _Man and Woman_, revised and
+    enlarged edition, 1904, pp. 134-138. On the whole, they seem to
+    indicate greater olfactory acuteness on the part of women, but
+    the evidence is by no means altogether concordant in this sense.
+    Popular and general scientific opinion is also by no means always
+    in harmony. Thus, Tardif, in his book on odors in relation to the
+    sexual instinct, throughout assumes, as a matter of course, that
+    the sense of smell is most keen in men; while, on the other hand,
+    I note that in a pamphlet by Mr. Martin Perls, a manufacturing
+    perfumer, it is stated with equal confidence that "it is a
+    well-known fact that ladies have, even without a practice of long
+    standing, a keener sense of smell than men," and on this account
+    he employs a staff of young ladies for testing perfumes by smell
+    in the laboratory by the glazed paper test.
+
+    It is sometimes said that the use of strong perfumes by women
+    indicates a dulled olfactory organ. On the other hand, it is said
+    that the use of tobacco deadens the sensitiveness of the
+    masculine nose. Both these statements seem to be without
+    foundation. The use of a large amount of perfume is rather a
+    question of taste than a question of sensory acuteness (not to
+    mention that those who live in an atmosphere of perfume are, of
+    course, only faintly conscious of it), and the chemist perfumer
+    in his laboratory surrounded by strong odors can distinguish them
+    all with great delicacy. As regards tobacco, in Spain the
+    _cigarreras_ are women and girls who live perpetually in an
+    atmosphere of tobacco, and Señora Pardo Bazan, who knows them
+    well, remarks in her novel, _La Tribuna_, which deals with life
+    in a tobacco factory, that "the acuity of the sense of smell of
+    the _cigarreras_ is notable, and it would seem that instead of
+    blunting the nasal membrane the tobacco makes the olfactory
+    nerves keener."
+
+    "It was the same as if I was in a sweet apple garden, from the
+    sweetness that came to me when the light wind passed over them
+    and stirred their clothes," a woman is represented as saying
+    concerning a troop of handsome men in the Irish sagas (_Cuchulain
+    of Muirthemne_, p. 161). The pleasure and excitement experienced
+    by a woman in the odor of her lover is usually felt concerning a
+    vague and mixed odor which may be characteristic, but is not
+    definitely traceable to any specific bodily sexual odor. The
+    general odor of the man she loves, one woman states, is highly,
+    sometimes even overwhelmingly, attractive to her; but the
+    specific odor of the male sexual organs which she describes as
+    fishy has no attraction. A man writes that in his relations with
+    women he has never been able to detect that they were influenced
+    by the axillary or other specific odors. A woman writes: "To me
+    any personal odor, as that of perspiration, is very disagreeable,
+    and the healthy _naked_ human body is very free from any odor.
+    Fresh perspiration has no disagreeable smell; it is only by
+    retention in the clothing that it becomes objectionable. The
+    faint smell of smoke which lingers round men who smoke much is
+    rather exciting to me, but only when it is _very_ faint. If at
+    all strong it becomes disagreeable. As most of the men who have
+    attracted me have been great smokers, there is doubtless a direct
+    association of ideas. It has only once occurred to me that an
+    indifferent unpleasant smell became attractive in connection with
+    some particular person. In this case it was the scent of stale
+    tobacco, such as comes from the end of a cold cigar or cigarette.
+    It was, and is now, very disagreeable to me, but, for the time
+    and in connection with a particular person, it seemed to me more
+    delightful and exciting than the most delicious perfume. I think,
+    however, only a very strong attraction could overcome a dislike
+    of this sort, and I doubt if I could experience such a
+    twist-round if it had been a personal odor. Stale tobacco, though
+    nasty, conveys no mentally disagreeable idea. I mean it does not
+    suggest dirt or unhealthiness."
+
+    It is probably significant of the somewhat considerable part
+    which, in one way or another, odors and perfumes play in the
+    emotional life of women, that, of the 4 women whose sexual
+    histories are recorded in Appendix B of vol. iii of these
+    _Studies_, all are liable to experience sexual effects from
+    olfactory stimuli, 3 of them from personal odors (though this
+    fact is not in every case brought out in the histories as
+    recorded), while of the 8 men not one has considered his
+    olfactory experiences in this respect as worthy of mention.
+
+    The very marked sexual fascination which odor, associated with
+    the men they love, exerts on women has easily passed unperceived,
+    since women have not felt called upon to proclaim it. In sexual
+    inversion, however, when the woman takes a more active and
+    outspoken part than in normal love, it may very clearly be
+    traced. Here, indeed, it is often exaggerated, in consequence of
+    the common tendency for neurotic and neurasthenic persons to be
+    more than normally susceptible to the influence of odors. In the
+    majority of inverted women, it may safely be said, the odor of
+    the beloved person plays a very considerable part. Thus, one
+    inverted woman asks the woman she loves to send her some of her
+    hair that she may intoxicate herself in solitude with its perfume
+    (_Archivio di Psicopatie Sessuali_, vol. i, fasc. 3, p. 36).
+    Again, a young girl with some homosexual tendencies, was apt to
+    experience sexual emotions when in ordinary contact with
+    schoolfellows whose body odor was marked (Féré, _L'Instinct
+    Sexuel_, p. 260). Such examples are fairly typical.
+
+    That the body odor of men may in a large number of cases be
+    highly agreeable and sexually attractive is shown by the
+    testimony of male sexual inverts. There is abundant evidence to
+    this effect. Raffalovich (_L'Uranisme et l'Unisexualité_, p. 126)
+    insists on the importance of body odors as a sexual attraction to
+    the male invert, and is inclined to think that the increased odor
+    of the man's own body during sexual excitement may have an
+    auto-aphrodisiacal effect which is reflected on the body of the
+    loved person. The odor of peasants, of men who work in the open
+    air, is specially apt to be found attractive. Moll mentions the
+    case of an inverted man who found the "forest, mosslike odor" of
+    a schoolfellow irresistibly attractive.
+
+    The following passage from a letter written by an Italian marquis
+    has been sent to me: "Bonifazio stripped one evening, to give me
+    pleasure. He has the full, rounded flesh and amber coloring which
+    painters of the Giorgione school gave to their S. Sebastians.
+    When he began to dress, I took up an old _fascia_, or girdle of
+    netted silk, which was lying under his breeches, and which still
+    preserved the warmth of his body. I buried my face in it, and was
+    half inebriated by its exquisite aroma of young manhood and fresh
+    hay. He told me he had worn it for two years. No wonder it was
+    redolent of him. I asked him to let me keep it as a souvenir. He
+    smiled and said: 'You like it because it has lain so long upon my
+    _panoia_.' 'Yes, just so,' I replied; 'whenever I kiss it, thus
+    and thus, it will bring you back to me.' Sometimes I tie it round
+    my naked waist before I go to bed. The smell of it is enough to
+    cause a powerful erection, and the contact of its fringes with my
+    testicles and phallus has once or twice produced an involuntary
+    emission."
+
+    I may here reproduce a communication which has reached me
+    concerning the attractiveness of the odor of peasants: "One
+    predominant attraction of these men is that they are pure and
+    clean; their bodies in a state of healthy normal function. Then
+    they possess, if they are temperate, what the Greek poet Straton
+    called the phydikê chrôtos (a quality which, according to this
+    authority, is never found in women). This 'natural fair perfume
+    of the flesh' is a peculiar attribute of young men who live in
+    the open air and deal with natural objects. Even their
+    perspiration has an odor very different from that of girls in
+    ball-rooms: more refined, ethereal, pervasive, delicate, and
+    difficult to seize. When they have handled hay--in the time of
+    hay-harvest, or in winter, when they bring hay down from mountain
+    huts--the youthful peasants carry about with them the smell of 'a
+    field the Lord hath blessed.' Their bodies and their clothes
+    exhale an indefinable fragrance of purity and sex combined. Every
+    gland of the robust frame seems to have accumulated scent from
+    herbs and grasses, which slowly exudes from the cool, fresh skin
+    of the lad. You do not perceive it in a room. You must take the
+    young man's hands and bury your face in them, or be covered with
+    him under the same blanket in one bed, to feel this aroma. No
+    sensual impression on the nerves of smell is more poignantly
+    impregnated with spiritual poetry--the poetry of adolescence, and
+    early hours upon the hills, and labor cheerfully accomplished,
+    and the harvest of God's gifts to man brought home by human
+    industry. It is worth mentioning that Aristophanes, in his
+    description of the perfect Athenian Ephebus, dwells upon his
+    being redolent of natural perfumes."
+
+    In a passage in the second part of _Faust_ Goethe (who appears to
+    have felt considerable interest in the psychology of smell) makes
+    three women speak concerning the ambrosiacal odor of young men.
+
+    In this connection, also, I note a passage in a poem ("Appleton
+    House") by our own English poet Marvell, which it is of interest
+    to  quote:--
+
+        "And now the careless victors play,
+        Dancing the triumphs of the hay,
+        When every mower's wholesome heat
+        Smells like an Alexander's sweat.
+        Their females fragrant as the mead
+        Which they in fairy circles tread,
+        When at their dance's end they kiss,
+        Their new-mown hay not sweeter is."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[30] R. Andree, "Völkergeruch," in _Ethnographische Parallelen_, Neue
+Folge, 1889, pp. 213-222, brings together many passages describing the
+odors of various peoples. Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, pp. 166 et
+seq., has a chapter on the subject; Joest, supplement to _International
+Archiv für Ethnographie_, 1893, p. 53, has an interesting passage on the
+smells of various races, as also Waitz, _Introduction to Anthropology_, p.
+103. Cf. Sir H.H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 395; T.H. Parke,
+_Experiences in Equatorial Africa_, p. 409; E.H. Man, _Journal of the
+Anthropological Institute_, 1889, p. 391; Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of
+Victoria_, vol. i, p. 7; d'Orbigny, _L'Homme Américain_, vol. i, p. 87,
+etc.
+
+[31] B. Adachi "Geruch der Europaer," _Globus_, 1903, No. 1.
+
+[32] Hagen quotes testimonies on this point, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, p.
+173. The negro, Castellani states, considers that Europeans have a smell
+of death.
+
+[33] _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. ii, p.
+181.
+
+[34] Waitz, _Introduction to Anthropology_, p. 103.
+
+[35] Monin, _Les Odeurs du Corps Humain_, second edition, Paris, 1886,
+discusses briefly but comprehensively the normal and more especially the
+pathological odors of the body and of its secretions and excretions.
+
+[36] Venturi, _Degenerazione Psicho-sessuale_, p. 417.
+
+[37] Quoted by Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1902, p. 133.
+
+[38] H. Ling Roth, "On Salutations," _Journal of the Anthropological
+Institute_, November, 1889.
+
+[39] See Appendix A: "The Origins of the Kiss."
+
+[40] See, e.g., passage quoted by I. Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p. 205.
+
+[41] It must at the same time be remembered that the more or less degree
+of exposure involved by sexual intercourse is itself a cause of nasal
+congestion and sneezing.
+
+[42] Féré, _Pathologie des Emotions_, p. 81
+
+[43] J.N. Mackenzie similarly suggests (_Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_,
+No. 82, 1898) that "irritation and congestion of the nasal mucous membrane
+precede, or are the excitants of, the olfactory impression that forms the
+connecting link between the sense of smell and erethism of the
+reproductive organs exhibited in the lower animals."
+
+[44] _Les Odeurs dans les Romans de Zola_, Montpellier, 1889.
+
+[45] Toulouse, _Emile Zola_, pp. 163-165, 173-175.
+
+[46] P.J. Möbius, _Das Pathologische bei Nietzsche_.
+
+[47] Moll has a passage on the sense of smell in the blind, more
+especially in sexual respects, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_,
+bd. 1, pp. 137 et seq.
+
+[48] See, for instance, his poem, "Love Perfumes all Parts," in which he
+declares that "Hands and thighs and legs are all richly aromatical." And
+compare the lyrics entitled "A Song to the Maskers," "On Julia's Breath,"
+"Upon Julia's Unlacing Herself," "Upon Julia's Sweat," and "To Mistress
+Anne Soame."
+
+[49] There are various indications that Goethe was attentive to the
+attraction of personal odors; and that he experienced this attraction
+himself is shown by the fact that, as he confessed, when he once had to
+leave Weimar on an official journey for two days he took a bodice of Frau
+von Stein's away in order to carry the scent of her body with him.
+
+[50] Hagen has brought together from the literature of the subject a
+number of typical cases of olfactory fetichism, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_,
+1901, pp. 82 et seq.
+
+[51] Moll's inquiries among normal persons have also shown that few people
+are conscious of odor as a sexual attraction. (_Untersuchungen über die
+Libido Sexualis_. Bd. I, p. 133.)
+
+[52] Marro, _La, Pubertà_, 1898, Chapter II. Tardif found in boys that
+perfumes exerted little or no influence on circulation and respiration
+before puberty, though his observations on this point were too few to
+carry weight.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Influence of Perfumes--Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors--This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers--The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes--The Sexual Effects of Perfumes--Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors--The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor--Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and
+Man--Musk a Powerful Stimulant--Its Widespread Use as a Perfume--Peau
+d'Espagne--The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects--The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers--The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors--The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.
+
+
+So far we have been mainly concerned with purely personal odors. It is,
+however, no longer possible to confine the discussion of the sexual
+significance of odor within the purely animal limit. The various
+characteristics of personal odor which have been noted--alike those which
+tend to make it repulsive and those which tend to make it attractive--have
+led to the use of artificial perfumes, to heighten the natural odor when
+it is regarded as attractive, to disguise it when it is regarded as
+repellent; while at the same time, happily covering both of these
+impulses, has developed the pure delight in perfume for its own
+agreeableness, the æsthetic side of olfaction. In this way--although in a
+much less constant and less elaborate manner--the body became adorned to
+the sense of smell just as by clothing and ornament it is adorned to the
+sense of sight.
+
+But--and this is a point of great significance from our present
+standpoint--we do not really leave the sexual sphere by introducing
+artificial perfumes. The perfumes which we extract from natural products,
+or, as is now frequently the case, produce by chemical synthesis, are
+themselves either actually animal sexual odors or allied in character or
+composition, to the personal odors they are used to heighten or disguise.
+Musk is the product of glands of the male _Moschus moschiferus_ which
+correspond to preputial sebaceous glands; castoreum is the product of
+similar sexual glands in the beaver, and civet likewise from the civet;
+ambergris is an intestinal calculus found in the rectum of the
+cachelot.[53] Not only, however, are nearly all the perfumes of animal
+origin, in use by civilized man, odors which have a specially sexual
+object among the animals from which they are derived, but even the
+perfumes of flowers may be said to be of sexual character. They are given
+out at the reproductive period in the lives of plants, and they clearly
+have very largely as their object an appeal to the insects who secure
+plant fertilization, such appeal having as its basis the fact that among
+insects themselves olfactory sensibility has in many cases been developed
+in their own mating.[54] There is, for example, a moth in which both sexes
+are similarly and inconspicuously marked, but the males diffuse an
+agreeable odor, said to be like pineapple, which attracts the females.[55]
+If, therefore, the odors of flowers have developed because they proved
+useful to the plant by attracting insects or other living creatures, it is
+obvious that the advantage would lie with those plants which could put
+forth an animal sexual odor of agreeable character, since such an odor
+would prove fascinating to animal creatures. We here have a very simple
+explanation of the fundamental identity of odors in the animal and
+vegetable worlds. It thus comes about that from a psychological point of
+view we are not really entering a new field when we begin to discuss the
+influence of perfumes other than those of the animal body. We are merely
+concerned with somewhat more complex or somewhat more refined sexual
+odors; they are not specifically different from the human odors and they
+mingle with them harmoniously. Popular language bears witness to the
+truth of this statement, and the normal and abnormal human odors, as we
+have already seen, are constantly compared to artificial, animal, and
+plant odors, to chloroform, to musk, to violet, to mention only those
+similitudes which seem to occur most frequently.
+
+    The methods now employed for obtaining the perfumes universally
+    used in civilized lands are three: (1) the extraction of
+    odoriferous compounds from the neutral products in which they
+    occur; (2) the artificial preparation of naturally occurring
+    odoriferous compounds by synthetic processes; (3) the manufacture
+    of materials which yield odors resembling those of pleasant
+    smelling natural objects. (See, e.g., "Natural and Artificial
+    Perfumes," _Nature_, December 27, 1900.) The essential principles
+    of most of our perfumes belong to the complex class of organic
+    compounds known as terpenes. During recent years a number of the
+    essential elements of natural perfumes have been studied, in many
+    cases the methods of preparing them artificially discovered, and
+    they are largely replacing the use of natural perfumes not only
+    for soaps, etc., but for scent essences, though it appears to be
+    very difficult to imitate exactly the delicate fragrance achieved
+    by Nature. Artificial musk was discovered accidentally by Bauer
+    when studying the butyltoluenes contained in a resin extractive.
+    Vanillin, the odoriferous principle of the vanilla bean, is an
+    aldehyde which was first artificially prepared by Tiemann and
+    Haarmann in 1874 by oxidizing coniferin, a glucoside contained in
+    the sap of various coniferæ, but it now appears to be usually
+    manufactured from eugenol, a phenol contained in oil of cloves.
+    Piperonal, an aldehyde closely allied to vanillin, is used in
+    perfumery under the name of heliotropin and is prepared from oil
+    of sassafras and oil of camphor. Cumarine, the material to which
+    tonka bean, sweet woodruff, and new-mown hay owe their
+    characteristic odors, was synthetically prepared by W.H. Parkin
+    in 1868 by heating sodiosalicylic aldehyde with acetic anhydride,
+    though now more cheaply prepared from an herb growing in Florida.
+    Irone, which has the perfume of violets, was isolated in 1893
+    from a ketone contained in orris-root; and ionone, another ketone
+    which has a very closely similar odor of fresh violets and was
+    isolated after some years' further work, is largely used in the
+    preparation of violet perfume. Irone and ionone are closely
+    similar in composition to oil of turpentine which when taken into
+    the body is partly converted into perfume and gives a strong odor
+    of violets to the urine. "Little has yet been accomplished toward
+    ascertaining the relation between the odor and the chemical
+    constitution of substances in general. Hydrocarbons as a class
+    possess considerable similarity in odor, so also do the organic
+    sulphides and, to a much smaller extent, the ketones. The
+    subject waits for some one to correlate its various
+    physiological, psychological and physical aspects in the same way
+    that Helmholtz did for sound. It seems, as yet, impossible to
+    assign any probable reason to the fact that many substances have
+    a pleasant odor. It may, however, be worth suggesting that
+    certain compounds, such as the volatile sulphides and the
+    indoles, have very unpleasant odors because they are normal
+    constituents of mammalian excreta and of putrefied animal
+    products; the repulsive odors may be simply necessary results of
+    evolutionary processes." (_Loc. cit._, _Nature_, December 27,
+    1900.)
+
+    Many of the perfumes in use are really combinations of a great
+    many different odors in varying proportions, such as oil of rose,
+    lavender oil, ylang-ylang, etc. The most highly appreciated
+    perfumes are often made up of elements which in stronger
+    proportion would be regarded as highly unpleasant.
+
+    In the study and manufacture of perfumes Germany and France have
+    taken the lead in recent times. The industry is one of great
+    importance. In France alone the trade in perfumes amounts to
+    £4,000,000.
+
+It is doubtless largely owing to the essential and fundamental identity of
+odors--to the chemical resemblances even of odors from the most widely
+remote sources--that we find that perfumes in many cases have the same
+sexual effects as are primitively possessed by the body odors. In northern
+countries, where the use of perfumes is chiefly cultivated by women, it is
+by women that this sexual influence is most liable to be felt. In the
+South and in the East it appears to be at least equally often experienced
+by men. Thus, in Italy Mantegazza remarks that "many men of strong sexual
+temperament cannot visit with impunity a laboratory of essences and
+perfumes."[56] In the East we find it stated in the Islamic book entitled
+_The Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui_ that the use of perfumes by women,
+as well as by men, excites to the generative act. It is largely in
+reliance on this fact that in many parts of the world, especially among
+Eastern peoples and occasionally among ourselves in Europe, women have
+been accustomed to perfume the body and especially the vulva.[57]
+
+It seems highly probable that, as has been especially emphasized by Hagen,
+perfumes were primitively used by women, not as is sometimes the case in
+civilization, with the idea of disguising any possible natural odor, but
+with the object of heightening and fortifying the natural odor.[58] If the
+primitive man was inclined to disparage a woman whose odor was slight or
+imperceptible,--turning away from her with contempt, as the Polynesian
+turned away from the ladies of Sydney: "They have no smell!"--women would
+inevitably seek to supplement any natural defects in this respect, and to
+accentuate their odorous qualities, in the same way as by corsets and
+bustles, even in civilization, they have sought to accentuate the sexual
+saliencies of their bodies. In this way we may, as Hagen suggests, explain
+the fact that until recent times the odors preferred by women have not
+been the most delicate or exquisite, but the strongest, the most animal,
+the most sexual: musk, castoreum, civet, and ambergris.
+
+    In that interesting novel--dealing with the adventures of a
+    Jewish maiden at the Persian court of Xerxes--which under the
+    title of _Esther_ has found its way into the Old Testament we are
+    told that it was customary in the royal harem at Shushan to
+    submit the women to a very prolonged course of perfuming before
+    they were admitted to the king: "six months with oil of myrrh and
+    six months with sweet odors." (_Esther_, Chapter II, v. 12.)
+
+    In the _Arabian Nights_ there are many allusions to the use of
+    perfumes by women with a more or less definitely stated
+    aphrodisiacal intent. Thus we read in the story of Kamaralzaman:
+    "With fine incense I will perfume my breasts, my belly, my whole
+    body, so that my skin may melt more sweetly in thy mouth, O apple
+    of my eye!"
+
+    Even among savages the perfuming of the body is sometimes
+    practiced with the object of inducing love in the partner.
+    Schellong states that the Papuans of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land rub
+    various fragrant plants into their bodies for this purpose.
+    (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1899, ht. i, p. 19.) The
+    significance of this practice is more fully revealed by Haddon
+    when studying the Papuans of Torres Straits among whom the
+    initiative in courtship is taken by the women. It was by scenting
+    himself with a pungent odorous substance that a young man
+    indicated that he was ready to be sued by the girls. A man would
+    wear this scent at the back of his neck during a dance in order
+    to attract the attention of a particular girl; it was believed to
+    act with magical certainty, after the manner of a charm (_Reports
+    of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_,
+    vol. v, pp. 211, 222, and 328).
+
+The perfume which is of all perfumes the most interesting from the present
+point of view is certainly musk. With ambergris, musk is the chief member
+of Linnæus's group of _Odores ambrosiacæ_, a group which in sexual
+significances, as Zwaardemaker remarks, ranks besides the capryl group of
+odors. It is a perfume of ancient origin; its name is Persian[59]
+(indicating doubtless the channel whence it reached Europe) and ultimately
+derived from the Sanskrit word for testicle in allusion to the fact that
+it was contained in a pouch removed from the sexual parts of the male
+musk-deer. Musk odors, however, often of considerable strength, are very
+widely distributed in Nature, alike among animals and plants. This is
+indicated by the frequency with which the word "musk" forms part of the
+names of animals and plants which are by no means always nearly related.
+We have the musk-ox, the musky mole, several species called musk-rat, the
+musk-duct, the musk-beetle; while among plants which have received their
+names from a real or supposed musky odor are, besides several that are
+called musk-plant, the musk-rose, the musk-hyacinth, the musk-mallow, the
+musk-orchid, the musk-melon, the musk-cherry, the musk-pear, the
+musk-plum, muskat and muscatels, musk-seed, musk-tree, musk-wood, etc.[60]
+But a musky odor is not merely widespread in Nature among plants and the
+lower animals, it is peculiarly associated with man. Incidentally we have
+already seen how it is regarded as characteristic of some races of man,
+especially the Chinese. Moreover, the smell of the negress is said to be
+musky in character, and among Europeans a musky odor is said to be
+characteristic of blondes. Laycock, in his _Nervous Diseases of Women_,
+stated his opinion that "the musk odor is certainly the sexual odor of
+man"; and Féré states that the musk odor is that among natural perfumes
+most nearly approaching the odor of the sexual secretions. We have seen
+that the Chinese poet vaunts the musky odor of his mistress's armpits,
+while another Oriental saying concerning the attractive woman is that "her
+navel is filled with musk." Persian literature contains many references to
+musk as an attractive body odor, and Firdusi speaks of a woman's hair as
+"a crown of musk," while the Arabian poet Motannabi says of his mistress
+that "her hyacinthine hair smells sweeter than Scythian musk." Galopin
+stated that he knew women whose natural odor of musk (and less frequently
+of ambergris) was sufficiently strong to impart to a bath in less than an
+hour a perfume due entirely to the exhalations of the musky body; it must
+be added that Galopin was an enthusiast in this matter.
+
+The special significance of musk from our present point of view lies not
+only in the fact that we here have a perfume, widely scattered throughout
+nature and often in an agreeable form, which is at the same time a very
+frequent personal odor in man. Musk is the odor which not only in the
+animals to which it has given a name, but in many others, is a
+specifically sexual odor, chiefly emitted during the sexual season. The
+sexual odors, indeed, of most animals seem to be modifications of musk.
+The Sphinx moth has a musky odor which is confined to the male and is
+doubtless sexual. Some lizards have a musky odor which is heightened at
+the sexual season; crocodiles during the pairing season emit from their
+submaxillary glands a musky odor which pervades their haunts. In the same
+way elephants emit a musky odor from their facial glands during the
+rutting season. The odor of the musk-duck is chiefly confined to the
+breeding season.[61] The musky odor of the negress is said to be
+heightened during sexual excitement.
+
+The predominance of musk as a sexual odor is associated with the fact that
+its actual nervous influence, apart from the presence of sexual
+association, is very considerable. Féré found it to be a powerful muscular
+stimulant. In former times musk enjoyed a high reputation as a cardiac
+stimulant; it fell into disuse, but in recent years its use in asthenic
+states has been revived, and excellent results, it has been claimed, have
+followed its administration in cases of collapse from Asiatic cholera. For
+sexual torpor in women it still has (like vanilla and sandal) a certain
+degree of reputation, though it is not often used, and some of the old
+Arabian physicians (especially Avicenna) recommended it, with castoreum
+and myrrh, for amenorrhoea. Its powerful action is indicated by the
+experience of Esquirol, who stated that he had seen cases in which sensory
+stimulation by musk in women during lactation had produced mania. It has
+always had the reputation, more especially in the Mohammedan East, of
+being a sexual stimulant to men; "the noblest of perfumes," it is called
+in _El Ktab_, "and that which most provokes to venery."
+
+It is doubtless a fact significant of the special sexual effects of musk
+that, as Laycock remarked, in cases of special idiosyncrasy to odors, musk
+appears to be that odor which is most liked or disliked. Thus, the old
+English physician Whytt remarked that "several delicate women who could
+easily bear the stronger smell of tobacco have been thrown into fits by
+musk, ambergris, or a pale rose."[62] It may be remarked that in the
+_Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui_ it is stated that it is by their
+sexual effects that perfumes tend to throw women into a kind of swoon, and
+Lucretius remarks that a woman who smells castoreum, another animal sexual
+perfume, at the time of her menstrual period may swoon.[63]
+
+Not only is musk the most cherished perfume of the Islamic world, and the
+special favorite of the Prophet himself, who greatly delighted in perfumes
+("I love your world," he is reported to have said in old age, "for its
+women and its perfumes"),[64] it is the only perfume generally used by the
+women of a land in which the refinements of life have been carried so far
+as Japan, and they received it from the Chinese.[65]
+
+Moreover, musk is still the most popular of European perfumes. It is the
+perfumes containing musk, Piesse states in his well-known book on the _Art
+of Perfumery_, which sell best. It is certainly true that in its simple
+form the odor of musk is not nowadays highly considered in Europe. This
+fact is connected with the ever-growing refinement in accordance with
+which the specific odors of the sexual regions in human beings tend to
+lose their primitive attractiveness and bodily odors generally become
+mingled with artificial perfumes and so disguised. But, although musk in
+its simple form, and under its ancient name, has lost its hold in Europe,
+it is an interesting and significant fact that it is still the perfumes
+which contain musk that are the most widely popular.
+
+Peau d'Espagne may be mentioned as a highly complex and luxurious perfume,
+often the favorite scent of sensuous persons, which really owes a large
+part of its potency to the presence of the crude animal sexual odors of
+musk and civet. It consists of wash-leather steeped in ottos of neroli,
+rose, santal, lavender, verbena, bergamot, cloves, and cinnamon,
+subsequently smeared with civet and musk. It is said by some, probably
+with a certain degree of truth, that Peau d'Espagne is of all perfumes
+that which most nearly approaches the odor of a woman's skin; whether it
+also suggests the odor of leather is not so clear.
+
+There is, however, no doubt that the smell of leather has a curiously
+stimulating sexual influence on many men and women. It is an odor which
+seems to occupy an intermediate place between the natural body odors and
+the artificial perfumes for which it sometimes serves as a basis; possibly
+it is to this fact that its occasional sexual influence is owing, for, as
+we have already seen, there is a tendency for sexual allurement to attach
+to odors which are not the specific personal body odors but yet are
+related to them. Moll considers, no doubt rightly, that shoe fetichism,
+perhaps the most frequent of sexual fetichistic perversions, is greatly
+favored, if, indeed, it does not owe its origin to, the associated odor of
+the feet and of the shoes.[66] He narrates a case of shoe fetichism in a
+man in which the perversion began at the age of 6; when for the first time
+he wore new shoes, having previously used only the left-off shoes of his
+elder brother; he felt and smelt these new shoes with sensations of
+unmeasured pleasure; and a few years later began to use shoes as a method
+of masturbation.[67] Näcke has also recorded the case of a shoe fetichist
+who declared that the sexual attraction of shoes (usually his wife's) lay
+largely in the odor of the leather.[68] Krafft-Ebing, again, brings
+forward a case of shoe fetichism in which the significant fact is
+mentioned that the subject bought a pair of leather cuffs to smell while
+masturbating.[69] Restif de la Bretonne, who was somewhat of a shoe
+fetichist, appears to have enjoyed smelling shoes. It is not probable that
+the odor of leather explains the whole of shoe fetichism,--as we shall see
+when, in another "Study," this question comes before us--and in many cases
+it cannot be said to enter at all; it is, however, one of the factors.
+Such a conclusion is further supported by the fact that by many the odor
+of new shoes is sometimes desired as an adjuvant to coitus. It is in the
+experience of prostitutes that such a device is not infrequent. Näcke
+mentions that a colleague of his was informed by a prostitute that several
+of her clients desired the odor of new shoes in the room, and that she was
+accustomed to obtain the desired perfume by holding her shoes for a moment
+over the flame of a spirit lamp.
+
+The direct sexual influence of the odor of leather is, however, more
+conclusively proved by those instances in which it exists apart from shoes
+or other objects having any connection with the human body. I have
+elsewhere in these "Studies"[71] recorded the case of a lady, entirely
+normal in sexual and other respects, who is conscious of a considerable
+degree of pleasurable sexual excitement in the presence of the smell of
+leather objects, more especially of leather-bound ledgers and in shops
+where leather objects are sold. She thinks this dates from the period
+when, as a child of 9, she was sometimes left alone for a time on a high
+stool in an office. A possible explanation in this case lies in the
+supposition that on one of these early occasions sexual excitement was
+produced by the contact with the stool (in a way that is not infrequent in
+young girls) and that the accidentally associated odor of leather
+permanently affected the nervous system, while the really significant
+contact left no permanent impression. Even on such a supposition it might,
+however, still be maintained that a real potency of the leather odor is
+illustrated by this case, and this is likewise suggested by the fact that
+the same subject is also sexually affected by various perfumes and odorous
+flowers not recalling leather.[70]
+
+It has been suggested to me by a lady that the odor of leather suggests
+that of the sexual organs. The same suggestion is made by Hagen,[72] and I
+find it stated by Gould and Pyle that menstruating girls sometimes smell
+of leather. The secret of its influence may thus be not altogether
+obscure; in the fact that leather is animal skin, and that it may thus
+vaguely stir the olfactory sensibilities which had been ancestrally
+affected by the sexual stimulus of the skin odor lies the probable
+foundation of the mystery.
+
+In the absence of all suggestion of personal or animal odors, in its most
+exquisite forms in the fragrance of flowers, olfactory sensations are
+still very frequently of a voluptuous character. Mantegazza has remarked
+that it is a proof of the close connection between the sense of smell and
+the sexual organs that the expression of pleasure produced by olfaction
+resembles the expression of sexual pleasures.[73] Make the chastest woman
+smell the flowers she likes best, he remarks, and she will close her eyes,
+breathe deeply, and, if very sensitive, tremble all over, presenting an
+intimate picture which otherwise she never shows, except perhaps to her
+lover. He mentions a lady who said: "I sometimes feel such pleasure in
+smelling flowers that I seem to be committing a sin."[74] It is really the
+case that in many persons--usually, if not exclusively, women--the odor of
+flowers produces not only a highly pleasurable, but a distinctly and
+specifically sexual, effect. I have met with numerous cases in which this
+effect was well marked. It is usually white flowers with heavy,
+penetrating odors which exert this influence. Thus, one lady (who is
+similarly affected by various perfumes, forget-me-nots, ylang-ylang,
+etc.) finds that a number of flowers produce on her a definite sexual
+effect, with moistening of the pudenda. This effect is especially produced
+by white flowers like the gardenia, tuberose, etc. Another lady, who lives
+in India, has a similar experience with flowers. She writes: A scent to
+cause me sexual excitement must be somewhat heavy and _penetrating_.
+Nearly all white flowers so affect me and many Indian flowers with heavy,
+almost pungent scents. (All the flower scents are quite unconnected with
+me with any individual.) Tuberose, lilies of the valley, and frangipani
+flowers have an almost intoxicating effect on me. Violets, roses,
+mignonette, and many others, though very delicious, give me no sexual
+feeling at all. For this reason the line, 'The lilies and languors of
+virtue for the roses and raptures of vice' seems all wrong to me. The lily
+seems to me a very sensual flower, while the rose and its scent seem very
+good and countrified and virtuous. Shelley's description of the lily of
+the valley, 'whom youth makes so fair and _passion_ so pale,' falls in
+much more with my ideas. "I can quite understand," she adds, "that
+leather, especially of books, might have an exciting effect, as the smell
+has this _penetrating_ quality, but I do not think it produces any special
+feeling in me." This more sensuous character of white flowers is fairly
+obvious to many persons who do not experience from them any specifically
+sexual effects. To some people lilies have an odor which they describe as
+sexual, although these persons may be quite unaware that Hindu authors
+long since described the vulvar secretion of the _Padmini_, or perfect
+woman, during coitus, as "perfumed like the lily that has newly
+burst."[75] It is noteworthy that it was more especially the white
+flowers--lily, tuberose, etc.--which were long ago noted by Cloquet as
+liable to cause various unpleasant nervous effects, cardiac oppression and
+syncope.[76]
+
+When we are concerned with the fragrances of flowers it would seem that we
+are far removed from the human sexual field, and that their sexual effects
+are inexplicable. It is not so. The animal and vegetable odors, as,
+indeed, we have already seen, are very closely connected. The recorded
+cases are very numerous in which human persons have exhaled from their
+skins--sometimes in a very pronounced degree--the odors of plants and
+flowers, of violets, of roses, of pineapple, of vanilla. On the other
+hand, there are various plant odors which distinctly recall, not merely
+the general odor of the human body, but even the specifically sexual
+odors. A rare garden weed, the stinking goosefoot, _Chenopodium vulvaria_,
+it is well known, possesses a herring brine or putrid fish odor--due, it
+appears, to propylamin, which is also found in the flowers of the common
+white thorn or mayflower (_Cratægus oxyacantha_) and many others of the
+_Rosaceæ_--which recalls the odor of the animal and human sexual
+regions.[77] The reason is that both plant and animal odors belong
+chemically to the same group of capryl odors (Linnæus's _Odores hircini_),
+so called from the goat, the most important group of odors from the sexual
+point of view. Caproic and capryl acid are contained not only in the odor
+of the goat and in human sweat, and in animal products as many cheeses,
+but also in various plants, such as Herb Robert (_Geranium robertianum_),
+and the Stinking St. John's worts (_Hypericum hircinum_), as well as the
+_Chenopodium_. Zwaardemaker considers it probable that the odor of the
+vagina belongs to the same group, as well as the odor of semen (which
+Haller called _odor aphrodisiacus_), which last odor is also found, as
+Cloquet pointed out, in the flowers of the common berberry (_Berberis
+vulgaris_) and in the chestnut. A very remarkable and significant example
+of the same odor seems to occur in the case of the flowers of the henna
+plant, the white-flowered Lawsonia (_Lawsonia inermis_), so widely used in
+some Mohammedan lands for dyeing the nails and other parts of the body.
+"These flowers diffuse the sweetest odor," wrote Sonnini in Egypt a
+century ago; "the women delight to wear them, to adorn their houses with
+them, to carry them to the baths, to hold them in their hands, and to
+perfume their bosoms with them. They cannot patiently endure that
+Christian and Jewish women shall share the privilege with them. It is very
+remarkable that the perfume of the henna flowers, when closely inhaled, is
+almost entirely lost in a very decided spermatic odor. If the flowers are
+crushed between the fingers this odor prevails, and is, indeed, the only
+one perceptible. It is not surprising that so delicious a flower has
+furnished Oriental poetry with many charming traits and amorous similes."
+Such a simile Sonnini finds in the _Song of Songs_, i. 13-14.[78]
+
+The odor of semen has not been investigated, but, according to
+Zwaardemaker, artificially produced odors (like cadaverin) resemble it.
+The odor of the leguminous fenugreek, a botanical friend considers,
+closely approaches the odor given off in some cases by the armpit in
+women. It is noteworthy that fenugreek contains cumarine, which imparts
+its fragrance to new-mown hay and to various flowers of somewhat similar
+odor. On some persons these have a sexually exciting effect, and it is of
+considerable interest to observe that they recall to many the odor of
+semen. "It seems very natural," a lady writes, "that flowers, etc., should
+have an exciting effect, as the original and by far the pleasantest way of
+love-making was in the open among flowers and fields; but a more purely
+physical reason may, I think, be found in the exact resemblance between
+the scent of semen and that of the pollen of flowering grasses. The first
+time I became aware of this resemblance it came on me with a rush that
+here was the explanation of the very exciting effect of a field of
+flowering grasses and, perhaps through them, of the scents of other
+flowers. If I am right, I suppose flower scents should affect women more
+powerfully than men in a sexual way. I do not think anyone would be likely
+to notice the odor of semen in this connection unless they had been
+greatly struck by the exciting effects of the pollen of grasses. I had
+often noticed it and puzzled over it." As pollen is the male sexual
+element of flowers, its occasionally stimulating effect in this direction
+is perhaps but an accidental result of a unity running through the organic
+world, though it may be perhaps more simply explained as a special form of
+that nasal irritation which is felt by so many persons in a hay-field.
+Another correspondent, this time a man, tells me that he has noted the
+resemblance of the odor of semen to that of crushed grasses. A scientific
+friend who has done much work in the field of organic chemistry tells me
+he associates the odor of semen with that produced by diastasic action on
+mixing flour and water, which he regards as sexual in character. This
+again brings us to the starchy products of the leguminous plants. It is
+evident that, subtle and obscure as many questions in the physiology and
+psychology of olfaction still remain, we cannot easily escape from their
+sexual associations.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[53] H. Beauregard, _Matière Médicale Zoölogique: Histoire des Drogues
+d'origine Animate_, 1901.
+
+[54] Professor Plateau, of Ghent, has for many years carried on a series
+of experiments which would even tend to show that insects are scarcely
+attracted by the colors of flowers at all, but mainly influenced by a
+sense which would appear to be smell. His experiments have been recorded
+during recent years (from 1887) in the _Bulletins de l'Académie Royale de
+Belgique_, and have from time to time been summarized in _Nature_, e.g.,
+February 5, 1903.
+
+[55] David Sharp, _Cambridge Natural History: Insects_, Part II, p. 398.
+
+[56] Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, 1873, p. 176.
+
+[57] Mantegazza (_L'Amour dans l'Humanité_, p. 94) refers to various
+peoples who practice this last custom. Egypt was a great centre of the
+practice more than 3000 years ago.
+
+[58] Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, 1901, p. 226. It has been suggested
+to me by a medical correspondent that one of the primitive objects of the
+hair, alike on head, mons veneris, and axilla, was to collect sweat and
+heighten its odor to sexual ends.
+
+[59] The names of all our chief perfumes are Arabic or Persian: civet,
+musk, ambergris, attar, camphor, etc.
+
+[60] Cloquet (_Osphrésiologie_, pp. 73-76) has an interesting passage on
+the prevalence of the musk odor in animals, plants, and even mineral
+substances.
+
+[61] Laycock brings together various instances of the sexual odors of
+animals, insisting on their musky character (_Nervous Diseases of Women_;
+section, "Odors"). See also a section in the _Descent of Man_ (Part II,
+Chapter XVIII), in which Darwin argues that "the most odoriferous males
+are the most successful in winning the females." Distant also has an
+interesting paper on this subject, "Biological Suggestions," _Zoölogist_,
+May, 1902; he points out the significant fact that musky odors are usually
+confined to the male, and argues that animal odors generally are more
+often attractive than protective.
+
+[62] R. Whytt, _Works_, 1768, p. 543.
+
+[63] Lucretius, VI, 790-5.
+
+[64] Mohammed, said Ayesha, was very fond of perfumes, especially "men's
+scents," musk and ambergris. He used also to burn camphor on odoriferous
+wood and enjoy the fragrant smell, while he never refused perfumes when
+offered them as a present. The things he cared for most, said Ayesha, were
+women, scents, and foods. Muir, _Life of Mahomet_, vol. iii, p. 297.
+
+[65] H. ten Kate, _International Centralblatt für Anthropologie_, Ht. 6,
+1902. This author, who made observations on Japanese with Zwaardemaker's
+olfactometer, found that, contrary to an opinion sometimes stated, they
+have a somewhat defective sense of smell. He remarks that there are no
+really native Japanese perfumes.
+
+[66] Moll: _Die Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1890, p. 306.
+
+[67] Moll: _Libido Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 284.
+
+[68] P. Näcke, "Un Cas de Fetichisme de Souliers," _Bulletin de la Société
+de Médecine Mentale de Belgique_, 1894.
+
+[69] _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English edition, p. 167.
+
+[70] Philip Salmuth (_Observationes Medicæ_, Centuria II, no. 63) in the
+seventeenth century recorded a case in which a young girl of noble birth
+(whose sister was fond of eating chalk, cinnamon, and cloves) experienced
+extreme pleasure in smelling old books. It would appear, however, that in
+this case the fascination lay not so much in the odor of the leather as in
+the mouldy odor of worm-eaten books; "_fætore veterum liborum, a blattis
+et tineis exesorum, situque prorsus corruptorum_" are Salmuth's words.
+
+[71] _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii, "Appendix B, History
+VIII."
+
+[72] _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, p. 106.
+
+[73] Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, p. 176.
+
+[74] In this connection I may quote the remark of the writer of a
+thoughtful article in the _Journal of Psychological Medicine_, 1851: "The
+use of scents, especially those allied to the musky, is one of the
+luxuries of women, and in some constitutions cannot be indulged without
+some danger to the morals, by the excitement to the ovaria which results.
+And although less potent as aphrodisiacs in their action on the sexual
+system of women than of men, we have reason to think that they cannot be
+used to excess with impunity by most."
+
+[75] _Kama Sutra_ of Vatsyayana, 1883, p. 5.
+
+[76] Cloquet, _Osphrésiologie_, p. 95.
+
+[77] In Normandy the _Chenopodium_, it is said, is called "conio," and in
+Italy erba connina (con, cunnus), on account of its vulvar odor. The
+attraction of dogs to this plant has been noted. In the same way cats are
+irresistibly attracted to preparations of valerian because their own urine
+contains valerianic acid.
+
+[78] Sonnini, _Voyage dans la Haute et Basse Egypte_, 1799, vol. i. p.
+298.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation--The Symptoms of
+Vanillism--The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of
+Flowers--Effects of Flowers on the Voice.
+
+
+The reality of the olfactory influences with which we have been concerned,
+however slight they may sometimes appear, is shown by the fact that odors,
+both agreeable and disagreeable, are stimulants, obeying the laws which
+hold good for stimulants generally. They whip up the nervous energies
+momentarily, but in the end, if the excitation is excessive and prolonged,
+they produce fatigue and exhaustion. This is clearly shown by Féré's
+elaborate experiments on the influences of odors, as compared with other
+sensory stimulants, on the amount of muscular work performed with the
+ergograph.[79] Commenting on the remark of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, that
+"man uses perfumes to impart energy to his passion," Féré remarks: "But
+perfumes cannot keep up the fires which they light." Their prolonged use
+involves fatigue, which is not different from that produced by excessive
+work, and reproduces all the bodily and psychic accompaniments of
+excessive work.[80] It is well known that workers in perfumes are apt to
+suffer from the inhalation of the odors amid which they live. Dealers in
+musk are said to be specially liable to precocious dementia. The symptoms
+generally experienced by the men and women who work in vanilla factories
+where the crude fruit is prepared for commerce have often been studied and
+are well known. They are due to the inhalation of the scent, which has all
+the properties of the aromatic aldehydes, and include skin eruptions,[81]
+general excitement, sleeplessness, headache, excessive menstruation, and
+irritable bladder. There is nearly always sexual excitement, which may be
+very pronounced.[82]
+
+We are here in the presence, it may be insisted, not of a nervous
+influence only, but of a direct effect of odor on the vital processes. The
+experiments of Tardif on the influence of perfumes on frogs and rabbits
+showed that a poisonous effect was exerted;[83] while Féré, by incubating
+fowls' eggs in the presence of musk, found repeatedly that many
+abnormalities occurred, and that development was retarded even in the
+embryos that remained normal; while he obtained somewhat similar results
+by using essences of lavender, cloves, etc.[84] The influence of odors is
+thus deeper than is indicated by their nervous effects; they act directly
+on nutrition. We are led, as Passy remarks, to regard odors as very
+intimately related to the physiological properties of organic substances,
+and the sense of smell as a detached fragment of generally sensibility,
+reacting to the same stimuli as general sensibility, but highly
+specialized in view of its protective function.
+
+    The reality and subtlety of the influence of odors is further
+    shown, by the cases in which very intense effects are produced
+    even by the temporary inhalation of flowers or perfumes or other
+    odors. Such cases of idiosyncrasy in which a person--frequently
+    of somewhat neurotic temperament--becomes acutely sensitive to
+    some odor or odors have been recorded in medical literature for
+    many centuries. In these cases the obnoxious odor produces
+    congestion of the respiratory passages, sneezing, headache,
+    fainting, etc., but occasionally, it has been recorded, even
+    death. (Dr. J.N. Mackenzie, in his interesting and learned paper
+    on "The Production of the so-called 'Rose Cold,' etc.," _American
+    Journal of Medical Sciences_, January, 1886, quotes many cases,
+    and gives a number of references to ancient medical authors; see
+    also Layet, art. "Odeur," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des
+    Sciences Médicales_.)
+
+    An interesting phenomenon of the group--though it is almost too
+    common to be described as an idiosyncrasy--is the tendency of the
+    odor of certain flowers to affect the voice and sometimes even to
+    produce complete loss of voice. The mechanism of the process is
+    not fully understood, but it would appear that congestion and
+    paresis of the larynx is produced and spasm of the bronchial
+    tube. Botallus in 1565 recorded cases in which the scent of
+    flowers brought on difficulty of breathing, and the danger of
+    flowers from this point of view is well recognized by
+    professional singers. Joal has studied this question in an
+    elaborate paper (summarized in the _British Medical Journal_,
+    March 3, 1895), and Dr. Cabanès has brought together (_Figaro_,
+    January 20, 1894) the experiences of a number of well-known
+    singers, teachers of singing, and laryngologists. Thus, Madame
+    Renée Richard, of the Paris Opera, has frequently found that when
+    her pupils have arrived with a bunch of violets fastened to the
+    bodice or even with a violet and iris sachet beneath the corset,
+    the voice has been marked by weakness and, on using the
+    laryngoscope, she has found the vocal cords congested. Madame
+    Calvé confirmed this opinion, and stated that she was specially
+    sensitive to tuberose and mimosa, and that on one occasion a
+    bouquet of white lilac has caused her, for a time, complete loss
+    of voice. The flowers mentioned are equally dangerous to a number
+    of other singers; the most injurious flower of all is found to be
+    the violet. The rose is seldom mentioned, and artificial perfumes
+    are comparatively harmless, though some singers consider it
+    desirable to be cautious in using them.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[79] Féré, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XIII.
+
+[80] _Travail et Plaisir_, p. 175. It is doubtless true of the effects of
+odors on the sexual sphere. Féré records the case of a neurasthenic lady
+whose sexual coldness toward her husband only disappeared after the
+abandonment of a perfume (in which heliotrope was apparently the chief
+constituent) she had been accustomed to use in excessive amounts.
+
+[81] It is perhaps significant that many colors are especially liable to
+produce skin disorders, especially urticaria; a number of cases have been
+recorded by Joal, _Journal de Médecine_, July 10, 1899.
+
+[82] Layet, art. "Vanillisme," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
+Médicales_; cf. Audeoud, _Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande_, October
+20, 1899, summarized in the _British Medical Journal_, 1899.
+
+[83] E. Tardif, _Les Odeurs et Parfums_, Chapter III.
+
+[84] Féré, _Société de Biologie_, March 28, 1896.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections--It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance--It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.
+
+
+When we survey comprehensively the extensive field we have here rapidly
+traversed, it seems not impossible to gain a fairly accurate view of the
+special place which olfactory sensations play in human sexual selection.
+The special peculiarity of this group of sensations in man, and that which
+gives them an importance they would not otherwise possess, is due to the
+fact that we here witness the decadence of a sense which in man's remote
+ancestors was the very chiefest avenue of sexual allurement. In man, even
+the most primitive man,--to some degree even in the apes,--it has declined
+in importance to give place to the predominance of vision.[85] Yet, at
+that lower threshold of acuity at which it persists in man it still bathes
+us in a more or less constant atmosphere of odors, which perpetually move
+us to sympathy or to antipathy, and which in their finer manifestations we
+do not neglect, but even cultivate with the increase of our civilization.
+
+It thus comes about that the grosser manifestations of sexual allurement
+by smell belong, so far as man is concerned, to a remote animal past which
+we have outgrown and which, on account of the diminished acuity of our
+olfactory organs, we could not completely recall even if we desired to;
+the sense of sight inevitably comes into play long before it is possible
+for close contact to bring into action the sense of smell. But the latent
+possibilities of sexual allurement by olfaction, which are inevitably
+embodied in the nervous structure we have inherited from our animal
+ancestors, still remain ready to be called into play. They emerge
+prominently from time to time in exceptional and abnormal persons. They
+tend to play an unusually larger part in the psychic lives of neurasthenic
+persons, with their sensitive and comparatively unbalanced nervous
+systems, and this is doubtless the reason why poets and men of letters
+have insisted on olfactory impressions so frequently and to so notable a
+degree; for the same reason sexual inverts are peculiarly susceptible to
+odors. For a different reason, warmer climates, which heighten all odors
+and also favor the growth of powerfully odorous plants, lead to a
+heightened susceptibility to the sexual and other attractions of smell
+even among normal persons; thus we find a general tendency to delight in
+odors throughout the East, notably in India, among the ancient Hebrews,
+and in Mohammedan lands.
+
+Among the ordinary civilized population in Europe the sexual influences of
+smell play a smaller and yet not altogether negligible part. The
+diminished prominence of odors only enables them to come into action, as
+sexual influences, on close contact, when, in some persons at all events,
+personal odors may have a distinct influence in heightening sympathy or
+arousing antipathy. The range of variation among individuals is in this
+matter considerable. In a few persons olfactory sympathy or antipathy is
+so pronounced that it exerts a decisive influence in their sexual
+relationships; such persons are of olfactory type. In other persons smell
+has no part in constituting sexual relationships, but it comes into play
+in the intimate association of love, and acts as an additional excitant;
+when reinforced by association such olfactory impressions may at times
+prove irresistible. Other persons, again, are neutral in this respect, and
+remain indifferent either to the sympathetic or antipathetic working of
+personal odors, unless they happen to be extremely marked. It is probable
+that the majority of refined and educated people belong to the middle
+group of those persons who are not of predominantly olfactory type, but
+are liable from time to time to be influenced in this manner. Women are
+probably at least as often affected in this manner as men, probably more
+often.
+
+On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odors play a
+not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest,
+but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection--whether in
+preferential mating or in assortative mating--is comparatively small.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[85] Moll has a passage on this subject, _Untersuchungen über die Libido
+Sexualis_. Bd. I, pp. 376-381.
+
+
+
+
+HEARING.
+
+I.
+
+The Physiological Basis of Rhythm--Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus--The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement--The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc.--The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals--Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals--The Larynx and Voice in Man--The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes--Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education, and Medicine--Its Therapeutic
+Uses--Significance of the Romantic Interest in Music at Puberty--Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of
+Music--Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of
+Hearing--The Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship--Women Notably
+Susceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.
+
+
+The sense of rhythm--on which it may be said that the sensory exciting
+effects of hearing, including music, finally rest--may probably be
+regarded as a fundamental quality of neuro-muscular tissue. Not only are
+the chief physiological functions of the body, like the circulation and
+the respiration, definitely rhythmical, but our senses insist on imparting
+a rhythmic grouping even to an absolutely uniform succession of
+sensations. It seems probable, although this view is still liable to be
+disputed, that this rhythm is the result of kinæsthetic
+sensations,--sensations arising from movement or tension started reflexly
+in the muscles by the external stimuli,--impressing themselves on the
+sensations that are thus grouped.[86] We may thus say, with Wilks, that
+music appears to have had its origin in muscular action.[87]
+
+Whatever its exact origin may be, rhythm is certainly very deeply
+impressed on our organisms. The result is that, whatever lends itself to
+the neuro-muscular rhythmical tendency of our organisms, whatever tends
+still further to heighten and develop that rhythmical tendency, exerts
+upon us a very decidedly stimulating and exciting influence.
+
+All muscular action being stimulated by rhythm, in its simple form or in
+its more developed form as music, rhythm is a stimulant to work. It has
+even been argued by Bücher and by Wundt[88] that human song had its chief
+or exclusive origin in rhythmical vocal accompaniments to systematized
+work. This view cannot, however, be maintained; systematized work can
+scarcely be said to exist, even to-day, among most very primitive races;
+it is much more probable that rhythmical song arose at a period antecedent
+to the origin of systematized work, in the primitive military, religious,
+and erotic dances, such as exist in a highly developed degree among the
+Australians and other savage races who have not evolved co-ordinated
+systematic labor. There can, however, be no doubt that as soon as
+systematic work appears the importance of vocal rhythm in stimulating its
+energy is at once everywhere recognized. Bücher has brought together
+innumerable examples of this association, and in the march music of
+soldiers and the heaving and hoisting songs of sailors we have instances
+that have universally persisted into civilization, although in
+civilization the rhythmical stimulation of work, physiologically sound as
+is its basis, tends to die out. Even in the laboratory the influence of
+simple rhythm in increasing the output of work may be demonstrated; and
+Féré found with the ergograph that a rhythmical grouping of the movements
+caused an increase of energy which often more than compensated the loss of
+time caused by the rhythm.[89]
+
+Rhythm is the most primitive element of music, and the most fundamental.
+Wallaschek, in his book on _Primitive Music_, and most other writers on
+the subject are agreed on this point. "Rhythm," remarks an American
+anthropologist,[90] "naturally precedes the development of any fine
+perception of differences in pitch, of time-quality, or of tonality.
+Almost, if not all, Indian songs," he adds, "are as strictly developed out
+of modified repetitions of a motive as are the movements of a Mozart or a
+Beethoven symphony." "In all primitive music," asserts Alice C.
+Fletcher,[91] "rhythm is strongly developed. The pulsations of the drum
+and the sharp crash of the rattles are thrown against each other and
+against the voice, so that it would seem that the pleasure derived by the
+performers lay not so much in the tonality of the song as in the measured
+sounds arrayed in contesting rhythm, and which by their clash start the
+nerves and spur the body to action, for the voice which alone carries the
+tone is often subordinated and treated as an additional instrument." Groos
+points out that a melody gives us the essential impression of a _voice
+that dances_;[92] it is a translation of spatial movement into sound, and,
+as we shall see, its physiological action on the organism is a reflection
+of that which, as we have elsewhere found,[93] dancing itself produces,
+and thus resembles that produced by the sight of movement. Dancing, music,
+and poetry were primitively so closely allied as to be almost identical;
+they were still inseparable among the early Greeks. The refrains in our
+English ballads indicate the dancer's part in them. The technical use of
+the word "foot" in metrical matters still persists to show that a poem is
+fundamentally a dance.
+
+    Aristotle seems to have first suggested that rhythm and melodies
+    are motions, as actions are motions, and therefore signs of
+    feeling. "All melodies are motions," says Helmholtz. "Graceful
+    rapidity, gravel procession, quiet advance, wild leaping, all
+    these different characters of motion and a thousand others can be
+    represented by successions of tones. And as music expresses these
+    motions it gives an expression also to those mental conditions
+    which naturally evoke similar motions, whether of the body and
+    the voice, or of the thinking and feeling principle itself."
+    (Helmholtz, _On the Sensations of Tone_, translated by A. J.
+    Ellis, 1885, p. 250.)
+
+    From another point of view the motor stimulus of music has been
+    emphasized by Cyples: "Music connects with the only sense that
+    can be perfectly manipulated. Its emotional charm has struck men
+    as a great mystery. There appears to be no doubt whatever that it
+    gets all the marvelous effects it has beyond the mere pleasing of
+    the ear, from its random, but multitudinous summonses of the
+    efferent activity, which at its vague challenges stirs
+    unceasingly in faintly tumultuous irrelevancy. In this way, music
+    arouses aimlessly, but splendidly, the sheer, as yet unfulfilled,
+    potentiality within us." (W. Copies, _The Process of Human
+    Experience_, p. 743.)
+
+    The fundamental element of transformed motion in music has been
+    well brought out in a suggestive essay by Goblot ("La Musique
+    Descriptive," _Revue Philosophique_, July, 1901): "Sung or
+    played, melody figures to the ear a successive design, a moving
+    arabesque. We talk of _ascending_ and _descending_ the gamut, of
+    _high_ notes or _low_ notes; the; higher voice of woman is called
+    _soprano_, or _above_, the deeper voice of man is called _bass_.
+    _Grave_ tones were so called by the Greeks because they seemed
+    heavy and to incline downward. Sounds seem to be subject to the
+    action of gravity; so that some rise and others fall. Baudelaire,
+    speaking of the prelude to _Lohengrin_, remarks: 'I felt myself
+    _delivered from the bonds of weight_.' And when Wagner sought to
+    represent, in the highest regions of celestial space, the
+    apparition of the angels bearing the Holy Grail to earth, he uses
+    very high notes, and a kind of chorus played exclusively by the
+    violins, divided into eight parts, in the highest notes of their
+    register. The descent to earth of the celestial choir is rendered
+    by lower and lower notes, the progressive disappearance of which
+    represents the reascension to the ethereal regions.
+
+    "Sounds seem to rise and fall; that is a fact. It is difficult to
+    explain it. Some have seen in it a habit derived from the usual
+    notation by which the height of the note corresponds to its
+    height in the score. But the impression is too deep and general
+    to be explained by so superficial and recent a cause. It has been
+    suggested also that high notes are generally produced by small
+    and light bodies, low notes by heavy bodies. But that is not
+    always true. It has been said, again, that high notes in nature
+    are usually produced by highly placed objects, while low notes
+    arise from caves and low placed regions. But the thunder is heard
+    in the sky, and the murmur of a spring or the song of a cricket
+    arise from the earth. In the human voice, again, it is said, the
+    low notes seem to resound in the chest, high notes in the head.
+    All this is unsatisfactory. We cannot explain by such coarse
+    analogies an impression which is very precise, and more sensible
+    (this fact has its importance) for an interval of half a tone
+    than for an interval of an octave. It is probable that the true
+    explanation is to be found in the still little understood
+    connection between the elements of our nervous apparatus.
+
+    "Nearly all our emotions tend to produce movement. But education
+    renders us economical of our acts. Most of these movements are
+    repressed, especially in the adult and civilized man, as harmful,
+    dangerous, or merely useless. Some are not completed, others are
+    reduced to a faint incitation which externally is scarcely
+    perceptible. Enough remain to constitute all that is expressive
+    in our gestures, physiognomy, and attitudes. Melodic intervals
+    possess in a high degree this property of provoking impulses of
+    movement, which, even when repressed, leave behind internal
+    sensations and motor images. It would be possible to study these
+    facts experimentally if we had at our disposition a human being
+    who, while retaining his sensations and their motor reactions,
+    was by special circumstances rendered entirely spontaneous like a
+    sensitive automaton, whose movements were neither intentionally
+    produced nor intentionally repressed. In this way, melodic
+    intervals in a hypnotized subject might be very instructive."
+
+    A number of experiments of the kind desired by Goblot had already
+    been made by A. de Rochas in a book, copiously illustrated by
+    very numerous instantaneous photographs, entitled _Les
+    Sentiments, la Musique et la Geste_, 1900. Chapter III. De Rochas
+    experimented on a single subject, Lina, formerly a model, who was
+    placed in a condition of slight hypnosis, when various simple
+    fragments of music were performed: recitatives, popular airs, and
+    more especially national dances, often from remote parts of the
+    world. The subject's gestures were exceedingly marked and varied
+    in accordance with the character of the music. It was found that
+    she often imitated with considerable precision the actual
+    gestures of dances she could never have seen. The same music
+    always evoked the same gestures, as was shown by instantaneous
+    photographs. This subject, stated to be a chaste and well-behaved
+    girl, exhibited no indications of definite sexual emotion under
+    the influence of any kind of music. Some account is given in the
+    same volume of other hypnotic experiments with music which were
+    also negative as regards specific sexual phenomena.
+
+It must be noted that, as a physiological stimulus, a single musical note
+is effective, even apart from rhythm, as is well shown by Féré's
+experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph.[94] It is, however,
+the influence of music on muscular work which has been most frequently
+investigated, and both on brief efforts with the dynamometer and prolonged
+work with the ergograph it has been found to exert a stimulating
+influence. Thus, Scripture found that, while his own maximum thumb and
+finger grip with the dynamometer is 8 pounds, when the giant's motive from
+Wagner's _Rheingold_ is played it rises to 8¾ pounds.[95] With the
+ergograph Tarchanoff found that lively music, in nervously sensitive
+persons, will temporarily cause the disappearance of fatigue, though slow
+music in a minor key had an opposite effect.[96] The varying influence on
+work with the ergograph of different musical intervals and different keys
+has been carefully studied by Féré with many interesting results. There
+was a very considerable degree of constancy in the results. Discords were
+depressing; most, but not all, major keys were stimulating; and most, but
+not all, minor keys depressing. In states of fatigue, however, the minor
+keys were more stimulating than the major, an interesting result in
+harmony with that stimulating influence of various painful emotions in
+states of organic fatigue which we have elsewhere encountered when
+investigating sadism.[97] "Our musical culture," Féré remarks, "only
+renders more perceptible to us the unconscious relationships which exist
+between musical art and our organisms. Those whom we consider more endowed
+in this respect have a deeper penetration of the phenomena accomplished
+within them; they feel more profoundly the marvelous reactions between the
+organism and the principles of musical art, they experience more strongly
+that art is within them."[98] Both the higher and the lower muscular
+processes, the voluntary and the involuntary, are stimulated by music.
+Darlington and Talbot, in Titchener's laboratory at Cornell University,
+found that the estimation of relative weights was aided by music.[99]
+Lombard found, when investigating the normal variations in the knee-jerk,
+that involuntary reflex processes are always reinforced by music; a
+military band playing a lively march caused the knee-jerk to increase at
+the loud passages and to diminish at the soft passages, while remaining
+always above the normal level.[100]
+
+With this stimulating influence of rhythm and music on the neuro-muscular
+system--which may or may not be direct--there is a concomitant influence
+on the circulatory and breathing apparatus. During recent years a great
+many experiments have been made on man and animals bearing on the effects
+of music on the heart and respiration. Perhaps the earliest of these were
+carried out by the Russian physiologist Dogiel in 1880.[101] His methods
+were perhaps defective and his results, at all events as regards man,
+uncertain, but in animals the force and rapidity of the heart were
+markedly increased. Subsequent investigations have shown very clearly the
+influence of music on the circulatory and respiratory systems in man as
+well as in animals. That music has an apparently direct influence on the
+circulation of the brain is shown by the observations of Patrizi on a
+youth who had received a severe wound of the head which had removed a
+large portion of the skull wall. The stimulus of melody produced an
+immediate increase in the afflux of blood to the brain.[102]
+
+In Germany the question was investigated at about the same time by
+Mentz.[103] Observing the pulse with a sphygmograph and Marey tambour he
+found distinct evidence of an effect on the heart; when attention was
+given to the music the pulse was quickened, in the absence of attention it
+was slowed; Mentz also found that pleasurable sensations tended to slow
+the pulse and disagreeable ones to quicken it.
+
+Binet and Courtier made an elaborate series of experiments on the action
+of music on the respiration (with the double pneumograph), the heart, and
+the capillary circulation (with the plethysmograph of Hallion and Comte)
+on a single subject, a man very sensitive to music and himself a cultured
+musician. Simple musical sounds with no emotional content accelerated the
+respiration without changing its regularity or amplitude. Musical
+fragments, mostly sung, usually well known to the subject, and having an
+emotional effect on him, produced respiratory irregularity either in
+amplitude or rapidity of breathing, in two-thirds of the trials. Exciting
+music, such as military marches, accelerated the breathing more than sad
+melodies, but the intensity of the excitation had an effect at least as
+great as its quality, for intense excitations always produced both
+quickened and deeper breathing. The heart was quickened in harmony with
+the quickened breathing. Neither breathing nor heart was ever slowed. As
+regards the capillary pulsation, an influence was exerted chiefly, if not
+exclusively, by gay and exciting melodies, which produced a shrinking.
+Throughout the experiments it was found that the most profound
+physiological effects were exerted by those pieces which the subject found
+to be most emotional in their influence on him.[104]
+
+Guibaud studied the question on a number of subjects, confirming and
+extending the conclusions of Binet and Courtier. He found that the
+reactions of different individuals varied, but that for the same
+individual reactions were constant. Circulatory reaction was more often
+manifest than respiratory reaction. The latter might be either a
+simultaneous modification of depth and of rapidity or of either of these.
+The circulatory reaction was a peripheral vasoconstriction with diminished
+fullness of pulse and slight acceleration of cardiac rhythm; there was
+never any distinct slowing of heart under the influence of music. Guibaud
+remarks that when people say they feel a shudder at some passage of music,
+this sensation of cold finds its explanation in the production of a
+peripheral vasoconstriction which may be registered by the
+plethysmograph.[105]
+
+Since music thus directly and powerfully affects the chief vital
+processes, it is not surprising that it should indirectly influence
+various viscera and functions. As Tarchanoff and others have demonstrated,
+it affects the skin, increasing the perspiration; it may produce a
+tendency to tears; it sometimes produces desire to urinate, or even actual
+urination, as in Scaliger's case of the Gascon gentleman who was always
+thus affected on hearing the bagpipes. In dogs it has been shown by
+Tarchanoff and Wartanoff that auditory stimulation increases the
+consumption of oxygen 20 per cent., and the elimination of carbonic acid
+17 per cent.
+
+In addition to the effects of musical sound already mentioned, it may be
+added that, as Epstein, of Berne, has shown,[106] the other senses are
+stimulated under the influence of sound, and notably there is an increase
+in acuteness of vision which may be experimentally demonstrated. It is
+probable that this effect of music in heightening the impressions received
+by the other senses is of considerable significance from our present point
+of view.
+
+Why are musical tones in a certain order and rhythm pleasurable? asked
+Darwin in _The Descent of Man_, and he concluded that the question was
+insoluble. We see that, in reality, whatever the ultimate answer may be,
+the immediate reason is quite simple. Pleasure is a condition of slight
+and diffused stimulation, in which the heart and breathing are faintly
+excited, the neuro-muscular system receives additional tone, the viscera
+gently stirred, the skin activity increased; and certain combinations of
+musical notes and intervals act as a physiological stimulus in producing
+these effects.[107]
+
+Among animals of all kinds, from insects upward, this physiological action
+appears to exist, for among nearly all of them certain sounds are
+agreeable and attractive, and other sounds indifferent and disagreeable.
+It appears that insects of quite different genera show much appreciation
+of the song of the Cicada.[108] Birds show intense interest in the singing
+of good performers even of other species. Experiments among a variety of
+animals in the Zoölogical Gardens with performances on various instruments
+showed that with the exception of seals none were indifferent, and all
+felt a discord as offensive. Many animals showed marked likes and
+dislikes; thus, a tiger, who was obviously soothed by the violin, was
+infuriated by the piccolo; the violin and the flute were preferred by most
+animals.[109]
+
+    Most persons have probably had occasion to observe the
+    susceptibility of dogs to music. It may here suffice to give one
+    personal observation. A dog (of mixed breed, partly collie), very
+    well known to me, on hearing a nocturne of Chopin, whined and
+    howled, especially at the more pathetic passages, once or twice
+    catching and drawing out the actual note played; he panted,
+    walked about anxiously, and now and then placed his head on the
+    player's lap. When the player proceeded to a more cheerful piece
+    by Grieg, the dog at once became indifferent, sat down, yawned,
+    and scratched himself; but as soon as the player returned once
+    more to the nocturne the dog at once repeated his accompaniment.
+
+There can be no doubt that among a very large number of animals of most
+various classes, more especially among insects and birds, the attraction
+of music is supported and developed on the basis of sexual attraction, the
+musical notes emitted serving as a sexual lure to the other sex. The
+evidence on this point was carefully investigated by Darwin on a very wide
+basis.[110] It has been questioned, some writers preferring to adopt the
+view of Herbert Spencer,[111] that the singing of birds is due to
+"overflow of energy," the relation between courtship and singing being
+merely "a relation of concomitance." This view is no longer tenable;
+whatever the precise origin of the musical notes of animals may be,--and
+it is not necessary to suppose that sexual attraction had a large part in
+their first rudimentary beginnings,--there can now be little doubt that
+musical sounds, and, among birds, singing, play a very large part indeed
+in bringing the male and the female together.[112] Usually, it would
+appear, it is the performance of the male that attracts the female; it is
+only among very simple and primitive musicians, like some insects, that
+the female thus attracts the male.[113] The fact that it is nearly always
+one sex only that is thus musically gifted should alone have sufficed to
+throw suspicion on any but a sexual solution of this problem of animal
+song.
+
+It is, however, an exceedingly remarkable fact that, although among
+insects and lower vertebrates the sexual influence of music is so large,
+and although among mammals and predominantly in man the emotional and
+æsthetic influence of music is so great, yet neither in man nor any of the
+higher mammals has music been found to exert a predominant sexual
+influence, or even in most cases any influence at all. Darwin, while
+calling attention to the fact that the males of most species of mammals
+use their vocal powers chiefly, and sometimes exclusively, during the
+breeding-season, adds that "it is a surprising fact that we have not as
+yet any good evidence that these organs are used by male mammals to charm
+the female."[114] From a very different standpoint, Féré, in studying the
+pathology of the human sexual instinct in the light of a very full
+knowledge of the available evidence, states that he knows of no detailed
+observations showing the existence of any morbid sexual perversions based
+on the sense of hearing, either in reference to the human voice or to
+instrumental music.[115]
+
+When, however, we consider that not only in the animals most nearly
+related to man, but in man himself, the larynx and the voice undergo a
+marked sexual differentiation at puberty, it is difficult not to believe
+that this change has an influence on sexual selection and sexual
+psychology. At puberty there is a slight hyperæmia of the larynx,
+accompanied by rapid development alike of the larynx itself and of the
+vocal cords, which become larger and thicker, while there is an associated
+change in the voice, which deepens. All these changes are very slight in
+girls, but very pronounced in boys, whose voices are said to "break" and
+then become lower by at least an octave. The feminine larynx at puberty
+only increases in the proportion of 5 to 7, but the masculine larynx in
+the proportion of 5 to 10. The direct dependence of this change on the
+general sexual development is shown not merely by its occurrence at
+puberty, but by the fact that in eunuchs in whom the testicles have been
+removed before puberty the voice retains its childlike qualities.[116]
+
+As a matter of fact, I believe that we may attach a considerable degree of
+importance to the voice and to music generally as a method of sexual
+appeal. On this point I agree with Moll, who remarks that "the sense of
+hearing here plays a considerable part, and the stimulation received
+through the ears is much larger than is usually believed."[117] I am not,
+however, inclined to think that this influence is considerable in its
+action on men, although Mantegazza remarks, doubtless with a certain
+truth, that "some women's voices cannot be heard with impunity." It is
+true that the ancients deprecated the sexual or at all events the
+effeminating influence of some kinds of music, but they seem to have
+regarded it as sedative rather than stimulating; the kind of music they
+approved of as martial and stimulating was the kind most likely to have
+sexual effects in predisposed persons.
+
+    The Chinese and the Greeks have more especially insisted on the
+    ethical qualities of music and on its moralizing and demoralizing
+    effects. Some three thousand years ago, it is stated, a Chinese
+    emperor, believing that only they who understood music are
+    capable of governing, distributed administrative functions in
+    accordance with this belief. He acted entirely in accordance with
+    Chinese morality, the texts of Confucianism (see translations in
+    the "Sacred Books of the East Series") show clearly that music
+    and ceremony (or social ritual in a wide sense) are regarded as
+    the two main guiding influences of life--music as the internal
+    guide, ceremony as the external guide, the former being looked
+    upon as the more important.
+
+    Among the Greeks Menander said that to many people music is a
+    powerful stimulant to love. Plato, in the third book of the
+    _Republic_, discusses what kinds of music should be encouraged in
+    his ideal state. He does not clearly state that music is ever a
+    sexual stimulant, but he appears to associate plaintive music
+    (mixed Lydian and Hypolydian) with drunkenness, effeminacy, and
+    idleness and considers that such music is "useless even to women
+    that are to be virtuously given, not to say to men." He only
+    admits two kinds of music: one violent and suited to war, the
+    other tranquil and suited to prayer or to persuasion. He sets out
+    the ethical qualities of music with a thoroughness which almost
+    approaches the great Chinese philosopher: "On these accounts we
+    attach such importance to a musical education, because rhythm and
+    harmony sink most deeply into the recesses of the soul, and take
+    most powerful hold of it, bringing gracefulness in their train,
+    and making a man graceful if he be rightly nurtured, ... leading
+    him to commend beautiful objects, and gladly receive them into
+    his soul, and feed upon them, and grow to be noble and good."
+    Plato is, however, by no means so consistent and thorough as the
+    Chinese moralist, for having thus asserted that it is the
+    influence of music which molds the soul into virtue, he proceeds
+    to destroy his position with the statement that "we shall never
+    become truly musical until we know the essential forms of
+    temperance and courage and liberality and munificence," thus
+    moving in a circle. It must be added that the Greek conception of
+    music was very comprehensive and included poetry.
+
+    Aristotle took a wider view of music than Plato and admitted a
+    greater variety of uses for it. He was less anxious to exclude
+    those uses which were not strictly ethical. He disapproved,
+    indeed, of the Phrygian harmony as the expression of Bacchic
+    excitement. He accepts, however, the function of music as a
+    katharsis of emotion, a notion which is said to have originated
+    with the Pythagoreans. (For a discussion of Aristotle's views on
+    music, see W.L. Newman, _The Politics of Aristotle_, vol. i, pp.
+    359-369.)
+
+    Athenæus, in his frequent allusions to music, attributes to it
+    many intellectual and emotional properties (e.g., Book XIV,
+    Chapter XXV) and in one place refers to "melodies inciting to
+    lawless indulgence" (Book XIII, Chapter LXXV).
+
+    We may gather from the _Priapeia_ (XXVI) that cymbals and
+    castanets were the special accompaniment in antiquity of wanton
+    songs and dances: "_cymbala, cum crotalis, pruriginis arma_."
+
+    The ancient belief in the moralizing influence of music has
+    survived into modern times mainly in a somewhat more scientific
+    form as a belief in its therapeutic effects in disordered nervous
+    and mental conditions. (This also is an ancient belief as
+    witnessed by the well-known example of David playing to Saul to
+    dispel his melancholia.) In 1729 an apothecary of Oakham, Richard
+    Broune, published a work entitled _Medicina Musica_, in which he
+    argued that music was beneficial in many maladies. In more recent
+    days there have been various experiments and cases brought
+    forward showing its efficacy in special conditions.
+
+    An American physician (W.F. Hutchinson) has shown that anæsthesia
+    may be produced with accurately made tuning forks at certain
+    rates of vibration (summarized in the _British Medical Journal_,
+    June 4, 1898). Ferrand in a paper read before the Paris Academy
+    of Medicine in September, 1895, gives reasons for classing some
+    kinds of music as powerful antispasmodics with beneficial
+    therapeutic action. The case was subsequently reported of a child
+    in whom night-terrors were eased by calming music in a minor key.
+    The value of music in lunatic asylums is well recognized; see
+    e.g., Näcke, _Revue de Psychiatrie_, October, 1897. Vaschide and
+    Vurpas (_Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie_, December 13,
+    1902) have recorded the case of a girl of 20, suffering from
+    mental confusion with excitation and central motor
+    disequilibrium, whose muscular equilibrium was restored and
+    movements rendered more co-ordinated and adaptive under the
+    influence of music.
+
+    While there has been much extravagance in the ancient doctrine
+    concerning the effects of music, the real effects are still
+    considerable. Not only is this demonstrated by the experiments
+    already referred to (p. 118), indicating the efficacy of musical
+    sounds as physiological stimulants, but also by anatomical
+    considerations. The roots of the auditory nerves, McKendrick has
+    pointed out, are probably more widely distributed and have more
+    extensive connections than those of any other nerve. The
+    intricate connections of these nerves are still only being
+    unraveled. This points to an explanation of how music penetrates
+    to the very roots of our being, influencing by associational
+    paths reflex mechanisms both cerebral and somatic, so that there
+    is scarcely a function of the body that may not be affected by
+    the rhythmical pulsations, melodic progressions, and harmonic
+    combinations of musical tones. (_Nature_, June 15, 1899, p. 164.)
+
+Just as we are not entitled from the ancient belief in the influence of
+music on morals or the modern beliefs in its therapeutic influence--even
+though this has sometimes gone to the length of advocating its use in
+impotence[118]--to argue that music has a marked influence in exciting the
+specifically sexual instincts, neither are we entitled to find any similar
+argument in the fact that music is frequently associated with the
+love-feelings of youth. Men are often able to associate many of their
+earliest ideas of love in boyhood with women singing or playing; but in
+these cases it will always be found that the fascination was romantic and
+sentimental, and not specifically erotic.[119] In adult life the music
+which often seems to us to be most definitely sexual in its appeal (such
+as much of Wagner's _Tristan_) really produces this effect in part from
+the association with the story, and in part from the intellectual
+realization of the composer's effort to translate passion into æsthetic
+terms; the actual effect of the music is not sexual, and it can well be
+believed that the results of experiments as regards the sexual influence
+of the _Tristan_ music on men under the influence of hypnotism have been,
+as reported, negative. Helmholtz goes so far as to state that the
+expression of sexual longing in music is identical with that of religious
+longing. It is quite true, again, that a soft and gentle voice seems to
+every normal man as to Lear "an excellent thing in woman," and that a
+harsh or shrill voice may seem to deaden or even destroy altogether the
+attraction of a beautiful face. But the voice is not usually in itself an
+adequate or powerful method of evoking sexual emotion in a man. Even in
+its supreme vocal manifestations the sexual fascination exerted by a great
+singer, though certainly considerable, cannot be compared with that
+commonly exerted by the actress. Cases have, indeed, been
+recorded--chiefly occurring, it is probable, in men of somewhat morbid
+nervous disposition--in which sexual attraction was exerted chiefly
+through the ear, or in which there was a special sexual sensibility to
+particular inflections or accents.[120] Féré mentions the case of a young
+man in hospital with acute arthritis who complained of painful erections
+whenever he heard through the door the very agreeable voice of the young
+woman (invisible to him) who superintended the linen.[121] But these
+phenomena do not appear to be common, or, at all events, very pronounced.
+So far as my own inquiries go, only a small proportion of men would
+appear to experience definite sexual feelings on listening to music. And
+the fact that in woman the voice is so slightly differentiated from that
+of the child, as well as the very significant fact that among man's
+immediate or even remote ancestors the female's voice can seldom have
+served to attract the male, sufficiently account for the small part played
+by the voice and by music as a sexual allurement working on men.[122]
+
+It is otherwise with women. It may, indeed, be said at the outset that the
+reasons which make it antecedently improbable that men should be sexually
+attracted through hearing render it probable that women should be so
+attracted. The change in the voice at puberty makes the deeper masculine
+voice a characteristic secondary sexual attribute of man, while the fact
+that among mammals generally it is the male that is most vocal--and that
+chiefly, or even sometimes exclusively, at the rutting season--renders it
+antecedently likely that among mammals generally, including the human
+species, there is in the female an actual or latent susceptibility to the
+sexual significance of the male voice,[123] a susceptibility which, under
+the conditions of human civilization, may be transferred to music
+generally. It is noteworthy that in novels written by women there is a
+very frequent attentiveness to the qualities of the hero's voice and to
+its emotional effects on the heroine.[124] We may also note the special
+and peculiar personal enthusiasm aroused in women by popular musicians, a
+more pronounced enthusiasm than is evoked in them by popular actors.
+
+    As an interesting example of the importance attached by women
+    novelists to the effects of the male voice I may refer to George
+    Eliot's _Mill on the Floss_, probably the most intimate and
+    personal of George Eliot's works. In Book VI of this novel the
+    influence of Stephen Guest (a somewhat commonplace young man)
+    over Maggie Tulliver is ascribed almost exclusively to the effect
+    of his base voice in singing. We are definitely told of Maggie
+    Tulliver's "sensibility to the supreme excitement of music."
+    Thus, on one occasion, "all her intentions were lost in the vague
+    state of emotion produced by the inspiring duet--emotion that
+    seemed to make her at once strong and weak: strong for all
+    enjoyment, weak for all resistance. Poor Maggie! She looked very
+    beautiful when her soul was being played on in this way by the
+    inexorable power of sound. You might have seen the slightest
+    perceptible quivering through her whole frame as she leaned a
+    little forward, clasping her hands as if to steady herself; while
+    her eyes dilated and brightened into that wideopen, childish
+    expression of wondering delight, which always came back in her
+    happiest moments." George Eliot's novels contain many allusions
+    to the powerful emotional effects of music.
+
+    It is unnecessary to refer to Tolstoy's _Kreutzer Sonata_, in
+    which music is regarded as the Galeotto to bring lovers
+    together--"the connecting bond of music, the most refined lust of
+    the senses."
+
+In primitive human courtship music very frequently plays a considerable
+part, though not usually the sole part, being generally found as the
+accompaniment of the song and the dance at erotic festivals.[125] The
+Gilas, of New Mexico, among whom courtship consists in a prolonged
+serenade day after day with the flute, furnish a somewhat exceptional
+case. Savage women are evidently very attentive to music; Backhouse (as
+quoted, by Ling Roth[126]) mentions how a woman belonging to the very
+primitive and now extinct Tasmanian race, when shown a musical box,
+listened "with intensity; her ears moved like those of a dog or horse, to
+catch the sound."
+
+I have found little evidence to show that music, except in occasional
+cases, exerts even the slightest specifically sexual effect on men,
+whether musical or unmusical. But I have ample evidence that it very
+frequently exerts to a slight but definite extent such an influence on
+women, even when quite normal. Judging from my own inquiries it would,
+indeed, seem likely that the majority of normal educated women are liable
+to experience some degree of definite sexual excitement from music; one
+states that orchestral music generally tends to produce this effect;
+another finds it chiefly from Wagner's music; another from military music,
+etc. Others simply state--what, indeed, probably expresses the experience
+of most persons of either sex--that it heightens one's mood. One lady
+mentions that some of her friends, whose erotic feelings are aroused by
+music, are especially affected in this way by the choral singing in Roman
+Catholic churches.[127]
+
+In the typical cases just mentioned, all fairly normal and healthy women,
+the sexual effects of music though definite were usually quite slight. In
+neuropathic subjects they may occasionally be more pronounced. Thus, a
+medical correspondent has communicated to me the case of a married lady
+with one child, a refined, very beautiful, but highly neurotic, woman,
+married to a man with whom she has nothing in common. Her tastes lie in
+the direction of music; she is a splendid pianist, and her highly trained
+voice would have made a fortune. She confesses to strong sexual feelings
+and does not understand why intercourse never affords what she knows she
+wants. But the hearing of beautiful music, or at times the excitement of
+her own singing, will sometimes cause intense orgasm.
+
+    Vaschide and Vurpas, who emphasize the sexually stimulating
+    effects of music, only bring forward one case in any detail, and
+    it is doubtless significant that this case is a woman. "While
+    listening to a piece of music X changes expression, her eyes
+    become bright, the features are accentuated, a smile begins to
+    form, an expression of pleasure appears, the body becomes more
+    erect, there is a general muscular hypertonicity. X tells us that
+    as she listens to the music she experiences sensations very like
+    those of normal intercourse. The difference chiefly concerns the
+    local genital apparatus, for there is no flow of vaginal mucus.
+    On the psychic side the resemblance is marked." (Vaschide and
+    Vurpas, "Du Coefficient Sexual de l'Impulsion Musicale,"
+    _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.)
+
+    It is sometimes said, or implied, that a woman (or a man) sings
+    better under the influence of sexual emotion. The writer of an
+    article already quoted, on "Woman in her Psychological Relations"
+    (_Journal of Psychological Medicine_, 1851), mentions that "a
+    young lady remarkable for her musical and poetical talents
+    naïvely remarked to a friend who complimented her upon her
+    singing: 'I never sing half so well as when I've had a
+    love-fit.'" And George Eliot says. "There is no feeling, perhaps,
+    except the extremes of fear and grief, that does not make a man
+    sing or play the better." While, however, it may be admitted that
+    some degree of general emotional exaltation may exercise a
+    favorable influence on the singing voice, it is difficult to
+    believe that definite physical excitement at or immediately
+    before the exercise of the voice can, as a rule, have anything
+    but a deleterious effect on its quality. It is recognized that
+    tenors (whose voices resemble those of women more than basses,
+    who are not called upon to be so careful in this respect) should
+    observe rules of sexual hygiene; and menstruation frequently has
+    a definite influence in impairing the voice (H. Ellis, _Man and
+    Woman_, fourth edition, p. 290). As the neighborhood of
+    menstruation is also the period when sexual excitement is most
+    likely to be felt, we have here a further indication that sexual
+    emotion is not favorable to singing. I agree with the remarks of
+    a correspondent, a musical amateur, who writes: "Sexual
+    excitement and good singing do not appear to be correlated. A
+    woman's emotional capacity in singing or acting may be remotely
+    associated with hysterical neuroses, but is better evinced for
+    art purposes in the absence of disturbing sexual influences. A
+    woman may, indeed, fancy herself the heroine of a wanton romance
+    and 'let herself go' a little in singing with improved results.
+    But a memory of sexual ardors will help no woman to make the best
+    of her voice in training. Some women can only sing their best
+    when they think of the other women they are outsinging. One girl
+    'lets her soul go out into her voice' thinking of jamroll,
+    another thinking of her lover (when she has none), and most, no
+    doubt, when they think of nothing. But no woman is likely to
+    'find herself' in an artistic sense because she has lost herself
+    in another sense--not even if she has done so quite respectably."
+
+The reality of the association between the sexual impulse and music--and,
+indeed, art generally--is shown by the fact that the evolution of puberty
+tends to be accompanied by a very marked interest in musical and other
+kinds of art. Lancaster, in a study of this question among a large number
+of young people (without reference to difference in sex, though they were
+largely female), found that from 50 to 75 per cent of young people feel an
+impulse to art about the period of puberty, lasting a few months, or at
+most a year or two. It appears that 464 young people showed an increased
+and passionate love for music, against only 102 who experienced no change
+in this respect. The curve culminates at the age of 15 and falls rapidly
+after 16. Many of these cases were really quite unmusical.[128]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[86] This view has been more especially developed by J.B. Miner, _Motor,
+Visual, and Applied Rhythms_, Psychological Review Monograph Supplements,
+vol. v, No. 4, 1903.
+
+[87] Sir S. Wilks, _Medical Magazine_, January, 1894; cf. Clifford
+Allbutt, "Music, Rhythm, and Muscle," _Nature_, February 8, 1894.
+
+[88] Bücher, _Arbeit und Rhythmus_, third edition, 1902; Wundt,
+_Völkerpsychologie_, 1900, Part I, p. 265.
+
+[89] Féré deals fully with the question in his book, _Travail et Plaisir_,
+1904, Chapter III, "Influence du Rhythme sur le Travail."
+
+[90] Fillmore, "Primitive Scales and Rhythms," _Proceedings of the
+International Congress of Anthropology_, Chicago, 1893.
+
+[91] "Love Songs among the Omaha Indians," in _Proceedings_ of same
+congress.
+
+[92] Groos, _Spiele der Menschen_, p. 33.
+
+[93] "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_,
+vol. iii.
+
+[94] Féré, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter V; id., _Travail et Plaisir_,
+Chapter XII.
+
+[95] Scripture, _Thinking, Feeling, Doing_, p. 85.
+
+[96] Tarchanoff, "Influence de la Musique sur l'Homme et sur les Animaux,"
+_Atti dell' XI Congresso Medico Internationale_, Rome, 1894, vol. ii, p.
+153; also in _Archives Italiennes de Biologie_, 1894.
+
+[97] "Love and Pain," _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii.
+
+[98] Féré, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XII, "Action Physiologique des
+Sens Musicaux." "A practical treatise on harmony," Goblot remarks (_Revue
+Philosophique_, July, 1901, p. 61), "ought to tell us in what way such an
+interval, or such a succession of intervals, affects us. A theoretical
+treatise on harmony ought to tell us the explanation of these impressions.
+In a word, musical harmony is a psychological science." He adds that this
+science is very far from being constituted yet; we have hardly even
+obtained a glimpse of it.
+
+[99] _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898.
+
+[100] _American Journal of Psychology_, November, 1887. The influence of
+rhythm on the involuntary muscular system is indicated by the occasional
+effect of music in producing a tendency to contraction of the bladder.
+
+[101] _Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie_ (Physiologisches Abtheilung),
+1880, p. 420.
+
+[102] M.L. Patrizi, "Primi esperimenti intorno all' influenza della musica
+sulla circolozione del sangue nel cervello umano," _International Congress
+für Psychologie_, Munich, 1897, p. 176.
+
+[103] _Philosophische Studien_, vol. xi.
+
+[104] Binet and Courtier, "La Vie Emotionelle," _Année Psychologique_,
+Third Year, 1897, pp. 104-125.
+
+[105] Guibaud, _Contribution à l'étude expérimentale de l'influence de la
+musique sur la circulation et la respiration_. Thèse de Bordeaux, 1898,
+summarized in _Année Psychologique_, Fifth Year, 1899, pp. 645-649.
+
+[106] _International Congress of Physiology_, Berne, 1895.
+
+[107] The influence of association plays no necessary part in these
+pleasurable influences, for Féré's experiments show that an unmusical
+subject responds physiologically, with much precision, to musical
+intervals he is unable to recognize. R. MacDougall also finds that the
+effective quality of rhythmical sequences does not appear to be dependent
+on secondary associations (_Psychological Review_, January, 1903).
+
+[108] R.T. Lewis, in _Nature Notes_, August, 1891.
+
+[109] Cornish, "Orpheus at the Zoo," in _Life at the Zoo_, pp. 115-138.
+
+[110] _Descent of Man_, Chapters XIII and XIX.
+
+[111] "The Origin of Music" (1857), _Essays_, vol. ii.
+
+[112] Anyone who is in doubt on this point, as regards bird song, may
+consult the little book in which the evidence has been well summarized by
+Häcker, _Der Gesang der Vögel_, or the discussion in Groos's _Spiele der
+Thiere_, pp. 274 et seq.
+
+[113] Thus, mosquitoes are irresistibly attracted by music, and especially
+by those musical tones which resemble the buzzing of the female; the males
+alone are thus attracted. (Nuttall and Shipley, and Sir Hiram Maxim,
+quoted in _Nature_, October 31, 1901, p. 655, and in _Lancet_, February
+22, 1902.)
+
+[114] _Descent of Man_, second edition, p. 567. Groos, in his discussion
+of music, also expresses doubt whether hearing plays a considerable part
+in the courtship of mammals, _Spiele der Menschen_, p. 22.
+
+[115] Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 137.
+
+[116] See Biérent, _La Puberté_ Chapter IV; also Havelock Ellis, _Man and
+Woman_, fourth edition, pp. 270-272. Endriss (_Die Bisherigen
+Beobachtungen von Physiologischen und Pathologischen Beziehungen der
+oberen Luftwege zu den Sexualorganen_, Teil III) brings together various
+observations on the normal and abnormal relations of the larynx to the
+sexual sphere.
+
+[117] Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 133.
+
+[118] J.L. Roger, _Traité des Effets de la Musique_, 1803, pp. 234 and
+342.
+
+[119] A typical example occurs in the early life of History I in Appendix
+B to vol. iii of these _Studies_.
+
+[120] Vaschide and Vurpas state (_Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904) that
+in their experience music may facilitate sexual approaches in some cases
+of satiety, and that in certain pathological cases the sexual act can only
+be accomplished under the influence of music.
+
+[121] Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 137. Bloch (_Beiträge_, etc., vol. ii,
+p. 355) quotes some remarks of Kistemaecker's concerning the sound of
+women's garments and the way in which savages and sometimes civilized
+women cultivate this rustling and clinking. Gutzkow, in his
+_Autobiography_, said that the _frou-frou_ of a woman's dress was the
+music of the spheres to him.
+
+[122] The voice is doubtless a factor of the first importance in sexual
+attraction among the blind. On this point I have no data. The
+expressiveness of the voice to the blind, and the extent to which their
+likes and dislikes are founded on vocal qualities, is well shown by an
+interesting paper written by an American physician, blind from early
+infancy, James Cocke, "The Voice as an Index to the Soul," _Arena_,
+January, 1894.
+
+[123] Long before Darwin had set forth his theory of sexual selection
+Laycock had pointed out the influence which the voice of the male, among
+man and other animals, exerts on the female (_Nervous Diseases of Women_,
+p. 74). And a few years later the writer of a suggestive article on "Woman
+in her Psychological Relations" (_Journal of Psychological Medicine_,
+1851) remarked: "The sonorous voice of the male man is exactly analogous
+in its effect on woman to the neigh and bellow of other animals. This
+voice will have its effect on an amorous or susceptible organization much
+in the same way as color and the other visual ovarian stimuli." The writer
+adds that it exercises a still more important influence when modulated to
+music: "in this respect man has something in common with insects as well
+as birds."
+
+[124] Groos refers more than once to the important part played in German
+novels written by women by what one of them terms the "bearded male
+voice."
+
+[125] Various instances are quoted in the third volume of these _Studies_
+when discussing the general phenomena of courtship and tumescence, "An
+Analysis of the Sexual Impulse."
+
+[126] _The Tasmanians_, p. 20.
+
+[127] An early reference to the sexual influence of music on women may
+perhaps be found in a playful passage in Swift's _Martinus Scriblerus_
+(possibly due to his medical collaborator, Arbuthnot): "Does not Ælian
+tell how the Libyan mares were excited to horsing by music? (which ought
+to be a caution to modest women against frequenting operas)." _Memoirs of
+Martinus Scriblerus_, Book I, Chapter 6. (The reference is to Ælian,
+_Hist. Animal_, lib. XI, cap. 18, and lib. XII, cap. 44.)
+
+[128] E. Lancaster, "Psychology of Adolescence," _Pedagogical Seminary_,
+July, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Summary--Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.
+
+
+We have seen that it is possible to set forth in a brief space the facts
+at present available concerning the influence on the pairing impulse of
+stimuli acting through the ear. They are fairly simple and uncomplicated;
+they suggest few obscure problems which call for analysis; they do not
+bring before us any remarkable perversions of feeling.
+
+At the same time, the stimuli to sexual excitement received through the
+sense of hearing, although very seldom of exclusive or preponderant
+influence, are yet somewhat more important than is usually believed.
+Primarily the voice, and secondarily instrumental music, exert a distinct
+effect in this direction, an effect representing a specialization of a
+generally stimulating physiological influence which all musical sounds
+exercise upon the organism. There is, however, in this respect, a definite
+difference between the sexes. It is comparatively rare to find that the
+voice or instrumental music, however powerful its generally emotional
+influence, has any specifically sexual effect on men. On the other hand,
+it seems probable that the majority of women, at all events among the
+educated classes, are liable to show some degree of sexual sensibility to
+the male voice or to instrumental music.
+
+It is not surprising to find that music should have some share in arousing
+sexual emotion when we bear in mind that in the majority of persons the
+development of sexual life is accompanied by a period of special interest
+in music. It is not unexpected that the specifically sexual effects of the
+voice and music should be chiefly experienced by women when we remember
+that not only in the human species is it the male in whom the larynx and
+voice are chiefly modified at puberty, but that among mammals generally it
+is the male who is chiefly or exclusively vocal at the period of sexual
+activity; so that any sexual sensibility to vocal manifestations must be
+chiefly or exclusively manifested in female mammals.
+
+At the best, however, although æsthetic sensibility to sound is highly
+developed and emotional sensibility to it profound and widespread,
+although women may be thrilled by the masculine voice and men charmed by
+the feminine voice, it cannot be claimed that in the human species hearing
+is a powerful factor in mating. This sense has here suffered between the
+lower senses of touch and smell, on the one hand, with their vague and
+massive appeal, and the higher sense, vision, on the other hand, with its
+exceedingly specialized appeal. The position of touch as the primary and
+fundamental sense is assured. Smell, though in normal persons it has no
+decisive influence on sexual attraction, acts by virtue of its emotional
+sympathies and antipathies, while, by virtue of the fact that among man's
+ancestors it was the fundamental channel of sexual sensibility, it
+furnishes a latent reservoir of impressions to which nervously abnormal
+persons, and even normal persons under the influence of excitement or of
+fatigue, are always liable to become sensitive. Hearing, as a sense for
+receiving distant perceptions has a wider field than is in man possessed
+by either touch or smell. But here it comes into competition with vision,
+and vision is, in man, the supreme and dominant sense.[129] We are always
+more affected by what we see than by what we hear. Men and women seldom
+hear each other without speedily seeing each other, and then the chief
+focus of interest is at once transferred to the visual centre.[130] In
+human sexual selection, therefore, hearing plays a part which is nearly
+always subordinated to that of vision.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[129] Nietzsche has even suggested that among primitive men delicacy of
+hearing and the evolution of music can only have been produced under
+conditions which made it difficult for vision to come into play: "The ear,
+the organ of fear, could only have developed, as it has, in the night and
+in the twilight of dark woods and caves.... In the brightness the ear is
+less necessary. Hence the character of music as an art of night and
+twilight." (_Morgenröthe_, p. 230.)
+
+[130] At a concert most people are instinctively anxious to _see_ the
+performers, thus distracting the purely musical impression, and the
+reasonable suggestion of Goethe that the performers should be invisible is
+still seldom carried into practice.
+
+
+
+
+VISION
+
+I.
+
+Primacy of Vision in Man--Beauty as a Sexual Allurement--The Objective
+Element in Beauty--Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World--Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of
+View--Savages often Admire European Beauty--The Appeal of Beauty to some
+Extent Common even to Animals and Man.
+
+
+Vision is the main channel by which man receives his impressions. To a
+large extent it has slowly superseded all the other senses. Its range is
+practically infinite; it brings before us remote worlds, it enables us to
+understand the minute details of our own structure. While apt for the most
+abstract or the most intimate uses, its intermediate range is of universal
+service. It furnishes the basis on which a number of arts make their
+appeal to us, and, while thus the most æsthetic of the senses, it is the
+sense on which we chiefly rely in exercising the animal function of
+nutrition. It is not surprising, therefore, that from the point of view of
+sexual selection vision should be the supreme sense, and that the
+love-thoughts of men have always been a perpetual meditation of beauty.
+
+It would be out of place here to discuss comparatively the origins of our
+ideas of beauty. That is a question which belongs to æsthetics, not to
+sexual psychology, and it is a question on which æstheticians are not
+altogether in agreement. We need not even be concerned to make any
+definite assertion on the question whether our ideas of sexual beauty have
+developed under the influence of more general and fundamental laws, or
+whether sexual ideals themselves underlie our more general conceptions of
+beauty. Practically, so far as man and his immediate ancestors are
+concerned, the sexual and the extra-sexual factors of beauty have been
+interwoven from the first. The sexually beautiful object must have
+appealed to fundamental physiological aptitudes of reaction; the
+generally beautiful object must have shared in the thrill which the
+specifically sexual object imparted. There has been an inevitable action
+and reaction throughout. Just as we found that the sexual and the
+non-sexual influences of agreeable odors throughout nature are
+inextricably mingled, so it is with the motives that make an object
+beautiful to our eyes.[131]
+
+    The sexual element in the constitution of beauty is well
+    recognized even by those writers who concern themselves
+    exclusively with the æsthetic conception of beauty or with its
+    relation to culture. It is enough to quote two or three
+    testimonies on this point. "The whole sentimental side of our
+    æsthetic sensibility," remarks Santayana, "--without which it
+    would be perceptive and mathematical rather than æsthetic,--is
+    due to our sexual organization remotely stirred.... If anyone
+    were desirous to produce a being with a great susceptibility to
+    beauty, he could not invent an instrument better designed for
+    that object than sex. Individuals that need not unite for the
+    birth and rearing of each generation might retain a savage
+    independence. For them it would not be necessary that any vision
+    should fascinate, or that any languor should soften, the prying
+    cruelty of the eye. But sex endows the individual with a dumb and
+    powerful instinct, which carries his body and soul continually
+    toward another; makes it one of the dearest enjoyments of his
+    life to select and pursue a companion, and joins to possession
+    the keenest pleasure, to rivalry the fiercest rage, and to
+    solitude an eternal melancholy. What more could be needed to
+    suffuse the world with the deepest meaning and beauty? The
+    attention is fixed upon a well-defined object, and all the
+    effects it produces in the mind are easily regarded as powers or
+    qualities of that object.... To a certain extent this kind of
+    interest will center in the proper object of sexual passion, and
+    in the special characteristics of the opposite sex[131]; and we
+    find, accordingly, that woman is the most lovely object to man,
+    and man, if female modesty would confess it, the most interesting
+    to woman. But the effects of so fundamental and primitive a
+    reaction are much more general. Sex is not the only object of
+    sexual passion. When love lacks its specific object, when it does
+    not yet understand itself, or has been sacrificed to some other
+    interest, we see the stifled fire bursting out in various
+    directions.... Passion then overflows and visibly floods those
+    neighboring regions which it had always secretly watered. For the
+    same nervous organization which sex involves, with its
+    necessarily wide branchings and associations in the brain, must
+    be partially stimulated by other objects than its specific or
+    ultimate one; especially in man, who, unlike some of the lower
+    animals, has not his instincts clearly distinct and intermittent,
+    but always partially active, and never active in isolation. We
+    may say, then, that for man all nature is a secondary object of
+    sexual passion, and that to this fact the beauty of nature is
+    largely due." (G. Santayana, _The Sense of Beauty_, pp. 59-62.)
+
+    Not only is the general fact of sexual attraction an essential
+    element of æsthetic contemplation, as Santayana remarks, but we
+    have to recognize also that specific sexual emotion properly
+    comes within the æsthetic field. It is quite erroneous, as Groos
+    well points out, to assert that sexual emotion has no æsthetic
+    value. On the contrary, it has quite as much value as the emotion
+    of terror or of pity. Such emotion, must, however, be duly
+    subordinated to the total æsthetic effect. (K. Groos, _Der
+    Æsthetische Genuss_, p. 151.)
+
+    "The idea of beauty," Remy de Gourmont says, "is not an unmixed
+    idea; it is intimately united with the idea of carnal pleasure.
+    Stendhal obscurely perceived this when he defined beauty as 'a
+    promise of happiness.' Beauty is a woman, and women themselves
+    have carried docility to men so far as to accept this aphorism
+    which they can only understand in extreme sexual perversion....
+    Beauty is so sexual that the only uncontested works of art are
+    those that simply show the human body in its nudity. By its
+    perseverance in remaining purely sexual Greek statuary has placed
+    itself forever above all discussion. It is beautiful because it
+    is a beautiful human body, such a one as every man or every woman
+    would desire to unite with in the perpetuation of the race....
+    That which inclines to love seems beautiful; that which seems
+    beautiful inclines to love. This intimate union of art and of
+    love is, indeed, the only explanation of art. Without this
+    genital echo art would never have been born and never have been
+    perpetuated. There is nothing useless in these deep human depths;
+    everything which has endured is necessary. Art is the accomplice
+    of love. When love is taken away there is no art; when art is
+    taken away love is nothing but a physiological need." (Remy de
+    Gourmont, _Culture des Idées_, 1900, p. 103, and _Mercure de
+    France_, August, 1901, pp. 298 et seq.)
+
+    Beauty as incarnated in the feminine body has to some extent
+    become the symbol of love even for women. Colin Scott finds that
+    it is common among women who are not inverted for female beauty
+    whether on the stage or in art to arouse sexual emotion to a
+    greater extent than male beauty, and this is confirmed by some of
+    the histories I have recorded in the Appendix to the third
+    volume of these _Studies_. Scott considers that female beauty has
+    come to be regarded as typical of ideal beauty, and thus tends to
+    produce an emotional effect on both sexes alike. It is certainly
+    rare to find any æsthetic admiration of men among women, except
+    in the case of women who have had some training in art. In this
+    matter it would seem that woman passively accepts the ideals of
+    man. "Objects which excite a man's desire," Colin Scott remarks,
+    "are often, if not generally, the same as those affecting woman.
+    The female body has a sexually stimulating effect upon both
+    sexes. Statues of female forms are more liable than those of male
+    form to have a stimulating effect upon women as well as men. The
+    evidence of numerous literary expressions seems to show that
+    under the influence of sexual excitement a woman regards her body
+    as made for man's gratification, and that it is this complex
+    emotion which forms the initial stage, at least, of her own
+    pleasure. Her body is the symbol for her partner, and indirectly
+    for her, through his admiration of it, of their mutual joy and
+    satisfaction." (Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 206; also private letter.)
+
+    At the same time it must be remembered that beauty and the
+    conception of beauty have developed on a wider basis than that of
+    the sexual impulse only, and also that our conceptions of the
+    beautiful, even as concerns the human form, are to some extent
+    objective, and may thus be in part reduced to law. Stratz, in his
+    books on feminine beauty, and notably in _Die Schönheit des
+    Weiblichen Körpers_, insists on the objective element in beauty.
+    Papillault, again, when discussing the laws of growth and the
+    beauty of the face, argues that beauty of line in the face is
+    objective, and not a creation of fancy, since it is associated
+    with the highest human functions, moral and social. He remarks on
+    the contrast between the prehistoric man of
+    Chancelade,--delicately made, with elegant face and high
+    forehead,--who created the great Magdalenian civilization, and
+    his seemingly much more powerful, but less beautiful,
+    predecessor, the man of Spy, with enormous muscles and powerful
+    jaws. (_Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_, 1899, p. 220.)
+
+    The largely objective character of beauty is further indicated by
+    the fact that to a considerable extent beauty is the expression
+    of health. A well and harmoniously developed body, tense muscles,
+    an elastic and finely toned skin, bright eyes, grace and
+    animation of carriage--all these things which are essential to
+    beauty are the conditions of health. It has not been demonstrated
+    that there is any correlation between beauty and longevity, and
+    the proof would not be easy to give, but it is quite probable
+    that such a correlation may exist, and various indications point
+    in this direction. One of the most delightful of Opie's pictures
+    is the portrait of Pleasance Reeve (afterward Lady Smith) at the
+    age of 17. This singularly beautiful and animated brunette lived
+    to the age of 104. Most people are probably acquainted with
+    similar, if less marked, cases of the same tendency.
+
+The extreme sexual importance of beauty, so far, at all events, as
+conscious experience is concerned is well illustrated by the fact that,
+although three other senses may and often do play a not inconsiderable
+part in the constitution of a person's sexual attractiveness,--the tactile
+element being, indeed, fundamental,--yet in nearly all the most elaborate
+descriptions of attractive individuals it is the visible elements that are
+in most cases chiefly emphasized. Whether among the lowest savages or in
+the highest civilization, the poet and story-teller who seeks to describe
+an ideally lovely and desirable woman always insists mainly, and often
+exclusively, on those characters which appeal to the eye. The richly laden
+word _beauty_ is a synthesis of complex impressions obtained through a
+single sense, and so simple, comparatively, and vague are the impressions
+derived from the other senses that none of them can furnish us with any
+corresponding word.
+
+    Before attempting to analyze the conception of beauty, regarded
+    in its sexual appeal to the human mind, it may be well to bring
+    together a few fairly typical descriptions of a beautiful woman
+    as she appears to the men of various nations.
+
+    In an Australian folklore story taken down from the lips of a
+    native some sixty years ago by W. Dunlop (but evidently not in
+    the native's exact words) we find this description of an
+    Australian beauty: "A man took as his wife a beautiful girl who
+    had long, glossy hair hanging around her face and down her
+    shoulders, which were plump and round. Her face was adorned with
+    red clay and her person wrapped in a fine large opossum rug
+    fastened by a pin formed from the small bone of the kangaroo's
+    leg, and also by a string attached to a wallet made of rushes
+    neatly plaited of small strips skinned from their outside after
+    they had been for some time exposed to the heat of the fire;
+    which being thrown on her back, the string passing under one arm
+    and across her breast, held the soft rug in a fanciful position
+    of considerable elegance; and she knew well how to show to
+    advantage her queenlike figure when she walked with her polished
+    yam stick held in one of her small hands and her little feet
+    appearing below the edge of the rug" (W. Dunlop, "Australian
+    Folklore Stories," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August and November, 1898, p. 27).
+
+    A Malay description of female beauty is furnished by Skeat. "The
+    brow (of the Malay Helen for whose sake a thousand desperate
+    battles are fought in Malay romances) is like the one-day-old
+    moon; her eyebrows resemble 'pictured clouds,' and are 'arched
+    like the fighting-cock's (artificial) spur'; her cheek resembles
+    the 'sliced-off cheek of a mango'; her nose, 'an opening jasmine
+    bud'; her hair, the 'wavy blossom shoots of the areca-palm';
+    slender is her neck, 'with a triple row of dimples'; her bosom
+    ripening, her waist 'lissom as the stalk of a flower,' her head;
+    'of a perfect oval' (literally, bird's-egg shaped), her fingers
+    like the leafy 'spears of lemon-grass' or the 'quills of the
+    porcupine,' her eyes 'like the splendor of the planet Venus,' and
+    her lips 'like the fissure of a pomegranate.'" (W.W. Skeat,
+    _Malay Magic_, 1900, p. 363.)
+
+    In Mitford's _Tales of Old Japan_ (vol. i, p. 215) a "peerlessly
+    beautiful girl of 16" is thus described: "She was neither too fat
+    nor too thin, neither too tall nor too short; her face was oval,
+    like a melon-seed, and her complexion fair and white;; her eyes
+    were narrow and bright, her teeth small and even; her nose was
+    aquiline, and her mouth delicately formed, with lovely red lips;
+    her eyebrows were long and fine; she had a profusion of long
+    black hair; she spoke modestly, with a soft, sweet voice, and
+    when she smiled, two lovely dimples appeared in her cheeks; in
+    all her movements she was gentle and refined." The Japanese belle
+    of ancient times, Dr. Nagayo Sensai remarks (_Lancet_, February
+    15, 1890) had a white face, a long, slender throat and neck, a
+    narrow chest, small thighs, and small feet and hands. Bälz, also,
+    has emphasized the ethereal character of the Japanese ideal of
+    feminine beauty, delicate, pale and slender, almost uncanny; and
+    Stratz, in his interesting book, _Die Körperformen in Kunst und
+    Leben der Japaner_ (second edition, 1904), has dealt fully with
+    the subject of Japanese beauty.
+
+    The Singalese are great connoisseurs of beauty, and a Kandyan
+    deeply learned in the matter gave Dr. Davy the following
+    enumeration of a woman's points of beauty: "Her hair should be
+    voluminous, like the tail of the peacock, long, reaching to her
+    knees, and terminating in graceful curls; her eyebrows should
+    resemble the rainbow, her eyes, the blue sapphire and the petals
+    of the blue manilla-flower. Her nose should be like the bill of
+    the hawk; her lips should be bright and red, like coral or the
+    young leaf of the iron-tree. Her teeth should be small, regular,
+    and closely set, and like jessamine buds. Her neck should be
+    large and round, resembling the berrigodea. Her chest should be
+    capacious; her breasts, firm and conical, like the yellow
+    cocoa-nut, and her waist small--almost small enough to be clasped
+    by the hand. Her hips should be wide; her limbs tapering; the
+    soles of her feet, without any hollow, and the surface of her
+    body in general soft, delicate, smooth, and rounded, without the
+    asperities of projecting bones and sinews." (J. Davy, _An
+    Account of the Interior of Ceylon_, 1821, p. 110.)
+
+    The "Padmini," or lotus-woman, is described by Hindu writers as
+    the type of most perfect feminine beauty. "She in whom the
+    following signs and symptoms appear is called a _Padmini_: Her
+    face is pleasing as the full moon; her body, well clothed with
+    flesh, is as soft as the Shiras or mustard flower; her skin is
+    fine, tender, and fair as the yellow lotus, never dark colored.
+    Her eyes are bright and beautiful as the orbs of the fawn, well
+    cut, and with reddish corners. Her bosom is hard, full, and high;
+    she; has a good neck; her nose is straight and lovely; and three
+    folds or wrinkles cross her middle--about the umbilical region.
+    Her _yoni_ [vulva] resembles the opening lotus bud, and her
+    love-seed is perfumed like the lily that has newly burst. She
+    walks with swanlike [more exactly, flamingolike] gait, and her
+    voice is low and musical as the note of the Kokila bird [the
+    Indian cuckoo]; she delights in white raiment, in fine jewels,
+    and in rich dresses. She eats little, sleeps lightly, and being
+    as respectful and religious as she is clever and courteous, she
+    is ever anxious to worship the gods and to enjoy the conversation
+    of Brahmans. Such, then, is the Padmini, or lotus-woman." (_The
+    Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana_, 1883, p. 11.)
+
+    The Hebrew ideal of feminine beauty is set forth in various
+    passages of the _Song of Songs_. The poem is familiar, and it
+    will suffice to quote one  passage:--
+
+         "How beautiful are thy feet in sandals, O prince's daughter!
+         Thy rounded thighs are like jewels,
+         The work of the hands of a cunning workman.
+         Thy navel is like a rounded goblet
+         Wherein no mingled wine is wanting;
+         Thy belly is like a heap of wheat
+         Set about with lilies.
+         Thy two breasts are like two fawns
+         They are twins of a roe.
+         Thy neck is like the tower of ivory;
+         Thine eyes as the pools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim;
+         Thy nose is like the tower of Lebanon
+         That looketh toward Damascus.
+         Thine head upon thee is like Carmel
+         And the hair of thine head like purple;
+         The king is held captive in the tresses thereof.
+         This thy stature is like to a palm-tree,
+         And thy breasts to clusters of grapes,
+         And the smell of thy breath like apples,
+         And thy mouth like the best wine."
+
+    And the man is thus described in the same poem:--
+
+         "My beloved is fair and ruddy,
+         The chiefest among ten thousand.
+         His head as the most fine gold,
+         His locks are bushy (or curling), and black as a raven.
+         His eyes are like doves beside the water-brooks,
+         Washed with milk and fitly set.
+         His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as banks of sweet herbs;
+         His lips are as lilies, dropping liquid myrrh.
+         His hands are as rings of gold, set with beryl;
+         His body is as ivory work, overlaid with sapphires.
+         His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold.
+         His aspect is like Lebanon, excellent as the cedars.
+         His mouth is most sweet; yea, he is altogether lovely."
+
+    "The maiden whose loveliness inspires the most impassioned
+    expressions in Arabic poetry," Lane states, "is celebrated for
+    her slender figure: She is like the cane among plants, and is
+    elegant as a twig of the oriental willow. Her face is like the
+    full moon, presenting the strongest contrast to the color of her
+    hair, which is of the deepest hue of night, and falls to the
+    middle of her back (Arab ladies are extremely fond of full and
+    long hair). A rosy blush overspreads the center of each cheek;
+    and a mole is considered an additional charm. The Arabs, indeed,
+    are particularly extravagant in their admiration of this natural
+    beauty spot, which, according to its place, is compared to a drop
+    of ambergris upon a dish of alabaster or upon the surface of a
+    ruby. The eyes of the Arab beauty are intensely black,[132]
+    large, and long, of the form of an almond: they are full of
+    brilliancy; but this is softened by long silken lashes, giving a
+    tender and languid expression that is full of enchantment and
+    scarcely to be improved by the adventitious aid of the black
+    border of kohl; for this the lovely maiden adds rather for the
+    sake of fashion than necessity, having what the Arabs term
+    natural kohl. The eyebrows are thin and arched; the forehead is
+    wide and fair as ivory; the nose straight; the mouth, small; the
+    lips of a brilliant red; and the teeth, like pearls set in coral.
+    The forms of the bosom are compared to two pomegranates; the
+    waist is slender; the hips are wide and large; the feet and
+    hands, small; the fingers, tapering, and their extremities dyed
+    with the deep orange tint imparted by the leaves of the henna."
+
+    Lane adds a more minute analysis from an unknown author quoted by
+    El-Ishákee: "Four things in a woman should be _black_--the hair
+    of the head, the eyebrows, the eyelashes, and the dark part of
+    the eyes; four _white_--the complexion of the skin, the white of
+    the eyes, the teeth, and the legs; four _red_--the tongue, the
+    lips, the middle of the cheeks, and the gums; four _round_--the
+    head, the neck, the forearms, and the ankles; four _long_--the
+    back, the fingers, the arms, and the legs; four _wide_--the
+    forehead, the eyes, the bosom, and the hips; four _fine_--the
+    eyebrows, the nose, the lips, and the fingers; four _thick_--the
+    lower part of the back, the thighs, the calves of the legs, and
+    the knees; four _small_--the ears, the breasts, the hands, and
+    the feet." (E.W. Lane, _Arabian Society in the Middle Ages_,
+    1883, pp. 214-216.)
+
+    A Persian treatise on the figurative terms relating to beauty
+    shows that the hair should be black, abundant, and wavy, the
+    eyebrows dark and arched. The eyelashes also must be dark, and
+    like arrows from the bow of the eyebrows. There is, however, no
+    insistence on the blackness of the eyes. We hear of four
+    varieties of eye: the dark-gray eye (or narcissus eye); the
+    narrow, elongated eye of Turkish beauties; the languishing, or
+    love-intoxicated, eye; and the wine-colored eye. Much stress is
+    laid on the quality of brilliancy. The face is sometimes
+    described as brown, but more especially as white and rosy. There
+    are many references to the down on the lips, which is described
+    as greenish (sometimes bluish) and compared to herbage. This down
+    and that on the cheeks and the stray hairs near the ears were
+    regarded as very great beauties. A beauty spot on the chin,
+    cheek, or elsewhere was also greatly admired, and evoked many
+    poetic comparisons. The mouth must be very small. In stature a
+    beautiful woman must be tall and erect, like the cypress or the
+    maritime pine. While the Arabs admired the rosiness of the legs
+    and thighs, the Persians insisted on white legs and compared them
+    to silver and crystal. (_Anis El-Ochchâq_, by Shereef-Eddin Romi,
+    translated by Huart, _Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes_,
+    Paris, fasc. 25, 1875.)
+
+    In the story of Kamaralzaman in the _Arabian Nights_ El-Sett
+    Budur is thus described: "Her hair is so brown that it is blacker
+    than the separation of friends. And when it is arrayed in three
+    tresses that reach to her feet I seem to see three nights at
+    once.
+
+    "Her face is as white as the day on which friends meet again. If
+    I look on it at the time of the full moon I see two moons at
+    once.
+
+    "Her cheeks are formed of an anemone divided into two corollas;
+    they have the purple tinge of wine, and her nose is straighter
+    and more delicate than the finest sword-blade.
+
+    "Her lips are colored agate and coral; her tongue secretes
+    eloquence; her saliva is more desirable than the juice of
+    grapes.
+
+    "But her bosom, blessed be the Creator, is a living seduction. It
+    bears twin breasts of the purest ivory, rounded, and that may be
+    held within the five fingers of one hand.
+
+    "Her belly has dimples full of shade and arranged with the
+    harmony of the Arabic characters on the seal of a Coptic scribe
+    in Egypt. And the belly gives origin to her finely modeled and
+    elastic waist.
+
+    "At the thought of her flanks I shudder, for thence depends a
+    mass so weighty that it obliges its owner to sit down when she
+    has risen and to rise when she lies.
+
+    "Such are her flanks, and from them descend, like white marble,
+    her glorious thighs, solid and straight, united above beneath
+    their crown. Then come the legs and the slender feet, so small
+    that I am astounded they can bear so great a weight."
+
+    An Egyptian stela in the Louvre sings the praise of a beautiful
+    woman, a queen who died about 700 B.C., as follows: "The beloved
+    before all women, the king's daughter who is sweet in love, the
+    fairest among women, a maid whose like none has seen. Blacker is
+    her hair than the darkness of night, blacker than the berries of
+    the blackberry bush (?). Harder are her teeth (?) than the flints
+    on the sickle. A wreath of flowers is each of her breasts, close
+    nestling on her arms." Wiedemann, who quotes this, adds: "During
+    the whole classic period of Egyptian history with few exceptions
+    (such, for example, as the reign of that great innovator,
+    Amenophis IV) the ideal alike for the male and the female body
+    was a slender and but slightly developed form. Under the
+    Ethiopian rule and during the Ptolemaic period in Egypt itself we
+    find, for the first time, that the goddesses are represented with
+    plump and well-developed outlines. Examination of the mummies
+    shows that the earlier ideal was based upon actual facts, and
+    that in ancient Egypt slender, sinewy forms distinguished both
+    men and women. Intermarriage with other races and harem life may
+    have combined in later times to alter the physical type, and with
+    it to change also the ideal of beauty." (A. Wiedemann, _Popular
+    Literature in Ancient Egypt_, p. 7.)
+
+    Commenting on Plato's ideas of beauty in the _Banquet_
+    Eméric-David gives references from Greek literature showing that
+    the typical Greek beautiful woman must be tall, her body supple,
+    her fingers long, her foot small and light, the eyes clear and
+    moderately large, the eyebrows slightly arched and almost
+    meeting, the nose straight and firm, nearly--but not
+    quite--aquiline, the breath sweet as honey. (Eméric-David,
+    _Recherches sur l'Art Statuaire_, new edition, 1863, p. 42.)
+
+    At the end of classic antiquity, probably in the fifth century,
+    Aristænetus in his first Epistle thus described his mistress
+    Lais: "Her cheeks are white, but mixed in imitation of the
+    splendor of the rose; her lips are thin, by a narrow space
+    separated from the cheeks, but more red; her eyebrows are black
+    and divided in the middle; the nose straight and proportioned to
+    the thin lips; the eyes large and bright, with very black pupils,
+    surrounded by the clearest white, each color more brilliant by
+    contrast. Her hair is naturally curled, and, as Homer's saying
+    is, like the hyacinth. The neck is white and proportioned to the
+    face, and though unadorned more conspicuous by its delicacy; but
+    a necklace of gems encircles it, on which her name is written in
+    jewels. She is tall and elegantly dressed in garments fitted to
+    her body and limbs. When dressed her appearance is beautiful;
+    when undressed she is all beauty. Her walk is composed and slow;
+    she looks like a cypress or a palm stirred by the wind. I cannot
+    describe how the swelling, symmetrical breasts raise the
+    constraining vest, nor how delicate and supple her limbs are. And
+    when she speaks, what sweetness in her discourse!"
+
+    Renier has studied the feminine ideal of the Provençal poets, the
+    troubadours who used the "langue d'oc." "They avoid any
+    description of the feminine type. The indications refer in great
+    part to the slender, erect, fresh appearance of the body, and to
+    the white and rosy coloring. After the person generally, the eyes
+    receive most praise; they are sweet, amorous, clear, smiling, and
+    bright. The color is never mentioned. The mouth is laughing, and
+    vermilion, and, smiling sweetly, it reveals the white teeth and
+    calls for the delights of the kiss. The face is clear and fresh,
+    the hand white and the hair constantly blonde. The troubadours
+    seldom speak of the rest of the body. Peire Vidal is an
+    exception, and his reference to the well-raised breasts may be
+    placed beside a reference by Bertran de Born. The general
+    impression conveyed by the love lyrics of the langue d'oc is one
+    of great convention. There seemed to be no salvation outside
+    certain phrases and epithets. The woman of Provence, sung by
+    hundreds of poets, seems to have been composed all of milk and
+    roses, a blonde Nuremburg doll." (R. Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico
+    della Donna nel Medioevo_, 1885, pp. 1-24.)
+
+    The conventional ideal of the troubadours is, again, thus
+    described: "She is a lady whose skin is white as milk, whiter
+    than the driven snow, of peculiar purity in whiteness. Her
+    cheeks, on which vermilion hues alone appear, are like the
+    rosebud in spring, when it has not yet opened to the full. Her
+    hair, which is nearly always bedecked and adorned with flowers,
+    is invariably of the color of flax, as soft as silk, and
+    shimmering with a sheen of the finest gold." (J.F. Rowbotham,
+    _The Troubadours and Courts of Love_, p. 228.)
+
+    In the most ancient Spanish romances, Renier remarks, the
+    definite indications of physical beauty are slight. The hair is
+    "of pure gold," or simply fair (_rudios_, which is equal to
+    _blondos_, a word of later introduction), the face white and
+    rosy, the hand soft, white, and fragrant; in one place we find a
+    reference to the uncovered breasts, whiter than crystal. But
+    usually the ancient Castilian romances do not deal with these
+    details. The poet contents himself with the statement that a lady
+    is the sweetest woman in the world, "_la mas linda mujer del
+    mundo_." (R. Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico della Donna nel Medioevo_,
+    pp. 68 et seq.)
+
+    In a detailed and well-documented thesis, Alwin Schultz describes
+    the characteristics of the beautiful woman as she appealed to the
+    German authors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. She must
+    be of medium height and slender. Her hair must be fair, like
+    gold; long, bright, and curly; a man's must only reach to his
+    shoulders. Dark hair is seldom mentioned and was not admired. The
+    parting of the hair must be white, but not too broad. The
+    forehead must be white and bright and rounded, without wrinkles.
+    The eyebrows must be darker than the hair, arched, and not too
+    broad, as though drawn with a pencil, the space between them not
+    too broad. The eyes must be bright, clear, and sparkling, not too
+    large or too small; nothing definite was said of the color, but
+    they were evidently usually blue. The nose must be of medium
+    size, straight, and not curved. The cheeks must be white, tinged
+    with red; if the red was absent by nature women used rouge. The
+    mouth must be small; the lips full and red. The teeth must be
+    small, white, and even. The chin must be white, rounded, lovable,
+    dimpled; the ears small and beautiful; the neck of medium size,
+    soft, white, and spotless; the arm small; the hands and fingers
+    long; the joints small, the nails white and bright and well cared
+    for. The bosom must be white and large; the breasts high and
+    rounded, like apples or pears, small and soft. The body generally
+    must be slender and active. The lower parts of the body are very
+    seldom mentioned, and many poets are even too modest to mention
+    the breasts. The buttocks must be rounded, one poet, indeed,
+    mentions, and the thighs soft and white, the _meinel_ (mons)
+    brown. The legs must be straight and narrow, the calves full, the
+    feet small and narrow, with high instep. The color of the skin
+    generally must be clear and of a tempered rosiness. (A. Schultz,
+    _Quid de Perfecta Corporis Humani Pulchritudine Germani Soeculi
+    XII et XIII Senserint_, 1866.) A somewhat similar, but shorter,
+    account is given by K. Weinhold (_Die Deutschen Frauen im
+    Mittelalter_, 1882, bd. 1, pp. 219 et seq.). Weinhold considers
+    that, like the French, the Germans admired the mixed eye, _vair_
+    or gray.
+
+    Adam de la Halle, the Artois _trouvère_ of the thirteenth
+    century, in a piece ("Li Jus Adan ou de la feuillie") in which he
+    brings himself forward, thus describes his mistress: "Her hair
+    had the brilliance of gold, and was twisted into rebellious
+    curls. Her forehead was very regular, white, and smooth; her
+    eyebrows, delicate and even, were two brown arches, which seemed
+    traced with a brush. Her eyes, bright and well cut, seemed to me
+    _vairs_ and full of caresses; they were large beneath, and their
+    lids like little sickles, adorned by twin folds, veiled or
+    revealed at her will her loving gaze. Between her eyes descended
+    the pipe of her nose, straight and beautiful, mobile when she was
+    gay; on either side were her rounded, white cheeks, on which
+    laughter impressed two dimples, and which one could see blushing
+    beneath her veil. Beneath the nose opened a mouth with blossoming
+    lips; this mouth, fresh and vermilion as a rose, revealed the
+    white teeth, in regular array; beneath the chin sprang the white
+    neck, descending full and round to the shoulder. The powerful
+    nape, white and without any little wandering hairs, protruded a
+    little over the dress. To her sloping shoulders were attached
+    long arms, large or slender where they so should be. What shall I
+    say of her white hands, with their long fingers, and knuckles
+    without knots, delicately ending in rosy nails attached to the
+    flesh by a clear and single line? I come to her bosom with its
+    firm breasts, but short and high pointed, revealing the valley of
+    love between them, to her round belly, her arched flanks. Her
+    hips were flat, her legs round, her calf large; she had a slender
+    ankle, a lean and arched foot. Such she was as I saw her, and
+    that which her chemise hid was not of less worth." (Houdoy, _La
+    Beauté des Femmes_, p. 125, who quotes the original of this
+    passage, considers it the ideal model of the mediæval woman.)
+
+    In the twelfth century story of _Aucassin et Nicolette_,
+    "Nicolette had fair hair, delicate and curling; her eyes were
+    gray (_vairs_) and smiling; her face admirably modeled. Her nose
+    was high and well placed; her lips small and more vermilion than
+    the cherry or the rose in summer; her teeth were small and white;
+    her firm little breasts raised her dress as would two walnuts.
+    Her figure was so slender that you could inclose it with your two
+    hands, and the flowers of the marguerite, which her toes broke as
+    she walked with naked feet, seemed black in comparison with her
+    feet and legs, so white was she."
+
+    "Her hair was divided into a double tress," says Alain of Lille
+    in the twelfth century, "which was long enough to kiss the
+    ground; the parting, white as the lily and obliquely traced,
+    separated the hair, and this want of symmetry, far from hurting
+    her face, was one of the elements of her beauty. A golden comb
+    maintained that abundant hair whose brilliance rivaled it, so
+    that the fascinated eye could scarce distinguish the gold of the
+    hair from the gold of the comb. The expanded forehead had the
+    whiteness of milk, and rivaled the lily; her bright eyebrows
+    shone like gold, not standing up in a brush, and, without being
+    too scanty, orderly arranged. The eyes, serene and brilliant in
+    their friendly light, seemed twin stars, her nostrils embalsamed
+    with the odor of honey, neither too depressed in shape nor too
+    prominent, were of distinguished form; the nard of her mouth
+    offered to the smell a treat of sweet odors, and her half-open
+    lips invited a kiss. The teeth seemed cut in ivory; her cheeks,
+    like the carnation of the rose, gently illuminated her face and
+    were tempered by the transparent whiteness of her veil. Her chin,
+    more polished than crystal, showed silver reflections, and her
+    slender neck fitly separated her head from the shoulders. The
+    firm rotundity of her breasts attested the full expansion of
+    youth; her charming arms, advancing toward you, seemed to call
+    for caresses; the regular curve of her flanks, justly
+    proportioned, completed her beauty. All the visible traits of her
+    face and form thus sufficiently told what those charms must be
+    that the bed alone knew." (The Latin text is given by Houdoy, _La
+    Beauté des Femmes du XIIe au XVIe Siècle_, p. 119. Robert de
+    Flagy's portrait of Blanchefleur in _Sarin-le-Loherain_, written
+    in same century, reveals very similar traits.)
+
+    "The young woman appeared with twenty brightly polished daggers
+    and swords," we read in the Irish _Tain Bo Cuailgne_ of the
+    Badhbh or Banshee who appeared to Meidhbh, "together with seven
+    braids for the dead, of bright gold, in her right hand; a
+    speckled garment of green ground, fastened by a bodkin at the
+    breast under her fair, ruddy countenance, enveloped her form; her
+    teeth were so new and bright that they appeared like pearls
+    artistically set in her gums; like the ripe berry of the mountain
+    ash were her lips; sweeter was her voice than the notes of the
+    gentle harp-strings when touched by the most skillful fingers,
+    and emitting the most enchanting melody; whiter than the snow of
+    one night was her skin, and beautiful to behold were her
+    garments, which reached to her well molded, bright-nailed feet;
+    copious tresses of her tendriled, glossy, golden hair hung
+    before, while others dangled behind and reached the calf of her
+    leg." (_Ossianio Transactions_, vol. ii, p. 107.)
+
+    An ancient Irish hero is thus described: "They saw a great hero
+    approaching them; fairest of the heroes of the world; larger and
+    taller than any man; bluer than ice his eye; redder than the
+    fresh rowan berries his lips; whiter than showers of pearl his
+    teeth; fairer than the snow of one night his skin; a protecting
+    shield with a golden border was upon him, two battle-lances in
+    his hands; a sword with knobs of ivory [teeth of the sea-horse],
+    and ornamented with gold, at his side; he had no other
+    accoutrements of a hero besides these; he had golden hair on his
+    head, and had a fair, ruddy countenance." (_The Banquet of Dun na
+    n-gedh_, translated by O'Donovan, _Irish Archæological Society_,
+    1842.)
+
+    The feminine ideal of the Italian poets closely resembles that of
+    those north of the Alps. Petrarch's Laura, as described in the
+    _Canzoniere_, is white as snow; her eyes, indeed, are black, but
+    the fairness of her hair is constantly emphasized; her lips are
+    rosy; her teeth white; her cheeks rosy; her breast youthful; her
+    hands white and slender. Other poets insist on the tall, white,
+    delicate body; the golden or blonde hair; the bright or starry
+    eyes (without mention of color), the brown or black arched
+    eyebrows, the straight nose, the small mouth, the thin vermilion
+    lips, the small and firm breasts. (Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico_,
+    pp. 87 et seq.)
+
+    Marie de France, a French mediæval writer of the twelfth century,
+    who spent a large part of her life in England, in the _Lai of
+    Lanval_ thus described a beautiful woman: "Her body was
+    beautiful, her hips low, the neck whiter than snow, the eyes gray
+    (_vairs_), the face white, the mouth beautiful, the nose well
+    placed, the eyebrows brown, the forehead beautiful, the head
+    curly and blonde; the gleam of gold thread was less bright than
+    her hair beneath the sun."
+
+    The traits of Boccaccio's ideal of feminine beauty, a voluptuous
+    ideal as compared with the ascetic mediæval ideal which had
+    previously prevailed, together with the characteristics of the
+    very beautiful and almost classic garments in which he arrayed
+    women, have been brought together by Hortis (_Studi sulle opere
+    Latine del Boccaccio_, 1879, pp. 70 et seq.). Boccaccio admired
+    fair and abundant wavy hair, dark and delicate eyebrows, and
+    brown or even black eyes. It was not until some centuries later,
+    as Hortis remarks, that Boccaccio's ideal woman was embodied by
+    the painter in the canvases of Titian.
+
+    The first precise description of a famous beautiful woman was
+    written by Niphus in the sixteenth century in his _De Pulchro et
+    Amore_, which is regarded as the first modern treatise on
+    æsthetics. The lady described is Joan of Aragon, the greatest
+    beauty of her time, whose portrait by Raphael (or more probably
+    Giulio Romano) is in the Louvre. Niphus, who was the philosopher
+    of the pontifical court and the friend of Leo X, thus describes
+    this princess, whom, as a physician, he had opportunities of
+    observing accurately: "She is of medium stature, straight, and
+    elegant, and possesses the grace which can only be imparted by an
+    assemblage of characteristics which are individually faultless.
+    She is neither fat nor bony, but succulent; her complexion is not
+    pale, but white tinged with rose; her long hair is golden; her
+    ears are small and in proportion with the size of her mouth. Her
+    brown eyebrows are semicircular, not too bushy, and the
+    individual hairs short. Her eyes are blue (_oæsius_), brighter
+    than stars, radiant with grace and gaiety beneath the dark-brown
+    eyelashes, which are well spaced and not too long. The nose,
+    symmetrical and of medium size, descends perpendicularly from
+    between the eyebrows. The little valley separating the nose from
+    the upper lip is divinely proportioned. The mouth, inclined to be
+    rather small, is always stirred by a sweet smile; the rather
+    thick lips are made of honey and coral. The teeth are small,
+    polished as ivory, and symmetrically ranged, and the breath has
+    the odor of the sweetest perfumes. Her voice is that of a
+    goddess. The chin is divided by a dimple; the whole face
+    approximates to a virile rotundity. The straight long neck, white
+    and full, rises gracefully from the shoulders. On the ample
+    bosom, revealing no indication of the bones, arise the rounded
+    breasts, of equal and fitting size, and exhaling the perfume of
+    the peaches they resemble. The rather plump hands, on the back
+    like snow, on the palm like ivory, are exactly the length of the
+    face; the full and rounded fingers are long and terminating in
+    round, curved nails of soft color. The chest as a whole has the
+    form of a pear, reversed, but a little compressed, and the base
+    attached to the neck in a delightfully well-proportioned manner.
+    The belly, the flanks, and the secret parts are worthy of the
+    chest; the hips are large and rounded; the thighs, the legs, and
+    the arms are in just proportion. The breadth of the shoulders is
+    also in the most perfect relation to the dimensions of the other
+    parts of the body; the feet, of medium length, terminate in
+    beautifully arranged toes." (Houdoy reproduces this passage in
+    _La Beauté des Femmes_; cf. also Stratz, _Die Schönheit des
+    Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter III.)
+
+    Gabriel de Minut, who published in 1587 a treatise of no very
+    great importance, _De la Beauté_, also wrote under the title of
+    _La Paulegraphie_ a very elaborate description, covering sixty
+    pages, of Paule de Viguier, a Gascon lady of good family and
+    virtuous life living at Toulouse. Minut was her devoted admirer
+    and addressed an affectionate poem to her just before his death.
+    She was seventy years of age when he wrote the elaborate account
+    of her beauty. She had blue eyes and fair hair, though belonging
+    to one of the darkest parts of France.
+
+    Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, bd. 1, sec. 3) have independently
+    brought together a number of passages from the writers of many
+    countries describing their ideals of beauty. On this collection I
+    have not drawn.
+
+When we survey broadly the ideals of feminine beauty set down by the
+peoples of many lands, it is interesting to note that they all contain
+many features which appeal to the æsthetic taste of the modern European,
+and many of them, indeed, contain no features which obviously clash with
+his canons of taste. It may even be said that the ideals of some savages
+affect us more sympathetically than some of the ideals of our own mediæval
+ancestors. As a matter of fact, European travelers in all parts of the
+world have met with women who were gracious and pleasant to look on, and
+not seldom even in the strict sense beautiful, from the standpoint of
+European standards. Such individuals have been found even among those
+races with the greatest notoriety for ugliness.
+
+    Even among so primitive and remote a people as the Australians
+    beauty in the European sense is sometimes found. "I have on two
+    occasions," Lumholtz states, "seen what might be called beauties
+    among the women of western Queensland. Their hands were small,
+    their feet neat and well shaped, with so high an instep that one
+    asked oneself involuntarily where in the world they had acquired
+    this aristocratic mark of beauty. Their figure was above
+    criticism, and their skin, as is usually the case among the young
+    women, was as soft as velvet. When these black daughters of Eve
+    smiled and showed their beautiful white teeth, and when their
+    eyes peeped coquettishly from beneath the curly hair which hung
+    in quite the modern fashion down their foreheads," Lumholtz
+    realized that even here women could exert the influence ascribed
+    by Goethe to women generally. (C. Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_, p.
+    132.) Much has, again, been written about the beauty of the
+    American Indians. See, e.g., an article by Dr. Shufeldt, "Beauty
+    from an Indian's Point of View," _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, April,
+    1895. Among the Seminole Indians, especially, it is said that
+    types of handsome and comely women are not uncommon. (_Clay_
+    MacCauley, "Seminole Indians of Florida," _Fifth Annual Report of
+    the Bureau of Ethnology_, 1883-1884, pp. 493 et seq.)
+
+    There is much even in the negress which appeals to the European
+    as beautiful. "I have met many negresses," remarks Castellani
+    (_Les Femmes au Congo_, p. 2), "who could say proudly in the
+    words of the Song of Songs, 'I am black, but comely.' Many of our
+    peasant women have neither the same grace nor the same delicate
+    skin as some natives of Cassai or Songha. As to color, I have
+    seen on the African continent creatures of pale gold or even red
+    copper whose fine and satiny skin rivals the most delicate white
+    skins; one may, indeed, find beauties among women of the darkest
+    ebony." He adds that, on the whole, there is no comparison with
+    white women, and that the negress soon becomes hideous.
+
+    The very numerous quotations from travelers concerning the women
+    of all lands quoted by Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, seventh
+    edition, bd. i, pp. 88-106) amply suffice to show how frequently
+    some degree of beauty is found even among the lowest human races.
+    Cf., also, Mantegazza's survey of the women of different races
+    from this point of view, _Fisiologia della Donna_, Cap. IV.
+
+The fact that the modern European, whose culture may be supposed to have
+made him especially sensitive to æsthetic beauty, is yet able to find
+beauty among even the women of savage races serves to illustrate the
+statement already made that, whatever modifying influences may have to be
+admitted, beauty is to a large extent an objective matter. The existence
+of this objective element in beauty is confirmed by the fact that it is
+sometimes found that the men of the lower races admire European women more
+than women of their own race. There is reason to believe that it is among
+the more intelligent men of lower race--that is to say those whose
+æsthetic feelings are more developed--that the admiration for white women
+is most likely to be found.
+
+    "Mr. Winwood Reade," stated Darwin, "who has had ample
+    opportunities for observation, not only with the negroes of the
+    West Coast of Africa, but with those of the interior who have
+    never associated with Europeans, is convinced that their ideas of
+    beauty are, _on the whole_, the same as ours; and Dr. Rohlfs
+    writes to me to the same effect with respect to Bornu and the
+    countries inhabited by the Pullo tribes. Mr. Reade found that he
+    agreed with the negroes in their estimation of the beauty of the
+    native girls; and that their appreciation of the beauty of
+    European women corresponded with ours.... The Fuegians, as I have
+    been informed by a missionary who long resided with them,
+    considered European women as extremely beautiful ... I should add
+    that a most experienced observer, Captain [Sir R.] Burton,
+    believes that a woman whom we consider beautiful is admired
+    throughout the world." (Darwin, _Descent of Man_, Chapter XIX.)
+
+    Mantegazza quotes a conversation between a South American chief
+    and an Argentine who had asked him which he preferred, the women
+    of his own people or Christian women; the chief replied that he
+    admired Christian women most, and when asked the reason said that
+    they were whiter and taller, had finer hair and smoother skin.
+    (Mantegazza, _Fisiologia della Donna_, Appendix to Cap. VIII.)
+
+    Nordenskjöld, as quoted by Ploss and Bartels, states that the
+    Eskimo regard their own type as more ugly than that produced by
+    crossing with white persons, and, according to Kropf, the Nosa
+    Kaffers admire and seek the fairer half-castes in preference to
+    their own women of pure race (Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_,
+    seventh edition, bd. 1, p. 78). There is a widespread admiration
+    for fairness, it may be added, among dark peoples. Fair men are
+    admired by the Papuans at Torres Straits (_Reports of the
+    Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. v, p. 327). The
+    common use of powder among the women of dark-skinned peoples
+    bears witness to the existence of the same ideal.
+
+    Stratz, in his books _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_ and
+    _Die Rassenschönheit des Weibes_, argues that the ideal of beauty
+    is fundamentally the same throughout the world, and that the
+    finest persons among the lower races admire and struggle to
+    attain the type which is found commonly and in perfection among
+    the white peoples of Europe. When in Japan he found that among
+    the numerous photographs of Japanese beauties everywhere to be
+    seen, his dragoman, a Japanese of low birth, selected as the most
+    beautiful those which displayed markedly the Japanese type with
+    narrow-slitted eyes and broad nose. When he sought the opinion of
+    a Japanese photographer, who called himself an artist and had
+    some claim to be so considered, the latter selected as most
+    beautiful three Japanese girls who in Europe also would have been
+    considered pretty. In Java, also, when selecting from a large
+    number of Javanese girls a few suitable for photographing, Stratz
+    was surprised to find that a Javanese doctor pointed out as most
+    beautiful those which most closely corresponded to the European
+    type. (Stratz, _Die Rassenschönheit des Weibes_, fourth edition,
+    1903, p. 3; id., _Die Körperformen der Japaner_, 1904, p. 78.)
+
+    Stratz reproduces (Rassenschönheit, pp. 36 et seq.) a
+    representation of Kwan-yin, the Chinese goddess of divine love,
+    and quotes some remarks of Borel's concerning the wide deviation
+    of the representations of the goddess, a type of gracious beauty,
+    from the Chinese racial type. Stratz further reproduces the
+    figure of a Buddhistic goddess from Java (now in the
+    Archæological Museum of Leyden) which represents a type of
+    loveliness corresponding to the most refined and classic European
+    ideal.
+
+Not only is there a fundamentally objective element in beauty throughout
+the human species, but it is probably a significant fact that we may find
+a similar element throughout the whole animated world. The things that to
+man are most beautiful throughout Nature are those that are intimately
+associated with, or dependent upon, the sexual process and the sexual
+instinct. This is the case in the plant world. It is so throughout most of
+the animal world, and, as Professor Poulton, in referring to this often
+unexplained and indeed unnoticed fact, remarks, "the song or plume which
+excites the mating impulse in the hen is also in a high proportion of
+cases most pleasing to man himself. And not only this, but in their past
+history, so far as it has been traced (e.g., in the development of the
+characteristic markings of the male peacock and argus pheasant), such
+features have gradually become more and more pleasing to us as they have
+acted as stronger and stronger stimuli to the hen."[133]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[131] "It is likely that all visible parts of the organism, even those
+with a definite physiological meaning, appeal to the æsthetic sense of the
+opposite sex," Poulton remarks, speaking primarily of insects, in words
+that apply still more accurately to the human species. E. Poulton, _The
+Colors of Animals_, 1890, p. 304.
+
+[132] "The Arabs in general," Lane remarks, "entertain a prejudice against
+blue eyes--a prejudice said to have arisen from the great number of
+blue-eyed persons among certain of their northern enemies."
+
+[133] _Nature_, April 14, 1898, p. 55.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters--The Sexual Organs--Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments--Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such
+Devices--The Religious Element--Unæsthetic Character of the Sexual
+Organs--Importance of the Secondary Sexual Characters--The Pelvis and
+Hips--Steatopygia--Obesity--Gait--The Pregnant Woman as a Mediæval Type of
+Beauty--The Ideals of the Renaissance--The Breasts--The Corset--Its
+Object--Its History--Hair--The Beard--The Element of National or Racial
+Type in Beauty--The Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes--The General
+European Admiration for Blondes--The Individual Factors in the
+Constitution of the Idea of Beauty--The Love of the Exotic.
+
+
+In the constitution of our ideals of masculine and feminine beauty it was
+inevitable that the sexual characters should from a very early period in
+the history of man form an important element. From a primitive point of
+view a sexually desirable and attractive person is one whose sexual
+characters are either naturally prominent or artificially rendered so. The
+beautiful woman is one endowed, as Chaucer expresses it,
+
+    "With buttokes brode and brestës rounde and hye";
+
+that is to say, she is the woman obviously best fitted to bear children
+and to suckle them. These two physical characters, indeed, since they
+represent aptitude for the two essential acts of motherhood, must
+necessarily tend to be regarded as beautiful among all peoples and in all
+stages of culture, even in high stages of civilization when more refined
+and perverse ideals tend to find favor, and at Pompeii as a decoration on
+the east side of the Purgatorium of the Temple of Isis we find a
+representation of Perseus rescuing Andromeda, who is shown as a woman with
+a very small head, small hands and feet, but with a fully developed body,
+large breasts, and large projecting nates.[134]
+
+To a certain extent--and, as we shall see, to a certain extent only--the
+primary sexual characters are objects of admiration among primitive
+peoples. In the primitive dances of many peoples, often of sexual
+significance, the display of the sexual organs on the part of both men and
+women is frequently a prominent feature. Even down to mediæval times in
+Europe the garments of men sometimes permitted the sexual organs to be
+visible. In some parts of the world, also, the artificial enlargement of
+the female sexual organs is practised, and thus enlarged they are
+considered an important and attractive feature of beauty.
+
+    Sir Andrew Smith informed Darwin that the elongated nymphæ (or
+    "Hottentot apron") found among the women of some South African
+    tribes was formerly greatly admired by the men (_Descent of Man_,
+    Chapter XIX). This formation is probably a natural peculiarity of
+    the women of these races which is very much exaggerated by
+    intentional manipulation due to the admiration it arouses. The
+    missionary Merensky reported the prevalence of the practice of
+    artificial elongation among the Basuto and other peoples, and the
+    anatomical evidence is in favor of its partly artificial
+    character. (The Hottentot apron is fully discussed by Ploss and
+    Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. I, sec. vi.)
+
+    In the Jaboo country on the Bight of Benin in West Africa,
+    Daniell stated, it was considered ornamental to elongate the
+    labia and the clitoris artificially; small weights were appended
+    to the clitoris and gradually increased. (W.F. Daniell,
+    _Topography of Gulf of Guinea_, 1849, pp. 24, 53.)
+
+    Among the Bawenda of the northern Transvaal, the missionary
+    Wessmann states, it is customary for young girls from the age of
+    8 to spend a certain amount of time every day in pulling the
+    _labia majora_ in order to elongate them; in selecting a wife the
+    young men attach much importance to this elongation, and the girl
+    whose labia stand out most is most attractive. (_Zeitschrift für
+    Ethnologie_, 1894, ht. 4, p. 363.)
+
+    It may be added that in various parts of the world mutilations of
+    the sexual organs of men and women, or operations upon them, are
+    practiced, for reasons which are imperfectly known, since it
+    usually happens that the people who practice them are unable to
+    give the reason for this practice, or they assign a reason which
+    is manifestly not that which originally prompted the practice.
+    Thus, the excision of the clitoris, practiced in many parts of
+    East Africa and frequently supposed to be for the sake of dulling
+    sexual feeling (J.S. King _Journal of the Anthropological
+    Society_, Bombay, 1890, p. 2), seems very doubtfully accounted
+    for thus, for the women have it done of their own accord; "all
+    Sobo women [Niger coast] have their clitoris cut off; unless they
+    have this done they are looked down upon, as slave women who do
+    not get cut; as soon, therefore, as a Sobo woman has collected
+    enough money, she goes to an operating woman and pays her to do
+    the cutting." (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August-November, 1898, p. 117.) The Comte de Cardi investigated
+    this matter in the Niger Delta: "I have questioned both native
+    men and women," he states, "to try and get the natives' reason
+    for this rite, but the almost universal answer to my queries was,
+    'it is our country's fashion.'" One old man told him it was
+    practiced because favorable to continence, and several old women
+    said that once the women of the land used to suffer from a
+    peculiar kind of madness which this rite reduced. (_Journal of
+    the Anthropological Institute_, August-November, 1899, p. 59.) In
+    the same way the subincision of the urethra (mika operation of
+    Australia) is frequently supposed to be for the purpose of
+    preventing conception (See, e.g., the description of the
+    operation by J.G. Garson, _Medical Press_, February 21, 1894),
+    but this is very doubtful, and E.C. Stirling found that
+    subincised natives often had large families. (_Intercolonial
+    Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery_, 1894.)
+
+    A passage in the _Mainz Chronicle_ for 1367 (as quoted by
+    Schultz, _Das Höfische Leben_, p. 297) shows that at that time
+    the tunics of the men were so made that it was always possible
+    for the sexual organs to be seen in walking or sitting.
+
+This insistence on the naked sexual organs as objects of attraction is,
+however, comparatively rare, and confined to peoples in a low state of
+culture. Very much more widespread is the attempt to beautify and call
+attention to the sexual organs by tattooing,[135] by adornment and by
+striking peculiarities of clothing. The tendency for beauty of clothing to
+be accepted as a substitute for beauty of body appears early in the
+history of mankind, and, as we know, tends to be absolutely accepted in
+civilization.[136] "We exclaim," as Goethe remarks, "'What a beautiful
+little foot!' when we have merely seen a pretty shoe; we admire the lovely
+waist when nothing has met out eyes but an elegant girdle." Our realities
+and our traditional ideals are hopelessly at variance; the Greeks
+represented their statues without pubic hair because in real life they had
+adopted the oriental custom of removing the hairs; we compel our sculptors
+and painters to make similar representations, though they no longer
+correspond either to realities or to our own ideas of what is beautiful
+and fitting in real life. Our artists are themselves equally ignorant and
+confused, and, as Stratz has repeatedly shown, they constantly reproduce
+in all innocence the deformations and pathological characters of defective
+models. If we were honest, we should say--like the little boy before a
+picture of the Judgment of Paris, in answer to his mother's question as to
+which of the three goddesses he thought most beautiful--"I can't tell,
+because they haven't their clothes on."
+
+The concealment actually attained was not, however, it would appear,
+originally sought. Various authors have brought together evidence to show
+that the main primitive purpose of adornment and clothing among savages is
+not to conceal the body, but to draw attention to it and to render it more
+attractive. Westermarck, especially, brings forward numerous examples of
+savage adornments which serve to attract attention to the sexual regions
+of man and woman.[137] He further argues that the primitive object of
+various savage peoples in practicing circumcision, as other similar
+mutilations, is really to secure sexual attractiveness, whatever religious
+significance they may sometimes have developed subsequently. A more recent
+view represents the magical influence of both adornment and mutilation as
+primary, as a method of guarding and insulating dangerous bodily
+functions. Frazer, in _The Golden Bough_, is the most able and brilliant
+champion of this view, which undoubtedly embodies a large element of
+truth, although it must not be accepted to the absolute exclusion of the
+influence of sexual attractiveness. The two are largely woven in
+together.[138]
+
+There is, indeed, a general tendency for the sexual functions to take on a
+religious character and for the sexual organs to become sacred at a very
+early period in culture. Generation, the reproductive force in man,
+animals, and plants, was realized by primitive man to be a fact of the
+first magnitude, and he symbolized it in the sexual organs of man and
+woman, which thus attained to a solemnity which was entirely independent
+of purposes of sexual allurement. Phallus worship may almost be said to be
+a universal phenomenon; it is found even among races of high culture,
+among the Romans of the Empire and the Japanese to-day; it has, indeed,
+been thought by some that one of the origins of the cross is to be found
+in the phallus.
+
+    "Hardly any other object," remarks Dr. Richard Andree, "has been
+    with such great unanimity represented by nearly all peoples as
+    the phallus, the symbol of procreative force in the religions of
+    the East and an object of veneration at public festivals. In the
+    Moabitic Baal Peor, in the cult of Dionysos, everywhere, indeed,
+    except in Persia, we meet with Priapic representations and the
+    veneration accorded to the generative organ. It is needless to
+    refer to the great significance of the _Linga puja_, the
+    procreative organ of the god Siva, in India, a god to whom more
+    temples were erected than to any other Indian deity. Our museums
+    amply show how common phallic representations are in Africa, East
+    Asia, the Pacific, frequently in connection with religious
+    worship." (R. Andree, "Amerikansche Phallus-Darstellungen,"
+    _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1895, ht. 6, p. 678.)
+
+    Women have no external generative organ like the phallus to play
+    a large part in life as a sacred symbol. There is, however, some
+    reason to believe that the triangle is to some extent such a
+    symbol. Lejeune ("La Representation Sexuelle en Religion, Art, et
+    Pédagogie," _Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_, Paris,
+    October 3, 1901) brings forward reasons in favor of the view that
+    the triangular hair-covered region of the mons veneris has had
+    considerable significance in this respect, and he presents
+    various primitive figures in illustration.
+
+Apart from the religions and magical properties so widely accorded to the
+primary sexual characters, there are other reasons why they should not
+often have gained or long retained any great importance as objects of
+sexual allurement. They are unnecessary and inconvenient for this purpose.
+The erect attitude of man gives them here, indeed, an advantage possessed
+by very few animals, among whom it happens with extreme rarity that the
+primary sexual characters are rendered attractive to the eye of the
+opposite sex, though they often are to the sense of smell. The sexual
+regions constitute a peculiarly vulnerable spot, and remain so even in
+man, and the need for their protection which thus exists conflicts with
+the prominent display required for a sexual allurement. This end is far
+more effectively attained, with greater advantage and less disadvantage,
+by concentrating the chief ensigns of sexual attractiveness on the upper
+and more conspicuous parts of the body. This method is well-nigh universal
+among animals as well as in man.
+
+There is another reason why the sexual organs should be discarded as
+objects of sexual allurement, a reason which always proves finally
+decisive as a people advances in culture. They are not æsthetically
+beautiful. It is fundamentally necessary that the intromittent organ of
+the male and the receptive canal of the female should retain their
+primitive characteristics; they cannot, therefore, be greatly modified by
+sexual or natural selection, and the exceedingly primitive character they
+are thus compelled to retain, however sexually desirable and attractive
+they may become to the opposite sex under the influence of emotion, can
+rarely be regarded as beautiful from the point of view of æsthetic
+contemplation. Under the influence of art there is a tendency for the
+sexual organs to be diminished in size, and in no civilized country has
+the artist ever chosen to give an erect organ to his representations of
+ideal masculine beauty. It is mainly because the unæsthetic character of a
+woman's sexual region is almost imperceptible in any ordinary and normal
+position of the nude body that the feminine form is a more æsthetically
+beautiful object of contemplation than the masculine. Apart from this
+character we are probably bound, from a strictly æsthetic point of view,
+to regard the male form as more æsthetically beautiful.[139] The female
+form, moreover, usually overpasses very swiftly the period of the climax
+of its beauty, often only retaining it during a few weeks.
+
+    The following communication from a correspondent well brings out
+    the divergences of feeling in this matter:
+
+    "You write that the sex organs, in an excited condition, cannot
+    be called æsthetic. But I believe that they are a source, not
+    only of curiosity and wonder to many persons, but also objects of
+    admiration. I happen to know of one man, extremely intellectual
+    and refined, who delights in lying between his mistress's thighs
+    and gazing long at the dilated vagina. Also another man, married,
+    and not intellectual, who always tenderly gazes at his wife's
+    organs, in a strong light, before intercourse, and kisses her
+    there and upon the abdomen. The wife, though amative, confessed
+    to another woman that she could not understand the attraction. On
+    the other hand, two married men have told me that the sight of
+    their wives' genital parts would disgust them, and that they have
+    never seen them.
+
+    "If the sexual parts cannot be called æsthetic, they have still a
+    strong charm for many passionate lovers, of both sexes, though
+    not often, I believe, among the unimaginative and the uneducated,
+    who are apt to ridicule the organs or to be repelled by them.
+    Many women confess that they are revolted by the sight of even a
+    husband's complete nudity, though they have no indifference for
+    sexual embraces. I think that the stupid bungle of Nature in
+    making the generative organs serve as means of relieving the
+    bladder has much to do with this revulsion. But some women of
+    erotic temperament find pleasure in looking at the penis of a
+    husband or lover, in handling it, and kissing it. Prostitutes do
+    this in the way of business; some chaste, passionate wives act
+    thus voluntarily. This is scarcely morbid, as the mammalia of
+    most species smell and lick each others' genitals. Probably
+    primitive man did the same."
+
+    Brantôme (_Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II) has some remarks
+    to much the same effect concerning the difference between men,
+    some of whom take no pleasure in seeing the private parts of
+    their wives or mistresses, while others admire them and delight
+    to kiss them.
+
+    I must add that, however natural or legitimate the attraction of
+    the sexual parts may be to either sex, the question of their
+    purely æsthetic beauty remains unaffected.
+
+    Remy de Gourmont, in a discussion of the æsthetic element in
+    sexual beauty, considers that the invisibility of the sexual
+    organs is the decisive fact in rendering women more beautiful
+    than men. "Sex, which is sometimes an advantage, is always a
+    burden and always a flaw; it exists for the race and not for the
+    individual. In the human male, and precisely because of his erect
+    attitude, sex is the predominantly striking and visible fact, the
+    point of attack in a struggle at close quarters, the point aimed
+    at from a distance, an obstacle for the eye, whether regarded as
+    a rugosity on the surface or as breaking the middle of a line.
+    The harmony of the feminine body is thus geometrically much more
+    perfect, especially when we consider the male and the female at
+    the moment of desire when they present the most intense and
+    natural expression of life. Then the woman, whose movements are
+    all interior, or only visible by the undulation of her curves,
+    preserves her full æsthetic value, while the man, as it were, all
+    at once receding toward the primitive state of animality, seems
+    to throw off all beauty and become reduced to the simple and
+    naked condition of a genital organism." (Remy de Gourmont,
+    _Physique de l'Amour_, p. 69.) Remy de Gourmont proceeds,
+    however, to point out that man has his revenge after a woman has
+    become pregnant, and that, moreover, the proportions of the
+    masculine body are more beautiful than those of the feminine
+    body.
+
+The primary sexual characters of man and woman have thus never at any time
+played a very large part in sexual allurement. With the growth of culture,
+indeed, the very methods which had been adopted to call attention to the
+sexual organs were by a further development retained for the purpose of
+concealing them. From the first the secondary sexual characters have been
+a far more widespread method of sexual allurement than the primary sexual
+characters, and in the most civilized countries to-day they still
+constitute the most attractive of such methods to the majority of the
+population.
+
+    The main secondary sexual characters in woman and the type which
+    they present in beautiful and well-developed persons are
+    summarized as follows by Stratz, who in his book on the beauty of
+    the body in woman sets forth the reasons for the characteristics
+    here  given:--
+
+        Delicate bony structure.
+        Rounded forms and breasts.
+        Broad pelvis.
+        Long and abundant hair.
+        Low and narrow boundary of pubic hair.
+        Sparse hair in armpit.
+        No hair on body.
+        Delicate skin.
+        Rounded skull.
+        Small face.
+        Large orbits.
+        High and slender eyebrows.
+        Low and small lower jaw.
+        Soft transition from cheek to neck.
+        Rounded neck.
+        Slender wrist.
+        Small hand, with long index finger.
+        Rounded shoulders.
+        Straight, small clavicle.
+        Small and long thorax.
+        Slender waist.
+        Hollow sacrum.
+        Prominent and domed nates.
+        Sacral dimples.
+        Rounded and thick thighs.
+        Low and obtuse pubic arch.
+        Soft contour of knee.
+        Rounded calves.
+        Slender ankle.
+        Small toes.
+        Long second and short fifth toe.
+        Broad middle incisor teeth.
+
+    (Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, fourteenth
+    edition, 1903, p. 200. This statement agrees at most points with
+    my own exposition of the secondary sexual characters: _Man and
+    Woman_, fourth edition, revised and enlarged, 1904.)
+
+Thus we find, among most of the peoples of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the
+chief continents of the world, that the large hips and buttocks of women
+are commonly regarded as an important feature of beauty. This secondary
+sexual character represents the most decided structural deviation of the
+feminine type from the masculine, a deviation demanded by the reproductive
+function of women, and in the admiration it arouses sexual selection is
+thus working in a line with natural selection. It cannot be said that,
+except in a very moderate degree, it has always been regarded as at the
+same time in a line with claims of purely æsthetic beauty. The European
+artist frequently seeks to attenuate rather than accentuate the
+protuberant lines of the feminine hips, and it is noteworthy that the
+Japanese also regard small hips as beautiful. Nearly everywhere else
+large hips and buttocks are regarded as a mark of beauty, and the average
+man is of this opinion even in the most æsthetic countries. The contrast
+of this exuberance with the more closely knit male form, the force of
+association, and the unquestionable fact that such development is the
+condition needed for healthy motherhood, have served as a basis for an
+ideal of sexual attractiveness which appeals to nearly all people more
+strongly than a more narrowly æsthetic ideal, which must inevitably be
+somewhat hermaphroditic in character.
+
+Broad hips, which involve a large pelvis, are necessarily a characteristic
+of the highest human races, because the races with the largest heads must
+be endowed also with the largest pelvis to enable their large heads to
+enter the world. The white race, according to Bacarisse, has the broadest
+sacrum, the yellow race coming next, the black race last. The white race
+is also stated to show the greatest curvature of the sacrum, the yellow
+race next, while the black race has the flattest sacrum.[140] The black
+race thus possesses the least developed pelvis, the narrowest, and the
+flattest. It is certainly not an accidental coincidence that it is
+precisely among people of black race that we find a simulation of the
+large pelvis of the higher races admired and cultivated in the form of
+steatopygia. This is an enormously exaggerated development of the
+subcutaneous layer of fat which normally covers the buttocks and upper
+parts of the thighs in woman, and in this extreme form constitutes a kind
+of natural fatty tumor. Steatopygia cannot be said to exist, according to
+Deniker, unless the projection of the buttocks exceeds 4 per cent of the
+individual's height; it frequently equals 10 per cent. True steatopygia
+only exists among Bushman and Hottentot women, and among the peoples who
+are by blood connected with them. An unusual development of the buttocks
+is, however, found among the Woloffs and many other African peoples.[141]
+There can be no doubt that among the black peoples of Africa generally,
+whether true steatopygia exists among them or not, extreme gluteal
+development is regarded as a very important, if not the most important,
+mark of beauty, and Burton stated that a Somali man was supposed to choose
+his wife by ranging women in a row and selecting her who projected
+farthest _a tergo_.[142] In Europe, it must be added, clothing enables
+this feature of beauty to be simulated. Even by some African peoples the
+posterior development has been made to appear still larger by the use of
+cushions, and in England in the sixteenth century we find the same
+practice well recognized, and the Elizabethan dramatists refer to the
+"bum-roll," which in more recent times has become the bustle, devices
+which bear witness to what Watts, the painter, called "the persistent
+tendency to suggest that the most beautiful half of humanity is furnished
+with tails."[143] In reality, as we see, it is simply a tendency, not to
+simulate an animal character, but to emphasize the most human and the most
+feminine of the secondary sexual characters, and therefore, from the
+sexual point of view, a beautiful feature.[144]
+
+Sometimes admiration for this characteristic is associated with admiration
+for marked obesity generally, and it may be noted that a somewhat greater
+degree of fatness may also be regarded as a feminine secondary sexual
+character. This admiration is specially marked among several of the black
+peoples of Africa, and here to become a beauty a woman must, by drinking
+enormous quantities of milk, seek to become very fat. Sonnini noted that
+to some extent the same thing might be found among the Mohammedan women of
+Egypt. After bright eyes and a soft, polished, hairless skin, an Egyptian
+woman, he stated, most desired to obtain _embonpoint_; men admired fat
+women and women sought to become fat. "The idea of a very fat woman,"
+Sonnini adds, "is nearly always accompanied in Europe by that of softness
+of flesh, effacement of form, and defect of elasticity in the outlines. It
+would be a mistake thus to represent the women of Turkey in general, where
+all seek to become fat. It is certain that the women of the East, more
+favored by Nature, preserve longer than others the firmness of the flesh,
+and this precious property, joined to the freshness and whiteness of their
+skin, renders them very agreeable. It must be added that in no part of the
+world is cleanliness carried so far as by the women of the East."[145]
+
+The special characteristics of the feminine hips and buttocks become
+conspicuous in walking and may be further emphasized by the special method
+of walking or carriage. The women of some southern countries are famous
+for the beauty of their way of walk; "the goddess is revealed by her
+walk," as Virgil said. In Spain, especially, among European countries, the
+walk very notably gives expression to the hips and buttocks. The spine is
+in Spain very curved, producing what is termed _ensellure_, or
+saddle-back--a characteristic which gives great flexibility to the back
+and prominence to the gluteal regions, sometimes slightly simulating
+steatopygia. The vibratory movement naturally produced by walking and
+sometimes artificially heightened thus becomes a trait of sexual beauty.
+Outside of Europe such vibration of the flanks and buttocks is more
+frankly displayed and cultivated as a sexual allurement. The Papuans are
+said to admire this vibratory movement of the buttocks in their women.
+Young girls are practiced in it by their mothers for hours at a time as
+soon as they have reached the age of 7 or 8, and the Papuan maiden walks
+thus whenever she is in the presence of men, subsiding into a simpler gait
+when no men are present. In some parts of tropical Africa the women walk
+in this fashion. It is also known to the Egyptians, and by the Arabs is
+called _ghung_.[146] As Mantegazza remarks, the essentially feminine
+character of this gait makes it a method of sexual allurement. It should
+be observed that it rests on feminine anatomical characteristics, and that
+the natural walk of a femininely developed woman is inevitably different
+from that of a man.
+
+    In an elaborate discussion of beauty of movement Stratz
+    summarizes the special characters of the gait in woman as
+    follows: "A woman's walk is chiefly distinguished from a man's by
+    shorter steps, the more marked forward movement of the hips, the
+    greater length of the phase of rest in relation to the phase of
+    motion, and by the fact that the compensatory movements of the
+    upper parts of the body are less powerfully supported by the
+    action of the arms and more by the revolution of the flanks. A
+    man's walk has a more pushing and active character, a woman's a
+    more rolling and passive character; while a man seems to seek to
+    catch his fleeing equilibrium, a woman seems to seek to preserve
+    the equilibrium she has reached.... A woman's walk is beautiful
+    when it shows the definitely feminine and rolling character, with
+    the greatest predominance of the moment of extension over that of
+    flexion." (Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_,
+    fourteenth edition, p. 275.)
+
+An occasional development of the idea of sexual beauty as associated with
+developed hips is found in the tendency to regard the pregnant woman as
+the most beautiful type. Stratz observes that a woman artist once remarked
+to him that since motherhood is the final aim of woman, and a woman
+reaches her full flowering period in pregnancy, she ought to be most
+beautiful when pregnant. This is so, Stratz replied, if the period of her
+full physical bloom chances to correspond with the early months of
+pregnancy, for with the onset of pregnancy metabolism is heightened, the
+tissues become active, the tone of the skin softer and brighter, the
+breasts firmer, so that the charm of fullest bloom is increased until the
+moment when the expansion of the womb begins to destroy the harmony of the
+form. At one period of European culture, however,--at a moment and among a
+people not very sensitive to the most exquisite æsthetic sensations,--the
+ideal of beauty has even involved the character of advanced pregnancy. In
+northern Europe during the centuries immediately preceding the Renaissance
+the ideal of beauty, as we may see by the pictures of the time, was a
+pregnant woman, with protuberant abdomen and body more or less extended
+backward. This is notably apparent in the work of the Van Eycks: in the
+Eve in the Brussels Gallery; in the wife of Arnolfini in the highly
+finished portrait group in the National Gallery; even the virgins in the
+great masterpiece of the Van Eycks in the Cathedral at Ghent assume the
+type of the pregnant woman.
+
+    "Through all the middle ages down to Dürer and Cranach," quite
+    truly remarks Laura Marholm (as quoted by I. Bloch, _Beiträge zur
+    Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 154), "we find a
+    very peculiar type which has falsely been regarded as one of
+    merely ascetic character. It represents quiet, peaceful, and
+    cheerful faces, full of innocence; tall, slender, young figures;
+    the shoulders still scanty; the breasts small, with slender legs
+    beneath their garments; and round the upper part of the body
+    clothing that is tight almost to the point of constriction. The
+    waist comes just under the bosom, and from this point the broad
+    skirts in folds give to the most feminine part of the feminine
+    body full and absolutely unhampered power of movement and
+    expansion. The womanly belly even in saints and virgins is very
+    pronounced in the carriage of the body and clearly protuberant
+    beneath the clothing. It is the maternal function, in sacred and
+    profane figures alike, which marks the whole type--indeed, the
+    whole conception--of woman." For a brief period this fashion
+    reappeared in the eighteenth century, and women wore pads and
+    other devices to increase the size of the abdomen.
+
+With the Renaissance this ideal of beauty disappeared from art. But in
+real life we still seem to trace its survival in the fashion for that
+class of garments which involved an immense amount of expansion below the
+waist and secured such expansion by the use of whalebone hoops and similar
+devices. The Elizabethan farthingale was such a garment. This was
+originally a Spanish invention, as indicated by the name (from
+_verdugardo_, provided with hoops), and reached England through France. We
+find the fashion at its most extreme point in the fashionable dress of
+Spain in the seventeenth century, such as it has been immortalized by
+Velasquez. In England hoops died out during the reign of George III but
+were revived for a time, half a century later, in the Victorian
+crinoline.[147]
+
+Only second to the pelvis and its integuments as a secondary sexual
+character in woman we must place the breasts.[148] Among barbarous and
+civilized peoples the beauty of the breast is usually highly esteemed.
+Among Europeans, indeed, the importance of this region is so highly
+esteemed that the general rule against the exposure of the body is in its
+favor abrogated, and the breasts are the only portion of the body, in the
+narrow sense, which a European lady in full dress is allowed more or less
+to uncover. Moreover, at various periods and notably in the eighteenth
+century, women naturally deficient in this respect have sometimes worn
+artificial busts made of wax. Savages, also, sometimes show admiration for
+this part of the body, and in the Papuan folk-tales, for instance, the
+sole distinguishing mark of a beautiful woman is breasts that stand
+up.[149] On the other hand, various savage peoples even appear to regard
+the development of the breasts as ugly and adopt devices for flattening
+this part of the body.[150] The feeling that prompts this practice is not
+unknown in modern Europe, for the Bulgarians are said to regard developed
+breasts as ugly; in mediæval Europe, indeed, the general ideal of feminine
+slenderness was opposed to developed breasts, and the garments tended to
+compress them. But in a very high degree of civilization this feeling is
+unknown, as, indeed, it is unknown to most barbarians, and the beauty of a
+woman's breasts, and of any natural or artificial object which suggests
+the gracious curves of the bosom, is a universal source of pleasure.
+
+    The casual vision of a girl's breasts may, in the chastest youth,
+    evoke a strange perturbation. (Cf., e.g., a passage in an early
+    chapter of Marcelle Tinayre's _La Maison du Péché_.) We need not
+    regard this feeling as of purely sexual origin; and in addition
+    even to the æsthetic element it is probably founded to some
+    extent on a reminiscence of the earliest associations of life.
+    This element of early association was very well set forth long
+    ago by Erasmus Darwin:--
+
+    "When the babe, soon after it is born into this cold world, is
+    applied to its mother's bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth is
+    first agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted
+    with the odor of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the
+    flavor of it; afterward the appetites of hunger and of thirst
+    afford pleasure by the possession of their object, and by the
+    subsequent digestion of the aliment; and, last, the sense of
+    touch is delighted by the softness and smoothness of the milky
+    fountain, the source of such variety of happiness.
+
+    "All these various kinds of pleasure at length become associated
+    with the form of the mother's breast, which the infant embraces
+    with its hands, presses with its lips, and watches with its eyes;
+    and thus acquires more accurate ideas of the form of its mother's
+    bosom than of the odor, flavor, and warmth which it perceives by
+    its other senses. And hence at our maturer years, when any object
+    of vision is presented to us which by its wavy or spiral lines
+    bears any similitude to the form of the female bosom, whether it
+    be found in a landscape with soft gradations of raising and
+    descending surface, or in the forms of some antique vases, or in
+    other works of the pencil or the chisel, we feel a general glow
+    of delight which seems to influence all our senses; and if the
+    object be not too large we experience an attraction to embrace it
+    with our lips as we did in our early infancy the bosom of our
+    mothers." (E. Darwin, _Zoönomia_, 1800, vol. i, p. 174.)
+
+The general admiration accorded to developed breasts and a developed
+pelvis is evidenced by a practice which, as embodied in the corset, is all
+but universal in many European countries, as well as the extra-European
+countries inhabited by the white race, and in one form or another is by no
+means unknown to peoples of other than the white race.
+
+The tightening of the waist girth was little known to the Greeks of the
+best period, but it was practiced by the Greeks of the decadence and by
+them transmitted to the Romans; there are many references in Latin
+literature to this practice, and the ancient physician wrote against it in
+the same sense as modern doctors. So far as Christian Europe is concerned
+it would appear that the corset arose to gratify an ideal of asceticism
+rather than of sexual allurement. The bodice in early mediæval days bound
+and compressed the breasts and thus tended to efface the specifically
+feminine character of a woman's body. Gradually, however, the bodice was
+displaced downward, and its effect, ultimately, was to render the breasts
+more prominent instead of effacing them. Not only does the corset render
+the breasts more prominent; it has the further effect of displacing the
+breathing activity of the lungs in an upward direction, the advantage from
+the point of sexual allurement thus gained being that additional attention
+is drawn to the bosom from the respiratory movement thus imparted to it.
+So marked and so constant is this artificial respiratory effect, under the
+influence of the waist compression habitual among civilized women, that
+until recent years it was commonly supposed that there is a real and
+fundamental difference in breathing between men and women, that women's
+breathing is thoracic and men's abdominal. It is now known that under
+natural and healthy conditions there is no such difference, but that men
+and women breathe in a precisely identical manner. The corset may thus be
+regarded as the chief instrument of sexual allurement which the armory of
+costume supplies to a woman, for it furnishes her with a method of
+heightening at once her two chief sexual secondary characters, the bosom
+above, the hips and buttocks below. We cannot be surprised that all the
+scientific evidence in the world of the evil of the corset is powerless
+not merely to cause its abolition, but even to secure the general adoption
+of its comparatively harmless modifications.
+
+    Several books have been written on the history of the corset.
+    Léoty (_Le Corset à travers les Ages_, 1893) accepts Bouvier's
+    division of the phases through which the corset has passed: (1)
+    the bands, or fasciæ, of Greek and Roman ladies; (2) period of
+    transition during greater part of middle ages, classic traditions
+    still subsisting; (3) end of middle ages and beginning of
+    Renaissance, when tight bodices were worn; (4) the period of
+    whalebone bodices, from middle of sixteenth to end of eighteenth
+    centuries; (5) the period of the modern corset. We hear of
+    embroidered girdles in Homer. Even in Rome, however, the fasciæ
+    were not in general use, and were chiefly employed either to
+    support the breasts or to compress their excessive development,
+    and then called _mamillare_. The _zona_ was a girdle, worn
+    usually round the hips, especially by young girls. The modern
+    corset is a combination of the _fascia_ and the _zona_. It was at
+    the end of the fourteenth century that Isabeau of Bavaria
+    introduced the custom of showing the breasts uncovered, and the
+    word "corset" was then used for the first time.
+
+    Stratz, in his _Frauenkleidung_ (pp. 366 et seq.), and in his
+    _Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapters VIII, X, and XVI,
+    also deals with the corset, and illustrates the results of
+    compression on the body. For a summary of the evidence concerning
+    the difference of respiration in man and woman, its causes and
+    results, see Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition,
+    1904, pp. 228-244. With reference to the probable influence of
+    the corset and unsuitable clothing generally during early life in
+    impeding the development of the mammary glands, causing inability
+    to suckle properly, and thus increasing infant mortality, see
+    especially a paper by Professor Bollinger (_Correspondenz-blatt
+    Deutsch. Gesell. Anthropologie_, October, 1899).
+
+    The compression caused by the corset, it must be added, is not
+    usually realized or known by those who wear it. Thus, Rushton
+    Parker and Hugh Smith found, in two independent series of
+    measurements, that the waist measurement was, on the average, two
+    inches less over the corset than round the naked waist; "the
+    great majority seemed quite unaware of the fact." In one case the
+    difference was as much as five inches. (_British Medical
+    Journal_, September 15 and 22, 1900.)
+
+The breasts and the developed hips are characteristics of women and are
+indications of functional effectiveness as well as sexual allurement.
+Another prominent sexual character which belongs to man, and is not
+obviously an index of function, is furnished by the hair on the face. The
+beard may be regarded as purely a sexual adornment, and thus comparable to
+the somewhat similar growth on the heads of many male animals. From this
+point of view its history is interesting, for it illustrates the tendency
+with increase of civilization not merely to dispense with sexual
+allurement in the primary sexual organs, but even to disregard those
+growths which would appear to have been developed solely to act as sexual
+allurements. The cultivation of the beard belongs peculiarly to barbarous
+races. Among these races it is frequently regarded as the most sacred and
+beautiful part of the person, as an object to swear by, an object to which
+the slightest insult must be treated as deadly. Holding such a position,
+it must doubtless act as a sexual allurement. "Allah has specially created
+an angel in Heaven," it is said in the _Arabian Nights_, "who has no other
+occupation than to sing the praises of the Creator for giving a beard to
+men and long hair to women." The sexual character of the beard and the
+other hirsute appendage is significantly indicated by the fact that the
+ascetic spirit in Christianity has always sought to minimize or to hide
+the hair. Altogether apart, however, from this religious influence,
+civilization tends to be opposed to the growth of hair on the masculine
+face and especially to the beard. It is part of the well-marked tendency
+with civilization to the abolition of sexual differences. We find this
+general tendency among the Greeks and Romans, and, on the whole, with
+certain variations and fluctuations of fashion, in modern Europe also.
+Schopenhauer frequently referred to this disappearance of the beard as a
+mark of civilization, "a barometer of culture."[151] The absence of facial
+hair heightens æsthetic beauty of form, and is not felt to remove any
+substantial sexual attraction.
+
+    That even the Egyptians regarded the beard as a mark of beauty
+    and an object of veneration is shown by the fact that the priests
+    wore it long and cut it off in grief (Herodotus, _Euterpe_,
+    Chapter XXXVI). The respect with which the beard was regarded
+    among the ancient Hebrews is indicated in the narrative (II
+    Samuel, Chapter X) which tells how, when David sent his servants
+    to King Hanun the latter shaved off half their beards; they were
+    too ashamed to return in this condition, and remained at Jericho
+    until their beards had grown again. A passage in Ordericus
+    Vitalis (_Ecclesiastical History_, Book VIII, Chapter X) is
+    interesting both as regards the fashions of the twelfth century
+    in England and Normandy and the feeling that prompted Ordericus.
+    Speaking of the men of his time, he wrote: "The forepart of
+    their head is bare after the manner of thieves, while at the back
+    they nourish long hair like harlots. In former times penitents,
+    captives and pilgrims usually went unshaved and wore long beards,
+    as an outward mark of their penance or captivity or pilgrimage.
+    Now almost all the world wear crisped hair and beards, carrying
+    on their faces the token of their filthy lust like stinking
+    goats. Their locks are curled with hot irons, and instead of
+    wearing caps they bind their heads with fillets. A knight seldom
+    appears in public with his head uncovered, and properly shaved,
+    according to the apostolic precept (I Corinthians, Chapter XI,
+    verses 7 and 14)."
+
+We have seen that there is good reason for assuming a certain fundamental
+tendency whereby the most various peoples of the world, at all events in
+the person of their most intelligent members, recognize and accept a
+common ideal of feminine beauty, so that to a certain extent beauty may be
+said to have an objectively æsthetic basis. We have further found that
+this æsthetic human ideal is modified, and very variously modified in
+different countries and even in the same country at different periods, by
+a tendency, prompted by a sexual impulse which is not necessarily in
+harmony with æsthetic cannons, to emphasize, or even to repress, one or
+other of the prominent secondary sexual characters of the body. We now
+come to another tendency which is apt to an even greater extent to limit
+the cultivation of the purely æsthetic ideal of beauty: the influences of
+national or racial type.
+
+To the average man of every race the woman who most completely embodies
+the type of his race is usually the most beautiful, and even mutilations
+and deformities often have their origin, as Humboldt long since pointed
+out, in the effort to accentuate the racial type.[152] Eastern women
+possess by nature large and conspicuous eyes, and this characteristic
+they seek still further to heighten by art. The Ainu are the hairiest of
+races, and there is nothing which they consider so beautiful as hair. It
+is difficult to be sexually attracted to persons who are fundamentally
+unlike ourselves in racial constitution.[153]
+
+It frequently happens that this admiration for racial characteristics
+leads to the idealization of features which are far removed from æsthetic
+beauty. The firm and rounded breast is certainly a feature of beauty, but
+among many of the black peoples of Africa the breasts fall at a very early
+period, and here we sometimes find that the hanging breast is admired as
+beautiful.
+
+    The African Baganda, the Rev. J. Roscoe states (_Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, January-June, 1902, p. 72), admire
+    hanging breasts to such an extent that their young women tie them
+    down in order to hasten the arrival of this condition.
+
+    "The most remarkable trait of beauty in the East," wrote Sonnini,
+    "is to have large black eyes, and nature has made this a
+    characteristic sign of the women of these countries. But, not
+    content with this, the women of Egypt wish their eyes to be still
+    larger and blacker. To attain this Mussulmans, Jewesses, and
+    Christians, rich and poor, all tint their eyelids with galena.
+    They also blacken the lashes (as Juvenal tells us the Roman
+    ladies did) and mark the angles of the eye so that the fissure
+    appears larger." (Sonnini, _Voyage dans la Haute et Basse
+    Egypte_, 1799, vol. i, p. 290.) Kohl is thus only used by the
+    women who have what the Arabs call "natural kohl." As Flinders
+    Petrie has found, the women of the so-called "New Race," between
+    the sixth and tenth dynasties of ancient Egypt, used galena and
+    malachite for painting their faces. Jewish women in the days of
+    the prophets painted their eyes with kohl, as do some Hindu women
+    to-day.
+
+    "The Ainu have a great affection for their beards. They regard
+    them as a sign of manhood and strength and consider them as
+    especially handsome. They look upon them, indeed, as a great and
+    highly prized treasure." (J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their
+    Folklore_, p. 162.)
+
+    A great many theories have been put forward to explain the
+    Chinese fashion of compressing and deforming the foot. The
+    Chinese are great admirers of the feminine foot, and show
+    extreme sexual sensitiveness in regard to it. Chinese women
+    naturally possess very small feet, and the main reason for
+    binding them is probably to be found in the desire to make them
+    still smaller. (See, e.g., Stratz, _Die Frauenkleidung_, 1904, p.
+    101.)
+
+An interesting question, which in part finds its explanation here and is
+of considerable significance from the point of view of sexual selection,
+concerns the relative admiration bestowed on blondes and brunettes. The
+question is not, indeed, one which is entirely settled by racial
+characteristics. There is something to be said on the matter from the
+objective standpoint of æsthetic considerations. Stratz, in a chapter on
+beauty of coloring in woman, points out that fair hair is more beautiful
+because it harmonizes better with the soft outlines of woman, and, one may
+add, it is more brilliantly conspicuous; a golden object looks larger than
+a black object. The hair of the armpit, also, Stratz considers should be
+light. On the other hand, the pubic hair should be dark in order to
+emphasize the breadth of the pelvis and the obtusity of the angle between
+the mons veneris and the thighs. The eyebrows and eyelashes should also be
+dark in order to increase the apparent size of the orbits. Stratz adds
+that among many thousand women he has only seen one who, together with an
+otherwise perfect form, has also possessed these excellencies in the
+highest measure. With an equable and matt complexion she had blonde, very
+long, smooth hair, with sparse, blonde, and curly axillary hair; but,
+although her eyes were blue, the eyebrows and eyelashes were black, as
+also was the not overdeveloped pubic hair.[154]
+
+We may accept it as fairly certain that, so far as any objective standard
+of æsthetic beauty is recognizable, that standard involves the supremacy
+of the fair type of woman. Such supremacy in beauty has doubtless been
+further supported by the fact that in most European countries the ruling
+caste, the aristocratic class, whose superior energy has brought it to the
+top, is somewhat blonder than the average population.
+
+The main cause, however, in determining the relative amount of admiration
+accorded in Europe to blondes and to brunettes is the fact that the
+population of Europe must be regarded as predominantly fair, and that our
+conception of beauty in feminine coloring is influenced by an instinctive
+desire to seek this type in its finest forms. In the north of Europe there
+can, of course, be no question concerning the predominant fairness of the
+population, but in portions of the centre and especially in the south it
+may be considered a question. It must, however, be remembered that the
+white population occupying all the shores of the Mediterranean have the
+black peoples of Africa immediately to the south of them. They have been
+liable to come in contact with the black peoples and in contrast with them
+they have tended not only to be more impressed with their own whiteness,
+but to appraise still more highly its blondest manifestations as
+representing a type the farthest removed from the negro. It must be added
+that the northerner who comes into the south is apt to overestimate the
+darkness of the southerner because of the extreme fairness of his own
+people. The differences are, however, less extreme than we are apt to
+suppose; there are more dark people in the north than we commonly assume,
+and more fair people in the south. Thus, if we take Italy, we find in its
+fairest part, Venetia, according to Raseri, that there are 8 per cent.
+communes in which fair hair predominates, 81 per cent. in which brown
+predominates, and only 11 per cent. in which black predominates; as we go
+farther south black hair becomes more prevalent, but there are in most
+provinces a few communes in which fair hair is not only frequent, but even
+predominant. It is somewhat the same with light eyes, which are also most
+abundant in Venetia and decrease to a slighter extent as we go south. It
+is possible that in former days the blondes prevailed to a greater degree
+than to-day in the south of Europe. Among the Berbers of the Atlas
+Mountains, who are probably allied to the South Europeans, there appears
+to be a fairly considerable proportion of blondes,[155] while on the other
+hand there is some reason to believe that blondes die out under the
+influence of civilization as well as of a hot climate.
+
+However this may be, the European admiration for blondes dates back to
+early classic times. Gods and men in Homer would appear to be frequently
+described as fair.[156] Venus is nearly always blonde, as was Milton's
+Eve. Lucian refers to women who dye their hair. The Greek sculptors gilded
+the hair of their statues, and the figurines in many cases show very fair
+hair.[157] The Roman custom of dyeing the hair light, as Renier has shown,
+was not due to the desire to be like the fair Germans, and when Rome fell
+it would appear that the custom of dyeing the hair persisted, and never
+died out; it is mentioned by Anselm, who died at the beginning of the
+twelfth century.[158]
+
+In the poetry of the people in Italy brunettes, as we should expect,
+receive much commendation, though even here the blondes are preferred.
+When we turn to the painters and poets of Italy, and the æsthetic writers
+on beauty from the Renaissance onward, the admiration for fair hair is
+unqualified, though there is no correspondingly unanimous admiration for
+blue eyes. Angelico and most of the pre-Raphaelite artists usually painted
+their women with flaxen and light-golden hair, which often became brown
+with the artists of the Renaissance period. Firenzuola, in his admirable
+dialogue on feminine beauty, says that a woman's hair should be like gold
+or honey or the rays of the sun. Luigini also, in his _Libro della bella
+Donna_, says that hair must be golden. So also thought Petrarch and
+Ariosto. There is, however, no corresponding predilection among these
+writers for blue eyes. Firenzuola said that the eyes must be dark, though
+not black. Luigini said that they must be bright and black. Niphus had
+previously said that the eyes should be "black like those of Venus" and
+the skin ivory, even a little brown. He mentions that Avicenna had praised
+the mixed, or gray eye.
+
+In France and other northern countries the admiration for very fair hair
+is just as marked as in Italy, and dates back to the earliest ages of
+which we have a record. "Even before the thirteenth century," remarks
+Houdoy, in his very interesting study of feminine beauty in northern
+France during mediæval times, "and for men as well as for women, fair hair
+was an essential condition of beauty; gold is the term of comparison
+almost exclusively used."[159] He mentions that in the _Acta Sanctorum_ it
+is stated that Saint Godelive of Bruges, though otherwise beautiful, had
+black hair and eyebrows and was hence contemptuously called a crow. In the
+_Chanson de Roland_ and all the French mediæval poems the eyes are
+invariably _vairs_. This epithet is somewhat vague. It comes from
+_varius_, and signifies mixed, which Houdoy regards as showing various
+irradiations, the same quality which later gave rise to the term _iris_ to
+describe the pupillary membrane.[160] _Vair_ would thus describe not so
+much the color of the eye as its brilliant and sparkling quality. While
+Houdoy may have been correct, it still seems probable that the eye
+described as _vair_ was usually assumed to be "various" in color also, of
+the kind we commonly call gray, which is usually applied to blue eyes
+encircled with a ring of faintly sprinkled brown pigment. Such eyes are
+fairly typical of northern France and frequently beautiful. That this was
+the case seems to be clearly indicated by the fact that, as Houdoy himself
+points out, a few centuries later the _vair_ eye was regarded as _vert_,
+and green eyes were celebrated as the most beautiful.[161] The etymology
+was false, but a false etymology will hardly suffice to change an ideal.
+At the Renaissance Jehan Lemaire, when describing Venus as the type of
+beauty, speaks of her green eyes, and Ronsard, a little later, sang:
+
+    "Noir je veux l'oeil et brun le teint,
+    Bien que l'oeil verd toute la France adore."
+
+Early in the sixteenth century Brantôme quotes some lines current in
+France, Spain, and Italy according to which a woman should have a white
+skin, but black eyes and eyebrows, and adds that personally he agrees with
+the Spaniard that "a brunette is sometimes equal to a blonde,"[162] but
+there is also a marked admiration for green eyes in Spanish literature;
+not only in the typical description of a Spanish beauty in the _Celestina_
+(Act. I) are the eyes green, but Cervantes, for example, when referring to
+the beautiful eyes of a woman, frequently speaks of them as green.
+
+It would thus appear that in Continental Europe generally, from south to
+north, there is a fair uniformity of opinion as regards the pigmentary
+type of feminine beauty. Such variation as exists seemingly involves a
+somewhat greater degree of darkness for the southern beauty in harmony
+with the greater racial darkness of the southerner, but the variations
+fluctuate within a narrow range; the extremely dark type is always
+excluded, and so it would seem probable is the extremely fair type, for
+blue eyes have not, on the whole, been considered to form part of the
+admired type.
+
+If we turn to England no serious modification of this conclusion is called
+for. Beauty is still fair. Indeed, the very word "fair" in England itself
+means beautiful. That in the seventeenth century it was generally held
+essential that beauty should be blonde is indicated by a passage in the
+_Anatomy of Melancholy_, where Burton argues that "golden hair was ever
+in great account," and quotes many examples from classic and more modern
+literature.[163] That this remains the case is sufficiently evidenced by
+the fact that the ballet and chorus on the English stage wear yellow wigs,
+and the heroine of the stage is blonde, while the female villain of
+melodrama is a brunette.
+
+While, however, this admiration of fairness as a mark of beauty
+unquestionably prevails in England, I do not think it can be said--as it
+probably can be said of the neighboring and closely allied country of
+France--that the most beautiful women belong to the fairest group of the
+community. In most parts of Europe the coarse and unbeautiful plebeian
+type tends to be very dark; in England it tends to be very fair. England
+is, however, somewhat fairer generally than most parts of Europe; so that,
+while it may be said that a very beautiful woman in France or in Spain may
+belong to the blondest section of the community, a very beautiful woman in
+England, even though of the same degree of blondness as her Continental
+sister, will not belong to the extremely blonde section of the English
+community. It thus comes about that when we are in northern France we find
+that gray eyes, a very fair but yet unfreckled complexion, brown hair,
+finely molded features, and highly sensitive facial expression combine to
+constitute a type which is more beautiful than any other we meet in
+France, and it belongs to the fairest section of the French population.
+When we cross over to England, however, unless we go to a so-called
+"Celtic" district, it is hopeless to seek among the blondest section of
+the community for any such beautiful and refined type. The English
+beautiful woman, though she may still be fair, is by no means very fair,
+and from the English standpoint she may even sometimes appear somewhat
+dark:[164] In determining what I call the index of pigmentation--or degree
+of darkness of the eyes and hair--of different groups in the National
+Portrait Gallery I found that the "famous beauties" (my own personal
+criterion of beauty not being taken into account) was somewhat nearer to
+the dark than to the light end of the scale.[165] If we consider, at
+random, individual instances of famous English beauties they are not
+extremely fair. Lady Venetia Stanley, in the early seventeenth century,
+who became the wife of Sir Kenelm Digby, was somewhat dark, with brown
+hair and eyebrows. Mrs. Overall, a little later in the same century, a
+Lancashire woman, the wife of the Dean of St. Paul's, was, says Aubrey,
+"the greatest beauty in her time in England," though very wanton, with
+"the loveliest eyes that were ever seen"; if we may trust a ballad given
+by Aubrey she was dark with black hair. The Gunnings, the famous beauties
+of the eighteenth century, were not extremely fair, and Lady Hamilton, the
+most characteristic type of English beauty, had blue, brown-flecked eyes
+and dark chestnut hair. Coloration is only one of the elements of beauty,
+though an important one. Other things being equal, the most blonde is most
+beautiful; but it so happens that among the races of Great Britain the
+other things are very frequently not equal, and that, notwithstanding a
+conviction ingrained in the language, with us the fairest of women is not
+always the "fairest." So magical, however, is the effect of brilliant
+coloring that it serves to keep alive in popular opinion an unqualified
+belief in the universal European creed of the beauty of blondness.
+
+We have seen that underlying the conception of beauty, more especially as
+it manifests itself in woman to man, are to be found at least three
+fundamental elements: First there is the general beauty of the species as
+it tends to culminate in the white peoples of European origin; then there
+is the beauty due to the full development or even exaggeration of the
+sexual and more especially the secondary sexual characters; and last there
+is the beauty due to the complete embodiment of the particular racial or
+national type. To make the analysis fairly complete must be added at least
+one other factor: the influence of individual taste. Every individual, at
+all events in civilization, within certain narrow limits, builds up a
+feminine ideal of his own, in part on the basis of his own special
+organization and its demands, in part on the actual accidental attractions
+he has experienced. It is unnecessary to emphasize the existence of this
+factor, which has always to be taken into account in every consideration
+of sexual selection in civilized man. But its variations are numerous and
+in impassioned lovers it may even lead to the idealization of features
+which are in reality the reverse of beautiful. It may be said of many a
+man, as d'Annunzio says of the hero of his _Trionfo della Morte_ in
+relation to the woman he loved, that "he felt himself bound to her by the
+real qualities of her body, and not only by those which were most
+beautiful, but specially by _those which were least beautiful_" (the
+novelist italicizes these words), so that his attention was fixed upon her
+defects, and emphasized them, thus arousing within himself an impetuous
+state of desire. Without invoking defects, however, there are endless
+personal variations which may all be said to come within the limits of
+possible beauty or charm. "There are no two women," as Stratz remarks,
+"who in exactly the same way stroke back a rebellious lock from their
+brows, no two who hold the hand in greeting in exactly the same way, no
+two who gather up their skirts as they walk with exactly the same
+movement."[166] Among the multitude of minute differences--which yet can
+be seen and felt--the beholder is variously attracted or repelled
+according to his own individual idiosyncrasy, and the operations of sexual
+selection are effected accordingly.
+
+Another factor in the constitution of the ideal of beauty, but one perhaps
+exclusively found under civilized conditions, is the love of the unusual,
+the remote, the exotic. It is commonly stated that rarity is admired in
+beauty. This is not strictly true, except as regards combinations and
+characters which vary only in a very slight degree from the generally
+admired type. "_Jucundum nihil est quod non reficit variatas_," according
+to the saying of Publilius Syrus. The greater nervous restlessness and
+sensibility of civilization heightens this tendency, which is not
+infrequently found also among men of artistic genius. One may refer, for
+instance, to Baudelaire's profound admiration for the mulatto type of
+beauty.[167] In every great centre of civilization the national ideal of
+beauty tends to be somewhat modified in exotic directions, and foreign
+ideals, as well as foreign fashions, become preferred to those that are
+native. It is significant of this tendency that when, a few years since,
+an enterprising Parisian journal hung in its _salle_ the portraits of one
+hundred and thirty-one actresses, etc., and invited the votes of the
+public by ballot as to the most beautiful of them, not one of the three
+women who came out at the head of the poll was French. A dancer of Belgian
+origin (Cléo de Merode) was by far at the head with over 3000 votes,
+followed by an American from San Francisco (Sybil Sanderson), and then a
+Polish woman.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[134] Figured in Mau's _Pompeii_, p. 174.
+
+[135] As a native of Lukunor said to the traveler Mertens, "It has the
+same object as your clothes, to please the women."
+
+[136] "The greatest provocations of lust are from our apparel," as Burton
+states (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II, Subs. III),
+illustrating this proposition with immense learning. Stanley Hall
+(_American Journal of Psychology_, vol. ix, Part III, pp. 365 _et seq._)
+has some interesting observations on the various psychic influences of
+clothing; cf. Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+Teil II, pp. 330 et seq.
+
+[137] _History of Human Marriage_, Chapter IX, especially p, 201. We have
+a striking and comparatively modern European example of an article of
+clothing designed to draw attention to the sexual sphere in the codpiece
+(the French _braguette_), familiar to us through fifteenth and sixteenth
+century pictures and numerous allusions in Rabelais and in Elizabethan
+literature. This was originally a metal box for the protection of the
+sexual organs in war, but subsequently gave place to a leather case only
+worn by the lower classes, and became finally an elegant article of
+fashionable apparel, often made of silk and adorned with ribbons, even
+with gold and jewels. (See, e.g., Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 159.)
+
+[138] A correspondent in Ceylon has pointed out to me that in the Indian
+statues of Buddha, Vishnu, goddesses, etc., the necklace always covers the
+nipples, a sexually attractive adornment being thus at the same time the
+guardian of the orifices of the body. Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, p. 135)
+regards mutilations as in the nature of permanent amulets or charms.
+
+[139] Mantegazza, in his discussion of this point, although an ardent
+admirer of feminine beauty, decides that woman's form is not, on the
+whole, more beautiful than man's. See Appendix to Cap. IV of _Fisiologia
+della Donna_.
+
+[140] For a discussion of the anthropology of the feminine pelvis, see
+Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. 1. Sec. VI.
+
+[141] Ploss and Bartels, loc. cit.; Deniker, _Revue d'Anthropologie_,
+January 15, 1889, and _Races of Man_, p. 93.
+
+[142] Darwin.
+
+[143] G.F. Watts, "On Taste in Dress," _Nineteenth Century_, 1883.
+
+[144] From mediæval times onwards there has been a tendency to treat the
+gluteal region with contempt, a tendency well marked in speech and custom
+among the lowest classes in Europe to-day, but not easily traceable in
+classic times. Dühren (_Das Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. II, pp. 359
+et seq.) brings forward quotations from æsthetic writers and others
+dealing with the beauty of this part of the body.
+
+[145] Sonnini, _Voyage, etc._, vol. i, p. 308.
+
+[146] Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. 1, Sec. III; Mantegazza,
+_Fisiologia della Donna_, Chapter III.
+
+[147] Bloch brings together various interesting quotations concerning the
+farthingale and the crinoline. (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 156.) He states that, like most other feminine
+fashions in dress, it was certainly invented by prostitutes.
+
+[148] The racial variations in the form and character of the breasts are
+great, and there are considerable variations even among Europeans. Even as
+regards the latter our knowledge is, however, still very vague and
+incomplete; there is here a fruitful field for the medical anthropologist.
+Ploss and Bartels have brought together the existing data (_Das Weib_, bd.
+I, Sec. VIII). Stratz also discusses the subject (_Die Schönheit das
+Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter X).
+
+[149] _Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, p.
+28.
+
+[150] These devices are dealt with and illustrations given by Ploss and
+Bartels, _Das Weib_ (loc. cit.).
+
+[151] See, e.g., _Parerga und Paralipomena_, bd. I, p. 189, and bd. 2, p.
+482. Moll has also discussed this point (_Untersuchungen über die Libido
+Sexualis_, bd. I, pp. 384 et seq.).
+
+[152] Speaking of some South American tribes, he remarks (_Travels_,
+English translations, 1814, vol. iii. p. 236) that they "have as great an
+antipathy to the beard as the Eastern nations hold it in reverence. This
+antipathy is derived from the same source as the predilection for flat
+foreheads, which is seen in so singular a manner in the statues of the
+Aztec heroes and divinities. Nations attach the idea of beauty to
+everything which particularly characterizes their own physical
+conformation, their natural physiognomy." See also Westermarck, _History
+of Marriage_, p. 261. Ripley (_Races of Europe_, pp. 49, 202) attaches
+much importance to the sexual selection founded on a tendency of this
+kind.
+
+[153] "Differences of race are irreducible," Abel Hermant remarks
+(_Confession d'un Enfant d'Hier_, p. 209), "and between two beings who
+love each other they cannot fail to produce exceptional and instructive
+reactions. In the first superficial ebullition of love, indeed, nothing
+notable may be manifested, but in a fairly short time the two lovers,
+innately hostile, in striving to approach each other strike against an
+invisible partition which separates them. Their sensibilities are
+divergent; everything in each shocks the other; even their anatomical
+conformation, even the language of their gestures; all is foreign."
+
+[154] C.H. Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, fourteenth
+edition, Chapter XII.
+
+[155] See, e.g., Sergi, _The Mediterranean Race_, pp. 59-75.
+
+[156] Sergi (_The Mediterranean Race_, Chapter 1), by an analysis of
+Homer's color epithets, argues that in very few cases do they involve
+fairness; but his attempt scarcely seems successful, although most of
+these epithets are undoubtedly vague and involve a certain range of
+possible color.
+
+[157] Léchat's study of the numerous realistic colored statues recently
+discovered in Greece (summarized in _Zentralblatt für Anthropologie_,
+1904, ht. 1, p. 22) shows that with few exceptions the hair is fair.
+
+[158] Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico_, pp. 127 et seq. In another book, _Les
+Femmes Blondes selon les Peintres de l'Ecole de Venise_, par deux
+Venitiens (one of these "Venetians" being Armand Baschet), is brought
+together much information concerning the preference for blondes in
+literature, together with a great many of the recipes anciently used for
+making the hair fair.
+
+[159] J. Houdoy, _La Beauté des Femmes dans la Littérature et dans l'Art
+du XIIe au XVIe Siècle_, 1876, pp. 32 et seq.
+
+[160] Houdoy, op. cit., pp. 41 et seq.
+
+[161] Houdoy, op. cit., p. 83.
+
+[162] Brantôme, _Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II.
+
+[163] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II, Subs. II.
+
+[164] It is significant that Burton (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, loc. cit.),
+while praising golden hair, also argues that "of all eyes black are moist
+amiable," quoting many examples to this effect from classic and later
+literature.
+
+[165] "Relative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly Review_,
+August, 1901; cf. H. Ellis, _A Study of British Genius_, p. 215.
+
+[166] Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, p. 217.
+
+[167] Bloch (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II,
+pp. 261 et seq.) brings together some facts bearing on the admiration for
+negresses in Paris and elsewhere.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Beauty not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision--Movement--The
+Mirror--Narcissism--Pygmalionism--Mixoscopy--The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty--The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength--The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.
+
+
+Our discussion of the sensory element of vision in human sexual selection
+has been mainly an attempt to disentangle the chief elements of beauty in
+so far as beauty is a stimulus to the sexual instinct. Beauty by no means
+comprehends the whole of the influences which make for sexual allurement
+through vision, but it is the point at which all the most powerful and
+subtle of these are focussed; it represents a fairly definite complexus,
+appealing at once to the sexual and to the æsthetic impulses, to which no
+other sense can furnish anything in any degree analogous. It is because
+this conception of beauty has arisen upon it that vision properly occupies
+the supreme position in man from the point of view which we here occupy.
+
+Beauty is thus the chief, but it is not the sole, element in the sexual
+appeal of vision. In all parts of the world this has always been well
+understood, and in courtship, in the effort to arouse tumescence, the
+appeals to vision have been multiplied and at the same time aided by
+appeals to the other senses. Movement, especially in the form of dancing,
+is the most important of the secondary appeals to vision. This is so well
+recognized that it is scarcely necessary to insist upon it here; it may
+suffice to refer to a single typical example. The most decent of
+Polynesian dances, according to William Ellis, was the _hura_, which was
+danced by the daughters of chiefs in the presence of young men of rank
+with the hope of gaining a future husband. "The daughters of the chiefs,
+who were the dancers on these occasions, at times amounted to five or six,
+though occasionally only one exhibited her symmetry of figure and
+gracefulness of action. Their dress was singular, but elegant. The head
+was ornamented with a fine and beautiful braid of human hair, wound round
+the head in the form of a turban. A triple wreath of scarlet, white, and
+yellow flowers adorned the head-dress. A loose vest of spotted cloth
+covered the lower part of the bosom. The tihi, of fine white stiffened
+cloth frequently edged with a scarlet border, gathered like a large frill,
+passed under the arms and reached below the waist; while a handsome fine
+cloth, fastened round the waist with a band or sash, covered the feet. The
+breasts were ornamented with rainbow-colored mother-of-pearl shells, and a
+covering of curiously wrought network and feathers. The music of the hura
+was the large and small drum and occasionally the flute. The movements
+were generally slow, but always easy and natural, and no exertion on the
+part of the performers was wanting to render them graceful and
+attractive."[168] We see here, in this very typical example, how the
+extraneous visual aids of movement, color, and brilliancy are invoked in
+conjunction with music to make the appeal of beauty more convincing in the
+process of sexual selection.
+
+    It may be in place here to mention, in passing, the considerable
+    place which vision occupies in normal and abnormal methods of
+    heightening tumescence under circumstances which exclude definite
+    selection by beauty. The action of mirrors belongs to this group
+    of phenomena. Mirrors are present in profusion in high-class
+    brothels--on the walls and also above the beds. Innocent youths
+    and girls are also often impelled to contemplate themselves in
+    mirrors and sometimes thus, produce the first traces of sexual
+    excitement. I have referred to the developed forms of this kind
+    of self-contemplation in the Study of Auto-erotism, and in this
+    connection have alluded to the fable of Narcissus, whence Näcke
+    has since devised the term Narcissism for this group of
+    phenomena. It is only necessary to mention the enormous
+    production of photographs, representing normal and abnormal
+    sexual actions, specially prepared for the purpose of exciting or
+    of gratifying sexual appetites, and the frequency with which even
+    normal photographs of the nude appeal to the same lust of the
+    eyes.
+
+    Pygmalionism, or falling in love with statues, is a rare form of
+    erotomania founded on the sense of vision and closely related to
+    the allurement of beauty. (I here use "pygmalionism" as a general
+    term for the sexual love of statues; it is sometimes restricted
+    to cases in which a man requires of a prostitute that she shall
+    assume the part of a statue which gradually comes to life, and
+    finds sexual gratification in this performance alone; Eulenburg
+    quotes examples, _Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 107.) An emotional
+    interest in statues is by no means uncommon among young men
+    during adolescence. Heine, in _Florentine Nights_, records the
+    experiences of a boy who conceived a sentimental love for a
+    statue, and, as this book appears to be largely autobiographical,
+    the incident may have been founded on fact. Youths have sometimes
+    masturbated before statues, and even before the image of the
+    Virgin; such cases are known to priests and mentioned in manuals
+    for confessors. Pygmalionism appears to have been not uncommon
+    among the ancient Greeks, and this has been ascribed to their
+    æsthetic sense; but the manifestation is due rather to the
+    absence than to the presence of æsthetic feeling, and we may
+    observe among ourselves that it is the ignorant and uncultured
+    who feel the indecency of statues and thus betray their sense of
+    the sexual appeal of such objects. We have to remember that in
+    Greece statues played a very prominent part in life, and also
+    that they were tinted, and thus more lifelike than with us.
+    Lucian, Athenæus, Ælian, and others refer to cases of men who
+    fell in love with statues. Tarnowsky (_Sexual Instinct_, English
+    edition, p. 85) mentions the case of a young man who was arrested
+    in St. Petersburg for paying moonlight visits to the statue of a
+    nymph on the terrace of a country house, and Krafft-Ebing quotes
+    from a French newspaper the case which occurred in Paris during
+    the spring of 1877 of a gardener who fell in love with a Venus in
+    one of the parks. (I. Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+    Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp. 297-305, brings together
+    various facts bearing on this group of manifestations.)
+
+    Necrophily, or a sexual attraction for corpses, is sometimes
+    regarded as related to pygmalionism. It is, however, a more
+    profoundly morbid manifestation, and may perhaps he regarded as a
+    kind of perverted sadism.
+
+    Founded on the sense of vision also we find a phenomenon,
+    bordering on the abnormal, which is by Moll termed mixoscopy.
+    This means the sexual pleasure derived from the spectacle of
+    other persons engaged in natural or perverse sexual actions.
+    (Moll, _Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, p. 308. Moll
+    considers that in some cases mixoscopy is related to masochism.
+    There is, however, no necessary connection between the two
+    phenomena.) Brothels are prepared to accommodate visitors who
+    merely desire to look on, and for their convenience carefully
+    contrived peepholes are provided; such visitors are in Paris
+    termed "_voyeurs_." It is said by Coffignon that persons hide at
+    night in the bushes in the Champs Elysées in the hope of
+    witnessing such scenes between servant girls and their lovers. In
+    England during a country walk I have come across an elderly man
+    carefully ensconced behind a bush and intently watching through
+    his field-glass a couple of lovers reclining on a bank, though
+    the actions of the latter were not apparently marked by any
+    excess of indecorum. Such impulses are only slightly abnormal,
+    whatever may be said of them from the point of view of good
+    taste. They are not very far removed from the legitimate
+    curiosity of the young woman who, believing herself unobserved,
+    turns her glass on to a group of young men bathing naked. They
+    only become truly perverse when the gratification thus derived is
+    sought in preference to natural sexual gratification. They are
+    also not normal when they involve, for instance, a man desiring
+    to witness his wife in the act of coitus with another man. I have
+    been told of the case of a scientific man who encouraged his wife
+    to promote the advances of a young friend of his own, in his own
+    drawing-room, he himself remaining present and apparently taking
+    no notice; the younger man was astonished, but accepted the
+    situation. In such a case, when the motives that led up to the
+    episode are obscure, we must not too hastily assume that
+    masochism or even mixoscopy is involved. For information on some
+    of the points mentioned above see, e.g., I. Bloch, _Beiträge zur
+    Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, pp. 200 _et seq._;
+    Teil II, pp. 195 et seq.
+
+Wide, however, as is the appeal of beauty in sexual selection, it cannot
+be said to cover by any means the whole of the visual field in its sexual
+relationship. Beauty in the human species is, above all, a feminine
+attribute, making its appeal to men. Even for women, as has already been
+noted, beauty is still a feminine quality, which they usually admire, and
+in cases of inversion worship with an ardor which equals, if it does not
+surpass, that experienced by normal men. But the normal woman experiences
+no corresponding cult for the beauty of man. The perfection of the body of
+man is not behind that of woman in beauty, but the study of it only
+appeals to the artist or the æsthetician; it arouses sexual enthusiasm
+almost exclusively in the male sexual invert. Whatever may be the case
+among animals or even among savages, in civilization the man is most
+successful with women is not the most handsome man, and may be the
+reverse of handsome.[169] The maiden, according to the old saying, who has
+to choose between Adonis and Hercules, will turn to Hercules.
+
+    A correspondent writes: "Men are generally attracted in the first
+    instance by a woman's beauty, either of face or figure.
+    Frequently this is the highest form of love they are capable of.
+    Personally, my own love is always prompted by this. In the case
+    of my wife there was certainly a leaven of friendship and moral
+    sympathies but these alone would never have been translated into
+    love had she not been young and good-looking. Moreover, I have
+    felt intense passion for other women, in my relations with whom
+    the elements of moral or mental sympathy have not entered. And
+    always, as youth and beauty went, I believe I should transfer my
+    love to some one else.
+
+    "Now, in woman I fancy this element of beauty and youth does not
+    enter so much. I have questioned a large number of women--some
+    married, some unmarried, young and old ladies, shopgirls,
+    servants, prostitutes, women whom I have known only as friends,
+    others with whom I have had sexual relations--and I cannot
+    recollect one instance when a woman said she had fallen in love
+    with a man for his looks. The nearest approach to any sign of
+    this was in the instance of one, who noticed a handsome man
+    sitting near us in a hotel, and said to me: 'I should like him to
+    kiss me.'
+
+    "I have also noticed that women do not like looking at my body,
+    when naked, as I like looking at theirs. My wife has, on a few
+    occasions, put her hand over my body, and expressed pleasure at
+    the feeling of my skin. (I have very fair, soft skin.) But I have
+    never seen women exhibit the excitement that is caused in me by
+    the sight of their bodies, which I love to look at, to stroke, to
+    kiss all over."
+
+    It is interesting to point out, in this connection, that the
+    admiration of strength is not confined to the human female. It is
+    by the spectacle of his force that the male among many of the
+    lower animals sexually affects the female. Darwin duly allows for
+    this fact, while some evolutionists, and notably Wallace,
+    consider that it covers the whole field of sexual selection. When
+    choice exists, Wallace states, "all the facts appear to be
+    consistent with the choice depending on a variety of male
+    characteristics, with some of which color is often correlated.
+    Thus, it is the opinion of some of the best observers that vigor
+    and liveliness are most attractive, and these are, no doubt,
+    usually associated with some intensity of color, ... There is
+    reason to believe that it is his [the male bird's] persistency
+    and energy rather than his beauty which wins the day." (A.R.
+    Wallace, _Tropical Nature_, 1898, p. 199.) In his later book,
+    _Darwinism_ (p. 295), Wallace reaffirms his position that sexual
+    selection means that in the rivalry of males for the female the
+    most vigorous secures the advantage; "ornament," he adds, "is the
+    natural product and direct outcome of superabundant health and
+    vigor." As regards woman's love of strength, see Westermarck,
+    _History of Marriage_, p. 255.
+
+Women admire a man's strength rather than his beauty. This statement is
+commonly made, and with truth, but, so far as I am aware, its meaning is
+never analyzed. When we look into it, I think, we shall find that it leads
+us into a special division of the visual sphere of sexual allurement. The
+spectacle of force, while it remains strictly within the field of vision,
+really brings to us, although unconsciously, impressions that are
+correlated with another sense--that of touch. We instinctively and
+unconsciously translate visible energy into energy of pressure. In
+admiring strength we are really admiring a tactile quality which has been
+made visible. It may therefore be said that, while through vision men are
+sexually affected mainly by the more purely visual quality of beauty,
+women are more strongly affected by visual impressions which express
+qualities belonging to the more fundamentally sexual sense of touch.
+
+The distinction between the man's view and the woman's view, here pointed
+out, is not, it must be added, absolute. Even for a man, beauty, with all
+these components which we have already analyzed in it, is not the sole
+sexual allurement of vision. A woman is not necessarily sexually
+attractive in the ratio of her beauty, and with even a high degree of
+beauty may have a low degree of attraction. The addition of vivacity or
+the addition of languor may each furnish a sexual allurement, and each of
+these is a translated tactile quality which possesses an obscure potency
+from vague sexual implications.[170] But while in the man the demand for
+these translated pressure qualities in the visible attractiveness of a
+woman are not usually quite clearly realized, in a woman the corresponding
+craving for the visual expression of pressure energy is much more
+pronounced and predominant. It is not difficult to see why this should be
+so, even without falling back on the usual explanation that natural
+selection implies that the female shall choose the male who will be the
+most likely father of strong children and the best protector of his
+family. The more energetic part in physical love belongs to the man, the
+more passive part to the woman; so that, while energy in a woman is no
+index to effectiveness in love, energy in a man furnishes a seeming index
+to the existence of the primary quality of sexual energy which a woman
+demands of a man in the sexual embrace. It may be a fallacious index, for
+muscular strength is not necessarily correlated with sexual vigor, and in
+its extreme degrees appears to be more correlated with its absence. But it
+furnishes, in Stendhal's phrase, a probability of passion, and in any case
+it still remains a symbol which cannot be without its effect. We must not,
+of course, suppose that these considerations are always or often present
+to the consciousness of the maiden who "blushingly turns from Adonis to
+Hercules," but the emotional attitude is rooted in more or less unerring
+instincts. In this way it happens that even in the field of visual
+attraction sexual selection influences women on the underlying basis of
+the more primitive sense of touch, the fundamentally sexual sense.
+
+    Women are very sensitive to the quality of a man's touch, and
+    appear to seek and enjoy contact and pressure to a greater extent
+    than do men, although in early adolescence this impulse seems to
+    be marked in both sexes. "There is something strangely winning to
+    most women," remarks George Eliot, in _The Mill on the Floss_,
+    "in that offer of the firm arm; the help is not wanted physically
+    at that moment, but the sense of help--the presence of strength
+    that is outside them and yet theirs--meets a continual want of
+    the imagination."
+
+    Women are often very critical concerning a man's touch and his
+    method of shaking hands. Stanley Hall (_Adolescence_, vol. ii, p.
+    8) quotes a gifted lady as remarking: "I used to say that,
+    however much I liked a man, I could never marry him if I did not
+    like the touch of his hand, and I feel so yet."
+
+    Among the elements of sexual attractiveness which make a special
+    appeal to women, extreme personal cleanliness would appear to
+    take higher rank than it takes in the eyes of a man, some men,
+    indeed, seeming to make surprisingly small demands of a woman in
+    this respect. If this is so we may connect it with the fact that
+    beauty in a woman's eye is to a much greater extent than in a
+    man's a picture of energy, in other words, a translation of
+    pressure contracts, with which the question of physical purity is
+    necessarily more intimately associated than it is with the
+    picture of purely visual beauty. It is noteworthy that Ovid (_Ars
+    Amandi_, lib. I) urges men who desire to please women to leave
+    the arts of adornment and effeminacy to those whose loves are
+    homosexual, and to practice a scrupulous attention to extreme
+    neatness and cleanliness of body and garments in every detail, a
+    sun-browned skin, and the absence of all odor. Some two thousand
+    years later Brummell in an age when extravagance and effeminacy
+    often marked the fashions of men, introduced a new ideal of
+    unobtrusive simplicity, extreme cleanliness (with avoidance of
+    perfumes), and exquisite good taste; he abhorred all
+    eccentricity, and may be said to have constituted a tradition
+    which Englishmen have ever since sought, more or less
+    successfully to follow; he was idolized by women.
+
+    It may be added that the attentiveness of women to tactile
+    contacts is indicated by the frequency with which in them it
+    takes on morbid forms, as the _délire du contact_, the horror of
+    contamination, the exaggerated fear of touching dirt. (See, e.g.,
+    Raymond and Janet, _Les Obsessions et la Psychasthénie_.)
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[168] William Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, second edition, 1832, vol.
+1, p. 215.
+
+[169] Stendhal (_De l'Amour_, Chapter XVIII) has some remarks on this
+point, and refers to the influence over women possessed by Lekain, the
+famous actor, who was singularly ugly. "It is _passion_," he remarks,
+"which we demand; beauty only furnishes _probabilities_."
+
+[170] The charm of a woman's garments to a man is often due in part to
+their expressiveness in rendering impressions of energy, vivacity, or
+languor. This has often been realized by the poets, and notably by
+Herrick, who was singularly sensitive to these qualities in a woman's
+garments.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction--The Admiration for
+High Stature--The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation--The Charm of
+Parity--Conjugal Mating--The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards
+General Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married
+Couples--Preferential Mating and Assortative Mating--The Nature of the
+Advantage Attained by the Fair in Sexual Selection--The Abhorrence of
+Incest and the Theories of its Cause--The Explanation in Reality
+Simple--The Abhorrence of Incest in Relation to Sexual Selection--The
+Limits to the Charm of Parity in Conjugal Mating--The Charm of Disparity
+in Secondary Sexual Characters.
+
+
+When we are dealing with the senses of touch, smell, and hearing it is
+impossible at present, and must always remain somewhat difficult, to
+investigate precisely the degree and direction of their influence in
+sexual selection. We can marshal in order--as has here been attempted--the
+main facts and considerations which clearly indicate that there is and
+must be such an influence, but we cannot even attempt to estimate its
+definite direction and still less to measure it precisely. With regard to
+vision, we are in a somewhat better position. It is possible to estimate
+the direction of the influence which certain visible characters exert on
+sexual selection, and it is even possible to attempt their actual
+measurement, although there must frequently be doubt as to the
+interpretation of such measurements.
+
+Two facts render it thus possible to deal more exactly with the influence
+of vision on sexual selection than with the influence of the other senses.
+In the first place, men and women consciously seek for certain visible
+characters in the persons to whom they are attracted; in other words,
+their "ideals" of a fitting mate are visual rather than tactile,
+olfactory, or auditory. In the second place, whether such "ideals" are
+potent in actual mating, or whether they are modified or even inhibited by
+more potent psychological or general biological influences, it is in
+either case possible to measure and compare the visible characters of
+mated persons.
+
+The two visible characters which are at once most frequently sought in a
+mate and most easily measurable are degree of stature and degree of
+pigmentation. Every youth or maiden pictures the person he or she would
+like for a lover as tall or short, fair or dark, and such characters are
+measurable and have on a large scale been measured. It is of interest in
+illustration of the problem of sexual selection in man to consider briefly
+what results are at present obtainable regarding the influence of these
+two characters.
+
+It has long been a widespread belief that short people are sexually
+attracted to tall people, and tall people to short; that in the matter of
+stature men and women are affected by what Bain called the "charm of
+disparity." It has not always prevailed. Many centuries ago Leonardo da
+Vinci, whose insight at so many points anticipated our most modern
+discoveries, affirmed clearly and repeatedly the charm of parity. After
+remarking that painters tend to delineate the figures that resemble
+themselves he adds that men also fall in love with and marry those who
+resemble themselves; "_chi s'innamora voluntieri s'innamorano de cose a
+loro simiglianti_," he elsewhere puts it.[171] But from that day to this,
+it would seem Leonardo's statements have remained unknown or unnoticed.
+Bernardin de Saint-Pierre said that "love is the result of contrasts," and
+Schopenhauer affirmed the same point very decisively; various scientific
+and unscientific writers have repeated this statement.[172]
+
+So far as stature is concerned, there appears to be very little reason to
+suppose that this "charm of disparity" plays any notable part in
+constituting the sexual ideals of either men or women. Indeed, it may
+probably be affirmed that both men and women seek tallness in the person
+to whom they are sexually attracted. Darwin quotes the opinion of Mayhew
+that among dogs the females are strongly attracted to males of large
+size.[173] I believe this is true, and it is probably merely a particular
+instance of a general psychological tendency.
+
+    It is noteworthy as an indication of the direction of the sexual
+    ideal in this matter that the heroines of male novelists are
+    rarely short and the heroes of female novelists almost invariably
+    tall. A reviewer of novels addressing to lady novelists in the
+    _Speaker_ (July 26, 1890) "A Plea for Shorter Heroes," publishes
+    statistics on this point. "Heroes," he states, "are longer this
+    year than ever. Of the 192 of whom I have had my word to say
+    since October of last year, 27 were merely tall, and 11 were only
+    slightly above the middle height. No less than 85 stood exactly
+    six feet in their stocking soles, and the remainder were
+    considerably over the two yards. I take the average to be six
+    feet three."
+
+    As a slight test alike of the supposed "charm of disparity" as
+    well as of the general degree in which tall and short persons are
+    sought as mates by those of the opposite sex I have examined a
+    series of entries in the _Round-About_, a publication issued by a
+    club, of which the president is Mr. W.T. Stead, having for its
+    object the purpose of promoting correspondence, friendship, and
+    marriage between its members. There are two classes, of entries,
+    one inserted with a view to "intellectual friendship," the other
+    with a view to marriage. I have not thought it necessary to
+    recognize this distinction here; if a man describes his own
+    physical characteristics and those of the lady he would like as a
+    friend, I assume that, from the point of view of the present
+    inquiry, he is much on the same footing as the man who seeks a
+    wife. In the series of entries which I have examined 35 men and
+    women state approximately the height of the man or woman they
+    seek to know; 30 state in addition their own height. The results
+    are expressed in the table on the following page.
+
+    Although the cases are few, the results are, in two main
+    respects, sufficiently clear without multiplication of data. In
+    the first place, those who seek parity, whether men or women, are
+    in a majority over those who seek disparity. In the second place,
+    the existence of any disparity at all is due only to the
+    universal desire to find a tall person. Not one man or woman sets
+    down shortness as his or her ideal. The very fact that no man in
+    these initial announcements ventures to set himself down as short
+    (although a considerable proportion describe themselves as tall)
+    indicates a consciousness that shortness is undesirable, as also
+    does the fact that the women very frequently describe themselves
+    as tall.
+
+The same charm of disparity which has been supposed to rule in selective
+attraction as regards stature has also been assumed as regards
+pigmentation. The fair, it is said, are attracted to the dark, the dark to
+the fair. Again, it must be said that this common assumption is not
+confirmed either by introspection or by any attempt to put the matter on a
+statistical basis.[174]
+
+        WOMEN.                        MEN.              TOTALS.
+
+Tall women seek tall men.. 8  Tall men seek tall women.. 6  14
+Short women seek short men 0  Short men seek short women 0   0
+Medium-sized women seek       Medium-sized men seek
+  medium-sized men ....... 0    medium-sized women ....  3   3
+
+    Seek parity........... 8      Seek parity........... 9  17
+
+Tall women seek short men. 0  Tall men seek short women. 0   0
+Short women seek tall men. 4  Short men seek tall women. 0   4
+Medium-sized woman seeks      Medium-sized men seek tall
+  tall man................ 1    women .................. 8   9
+
+    Seek disparity........ 5      Seek disparity........ 8  13
+
+                              Men of unknown height seek
+                                tall women.............. 5   5
+
+Most people who will carefully introspect their own feelings and ideals in
+this matter will find that they are not attracted to persons of the
+opposite sex who are strikingly unlike themselves in pigmentary
+characters. Even when the abstract ideal of a sexually desirable person
+is endowed with certain pigmentary characters, such as blue eyes or
+darkness,--either of which is liable to make a vaguely romantic appeal to
+the imagination,--it is usually found, on testing the feeling for
+particular persons, that the variation from the personal type of the
+subject is usually only agreeable within narrow limits, and that there is
+a very common tendency for persons of totally opposed pigmentary types,
+even though they may sometimes be considered to possess a certain æsthetic
+beauty, to be regarded as sexually unattractive or even repulsive. With
+this feeling may perhaps be associated the feeling, certainly very widely
+felt, that one would not like to marry a person of foreign, even though
+closely allied, race.
+
+    From the same number of the _Round-About_ from which I have
+    extracted the data on stature, I have obtained corresponding data
+    on pigmentation, and have embodied them in the following table.
+    They are likewise very scanty, but they probably furnish as good
+    a general indication of the drift of ideals in this matter as we
+    should obtain from more extensive data of the same character.
+
+        WOMEN.                       MEN.              TOTALS.
+
+Fair women seek fair men. 2  Fair men seek fair women 2   4
+Dark woman seeks dark man 1  Dark men seek dark women 7   8
+
+    Seek parity.......... 3      Seek parity......... 9  12
+
+Fair women seek dark men. 4  Fair men seek dark women 3   7
+Dark woman seeks fair man 1  Dark men seek fair women 4   5
+                             Medium-colored man seeks
+    Seek disparity....... 5    dark woman ........... 1   1
+                             Medium-colored man seeks
+                               fair woman ........... 1   1
+
+                                 Seek disparity...... 9  14
+
+                             Men of unknown color seek
+                               dark women ........... 3   3
+
+    It will be seen that in the case of pigmentation there is not as
+    in the case of stature a decided charm of parity in the formation
+    of sexual ideals. The phenomenon, however, remains essentially
+    analogous. Just as in regard to stature there is without
+    exception an abstract admiration for tall persons, so here,
+    though to a less marked extent, there is a general admiration for
+    dark persons. As many as 6 out of 8 women and 14 out of 21 men
+    seek a dark partner. This tendency ranges itself with the
+    considerations already brought forward (p. 182), leading us to
+    believe that, in England at all events, the admiration of
+    fairness is not efficacious to promote any sexual selection, and
+    that if there is actually any such selection it must be put down
+    to other causes. No doubt, even in England the abstract æsthetic
+    admiration of fairness is justifiable and may influence the
+    artist. Probably also it influences the poet, who is affected by
+    a long-established convention in favor of fairness, and perhaps
+    also by a general tendency on the part of our poets to be
+    themselves fair and to yield to the charm of parity,--the
+    tendency to prefer the women of one's own stock,--which we have
+    already found to be a real force.[175] But, as a matter of fact,
+    our famous English beauties are not very fair; probably our
+    handsomest men are not very fair, and the abstract sexual ideals
+    of both our men and our women thus go out toward the dark.
+
+The formation of a sexual ideal, while it furnishes a predisposition to be
+attracted in a certain direction, and undoubtedly has a certain weight in
+sexual choice, is not by any means the whole of sexual selection. It is
+not even the whole of the psychic element in sexual selection. Let us
+take, for instance, the question of stature. There would seem to be a
+general tendency for both men and women, apart from and before experience,
+to desire sexually large persons of the opposite sex. It may even be that
+this is part of a wider zoölogical tendency. In the human species it shows
+itself also on the spiritual plane, in the desire for the infinite, in the
+deep and unreasoning feeling that it is impossible to have too much of a
+good thing. But it not infrequently happens that a man in whose youthful
+dreams of love the heroine has always been large, has not been able to
+calculate what are the special nervous and other characteristics most
+likely to be met in large women, nor how far these correlated
+characteristics would suit his own instinctive demands. He may, and
+sometimes does, find that in these other demands, which prove to be more
+important and insistent than the desire for stature, the tall women he
+meets are less likely to suit him than the medium or short women.[176] It
+may thus happen that a man whose ideal of woman has always been as tall
+may yet throughout life never be in intimate relationship with a tall
+woman because he finds that practically he has more marked affinities in
+the case of shorter women. His abstract ideals are modified or negatived
+by more imperative sympathies or antipathies.
+
+In one field such sympathies have long been recognized, especially by
+alienists, as leading to sexual unions of parity, notwithstanding the
+belief in the generally superior attraction of disparity. It has often
+been pointed out that the neuropathic, the insane and criminal,
+"degenerates" of all kinds, show a notable tendency to marry each other.
+This tendency has not, however, been investigated with any precision.[177]
+
+The first attempt on a statistical basis to ascertain what degree of
+parity or disparity is actually attained by sexual selection was made by
+Alphonse de Candolle.[178] Obtaining his facts from Switzerland, North
+Germany, and Belgium, he came to the conclusion that marriages are most
+commonly contracted between persons with different eye-colors, except in
+the case of brown-eyed women, who (as Schopenhauer stated, and as is seen
+in the English data of the sexual ideal I have brought forward) are found
+more attractive than others.
+
+The first series of serious observations tending to confirm the result
+reached by the genius of Leonardo da Vinci and to show that sexual
+selection results in the pairing of like rather than of unlike persons was
+made by Hermann Fol, the embryologist.[179] He set out with the popular
+notion that married people end by resembling each other, but when at Nice,
+which is visited by many young married couples on their honeymoons, he was
+struck by the resemblances already existing immediately after marriage. In
+order to test the matter he obtained the photographs of 251 young and old
+married couples not personally known to him. The results were as follows:
+
+                    RESEMBLANCES      NONRESEMBLANCES
+    COUPLES.        (PERCENTAGE).      (PERCENTAGE).   TOTAL.
+
+Young.............. 132, about 66,66   66, about 33.33   198
+Old ................ 38, about 71.70   15, about 28.30    53
+
+He concluded that in the immense majority of marriages of inclination the
+contracting parties are attracted by similarities, and not by
+dissimilarities, and that, consequently, the resemblances between aged
+married couples are not acquired during conjugal life. Although Fol's
+results were not obtained by good methods, and do not cover definite
+points like stature and eye-color, they represented the conclusions of a
+highly skilled and acute observer and have since been amply confirmed.
+
+Galton could not find that the average results from a fairly large number
+of cases indicated that stature, eye-color, or other personal
+characteristics notably influenced sexual selection, as evidenced by a
+comparison of married couples.[180] Karl Pearson, however, in part making
+use of a large body of data obtained by Galton, referring to stature and
+eye-color, has reached the conclusion that sexual selection ultimately
+results in a marked degree of parity so far as these characters are
+concerned.[181] As regards stature, he is unable to find evidence of what
+he terms "preferential mating"; that is to say, it does not appear that
+any preconceived ideals concerning the desirability of tallness in sexual
+mates leads to any perceptibly greater tallness of the chosen mate;
+husbands are not taller than men in general, nor wives than women in
+general. In regard to eye-color, however, there appeared to be evidence of
+preferential mating. Husbands are very decidedly fairer than men in
+general, and though there is no such marked difference in women, wives are
+also somewhat fairer than women in general. As regards "assortative
+mating" as it is termed by Pearson,--the tendency to parity or to
+disparity between husbands and wives,--the result were in both cases
+decisive. Tall men marry women who are somewhat above the average in
+height; short men marry women who are somewhat below the average, so that
+husband and wife resemble each other in stature as closely as uncle and
+niece. As regards eye-color there is also a tendency for like to marry
+like; the light-eyed men tend to marry light-eyed women more often than
+dark-eyed women; the dark-eyed men tend to marry dark-eyed women more
+often than light-eyed. There remains, however, a very considerable
+difference in the eye-color of husband and wife; in the 774 couples dealt
+with by Pearson there are 333 dark-eyed women to only 251 dark-eyed men,
+and 523 light-eyed men to only 441 light-eyed women. The women in the
+English population are darker-eyed than the men;[182] but the difference
+is scarcely so great as this; so that even if wives are not so dark-eyed
+as women generally it would appear that the ideal admiration for the
+dark-eyed may still to some extent make itself felt in actual mating.
+
+While we have to recognize that the modification and even total inhibition
+of sexual ideals in the process of actual mating is largely due to psychic
+causes, such causes do not appear to cover the whole of the phenomena.
+Undoubtedly they count for much, and the man or the woman who, from
+whatever causes, has constituted a sexual ideal with certain characters
+may in the actual contacts of life find that individuals with other and
+even opposed characters most adequately respond to his or her psychic
+demands. There are, however, other causes in play here which at first
+sight may seem to be not of a purely psychic character. One unquestionable
+cause of this kind comes into action in regard to pigmentary selection.
+Fair people, possibly as a matter of race more than from absence of
+pigment, are more energetic than dark people. They possess a sanguine
+vigor and impetuosity which, in most, though not in all, fields and
+especially in the competition of practical life, tend to give them some
+superiority over their darker brethren. The greater fairness of husbands
+in comparison with men in general, as found by Karl Pearson, is thus
+accounted for; fair men are most likely to obtain wives. Husbands are
+fairer than men in general for the same reason that, as I have shown
+elsewhere,[183] created peers are fairer than either hereditary peers or
+even most groups of intellectual persons; they have possessed in higher
+measure the qualities that insure success. It may be added that with the
+recognition of this fact we have not really left the field of sexual
+psychology, for, as has already been pointed out, that energy which thus
+insures success in practical life is itself a sexual allurement to women.
+Energy in a woman in courtship is less congenial to her sexual attitude
+than to a man's, and is not attractive to men; thus it is not surprising,
+even apart from the probably greater beauty of dark women, that the
+preponderance of fairness among wives as compared to women generally,
+indicated by Karl Pearson's data, is very slight. It may possibly be
+accounted for altogether by homogamy--the tendency of like to marry
+like--in the fair husbands.
+
+The energy and vitality of fair people is not, however, it is probable,
+merely an indirect cause of the greater tendency of fair men to become
+husbands; that is to say, it is not merely the result of the generally
+somewhat greater ability of the fair to attain success in temporal
+affairs. In addition to this, fair men, if not fair women, would appear to
+show a tendency to a greater activity in their specifically sexual
+proclivities. This is a point which we shall encounter in a later _Study_
+and it is therefore unnecessary to discuss it here.
+
+In dealing with the question of sexual selection in man various writers
+have been puzzled by the problem presented by that abhorrence of incest
+which is usually, though not always so clearly marked among the different
+races of mankind.[184] It was once commonly stated, as by Morgan and by
+Maine, that this abhorrence was the result of experience; the marriages of
+closely related persons were found to be injurious to offspring and were
+therefore avoided. This theory, however, is baseless because the marriages
+of closely related persons are not injurious to the offspring.
+Consanguineous marriages, so closely as they can be investigated on a
+large scale,--that is to say, marriages between cousins,--as Huth was the
+first to show, develop no tendency to the production of offspring of
+impaired quality provided the parents are sound; they are only injurious
+in this respect in so far as they may lead to the union of couples who are
+both defective in the same direction. According to another theory, that of
+Westermarck, who has very fully and ably discussed the whole
+question,[185] "there is an innate aversion to sexual intercourse between
+persons living very closely together from early youth, and, as such
+persons are in most cases related, this feeling displays itself chiefly
+as a horror of intercourse between near kin." Westermarck points out very
+truly that the prohibition of incest could not be founded on experience
+even if (as he is himself inclined to believe) consanguineous marriages
+are injurious to the offspring; incest is prevented "neither by laws, nor
+by customs, nor by education, but by an _instinct_ which under normal
+circumstances makes sexual love between the nearest kin a psychic
+impossibility." There is, however, a very radical objection to this
+theory. It assumes the existence of a kind of instinct which can with
+difficulty be accepted. An instinct is fundamentally a more or less
+complicated series of reflexes set in action by a definite stimulus. An
+innate tendency at once so specific and so merely negative, involving at
+the same time deliberate intellectual processes, can only with a certain
+force be introduced into the accepted class of instincts. It is as awkward
+and artificial an instinct as would be, let us say, an instinct to avoid
+eating the apples that grew in one's own yard.[186]
+
+The explanation of the abhorrence to incest is really, however,
+exceedingly simple. Any reader who has followed the discussion of sexual
+selection in the present volume and is also familiar with the "Analysis of
+the Sexual Impulse" set forth in the previous volume of these _Studies_
+will quickly perceive that the normal failure of the pairing instinct to
+manifest itself in the case of brothers and sisters, or of boys and girls
+brought up together from infancy, is a merely negative phenomenon due to
+the inevitable absence under those circumstances of the conditions which
+evoke the pairing impulse. Courtship is the process by which powerful
+sensory stimuli proceeding from a person of the opposite sex gradually
+produce the physiological state of tumescence, with its psychic
+concomitant of love and desire, more or less necessary for mating to be
+effected. But between those who have been brought up together from
+childhood all the sensory stimuli of vision, hearing, and touch have been
+dulled by use, trained to the calm level of affection, and deprived of
+their potency to arouse the erethistic excitement which produces sexual
+tumescence.[187] Brothers and sisters in relation to each other have at
+puberty already reached that state to which old married couples by the
+exhaustion of youthful passion and the slow usage of daily life gradually
+approximate. Passion between brother and sister is, indeed, by no means so
+rare as is sometimes supposed, and it may be very strong, but it is
+usually aroused by the aid of those conditions which are normally required
+for the appearance of passion, more especially by the unfamiliarity caused
+by a long separation. In reality, therefore, the usual absence of sexual
+attraction between brothers and sisters requires no special explanation;
+it is merely due to the normal absence under these circumstances of the
+conditions that tend to produce sexual tumescence and the play of those
+sensory allurements which lead to sexual selection.[188] It is a purely
+negative phenomenon and it is quite unnecessary, even if it were
+legitimate, to invoke any instinct for its explanation. It is probable
+that the same tendency also operates among animals to some extent, tending
+to produce a stronger sexual attraction toward those of their species to
+whom they have not become habituated.[189] In animals, and in man also
+when living under primitive conditions, sexual attraction is not a
+constant phenomenon[190]; it is an occasional manifestation only called
+out by the powerful stimulation. It is not its absence which we need to
+explain; it is its presence which needs explanation, and such an
+explanation we find in the analysis of the phenomena of courtship.
+
+The abhorrence of incest is an interesting and significant phenomenon from
+our present point of view, because it instructively points out to us the
+limits to that charm of parity which apparently makes itself felt to some
+considerable extent in the constitution of the sexual ideal and still more
+in the actual homogamy which seems to predominate over heterogamy. This
+homogamy is, it will be observed, a _racial_ homogamy; it relates to
+anthropological characters which mark stocks. Even in this racial field,
+it is unnecessary to remark, the homogamy attained is not, and could not
+be, absolute; nor would it appear that such absolute racial homogamy is
+even desired. A tall man who seeks a tall woman can seldom wish her to be
+as tall as himself; a dark man who seeks a dark woman, certainly will not
+be displeased at the inevitably greater or less degree of pigment which he
+finds in her eyes as compared to his own.
+
+But when we go outside the racial field this tendency to homogamy
+disappears at once. A man marries a woman who, with slight, but agreeable,
+variations, belongs to a like stock to himself. The abhorrence of incest
+indicates that even the sexual attraction to people of the same stock has
+its limits, for it is not strong enough to overcome the sexual
+indifference between persons of near kin. The desire for novelty shown in
+this sexual indifference to near kin and to those who have been housemates
+from childhood, together with the notable sexual attractiveness often
+possessed by a strange youth or maiden who arrives in a small town or
+village, indicates that slight differences in stock, if not, indeed, a
+positive advantage from this point of view, are certainly not a
+disadvantage. When we leave the consideration of racial differences to
+consider sexual differences, not only do we no longer find any charm of
+parity, but we find that there is an actual charm of disparity. At this
+point it is necessary to remember all that has been brought forward in
+earlier pages[191] concerning the emphasis of the secondary sexual
+characters in the ideal of beauty. All those qualities which the woman
+desires to see emphasized in the man are the precise opposite of the
+qualities which the man desires to see emphasized in the woman. The man
+must be strong, vigorous, energetic, hairy, even rough, to stir the
+primitive instincts of the woman's nature; the woman who satisfies this
+man must be smooth, rounded, and gentle. It would be hopeless to seek for
+any homogamy between the manly man and the virile woman, between the
+feminine woman and the effeminate man. It is not impossible that this
+tendency to seek disparity in sexual characters may exert some disturbing
+influences on the tendency to seek parity in anthropological racial
+characters, for the sexual difference to some extent makes itself felt in
+racial characters. A somewhat greater darkness of women is a secondary
+(or, more precisely, tertiary) sexual character, and on this account
+alone, it is possible, somewhat attractive to men[192]. A difference in
+size and stature is a very marked secondary sexual character. In the
+considerable body of data concerning the stature of married couples
+reproduced by Pearson from Galton's tables, although the tall on the
+average tend to marry the tall, and the short the short, it is yet
+noteworthy that, while the men of 5 ft. 4 ins. have more wives at 5 ft. 2
+ins. than at any other height, men of 6 ft. show, in an exactly similar
+manner, more wives at 5 ft. 2 ins. than at any other height, although for
+many intermediate heights the most numerous groups of wives are
+taller[193].
+
+In matters of carriage, habit, and especially clothing the love of sexual
+disparity is instinctive, everywhere well marked, and often carried to
+very great lengths. To some extent such differences are due to the
+opposing demands of more fundamental differences in custom and occupation.
+But this cause by no means adequately accounts for them, since it may
+sometimes happen that what in one land is the practice of the men is in
+another the practice of the women, and yet the practices of the two sexes
+are still opposed[194]. Men instinctively desire to avoid doing things in
+women's ways, and women instinctively avoid doing things in men's ways,
+yet both sexes admire in the other sex those things which in themselves
+they avoid. In the matter of clothing this charm of disparity reaches its
+highest point, and it has constantly happened that men have even called in
+the aid of religion to enforce a distinction which seemed to them so
+urgent[195]. One of the greatest of sex allurements would be lost and the
+extreme importance of clothes would disappear at once if the two sexes
+were to dress alike; such identity of dress has, however, never come about
+among any people.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[171] L. da Vinci, _Frammenti_, selected by Solmi, pp. 177-180.
+
+[172] Westermarck, who accepts the "charm of disparity," gives references,
+_History of Human Marriage_, p. 354.
+
+[173] _Descent of Man_. Part II, Chapter XVIII.
+
+[174] Bloch (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II,
+pp. 260 et seq.) refers to the tendency to admixture of races and to the
+sexual attraction occasionally exerted by the negress and sometimes the
+negro on white persons as evidence in favor of such charm of disparity. In
+part, however, we are here concerned with vague statements concerning
+imperfectly known facts, in part with merely individual variations, and
+with that love of the exotic under the stimulation of civilized conditions
+to which reference has already been made (p. 184).
+
+[175] In this connection the exceptional case of Tennyson is of interest.
+He was born and bred in the very fairest part of England (Lincolnshire),
+but he himself and the stock from which he sprang were dark to a very
+remarkable degree. In his work, although it reveals traces of the
+conventional admiration for the fair, there is a marked and unusual
+admiration for distinctly dark women, the women resembling the stock to
+which he himself belonged. See Havelock Ellis, "The Color Sense in
+Literature," _Contemporary Review_, May, 1896.
+
+[176] It is noteworthy that in the _Round-About_, already referred to,
+although no man expresses a desire to meet a short woman, when he refers
+to announcements by women as being such as would be likely to suit him,
+the persons thus pointed out are in a notable proportion short.
+
+[177] It has been discussed by F.J. Debret, _La Selection Naturelle dans
+l'espèce humaine_ (Thèse de Paris), 1901. Debret regards it as due to
+natural selection.
+
+[178] "Hérédité de la Couleur des Yeux dans l'espèce humaine," _Archives
+des Sciences physiques et naturelles_, sér. iii, vol. xii, 1884, p. 109.
+
+[179] _Revue Scientifique_, Jan., 1891.
+
+[180] F. Galton, _Natural Inheritance_, p. 85. It may be remarked that
+while Galton's tables on page 206 show a slight excess of disparity as
+regards sexual selection in stature, in regard to eye color they
+anticipate Karl Pearson's more extensive data and in marriages of
+disparity show a decided deficiency of observed over chance results. In
+_English Men of Science_ (pp. 28-33), also, Galton found that among the
+parents parity decidedly prevailed over disparity (78 to 31) alike as
+regards temperament, hair color, and eye color.
+
+[181] Karl Pearson, _Phil. Trans. Royal Society_, vol. clxxxvii, p. 273,
+and vol. cxcv, p. 113; _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, vol. lxvi, p.
+28; _Grammar of Science_, second edition, 1900, pp. 425 _et seq._;
+_Biometrika_, November, 1903. The last-named periodical also contains a
+study on "Assortative Mating in Man," bringing forward evidence to show
+that, apart from environmental influence, "length of life is a character
+which is subject to selection;" that is to say, the long-lived tend to
+marry the long-lived, and the short-lived to marry the short-lived.
+
+[182] For a summary of the evidence on this point see Havelock Ellis, _Man
+and Woman_, fourth edition, 1904, pp. 256-264.
+
+[183] "The Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly
+Review_, August, 1901.
+
+[184] The fact that even in Europe the abhorrence to incest is not always
+strongly felt is brought out by Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp. 263 et seq.
+
+[185] Westermarck, _History of Marriage_, Chapters XIV and XV.
+
+[186] Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, p. 446) has pointed out that it is not
+legitimate to assume the possibility of an "instinct" of this character;
+instinct has "nothing in its character but a response of function to
+environment."
+
+[187] Fromentin, in his largely autobiographic novel _Dominique_, makes
+Olivier say: "Julie is my cousin, which is perhaps a reason why she should
+please me less than anyone else. I have always known her. We have, as it
+were, slept in the same cradle. There may be people who would be attracted
+by this almost fraternal relationship. To me the very idea of marrying
+someone whom I knew as a baby is as absurd as that of coupling two dolls."
+
+[188] It may well be, as Crawley argues (_The Mystic Rose_, Chapter XVII),
+that sexual taboo plays some part among primitive people in preventing
+incestuous union, as, undoubtedly, training and moral ideas do among
+civilized peoples.
+
+[189] The remarks of the Marquis de Brisay, an authority on doves, as
+communicated to Giard (_L'Intermédiare des Biologistes_, November 20,
+1897), are of much interest on this point, since they correspond to what
+we find in the human species: "Two birds from the same nest rarely couple.
+Birds coming from the same nest behave as though they regarded coupling as
+prohibited, or, rather, they know each other too well, and seem to be
+ignorant of their difference in sex, remaining unaffected in their
+relations by the changes which make them adults." Westermarck (op. cit.,
+p. 334) has some remarks on a somewhat similar tendency sometimes observed
+in dogs and horses.
+
+[190] See Appendix to vol. lii of these _Studies_, "The Sexual Impulse
+among Savages."
+
+[191] See, especially, _ante_, pp. 163 et seq.
+
+[192] Kistemaecker, as quoted by Bloch (_Beiträge, etc._, ii. p. 340),
+alludes in this connection to the dark clothes of men and to the tendency
+of women to wear lighter garments, to emphasize the white underlinen, to
+cultivate pallor of the face, to use powder. "I am white and you are
+brown; ergo, you must love me"; this affirmation, he states, may be found
+in the depths of every woman's heart.
+
+[193] K. Pearson, _Grammar of Science_, second edition, p. 430.
+
+[194] In _Man and Woman_ (fourth edition, p. 65) I have referred to a
+curious example of this tendency to opposition, which is of almost
+worldwide extent. Among some people it is, or has been, the custom for the
+women to stand during urination, and in these countries it is usually the
+custom for the man to squat; in most countries the practices of the sexes
+in this matter are opposed.
+
+[195] It is sufficient to quote one example. At the end of the sixteenth
+century it was a serious objection to the fashionable wife of an English
+Brownist pastor in Amsterdam that she had "bodies [a bodice or corset]
+tied to the petticoat with points [laces] as men do their doublets and
+their hose, contrary to I Thess., v, 22, conferred with Deut. xxii, 5; and
+I John ii, 16."
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.
+
+
+The consideration of vision has led us into a region in which, more
+definitely and precisely than is the case with any other sense, we can
+observe and even hope to measure the operation of sexual selection in man.
+In the conception of feminine beauty we possess an instrument of universal
+extension by which it seems possible to measure the nature and extent of
+such selection as exercised by men on women. This conception, with which
+we set out, is, however, by no means so precise, so easily available for
+the attainment of sound conclusions, as at first it may seem to be.
+
+It is true that beauty is not, as some have supposed, a mere matter of
+caprice. It rests in part on (1) an objective basis of æsthetic character
+which holds all its variations together and leads to a remarkable
+approximation among the ideals of feminine beauty cherished by the most
+intelligent men of all races. But beyond this general objective basis we
+find that (2) the specific characters of the race or nation tend to cause
+divergence in the ideals of beauty, since beauty is often held to consist
+in the extreme development of these racial or national anthropological
+features; and it would, indeed, appear that the full development of racial
+characters indicates at the same time the full development of health and
+vigor. We have further to consider that (3) in most countries an important
+and usually essential element of beauty lies in the emphasis of the
+secondary and tertiary sexual characters: the special characters of the
+hair in woman, her breasts, her hips, and innumerable other qualities of
+minor saliency, but all apt to be of significance from the point of view
+of sexual selection. In addition we have (4) the factor of individual
+taste, constituted by the special organization and the peculiar
+experiences of the individual and inevitably affecting his ideal of
+beauty. Often this individual factor is merged into collective shapes,
+and in this way are constituted passing fashions in the matter of beauty,
+certain influences which normally affect only the individual having become
+potent enough to affect many individuals. Finally, in states of high
+civilization and in individuals of that restless and nervous temperament
+which is common in civilization, we have (5) a tendency to the appearance
+of an exotic element in the ideal of beauty, and in place of admiring that
+kind of beauty which most closely approximates to the type of their own
+race men begin to be agreeably affected by types which more or less
+deviate from that with which they are most familiar.
+
+While we have these various and to some extent conflicting elements in a
+man's ideal of feminine beauty, the question is still further complicated
+by the fact that sexual selection in the human species is not merely the
+choice of the woman by the man, but also the choice of the man by the
+woman. And when we come to consider this we find that the standard is
+altogether different, that many of the elements of beauty as it exists in
+woman for man have here fallen away altogether, while a new and
+preponderant element has to be recognized in the shape of a regard for
+strength and vigor. This, as I have pointed out, is not a purely visual
+character, but a tactile pressure character translated into visual terms.
+
+When we have stated the sexual ideal we have not yet, however, by any
+means stated the complete problem of human sexual selection. The ideal
+that is desired and sought is, in a large measure, not the outcome of
+experience; it is not even necessarily the expression of the individual's
+temperament and idiosyncrasy. It may be largely the result of fortuitous
+circumstances, of slight chance attractions in childhood, of accepted
+traditions consecrated by romance. In the actual contacts of life the
+individual may find that his sexual impulse is stirred by sensory stimuli
+which are other than those of the ideal he had cherished and may even be
+the reverse of them.
+
+Beyond this, also, we have reason for believing that factors of a still
+more fundamentally biological character, to some extent deeper even than
+all these psychic elements, enter into the problem of sexual selection.
+Certain individuals, apart altogether from the question of whether they
+are either ideally or practically the most fit mates, display a greater
+energy and achieve a greater success than others in securing partners.
+These individuals possess a greater constitutional vigor, physical or
+mental, which conduces to their success in practical affairs generally,
+and probably also heightens their specifically philogamic activities.
+
+Thus, the problem of human sexual selection is in the highest degree
+complicated. When we gather together such scanty data of precise nature as
+are at present available, we realize that, while generally according with
+the results which the evidence not of a quantitative nature would lead us
+to accept, their precise significance is not at present altogether clear.
+It would appear on the whole that in choosing a mate we tend to seek
+parity of racial and individual characters together with disparity of
+secondary sexual characters. But we need a much larger number of groups of
+evidence of varying character and obtained under varying conditions. Such
+evidence will doubtless accumulate now that its nature is becoming defined
+and the need for it recognized. In the meanwhile we are, at all events, in
+a position to assert, even with the evidence before us, that now that the
+real meaning of sexual selection is becoming clear its efficacy in human
+evolution can no longer be questioned.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+THE ORIGINS OF THE KISS.
+
+
+Manifestations resembling the kiss, whether with the object of expressing
+affection or sexual emotion, are found among various animals much lower
+than man. The caressing of the antennæ practiced by snails and various
+insects during sexual intercourse is of the nature of a kiss. Birds use
+their bills for a kind of caress. Thus, referring to guillemots and their
+practice of nibbling each other's feet, and the interest the mate always
+takes in this proceeding, which probably relieves irritation caused by
+insects, Edmund Selous remarks: "When they nibble and preen each other
+they may, I think, be rightly said to cosset and caress, the expression
+and pose of the bird receiving the benefit being often beatific."[196]
+Among mammals, such as the dog, we have what closely resembles a kiss, and
+the dog who smells, licks, and gently bites his master or a bitch,
+combines most of the sensory activities involved in the various forms of
+the human kiss.
+
+As practiced by man, the kiss involves mainly either the sense of touch or
+that of smell. Occasionally it involves to some extent both sensory
+elements.[197]
+
+The tactile kiss is certainly very ancient and primitive. It is common
+among mammals generally. The human infant exhibits, in a very marked
+degree, the impulse to carry everything to the mouth and to lick or
+attempt to taste it, possibly, as Compayre suggests,[198] from a memory of
+the action of the lips protruded to seize the maternal nipple. The
+affectionate child, as Mantegazza remarks,[199] not only applies inanimate
+objects to its lips or tongue, but of its own impulse licks the people it
+likes. Stanley Hall, in the light of a large amount of information he
+obtained on this point, found that "some children insist on licking the
+cheeks, necks, and hands of those they wish to caress," or like having
+animals lick them.[200] This impulse in children may be associated with
+the maternal impulse in animals to lick the young. "The method of licking
+the young practiced by the mother," remarks S.S. Buckman, "would cause
+licking to be associated with happy feelings. And, further, there is the
+allaying of parasitical irritation which is afforded by the rubbing and
+hence results in pleasure. It may even be suggested that the desire of the
+mother to lick her young was prompted in the first place by a desire to
+bestow on her offspring a pleasure she felt herself." The licking impulse
+in the child may thus, it is possible, be regarded as the evanescent
+manifestation of a more fundamental animal impulse,[201] a manifestation
+which is liable to appear in adult life under the stress of strong sexual
+emotion. Such an association is of interest if, as there is some reason to
+believe, the kiss of sexual love originated as a development of the more
+primitive kiss bestowed by the mother on her child, for it is sometimes
+found that the maternal kiss is practiced where the sexual kiss is
+unknown.
+
+The impulse to bite is also a part of the tactile element which lies at
+the origin of kissing. As Stanley Hall notes, children are fond of biting,
+though by no means always as a method of affection. There is, however, in
+biting a distinctly sexual origin to invoke, for among many animals the
+teeth (and among birds the bill) are used by the male to grasp the female
+more firmly during intercourse. This point has been discussed in the
+previous volume of these _Studies_ in reference to "Love and Pain," and
+it is unnecessary to enter into further details here. The heroine of
+Kleist's _Penthesilea_ remarks: "Kissing (Küsse) rhymes with biting
+(Bisse), and one who loves with the whole heart may easily confound the
+two."
+
+The kiss, as known in Europe, has developed on a sensory basis that is
+mainly tactile, although an olfactory element may sometimes coexist. The
+kiss thus understood is not very widely spread and is not usually found
+among rude and uncultured peoples. We can trace it in Aryan and Semitic
+antiquity, but in no very pronounced form; Homer scarcely knew it, and the
+Greek poets seldom mention it. Today it may be said to be known all over
+Europe except in Lapland. Even in Europe it is probably a comparatively
+modern discovery; and in all the Celtic tongues, Rhys states, there is no
+word for "kiss," the word employed being always borrowed from the Latin
+_pax_.[202] At a fairly early historic period, however, the Welsh Cymri,
+at all events, acquired a knowledge of the kiss, but it was regarded as a
+serious matter and very sparingly used, being by law only permitted on
+special occasions, as at a game called rope-playing or a carousal;
+otherwise a wife who kissed a man not her husband could be repudiated.
+Throughout eastern Asia it is unknown; thus, in Japanese literature kisses
+and embraces have no existence. "Kisses, and embraces are simply unknown
+in Japan as tokens of affection," Lafcadio Hearn states, "if we except the
+solitary fact that Japanese mothers, like mothers all over the world, lip
+and hug their little ones betimes. After babyhood there is no more hugging
+or kisses; such actions, except in the case of infants, are held to be
+immodest. Never do girls kiss one another; never do parents kiss or
+embrace their children who have become able to walk." This holds true, and
+has always held true, of all classes; hand-clasping is also foreign to
+them. On meeting after a long absence, Hearn remarks, they smile, perhaps
+cry a little, they may even stroke each other, but that is all. Japanese
+affection "is chiefly shown in acts of exquisite courtesy and
+kindness."[203] Among nearly all of the black races of Africa lovers never
+kiss nor do mothers usually kiss their babies.[204] Among the American
+Indians the tactile kiss is, for the most part, unknown, though here and
+there, as among the Fuegians, lovers rub their cheeks together.[205]
+Kissing is unknown to the Malays. In North Queensland, however, Roth
+states, kissing takes place between mothers (not fathers) and infants,
+also between husbands and wives; but whether it is an introduced custom
+Roth is unable to say; he adds that the Pitta-pitta language possesses a
+word for kissing.[206]
+
+It must be remarked, however, that in many parts of the world where the
+tactile kiss, as we understand it, is usually said to be unknown, it still
+exists as between a mother and her baby, and this seems to support the
+view advocated by Lombroso that the lovers' kiss is developed from the
+maternal kiss. Thus, the Angoni Zulus to the north of the Zambesi, Wiese
+states, kiss their small children on both cheeks[207] and among the
+Fuegians, according to Hyades, mothers kiss their small children.
+
+Even in Europe the kiss in early mediæval days was, it seems probable, not
+widely known as an expression of sexual love; it would appear to have been
+a refinement of love only practiced by the more cultivated classes. In the
+old ballad of Glasgerion the lady suspected that her secret visitor was
+only a churl, and not the knight he pretended to be, because when he came
+in his master's place to spend the night with her he kissed her neither
+coming nor going, but simply got her with child. It is only under a
+comparatively high stage of civilization that the kiss has been emphasized
+and developed in the art of love. Thus the Arabic author of the _Perfumed
+Garden_, a work revealing the existence of a high degree of social
+refinement, insists on the great importance of the kiss, especially if
+applied to the inner part of the mouth, and he quotes a proverb that "A
+moist kiss is better than a hasty coitus." Such kisses, as well as on the
+face generally, and all over the body, are frequently referred to by
+Hindu, Latin, and more modern erotic writers as among the most efficacious
+methods of arousing love.[208]
+
+A reason which may have stood in the way of the development of the kiss in
+a sexual direction has probably been the fact that in the near East the
+kiss was largely monopolized for sacred uses, so that its erotic
+potentialities were not easily perceived. Among the early Arabians the
+gods were worshiped by a kiss.[209] This was the usual way of greeting the
+house gods on entering or leaving.[210] In Rome the kiss was a sign of
+reverence and respect far more than a method of sexual excitation.[211]
+Among the early Christians it had an all but sacramental significance. It
+retains its ancient and serious meaning in many usages of the Western and
+still more the Eastern Churches; the relics of saints, the foot of the
+pope, the hands of bishops, are kissed, just as the ancient Greeks kissed
+the images of the gods. Among ourselves we still have a legally recognized
+example of the sacredness of the kiss in the form of taking an oath by
+kissing the Testament.[212]
+
+So far we have been concerned mainly with the tactile kiss, which is
+sometimes supposed to have arisen in remote times to the east of the
+Mediterranean--where the vassal kissed his suzerain and where the kiss of
+love was known, as we learn from the Songs of Songs, to the Hebrews--and
+has now conquered nearly the whole of Europe. But over a much larger part
+of the world and even in one corner of Europe (Lapland, as well as among
+the Russian Yakuts) a different kind of salutation rules, the olfactory
+kiss. This varies in form in different regions and sometimes simulates a
+tactile kiss, but, as it exists in a typical form in China, where it has
+been carefully studied by d'Enjoy, it may be said to be made up of three
+phases: (1) the nose is applied to the cheek of the beloved person; (2)
+there is a long nasal inspiration accompanied by lowering of the eyelids;
+(3) there is a slight smacking of the lips without the application of the
+mouth to the embraced cheek. The whole process, d'Enjoy considers, is
+founded on sexual desire and the desire for food, smell being the sense
+employed in both fields. In the form described by d'Enjoy, we have the
+Mongolian variety of the olfactory kiss. The Chinese regard the European
+kiss as odious, suggesting voracious cannibals, and yellow mothers in the
+French colonies still frighten children by threatening to give them the
+white man's kiss. Their own kiss the Chinese regard as exclusively
+voluptuous; it is only befitting as between lovers, and not only do
+fathers refrain from kissing their children except when very young, but
+even the mothers only give their children a rare and furtive kiss. Among
+some of the hill-tribes of south-east India the olfactory kiss is found,
+the nose being applied to the cheek during salutation with a strong
+inhalation; instead of saying "Kiss me," they here say "Smell me." The
+Tamils, I am told by a medical correspondent in Ceylon, do not kiss during
+coitus, but rub noses and also lick each other's mouth and tongue. The
+olfactory kiss is known in Africa; thus, on the Gambia in inland Africa
+when a man salutes a woman he takes her hand and places it to his nose,
+twice smelling the back of it. Among the Jekris of the Niger coast mothers
+rub their babies with their cheeks or mouths, but they do not kiss them,
+nor do lovers kiss, though they squeeze, cuddle, and embrace.[213] Among
+the Swahilis a smell kiss exists, and very young boys are taught to raise
+their clothes before women visitors, who thereupon playfully smell the
+penis; the child who does this is said to "give tobacco."[214] Kissing of
+any kind appears to be unknown to the Indians throughout a large part of
+America: Im Thurn states that it is unknown to the Indians of Guiana, and
+at the other end of South America Hyades and Deniker state that it is
+unknown to the Fuegians. In Forth America the olfactory kiss is known to
+the Eskimo, and has been noted among some Indian tribes, as the Blackfeet.
+It is also known in Polynesia. At Samoa kissing was smelling.[215] In New
+Zealand, also, the _hongi_, or nose-pressing, was the kiss of welcome, of
+mourning, and of sympathy.[216] In the Malay archipelago, it is said, the
+same word is used for "greeting" and "smelling." Among the Dyaks of the
+Malay archipelago, however, Vaughan Stevens states that any form of
+kissing is unknown.[217] In Borneo, Breitenstein tells us, kissing is a
+kind of smelling, the word for smelling being used, but he never himself
+saw a man kiss a woman; it is always done in private.[218]
+
+The olfactory kiss is thus seen to have a much wider extension over the
+world than the European (or Mediterranean) tactile kiss. In its most
+complete development, however, it is mainly found among the people of
+Mongolian race, or those yellow peoples more or less related to them.
+
+The literature of the kiss is extensive. So far, however, as that
+literature is known to me, the following list includes everything that may
+be profitably studied: Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_; Ling
+Roth, "Salutations," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, November,
+1889; K. Andree, "Nasengruss," _Ethnographische Parallelen_, second
+series, 1889, pp. 223-227; Alfred Kirchhoff, "Vom Ursprung des Küsses,"
+_Deutsche Revue_, May, 1895; Lombroso, "L'Origine du Baiser," _Nouvelle
+Revue_, 1897, p. 153; Paul d'Enjoy, "Le Baiser en Europe et en Chine,"
+_Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_, Paris, 1897, fasc. 2. Professor
+Nyrop's book, _The Kiss and its History_ (translated from the Danish by
+W.F. Harvey), deals rather with the history of the kiss in civilization
+and literature than with its biological origins and psychological
+significance.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[196] E. Selous, _Bird Watching_, 1901, p. 191. This author adds: "It
+seems probable indeed that the conferring a practical benefit of the kind
+indicated may be the origin of the caress throughout nature."
+
+[197] Tylor terms the kiss "the salute by tasting," and d'Enjoy defines it
+as "a bite and a suction"; there seems, however, little evidence to show
+that the kiss contains any gustatory element in the strict sense.
+
+[198] Compayre, _L'Evolution intellectuelle et morale de l'enfant_, p. 9.
+
+[199] Mantegazza, _Physiognomy and Expression_, p. 144.
+
+[200] G. Stanley Hall, "The Early Sense of Self," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 361.
+
+[201] In some parts of the world the impulse persists into adult life. Sir
+S. Baker (_Ismailia_, p. 472) mentions licking the eyes as a sign of
+affection.
+
+[202] _Book of Common Prayer in Manx Gaelic_, edited by A.W. Moore and J.
+Rhys, 1895.
+
+[203] L. Hearn, _Out of the East_, 1895, p. 103.
+
+[204] See, e.g., A.B. Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples_, p. 288. Among the
+Swahili the kiss is practiced, but exclusively between married people and
+with very young children. Velten believes they learned it from the Arabs.
+
+[205] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii, p.
+245.
+
+[206] W. Roth, _Ethnological Notes Among the Queensland Aborigines_, p.
+184.
+
+[207] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. 5, p. 200.
+
+[208] E.g., the _Kama Sutra_ of Vatsyayana, Bk. III, Chapter I.
+
+[209] Hosea, Chapter xiii, v. 2; I Kings, Chapter xix, v. 18.
+
+[210] Wellhausen, _Reste Arabischen Heidentums_, p. 109.
+
+[211] The Romans recognized at least three kinds of kiss: the _osculum_,
+for friendship, given on the face; the _basium_, for affection, given on
+the lips; the _suavium_, given between the lips, reserved for lovers.
+
+[212] In other parts of the world it would appear that the kiss sometimes
+has a sacred or ritual character. Thus, according to Rev. J. Macdonald
+(_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, November, 1890, p. 118), it
+is part of the initiation ceremony of a girl at her first menstruation
+that the women of the village should kiss her on the cheek, and on the
+mons veneris and labia.
+
+[213] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, August and November,
+1898, p. 107.
+
+[214] Velten, _Sitten und Gebraüche der Suaheli_, p. 142.
+
+[215] Turner, _Samoa_, p. 45.
+
+[216] Tregear, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1889.
+
+[217] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1896, ht. 4, p. 272.
+
+[218] Breitenstein, _21 Jahre in India_, vol. i, p. 224.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.
+
+
+The histories here recorded are similar in character to those given in
+Appendix B of the previous volume.
+
+    HISTORY I.--C.D., clergyman, age, 34. Height about 5 ft. 8 in.
+    Weight, 8st. 8lb. Complexion, fair. Physical infirmities, very
+    myopic, tendency to consumption.
+
+    "My family is of old lineage on both sides. My parents were
+    normal and fairly healthy; but I consider that heredity, though
+    not vitiated, is somewhat overrefined, and there is a neuropathic
+    tendency, which has appeared in myself and in one or two other
+    members of the family. As a child, I suffered, though not very
+    frequently, from nocturnal enuresis. My sexual nature, though
+    normal, has been keenly alive and sensitive as far back as I can
+    remember; and as I look back I discern within myself in early
+    childhood what I now understand to be a decided masochistic or
+    passively algolagnic tendency. So far as I remember, this
+    manifested itself in me in two aspects; one psychic or
+    sentimental and free from carnality, expressing itself in
+    imaginative visions such as the following: I used, to imagine
+    myself kneeling before a young and beautiful woman and being
+    sentenced by her to some punishment, and even threatened with
+    death. At other times I would picture myself as a wounded soldier
+    watched over on his sickbed by queenly women. These visions
+    always included an imagination of something heroic in my own
+    personality. No doubt they were the same kind of dreamings as are
+    present in multitudes of imaginative children; they are only of
+    interest in so far as a sexual element was present; and that was
+    algolagnic in character.
+
+    "I had a small fund of natural common sense; and my surroundings
+    were not favorable to sentimental imaginings; consequently I
+    believe I began to throw them off at an early age, though the
+    temperament which produced them is still a part of my nature.
+
+    "On the carnal side, the sexual instinct was decidedly
+    algolagnic. Masturbation is one of my earliest recollections;
+    indeed, it was not at first, so far as I remember, associated
+    with any sexual ideas at all; but began as a reflex animal act. I
+    do not remember its first occurrence. It soon, however, became
+    associated in my mind with algolagnic excitement, giving rise to
+    reveries which took the ordinary form of imagining oneself
+    stripped and whipped, etc., by persons of the opposite sex. The
+    _dramatis personæ_ in my own algolagnic reveries were elderly
+    women; somewhat strangely, I did not associate physical sexuality
+    at this period with young and attractive women. If scientific
+    light on these matters were generally available in the practical
+    bringing up of children, persons in charge of young children
+    might refrain from exciting an algolagnic tendency or doing
+    anything calculated to awake sexual emotions prematurely. In my
+    own case, I recollect acts performed by older persons in
+    ignorance and thoughtlessness which undoubtedly tended to foster
+    and strengthen my algolagnic instinct.
+
+    "Little or nothing was done to prevent, discover, or remedy the
+    pernicious habit into which I was falling unknowingly.
+    Circumcision was perhaps little thought of in those days as a
+    preventive of juvenile masturbation; at any rate, it was not
+    resorted to in my case. I remember, indeed, that a nurse
+    discovered that I was practicing masturbation, and I think she
+    made a few half-hearted attempts to stop it. It was probably
+    these attempts which gave me a growing feeling that there was
+    something wrong about masturbation, and that it must be practiced
+    secretly. But they were unsuccessful in their main object. The
+    practice continued.
+
+    "I went to school at the age of 10. There I came in contact
+    almost without warning, with the ordinary lewdness and grossness
+    of school conversation, and took to it readily. I soon became
+    conversant with the theory of sexual relations; but never got the
+    opportunity of sexual intercourse, and probably should have felt
+    some moral restraint even had such opportunity presented itself,
+    for coitus, however interesting it might be to talk about, was a
+    bigger thing to practice than masturbation. I masturbated fairly
+    frequently, occasionally producing two orgasms in quick
+    succession. I seldom masturbated with the hand; my method was to
+    lie face downward. There was probably little or no homosexuality
+    at my first school. I never heard of it till later, and it was
+    always repugnant to me, though surrounded with a certain morbid
+    interest. Masturbation was discountenanced openly at the school,
+    but was, I believe, extensively practiced, both at that school
+    and at the two others I afterward attended. The boys often talked
+    about the hygiene of it; and the general theory was that it was
+    somehow physically detrimental; but I heard no arguments advanced
+    sufficiently cogent to make me see the necessity for a real moral
+    effort against the habit, though, as I neared puberty, I was
+    indulging more moderately and with greater misgivings.
+
+    "The fact of becoming acquainted with the theory of sexual
+    intercourse tended to diminish the algolagnia, and to impel my
+    sexual instinct into an ordinary channel. On one occasion
+    circumstances brought me into close contact with a woman for
+    about three or four weeks, I being a mere boy and she very much
+    my senior. I felt sexually attracted by this woman, and allowed
+    myself a degree of familiarity with her which I have since
+    recognized as undue and have deeply regretted. It did not,
+    however, go to the length of seduction, and I trust may have
+    passed away without leaving any permanent harm. It should,
+    indeed, be remarked here that I never knew a woman sexually till
+    my marriage; and with the one exception mentioned I do not recall
+    any instance of conduct on my part toward a woman which could be
+    described as giving her an impulse downhill.
+
+    "On the psychic side my sexual emotions awoke in early childhood;
+    and though my love affairs as a boy were not frequent and were
+    kept to myself, they attained a considerable degree of emotional
+    power. Leaving out of account the precocious movements of the
+    sexual instinct to which I have already referred as colored by
+    psychic algolagnia, I may say that somewhat later, from the age
+    of puberty and onward, I had three or four love affairs, devoid
+    of any algolagnic tendency, and considerably more developed on
+    the psychic and emotional, than on the physical, side. In fact,
+    my experience has been that when deeply in love, when the mind is
+    full of the love ecstasy, the physical element of sexuality is
+    kept--doubtless only temporarily--in abeyance.
+
+    "To return now to the subject of masturbation. Here befell the
+    chief moral struggle of my early life; and no terms that I have
+    at command will adequately describe the stress of it.
+
+    "A casual remark heard one day as I was arriving at puberty
+    convinced me that there must be truth in the vague schoolboy
+    theory that masturbation was _weakening_. It was to the effect
+    that the evil results of masturbation practiced in boyhood would
+    manifest themselves in later life. I then realized that I must
+    relinquish masturbation, and I set myself to fight it; but with
+    grave misgivings that, owing to the early age at which I had
+    formed the habit, I had already done myself serious harm.
+
+    "Before many weeks had passed, I had formed a resolution to
+    abstain, which I kept thereafter without--so far as I
+    remember--more than one conscious lapse into my former habit.
+    Here it must be said at once that, so far as touches my own
+    experience of a struggle of this kind, the religious factor is of
+    primary importance as strengthening and sustaining the moral
+    effort which has to be made. I am writing an account of my
+    sexual, not my spiritual, experiences; but I should not only be
+    untrue to my convictions, but unable to give an accurate and
+    penetrating survey of the development of my sex life, unless I
+    were clearly to state that it was to a large extent on that life
+    that my strongest and most valuable religious experiences
+    arose.[219] It is to the endeavor to discipline the sexual
+    instinct, and to grapple with the difficulties and anxieties of
+    the sex life, that I owe what I possess of spiritual religion, of
+    the consciousness that my life has been brought into contact with
+    Divine love and power.
+
+    "My early habits, after they were broken off, left me none the
+    less a legacy of sexual neurasthenia and a slight varicocele. My
+    nocturnal pollutions were overfrequent; and I brooded over them,
+    being too reticent and too much afraid of exposure at school and
+    possible expulsion to confide in a doctor. Far better for me had
+    I done so, for a few years later I received the truest kindness
+    and sympathy in regard to sexual matters at the hands of more
+    than one medical man. But while at school I was afraid to speak
+    of the trouble which so unnerved and depressed me; and as a
+    consequence my morbid fears grew stronger, being intensified by
+    generalities which I met with from time to time in my reading on
+    the subject of the punishment which nature metes out to impurity.
+
+    "On leaving school my sex life continued for some years on the
+    same lines: a struggle for chastity, morbid fears and regrets
+    about the past, efforts to cope with the neurasthenia, and a
+    haunting dread of coming insanity. These troubles were increased
+    by my sedentary life. However I obtained medical aid, and put as
+    good a face on matters as possible.
+
+    "But the most trying thing of all has yet to be mentioned--the
+    discovery that I had not yet got fully clear of the habit of
+    masturbation. I had, indeed, repudiated it as far as my conscious
+    waking moments were concerned, even though strongly impelled by
+    sexual desire; but one night, about a year after I had
+    relinquished the practice, I found myself again giving way to it
+    in those moments between sleeping and waking when the will is
+    only semiconscious. It was as if a race took place for
+    wakefulness between my physical instinct, on the one side, and my
+    moral sense and inhibitory nerves on the other; and very
+    frequently the physical instinct won. This, perhaps, is not an
+    uncommon experience, but it distressed me greatly; and I never
+    felt safe from it until marriage. I resorted to various
+    expedients to combat this tendency, at length having to tie
+    myself in a certain position every night with a cord round my
+    legs, so as to render it impossible to turn over upon my face.
+
+    "In my early manhood the strain on my constitution was
+    considerable from causes other than the sexual neurasthenia,
+    which, indeed, I am now well aware I exaggerated in importance.
+    Medical advisers whom I consulted in that period assured me that
+    this was so; and, though at the time I often thought that they
+    were concealing the real facts from me out of kindness, my own
+    reading has since convinced me that they spoke nothing but
+    scientific truth.
+
+    "The years went on. I went through a university course, and in
+    spite of my poor health took a good degree. The agony of my
+    struggle for chastity seemed to come to a climax about four years
+    later when for a long period, partly owing to overstudy and
+    partly to the sexual strain, I fell into a condition of severe
+    nervous exhaustion, one of the most distressing symptoms of which
+    was insomnia. The dreaded cloud of insanity seemed to come
+    closer. I had to use alcohol freely at nights; and might by now
+    have become a drunkard, had I not been casually--or I must say,
+    Providentially--directed to the common sense plan of measuring my
+    whisky in a dram glass; so that the alcohol could not steal a
+    march upon me.
+
+    "This period was one of acute mental suffering. One cause of the
+    nervous tension was--as I have now no doubt--the need of healthy
+    sexual intercourse. I proved this eventually. My circumstances,
+    which had long been adverse to marriage, at length were shaped in
+    that direction. I renewed acquaintance with a lady whom I had
+    known well some years before; and our friendship ripened until,
+    after much perplexity on my side, owing to the uncertainty of my
+    health and prospects, I decided that it was right to speak. We
+    were married after a few months; and I realized that I had gained
+    an excellent wife. We did not come together sexually for some
+    nights after marriage; but, having once tasted the pleasure of
+    the marriage bed, I have to admit that, partly owing to ignorance
+    of the hygiene of marriage, I was for some time rather
+    unrestrained in conjugal relations, requiring intercourse as
+    often as eight or nine times a month. This was not unnatural when
+    one considers that I had now for the first time free access to a
+    woman, after a long and weary struggle to preserve chastity.
+    Married life, however, tends naturally--or did so in my case--to
+    regulate desire; and when I began to understand the ethics and
+    hygiene of sex, as I did a year or two after marriage, I was
+    enabled to exercise increasing self-restraint. We are now sparing
+    in our enjoyment of conjugal pleasure. We have had no children;
+    and I attribute this chiefly to the remaining sexual weakness in
+    myself.[220] But I may say that not only my sexual power, but my
+    nerve-power and general health, were greatly improved by
+    marriage; and though I have fallen back, the last year or two,
+    into a poor state of health, the cause of this is probably
+    overwork rather than anything to do with sex. Not but what it
+    must be said that, had it not been for the juvenile masturbation
+    superadded to a neuropathic temperament, my constitution would no
+    doubt have endured the general strain of life better than it has
+    done. The algolagnia, being one of the congenital conditions of
+    my sexual instinct, must be considered fundamental, and certainly
+    has not been eliminated. If I were to allow myself indulgence in
+    algolagnic reveries they would even now excite me without
+    difficulty; but I have systematically discouraged them, so that
+    they give me little or no practical trouble. My erotic dreams,
+    which years ago were (to the best of my remembrance) frequently
+    algolagnic, are now almost invariably normal.
+
+    "My conjugal relations have always been on the lines of strictly
+    normal sexuality. I have a deep sense of the obligations of
+    monogamous marriage, besides a sincere affection for my wife;
+    consequently I repress as far as possible all sexual
+    inclinations, such as will come involuntarily sometimes, toward
+    other women.
+
+    "From what I have disclosed, it will be seen that I am but a
+    frail man; but for many years I have striven honestly and hard to
+    discipline sexuality within myself, and to regulate it according
+    to right reason, pure hygiene, and the moral law; and I can but
+    hope and believe that the Divine Power in which I have endeavored
+    to trust will in the future, as it has done in the past, working
+    by natural methods and through the current events of my life,
+    amend and control my sex life and conduct it to safe and
+    honorable issues."
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--A.B., married, good general health, dark hair, fair
+    complexion, short-sighted, and below medium height. Parents both
+    belong to healthy families, but the mother suffered from nerves
+    during early years of married life, and the father, a very
+    energetic and ambitious man, was cold, passionless, and
+    unscrupulous. A.B. is the oldest child; two of the brothers and
+    sisters are slightly abnormal, nervously. But, so far as is
+    known, none of the family has ever been sexually abnormal.
+
+    A.B. was a bright, intelligent child, though inclined to be
+    melancholy (and in later years prone to self-analysis). At
+    preparatory school was fairly forward in studies, at public
+    school somewhat backward, at University suddenly took a liking to
+    intellectual pursuits. Throughout he was slack at games. Has
+    never been able to learn to swim from nervousness. Can whistle
+    well. Has always been fond of reading, and would like to have
+    been an author by profession. He married at 24, and has had two
+    children, both of whom showed congenital physical abnormalities.
+
+    Before the age of 7 or 8 A.B. can remember various trifling
+    incidents. "One of the games I used to play with my sister," he
+    writes, "consisted in pretending we were 'father and mother' and
+    were relieving ourselves at the w.c. We would squat down in
+    various parts of the room, prolong the simulated act, and talk. I
+    do not remember what our conversation was about, nor whether I
+    had an erection. I used also to make water from a balcony into
+    the garden, and in other unusual places.
+
+    "The first occasion on which I can recollect experiencing
+    sensations or emotions similar in character to later and more
+    developed feelings of desire was at the age of about 7 or 8, when
+    I was a dayboy at a large school in a country town and absolutely
+    innocent as to deed, thought, or knowledge. I fell in love with a
+    boy with whom I was brought in contact in my class, about my own
+    age. I remember thinking him pretty. He paid me no attention. I
+    had no distinct desire, except a wish to be near him, to touch
+    him, and to kiss him. I blushed if I suddenly saw him, and
+    thought of him when absent and speculated on my chances of seeing
+    him again. I was put into a state of high ecstasy when he invited
+    me to join him and some friends one summer evening in a game of
+    rounders.
+
+    "At the age of 8 I was told by my father's groom where babies
+    came from and how they were produced. (I already knew the
+    difference in sexual organs, as my sister and I were bathed in
+    the same room.) He told me no details about erection, semen, etc.
+    Nor did he take any liberties with me. I used to notice him
+    urinating; he used to push back the foreskin and I thought his
+    penis large.
+
+    "When about 8 years old the nursemaid told me that the boy at her
+    last place had intercourse with his sister. I thought it
+    disgusting. About a year later I told the nurse I thought the
+    story of Adam and Eve was not true and that when Eve gave Adam
+    the apple he had intercourse with her and she was punished by
+    having children. I don't know if I had thought this out, or if it
+    had been suggested to me by others. This nurse used often to talk
+    about my 'tassel.'
+
+    "A family of several brothers went to the same school with me,
+    and we used to indulge in dirty stories, chiefly, however, of the
+    w.c. type rather than sexual.
+
+    "When I was about 10 I learned much from my father's coachman. He
+    used to talk about the girls he had had intercourse with, and how
+    he would have liked this with my nursemaid.
+
+    "A year later I went to a large day school. I think most of the
+    boys, if not nearly all, were very ignorant and innocent in
+    sexual matters. The only incident in this connection I can
+    recollect is asking a boy to let me see his penis; he did so.
+
+    "During the summer holidays, at a watering place I attended a
+    theatrical performance and fell in love with a girl of about 12
+    who acted a part. I bought a photograph of her, which I kept and
+    kissed for several years after. About the same time I thought
+    rather tenderly of a girl of my own age whose parents knew mine.
+    I remember feeling that I should like to kiss her. Once I
+    furtively touched her hair.
+
+    "When I was 12 I was sent to a small preparatory boarding
+    school, in the country. During the holidays I used to talk about
+    sexual things with my father's footman. He must have told me a
+    good deal. I used to have erections. One evening, when I was in
+    bed and everyone else out (my mother and the children in the
+    country) he came up to my room and tried to put his hand on my
+    penis. I had been thinking of sexual matters and had an erection.
+    I resisted, but he persisted, and when he succeeded in touching
+    me I gave in. He then proceeded to masturbate me. I sank back,
+    overcome by the pleasant sensation. He then stopped and I went on
+    myself. In the meantime he had taken out his penis and
+    masturbated himself before me until the orgasm occurred. I was
+    disgusted at the sight of his large organ and the semen. He then
+    left me. I could hardly sleep from excitement. I felt I had been
+    initiated into a great and delightful mystery.
+
+    "I at once fell into the habit of masturbation. It was some
+    months before I could produce the orgasm; at about 13 a slight
+    froth came; at about 14 a little semen. I do not know how
+    frequently I did it--perhaps once or twice a week. I used to feel
+    ashamed of myself afterward. I told the man I was doing it and he
+    expressed surprise I had not known about it before he told me. He
+    warned me to stop doing it or it would injure my health. I
+    pretended later that I had stopped doing it.
+
+    "I practiced solitary masturbation for some months. At first the
+    semen was small in amount and watery.
+
+    "I had not at this time ever succeeded in drawing the foreskin
+    below the 'corona.' After masturbation I would sometimes feel
+    local pain in the penis, sometimes pains in the testicles, and
+    generally a feeling of shame, but not, I think, any lassitude.
+    The shame was a vague sense of discomfort at having done what I
+    knew others would regard as dirty. I also experienced fears that
+    I was injuring my health.
+
+    "It was not long before I found other boys at the preparatory
+    school with whom I talked of sexual things and in some cases
+    proceeded to acts. The boys were between the ages of 9 and 14;
+    they left at 14 or 15 for the public schools. We slept in
+    bedrooms--several in one room.
+
+    "There was no general conversation on sexual matters. Few of the
+    boys knew anything about things--perhaps 7 or 8 out of 40. Before
+    describing my experiences at the school I may mention that I
+    cannot remember having at this period any wish to experience
+    heterosexual intercourse; I knew as yet nothing of homosexual
+    practices; and I did not have, except in one case, any love or
+    affection for any of the boys.
+
+    "One night, in my bedroom--there were about six of us--we were
+    talking till rather late. My recollection commences with being
+    aware that all the boys were asleep except myself and one other,
+    P. (the son of a clergyman), who was in a bed at exactly the
+    opposite end of the room. I suppose we must have been talking
+    about this sort of thing, for I vividly remember having an
+    erection, and suddenly--as if by premonition--getting out of my
+    bed, and, with heart beating, going softly over to P.'s bed. He
+    exhibited no surprise at my presence; a few whispered words took
+    place; I placed my hand on his penis, and found he had an
+    erection. I started masturbating him, but he said he had just
+    finished. I then suggested, getting into bed with him. (I had
+    never heard at that time of such a thing being done, the idea
+    arose spontaneously.) He said it was not safe, and placed his
+    hand on my penis, I think with the object of satisfying and
+    getting rid of me. He masturbated me till the orgasm occurred.
+
+    "I had no further relations with him, except on one occasion,
+    shortly afterward, when one day, in the w.c. he asked me to
+    masturbate him. I did so. He did not offer to do the same to me.
+
+    "He was a delicate, feeble boy; not good at work; womanish in his
+    ways; inclined to go in for petty bullying, until a boy showed
+    fight, when he discovered himself to be an arrant coward. Four or
+    five years later I met him at the university. His greeting was
+    cool. My next affair was with a boy who was about my age (13),
+    strong, full-blooded, coarse, always in 'hot water.' He was the
+    son of the headmaster of one of the best-known public schools. It
+    was reported that two brothers had been expelled from this public
+    school for what we called 'beastliness.' He told me his older
+    brother used to have intercrural intercourse with him. This was
+    the first I had heard of this. We used to masturbate mutually. I
+    had, however, no affection or desire for him.
+
+    "With E., another boy, I had no relations, but I remember him as
+    the first person of the same sex for whom I experienced love. He
+    was a small, fair, thin, and little boy, some two years younger
+    than myself, so my inferior in the social hierarchy of a school.
+
+    "At the end of my last term I had two disappointments. I was
+    beaten by a younger and clever boy for the first place in the
+    school, and also beaten by one point in the competition for the
+    Athletic Cup by a stronger boy who had only come to the school
+    that very term. However, as a consolation prize, and as I was
+    leaving, the headmaster gave me a second prize. This soothed my
+    hurt feelings, and I remember, just after the 'head' had read out
+    the prizes, on the last day of term, E., coming up to me, putting
+    his arm on my shoulder, looking at me rather pensively, and in a
+    voice that thrilled me and made me wish to kiss and hug him, tell
+    me he was so glad I had got a prize and that it was a shame that
+    other chap had beaten me for the cup.
+
+    "I was three years (aged 12 to 15) at the preparatory school. I
+    started in the bottom form and ended second in the school. My
+    reports were generally good, and I was keen to do well in work. I
+    was considerably influenced by the 'head.' He was a clergyman,
+    but a man of wide reading, broad opinion, great scholarship, and
+    great enthusiasm. We became very friendly.
+
+    "During the holidays I now first practiced intercrural
+    intercourse with a younger brother. I started touching his penis,
+    and causing erections, when he was about 5. Afterward I got him
+    to masturbate me and I masturbated him; I used to get him into
+    bed with me. On one occasion I spontaneously (never having heard
+    of such a thing) made him take my penis in his mouth.
+
+    "This went on for several years. When I was about 16 and he about
+    10, the old family nurse spoke to me about it. She told me he had
+    complained of my doing it. I was in great fear that my parents
+    might hear of it. I went to him; told him I was sorry, but I had
+    not understood he disliked it, but that I would not do it again.
+
+    "About a year later (having persisted in this promise) I made
+    overtures to him, but he refused. I then commended his conduct,
+    and said I knew he was quite right, and begged him to refuse
+    again if I should ever suggest it. I did not ever suggest it
+    again. For many years I bitterly reproached myself for having
+    corrupted him. However, I do not think any harm has been done
+    him. But my self-reproaches have caused me to feel I owe some
+    reparation to him. I also have more affection for him than for my
+    other brothers and sisters.
+
+    "At the age of 15 I went to one of the large public schools. I
+    was fairly forward for my age, and entered high. But I made small
+    progress. I had bad reports; I was 'slack in games,' and not
+    popular among the boys. In fact, I stood still, so that when I
+    left I was backward in comparison with other boys of even less
+    natural intelligence.
+
+    "The teaching was certainly bad. Moreover, I had not any friends,
+    and this made me very sensitive. It was to a great extent my
+    fault. When I first went there I was taken up by a set above
+    me--boys who were 'senior' to me in standing. When they left I
+    found myself alone.
+
+    "My unpopularity was increased by my being considered to put on
+    'side'; also because I paid attention to my dress.
+
+    "At the public school I had homosexual relations with various
+    boys, usually without any passion. With one boy, however, I was
+    deeply in love for over a year; I thought of him, dreamed of him,
+    would have been content only to kiss him. But my courtship met
+    with no success.
+
+    "When carrying on with other boys the desire to reach the crisis
+    was not always strong, perhaps out of shyness or modesty.
+    Occasionally I had intercrural connection, which gave me the
+    first intimation of what intercourse with a woman was like. When
+    I masturbated in solitude I used to continue till the orgasm.
+
+    "My housemaster one day sent for me and said he had walked
+    through my cubicle and noticed a stain on the sheet. At this time
+    I used to have nocturnal emissions. I cannot remember whether on
+    this occasion the stain was due to one, or to masturbation. But I
+    imagined that one did not have 'wet dreams' unless one
+    masturbated. So when he went on to say that this was a proof that
+    I was immoral I acknowledged I masturbated. He then told me I
+    would injure my health--possibly 'weaken my heart,' or 'send
+    myself mad'; he said that he would ask me to promise never to do
+    it again.
+
+    "I promised. I left humiliated and ashamed of myself; also
+    generally frightened. He used to send for me every now and then,
+    and ask me if I had kept my promise. For some months I did. Then
+    I relapsed, and told him when he asked me. Ultimately he ceased
+    sending for me--apparently convinced either that I was cured or
+    that I was incorrigible.
+
+    "A year or so afterward he discovered in my study (for I was now
+    in the upper school and had a study) a French photograph that a
+    boy had given me, entitled '_Qui est dans ma chambre?_' It
+    represented a man going by mistake into the wrong bedroom; inside
+    the room was a woman, in nightdress, in an attitude that
+    suggested she had just been relieving herself. My housemaster
+    told me the picture was terribly indecent, and that, taken with
+    what he knew of my habits, it showed I was not a safe boy to be
+    in the school. He added that he did not wish to make trouble at
+    home, but that he advised me to get my parents to remove me at
+    the end of that term, instead of the following term, when, in the
+    ordinary course of things, I should have left.
+
+    "I wrote to my people to say I was miserable at school, and I was
+    removed at the end of that term.
+
+    "My first case of true heterosexual passion was with a girl
+    called D., whom I first knew when she was about 16. My family and
+    hers were friendly. My attraction to her soon became a matter of
+    common knowledge and joking to members of my family. She was a
+    dark, passionate-looking child, with large eyes that--to
+    me--seemed full of an inner knowledge of sexual mysteries.
+    Precocious, vain, jealous, untruthful--those were qualities in
+    her that I myself soon recognized. But the very fact that she was
+    not conventionally 'goody-goody' proved an attraction to me.
+
+    "I never openly made love to her, but I delighted to be near her.
+    Our ages were sufficiently separated for this to be noticeable. I
+    dreamed of her, and my highest ideal of blessedness was to kiss
+    her and tell her I loved her. I heard that she had been
+    discovered talking indecently in a w.c. to some little boys, sons
+    of a friend of my family's. The knowledge of this precocity on
+    her part intensified my fascination for her.
+
+    "When I left home to return to school I kissed her--the only
+    time. Absence did nothing to diminish my affection. I thought of
+    her all day long, at work or at play. I wrote her a letter--not
+    openly passionate, but my real feelings toward her must have been
+    apparent. I found out afterward that her mother opened the
+    letter.
+
+    "When I returned home for the holidays her mother asked me not;
+    to write her any letters and not to pay attentions to her, as I
+    might 'spoil her.' I promised. I was, of course, greatly
+    distressed.
+
+    "D. used to come to our house to see my younger sister. She had
+    clearly been warned by her mother not to allow me to speak to
+    her. I was too nervous to make any advances; besides, I had
+    promised. As I grew older, my passion died out. I have hardly
+    ever seen her since. She married some years ago. I still retain
+    sentimental feelings toward her.
+
+    "I was now 18; I had stopped growing and was fairly broad and
+    healthy. Intellectually I was rather precocious, though not
+    ambitious. But I was no good at games, had no tastes for physical
+    exercises, and no hobbies.
+
+    "During the holidays, in my last year at school, I had gone to
+    the Royal Aquarium with a school companion. This was followed by
+    one or two visits to the Empire Theatre. It was then that I first
+    discovered that sexual intercourse took place outside the limits
+    of married life. On one occasion my friend talked to one of the
+    women who were walking about. This same friend spoke to a
+    prostitute at Oxford. (At this time I went up to the university.)
+    Once or twice I met this girl. She used to ask about my friend.
+    My feelings toward her were a combination of admiration for her
+    physical beauty, a sense of the 'mystery' of her life, and pity
+    for her isolated position.
+
+    "On the whole, my first university term produced considerable
+    improvement in me. I began to be interested in my work and to
+    read a fair amount of general literature. I learned to bicycle
+    and to row. I also made one intimate friend.
+
+    "In my first holiday I went to the Empire and made the
+    acquaintance of a girl there, W.H. She attracted me by her quiet
+    appearance. I eventually made arrangements to pay her a visit. My
+    apprehensions consisted of: 1. Fear of catching venereal disease.
+    This I decided to safeguard by using a 'French letter.' 2. Fear
+    that she might have a 'bully.'
+
+    "The girl showed no sexual desire; but at that time this did not
+    attract my attention.
+
+    "I got very much 'gone' on her, paid her several visits, gave her
+    some presents I could ill afford, and felt very distressed when
+    she informed me she was to be married and therefore could not see
+    me any more.
+
+    "My experiences with prostitutes cover a period of twelve years.
+    During three years of this period I was continually in their
+    company. I have had intercourse with some two dozen; in some
+    cases only once; in others on numerous occasions. They have
+    usually been of the class that frequent Piccadilly, St. James
+    Restaurant, the Continental Hotel, and the Dancing Clubs. Usual
+    fee, £2 for the night; in one case, £5.
+
+    "1. Not one of them, as far as I knew, was a drunkard.
+
+    "2. As a rule, they were not mercenary or dishonest.
+
+    "3. In their language and general behavior they compared
+    favorably with respectable women.
+
+    "4. I never caught venereal disease.
+
+    "5. I twice caught pediculi.
+
+    "6. I did not find them, as a rule, very sensual or fond of
+    indecent talk. As a rule, they objected to stripping naked; they
+    did not touch my organs; they did not suggest masturbation,
+    sodomy, or _fellatio_. They seldom exhibited transports, but the
+    better among them seemed sentimental and affectionate.
+
+    "7. Their accounts of their first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' often by his addressing
+    them in the street; he took them about to dinners and theatres;
+    they were quite innocent and even ignorant; on one occasion they
+    drank too much; and before they knew what was happening they were
+    no longer virgins. They do not, however, apparently round on the
+    man or expose him or refuse to have anything more to do with him.
+
+    "8. They state--in common with the outwardly 'respectable' women
+    whom I have had a chance of catechising--that before the first
+    intercourse they did not feel any conscious desire for
+    intercourse and hardly devoted any thought to it, that it was
+    very painful the first time, and that some time elapsed before
+    they commenced to derive pleasure from it or to experience the
+    orgasm.
+
+    "E.B. was the second woman I had intercourse with. She was a
+    prostitute, but very young (about 18) and had only been in London
+    a few months. I met her first in the St. James Restaurant. I
+    spoke a few words to her. The next day I saw her in the
+    Burlington Arcade. I was not much attracted to her; she was
+    pretty, in a coarse, buxom style; vulgar in manners, voice, and
+    dress. She asked me to go home with her; I refused. She pressed
+    me; I said I had no money. She still urged me, just to drive home
+    with her and talk to her while she dressed for the evening. I
+    consented. We drove to lodgings in Albany Street. We went in. She
+    proceeded to kiss me. I remained cold, and told her again I had
+    no money. She then said: 'That does not matter. You remind me of
+    a boy I love. I want you to be my fancy boy.' I was flattered by
+    this. I saw a good deal of her. She was sentimental. I never gave
+    her any money. When I had some, she refused to take it, but
+    allowed me to spend a little in buying her a present. On the
+    night before I left London she wept. She wrote me illiterate, but
+    affectionate letters. One day she wrote to me that she was to be
+    kept by a man, but that she had made it a condition with him that
+    she should be allowed to have me. I had never been in love with
+    her, because of her vulgarity. I therefore took the earliest
+    opportunity of letting matters cool, by not writing often, etc.
+    The next thing I remember was my fascination, a few months later,
+    for S.H.
+
+    "She was not a regular prostitute. She had taken a very minor
+    part in light opera. She was American by birth, young, slim, and
+    spoke like a lady. Her hair was dyed; her breasts padded. She
+    acted sentiment, but was less affectionate than E.B. I met her
+    when she was out of a job. I gave her £2 whenever I met her. She
+    was not mercenary. She was sensual. I became very much in love
+    with her. I discovered her, however, writing letters to a fellow
+    whom I had met one day when I was walking with her. He was only
+    an acquaintance, but the brother of my most intimate friend. What
+    I objected to was that in this letter to him she protested she
+    did not care for me, but could not afford to give me up. She had
+    to plead guilty, but I was so fascinated by her I still kept in
+    with her, for a time, until she was kept by a man, and I had
+    found other women to interest me.
+
+    "Owing to the strict regulations made by the university
+    authorities, prostitutes find it hard to make a living there, and
+    I never had anything to do with one. My adventures were among the
+    shopgirl class, and were of a comparatively innocent nature. One
+    of them, however, M.S., a very undemonstrative shopgirl, was the
+    only girl not a prostitute with whom I had so far had
+    intercourse.
+
+    "About this time I made the acquaintance of three other
+    prostitutes, who, however, were nice, gentle, quiet girls,
+    neither vulgar nor mercenary. A night passed with them always
+    meant to me much more than mere intercourse. They
+    were--especially two of them--of a sentimental nature, and would
+    go to sleep in my arms. There was, on my part, not any passion,
+    but a certain sympathy with them, and pity and affection. I
+    remained faithful to the first, J.H., until she was kept by a
+    man, and gave up her gentlemen friends. Then came D.V. She got in
+    the family way and left London. Last, M.P. She was not pretty,
+    but a good figure, well dressed, a bright conversationalist, and
+    an intelligent mind. Her regular price for the night was £5, but
+    when she got to know one she would take one for less and take
+    one 'on tick.' She was very sensual. On one occasion, between 11
+    P.M. and about midday the following day I experienced the orgasm
+    eleven or twelve times.
+
+    "During term time I was often prevented from having women by want
+    of money and absence from London. I considered myself lucky if I
+    could have a woman once or twice a month. My allowance was not
+    large enough to admit of such luxuries; and I was only able to do
+    what I did by being economical in my general expenditure and
+    living, and by running up bills for whatever I could get on
+    credit. I lived in the hopes of picking up 'amateurs' who would
+    give me what I wanted for the love of it and without payment. My
+    efforts were not very successful at present, except in the case
+    of M.S. I considered myself very lucky in having discovered her,
+    and I should have stuck to her for longer but for the rival
+    attraction of another. There was, however, no deep sentiment on
+    either side.
+
+    "But in order to preserve a continuity in my account of the
+    women, I have left out two cases of temporary reversion to
+    homosexual practices. During the periods when I could not get a
+    woman I had recourse once more to masturbation. At times I had
+    'wet dreams' in which boys figured; and my thoughts, in waking
+    hours, sometimes reverted to memories of my school experiences. I
+    think, however, that I should have preferred a woman."
+
+    The homosexual reversions were as follows:--
+
+    "1. I had arranged to meet a shopgirl one evening, outside the
+    town. She did not turn up. The meeting place was a railway
+    bridge. Waiting there too, a few feet from me, was a boy of about
+    15. He was employed (I afterward found) by a gardener, and was
+    waiting to meet his brother, who was engaged on the line. I got
+    into casual conversation with him, and suddenly found myself
+    wondering whether he ever masturbated. With a feeling, that I can
+    only describe by calling it an intuition, I moved nearer him, and
+    asked: 'Do you ever play with yourself?' He did not seem
+    surprised at the abruptness of my question, and answered 'yes.' I
+    thereupon touched his penis, and _found he had an erection_! I
+    suggested retiring to a bench that was near. We sat down. I
+    masturbated him till he experienced the orgasm; then
+    intercrurally. I gave him a shilling, and said good night.
+
+    "2. During my last summer at the university I took to gardening.
+    There was a small piece of garden behind the house in which I had
+    lodgings. My landlady suggested getting a cousin of hers,
+    employed by a nurseryman, to supply me with plants, etc. He was a
+    youth of about 16 or 17, tall, dark, not bad favored in looks. I
+    forget how many times I saw him--not many, perhaps twice or
+    thrice; but one day, when he came to see me in my room, about
+    something connected with the garden, I gave him some old clothes
+    of mine. He was a great deal taller than myself, and I suggested
+    his trying on the trousers to see if they would fit. I do not
+    know whether I made this suggestion with any ulterior motive or
+    whether I had ever before thought of him in connection with any
+    sexual relations. I only know that once more, as if guided by
+    instinct, I felt he would not rebuff me, although certainly no
+    indecent talk had ever taken place between us. I pretended to
+    help him to pull up the trousers, and let my hand touch his
+    penis. He did not resist; and I felt his penis for a few seconds.
+    I then proposed he should come upstairs to my bedroom. No one was
+    in the house. We went up. He did not at first have an erection. I
+    asked why. He said 'because you are strange to me.' He then felt
+    my penis. Eventually we mutually masturbated one another. I gave
+    him half a crown.
+
+    "Some short time afterward he came again to the house. On this
+    occasion I attempted _fellatio_. I don't think I had at that time
+    ever heard of such a practice. He said, however, he did not like
+    it. He masturbated intercrurally. He said he had never done this
+    before, although he had had girls. (The other boy also told me he
+    had had girls.)
+
+    "3. On another occasion I was out bicycling. A boy, of about 10
+    years of age, offered me a bunch of violets for a penny. I told
+    him I would give him a shilling to pick me a large bunch. I am
+    not sure if I had any ulterior motive. He proceeded into a wood
+    on the side of the road; I dismounted from my machine and
+    followed him. He was a pretty, dark boy. He made water. I went up
+    to him and asked him to let me feel his penis. He at once jumped
+    away, and ran off shrieking. I was frightened, mounted my
+    bicycle, and rode as fast as I could home.
+
+    "There was no sentiment in the above cases. It is also to be
+    noted that in neither instance did I make any arrangements to see
+    the person again. As far as I can remember, when once I was
+    satisfied I felt disgust for my act. In the case of women this
+    was never so.
+
+    "Two of the women described in the foregoing pages stand out
+    above the others. Perhaps I have not sufficiently shown that in
+    the cases of W.H. and S.H. I felt a considerable degree of
+    _passion_. W.H. was the first woman with whom I had had
+    intercourse; this invested her in my heart, with a peculiar
+    sentiment. In neither case can I be accused of fickleness.
+    Indeed, I may say that up to this time I had had no opportunity
+    of being fickle. I never saw enough, or had enough, of a woman to
+    get a surfeit of her.
+
+    "The case I now come to presents the features of the cases of
+    W.H. and S.H. in a stronger form. I was then 20; I have since
+    then married; I am a father; my experiences have been many and
+    varied; but still I must confess that no other woman has ever
+    stirred my emotions more than--I doubt if as much as--D.C. Up to
+    date, if there has been any grand passion in my life, it is my
+    love for her. D.C., when I got to know her--by talking to her in
+    the street--was a girl of about 20. She was short and plump; dark
+    hair; dark, mischievous eyes; a fair complexion; small features;
+    quiet manners, and a sensual _ensemble_. I do not know what her
+    father was. He was dead, her mother kept a university lodging
+    house. She spoke and behaved like a lady. She dressed quietly;
+    was absolutely unmercenary; her intelligence--i.e., her
+    intellectual calibre--was not great. Her master-passion was one
+    thing. The first evening I walked out with her she put her hand
+    down on my penis, before I had even kissed her, and proposed
+    intercourse. I was surprised, almost embarrassed; she herself led
+    me to a wall, and standing up made me do it.
+
+    "Next day we went away for the day together. I may say she was
+    _always_ ready and never satisfied. She was sensual rather than
+    sentimental. She was ready to shower her favors anywhere and to
+    anyone. My feelings toward her soon became affectionate and
+    sentimental, and then passionate. I thought of nothing else all
+    day long; wrote her long letters daily; simply lived to see her.
+
+    "I found she was engaged to be married. Her _fiancé_, a
+    schoolmaster, himself used to have intercourse with her, but he
+    had taken a religious turn and thought it was wicked to do it
+    until they married. I had intercourse with her on every possible
+    occasion: in private rooms at hotels, in railway carriages, in a
+    field, against a wall, and--when the holidays came--she stayed a
+    night with me in London. She had apparently no fear of getting in
+    the family way, and never used any precaution. Sensual as she
+    was, she did not show her feelings by outward demonstration.
+
+    "On one occasion she proposed _fellatio_. She said she had done
+    it to her _fiancé_ and liked it. This is the only case I have
+    known of a woman wishing to do it for the love of it.
+
+    "The emotional tension on my nerves--the continual jealousy I was
+    in, the knowledge that before long she would marry and we must
+    part--eventually caused me to get ill. She never told me she
+    loved me more than any other man; yet, owing to my importunity,
+    she saw much more of me than anyone else. It came to the ears of
+    her _fiancé_ that she was in my company a great deal; there was a
+    meeting of the three of us--convened at his wish--at which she
+    had formally, before him, to say 'good-bye' to me. Yet we still
+    continued to meet and to have intercourse.
+
+    "Then the date of her marriage drew near. She wrote me saying that
+    she could not see me any more. I forced myself, however, on her,
+    and our relations still continued. Her elder sister interviewed
+    me and said she would inform the authorities unless I gave her
+    up; a brother, too, came to see me and made a row.
+
+    "I had what I seriously intended to be a last meeting with her.
+    But after that she came up to London to see me, we went to a
+    hotel together. We arranged to see one another again, but she did
+    not write. I had now left the university. I heard she was
+    married.
+
+    "It was now four years since I had first had intercourse with a
+    woman. During this time I was almost continually under the
+    influence, either of a definite love affair or of a general
+    lasciviousness and desire for intercourse with women. My
+    character and life were naturally affected by this. My studies
+    were interfered with; I had become extravagant and had run into
+    debt. It is worthy of note that I had never up to this time
+    considered the desirability of marriage. This was perhaps chiefly
+    because I had no means to marry. But even in the midst of my
+    affairs I always retained sufficient sense to criticise the moral
+    and intellectual calibre of the women I loved, and I held strong
+    views on the advisability of mental and moral sympathies and
+    congenital tastes existing between people who married. In my
+    amours I had hitherto found no intellectual equality or
+    sympathies. My passion for D.C. was prompted by (1) the bond that
+    sexual intercourse with a woman has nearly always produced in my
+    feelings, (2) her physical beauty, (3) that she was sensual, (4)
+    that she was a lady, (5) that she was young, (6) that she was not
+    mercenary. It was kept alive by the obstacles in the way of my
+    seeing her enough and by her engagement to another.
+
+    "The D.C. affair left me worn out emotionally. I reviewed my life
+    of the last four years. It seemed to show much more heartache,
+    anxiety, and suffering than pleasure. I concluded that this
+    unsatisfactory result was inseparable from the pursuit of
+    illegitimate amours. I saw that my work had been interfered with,
+    and that I was in debt, owing to the same cause. Yet I felt that
+    I could never do without a woman. In this quandary I found myself
+    thinking that marriage was the only salvation for me. Then I
+    should always have a woman by me. I was sufficiently sensible to
+    know that unless there were congenial tastes and sympathies, a
+    marriage could not turn out happily, especially as my chief
+    interests in life (after woman) were literature, history, and
+    philosophy. But I imagined that if I could find a girl who would
+    satisfy the condition of being an intellectual companion to me,
+    all my troubles would be over; my sexual desire would be
+    satisfied, and I could devote myself to work.
+
+    "In this frame of mind I turned my thoughts more seriously in the
+    direction of a girl whom I had known for some two years. Her age
+    was nearly the same as mine. My family and hers were acquainted
+    with one another. I had established a platonic friendship with
+    her. Undoubtedly the prime attraction was that she was young and
+    pretty. But she was also a girl of considerable character.
+    Without being as well educated as I was, she was above the
+    average girl in general intelligence. She was fond of reading;
+    books formed our chief subject of conversation and common
+    interest. She was, in fact, a girl of more intelligence than I
+    had yet encountered. On her side, as I afterward discovered, the
+    interest in me was less purely platonic. Our relations toward one
+    another were absolutely correct. Yet we were intimate, informal,
+    and talked on subjects that would be considered forbidden topics
+    between two young persons by most people. I felt she was a true
+    friend. She, too, confided to me her troubles.
+
+    "We corresponded with one another frequently. Sometimes it
+    occurred, to me that it was rather strange she should be so keen
+    to write to me, to hear from me, and to see me; but I had never
+    thought of her, consciously, except as a friend; I never for a
+    moment imagined she thought of me except as an interesting and
+    intelligent friend. Nor did the idea of illicit love ever suggest
+    itself to me. She was one of those women whose face and
+    expression put aside any such thought. I was, indeed, inclined to
+    regard her as a good influence on me, but as passionless. I
+    confided to her the affair of D.C., which took place during our
+    acquaintance. She was distressed, but sympathetic and not
+    prudish. I did not suspect the cause of her distress; I thought
+    it was owing to her disappointment in the ideals she had formed
+    of me. She invited me to join her and her family for a part of
+    the summer (I had now left the university, having obtained my
+    degree in low honors) and I decided to join them. At this stage
+    there began to impress itself on my mind the possibility that she
+    cared for me; also the desirability, if that were so, of becoming
+    engaged to her. I found my feelings became warmer. On several
+    occasions we found ourselves alone. Then, one day, our talk
+    became more personal, more tender; and I kissed her. I do
+    recollect distinctly the thought flashing through my mind, as she
+    allowed me to kiss her, that she was not after all the
+    passionless and 'straight' girl I had thought. But the idea must
+    have been a very temporary one; it did not return; she declared
+    her love for me; and without any express 'proposal' on my part we
+    walked home that afternoon mutually taking it for granted that we
+    were engaged. I was happy, and calmly happy; proud and elated.
+
+    "Circumstances now made it necessary for me to make money for
+    myself and I was forced to enter a profession for which I had
+    never felt any attraction; indeed, I had never considered the
+    possibility of it, until I became engaged, and saw I must support
+    myself if I were ever to marry. I worked hard, and rapidly
+    improved my position.
+
+    "I think I am correct in stating that from the day I became
+    engaged my sexual troubles seemed to have ceased. My thoughts and
+    passions were centred on one woman. We wrote to one another
+    twice every week, and as far as I was concerned every thought and
+    feeling I had I told her, and the receipt of her letters was for
+    me the event of my life for nearly three years. My anxiety in
+    connection with my work used up a great deal of my energy, and,
+    although I looked forward to the time when I should have a woman
+    at my side every night, my sexual desires were in abeyance. Nor
+    did I feel any desire or temptation for other women.
+
+    "I masturbated, but not frequently. Generally I did it to the
+    accompaniment of images or scenes associated with my betrothed,
+    sometimes the act was purely auto-erotic. My leisure time was
+    devoted to reading.
+
+    "On only one occasion did I have intercourse with a woman during
+    my engagement (three years); it was with a girl whose
+    acquaintance I had made at the university and who asked me to
+    come to see her.
+
+    "I married at the age of 24. Looking back on the early days of my
+    married life it is now a matter of surprise to me that I was so
+    far from exhibiting the transports of passion which since then
+    have accompanied any intercourse with a new woman. Partly I was
+    frightened of shocking her; partly my three years of comparative
+    abstinence had chastened me. It was some weeks before I ever saw
+    my wife entirely naked; I never touched her parts with my hand
+    for many months; and after the first few weeks I did not have
+    intercourse with her frequently.
+
+    "Perhaps this was to be expected. The basis of my affection for
+    her had always been a moral or mental one rather than physical,
+    although she was a handsome, well-made girl. Besides, money and
+    other worries kept my thoughts busy, as well as struggles to make
+    both ends meet.
+
+    "Indeed, I may say my sexual nature seemed to be dying out. When
+    I had been married less than six months I discovered that sexual
+    intercourse with my wife no longer meant what sexual intercourse
+    used to mean--no excitement or exaltation or ecstasy. My wife
+    perhaps contributed to this by her attitude. She confessed
+    afterward to me that for the first week or so she positively
+    dreaded bedtime, so physically painful was intercourse to her;
+    that it was many weeks, if not months, before she experienced the
+    orgasm. For the first year and more of marriage she could not
+    endure touching my penis. This at first disappointed me; then
+    annoyed and finally almost disgusted me.
+
+    "Later on, she learned to experience the orgasm. But she was very
+    undemonstrative during the act, and it was seldom that the orgasm
+    occurred simultaneously; she took a much longer time.
+
+    "I ceased to think about sexual matters. When I had been married
+    about three years I was aware that, in my case, marriage meant
+    the loss of all mad ecstasy in the act. I knew that if I had no
+    work to do, and plenty of money, and temptation came my way, I
+    should like to have another woman. But there was no particular
+    woman to enchain my fancy and I did not have time or money or
+    inclination to hunt for one.
+
+    "At times I masturbated. Sometimes I did this to the
+    accompaniment of homosexual desires or memories of the past. Then
+    I got my wife to masturbate me.
+
+    "About four years after marriage I got a woman from Piccadilly
+    Circus to do _fellatio_. I had never had this done before. She
+    did not do it genuinely, but used her fingers.
+
+    "As stated above various anxieties, the fact that I could always
+    satisfy my physical desires, all served to calm me. I was also
+    interested in my work and had become ambitious to improve my
+    position and was very energetic.
+
+    "On the whole, notwithstanding money worries, the first four or
+    five years of my married life were the happiest in my life.
+    Certainly I was very free from sexual desires; and the general
+    effect of marriage was to make me economical, energetic,
+    ambitious, and unselfish. I was certainly overworked. I seldom
+    got to bed before 1 or 2; my meals were irregular; and I became
+    worried and nervous. At the beginning of my fifth year of married
+    life I got run down, and had a severe illness, and at one time my
+    life was in danger, but I had a fairly rapid convalescence.
+
+    "My illness was critical, in more senses than one. My
+    convalescence was accompanied by a remarkable recrudescence of my
+    sexual feelings. I will trace this in detail: 1. As I got
+    well--but while still in bed--I found myself experiencing, almost
+    continually, violent erections. These were at first of an
+    auto-erotic character, and I masturbated myself, thus gaining
+    relief to my nerves. 2. I also found my thoughts tending toward
+    sexual images, and I felt a desire toward my nurse. I first
+    became conscious of this when I noticed that I experienced an
+    erection during the time that she was washing me. I mentioned the
+    matter to my doctor, who told me not to worry, and said the
+    symptoms were usual in the circumstances. 3. When I got up and
+    about I found myself desiring very keenly to have intercourse
+    with my wife. I can almost say that I felt more sexually excited
+    than I had done for four or five years. As soon, however, as I
+    had had intercourse with my wife a few times I felt my desire
+    toward her cease. 4. My thoughts now centered on having a woman
+    to do _fellatio_, and as soon as I was well enough to go out I
+    got a prostitute to do this.
+
+    "Just before I was ill my wife had a child, which was born with
+    more than one abnormality. No doubt the shock and worry caused by
+    this got me into a low state and predisposed me to my illness.
+    But the consequences were farther reaching still. The child
+    underwent an operation, and my wife had to take her away into the
+    country for nearly six weeks, so as to give her better air. I was
+    left alone in London, for the first time since my marriage. The
+    worry in connection with the child, and the heavy expense, served
+    to keep me nervously upset after I had apparently recovered
+    physically from the illness. Once more I found myself thinking
+    about women. As an additional factor in the situation I became
+    friendly with an old college-chum whom I had not seen much of for
+    many years. He lived the life of a fashionable young bachelor and
+    was at the time keeping a woman. The only common interest between
+    us was women. I found myself reverting to the old condition of
+    rampant lust that had been such a curse to me in my university
+    days. Some books he lent me had a decided effect. They gave me
+    erections; and it was on top of the excitement thus engendered
+    that one day I got a woman to do _fellatio_, as already
+    mentioned. Moreover, since my illness, I found all my previous
+    energy and ambition had gone.
+
+    "I have stated that I was in London alone with two servants. The
+    housemaid was a young girl; nice looking, with beautiful eyes and
+    a sensual expression. She had been with us for about a year. I
+    cannot remember when I first thought of her in a sexual way. But
+    one evening I suddenly felt a desire for her. I talked to her; I
+    found my voice trembling; I let my hand, as if by accident, touch
+    hers; she did not withdraw it; and in a second I had kissed her.
+    She did not resist. I took her on my knee, and tried to take
+    liberties, which she resisted, and I desisted.
+
+    "Next day I kissed her again, and put my hand inside her breasts.
+    The same evening I took her to an exhibition. On the way home, in
+    a hansom cab, I made her masturbate me. This was followed by a
+    feeling of great relief, elation, and _pride_.
+
+    "Next morning, when she came up to my bedroom to call me, I
+    kissed and embraced her; she allowed me to take liberties, and,
+    reassuring her by saying I would use a preventive, I had
+    intercourse with her. She flinched somewhat. She then told me she
+    was at her period and that she had never had intercourse with a
+    man before.
+
+    "During the next few weeks I found her an adept pupil, though
+    always shy and undemonstrative. I took her to a hotel, and
+    experienced the intensest pleasure I had ever had in undressing
+    her. I had lately heard about _cunnilingus_. I now did it to her.
+    I soon found I experienced very great pleasure in this, as did
+    she. (I had attempted it with my wife, but found it disgusted
+    me.) I also had intercourse _per anum_. (This again was an act I
+    had heard about, but had never been able to regard as
+    pleasurable. But books I had been reading stated it was most
+    pleasant both to man and woman.) She resisted at first, finding
+    it hurt her much; it excited me greatly; and when I had done it
+    in this way several times she herself seemed to like it,
+    especially if I kept my hand on her clitoris at the same time.
+
+    "My relations with the housemaid, with whom I cannot pretend that
+    I was in love, were only put an end to by satiety, and when I
+    went away for my holidays I was utterly exhausted. This was,
+    however, only the first of a series of relationships, at least
+    one of which deeply stirred my emotional nature. These
+    experiences, however, it is unnecessary to detail. There have
+    also been occasional homosexual episodes.
+
+    "I think I am now in a much healthier condition than I have been
+    for some years. (I assume that it is _not_ healthy for all one's
+    thoughts to be always occupied on sexual subjects.) The
+    conclusion I come to is that I can live a normal, healthy life,
+    devoting my thoughts to my work, and finding pleasure in
+    friendship, in my children, in reading, and in other sources of
+    amusement, as long as I can have occasional relations with a
+    young girl--i.e., about once a week. But if this outlet for my
+    sexual emotions is stopped sexual thoughts obsess my brain; I
+    become both useless and miserable.
+
+    "I have never regretted my marriage. Not only do I feel that life
+    without a wife and home and children would be miserable, but I
+    entertain feelings of great affection toward my wife. We are well
+    suited to one another; she is a woman of character and
+    intelligence; she looks after my home well, is a sensible and
+    devoted mother, and understands me. I have never met a woman I
+    would have sooner married. We have many tastes and likings in
+    common, and--what is not possible with most women--I can, as a
+    rule, speak to her about my feelings and find a listener who
+    understands.
+
+    "On the other hand, all passion and sentiment have died out. It
+    seems to me that this is inevitable. Perhaps it is a good thing
+    this should be so. If men and women remained in the state of
+    erotic excitement they are in when they marry, the business and
+    work of the world would go hang. Unfortunately, in my case this
+    very erotic excitement is the chief thing in life that appeals to
+    me!
+
+    "The factors that in my case have produced this death of passion
+    and sentiment are as follows:--
+
+    "1. Familiarity. When one is continually in the company of a
+    person all novelty dies out. In the case of husband and wife, the
+    husband sees his wife every day; at all times and seasons;
+    dressed, undressed; ill; good tempered, bad tempered. He sees her
+    wash and perform other functions; he sees her naked whenever he
+    likes; he can have intercourse with her whenever he feels
+    inclined. How can love (as I use the expression--i.e., sexual
+    passion) continue?
+
+    "2. Satiety. I am of a 'hot,' sensual disposition, inclined to
+    excess, as far as my health and nerves are concerned. The
+    appetite gets jaded.
+
+    "3. Absence of strong sexual reciprocity on the part of my wife.
+    I have referred to this above. She likes intercourse, but she is
+    never outwardly demonstrative. She has naturally a chaste mind.
+    She never is guilty of those little indecencies which affect some
+    men a great deal. She does not like talking of these things; and
+    she tells me that if I died, she would never want to have
+    intercourse again with anyone. At times, especially recently, she
+    has even asked me to have intercourse with her, or to masturbate
+    her; but it is seldom that the orgasm occurs contemporaneously.
+    In this respect she is different from other women I knew, in whom
+    the mere fact that the orgasm was occurring in me at once
+    produced it in them. At the same time I doubt whether even strong
+    sexual reciprocity would have retained my passion for long.
+
+    "4. During the early years of our married life money worries
+    caused at times disagreements, reproaches and quarrels. Passion
+    and sentiment are fragile and cannot stand these things.
+
+    "5. The fact that I had already had other women diminished the
+    feeling of awe with which many regard the sexual act and the
+    violation of sexual conventions.
+
+    "6. Loss of beauty. Loss of figure is, I fear, inseparable from
+    childbearing especially if the woman works hard. We have always
+    had servants, still my wife has always worked hard, at sewing,
+    etc.
+
+    "I have stated that I entertain feelings of respect and
+    admiration for my wife. But I almost _loathe_ the idea of
+    intercourse with her. I would sooner masturbate, and think of
+    another woman than have intercourse with her. It causes nausea in
+    me to touch her private parts. Yet with other women it affords me
+    mad pleasure to kiss them, every part of their bodies. But my
+    wife still feels for me the love she had when we first married.
+    There lies the tragedy."
+
+The following narrative is a continuation of History XII in the previous
+volume:--
+
+    HISTORY III.--I had become good looking. For a time I knew what
+    it was to have loving looks from every woman I met, and being
+    saner and healthier I would seem to be moving in a divine
+    atmosphere of color and fragrance, pearly teeth and bright eyes.
+    Even the old women with daughters looked at me amiably--married
+    women with challenge and maidens with Paradise in their eyes.
+
+    "I was standing one morning at St. Peter's corner, with two young
+    friends, when a girl went by, coming over from the Roman Catholic
+    cathedral. When she had passed she looked back, with that
+    imperious swing that is almost a command, at me, as my friends
+    distinctly admitted. They advised me to follow her; I did so, and
+    she turned a pretty, blushing face and pair of dark gray eyes,
+    with just the kind of eyebrows I liked: brown, very level, rather
+    thick, but long. Her teeth and mouth were perfect, and she spoke
+    with a slight Irish brogue. She let me do all the talking while
+    she took my measure. God knows what she saw in me! I spoke in an
+    affected manner, I remember, imitating some swell character I had
+    seen on the stage a night or two before, but I was wise enough
+    not to talk too much and to behave myself. She promised to meet
+    me again and made the appointment. She was a school-teacher and
+    engaged to be married to some one else. She meant to amuse
+    herself her own way before she married. The second night I met
+    her she allowed me to kiss her as much as I liked and promised
+    all her favors for the third night. We took a long walk, and in
+    the dark she gave herself to me, but I hurt her so much I had to
+    stop two or three times. She had had connection only once, years
+    before, when at school herself. She was inclined to be sensual,
+    but she was young, fresh, and pretty, and her kisses turned my
+    head. I fell genuinely in love with her and told her so, one
+    night when she was particularly fascinating, with the tears in my
+    eyes; and her face met mine with equal love. The first night or
+    two I had felt no pleasure--whether through years of self-abuse
+    or not I do not know,--but this night my whole being was excited.
+    I met her once and sometimes twice a week and was always thinking
+    of her. My sister saw me looking love-sick one day and I heard
+    her say 'He's in love,' which rather flattered me, and I looked
+    more love-sick and idiotic than ever. It was all wrong and
+    perverted. She continued to meet her _fiancé_, and intended to
+    marry him. We both spoke of 'him' as an adultress speaks of her
+    husband. That high level of tears and childlike joy in our youth
+    and love was never reached again. But I realized her _sex_, her
+    kisses, her presence--after all those years of horror (if she had
+    only known)--more even than the sexual act itself; while she, as
+    time went on, commenced to show a curiosity which I thought
+    desecrating; she liked to examine--to 'let her hand stray,' were
+    her words. Even her beauty seemed impaired some nights and I
+    caught a gleam in her eye and a curve of her lip I thought
+    vulgar. But perhaps the next night I met her she would be as
+    bright as ever.
+
+    "I introduced her to my friends, who knew our relations, for I
+    blabbed everything. But she did not mind their knowing and if we
+    met would give them all a kiss, so that I felt I had been rather
+    too profuse in my hospitality, though I still would say: 'Have
+    another one, Bert; I don't mind.' But whatever ass I made of
+    myself she forgave me anything, and was fonder of me every time
+    we met, while I, although I did not know it for a long time, was
+    less fond of her. She knew how to revive my love, however. Some
+    nights she would not meet me, and I would be like a madman. Other
+    nights she would meet me, but not let me raise her dress. She
+    would lie on me, on a moonlit night, and her young face in shadow
+    like a siren's in its frame of hair, merely to kiss me. But what
+    kisses! Slow, cold kisses changing to clinging, passionate ones.
+    She would leave my mouth to look around, as if frightened, and
+    come back, open-mouthed, with a side-contact of lips that brought
+    out unexpected felicities.
+
+    "One night her _fiancé_ saw us together, and followed me after I
+    left her, but on turning a corner I ran. I ridiculed him to her
+    and despised him. I should have found it difficult to say why.
+    Another night her brother attacked me, and it would have gone
+    hard with me, but Annie pulled me in and banged the door. We were
+    in a friend's house, but her father came around soon and laid a
+    stick about her shoulders, in my presence. I tried to talk big,
+    and said something idiotic about being as good a man as her
+    betrothed, as though my intentions were honorable, which for one
+    brief moment made Anne look at me, paler faced and changed, such
+    a strange glance. But he beat her home, enjoying my rage, and she
+    went away, crying in her hands. I was allowed to go unmolested.
+
+    "I soon received a letter from her asking me not to mind and
+    making an appointment, at which she turned up cheerful and
+    unconcerned. She went to confession, and would meet me
+    afterwards; and her faith in that, and the difference of our
+    religions (if I had any religion) would make her seem strange and
+    alien to me at times, even banal. At last our meetings became a
+    mere habit of sensuality, with all charm, and suggestion of
+    better things eliminated....
+
+    "I went with my friend George (who shared my room) one afternoon
+    and called at Annie's school; she kept an infants' school of her
+    own. She came to the door herself. It was the first time I had
+    seen her in daylight, and I thought her cheek-bones bigger; she
+    certainly was not so pretty as on the first evening I met her.
+    George had told me he would sleep away if I wanted the room, and
+    when next I met her she promised to come and sleep with me.
+    Before I had always met her on the grass, under trees. She came,
+    and the sight of her young limbs and breasts revived something of
+    my love for her, my better love. But she was insatiable and more
+    sensual every day. One day she came when I was not well, and
+    would not go away disappointed. I had met a very pretty girl
+    about this time, and now resolved to give Annie up, which I did
+    in the cruelest manner, cutting her dead, and refusing to answer
+    her letters and touching messages. I heard that she would cry for
+    hours, but I was harder than adamant....
+
+    "I thought myself very much in love with the very pretty girl for
+    whom I had thrown up Annie. She lived with her mother and two
+    sisters, one older than herself, the other a mere child. The
+    eldest sister, a handsome, dark girl like a Spaniard, was not
+    virtuous. She was good natured; too much so, and took her
+    pleasure with several of us, dying, not long after, of
+    consumption. I thought her sister, my girl, was virtuous, and I
+    meant to marry her--some day. At any rate, I saw her mother, who
+    lived in a well-furnished house and was a superior woman. This
+    did not prevent my trying to seduce her daughter. I did not
+    succeed for a long time, though she did not cease meeting me. The
+    sisters came to see us. I knew, one night, her sister was
+    upstairs with D. and I guessed what they were at, so I suggested
+    to her she should creep up on them for fun. She did so, came
+    back, excited and pale--and gave herself to me. But she was not a
+    virgin and in time I had a glimpse of her unhappy fate and her
+    mother's position. Her father was dead or divorced, and her
+    mother, I believe, was mistress to some wealthy bookmaker. I am
+    not sure, there was always a mystery hanging over the mother, nor
+    am I certain that she connived at her daughter's seduction, but
+    the girl's account was that after some successful Cup day there
+    had been too much champagne drunk all around, and that a man she
+    looked on as a friend came into her bedroom that night when she
+    was _tête montée_ and seduced or violated her--whichever word you
+    like to choose. Since then his visits had been frequent until she
+    met me, she said, and if I would be true to her she would be a
+    true wife to me, and I believed her and still believe she meant
+    what she said. But I left Melbourne shortly after this, our
+    letters got few and far between, and ultimately I heard she was
+    married to a young man who had always been in love with her....
+
+    "Among the inmates of the boarding house was a 'married' couple
+    who stayed for some time; he was an insignificant, ugly, little,
+    crosseyed commercial traveler; she was a pretty, little creature
+    who looked as innocent and was as merry as a child; we all vied
+    in paying her attentions and waiting on her like slaves, the
+    husband always smiling a cryptic smile. After they had left it
+    was hinted they were not married at all; the oldest hands had
+    been taken in.... One afternoon I met Dolly, the commercial
+    traveler's wife, and she stopped and spoke to me. I remembered
+    what I had heard and ventured on some pleasantry at which she
+    laughed, and on my proposing that we should go for a walk she
+    consented. She had left the commercial traveler, it came out in
+    conversation, and we went on talking and walking, one idea only
+    in my mind now; could I detain her till dark? Dolly, who was very
+    pretty indeed, amused herself with me for hours, playing hot and
+    cold, snubbing me one minute, encouraging me with her eyed
+    another. Hour after hour went and she found this game so
+    entertaining that she accompanied me to the park behind the
+    Botanical Gardens, and it was not until it was too late for me to
+    catch a train home that she gave herself to me. In fact, we
+    stayed out the whole of that warm summer night. As the hours went
+    by she told me of her home in London and how she first went
+    wrong. She had been a good girl till one day on an excursion she
+    drank some rum or gin, which seemingly revived some dormant taint
+    of heritage; when she went home that night she fell flat at her
+    mother's feet. Her parents, well-to-do shopkeepers, who had
+    forgiven her several times before, turned her out. She became one
+    man's mistress and then another's. She began early, and was
+    scarcely 19 now. She would leave off the drink for a time and try
+    to be respectable. She loved her father and mother, but she could
+    not help drinking at times. She spoke cheerfully and laughingly
+    about it all; she was young, strong, good natured, and careless.
+    We went to sleep for a little while and then wandered in the
+    early morning down toward the cemetery, when she tried to tidy
+    her hair, asking me how I had enjoyed myself and not waiting for
+    an answer. She was thirsty, she said, and when the public houses
+    opened we went and had a drink. It was the first time I had seen
+    her drink alcohol,--at the boarding house she had always been the
+    picture of health and sweetness,--and I saw a change come over
+    her at once, so that I understood all that she had told me. The
+    sleepless night may have made it worse, but the look that came
+    into her eyes, and the looseness of the fibres not only of her
+    tell-tale wet mouth, but of every muscle of her face was
+    startling and piteous to see. She saw my look and laughed, but
+    her laugh was equally piteous to hear, and when she spoke again
+    her voice had changed too, and was equally piteous. She asked for
+    another. 'No, don't,' I begged, for the pretty girl I had
+    flattered myself I had passed a summer's night with that most
+    young men would envy, showed signs of changing, like some siren,
+    into a flabby, blear-eyed boozer. That hurt my vanity.
+
+    "I met her another night and she took, me to her lodgings, and I
+    slept with her all night. I no longer tried to stop her drinking,
+    but drank with her. I ceased to treat her with courtesy and
+    gallantry; she noticed it, but only drank the more, drank till
+    she became dirty in her ways, till her good looks vanished. I
+    left her, too drunk to stand, as some friend, a woman, called on
+    her.
+
+    "She came to see me once more, like her old self, so well dressed
+    and well behaved, and chatted so cheerfully to my landlady that
+    the latter afterward congratulated me on having such a friend.
+    Dolly carried a parcel of underclothing she had made, with a few
+    toys, for the children of a poor man in the suburbs, and I
+    accompanied her to the house. There was great excitement among
+    the ragged children; in fact, the atmosphere became so
+    dangerously full of love and charity that I commenced to feel
+    uncomfortable,--the shower of roses again,--and was glad to find
+    myself in the open air. We went for a walk and had several
+    drinks, which made the usual change in Dolly. I got tired of her,
+    determined I would leave her, spoke cruelly, and finally--after
+    having connection with her on the dry seaweed--rose and left her
+    brutally, walked away faster and faster, deaf to her
+    remonstrances, and careless whether or how she reached the
+    station....
+
+    "I had gone to lodge with a family whom I had been accustomed to
+    visit as a friend; there were two daughters; the elder, engaged
+    to a young German who was away with a survey party, had a rather
+    plain face, but a strong one and was herself a strong character,
+    and I came to like her in spite of myself; the second girl had
+    light golden hair, a fresh complexion, a short nose, and rather
+    large mouth, which contained beautiful teeth; they were both
+    good, obedient, innocent church-going daughters. As there was
+    plenty of amusement there of an evening, singing and dancing, I
+    did not go out, got into better ways, and gradually gave up
+    drinking to excess. I was so improved in appearance that an old
+    acquaintance did not recognize me. My anecdotes and fun amused
+    Mrs. S., the mother of the girls. She could be very violent on
+    occasions, I found, and I learned that there had been terrible
+    scenes at times, and that from time to time it had been necessary
+    to place her in an asylum. I went for drives with the girls and
+    to theatres, and ought to have been happy and glad to find myself
+    in such good quarters. The mother trusted me so entirely that she
+    left me for hours with the girls, the younger one of whom I would
+    kiss sometimes. She was engaged to a young fellow whom I spoke to
+    patronizingly, but whose shoes I was not worthy to fasten. I was
+    the cause of quarrels between them. They made it up again but I
+    think he noticed the change that was taking place in Alice. For
+    from kissing her I had gone on--all larking at first. We formed
+    the habit of sitting down on the sofa when alone and kissing
+    steadily for ten minutes or more at a time. She was excited
+    without knowing what was the matter with her--but I knew. And one
+    day when our mouths were together I drew her to me and commenced
+    to stroke her legs gently down. She trembled like a string bow,
+    and allowed my hand to go farther. And then she was frightened
+    and ashamed and commenced to laugh and cry together. She had
+    these hysterical attacks several times and they always frightened
+    me. It ended in my seducing her. She broke off her engagement,
+    and then was sorry; but soon she thought only of me.... One day
+    Alice and I were nearly caught. I had just left her on the sofa
+    and had commenced drawing at a table with my back to her when
+    suddenly her mother came in without her shoes, while Alice had
+    one hand up her clothes arranging her underclothing. The mother
+    stopped dead and shot me one glance I shall never forget. 'Why,
+    Alice, you frighten me!' she said. I feigned surprise and asked
+    'What is the matter?' Alice, although she was frightened out of
+    her wits, managed to stammer: 'He couldn't see me--you couldn't
+    see me, could you?' appealing to me. But I had managed to collect
+    my senses a bit and although still under that maternal eye I
+    asked,--at last turning slowly around to Alice: 'See? What do you
+    mean? See what?' And I looked so mystified that the mother was
+    deceived, and contented herself with scolding Alice and telling
+    her to run no risks of that sort. I breathed again.
+
+    "But I was near the end of my tether. Alice and I talked about
+    everything now. She told me about her life at boarding school and
+    the strange ideas some of the girls had about men and marriage.
+    After leaving school she had been sent to a large millinery or
+    drapery establishment to learn sewing and dressmaking. Here, she
+    said, the talk was awful at times, and one girl had a book with
+    pictures of men's organs of generation, which was passed around
+    and excited their curiosity to the highest pitch.
+
+    "I had days of tenderness and contrition, and even told her I
+    would get on and marry her. Then the tears would come into her
+    eyes and she would say: 'I seem to feel as if you were my husband
+    now.' ...
+
+    "I had to see a man on business and went to his cottage. The door
+    was opened by his wife, a handsome, dark-eyed young woman, who
+    looked as if butter would not melt in her mouth. After leaving a
+    message I went on talking to her on other subjects. She piqued my
+    vanity in some way, and made me feel curious and restless. I
+    found myself thinking of her after I left and looking back I saw
+    she was still looking at me.
+
+    "To make a long story short, she encouraged me. It ended by my
+    leaving the S. family and going to board with them. T.D., the
+    husband, was glad of my company and my money. They had a little
+    boy--whose father T. was not. I soon understood her inviting
+    looks at me. For she was a general lover, and an old man, in a
+    good government billet, visited her often when T.D. was away: I
+    will call him Silenus. There was also a dark, handsome man who
+    built organs. The latter came one day and sent for some beer. I
+    was working in my room, and it so happened that before he knocked
+    she had been going further than usual in her talk with me; in
+    fact, as good as giving me the word. When her friend was admitted
+    he had to pass my open door and he gave me a look with his black
+    eyes and I gave him a look which told each what the other's game
+    was. It is wonderful what a lot can be learned from a single
+    glance of the eyes. When I saw the little boy bringing in the
+    beer I felt that he had bested me. But she brought me in a glass
+    first, and putting her down on the sofa I scored first. It was
+    done so suddenly, so brutally, that, accustomed as she must have
+    been to such scenes she turned red and bit her under lip. But she
+    sent the other man away in a few minutes. After that she was
+    insatiable; it was every day and sometimes twice in one day. I
+    commenced to be gloomy and miserable again. And there was not
+    even a pretense of love. There was no deception about her; she
+    even introduced me to Silenus and we made excursions together,
+    for which he paid, as he had plenty of money. We were always
+    drinking, until at last I could eat nothing unless I had two or
+    three whiskies. I became very thin, my horizon seemed black and
+    all things at an end. (But T.D. enjoyed his meals and was really
+    fond of his wife and her boy and his work; life was pleasant to
+    him.) She would go up to town with me and to a certain hotel;
+    after drinking she would leave me waiting while she retired with
+    the handsome young landlord for a short time. She told me when
+    she came back that he was a great favorite with married women.
+
+    "She told me that Silenus visited a woman who practiced
+    _fellatio_ on him. Mrs. D. thought such practices abominable and
+    could not imagine how a woman could like doing such a thing.
+
+    "When she was out walking with me one day T.D.'s name came up and
+    she said in a slightly altered voice: 'He told me he loved me!'
+    It was a word seldom used by her except in jest. I threw a
+    startled look at her and caught an inquisitive and apologetic
+    look in return, such a strange and touching glance that I saw I
+    had not yet understood her,--there was an enigma somewhere. When,
+    bit by bit, she told me her life, I understood, or thought I
+    understood, that strange childlike glance in this young woman
+    steeped to her eyes in sin. No one had ever made love to her or
+    spoken to her of love in her life.
+
+    "It had commenced at school. She must have been a particularly
+    fine and handsome girl, judging from her photographs. She had
+    seen boys playing with girls' privates under the form and felt
+    jealous that they did not play with her's. She had no mother to
+    look after her and she soon found plenty of boys to play with
+    her, and young men, too, as she grew older. She took it as she
+    took her meals. She had been really fond of her child's father,
+    but as he had shown no tenderness for her, nothing but a craving
+    for sensual gratification, she would rather have died than let
+    him know. She soon tired of her attachments, she told me. She did
+    not like T.D. He was not the complacent husband; he was spirited
+    enough, but he believed everything she told him. One day he came
+    home unexpectedly when we were together on the bare palliass in
+    her room. It was a critical moment when his knocks were heard,
+    and in the hurry and excitement some moisture was left on the
+    bed. The knocks became louder, but she was calmer than I, and
+    bade me run down to the closet. I could hear her cheerful and
+    chaffing voice greeting him. When I walked in back to my own room
+    she called out: 'Here's T. home!' I learned afterward that he had
+    been surly and suspicious, and had seen the moisture on the bed,
+    and asked about it, whereupon she had turned the tables upon him
+    completely; he ought to be ashamed of himself; she knew what he
+    meant by his insinuations; if he must know how that moisture come
+    on the bed, why she put the soap there in a hurry to catch a
+    flea. He believed her and brought her a present next day in
+    atonement for his suspicions.
+
+    "During her monthly periods, when I could not touch her, she
+    would come in and play with me until emissions occurred, and my
+    feelings had become so perverted that I even preferred this to
+    coitus. The orgasm would occur twice in her to once in me, and
+    though her eyes were rather hard and her mouth too, she always
+    looked well and cheerful, while I was gloomy and depressed. In
+    her side, however, was a hard lump, which pained her at times,
+    and which, doubtless, was waiting its time....
+
+    "One day I felt so low in health that I proposed to T.D. that we
+    should take a boat and sail out in the bay for a day or two. The
+    sea, the change, the open air revived me, and I even made
+    sketches of the black sailor as he steered the boat. One day when
+    I was left alone in charge of the boat, as I felt the time
+    hanging on my hands, for the sea, the blue sky, the lovely day
+    gave me no real pleasure, I remember abusing myself, the old
+    habit reasserting itself as soon as I was alone and idle. When
+    T.D. came back he brought Mrs. D. with him, laughing and jolly as
+    usual. She was surprised when lying next to me under the deck on
+    our return I did not respond to her advances. It would have
+    pleased her, with her husband only a few feet away. After that I
+    spent a night with her, but she was getting tired of me. I did
+    not care for her, but it hurt my vanity and I made a few attempts
+    to be impertinent. She looked at me coldly and threatened to
+    complain to T....
+
+    "I want to relate an impression I received one night about this
+    time when with several friends we called at a brothel. I forget
+    my companion, but I remember two faces. It was winter, and great
+    depression prevailed in Adelaide. We had been talking to the
+    mistress as we drank some beer and were pretending to be jolly
+    fellows, although we were wet, cold, and had not enjoyed
+    ourselves (at least, I had not), and she was speaking harshly and
+    jeeringly about two girls she had now who had not earned a penny
+    for the past week. Just then we heard footsteps and she said in a
+    lower tone: 'Here they are,' They came in, unattended, having
+    ascertained which the brothel-keeper snorted and turned her back
+    to them. The faces of the girls, who were quite young, looked so
+    miserable that even I pitied them. The look on the face of one of
+    those girls as she stood by the hearth drawing off her gloves
+    lives in my memory. Too deep for tears was its sorrow, shame, and
+    hopelessness....
+
+    "I had given up drink and was living in the bush. To anyone with
+    normal nerves it would have been a happy time of quiet, rustic
+    peace, beauty, and relief from city life. With me it was restless
+    vanity amounting to madness. In every relation, action, or
+    possible event in which I figured or might figure in the future,
+    I always instantaneously called up an imaginary audience. And
+    then this imaginary audience admired everything I did or might
+    do, and put the most heroic, gallant, and romantic construction
+    on my acts, appearance, lineage, and breeding. Suppose I saw a
+    pretty girl on a bush road. Instead of thinking 'There is a
+    pretty girl; I should like to know her or kiss her,' as I suppose
+    a healthy, normal young man would think, I thought after this
+    fashion: 'There is a pretty girl; now, as I pass her she will
+    think I am a handsome and aristocratic-looking stranger, and, as
+    I carry a sketch-book, an artist--"A landscape painter! How
+    romantic!" she will say, and then she will fall in love with me,'
+    etc. This preoccupation with what other people might think or
+    would think so engrossed all my time that I had no means of
+    enjoying the presence, thought, or favor of the divine creatures
+    I met, and I must have appeared 'cracked' to them with my
+    reticence, pride, and silly airs.
+
+    "I met girls as foolish as myself sometimes. Once at a _table
+    d'hôte_ I met a young girl who went for a walk with me and let me
+    know her carnally although she was little more than a schoolgirl.
+    She was going down to town soon, she said, and would meet me at a
+    certain hotel (belonging to relations of hers) in Adelaide on a
+    certain date, some time ahead; if I took a room there she would
+    come into it during the night. In the meanwhile I had given way
+    to drink again and abused myself at intervals. I came down to
+    town, drunk, in the coach, and kept my appointment with the young
+    girl at the hotel, expecting a night of pleasure; but she merely
+    stared at me coldly as if she had never seen me before. I abused
+    myself twice in my solitary room....
+
+    "I met a middle-aged schoolteacher (who had once been an officer
+    in the army) down for his holidays. As he spoke well, and was a
+    'gentleman,' I cultivated him. One night he asked me to meet a
+    girl he had an appointment with and tell her he was not well
+    enough to meet her. He foolishly told me the purpose of their
+    intended meeting. I went to the trysting-place, at the back of
+    the hotel, and met the girl. On delivering my message she smiled,
+    made some joke about her friend, and looked at me as much as to
+    say: 'You will do as well.' I had been drinking, and in the most
+    brutal manner I took her into a closet. By some strange chance or
+    state of nerves she gave me exquisite pleasure, but the orgasm
+    came with me before it did with her, and in spite of her
+    disappointment and protests I stood up and pulled her out of the
+    place for fear some one should find us there. Still protesting
+    she followed me, but her foot slipped on the paved court, and she
+    fell down on her face. When she rose I saw that her front teeth
+    were broken. I looked at her without pity, with impatience, and
+    abruptly leaving her I went into the hotel to 'the colonel.' I
+    commenced to tell him lies, when he asked me with a weak laugh
+    what had been keeping me. I smiled with low cunning and drunken
+    vanity, evading the question. Then he accused me directly. I only
+    laughed; but, drunk as I was, I remember the look of the ageing
+    bachelor as he saw he had been betrayed by a younger man. He had
+    known her for years....
+
+    "I was now living in the home of a woman who was separated from
+    her husband and kept lodgers. She had a daughter, with whom I
+    walked out, a pretty girl who drank like a fish, as her mother
+    also did. There were other lodgers coming and going. I would lie
+    down all day and keep myself saturated with beer. I commenced to
+    get fat and bloated, with the ways of a brothel bully. A
+    broken-down, drunken old woman who visited the house and had been
+    a beautiful lady in her youth told me I should end my days on the
+    gallows trap. The same woman when drunk would lift up her dress,
+    sardonically, exposing herself. Other old women would congregate
+    in the neglected and dirty bedrooms and tell fortunes with the
+    cards. One little woman, an onanist, was like a character out of
+    Dickens, exaggerated, affected, unnatural, with remains of
+    gentility and society manners. Amidst all this drunkenness and
+    abandonment May, the landlady's daughter, preserved her
+    virginity. Young lodgers would take liberties with her, but at a
+    certain stage would receive a stinger on the face. The girl liked
+    me and would kiss me, but nothing else. And then--out of this
+    home of drunkenness and shame--May fell in love with some pretty
+    boy she met by chance, whom she never asked to her home. She
+    began to neglect me, even to neglect drink, and to dream,
+    preoccupied. I felt a restless jealousy, but she would look at
+    me, without resentment, without recognition, without seeing me,
+    look me straight in the eyes as I was talking to her, and dream
+    and dream. This same pretty boy seduced her, I believe. When next
+    I met her she was 'on the town,' her one dream of spring over....
+
+    "About this time I had one of those salutary turns that have
+    marked epochs in my life, and as a result I left that house and
+    resolutely abstained from drink.... I was now in a small
+    up-country town. I commenced to play croquet and to ride out.
+    Sometimes I was invited to dinner by a young man at the bank,
+    whose house was kept by his sister. She had a small figure, a
+    pretty but rather narrow face, and well-bred manners; but there
+    was a look in her asymmetrical eyes, in the shape of her thin
+    hands, even in the stoop of her shoulders, that seemed
+    passionate. One day--when her brother, a fine, sweet-blooded
+    manly young athlete, was absent--I commenced to pull her about.
+    She gave me one passionate kiss, but said: 'No! Do you know what
+    keeps me straight? It is the thought of my brother.' I refrained
+    from molesting her further. I met other girls, some pretty and
+    arrogant, others plain and hungry-eyed; it was a country town
+    where there were four or five females to every male. But I could
+    not speak frankly and candidly to a young woman as the young
+    banker did....
+
+    "I remember that one night, when I was living at the Port, I
+    slept all night with a prostitute who had taken a fancy to me and
+    who used to cry on my shoulder, much to my impatience and
+    annoyance. In the same bed with us, lying beside me, was a girl
+    aged about 12. On my expressing surprise I was told she was used
+    to it and noticed nothing. But in the morning I turned my head
+    and looked at her, and even in the dim light of that dirty
+    bedroom I could see that her eyes had noticed and understood. She
+    pressed herself against me and smiled; it was not the smile of an
+    infant. I could record many instances I have observed of the
+    precocity of children.
+
+    "At one time I made the acquaintance of three young men, two in
+    the customs, the other in a surveyor's office. At the first
+    glance you would have said they were ordinary nice young clerks,
+    but on becoming better acquainted you would notice certain
+    peculiarities, a looseness of mouth, a restless, nervous
+    inquietude of manner, an indescribable gleam of the eye. They
+    were very fond of performing and singing at amateur minstrel
+    shows and developed a certain comic vein they thought original,
+    though it reminded me of professional corner-men. However, I
+    enjoyed their singing and drinking habits and went to their
+    lodgings several nights to play cards, drink beer, and tell funny
+    stories. One night they asked me to stay all night and on going
+    to a room with two beds I was told to have one. Presently one of
+    the young men came in and commenced to undress. But before going
+    to his bed he made a remark which, though I had been drinking,
+    opened my eyes. I told him to shut up and go to bed, speaking
+    firmly and rather coldly, and he went reluctantly to his own bed.
+    But another night when they had shifted their lodgings and were
+    all sleeping in the same room I was drunk and went to bed with
+    the same fair-haired young man. On waking up in the night I found
+    my bedmate tampering with me. The old force came over me and I
+    abused him, but refused to commit the crime he wanted me to. His
+    penis was small and pointed. I rose early in the morning,
+    sobered, suffering, and covered with shame, and went hastily
+    away, refusing to stay for breakfast. I thought I caught an
+    amazed and evil smile on the faces of the other two. Meeting the
+    three the same evening in the street, I passed them blushing, and
+    my bedmate of the previous night blushed also....
+
+    "I now took cheap lodgings in North Adelaide. Here I had slight
+    recurrences of the strangeness and fear of going mad which I had
+    experienced once before. I led such a solitary life and fell into
+    such a queer state that I turned to religion and attended church
+    regularly. It was approaching the time for those young men and
+    women who wished to be confirmed to prepare themselves, and a
+    struggle now ensued between my pride and my wish to gain rest and
+    peace of mind in Jesus. I was self-conscious to an incredible
+    degree, and dreaded exposure or making an exhibition of myself,
+    but still went to church, hoping the grace of God would descend
+    on me. I had no other resources. I had no pleasure in life, and
+    was so shattered and in such misery of dread that I welcomed the
+    only refuge that seemed open to me. At last, one Sunday, I had
+    what I thought was a call; I shed a few tears, and although
+    tingling all down my spine I went up in the cathedral and joined
+    those who were going to be confirmed. I attended special meetings
+    and shocked the good bishop very much by telling him I had never
+    been baptized. I had to be baptized first and went one day to the
+    cathedral and he baptized me. When the critical awful moment came
+    the bishop, whose faith even then surprised me somehow, held my
+    hand in his cold palm, and gave it a pressure, eyeing me,
+    expectantly, inquisitively, to see any change for the better.
+    But, it so happened, that morning I was in a horrible temper and
+    black mood, hard and dry-eyed, and no change came. Still, I tried
+    to believe there was a change.
+
+    "I was confirmed with others, had a prayer-book given me with
+    prayers for nearly every hour in the day, and was always kneeling
+    and praying. I procured a long, white surplice, and assisted at
+    suburban services, even conducting small ones myself, reading the
+    sermons out of books. But my mood of rage increased, and one
+    Sunday I had to walk a long way in a new pair of boots. I shall
+    never forget that hot Sunday afternoon. My feet commenced to ache
+    and a murderous humor seized me. I swore and blasphemed one
+    moment and prayed to God to forgive me the next. When I reached
+    the chapel where I had to assist the chaplain I was exhausted
+    with rage, pain, fear, and religious mania. I thought it probable
+    I had offended the Holy Ghost. When, next Sunday, I went to try
+    my hand at Sunday-school teaching I wore a pair of boots so old
+    that the little boys laughed. I was always talking of my
+    conversion and the spirit of our Saviour. I do not know what the
+    clergymen I met thought of me. I thought I should like to be a
+    minister myself, and questioned a Church of England parson as to
+    the amount of study necessary. He received my question rather
+    coldly, I thought, which discouraged me. As my dread gradually
+    diminished, though I still felt strange, I made excuses for not
+    conducting services, although I continued to read my Bible and
+    prayer-book, and really believed I had been 'born again.'
+
+    "Surely now, I thought, that I had Christ's aid, I shall be able
+    to break off my habit of self-abuse that had been the curse of my
+    youth. What was my horror and dismay to find that, when the mood
+    came on me next, I went down the same as ever. And after all my
+    suffering and dread and fear of fits! What could I do? Was I mad,
+    or what? I was really frightened at my helplessness in the matter
+    and decided on a course of conduct that ultimately brought me
+    past this danger to better health and comparative happiness. I
+    said to myself that there is always a certain amount of
+    preliminary thought and dalliance before I do this deed;
+    doubtless this it is that renders me incapable of resisting. I
+    decided, therefore, never to let my thoughts _commence_ to dwell
+    on lustful things, but to think of something else on the _first_
+    intimation of their appearance in my mind. I rigorously followed
+    this rule; and it proved successful, and I recommend it to others
+    in the same predicament as myself. After suffering weeks and
+    months of dread and illness once more, falling away in flesh and
+    turning yellow, I gradually mended a little. I had a better color
+    and tone, and was something like other young men, barring a
+    strange alternate exaltation and depression. Even this gradually
+    became less noticeable, and my moods more even and reliable."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[219] My Christian faith is of a somewhat nonemotional, intellectual type,
+with a considerable element of agnostic reserve.
+
+[220] On having connection with my wife I frequently exhibit sufficient
+sexual power to produce orgasm in her; but on occasion, especially during
+the first year or so of married life, I have been unable to do this, owing
+to the too rapid action of the reflexes in myself, and have even, now and
+again, had emissions _ante portam_.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Adachi
+Adam, Madame
+Adler
+Ælian
+Allbutt, Gifford
+Allen, Grant
+Allin, A.
+Alrutz
+Andree
+Anselm, St.
+Arbuthnot
+Ariosto
+Aristænetus
+Aristophanes
+Aristotle
+Athenæus
+Aubert
+Audeoud
+Avicenna
+Ayrton
+
+Bacarisse
+Backhouse
+Bain, A.
+Baker, Sir S.
+Bälz
+
+Baschet, Armand
+Batchelor, J.
+Baudelaire
+Bazan, Pardo
+Beatson
+Beauregard
+Bendix
+Benedikt
+Bernard, L.
+Bernardin de St. Pierre
+Bianchi, L.
+Biérent
+Binet
+Bloch, A.G.
+Bloch, I.
+Boccaccio
+Bollinger
+Borel
+Botallus
+Brantôme
+Breitenstein
+Brisay, Marquis de
+Bronson
+Broune, R.
+Brown, H.
+Brunton, Sir Lauder
+Bücher
+Buckman, S.S.
+Bulkley
+Bullen, F. St. John
+Burckhardt
+Burdach
+Burton, Sir R.
+Burton, R.
+
+Cabanès
+Cabanis
+Cadet-Devaux
+Candolle, A. de
+Cardano
+Cardi, Comte di
+Casanova
+Castellani
+Cervantes
+Chadwick
+Chamfort
+Chaucer
+Clement of Alexandria
+Cloquet
+Cocke, J.
+Coffignon
+Cohn, Jonas
+Colegrove
+Colenso, W.
+Collet
+Compayre
+Cook, Captain
+Cornish
+Courtier
+Crawley
+Cyples, W.
+
+Daniell, W.F.
+D'Annunzio
+Dante
+Darlington, L.
+Darwin, C.
+Darwin, E.
+Davy, J.
+Deniker
+D'Enjoy
+Digby, Sir K.
+Dillon, E.
+Distant
+Dogiel
+Donaldson, H.H.
+D'Orbigny
+Duffield
+Dufour
+Dühren, E.
+Dunlop, W.
+
+Edinger
+Eliot, George
+Ellis, A.B.
+Ellis, A.J.
+Ellis, Havelock
+Ellis, W.
+Eloy
+Eméric-David
+Emin Pasha
+Endriss, J.
+Engelmann, I.J.
+Epstein
+Esquirol
+Eulenburg
+
+Féré
+Ferrand
+Ferrero
+Filhés, Margarethe
+Fillmore
+Firenzuola
+Flagy, R. de
+Fletcher, A.C.
+Fliess
+Fol, H.
+Foley
+Forster, J.B.
+Franklin, A.
+Frazer, J.G.
+Friedländer
+Friedreich, J.B.
+Fromentin
+Frumerie, G. de
+
+Galopin
+Galton, F.
+Garbini
+Garson
+Giard
+Giessler
+Gilman
+Goblot
+Goethe
+Goncourt, E. de
+Görres
+Gould
+Gourmont, Remy de
+Griffith, W.D.A.
+Griffiths, A.B.
+Grimaldi
+Groos, K.
+Guibaud
+
+Hack
+Häcker
+Hagen
+Hall, G. Stanley
+Halle, A. de la
+Haller
+Harrison, F.
+Hart, D. Berry
+Harvey, W.F.
+Hawkesworth
+Haycraft
+Hearn, Lafcadio
+Heine
+Hellier, J.B.
+Helmholtz
+Henry, C.
+Hermant, Abel
+Herodotus
+Herrick, C.L.
+Herrick, R.
+Heschl
+Hildebrandt
+Hippocrates
+Holder, A.B.
+Hortis
+Houdoy
+Houzeau
+Huart
+Humboldt, W. von
+Hutchinson, W.F.
+Hutchinson, Woods
+Huysmans
+Hyades
+
+Jäger
+James, W.
+Janet
+Jerome, St.
+Joal
+Joest
+Johnston, Sir H.H.
+Jorg
+Jouin
+Juvenal
+
+Kaan
+Kate, H. ten
+Kennedy
+Kiernan, J.G.
+King, J.S.
+Kirchhoff, A.
+Kistemaecker
+Klein, G.
+Kleist
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss
+Kubary
+Külpe
+
+Lane, E.W.
+Lancaster, E.
+Latcham
+Laycock
+Layet
+Léchat
+Lecky
+Lejeune
+Lemaire, J.
+Léoty
+Lewin
+Lewis, A.T.
+Linnæus
+Lombard
+Lombroso, C.
+Lombroso, Gina
+Lucian
+Lucretius
+Luigini
+Lumholtz
+
+MacCauley
+MacDonald, J.
+MacDougall, B.
+MacKenzie, J.N.
+MacKenzie, S.
+Man, E.H.
+Mantegazza
+Marholm, L.
+Marie de France
+Marro
+Marston, J.
+Martial
+Martineau, Harriet
+Massinger
+Matusch
+Mau
+Maudsley, H.
+Maxim, Sir H.
+McBride
+McDougall, W.
+McKendrick
+Melle, Van
+Menander
+Mentz
+Merensky
+Mertens
+Michelet
+Milton
+Miner, J.B.
+Minut, G. de
+Mironoff
+Mitford
+Möbius
+Moll
+Moncelon
+Monin
+Moore, A.W.
+Moore, F.
+Moraglia
+Motannabi
+Muir, Sir W.
+Myers, C.S.
+
+Näcke
+Newman, W.L.
+Nietzsche
+Niphus
+Nordenskjöld
+Norman, Conolly
+Nuttall
+Nyrop
+
+O'Donovan
+Ordericus Vitalis
+Ovid
+
+Papillault
+Parke, T.H.
+Parker, Rushton
+Passy, J.
+Patrick, G.T.W.
+Patrizi, M.L.
+Paulhan
+
+Pearson, K.
+Penta
+Perls
+Petrarch
+Petrie, Flinders
+Piéron
+Piesse
+Pillon, E.
+Plateau
+Plato
+Ploss
+Plutarch
+Potwin, E.
+Pouchet
+Poulton, E.B.
+Pruner Bey
+Pyle
+
+Raciborski
+Raffalovich
+Ramsey, Sir W.
+Raseri
+Raymond
+Reade, Winwood
+Remfry
+Renier, R.
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Rhys, J.
+Ribbert
+Ribot
+Ries
+Ripley
+Robinson, Louis
+Rochas, A. de
+Roger, J.L.
+Rohlfs
+Romi, Shereef-Eddin
+Ronsard
+Roscoe, J.
+Rosenbaum
+Roth, H. Ling
+Roth, W.
+Roubaud
+Rousseau
+Routh, A.
+Rowbotham, J.F.
+Rudeck
+Rutherford
+
+Salmuth, P.
+Sanborn, L.
+Santayana, G.
+Savage, G.
+Savill
+Schellong
+Schiff
+Schopenhauer
+Schultz, A.
+Schurigius
+Scott, Colin
+Scripture, E.W.
+Seligmann
+Selous, E.
+Semon, Sir F.
+Sénancour
+Sensai, Nagayo
+Sergi
+Shakespeare
+Sharp, D.
+Shelley
+Shields, T.E.
+Shipley
+Shufeldt
+Simpson, Sir J.Y.
+Skeat, W.W.
+Smith, Sir A.
+Smith, G. Elliot
+Smith, H.
+Smyth, Brough
+Sonnini
+Southerden
+Spencer, Herbert
+Spinoza
+Stanley, Hiram
+Stendhal
+Stevens, Vaughan
+Stirling, E.C.
+Stoddart, W.H.B.
+Stratz, C.H.
+Swift
+Symonds, J.A.
+Syrus, Publilius
+
+Talbot, E.B.
+Talbot, E.S.
+Tarchanoff
+Tardif
+Tarnowsky
+Temesvary
+Tennyson
+Tinayre, Marcelle
+Tolstoy
+Toulouse
+Tourdes, G.
+Tregear
+Tuckey
+Turner
+Tylor, E.B.
+
+Varigny, O. de
+Vaschide
+Vatsyayana
+Velten
+Venturi
+Vinci, L. de
+Vineberg
+Volkelt
+Vurpas
+
+Waits
+Wallace, A.E.
+Wallaschek
+Waller, A.
+Walther, P. von
+Wartanoff
+Watts, G.F.
+Weinhold, K.
+Wellhausen
+Wessmann
+Westermarck
+Whytt
+Wiedemann, A.
+Wiese
+Wilks, Sir S.
+Wright, T.
+Wundt
+
+Yellowlees
+Yung, E.
+
+Zola
+Zurcher
+Zwaardemaker
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Acne in relation to sexual development
+Æsthetics,
+  standard modified by love
+  in region of smell
+  in relation to the sexual impulse
+Ainu
+Alexander the Great,
+  odor of
+Ambergris
+American Indians
+  types of beauty
+  ideas of beauty
+  seldom acquainted with kiss
+Anæsthesia produced by tuning forks
+Antisexual instinct
+Arabs,
+  ideal of beauty
+  kissing among
+Armpit,
+  odor of
+Asafoetida
+Assortative mating
+Australians
+  ideal of beauty
+  kissing among
+
+Bath,
+  its history in modern Europe
+  opposed by early Christians
+  also by Mohammed
+Baudelaire's olfactory sensibility
+Beard in relation to beauty
+Beauty,
+  as the symbol of love
+  the chief agent in sexual selection
+  the sexual element in æsthetic
+  its largely objective character
+  ideals of, among various peoples
+  sometimes found in lowest races
+  primary sex characters as an element of
+Beauty, clothing in relation to
+  secondary sexual characters as an element of
+  in relation to pigmentation
+  the individual element in ideal of
+  the exotic element
+  in relation to stature
+Bird song,
+  origin of
+Biting in relation to origin of kissing
+Blind,
+  sense of smell in the
+  sensitiveness to voice
+Blondes,
+  the admiration for
+Breasts,
+  as an element of beauty
+  as a tactile sexual focus
+Breath,
+  odor of
+Brothels,
+  public baths once synonymous with
+Brummell
+Brunettes,
+  the admiration for
+Bustle
+
+Capryl odors
+Carbolic acid disliked by savages
+Castoreum
+Cataglottism
+Catholic theologians,
+  on danger of tactile contacts
+  opposed bathing
+_Chenopodium vulvaria_
+Chinese ideal of beauty
+  odor of
+  music among
+  practice the olfactory kiss
+Christianity,
+  its use of the kiss
+  opposition to bathing
+Civet
+Cleanliness and Christianity
+Cleanliness in relation to sexual attraction
+Clitoris,
+  deformation of
+Clothing,
+  sexual attraction of
+Codpiece
+Coitus,
+  body odor during
+Comic sense
+Continence,
+  odor of
+Corset
+Crinoline
+Cumarine
+_Cunnilingus_
+Cutaneous excitation,
+  tonic effects of
+
+Dancing in sexual selection
+Death,
+  odor of
+Degenerates sexually attracted to one another
+Disparity,
+  the sexual charm of
+Dogs practice _cunnilingus_
+  predominance of smell in mental life of
+  susceptibility to music
+Doves,
+  sexual attraction among
+Dyeing the hair,
+  origin of
+
+Egyptian ideal of beauty
+Emotional memory
+English type of beauty
+Erogenous zone
+Eskimo
+Eunuchs,
+  odor of
+Europeans,
+  odor of
+Exotic element in ideal of beauty
+Eyes as a factor of beauty
+
+Fairness in relation to vigor
+  the admiration for
+Farthingale
+_Fellatio_
+Fetichism,
+  olfactory
+  urinary
+  shoe
+Flowers,
+  occasional injurious effect of perfumes of
+  sexual character of their perfume
+French ideal of beauty
+Fuegians
+
+German ideal of beauty
+Goethe's olfactory sensibility
+Gray eyes,
+  admiration for
+Greeks,
+  conception of music
+  ideal of beauty
+  pygmalionism among
+Green eyes,
+  admiration for
+Gunnings, the
+
+Hair as an element of beauty
+  sexual development of
+  suggested function of
+  odor of
+Hallucinations of smell
+Hamilton, Lady
+Hebrews acquainted with kiss
+  ideal of beauty
+Henna plant,
+  odor of
+Heterogamy
+Hindu ideal of beauty
+Hips as a feature of beauty
+Homogamy
+Hottentot apron as a feature of beauty
+Hura dance
+Hypnosis,
+  effect of music during
+Hysteria and the skin
+
+Immorality and bathing
+Incest, origin of the abhorrence of
+Incontinence,
+  odor of
+Indians, American,
+  ideas of beauty
+  odor of
+  types of beauty
+  seldom acquainted with kiss
+Infants,
+  odor of
+Insects and music
+  smell in their sexual life
+Inversion,
+  influence of odor in sexual
+Irish ideal of beauty
+Italian ideal of beauty
+Itching,
+  its parallelism to sexual tumescence
+
+Japanese,
+  ideal of beauty
+  odor of
+  perfumes among
+  unacquainted with kiss
+Javanese
+Jewish ideal of beauty
+Joan of Aragon as a type of beauty
+
+Kiss, the
+Kwan-yin as a type of beauty
+
+Lactation,
+  controlling influences on
+  in relation to menstruation
+Larynx at puberty
+Laughter as a form of detumescence
+Leather,
+  odor of
+Lily,
+  odor of
+Longevity and beauty
+
+Malays,
+  ideals of beauty
+ the kiss among
+Maoris
+Married couples,
+  degree of resemblance between
+Massage as a sexual stimulant
+Masturbation,
+  in relation to acne
+  in relation to bleeding of nose
+  in relation to hallucinations of smell
+Melody,
+  the nature of
+Memories,
+  olfactory
+  tactile
+Menstruation,
+  in relation to acne
+  in relation to lactation
+  in relation to body odors
+  in relation to bleeding of nose
+Mirror as a method of heightening tumescence
+Mixoscopy
+Modesty in relation to ticklishness
+Mohammed,
+  his love of perfumes
+  his opinion of public baths
+Mohammedans,
+  attitude toward bath
+  preference for musk perfume
+Mosquitoes,
+  attracted by music
+Moths,
+  sexual odors of
+Movement,
+  beauty of
+Music,
+  among Chinese and Greeks
+  origins of
+  effects of, during hypnosis
+  physiological influence of
+Music,
+  why it is pleasurable
+  its sexual attraction among animals
+  in man
+  supposed therapeutic effects
+Musk
+Mutilations,
+  among savages for magic purposes
+  for sake of beauty
+
+Narcissism
+Nasal mucous membrane and genital sphere
+Nates as a feature of beauty
+Necklace,
+  significance of
+Necrophily
+Negress,
+  beauty of
+  odor of
+Negro ideas of beauty
+  odor of
+  mode of kissing
+Neopallium
+Neurasthenia and olfactory susceptibility
+  in relation to pruritus
+Nicobarese
+Nietzsche's supposed olfactory sensibility
+Nipple as a sexual focus
+Nose and sexual organs,
+  supposed connection, between
+
+Obesity,
+  the oriental admiration for
+Odors,
+  artificial
+  classification of
+  as stimulants
+  as medicines
+  distinctive of various human races
+  of sanctity
+Odors of death
+  of the body
+Olfaction in relation to sexual selection
+    (See "Odors" and "Smells.")
+  the study of
+Olfactory area of brain
+Oöphorectomy and sense of smell
+Orgasm as a skin reflex
+  founded on tactile sensations
+  produced by various tactile contacts
+Ornament,
+  its religious significance
+  sexual significance of
+Overall, Mrs.
+
+_Padmini_
+Papuans
+Parity,
+  the sexual charm of
+Peasants,
+  odor of
+Peau d'Espagne
+Perfume,
+  ancient use of
+  sexual influence of
+  results of excessive stimulation by
+Persian ideal of beauty
+Phallus worship
+Pigmentation connected with intensity of odor
+  in relation to beauty
+  in relation to vigor
+Polynesian dancing
+Pompeii
+Preferential mating
+Pregnancy as an ideal of beauty
+Primary sex characters as an element of beauty
+Provençal ideal of beauty
+Pruritus
+Puberty,
+  accompanied by increased interest in art
+  olfactory sensibility at
+Pygmalionism
+
+Reeve, Pleasance
+Renaissance type of beauty
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Rhinencephalon
+Rhythm,
+  as a stimulant
+  the sense of
+
+Saddleback as a feature of beauty
+Salutation by smelling
+Samoans
+Sanctity, odor of
+Savages,
+  important part played by odor in their mental life
+  sometimes beautiful
+  their ideals of beauty
+Secondary sexual characters in relation to sexual attraction
+Semen,
+  odor of
+Sexual differences in admiration of beauty
+  in olfactory acuteness
+  in urination
+Shoe fetichism
+Singalese ideal of beauty
+Singing as affected by sexual emotion
+Skin,
+  complexity of its functions
+Smell,
+  antipathies aroused by
+  its evolution
+  sexual significance in animals
+  its significance in man
+  theory of
+  special characteristics of
+  as the sense of the imagination
+  as distinctive of races and individuals
+  hallucinations of
+  in part the foundation of kiss
+  results of its excessive stimulation
+Sneezing and sexual stimulation
+Spanish ideal of beauty
+  saddle-back as an element of
+Stanley, Lady Venetia
+Statues, sexual love of
+Statue in relation to beauty
+Steatopygia
+Strength,
+  the admiration of women for
+Suckling as a cause of perversion
+  as a source of sexual emotion
+Swahilis
+
+Tahiti
+Tallness,
+  the admiration of
+Taste no part in sexual selection
+Tattooing
+Tennyson
+Thure-Brandt system of massage as a sexual stimulant
+Ticklishness
+  not a simple reflex
+  explainable by summation-irradiation theory
+  in relation to the sexual embrace
+  diminishes with age
+  also after marriage
+Touch,
+  of kiss
+Touch,
+  in part, foundation of kiss
+  the most primitive of all senses
+  the first to prove pleasurable
+  the most emotional sense
+  foundation of sexual orgasm
+Triangle as a sexual symbol
+Tumescence as a necessary preliminary to sexual influence of odors
+  the chief stimuli of
+
+Urinary fetichism
+Urination,
+  habits of sexes in
+Uterus,
+  its relations to breast
+
+_Vair_, significance of term
+Valerianic acid
+Vanilla
+Viguier, Paule de
+Violet perfume
+Voice as a source of sexual stimulation
+Vulvar odor,
+  alleged function of
+
+Wagner's music,
+  emotional effects of
+Walk,
+  beauty of
+Whitman,
+  odor of Walt
+
+Zola's olfactory sensibility
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13613 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13613 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis</h1>
+<hr class="pg" noshade>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name='4_Page_iii'></a>
+<h1>STUDIES<br />
+<br />
+IN THE<br />
+<br />
+PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX</h1>
+<br />
+<h2>VOLUME IV</h2>
+<br />
+<h3>SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN<br />
+<br />
+I. TOUCH. II. SMELL. III. HEARING. IV. VISION.</h3>
+<br />
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<br />
+<h2>HAVELOCK ELLIS</h2>
+<br />
+<h5>1927</h5><br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<br>
+<a name='4_Page_iv'></a>
+<a name='4_PREFACE'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_v'></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>As in many other of these <i>Studies</i>, and perhaps more than in most, the
+task attempted in the present volume is mainly of a tentative and
+preliminary character. There is here little scope yet for the presentation
+of definite scientific results. However it may be in the physical
+universe, in the cosmos of science our knowledge must be nebulous before
+it constellates into definitely measurable shapes, and nothing is gained
+by attempting to anticipate the evolutionary process. Thus it is that
+here, for the most part, we have to content ourselves at present with the
+task of mapping out the field in broad and general outlines, bringing
+together the facts and considerations which indicate the direction in
+which more extended and precise results will in the future be probably
+found.</p>
+
+<p>In his famous <i>Descent of Man</i>, wherein he first set forth the doctrine of
+sexual selection, Darwin injured an essentially sound principle by
+introducing into it a psychological confusion whereby the physiological
+sensory stimuli through which sexual selection operates were regarded as
+equivalent to &aelig;sthetic preferences. This confusion misled many, and it is
+only within recent years (as has been set forth in the &quot;Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse&quot; in the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>) that the
+investigations and criticisms of numerous workers have placed the doctrine
+of sexual selection on a firm basis by eliminating its hazardous &aelig;sthetic
+element. Love springs up as a response to a number of stimuli to
+tumescence, the object that most adequately arouses tumescence being that
+which evokes love; the question of &aelig;sthetic beauty, although it develops
+on this basis, is not itself fundamental and need not even be consciously
+present at all. When we look at these phenomena in their broadest
+biological aspects, love is only to a limited extent a response to beauty;
+to a greater extent beauty is simply a name for the complexus of stimuli
+which most adequately arouses love. If <a name='4_Page_vi'></a>we analyze these stimuli to
+tumescence as they proceed from a person of the opposite sex we find that
+they are all appeals which must come through the channels of four senses:
+touch, smell, hearing, and, above all, vision. When a man or a woman
+experiences sexual love for one particular person from among the multitude
+by which he or she is surrounded, this is due to the influences of a group
+of stimuli coming through the channels of one or more of these senses.
+There has been a sexual selection conditioned by sensory stimuli. This is
+true even of the finer and more spiritual influences that proceed from one
+person to another, although, in order to grasp the phenomena adequately,
+it is best to insist on the more fundamental and less complex forms which
+they assume. In this sense sexual selection is no longer a hypothesis
+concerning the truth of which it is possible to dispute; it is a
+self-evident fact. The difficulty is not as to its existence, but as to
+the methods by which it may be most precisely measured. It is
+fundamentally a psychological process, and should be approached from the
+psychological side. This is the reason for dealing with it here. Obscure
+as the psychological aspects of sexual selection still remain, they are
+full of fascination, for they reveal to us the more intimate sides of
+human evolution, of the process whereby man is molded into the shapes we
+know.</p>
+
+<p>HAVELOCK ELLIS.</p>
+
+<p>Carbis Water,</p>
+
+<p>Lelant, Cornwall, England.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_CONTENTS'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_vii'></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_PREFACE'>PREFACE.</a></h4>
+<h4><a href='#4_CONTENTS'>CONTENTS.</a></h4>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#4_SEXUAL_SELECTION_IN_MAN'>SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.</a></h4>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man. The Four Senses
+Involved.</p></div>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_TOUCH'>TOUCH.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitive Character of the Skin. Its Qualities. Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure. The Characteristics of Touch. As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection. The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of Touch.
+Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch. Sexual Hyper&aelig;sthesia to Touch.
+The Sexual Associations of Acne.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Ticklishness. Its Origin and Significance. The Psychology of Tickling.
+Laughter. Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence. The Sexual Relationships of
+Itching. The Pleasure of Tickling. Its Decrease with Age and Sexual
+Activity.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres. Orificial Contacts. Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio. The Kiss. The Nipples. The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres. This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood. The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual Centres.
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Significance of the Association between
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Bath. Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the Skin.
+Its Cult of Personal Filth. The Reasons which Justified this Attitude. The
+World-wide Tendency to Association between<a name='4_Page_viii'></a> Extreme Cleanliness and Sexual
+Licentiousness. The Immorality Associated with Public Baths in Europe down
+to Modern Times.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary. Fundamental Importance of Touch. The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.</p></div>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_SMELL'>SMELL.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitiveness of Smell. The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory Centres.
+Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals. Its Diminished Importance
+in Man. The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Rise of the Study of Olfaction. Cloquet. Zwaardemaker. The Theory of
+Smell. The Classification of Odors. The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man. Smell as the Sense of Imagination. Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants. Vasomotor and Muscular Effects. Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples. The Negro, etc. The European.
+The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell. The Odor of Sanctity. The
+Odor of Death. The Odors of Different Parts of the Body. The Appearance of
+Specific Odors at Puberty. The Odors of Sexual Excitement. The Odors of
+Menstruation. Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual Character. The Custom of
+Salutation by Smell. The Kiss. Sexual Selection by Smell. The Alleged
+Association between Size of Nose and Sexual Vigor. The Probably Intimate
+Relationship between the Olfactory and Genital Spheres. Reflex Influences
+from the Nose. Reflex Influences from the Genital Sphere. Olfactory
+Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to Sexual States. The Olfactive
+Type. The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and Allied States. In Certain
+Poets and Novelists. Olfactory Fetichism. The Part Played by Olfaction in
+Normal Sexual Attraction. In the East, etc. In Modern Europe. The Odor of
+the Armpit and its Variations. As a Sexual and General Stimulant. Body
+Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause<a name='4_Page_ix'></a> Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree
+of Tumescence is Already Present. The Question whether Men or Women are
+more Liable to Feel Olfactory Influences. Women Usually more Attentive to
+Odors. The Special Interest in Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Influence of Perfumes. Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors. This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers. The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes. The Sexual Effects of Perfumes. Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors. The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor. Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and Man.
+Musk a Powerful Stimulant. Its Widespread Use as a Perfume. Peau
+d'Espagne. The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects. The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers. The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors. The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation. The Symptoms of
+Vanillism. The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of Flowers.
+Effects of Flowers on the Voice.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_VI'>VI.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections. It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance. It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.</p></div>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_HEARING'>HEARING.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#4_H_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Physiological Basis of Rhythm. Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus. The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement. The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc. The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals. Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals. The Larynx and Voice in Man. The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes. Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education and Medicine. Its Therapeutic
+Uses. Significance of the Romantic Interest <a name='4_Page_x'></a>in Music at Puberty. Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music.
+Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of Hearing. The
+Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship. Women Notably Susceptible to
+the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_H_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary. Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.</p></div>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_VISION'>VISION</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Primacy of Vision in Man. Beauty as a Sexual Allurement. The Objective
+Element in Beauty. Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World. Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of View.
+Savages often Admire European Beauty. The Appeal of Beauty to some Extent
+Common even to Animals and Man.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters. The Sexual Organs. Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments. Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such Devices. The
+Religious Element. Un&aelig;sthetic Character of the Sexual Organs. Importance
+of the Secondary Sexual Characters. The Pelvis and Hips. Steatopygia.
+Obesity. Gait. The Pregnant Woman as a Medi&aelig;val Type of Beauty. The Ideals
+of the Renaissance. The Breasts. The Corset. Its Object. Its History.
+Hair. The Beard. The Element of National or Racial Type in Beauty. The
+Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes. The General European Admiration
+for Blondes. The Individual Factors in the Constitution of the Idea of
+Beauty. The Love of the Exotic.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Beauty Not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision. Movement. The
+Mirror. Narcissism. Pygmalionism. Mixoscopy. The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty. The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength. The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<a name='4_Page_xi'></a><div class='blkquot'><p>The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction. The Admiration for
+High Stature. The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation. The Charm of Parity.
+Conjugal Mating. The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards General
+Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married Couples. Preferential
+Mating and Assortative Mating. The Nature of the Advantage Attained by the
+Fair in Sexual Selection. The Abhorrence of Incest and the Theories of its
+Cause. The Explanation in Reality Simple. The Abhorrence of Incest in
+Relation to Sexual Selection. The Limits to the Charm of Parity in
+Conjugal Mating. The Charm of Disparity in Secondary Sexual Characters.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.</p></div>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#4_APPENDIX_A'>APPENDIX A.</a></h4>
+<center>The Origins of the Kiss.</center>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#4_APPENDIX_B'>APPENDIX B.</a></h4>
+<center>Histories of Sexual Development.</center>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#4_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</a></h4>
+<h4><a href='#4_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</a></h4>
+
+
+
+
+<a name='4_Page_xii'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_SEXUAL_SELECTION_IN_MAN'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_1'></a>SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.</h2>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man&mdash;The Four Senses
+Involved.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Tumescence&mdash;the process by which the organism is brought into the physical
+and psychic state necessary to insure conjugation and detumescence&mdash;to
+some extent comes about through the spontaneous action of internal forces.
+To that extent it is analogous to the physical and psychic changes which
+accompany the gradual filling of the bladder and precede its evacuation.
+But even among animals who are by no means high in the zo&ouml;logical scale
+the process is more complicated than this. External stimuli act at every
+stage, arousing or heightening the process of tumescence, and in normal
+human beings it may be said that the process is never completed without
+the aid of such stimuli, for even in the auto-erotic sphere external
+stimuli are still active, either actually or in imagination.</p>
+
+<p>The chief stimuli which influence tumescence and thus direct sexual choice
+come chiefly&mdash;indeed, exclusively&mdash;through the four senses of touch,
+smell, hearing, and sight. All the phenomena of sexual selection, so far
+as they are based externally, act through these four senses.<a name='4_FNanchor_1'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_1'><sup>[1]</sup></a> The
+reality of the influence thus exerted may be demonstrated statistically
+even in civilized <a name='4_Page_2'></a>man, and it has been shown that, as regards, for
+instance, eye-color, conjugal partners differ sensibly from the unmarried
+persons by whom they are surrounded. When, therefore, we are exploring the
+nature of the influence which stimuli, acting through the sensory
+channels, exert on the strength and direction of the sexual impulse, we
+are intimately concerned with the process by which the actual form and
+color, not alone of living things generally, but of our own species, have
+been shaped and are still being shaped. At the same time, it is probable,
+we are exploring the mystery which underlies all the subtle appreciations,
+all the emotional undertones, which are woven in the web of the whole
+world as it appeals to us through those sensory passages by which alone it
+can reach us. We are here approaching, therefore, a fundamental subject of
+unsurpassable importance, a subject which has not yet been accurately
+explored save at a few isolated points and one which it is therefore
+impossible to deal with fully and adequately. Yet it cannot be passed
+over, for it enters into the whole psychology of the sexual instinct.</p>
+
+<p>Of the four senses&mdash;touch, smell, hearing, and sight&mdash;with which we are
+here concerned, touch is the most primitive, and it may be said to be the
+most important, though it is usually the last to make its appeal felt.
+Smell, which occupies the chief place among many animals, is of
+comparatively less importance, though of considerable interest, in man; it
+is only less intimate and final than touch. Sight occupies an intermediate
+position, and on this account, and also on account of the very great part
+played by vision in life generally as well as in art, it is the most
+important of all the senses from the human sexual point of view. Hearing,
+from the same point of view, is the most remote of all the senses in its
+appeal to the sexual impulse, and on that account it is, when it
+intervenes, among the first to make its influence felt.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_1'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_1'>[1]</a><div class='note'><p> Taste must, I believe, be excluded, for if we abstract the
+parts of touch and smell, even in those abnormal sexual acts in which it
+may seem to be affected, taste could scarcely have any influence. Most of
+our &quot;tasting,&quot; as Waller puts it, is done by the nose, which, in man, is
+in specially close relationship, posteriorly, with the mouth. There are at
+most four taste sensations&mdash;sweet, bitter, salt, and sour&mdash;if even all of
+these are simple tastes. What commonly pass for taste sensations, as shown
+by some experiments of G. T. W. Patrick (<i>Psychological Review</i>, 1898, p.
+160), are the composite results of the mingling of sensations of smell,
+touch, temperature, sight, and taste.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_TOUCH'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_3'></a>TOUCH.</h2>
+
+<a name='4_T_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitive Character of the Skin&mdash;Its Qualities&mdash;Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure&mdash;The Characteristics of Touch&mdash;As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection&mdash;The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of
+Touch&mdash;Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch&mdash;Sexual Hyper&aelig;sthesia to
+Touch&mdash;The Sexual Associations of Acne.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We are accustomed to regard the skin as mainly owing its existence to the
+need for the protection of the delicate vessels, nerves, viscera, and
+muscles underneath. Undoubtedly it performs, and by its tough and elastic
+texture is well fitted to perform, this extremely important service. But
+the skin is not merely a method of protection against the external world;
+it is also a method of bringing us into sensitive contact with the
+external world. It is thus, as the organ of touch, the seat of the most
+widely diffused sense we possess, and, moreover, the sense which is the
+most ancient and fundamental of all&mdash;the mother of the other senses.</p>
+
+<p>It is scarcely necessary to insist that the primitive nature of the
+sensory function of the skin with the derivative nature of the other
+senses, is a well ascertained and demonstrable fact. The lower we descend
+in the animal scale, the more varied we find the functions of the skin to
+be, and if in the higher animals much of the complexity has disappeared,
+that is only because the specialization of the various skin regions into
+distinct organs has rendered this complexity unnecessary. Even yet,
+however, in man himself the skin still retains, in a more or less latent
+condition, much of its varied and primary power, and the analysis of
+pathological and even normal phenomena serves to bring these old powers
+into clear light.</p><a name='4_Page_4'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Woods Hutchinson (<i>Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology</i>,
+    1901, Chapters VII and VIII) has admirably set forth the immense
+    importance of the skin, as in the first place &quot;a tissue which is
+    silk to the touch, the most exquisitely beautiful surface in the
+    universe to the eye, and yet a wall of adamant against hostile
+    attack. Impervious alike, by virtue of its wonderful responsive
+    vitality, to moisture and drought, cold and heat, electrical
+    changes, hostile bacteria, the most virulent of poisons and the
+    deadliest of gases, it is one of the real Wonders of the World.
+    More beautiful than velvet, softer and more pliable than silk,
+    more impervious than rubber, and more durable under exposure than
+    steel, well-nigh as resistant to electric currents as glass, it
+    is one of the toughest and most dangerproof substances in the
+    three kingdoms of nature&quot; (although, as this author adds, we
+    &quot;hardly dare permit it to see the sunlight or breathe the open
+    air&quot;). But it is more than this. It is, as Woods Hutchinson
+    expresses it, the creator of the entire body; its embryonic
+    infoldings form the alimentary canal, the brain, the spinal cord,
+    while every sense is but a specialization of its general organic
+    activity. It is furthermore a kind of &quot;skin-heart,&quot; promoting the
+    circulation by its own energy; it is the great heat-regulating
+    organ of the body; it is an excretory organ only second to the
+    kidneys, which descend from it, and finally it still remains the
+    seat of touch.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that the extreme beauty of the skin as a surface
+    is very clearly brought out by the inadequacy of the comparisons
+    commonly used in order to express its beauty. Snow, marble,
+    alabaster, ivory, milk, cream, silk, velvet, and all the other
+    conventional similes furnish surfaces which from any point of
+    view are incomparably inferior to the skin itself. (<i>Cf.</i> Stratz,
+    <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapter XII.)</p>
+
+<p>    With reference to the extraordinary vitality of the skin,
+    emphasized by Woods Hutchinson, it may be added that, when
+    experimenting on the skin with the electric current, Waller found
+    that healthy skin showed signs of life ten days or more after
+    excision. It has been found also that fragments of skin which
+    have been preserved in sterile fluid for even as long as nine
+    months may still be successfully transplanted on to the body.
+    (<i>British Medical Journal</i>, July 19, 1902.)</p>
+
+<p>    Everything indicates, remark Stanley Hall and Donaldson (&quot;Motor
+    Sensations in the Skin,&quot; <i>Mind</i>, 1885), that the skin is &quot;not
+    only the primeval and most reliable source of our knowledge of
+    the external world or the arch&aelig;ological field of psychology,&quot; but
+    a field in which work may shed light on some of the most
+    fundamental problems of psychic action. Groos (<i>Spiele der
+    Menschen</i>, pp. 8-16) also deals with the primitive character of
+    touch sensations.</p><a name='4_Page_5'></a>
+
+<p>    Touch sensations are without doubt the first of all the sensory
+    impressions to prove pleasurable. We should, indeed, expect this
+    from the fact that the skin reflexes have already appeared before
+    birth, while a pleasurable sensitiveness of the lips is doubtless
+    a factor in the child's response to the contact of the maternal
+    nipple. Very early memories of sensory pleasure seem to be
+    frequently, perhaps most frequently, tactile in character, though
+    this fact is often disguised in recollection, owing to tactile
+    impression being vague and diffused; there is thus in Elizabeth
+    Potwin's &quot;Study of Early Memories&quot; (<i>Psychological Review</i>,
+    November, 1901) no separate group of tactile memories, and the
+    more elaborate investigation by Colegrove (&quot;Individual Memories,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, January, 1899) yields no
+    decisive results under this head. See, however, Stanley Hall's
+    valuable study, &quot;Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898. K&uuml;lpe has a
+    discussion of the psychology of cutaneous sensations (<i>Outlines
+    of Psychology</i> [English translation], pp. 87 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    Harriet Martineau, at the beginning of her <i>Autobiography</i>,
+    referring to the vivid character of tactile sensations in early
+    childhood, remarks, concerning an early memory of touching a
+    velvet button, that &quot;the rapture of the sensation was really
+    monstrous.&quot; And a lady tells me that one of her earliest memories
+    at the age of 3 is of the exquisite sensation of the casual
+    contact of a cool stone with the vulva in the act of urinating.
+    Such sensations, of course, cannot be termed specifically sexual,
+    though they help to furnish the tactile basis on which the
+    specifically sexual sensations develop.</p>
+
+<p>    The elementary sensitiveness of the skin is shown by the fact
+    that moderate excitation suffices to raise the temperature, while
+    Heidenhain and others have shown that in animals cutaneous
+    stimuli modify the sensibility of the brain cortex, slight
+    stimulus increasing excitability and strong stimulus diminishing
+    it. F&eacute;r&eacute; has shown that the slight stimulus to the skin furnished
+    by placing a piece of metal on the arm or elsewhere suffices to
+    increase the output of work with the ergograph. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Comptes
+    Rendus Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, July 12, 1902; <i>id.</i>, <i>Pathologic
+    des Emotions</i>, pp. 40 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    F&eacute;r&eacute; found that the application of a mustard plaster to the skin,
+    or an icebag, or a hot-water bottle, or even a light touch with a
+    painter's brush, all exerted a powerful effect in increasing
+    muscular work with the ergograph. &quot;The tonic effect of cutaneous
+    excitation,&quot; he remarks, &quot;throws light on the psychology of the
+    caress. It is always the most sensitive parts of the body which
+    seek to give or to receive caresses. Many animals rub or lick
+    each other. The mucous surfaces share in this irritability of the
+    skin. The kiss is not only an expression of feeling; it is a
+    means of provoking it. Cataglottism is by <a name='4_Page_6'></a>no means confined to
+    pigeons. The tonic value of cutaneous stimulation is indeed a
+    commonly accepted idea. Wrestlers rub their hands or limbs, and
+    the hand-shake also is not without its physiological basis.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Cutaneous excitations may cause painful sensations to cease. Many
+    massage practices which favor work act chiefly as sensorial
+    stimulants; on this account many nervous persons cannot abandon
+    them, and the Greeks and Romans found in massage not only health,
+    but pleasure. Lauder Brunton regards many common man&oelig;uvres,
+    like scratching the head and pulling the mustache, as
+    methods of dilating the bloodvessels of the brain by stimulating
+    the facial nerve. The motor reactions of cutaneous excitations
+    favor this hypothesis.&quot; (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, Chapter XV,
+    &quot;Influence des Excitations du Toucher sur le Travail.&quot;)</p></div>
+
+<p>The main characteristics of the primitive sense of touch are its wide
+diffusion over the whole body and the massive vagueness and imprecision of
+the messages it sends to the brain. This is the reason, why it is, of all
+the senses, the least intellectual and the least &aelig;sthetic; it is also the
+reason why it is, of all the senses, the most-profoundly emotional.
+&quot;Touch,&quot; wrote Bain in his <i>Emotions and Will</i>, &quot;is both the alpha and the
+omega of affection,&quot; and he insisted on the special significance in this
+connection of &quot;tenderness&quot;&mdash;a characteristic emotional quality of
+affection which is directly founded on sensations of touch. If tenderness
+is the alpha of affection, even between the sexes, its omega is to be
+found in the sexual embrace, which may be said to be a method of
+obtaining, through a specialized organization of the skin, the most
+exquisite and intense sensations of touch.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;We believe nothing is so exciting to the instinct or mere
+    passions as the presence of the hand or those tactile caresses
+    which mark affection,&quot; states the anonymous author of an article
+    on &quot;Woman in her Psychological Relations,&quot; in the <i>Journal of
+    Psychological Medicine</i>, 1851. &quot;They are the most general stimuli
+    in lower animals. The first recourse in difficulty or danger, and
+    the primary solace in anguish, for woman is the bosom of her
+    husband or her lover. She seeks solace and protection and repose
+    on that part of the body where she herself places the objects of
+    her own affection. Woman appears to have the same instinctive
+    impulse in this respect all over the world.&quot;</p></div><a name='4_Page_7'></a>
+
+<p>It is because the sexual orgasm is founded on a special adaptation and
+intensification of touch sensations that the sense of touch generally is
+to be regarded as occupying the very first place in reference to the
+sexual emotions. F&eacute;r&eacute;, Mantegazza, Penta, and most other writers on this
+question are here agreed. Touch sensations constitute a vast gamut for the
+expression of affection, with at one end the note of minimum personal
+affection in the brief and limited touch involved by the conventional
+hand-shake and the conventional kiss, and at the other end the final and
+intimate contact in which passion finds the supreme satisfaction of its
+most profound desire. The intermediate region has its great significance
+for us because it offers a field in which affection has its full scope,
+but in which every road may possibly lead to the goal of sexual love. It
+is the intimacy of touch contacts, their inevitable approach to the
+threshold of sexual emotion, which leads to a jealous and instinctive
+parsimony in the contact of skin and skin and to the tendency with the
+increased sensitiveness of the nervous system involved by civilization to
+restrain even the conventional touch manifestation of ordinary affection
+and esteem. In China fathers leave off kissing their daughters while they
+are still young children. In England the kiss as an ordinary greeting
+between men and women&mdash;a custom inherited from classic and early Christian
+antiquity&mdash;still persisted to the beginning of the eighteenth century. In
+France the same custom existed in the seventeenth century, but in the
+middle of that century was beginning to be regarded as dangerous,<a name='4_FNanchor_2'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_2'><sup>[2]</sup></a> while
+at the present time the conventional kiss on the cheek is strictly
+differentiated from the kiss on the mouth, which is reserved for lovers.
+Touch contacts between person and person, other than those limited and
+defined by custom, tend to become either unpleasant&mdash;as an undesired
+intrusion into an intimate sphere&mdash;or else, when occurring between man and
+woman at some peculiar moment, they may make a powerful reverberation in
+the emotional and more specifically sexual sphere. One <a name='4_Page_8'></a>man falls in love
+with his future wife because he has to carry her upstairs with a sprained
+ankle. Another dates his love-story from a romp in which his cheek
+accidentally came in contact with that of his future wife. A woman will
+sometimes instinctively strive to attract the attention of the man who
+appeals to her by a peculiar and prolonged pressure of the hand&mdash;the only
+touch contact permitted to her. Dante, as Penta has remarked, refers to
+&quot;sight or touch&quot; as the two channels through which a woman's love is
+revived (<i>Purgatorio</i>, VIII, 76). Even the hand-shake of a sympathetic man
+is enough in some chaste and sensitive women to produce sexual excitement
+or sometimes even the orgasm. The cases in which love arises from the
+influence of stimuli coming through the sense of touch are no doubt
+frequent, and they would be still more frequent if it were not that the
+very proximity of this sense to the sexual sphere causes it to be guarded
+with a care which in the case of the other senses it is impossible to
+exercise. This intimacy of touch and the reaction against its sexual
+approximations leads to what James has called &quot;the <i>antisexual instinct</i>,
+the instinct of personal isolation, the actual repulsiveness to us of the
+idea of intimate contact with most of the persons we meet, especially
+those of our own sex.&quot; He refers in this connection to the unpleasantness
+of the sensation felt on occupying a seat still warm from the body of
+another person.<a name='4_FNanchor_3'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_3'><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Catholic Church has always recognized the risks of
+vuluptuous emotion involved in tactile contacts, and the facility with
+which even the most innocent contacts may take on a libidinous
+character.<a name='4_FNanchor_4'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_4'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The following observations were written by a lady (aged 30) who
+    has never had sexual relationships: &quot;I am only conscious of a
+    very sweet and pleasurable emotion when coming in contact with
+    honorable men, and consider that a comparison can be made between
+    the idealism of such emotions and those of music, of beauties of
+    Nature, and of productions of art. While studying and writing
+    articles upon a new subject<a name='4_Page_9'></a> I came in contact with a specialist,
+    who rendered me considerable aid, and, one day, while jointly
+    correcting a piece of work, he touched my hand. This produced a
+    sweet and pure sensation of thrill through the whole system. I
+    said nothing; in fact, was too thrilled for speech; and never to
+    this day have shown any responsive action, but for months at
+    certain periods, generally twice a month, I have experienced the
+    most pleasurable emotions. I have seen this friend twice since,
+    and have a curious feeling that I stand on one side of a hedge,
+    while he is on the other, and, as neither makes an approach,
+    pleasure of the highest kind is experienced, but not allowed to
+    go beyond reasonable and health-giving bounds. In some moments I
+    feel overcome by a sense of mastery by this man, and yet, feeling
+    that any approach would be undignified, some pleasure is
+    experienced in restraining and keeping within proper bounds this
+    passional emotion. All these thrills of pleasurable emotion
+    possess a psychic value, and, so long as the nervous system is
+    kept in perfect health, they do not seem to have the power to
+    injure, but rather one is able to utilize the passionate emotions
+    as weapons for pleasure and work.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Various parts of the skin surface appear to have special sexual
+    sensitiveness, peculiarly marked in many individuals, especially
+    women; so that, as F&eacute;r&eacute; remarks (<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second
+    edition, 1902, p. 130), contact stimulation of the lips, lobe of
+    ear, nape of neck, little finger, knee, etc., may suffice even to
+    produce the orgasm. Some sexually hyper&aelig;sthetic women, as has
+    already been noted, experience this when shaking hands with a man
+    who is attractive to them. In some neurotic persons this
+    sensibility, as F&eacute;r&eacute; shows, may exist in so morbid a degree that
+    even the contact of the sensitive spot with unattractive persons
+    or inanimate objects may produce the orgasm. In this connection
+    reference may be made to the well-known fact that in some
+    hysterical subjects there are so-called &quot;erogenous zones&quot; simple
+    pressure on which suffices to evoke the complete orgasm. There
+    is, perhaps, some significance, from our present point of view,
+    in the fact that, as emphasized by Savill (&quot;Hysterical Skin
+    Symptoms,&quot; <i>Lancet</i>, January 30, 1904), the skin is one of the
+    very best places to study hysteria.</p>
+
+<p>    The intimate connection between the skin and the sexual sphere is
+    also shown in pathological conditions of the skin, especially in
+    acne as well as simple pimples on the face. The sexual
+    development of puberty involves a development of hair in various
+    regions of the body which previously were hairless. As, however,
+    the sebaceous glands on the face and elsewhere are the vestiges
+    of former hairs and survive from a period when the whole body was
+    hairy, they also tend to experience in an abortive manner this
+    same impulse. Thus, we may say that, with the development of the
+    sexual organs at puberty, there is correlated excitement <a name='4_Page_10'></a>of the
+    whole pilo-sebaceous apparatus. In the regions where this
+    apparatus is vestigial, and notably in the face, this abortive
+    attempt of the hair-follicles and their sebaceous appendages to
+    produce hairs tends only to disorganization, and simple
+    <i>comedones</i> or pustular acne pimples are liable to occur. As a
+    rule, acne appears about puberty and dies out slowly during
+    adolescence. While fairly common in young women, it is usually
+    much less severe, but tends to be exacerbated at the menstrual
+    periods; it is also apt to appear at the change of life. (Stephen
+    Mackenzie, &quot;The Etiology and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris,&quot;
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, September 29, 1894. Laycock [<i>Nervous
+    Diseases of Women</i>, 1840, p. 23] pointed out that acne occurs
+    chiefly in those parts of the surface covered by sexual hair. A
+    lucid account of the origin of acne will be found in Woods
+    Hutchinson's <i>Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology</i>, pp.
+    179-184. G. J. Engelmann [&quot;The Hystero-neuroses,&quot; <i>Gyn&aelig;cological
+    Transactions</i>, 1887, pp. 124 <i>et seq.</i>] discusses various
+    pathological disorders of the skin as reflex disturbances
+    originating in the sexual sphere.)</p>
+
+<p>    The influence of menstruation in exacerbating acne has been
+    called in question, but it seems to be well established. Thus,
+    Bulkley (&quot;Relation between Certain Diseases of the Skin and the
+    Menstrual Function,&quot; <i>Transactions of the Medical Society of New
+    York</i>, 1901, p. 328) found that, in 510 cases of acne in women,
+    145, or nearly one-third, were worse about the monthly period.
+    Sometimes it only appeared during menstruation. The exacerbation
+    occurred much more frequently just before than just after the
+    period. There was usually some disturbance of menstruation.
+    Various other disorders of the skin show a similar relationship
+    to menstruation.</p>
+
+<p>    It has been asserted that masturbation is a frequent or constant
+    cause of acne at puberty. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, discussion in <i>British
+    Medical Journal</i>, July, 1882.) This cannot be accepted. Acne very
+    frequently occurs without masturbation, and masturbation is very
+    frequently practiced without producing acne. At the same time we
+    may well believe that at the period of puberty, when the
+    pilo-sebaceous system is already in sensitive touch with the
+    sexual system, the shock of frequently repeated masturbation may
+    (in the same way as disordered menstruation) have its
+    repercussion on the skin. Thus, a lady has informed me that at
+    about the age of 18 she found that frequently repeated
+    masturbation was followed by the appearance of <i>comedones</i>.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_2'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_2'>[2]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Franklin, <i>Les Soins de Toilette</i>, p. 81.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_3'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_3'>[3]</a><div class='note'><p> W. James, <i>Principles of Psychology</i>, vol. ii. p. 347.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_4'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_4'>[4]</a><div class='note'><p> Numerous passages from the theologians bearing on this point
+are brought together in <i>M&oelig;chialogia</i>, pp. 221-220.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_T_II'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_11'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Ticklishness&mdash;Its Origin and Significance&mdash;The Psychology of
+Tickling&mdash;Laughter&mdash;Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence&mdash;The Sexual
+Relationships of Itching&mdash;The Pleasure of Tickling&mdash;Its Decrease with Age
+and Sexual Activity.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Touch, as has already been remarked, is the least intellectual of the
+senses. There is, however, one form of touch sensation&mdash;that is to say,
+ticklishness&mdash;which is of so special and peculiar a nature that it has
+sometimes been put aside in a class apart from all other touch sensations.
+Scaliger proposed to class titillation as a sixth, or separate, sense.
+Alrutz, of Upsala, regards tickling as a milder degree of itching, and
+considers that the two together constitute a sensation of distinct quality
+with distinct end-organs, for the mediation of that quality.<a name='4_FNanchor_5'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_5'><sup>[5]</sup></a> However we
+may regard this extreme view, tickling is certainly a specialized
+modification of touch and it is at the same time the most intellectual
+mode of touch sensation and that with the closest connection with the
+sexual sphere. To regard tickling as an intellectual manifestation may
+cause surprise, more especially when it is remembered that ticklishness is
+a form of sensation which reaches full development very early in life, and
+it has to be admitted that, as compared even with the messages that may be
+sent through smell and taste, the intellectual element in ticklishness
+remains small. But its presence here has been independently recognized by
+various investigators. Groos points out the psychic factor in tickling as
+evidenced by the impossibility of self-tickling.<a name='4_FNanchor_6'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_6'><sup>[6]</sup></a> Louis Robinson
+considers that ticklishness &quot;appears to be one of the simplest
+developments of mechanical and automatic nervous processes in the
+direction of the complex functioning of <a name='4_Page_12'></a>the higher centres which comes
+within the scope of psychology,&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_7'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_7'><sup>[7]</sup></a> Stanley Hall and Allin remark that
+&quot;these minimal touch excitations represent the very oldest stratum of
+psychic life in the soul.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_8'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_8'><sup>[8]</sup></a> Hirman Stanley, in a somewhat similar
+manner, pushes the intellectual element in ticklishness very far back and
+associates it with &quot;tentacular experience.&quot; &quot;By temporary self-extension,&quot;
+he remarks, &quot;even low am&oelig;boid organisms have slight, but
+suggestive, touch experiences that stimulate very general and violent
+reactions, and in higher organisms extended touch-organs, as tentacles,
+antenn&aelig;, hair, etc., become permanent and very delicately sensitive
+organs, where minimal contacts have very distinct and powerful reactions.&quot;
+Thus ticklishness would be the survival of long passed ancestral
+tentacular experience, which, originally a stimulation producing intense
+agitation and alarm, has now become merely a play activity and a source of
+keen pleasure.<a name='4_FNanchor_9'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_9'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We need not, however, go so far back in the zo&ouml;logical series to explain
+the origin and significance of tickling in the human species. Sir J. Y.
+Simpson suggested, in an elaborate study of the position of the child in
+the womb, that the extreme excitomotory sensibility of the skin in various
+regions, such as the sole of the foot, the knee, the sides, which already
+exists before birth, has for its object the excitation and preservation of
+the muscular movements necessary to keep the f&oelig;tus in the most
+favorable position in the womb.<a name='4_FNanchor_10'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_10'><sup>[10]</sup></a> It is, in fact, certainly the case
+that the stimulation of all the ticklish regions in the body tends to
+produce exactly that curled up position of extreme muscular flexion and
+general ovoid shape which is the normal position of the f&oelig;tus in
+the womb. We may well believe that in this early developed reflex activity
+we have the <a name='4_Page_13'></a>basis of that somewhat more complex ticklishness which
+appears somewhat later.</p>
+
+<p>The mental element in tickling is indicated by the fact that even a child,
+in whom ticklishness is highly developed, cannot tickle himself; so that
+tickling is not a simple reflex. This fact was long ago pointed out by
+Erasmus Darwin, and he accounted for it by supposing that voluntary
+exertion diminishes the energy of sensation.<a name='4_FNanchor_11'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_11'><sup>[11]</sup></a> This explanation is,
+however, inadmissible, for, although we cannot easily tickle ourselves by
+the contact of the skin with our own fingers, we can do so with the aid of
+a foreign body, like a feather. We may perhaps suppose that, as
+ticklishness has probably developed under the influence of natural
+selection as a method of protection against attack and a warning of the
+approach of foreign bodies, its end would be defeated if it involved a
+simple reaction to the contact of the organism with itself. This need of
+protection it is which involves the necessity of a minimal excitation
+producing a maximal effect, though the mechanism whereby this takes place
+has caused considerable discussion. We may, it is probable, best account
+for it by invoking the summation-irradiation theory of pain-pleasure, the
+summation of the stimuli in their course through the nerves, aided by
+capillary congestion, leading to irradiation due to anastomoses between
+the tactile corpuscles, not to speak of the much wider irradiation which
+is possible by means of central nervous connections.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Prof. C. L. Herrick adopts this explanation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, and rests it, in part, on Dogiel's study of the tactile
+    corpuscles (&quot;Psychological Corollaries of Modern Neurological
+    Discoveries,&quot; <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>, March, 1898).
+    The following remarks of Prof. A. Allin may also be quoted in
+    further explanation of the same theory: &quot;So far as ticklishness
+    is concerned, a very important factor in the production of this
+    feeling is undoubtedly that of the summation of stimuli. In a
+    research of Stirling's, carried on under Ludwig's direction, it
+    was shown that reflex contractions only occur from repeated
+    shocks to the nerve-centres&mdash;that is, through summation of
+    successive stimuli. That this result is also due in some degree
+    to an alternating increase <a name='4_Page_14'></a>in the sensibility of the various
+    areas in question from altered supply of blood is reasonably
+    certain. As a consequence of this summation-process there would
+    result in many cases and in cases of excessive nervous discharge
+    the opposite of pleasure, namely: pain. A number of instances
+    have been recorded of death resulting from tickling, and there is
+    no reason to doubt the truth of the statement that Simon de
+    Montfort, during the persecution of the Albigenses, put some of
+    them to death by tickling the soles of their feet with a feather.
+    An additional causal factor in the production of tickling may lie
+    in the nature and structure of the nervous process involved in
+    perception in general. According to certain histological
+    researches of recent years we know that between the sense-organs
+    and the central nervous system there exist closely connected
+    chains of conductors or neurons, along which an impression
+    received by a single sensory cell on the periphery is propagated
+    avalanchelike through an increasing number of neurons until the
+    brain is reached. If on the periphery a single cell is excited
+    the avalanchelike process continues until finally hundreds or
+    thousands of nerve-cells in the cortex are aroused to
+    considerable activity. Golgi, Ram&oacute;n y Cajal, Koelliker, Held,
+    Retzius, and others have demonstrated the histological basis of
+    this law for vision, hearing, and smell, and we may safely assume
+    from the phenomena of tickling that the sense of touch is not
+    lacking in a similar arrangement. May not a suggestion be
+    offered, with some plausibility, that even in ideal or
+    representative tickling, where tickling results, say, from
+    someone pointing a finger at the ticklish places, this
+    avalanchelike process may be incited from central centres, thus
+    producing, although in a modified degree, the pleasant phenomena
+    in question? As to the deepest causal factor, I should say that
+    tickling is the result of vasomotor shock.&quot; (A. Allin, &quot;On
+    Laughter,&quot; <i>Psychological Review</i>, May, 1903.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The intellectual element in tickling conies out in its connection with
+laughter and the sense of the comic, of which it may be said to constitute
+the physical basis. While we are not here concerned with laughter and the
+comic sense,&mdash;a subject which has lately attracted considerable
+attention,&mdash;it may be instructive to point out that there is more than an
+analogy between laughter and the phenomena of sexual tumescence and
+detumescence. The process whereby prolonged tickling, with its nervous
+summation and irradiation and accompanying hyper&aelig;mia, finds sudden relief
+in an explosion of laughter is a real example of tumescence&mdash;as it has
+been defined in the study in another volume entitled &quot;An Analysis of the
+Sexual<a name='4_Page_15'></a> Impulse&quot;&mdash;resulting finally in the orgasm of detumescence. The
+reality of the connection between the sexual embrace and tickling is
+indicated by the fact that in some languages, as in that of the
+Fuegians,<a name='4_FNanchor_12'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_12'><sup>[12]</sup></a> the same word is applied to both. That ordinary tickling is
+not sexual is due to the circumstances of the case and the regions to
+which the tickling is applied. If, however, the tickling is applied within
+the sexual sphere, then there is a tendency for orgasm to take place
+instead of laughter. The connection which, through the phenomena of
+tickling, laughter thus bears to the sexual sphere is well indicated, as
+Groos has pointed out, by the fact that in sexually-minded people sexual
+allusions tend to produce laughter, this being the method by which they
+are diverted from the risks of more specifically sexual detumescence.<a name='4_FNanchor_13'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_13'><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Reference has been made to the view of Alrutz, according to which
+    tickling is a milder degree of itching. It is more convenient and
+    probably more correct to regard itching or pruritus, as it is
+    termed in its pathological forms, as a distinct sensation, for it
+    does not arise under precisely the same conditions as tickling
+    nor is it relieved in the same way. There is interest, however,
+    in pointing out in this connection that, like tickling, itching
+    has a real parallelism to the specialized sexual sensations.
+    Bronson, who has very ably interpreted the sensations of itching
+    (New York Neurological Society, October 7, 1890; <i>Medical News</i>,
+    February 14, 1903, and summarized in the <i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, March 7, 1903; and elsewhere), regards it as a
+    perversion of the sense of touch, a dys&aelig;sthesia due to obstructed
+    nerve-excitation with imperfect conduction of the generated force
+    into correlated nervous energy. The scratching which relieves
+    itching directs the nervous energy into freer channels, sometimes
+    substituting for the pruritus either painful or voluptuous
+    sensations. Such voluptuous sensations may be regarded as a
+    generalized aphrodisiac sense comparable to the specialized
+    sexual orgasm. Bronson refers to the significant fact that
+    itching occurs so frequently in the sexual region, and states
+    that sexual neurasthenia is sometimes the only discoverable cause
+    of genital and anal pruritus. (<i>Cf.</i> discussion on pruritus,
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>,<a name='4_Page_16'></a> November 30, 1895.) Gilman, again
+    (<i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, vi, p. 22), considers that
+    scratching, as well as sneezing, is comparable to coitus.</p></div>
+
+<p>The sexual embrace has an intimate connection with the phenomena of
+ticklishness which could not fail to be recognized. This connection is,
+indeed, the basis of Spinoza's famous definition of love,&mdash;&quot;<i>Amor est
+titillatio qu&aelig;dam concomitante idea caus&aelig; extern&aelig;</i>,&quot;&mdash;a statement which
+seems to be reflected in Chamfort's definition of love as &quot;<i>l'&eacute;change de
+deux fantaisies, et le contact de deux epidermes</i>.&quot; The sexual act, says
+Gowers, is, in fact, a skin reflex.<a name='4_FNanchor_14'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_14'><sup>[14]</sup></a> &quot;The sexual parts,&quot; Hall and Allin
+state, &quot;have a ticklishness as unique as their function and as keen as
+their importance.&quot; Herrick finds the supreme illustration of the summation
+and irradiation theory of tickling in the phenomena of erotic excitement,
+and points out that in harmony with this the skin of the sexual region is,
+as Dogiel has shown, that portion of the body in which the tactile
+corpuscles are most thoroughly and elaborately provided with anastomosing
+fibres. It has been pointed out<a name='4_FNanchor_15'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_15'><sup>[15]</sup></a> that, when ordinary tactile
+sensibility is partially abolished,&mdash;especially in hemian&aelig;sthesia in the
+insane,&mdash;some sexual disturbance is specially apt to be found in
+association.</p>
+
+<p>In young children, in girls even when they are no longer children, and
+occasionally in men, tickling may be a source of acute pleasure, which in
+very early life is not sexual, but later tends to become so under
+circumstances predisposing to the production of erotic emotion, and
+especially when the nervous system is keyed up to a high tone favorable
+for the production of the maximum effect of tickling.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;When young,&quot; writes a lady aged 28, &quot;I was extremely fond of
+    being tickled, and I am to some extent still. Between the ages of
+    10 and 12 it gave me exquisite pleasure, which I now regard as
+    sexual <a name='4_Page_17'></a>in character. I used to bribe my younger sister to tickle
+    my feet until she was tired.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Stanley Hall and Allin in their investigation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, largely carried out among young women teachers, found
+    that in 60 clearly marked cases ticklishness was more marked at
+    one time than another, &quot;as when they have been 'carrying on,' or
+    are in a happy mood, are nervous or unwell, after a good meal,
+    when being washed, when in perfect health, when with people they
+    like, etc.&quot; (Hall and Allin, &quot;Tickling and Laughter,&quot; <i>American
+    Journal of Psychology</i>, October, 1897.) It will be observed that
+    most of the conditions mentioned are such as would be favorable
+    to excitations of an emotionally sexual character.</p>
+
+<p>    The palms of the hands may be very ticklish during sexual
+    excitement, especially in women, and Moll (<i>Kontr&auml;re
+    Sexualempfindung</i>, p. 180) remarks that in some men titillation
+    of the skin of the back, of the feet, and even of the forehead
+    evokes erotic feelings.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that, as might be expected, titillation of the
+    skin often has the same significance in animals as in man. &quot;In
+    some animals,&quot; remarks Louis Robinson (art. &quot;Ticklishness,&quot;
+    <i>Dictionary of Psychological Medicine</i>), &quot;local titillation of
+    the skin, though in parts remote from the reproductive organs,
+    plainly acts indirectly upon them as a stimulus. Thus, Harvey
+    records that, by stroking the back of a favorite parrot (which he
+    had possessed for years and supposed to be a male), he not only
+    gave the bird gratification,&mdash;which was the sole intention of the
+    illustrious physiologist,&mdash;but also caused it to reveal its sex
+    by laying an egg.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>The sexual significance of tickling is very clearly indicated by the fact
+that the general ticklishness of the body, which is so marked in children
+and in young girls, greatly diminishes, as a rule, after sexual
+relationships have been established. Dr. Gina Lombroso, who investigated
+the cutaneous reflexes, found that both the abdominal and plantar
+reflexes, which are well marked in childhood and in young people between
+the ages of 15 and 18, were much diminished in older persons, and to a
+greater extent in women than in men, to a greater extent in the abdominal
+region than on the soles of the feet;<a name='4_FNanchor_16'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_16'><sup>[16]</sup></a> her results do not directly show
+the influence of sexual relationship, but they have an indirect bearing
+which is worth noting.</p>
+<a name='4_Page_18'></a>
+<p>The difference in ticklishness between the unmarried woman and the married
+woman corresponds to their difference in degree of modesty. Both modesty
+and ticklishness may be said to be characters which are no longer needed.
+From this point of view the general ticklishness of the skin is a kind of
+body modesty. It is so even apart from any sexual significance of
+tickling, and Louis Robinson has pointed out that in young apes, puppies,
+and other like animals the most ticklish regions correspond to the most
+vulnerable spots in a fight, and that consequently in the mock fights of
+early life skill in defending these spots is attained.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Iceland, according to Margarethe Filh&eacute;s (as quoted by Max
+    Bartels, <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1900, ht. 2-3, p. 57), it
+    may be known whether a youth is pure or a maid is intact by their
+    susceptibility to tickling. It is considered a bad sign if that
+    is lost.</p>
+
+<p>    I am indebted to a medical correspondent for the following
+    communication: &quot;Married women have told me that they find that
+    after marriage they are not ticklish under the arms or on the
+    breasts, though before marriage any tickling or touching in these
+    regions, especially by a man, would make them jump or get
+    hysterical or 'queer,' as they call it. Before coitus the sexual
+    energy seems to be dissipated along all the nerve-channels and
+    especially along the secondary sexual routes,&mdash;the breasts, nape
+    of neck, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, armpits, and hair thereon,
+    etc.,&mdash;but after marriage the surplus energy is diverted from
+    these secondary channels, and response to tickling is diminished.
+    I have often noted in insane cases, especially mania in
+    adolescent girls, that they are excessively ticklish. Again, in
+    ordinary routine practice I have observed that, though married
+    women show no ticklishness during auscultation and percussion of
+    the chest, this is by no means always so in young girls. Perhaps
+    ticklishness in virgins is Nature's self-protection against rape
+    and sexual advances, and the young girl instinctively wishing to
+    hide the armpits, breasts, and other ticklish regions, tucks
+    herself up to prevent these parts being touched. The married
+    woman, being in love with a man, does not shut up these parts, as
+    she reciprocates the advances that he makes; she no longer
+    requires ticklishness as a protection against sexual aggression.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_5'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_5'>[5]</a><div class='note'><p> Alrutz's views are summarized in <i>Psychological Review</i>,
+Sept., 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_6'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_6'>[6]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Die Spiele der Menschen</i>, 1899, p. 206.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_7'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_7'>[7]</a><div class='note'><p> L. Robinson, art. &quot;Ticklishness,&quot; Tuke's <i>Dictionary of
+Psychological Medicine</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_8'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_8'>[8]</a><div class='note'><p> Stanley Hall and Allin, &quot;Tickling and Laughter,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Psychology</i>, October, 1897.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_9'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_9'>[9]</a><div class='note'><p> H. M. Stanley, &quot;Remarks on Tickling and Laughter,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Psychology</i>, vol. ix, January, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_10'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_10'>[10]</a><div class='note'><p> Simpson, &quot;On the Attitude of the F&oelig;tus in Utero,&quot;
+<i>Obstetric Memoirs</i>, 1856, vol. ii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_11'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_11'>[11]</a><div class='note'><p> Erasmus Darwin, <i>Zo&ouml;nomia</i>, Sect. XVII, 4.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_12'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_12'>[12]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyades and Deniker, <i>Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn</i>, vol.
+vii. p. 296.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_13'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_13'>[13]</a><div class='note'><p> Such an interpretation is supported by the arguments of W.
+McDougall (&quot;The Theory of Laughter,&quot; <i>Nature</i>, February 5, 1903), who
+contends, without any reference to the sexual field, that one of the
+objects of laughter is automatically to &quot;disperse our attention.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_14'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_14'>[14]</a><div class='note'><p> Even the structure of the vaginal mucous membrane, it may be
+noted, is analogous to that of the skin. D. Berry Hart, &quot;Note on the
+Development of the Clitoris, Vagina, and Hymen,&quot; <i>Transactions of the
+Edinburgh Obstetrical Society</i>, vol. xxi, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_15'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_15'>[15]</a><div class='note'><p> W. H. B. Stoddart, &quot;An&aelig;sthesia in the Insane,&quot; <i>Journal of
+Mental Science</i>, October, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_16'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_16'>[16]</a><div class='note'><p> Gina Lombroso, &quot;Sur les R&eacute;flexes Cutan&eacute;s,&quot; International
+Congress of Criminal Anthropology, Amsterdam, <i>Comptes Rendus</i>, p. 295.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_T_III'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_19'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres&mdash;Orificial Contacts&mdash;Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio&mdash;The Kiss&mdash;The Nipples&mdash;The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres&mdash;This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood&mdash;The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual
+Centres&mdash;Suckling and Sexual Emotion&mdash;The Significance of the Association
+between Suckling and Sexual Emotion&mdash;This Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have seen that the skin generally has a high degree of sensibility,
+which frequently tends to be in more or less definite association with the
+sexual centres. We have seen also that the central and specific sexual
+sensation, the sexual embrace itself, is, in large measure, a specialized
+kind of skin reflex. Between the generalized skin sensations and the great
+primary sexual centre of sensation there are certain secondary sexual
+centres which, on account of their importance, may here be briefly
+considered.</p>
+
+<p>These secondary centres have in common the fact that they always involve
+the entrances and the exits of the body&mdash;the regions, that is, where skin
+merges into mucous membrane, and where, in the course of evolution,
+tactile sensibility has become highly refined. It may, indeed, be said
+generally of these frontier regions of the body that their contact with
+the same or a similar frontier region in another person of opposite sex,
+under conditions otherwise favorable to tumescence, will tend to produce a
+minimum and even sometimes a maximum degree of sexual excitation. Contact
+of these regions with each other or with the sexual region itself so
+closely simulates the central sexual reflex that channels are set up for
+the same nervous energy and secondary sexual centres are constituted.</p>
+
+<p>It is important to remember that the phenomena we are here concerned with
+are essentially normal. Many of them are commonly spoken of as
+perversions. In so far, however, as they are aids to tumescence they must
+be regarded as coming <a name='4_Page_20'></a>within the range of normal variation. They may be
+considered un&aelig;sthetic, but that is another matter. It has, moreover, to be
+remembered that &aelig;sthetic values are changed under the influence of sexual
+emotion; from the lover's point of view many things are beautiful which
+are unbeautiful from the point of view of him who is not a lover, and the
+greater the degree to which the lover is swayed by his passion the greater
+the extent to which his normal &aelig;sthetic standard is liable to be modified.
+A broad consideration of the phenomena among civilized and uncivilized
+peoples amply suffices to show the fallacy of the tendency, so common
+among unscientific writers on these subjects, to introduce normal &aelig;sthetic
+standards into the sexual sphere. From the normal standpoint of ordinary
+daily life, indeed, the whole process of sex is un&aelig;sthetic, except the
+earlier stages of tumescence.<a name='4_FNanchor_17'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_17'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>So long as they constitute a part of the phase of tumescence, the
+utilization of the sexual excitations obtainable through these channels
+must be considered within the normal range of variation, as we may
+observe, indeed, among many animals. When, however, such contacts of the
+orifices of the body, other than those of the male and female sexual
+organs proper, are used to procure not merely tumescence, but
+detumescence, they become, in the strict and technical sense, perversions.
+They are perversions in exactly the same sense as are the methods of
+intercourse which involve the use of checks to prevent fecundation. The
+&aelig;sthetic question, however, remains the same as if we were dealing with
+tumescence. It is necessary that this should be pointed out clearly, even
+at the risk of misapprehension, as confusions are here very common.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The essentially sexual character of the sensitivity of the
+    orificial contacts is shown by the fact that it may sometimes be
+    accidentally developed even in early childhood. This is well
+    illustrated in a case recorded <a name='4_Page_21'></a>by F&eacute;r&eacute;. A little girl of 4, of
+    nervous temperament and liable to fits of anger in which she
+    would roll on the ground and tear her clothes, once ran out into
+    the garden in such a fit of temper and threw herself on the lawn
+    in a half-naked condition. As she lay there two dogs with whom
+    she was accustomed to play came up and began to lick the
+    uncovered parts of the body. It so happened that as one dog
+    licked her mouth the other licked her sexual parts. She
+    experienced a shock of intense sensation which she could never
+    forget and never describe, accompanied by a delicious tension of
+    the sexual organs. She rose and ran away with a feeling of shame,
+    though she could not comprehend what had happened. The impression
+    thus made was so profound that it persisted throughout life and
+    served as the point of departure of sexual perversions, while the
+    contact of a dog's tongue with her mouth alone afterward sufficed
+    to evoke sexual pleasure. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, 1903,
+    No. 90.)</p>
+
+<p>    I do not purpose to discuss here either <i>cunnilingus</i> (the
+    apposition of the mouth to the female pudendum) or <i>fellatio</i>
+    (the apposition of the mouth to the male organ), the agent in the
+    former case being, in normal heterosexual relationships, a man,
+    in the latter a woman; they are not purely tactile phenomena, but
+    involve various other physical and psychic elements.
+    <i>Cunnilingus</i> was a very familiar manifestation in classic times,
+    as shown by frequent and mostly very contemptuous references in
+    Aristophanes, Juvenal, and many other Greek and Roman writers;
+    the Greeks regarded it as a Ph&oelig;nician practice, just as
+    it is now commonly considered French; it tends to be especially
+    prevalent at all periods of high civilization. <i>Fellatio</i> has
+    also been equally well known, in both ancient and modern times,
+    especially as practiced by inverted men. It may be accepted that
+    both <i>cunnilingus</i> and <i>fellatio</i>, as practiced by either sex,
+    are liable to occur among healthy or morbid persons, in
+    heterosexual or homosexual relationships. They have little
+    psychological significance, except to the extent that when
+    practiced to the exclusion of normal sexual relationships they
+    become perversions, and as such tend to be associated with
+    various degenerative conditions, although such associations are
+    not invariable.</p>
+
+<p>    The essentially normal character of <i>cunnilingus</i> and <i>fellatio</i>,
+    when occurring as incidents in the process of tumescence, is
+    shown by the fact that they are practiced by many animals. This
+    is the case, for instance, among dogs. Moll points out that not
+    infrequently the bitch, while under the dog, but before
+    intromission, will change her position to lick the dog's
+    penis&mdash;apparently from an instinctive impulse to heighten her own
+    and his excitement&mdash;and then return to the normal position, while
+    <i>cunnilingus</i> is of constant occurrence among animals, and on
+    account of its frequency among dogs was called by the Greeks
+    &#963;&#954;&#8017;&#955;&#945;&#958; (Rosenbaum, <i>Geschichte der Lustseuche im
+    Altertume</i>, fifth edition, pp. 260-278; also notes in Moll,
+    <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber pie<a name='4_Page_22'></a> Libido Sexualis</i>, Bd. I, pp. 134, 369;
+    and Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>,
+    Teil II, pp. 216 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    The occurrence of <i>cunnilingus</i> as a sexual episode of tumescence
+    among lower human races is well illustrated by a practice of the
+    natives of the Caroline Islands (as recorded by Kubary in his
+    ethnographic study of this people and quoted by Ploss and
+    Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i). It is here customary for a man to
+    place a piece of fish between the labia, while he stimulates the
+    latter by his tongue and teeth until under stress of sexual
+    excitement the woman urinates; this is regarded as an indication
+    that the proper moment for intercourse has arrived. Such a
+    practice rests on physiologically sound facts whatever may be
+    thought of it from an &aelig;sthetic standpoint.</p>
+
+<p>    The contrast between the normal &aelig;sthetic standpoint in this
+    matter and the lover's is well illustrated by the following
+    quotations: Dr. A. B. Holder, in the course of his description of
+    the American Indian <i>bot&eacute;</i>, remarks, concerning <i>fellatio</i>: &quot;Of
+    all the many varieties of sexual perversion, this, it seems to
+    me, is the most debased that could be conceived of.&quot; On the other
+    hand, in a communication from a writer and scholar of high
+    intellectual distinction occurs the statement: &quot;I affirm that, of
+    all sexual acts, <i>fellatio</i> is most an affair of imagination and
+    sympathy.&quot; It must be pointed out that there is no contradiction
+    in these two statements, and that each is justified, according as
+    we take the point of view of the ordinary onlooker or of the
+    impassioned lover eager to give a final proof of his or her
+    devotion. It must be added that from a scientific point of view
+    we are not entitled to take either side.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of the whole of this group of phenomena, the most typical and the most
+widespread example is certainly the kiss. We have in the lips a highly
+sensitive frontier region between skin and mucous membrane, in many
+respects analogous to the vulvo-vaginal orifice, and reinforcible,
+moreover, by the active movements of the still more highly sensitive
+tongue. Close and prolonged contact of these regions, therefore, under
+conditions favorable to tumescence sets up a powerful current of nervous
+stimulation. After those contacts in which the sexual regions themselves
+take a direct part, there is certainly no such channel for directing
+nervous force into the sexual sphere as the kiss. This is nowhere so well
+recognized as in France, where a young girl's lips are religiously kept
+for her lover, to such an extent, indeed, that young girls sometimes come
+to believe that the whole physical side of love is comprehended in a kiss
+on the mouth; so highly intelligent a woman as Madam Adam <a name='4_Page_23'></a>has described
+the agony she felt as a girl when kissed on the lips by a man, owing to
+the conviction that she had thereby lost her virtue. Although the lips
+occupy this highly important position as a secondary sexual focus in the
+sphere of touch, the kiss is&mdash;unlike <i>cunnilingus</i> and
+<i>fellatio</i>&mdash;confined to man and, indeed, to a large extent, to civilized
+man. It is the outcome of a compound evolution which had its beginning
+outside the sphere of touch, and it would therefore be out of place to
+deal with the interesting question of its development in this place. It
+will be discussed elsewhere.<a name='4_FNanchor_18'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_18'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>There is yet another orificial frontier region which is a highly important
+tactile sexual focus: the nipple. The breasts raise, indeed, several
+interesting questions in their intimate connection with the sexual sphere
+and it may be worth while to consider them at this point.</p>
+
+<p>The breasts have from the present point of view this special significance
+among the sexual centres that they primarily exist, not for the contact of
+the lover, but the contact of the child. This is doubtless, indeed, the
+fundamental fact on which all the touch contacts we are here concerned
+with have grown up. The sexual sensitivity of the lover's lips to
+orificial contacts has been developed from the sensitivity of the infant's
+lips to contact with his mother's nipple. It is on the ground of that
+evolution that we are bound to consider here the precise position of the
+breasts as a sexual centre.</p>
+
+<p>As the great secreting organs of milk, the function of the breasts must
+begin immediately the child is cut off from the nutrition derived from
+direct contact with his mother's blood. It is therefore essential that the
+connection between the sexual organs proper, more especially the womb, and
+the breasts should be exceedingly intimate, so that the breasts may be in
+a condition to respond adequately to the demand of the child's sucking
+lips at the earliest moment after birth. As a matter of fact, this
+connection is very intimate, so intimate that it takes place in two
+totally distinct ways&mdash;by the nervous system and by the blood.</p>
+<a name='4_Page_24'></a>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The breasts of young girls sometimes become tender at puberty in
+    sympathy with the evolution of the sexual organs, although the
+    swelling of the breasts at this period is not normally a
+    glandular process. At the recurring periods of menstruation,
+    again, sensations in the breasts are not uncommon.</p>
+
+<p>    It is not, however, until impregnation occurs that really
+    decisive changes take place in the breasts. &quot;As soon as the ovum
+    is impregnated, that is to say within a few days,&quot; as W. D. A.
+    Griffith states it (&quot;The Diagnosis of Pregnancy,&quot; <i>British
+    Medical Journal</i>, April 11, 1903), &quot;the changes begin to occur in
+    the breast, changes which are just as well worked out as are the
+    changes in the uterus and the vagina, which, from the
+    commencement of pregnancy, prepare for the labor which ought to
+    follow nine months afterward. These are changes in the direction
+    of marked activity of function. An organ which was previously
+    quite passive, without activity of circulation and the effects of
+    active circulation, begins to grow and continues to grow in
+    activity and size as pregnancy progresses.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The association between breasts and womb is so obvious that it
+    has not escaped many savage peoples, who are often, indeed,
+    excellent observers. Among one primitive people at least the
+    activity of the breast at impregnation seems to be clearly
+    recognized. The Sinangolo of British New Guinea, says Seligmann
+    (<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, July-December, 1902,
+    p. 298) believe that conception takes place in the breasts; on
+    this account they hold that coitus should never take place before
+    the child is weaned or he might imbibe semen with the milk.</p>
+
+<p>    It is natural to assume that this connection between the activity
+    of the womb and the glandular activity of the breasts is a
+    nervous connection, by means of the spinal cord, and such a
+    connection certainly exists and plays a very important part in
+    the stimulating action of the breasts on the sexual organs. But
+    that there is a more direct channel of communication even than
+    the nervous system is shown by the fact that the secretion of
+    milk will take place at parturition, even when the nervous
+    connection has been destroyed. Mironoff found that, when the
+    mammary gland is completely separated from the central nervous
+    system, secretion, though slightly diminished, still continued.
+    In two goats he cut the nerves shortly before parturition and
+    after birth the breasts still swelled and functioned normally
+    (<i>Archives des Sciences Biologiques</i>, St. Petersburg, 1895,
+    summarized in <i>L'Ann&eacute;e Biologique</i>; 1895, p. 329). Ribbert,
+    again, cut out the mammary gland of a young rabbit and
+    transplanted it into the ear; five months after the rabbit bore
+    young and the gland secreted milk freely. The case has been
+    reported of a woman whose spinal cord was destroyed by an
+    accident at the level of the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebr&aelig;,
+    <a name='4_Page_25'></a>yet lactation was perfectly normal (<i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+    August 5, 1899, p. 374). We are driven to suppose that there is
+    some chemical change in the blood, some internal secretion from
+    the uterus or the ovaries, which acts as a direct stimulant to
+    the breasts. (See a comprehensive discussion of the phenomena of
+    the connection between the breasts and sexual organs, though the
+    conclusions are not unassailable, by Temesvary, <i>Journal of
+    Obstetrics and Gyn&aelig;cology of the British Empire</i>, June, 1903).
+    That this hypothetical secretion starts from the womb rather than
+    the ovaries seems to be indicated by the fact that removal of
+    both ovaries during pregnancy will not suffice to prevent
+    lactation. In favor of the ovaries, see Beatson, <i>Lancet</i>, July,
+    1896; in favor of the uterus, Armand Routh, &quot;On the Interaction
+    between the Ovaries and the Mammary Glands,&quot; <i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, September 30, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<p>While, however, the communications from the sexual organs to the breast
+are of a complex and at present ill understood character, the
+communication from the breasts to the sexual organs is without doubt
+mainly and chiefly nervous. When the child is put to the breast after
+birth the suction of the nipple causes a reflex contraction of the womb,
+and it is held by many, though not all, authorities that in a woman who
+does not suckle her child there is some risk that the womb will not return
+to its normal involuted size. It has also been asserted that to put a
+child to the breast during the early months of pregnancy causes so great a
+degree of uterine contraction that abortion may result.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Freund found in Germany that stimulation of the nipples by an
+    electrical cupping apparatus brought about contraction of the
+    pregnant uterus. At an earlier period it was recommended to
+    irritate the nipple in order to excite the uterus to parturient
+    action. Simpson, while pointing out that this was scarcely
+    adequate to produce the effect desired, thought that placing a
+    child to the breast after labor had begun might increase uterine
+    action. (J. Y. Simpson, <i>Obstetric Memoirs</i>, vol. i, p. 836; also
+    F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 132).</p>
+
+<p>    The influence of lactation over the womb in preventing the return
+    of menstruation during its continuance is well known. According
+    to Remfry's investigation of 900 cases in England, in 57 per
+    cent. of cases there is no menstruation during lactation. (L.
+    Remfry, in paper read before Obstetrical Society of London,
+    summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, January 11, 1896, p.
+    86). Bendix, in Germany, found among<a name='4_Page_26'></a> 140 cases that in about 40
+    per cent. there was no menstruation during lactation (paper read
+    before D&uuml;sseldorf meeting of the Society of German Naturalists
+    and Physicians, 1899). When the child is not suckled menstruation
+    tends to reappear about six months after parturition.</p>
+
+<p>    It is possible that the divergent opinions of authorities
+    concerning the necessarily favorable influence of lactation in
+    promoting the return of the womb to its normal size may be due to
+    a confusion of two distinct influences: the reflex action of the
+    nipple on the womb and the effects of prolonged glandular
+    secretion of the breasts in debilitated persons. The act of
+    suckling undoubtedly tends to promote uterine contraction, and in
+    healthy women during lactation the womb may even (according to
+    Vineberg) be temporarily reduced to a smaller size than before
+    impregnation, thus producing what is known as &quot;lactation
+    atrophy.&quot; In debilitated women, however, the strain of
+    milk-production may lead to general lack of muscular tone, and
+    involution of the womb thus be hindered rather than aided by
+    lactation.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the objective side, then, the nipple is to be regarded as an erectile
+organ, richly supplied with nerves and vessels, which, under the
+stimulation of the infant's lips&mdash;or any similar compression, and even
+under the influence of emotion or cold,&mdash;becomes firm and projects, mainly
+as a result of muscular contraction; for, unlike the penis and the
+clitoris, the nipple contains no true erectile tissue and little capacity
+for vascular engorgement.<a name='4_FNanchor_19'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_19'><sup>[19]</sup></a> We must then suppose that an impetus tends
+to be transmitted through the spinal cord to the sexual organs, setting up
+a greater or less degree of nervous and muscular excitement with uterine
+contraction. These being the objective manifestations, what manifestations
+are to be noted on the subjective side?</p>
+
+<p>It is a remarkable proof of the general indifference with which in Europe
+even the fairly constant and prominent characteristics of the psychology
+of women have been treated until recent times that, so far as I am
+aware,&mdash;though I have made no special research to this end,&mdash;no one before
+the end of the eighteenth century had recorded the fact that the act of
+suckling tends to produce in women voluptuous sexual emotions.<a name='4_Page_27'></a> Cabanis in
+1802, in the memoir on &quot;Influence des Sexes&quot; in his <i>Rapports du Physique
+et du Moral de l'Homme</i>, wrote that several suckling women had told him
+that the child in sucking the breast made them experience a vivid
+sensation of pleasure, shared in some degree by the sexual organs. There
+can be no doubt that in healthy suckling women this phenomenon is
+exceedingly common, though in the absence of any methodical and precise
+investigation it cannot be affirmed that it is experienced by every woman
+in some degree, and it is highly probable that this is not the case. One
+lady, perfectly normal, states that she has had stronger sexual feelings
+in suckling her children than she has ever experienced with her husband,
+but that so far as possible she has tried to repress them, as she regards
+them as brutish under these circumstances. Many other women state
+generally that suckling is the most delicious physical feeling they have
+ever experienced. In most cases, however, it does not appear to lead to a
+desire for intercourse, and some of those who make this statement have no
+desire for coitus during lactation, though they may have strong sexual
+needs at other times. It is probable that this corresponds to the normal
+condition, and that the voluptuous sensations aroused by suckling are
+adequately gratified by the child. It may be added that there are probably
+many women who could say, with a lady quoted by F&eacute;r&eacute;,<a name='4_FNanchor_20'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_20'><sup>[20]</sup></a> that the only
+real pleasures of sex they have ever known are those derived from their
+suckling infants.</p>
+
+<p>It is not difficult to see why this normal association of sexual emotion
+with suckling should have come about. It is essential for the preservation
+of the lives of young mammals that the mothers should have an adequate
+motive in pleasurable sensation for enduring the trouble of suckling. The
+most obvious method for obtaining the necessary degree of pleasurable
+sensation lay in utilizing the reservoir of sexual emotion, with which
+channels of communication might already be said to be open through the
+action of the sexual organs on the breasts <a name='4_Page_28'></a>during pregnancy. The
+voluptuous element in suckling may thus be called a merciful provision of
+Nature for securing the maintenance of the child.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Cabanis seems to have realized the significance of this
+    connection as the basis of the sympathy between mother and child,
+    and more recently Lombroso and Ferrero have remarked (<i>La Donna
+    Delinquente</i>, p. 438) on the fact that maternal love has a sexual
+    basis in the element of venereal pleasure, though usually
+    inconsiderable, experienced during suckling. Houzeau has referred
+    to the fact that in the majority of animals the relation between
+    mother and offspring is only close during the period of
+    lactation, and this is certainly connected with the fact that it
+    is only during lactation that the female animal can derive
+    physical gratification from her offspring. When living on a farm
+    I have ascertained that cows sometimes, though not frequently,
+    exhibit slight signs of sexual excitement, with secretion of
+    mucus, while being milked; so that, as the dairymaid herself
+    observed, it is as if they were being &quot;bulled.&quot; The sow, like
+    some other mammals, often eats her own young after birth,
+    mistaking them, it is thought, for the placenta, which is
+    normally eaten by most mammals; it is said that the sow never
+    eats her young when they have once taken the teat.</p>
+
+<p>    It occasionally happens that this normal tendency for suckling to
+    produce voluptuous sexual emotions is present in an extreme
+    degree, and may lead to sexual perversions. It does not appear
+    that the sexual sensations aroused by suckling usually culminate
+    in the orgasm; this however, was noted in a case recorded by
+    F&eacute;r&eacute;, of a slightly neurotic woman in whom intense sexual
+    excitement occurred during suckling, especially if prolonged; so
+    far as possible, she shortened the periods of suckling in order
+    to prevent, not always successfully, the occurrence of the orgasm
+    (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Archives de Neurologie</i> No. 30, 1903). Icard refers to
+    the case of a woman who sought to become pregnant solely for the
+    sake of the voluptuous sensations she derived from suckling, and
+    Yellowlees (Art. &quot;Masturbation,&quot; <i>Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine</i>) speaks of the overwhelming character of &quot;the storms of
+    sexual feeling sometimes observed during lactation.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It may be remarked that the frequency of the association between
+    lactation and the sexual sensations is indicated by the fact
+    that, as Savage remarks, lactational insanity is often
+    accompanied by fancies regarding the reproductive organs.</p></div>
+
+<p>When we have realized the special sensitivity of the orificial regions and
+the peculiarly close relationships between the breasts and the sexual
+organs we may easily understand the considerable part which they normally
+play in the art of love.<a name='4_Page_29'></a> As one of the chief secondary sexual characters
+in women, and one of her chief beauties, a woman's breasts offer
+themselves to the lover's lips with a less intimate attraction than her
+mouth only because the mouth is better able to respond. On her side, such
+contact is often instinctively desired. Just as the sexual disturbance of
+pregnancy is accompanied by a sympathetic disturbance in the breasts, so
+the sexual excitement produced by the lover's proximity reacts on the
+breasts; the nipple becomes turgid and erect in sympathy with the
+clitoris; the woman craves to place her lover in the place of the child,
+and experiences a sensation in which these two supreme objects of her
+desire are deliciously mingled.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The powerful effect which stimulation of the nipple produces on
+    the sexual sphere has led to the breasts playing a prominent part
+    in the erotic art of those lands in which this art has been most
+    carefully cultivated. Thus in India, according to Vatsyayana,
+    many authors are of the opinion that in approaching a woman a
+    lover should begin by sucking the nipples of her breasts, and in
+    the songs of the Bayaderes of Southern India sucking the nipple
+    is mentioned as one of the natural preliminaries of coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    In some cases, and more especially in neurotic persons, the
+    sexual pleasure derived from manipulation of the nipple passes
+    normal limits and, being preferred even to coitus, becomes a
+    perversion. In girls' schools, it is said, especially in France,
+    sucking and titillation of the breasts are not uncommon; in men,
+    also, titillation of the nipples occasionally produces sexual
+    sensations (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 132).
+    Hildebrandt recorded the case of a young woman whose nipples had
+    been sucked by her lover; by constantly drawing her breasts she
+    became able to suck them herself and thus attained extreme sexual
+    pleasure. A. J. Bloch, of New Orleans, has noted the case of a
+    woman who complained of swelling of the breasts; the gentlest
+    manipulation produced an orgasm, and it was found that the
+    swelling had been intentionally produced for the sake of this
+    manipulation. Moraglia in Italy knew a very beautiful woman who
+    was perfectly cold in normal sexual relationships, but madly
+    excited when her husband pressed or sucked her breasts. Lombroso
+    (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1885, fasc. IV) has described the
+    somewhat similar case of a woman who had no sexual sensitivity in
+    the clitoris, vagina, or labia, and no pleasure in coitus except
+    in very strange positions, but possessed intense sexual feelings
+    in the right nipple as well as in the upper third of the thigh.</p><a name='4_Page_30'></a>
+
+<p>    It is remarkable that not only is suckling apt to be accompanied
+    by sexual pleasure in the mother, but that, in some cases, the
+    infant also appears to have a somewhat similar experience. This
+    is, at all events, indicated in a remarkable case recorded by
+    F&eacute;r&eacute; (<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 257). A female
+    infant child of slightly neurotic heredity was weaned at the age
+    of 14 months, but so great was her affection for her mother's
+    breasts, though she had already become accustomed to other food,
+    that this was only accomplished with great difficulty and by
+    allowing her still to caress the naked breasts several times a
+    day. This went on for many months, when the mother, becoming
+    again pregnant, insisted on putting an end to it. So jealous was
+    the child, however, that it was necessary to conceal from her the
+    fact that her younger sister was suckled at her mother's breasts,
+    and once at the age of 3, when she saw her father aiding her
+    mother to undress, she became violently jealous of him. This
+    jealousy, as well as the passion for her mother's breasts,
+    persisted to the age of puberty, though she learned to conceal
+    it. At the age of 13, when menstruation began, she noticed in
+    dancing with her favorite girl friends that when her breasts came
+    in contact with theirs she experienced a very agreeable
+    sensation, with erection of the nipples; but it was not till the
+    age of 16 that she observed that the sexual region took part in
+    this excitement and became moist. From this period she had erotic
+    dreams about young girls. She never experienced any attraction
+    for young men, but eventually married; though having much esteem
+    and affection for her husband, she never felt any but the
+    slightest sexual enjoyment in his arms, and then only by evoking
+    feminine images. This case, in which the sensations of an infant
+    at the breast formed the point of departure of a sexual
+    perversion which lasted through life, is, so far as I am aware,
+    unique.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_17'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_17'>[17]</a><div class='note'><p> Jonas Cohn (<i>Allgemeine &AElig;sthetik</i>, 1901, p. 11) lays it down
+that psychology has nothing to do with good or bad taste. &quot;The distinction
+between good and bad taste has no meaning for psychology. On this account,
+the fundamental conceptions of &aelig;sthetics cannot arise from psychology.&quot; It
+may be a question whether this view can be accepted quite absolutely.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_18'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_18'>[18]</a><div class='note'><p> See Appendix A: &quot;The Origins of the Kiss.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_19'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_19'>[19]</a><div class='note'><p> See J. B. Hellier, &quot;On the Nipple Reflex,&quot; <i>British Medical
+Journal</i>, November 7, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_20'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_20'>[20]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 147.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_T_IV'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_31'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Bath&mdash;Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the
+Skin&mdash;Its Cult of Personal Filth&mdash;The Reasons which Justified this
+Attitude&mdash;The World-wide Tendency to Association between Extreme
+Cleanliness and Sexual Licentiousness&mdash;The Immorality Associated with
+Public Baths in Europe down to Modern Times.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The hygiene of the skin, as well as its special cult, consists in bathing.
+The bath, as is well known, attained under the Romans a degree of
+development which, in Europe at all events, it has never reached before or
+since, and the modern visitor to Rome carries away with him no more
+impressive memory than that of the Baths of Caracalla. Since the coming of
+Christianity the cult of the skin, and even its hygiene, have never again
+attained the same general and unquestioned exaltation. The Church killed
+the bath. St. Jerome tells us with approval that when the holy Paula noted
+that any of her nuns were too careful in this matter she would gravely
+reprove them, saying that &quot;the purity of the body and its garments means
+the impurity of the soul.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_21'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_21'><sup>[21]</sup></a> Or, as the modern monk of Mount Athos still
+declares: &quot;A man should live in dirt as in a coat of mail, so that his
+soul may sojourn more securely within.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Our knowledge of the bathing arrangements of Roman days is
+    chiefly derived from Pompeii. Three public baths (two for both
+    men and women, who were also probably allowed to use the third
+    occasionally) have so far been excavated in this small town, as
+    well as at least three private bathing establishments (at least
+    one of them for women), while about a dozen houses contain
+    complete baths for private use. Even in a little farm house at
+    Boscoreale (two miles out of Pompeii) there was an elaborate
+    series of bathing rooms. It may be added that Pompeii was well
+    supplied with water. All houses but the poorest had <a name='4_Page_32'></a>flowing
+    jets, and some houses had as many as ten jets. (See Man's
+    <i>Pompeii</i>, Chapters XXVI-XXVIII.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Church succeeded to the domination of imperial Rome, and
+    adopted many of the methods of its predecessor. But there could
+    be no greater contrast than is presented by the attitude of
+    Paganism and of Christianity toward the bath.</p>
+
+<p>    As regards the tendencies of the public baths in imperial Rome,
+    some of the evidence is brought together in the section on this
+    subject in Rosenbaum's <i>Geschichte der Lustseuche im Alterthume</i>.
+    As regards the attitude of the earliest Christian ascetics in
+    this matter I may refer the reader to an interesting passage in
+    Lecky's <i>History of European Morals</i> (vol. ii, pp. 107-112), in
+    which are brought together a number of highly instructive
+    examples of the manner in which many of the most eminent of the
+    early saints deliberately cultivated personal filth.</p>
+
+<p>    In the middle ages, when the extreme excesses of the early
+    ascetics had died out, and monasticiam became regulated, monks
+    generally took two baths a year when in health; in illness they
+    could be taken as often as necessary. The rules of Cluny only
+    allowed three towels to the community: one for the novices, one
+    for the professed, and one for the lay brothers. At the end of
+    the seventeenth century Madame de Mazarin, having retired to a
+    convent of Visitandines, one day desired to wash her feet, but
+    the whole establishment was set in an uproar at such an idea, and
+    she received a direct refusal. In 1760 the Dominican Richard
+    wrote that in itself the bath is permissible, but it must be
+    taken solely for necessity, not for pleasure. The Church taught,
+    and this lesson is still inculcated in convent schools, that it
+    is wrong to expose the body even to one's own gaze, and it is not
+    surprising that many holy persons boasted that they had never
+    even washed their hands. (Most of these facts have been taken
+    from A. Franklin, <i>Les Soins de Toilette</i>, one of the <i>Vie Priv&eacute;e
+    d'Autrefois</i> series, in which further details may be found.)</p>
+
+<p>    In sixteenth-century Italy, a land of supreme elegance and
+    fashion, superior even to France, the conditions were the same,
+    and how little water found favor even with aristocratic ladies we
+    may gather from the contemporary books on the toilet, which
+    abound with recipes against itch and similar diseases. It should
+    be added that Burckhardt (<i>Die Cultur der Renaissance in
+    Italien</i>, eighth edition, volume ii, p. 92) considers that in
+    spite of skin diseases the Italians of the Renaissance were the
+    first nation in Europe for cleanliness.</p>
+
+<p>    It is unnecessary to consider the state of things in other
+    European countries. The aristocratic conditions of former days
+    are the plebeian conditions of to-day. So far as England is
+    concerned, such documents as Chadwick's <i>Report on the Sanitary
+    Condition of the Laboring Population <a name='4_Page_33'></a>of Great Britain</i> (1842)
+    sufficiently illustrate the ideas and the practices as regards
+    personal cleanliness which prevailed among the masses during the
+    nineteenth century and which to a large extent still prevail.</p></div>
+
+<p>A considerable amount of opprobrium has been cast upon the Catholic Church
+for its direct and indirect influence in promoting bodily uncleanliness.
+Nietzsche sarcastically refers to the facts, and Mr. Frederick Harrison
+asserts that &quot;the tone of the middle ages in the matter of dirt was a form
+of mental disease.&quot; It would be easy to quote many other authors to the
+same effect.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to point out, however, that the writers who have committed
+themselves to such utterances have not only done an injustice to
+Christianity, but have shown a lack of historical insight. Christianity
+was essentially and fundamentally a rebellion against the classic world,
+against its vices, and against their concomitant virtues, against both its
+practices and its ideals. It sprang up in a different part of the
+Mediterranean basin, from a different level of culture; it found its
+supporters in a new and lower social stratum. The cult of charity,
+simplicity, and faith, while not primarily ascetic, became inevitably
+allied with asceticism, because from its point of view: sexuality was the
+very stronghold of the classic world. In the second century the genius of
+Clement of Alexandria and of the great Christian thinkers who followed him
+seized on all those elements in classic life and philosophy which could be
+amalgamated with Christianity without, as they trusted, destroying its
+essence, but in the matter of sexuality there could be no compromise, and
+the condemnation of sexuality involved the condemnation of the bath. It
+required very little insight and sagacity for the Christians to
+see&mdash;though we are now apt to slur over the fact&mdash;that the cult of the
+bath was in very truth the cult of the flesh.<a name='4_FNanchor_22'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_22'><sup>[22]</sup></a> However profound their
+ignorance <a name='4_Page_34'></a>of anatomy, physiology, and psychology might be, they had
+before them ample evidence to show that the skin is an outlying sexual
+zone and that every application which promoted the purity, brilliance, and
+healthfulness of the skin constituted a direct appeal, feeble or strong as
+the case might be, to those passions against which they were warring. The
+moral was evident: better let the temporary garment of your flesh be
+soaked with dirt than risk staining the radiant purity of your immortal
+soul. If Christianity had not drawn that moral with clear insight and
+relentless logic Christianity would never have been a great force in the
+world.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>If any doubt is felt as to the really essential character of the
+    connection between cleanliness and the sexual impulse it may be
+    dispelled by the consideration that the association is by no
+    means confined to Christian Europe. If we go outside Europe and
+    even Christendom altogether, to the other side of the world, we
+    find it still well marked. The wantonness of the luxurious people
+    of Tahiti when first discovered by European voyagers is
+    notorious. The Areoi of Tahiti, a society largely constituted on
+    a basis of debauchery, is a unique institution so far as
+    primitive peoples are concerned. Cook, after giving one of the
+    earliest descriptions of this society and its objects at Tahiti
+    (Hawkesworth, <i>An Account of Voyages</i>, etc., 1775, vol. ii, p.
+    55), immediately goes on to describe the extreme and scrupulous
+    cleanliness of the people of Tahiti in every respect; they not
+    only bathed their bodies and clothes every day, but in all
+    respects they carried cleanliness to a higher point than even
+    &quot;the politest assembly in Europe.&quot; Another traveler bears similar
+    testimony: &quot;The inhabitants of the Society Isles are, among all
+    the nations of the South Seas, the most cleanly; and the better
+    sort of them carry cleanliness to a very great length&quot;; they
+    bathe morning and evening in the sea, he remarks, and afterward
+    in fresh water to remove the particles of salt, wash their hands
+    before and after meals, etc. (J. R. Forster, &quot;<i>Observations made
+    during a Voyage round the World</i>,&quot; 1798, p. 398.) And William
+    Ellis, in his detailed description of the people of Tahiti
+    (<i>Polynesian Researches</i>, 1832, vol. i, especially Chapters VI
+    and IX), while emphasizing their extreme cleanliness, every
+    person of every class bathing at least once or twice a day,
+    dwells on what he considers their unspeakable moral debasement;
+    &quot;notwithstanding the apparent mildness of their disposition and
+    the cheerful vivacity of their conversation, no portion of the
+    human race was ever perhaps sunk lower in brutal licentiousness
+    and moral degradation.&quot;</p><a name='4_Page_35'></a>
+
+<p>    After leaving Tahiti Cook went on to New Zealand. Here he found
+    that the people were more virtuous than at Tahiti, and also, he
+    found, less clean.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is, however, a mistake to suppose that physical uncleanliness ruled
+supreme through medi&aelig;val and later times. It is true that the eighteenth
+century, which saw the birth of so much that marks our modern world,
+witnessed a revival of the old ideal of bodily purity. But the struggle
+between two opposing ideals had been carried on for a thousand years or
+more before this. The Church, indeed, was in this matter founded on an
+impregnable rock. But there never has been a time when influences outside
+the Church have not found a shelter somewhere. Those traditions of the
+classic world which Christianity threw aside as useless or worse quietly
+reappeared. In no respect was this more notably the case than in regard to
+the love of pure water and the cult of the bath. Islam adopted the
+complete Roman bath, and made it an institution of daily life, a necessity
+for all classes. Granada is the spot in Europe where to-day we find the
+most exquisite remains of Mohammedan culture, and, though the fury of
+Christian conquest dragged the harrow over the soil of Granada, even yet
+streams and fountains spring up there and gush abundantly and one seldom
+loses the sound of the plash of water. The flower of Christian chivalry
+and Christian intelligence went to Palestine to wrest the Holy Sepulchre
+from the hands of pagan Mohammedans. They found there many excellent
+things which they had not gone out to seek, and the Crusaders produced a
+kind of premature and abortive Renaissance, the shadow of lost classic
+things reflected on Christian Europe from the mirror of Islam.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Yet it is worth while to point out, as bearing on the
+    associations of the bath here emphasized, that even in Islam we
+    may trace the existence of a religious attitude unfavorable to
+    the bath. Before the time of Mohammed there were no public baths
+    in Arabia, and it was and is believed that baths are specially
+    haunted by the djinn&mdash;the evil spirits. Mohammed himself was at
+    first so prejudiced against public baths that he forbade both men
+    and women to enter them. Afterward, however, he permitted men to
+    use them provided they wore a <a name='4_Page_36'></a>cloth round the loins, and women
+    also when they could not conveniently bathe at home. Among the
+    Prophet's sayings is found the assertion: &quot;Whatever woman enters
+    a bath the devil is with her,&quot; and &quot;All the earth is given to me
+    as a place of prayer, and as pure, except the burial ground and
+    the bath.&quot; (See, <i>e.g.</i>, E. W. Lane, <i>Arabian Society in the
+    Middle Ages</i>, 1883, pp. 179-183.) Although, therefore, the bath,
+    or <i>hammam</i>, on grounds of ritual ablution, hygiene, and
+    enjoyment speedily became universally popular in Islam among all
+    classes and both sexes, Mohammed himself may be said to have
+    opposed it.</p></div>
+
+<p>Among the discoveries which the Crusaders made and brought home with them
+one of the most notable was that of the bath, which in its more elaborate
+forms seems to have been absolutely forgotten in Europe, though Roman
+baths might everywhere have been found underground. All authorities seem
+to be agreed in finding here the origin of the revival of the public bath.
+It is to Rome first, and later to Islam, the lineal inheritor of classic
+culture, that we owe the cult of water and of physical purity. Even to-day
+the Turkish bath, which is the most popular of elaborate methods of
+bathing, recalls by its characteristics and its name the fact that it is a
+Mohammedan survival of Roman life.</p>
+
+<p>From the twelfth century onward baths have repeatedly been introduced from
+the East, and reintroduced afresh in slightly modified forms, and have
+flourished with varying degrees of success. In the thirteenth century they
+were very common, especially in Paris, and though they were often used,
+more especially in Germany, by both sexes in common, every effort was made
+to keep them orderly and respectable. These efforts were, however, always
+unsuccessful in the end. A bath always tended in the end to become a
+brothel, and hence either became unfashionable or was suppressed by the
+authorities. It is sufficient to refer to the reputation in England of
+&quot;hot-houses&quot; and &quot;bagnios.&quot; It was not until toward the end of the
+eighteenth century that it began to be recognized that the claims of
+physical cleanliness were sufficiently imperative to make it necessary
+that the fairly avoidable risks to morality in bathing should be avoided
+and the unavoidable risks bravely incurred. At the present day, now that
+we are accustomed to <a name='4_Page_37'></a>weave ingeniously together in the texture of our
+lives the conflicting traditions of classic and Christian days, we have
+almost persuaded ourselves that the pagan virtue of cleanliness comes next
+after godliness, and we bathe, forgetful of the great moral struggle which
+once went on around the bath. But we refrain from building ourselves
+palaces to bathe in, and for the most part we bathe with exceeding
+moderation.<a name='4_FNanchor_23'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_23'><sup>[23]</sup></a> It is probable that we may best harmonize our conflicting
+traditions by rejecting not only the Christian glorification of dirt, but
+also, save for definitely therapeutic purposes, the excessive heat,
+friction, and stimulation involved by the classic forms of bathing. Our
+reasonable ideal should render it easy and natural for every man, woman,
+and child to have a simple bath, tepid in winter, cold in summer, all the
+year round.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>For the history of the bath in medi&aelig;val times and later Europe,
+    see A. Franklin, <i>Les Soins de Toilette</i>, in the <i>Vie Priv&eacute;e
+    d'Autrefois</i> series; Rudeck, <i>Geschichte der &ouml;ffentlichen
+    Sittlichkeit in Deutschland</i>; T. Wright, <i>The Homes of Other
+    Days</i>; E. D&uuml;hren, <i>Das Geschlechtsleben in England</i>, bd. 1.</p>
+
+<p>    Outside the Church, there was a greater amount of cleanliness
+    than we are sometimes apt to suppose. It may, indeed, be said
+    that the uncleanliness of holy men and women would have attracted
+    no attention if it had corresponded to the condition generally
+    prevailing. Before public baths were established bathing in
+    private was certainly practiced; thus Ordericus Vitalis, in
+    narrating the murder of Mabel, the Countess de Montgomery, in
+    Normandy in 1082, casually mentions that she was lying on the bed
+    after her bath (<i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book V, Chapter XIII).
+    In warm weather, it would appear, medi&aelig;val ladies bathed in
+    streams, as we may still see countrywomen do in Russia, Bohemia,
+    and occasionally nearer home. The statement of the historian
+    Michelet, therefore, that Percival, Iseult, and the other
+    ethereal personages of medi&aelig;val times &quot;certainly never washed&quot;
+    (<i>La Sorci&egrave;re</i>, p. 110) requires some qualification.</p>
+
+<p>    In 1292 there were twenty-six bathing establishments in Paris,
+    and an attendant would go through the streets in the morning
+    announcing that they were ready. One could have a vapor bath only
+    or a hot bath to succeed it, as in the East. No woman of bad
+    reputation, <a name='4_Page_38'></a>leper, or vagabond was at this time allowed to
+    frequent the baths, which were closed on Sundays and feast-days.
+    By the fourteenth century, however, the baths began to have a
+    reputation for immorality, as well as luxury, and, according to
+    Dufour, the baths of Paris &quot;rivaled those of imperial Rome: love,
+    prostitution, and debauchery attracted the majority to the
+    bathing establishments, where everything was covered by a decent
+    veil.&quot; He adds that, notwithstanding the scandal thus caused and
+    the invectives of preachers, all went to the baths, young and
+    old, rich and poor, and he makes the statement, which seems to
+    echo the constant assertion of the early Fathers, that &quot;a woman
+    who frequented the baths returned home physically pure only at
+    the expense of her moral purity.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In Germany there was even greater freedom of manners in bathing,
+    though, it would seem, less real licentiousness. Even the
+    smallest towns had their baths, which were frequented by all
+    classes. As soon as the horn blew to announce that the baths were
+    ready all hastened along the street, the poorer folk almost
+    completely undressing themselves before leaving their homes.
+    Bathing was nearly always in common without any garment being
+    worn, women attendants commonly rubbed and massaged both sexes,
+    and the dressing room was frequently used by men and women in
+    common; this led to obvious evils. The Germans, as Weinhold
+    points out (<i>Die Deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter</i>, 1882, bd. ii,
+    pp. 112 <i>et seq.</i>), have been fond of bathing in the open air in
+    streams from the days of Tacitus and C&aelig;sar until comparatively
+    modern times, when the police have interfered. It was the same in
+    Switzerland. Poggio, early in the sixteenth century, found it the
+    custom for men and women to bathe together at Baden, and said
+    that he seemed to be assisting at the <i>floralia</i> of ancient Rome,
+    or in Plato's Republic. S&eacute;nancour, who quotes the passage (<i>De
+    l'Amour</i>, 1834, vol. i, p. 313), remarks that at the beginning of
+    the nineteenth century there was still great liberty at the Baden
+    baths.</p>
+
+<p>    Of the thirteenth century in England Thomas Wright (<i>Homes of
+    Other Days</i>, 1871, p. 271) remarks: &quot;The practice of warm bathing
+    prevailed very generally in all classes of society, and is
+    frequently alluded to in the medi&aelig;val romances and stories. For
+    this purpose a large bathing-tub was used. People sometimes
+    bathed immediately after rising in the morning, and we find the
+    bath used after dinner and before going to bed. A bath was also
+    often prepared for a visitor on his arrival from a journey; and,
+    what seems still more singular, in the numerous stories of
+    amorous intrigues the two lovers usually began their interviews
+    by bathing together.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In England the association between bathing and immorality was
+    established with special rapidity and thoroughness. Baths were
+    here officially recognized as brothels, and this as early as the
+    twelfth century, <a name='4_Page_39'></a>under Henry II. These organized bath-brothels
+    were confined to Southwark, outside the walls of the city, a
+    quarter which was also given up to various sports and amusements.
+    At a later period, &quot;hot-houses,&quot; bagnios, and hummums (the
+    eastern <i>hammam</i>) were spread all over London and remained
+    closely identified with prostitution, these names, indeed,
+    constantly tending to become synonymous with brothels. (T.
+    Wright, <i>Homes of Other Days</i>, 1871, pp. 494-496, gives an
+    account of them.)</p>
+
+<p>    In France the baths, being anathematized by both Catholics and
+    Huguenots, began to lose vogue and disappear. &quot;Morality gained,&quot;
+    remarks Franklin, &quot;but cleanliness lost.&quot; Even the charming and
+    elegant Margaret of Navarre found it quite natural for a lady to
+    mention incidentally to her lover that she had not washed her
+    hands for a week. Then began an extreme tendency to use
+    cosmetics, essences, perfumes, and a fierce war with vermin, up
+    to the seventeenth century, when some progress was made, and
+    persons who desired to be very elegant and refined were
+    recommended to wash their faces &quot;nearly every day.&quot; Even in 1782,
+    however, while a linen cloth was advised for the purpose of
+    cleaning the face and hands, the use of water was still somewhat
+    discountenanced. The use of hot and cold baths was now, however,
+    beginning to be established in Paris and elsewhere, and the
+    bathing establishments at the great European health resorts were
+    also beginning to be put on the orderly footing which is now
+    customary. When Casanova, in the middle of the eighteenth
+    century, went to the public baths at Berne he was evidently
+    somewhat surprised when he found that he was invited to choose
+    his own attendant from a number of young women, and when he
+    realized that these attendants were, in all respects, at the
+    disposition of the bathers. It is evident that establishments of
+    this kind were then already dying out, although it may be added
+    that the customs described by Casanova appear to have persisted
+    in Budapest and St. Petersburg almost or quite up to the present.
+    The great European public baths have long been above suspicion in
+    this respect (though homosexual practices are not quite
+    excluded), while it is well recognized that many kinds of hot
+    baths now in use produce a powerfully stimulating action upon the
+    sexual system, and patients taking such baths for medical
+    purposes are frequently warned against giving way to these
+    influences.</p>
+
+<p>    The struggle which in former ages went on around bathing
+    establishments has now been in part transferred to massage
+    establishments. Massage is an equally powerful stimulant to the
+    skin and the sexual sphere,&mdash;acting mainly by friction instead of
+    mainly by heat,&mdash;and it has not yet attained that position of
+    general recognition and popularity which, in the case of bathing
+    establishments, renders it bad policy to court disrepute.</p><a name='4_Page_40'></a>
+
+<p>    Like bathing, massage is a hygienic and therapeutic method of
+    influencing the skin and subjacent tissues which, together with
+    its advantages, has certain concomitant disadvantages in its
+    liability to affect the sexual sphere. This influence is apt to
+    be experienced by individuals of both sexes, though it is perhaps
+    specially marked in women. Jouin (quoted in Paris <i>Journal de
+    M&eacute;decine</i>, April 23, 1893) found that of 20 women treated by
+    massage, of whom he made inquiries, 14 declared that they
+    experienced voluptuous sensations; 8 of these belonged to
+    respectable families; the other 6 were women of the <i>demimonde</i>
+    and gave precise details; Jouin refers in this connection to the
+    <i>aliptes</i> of Rome. It is unnecessary to add that the
+    gyn&aelig;cological massage introduced in recent years by the Swedish
+    teacher of gymnastics, Thure-Brandt, as involving prolonged
+    rubbing and kneading of the pelvic regions, &quot;<i>pression glissante
+    du vagin</i>&quot; etc. (<i>Massage Gyn&eacute;cologique</i>, by G. de Frumerie,
+    1897), whatever its therapeutic value, cannot fail in a large
+    proportion of cases to stimulate the sexual emotions. (Eulenburg
+    remarks that for sexual an&aelig;sthesia in women the Thure-Brandt
+    system of massage may &quot;naturally&quot; be recommended, <i>Sexuale
+    Neuropathie</i>, p. 78.) I have been informed that in London and
+    elsewhere massage establishments are sometimes visited by women
+    who seek sexual gratification by massage of the genital regions
+    by the <i>masseuse</i>.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_21'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_21'>[21]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;<i>Dicens munditiam corporis atque vestitus anim&aelig; esse
+immunditiam</i>&quot;&mdash;St. Jerome, <i>Ad Eustochium Virginem</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_22'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_22'>[22]</a><div class='note'><p> With regard to the physiological mechanism by which bathing
+produces its tonic and stimulating effects Woods Hutchinson has an
+interesting discussion (Chapter VII) in his <i>Studies in Human and
+Comparative Pathology</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_23'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_23'>[23]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus among the young women admitted to the Chicago Normal
+School to be trained as teachers, Miss Lura Sanborn, the director of
+physical training, states (<i>Doctor's Magazine</i>, December, 1900) that a
+bath once a fortnight is found to be not unusual.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_T_V'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_41'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary&mdash;Fundamental Importance of Touch&mdash;The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The sense of touch is so universally diffused over the whole skin, and in
+so many various degrees and modifications, and it is, moreover, so truly
+the Alpha and the Omega of affection, that a broken and fragmentary
+treatment of the subject has been inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>The skin is the arch&aelig;ological field of human and prehuman experience, the
+foundation on which all forms of sensory perception have grown up, and as
+sexual sensibility is among the most ancient of all forms of sensibility,
+the sexual instinct is necessarily, in the main, a comparatively slightly
+modified form of general touch sensibility. This primitive character of
+the great region of tactile sensation, its vagueness and diffusion, the
+comparatively unintellectual as well as un&aelig;sthetic nature of the mental
+conceptions which arise on the tactile basis make it difficult to deal
+precisely with the psychology of touch. The very same qualities, however,
+serve greatly to heighten the emotional intensity of skin sensations. So
+that, of all the great sensory fields, the field of touch is at once the
+least intellectual and the most massively emotional. These qualities, as
+well as its intimate and primitive association with the apparatus of
+tumescence and detumescence, make touch the readiest and most powerful
+channel by which the sexual sphere may be reached.</p>
+
+<p>In disentangling the phenomena of tactile sensibility ticklishness has
+been selected for special consideration as a kind of sensation, founded on
+reflexes developing even before birth, which is very closely related to
+sexual phenomena. It is, as it were, a play of tumescence, on which
+laughter supervenes as a play of detumescence. It leads on to the more
+serious phenomena of tumescence, and it tends to die out after
+adolescence, <a name='4_Page_42'></a>at the period during which sexual relationships normally
+begin. Such a view of ticklishness, as a kind of modesty of the skin,
+existing merely to be destroyed, need only be regarded as one of its
+aspects. Ticklishness certainly arose from a non-sexual starting-point,
+and may well have protective uses in the young animal.</p>
+
+<p>The readiness with which tactile sensibility takes on a sexual character
+and forms reflex channels of communication with the sexual sphere proper
+is illustrated by the existence of certain secondary sexual foci only
+inferior in sexual excitability to the genital region. We have seen that
+the chief of these normal foci are situated in the orificial regions where
+skin and mucous membrane meet, and that the contact of any two orificial
+regions between two persons of different sex brought together under
+favorable conditions is apt, when prolonged, to produce a very intense
+degree of sexual erethism. This is a normal phenomenon in so far as it is
+a part of tumescence, and not a method of obtaining detumescence. The kiss
+is a typical example of these contacts, while the nipple is of special
+interest in this connection, because we are thereby enabled to bring the
+psychology of lactation into intimate relationship with the psychology of
+sexual love.</p>
+
+<p>The extreme sensitiveness of the skin, the readiness with which its
+stimulation reverberates into the sexual sphere, clearly brought out by
+the present study, enable us to understand better a very ancient
+contest&mdash;the moral struggle around the bath. There has always been a
+tendency for the extreme cultivation of physical purity to lead on to the
+excessive stimulation of the sexual sphere; so that the Christian ascetics
+were entirely justified, on their premises, in fighting against the bath
+and in directly or indirectly fostering a cult of physical uncleanliness.
+While, however, in the past there has clearly been a general tendency for
+the cult of physical purity to be associated with moral licentiousness,
+and there are sufficient grounds for such an association, it is important
+to remember that it is not an inevitable and fatal association; a
+scrupulously clean person is by no means necessarily impelled to
+licentiousness; <a name='4_Page_43'></a>a physically unclean person is by no means necessarily
+morally pure. When we have eliminated certain forms of the bath which must
+be regarded as luxuries rather than hygienic necessities, though they
+occasionally possess therapeutic virtues, we have eliminated the most
+violent appeals of the bath to the sexual impulse. So imperative are the
+demands of physical purity now becoming, in general opinion, that such
+small risks to moral purity as may still remain are constantly and wisely
+disregarded, and the immoral traditions of the bath now, for the most
+part, belong to the past.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_SMELL'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_44'></a>SMELL.</h2>
+
+<a name='4_S_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitiveness of Smell&mdash;The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory
+Centres&mdash;Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals&mdash;Its Diminished
+Importance in Man&mdash;The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The first more highly organized sense to arise on the diffused tactile
+sensitivity of the skin is, in most cases, without doubt that of smell. At
+first, indeed, olfactory sensibility is not clearly differentiated from
+general tactile sensibility; the pit of thickened and ciliated epithelium
+or the highly mobile antenn&aelig; which in many lower animals are sensitive to
+odorous stimuli are also extremely sensitive to tactile stimuli; this is,
+for instance, the case with the snail, in whom at the same time olfactive
+sensibility seems to be spread over the whole body.<a name='4_FNanchor_24'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_24'><sup>[24]</sup></a> The sense of smell
+is gradually specialized, and when taste also begins to develop a kind of
+chemical sense is constituted. The organ of smell, however, speedily
+begins to rise in importance as we ascend the zo&ouml;logical scale. In the
+lower vertebrates, when they began to adopt a life on dry land, the sense
+of smell seems to have been that part of their sensory equipment which
+proved most useful under the new conditions, and it developed with
+astonishing rapidity. Edinger finds that in the brain of reptiles the
+&quot;area olfactoria&quot; is of enormous extent, covering, indeed, the greater
+part of the cortex, though it may be quite true, as Herrick remarks, that,
+while smell is preponderant, it is perhaps not correct to attribute an
+exclusively olfactory tone to the cerebral activities of the <i>Sauropsida</i>
+or even the<a name='4_Page_45'></a> <i>Ichthyopsida</i>. Among most mammals, however, in any case,
+smell is certainly the most highly developed of the senses; it gives the
+first information of remote objects that concern them; it gives the most
+precise information concerning the near objects that concern them; it is
+the sense in terms of which most of their mental operations must be
+conducted and their emotional impulses reach consciousness. Among the apes
+it has greatly lost importance and in man it has become almost
+rudimentary, giving place to the supremacy of vision.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Prof. G. Elliot Smith, a leading authority on the brain, has well
+    summarized the facts concerning the predominance of the olfactory
+    region in the mammal brain, and his conclusions may be quoted. It
+    should be premised that Elliot Smith divides the brain into
+    rhinencephalon and neopallium. Rhinencephalon designates the
+    regions which are pre-eminently olfactory in function: the
+    olfactory bulb, its peduncle, the tuberculum olfactorium and
+    locus perforatus, the pyriform lobe, the paraterminal body, and
+    the whole hippocampal formation. The neopallium is the dorsal cap
+    of the brain, with frontal, parietal, and occipital areas,
+    comprehending all that part of the brain which is the seat of the
+    higher associative activities, reaching its fullest development
+    in man.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In the early mammals the olfactory areas form by far the greater
+    part of the cerebral hemisphere, which is not surprising when it
+    is recalled that the forebrain is, in the primitive brain,
+    essentially an appendage, so to speak, of the smell apparatus.
+    When the cerebral hemisphere comes to occupy such a dominant
+    position in the brain it is perhaps not unnatural to find that
+    the sense of smell is the most influential and the chief source
+    of information to the animal; or, perhaps, it would be more
+    accurate to say that the olfactory sense, which conveys general
+    information to the animal such as no other sense can bring
+    concerning its prey (whether near or far, hidden or exposed), is
+    much the most serviceable of all the avenues of information to
+    the lowly mammal leading a terrestrial life, and therefore
+    becomes predominant; and its particular domain&mdash;the
+    forebrain&mdash;becomes the ruling portion of the nervous system.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This early predominance of the sense of smell persists in most
+    mammals (unless an aquatic mode of life interferes and deposes
+    it: compare the <i>Cetacea, Sirenia</i>, and <i>Pinnipedia</i>, for
+    example) even though a large neopallium develops to receive
+    visual, auditory, tactile, and other impressions pouring into the
+    forebrain. In the <i>Anthropoidea</i> alone of nonaquatic mammals the
+    olfactory regions undergo an absolute (and not only relative, as
+    in the <i>Carnivora</i> and <i>Ungulata</i>) dwindling, <a name='4_Page_46'></a>which is equally
+    shared by the human brain, in common with those of the other
+    <i>Simiid&aelig;</i>, the <i>Cercopithecid&aelig;</i>, and the <i>Cebid&aelig;</i>. But all the
+    parts of the rhinencephalon, which are so distinct in macrosmatic
+    mammals, can also be recognized in the human brain. The small
+    ellipsoidal olfactory bulb is moored, so to speak, on the
+    cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone by the olfactory nerves; so
+    that, as the place of attachment of the olfactory peduncle to the
+    expanding cerebral hemisphere becomes removed (as a result of the
+    forward extension of the hemisphere) progressively farther and
+    farther backward, the peduncle becomes greatly stretched and
+    elongated. And, as this stretching involves the gray matter
+    without lessening the number of nerve-fibres in the olfactory
+    tract, the peduncle becomes practically what it is usually
+    called&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, the olfactory 'tract.' The tuberculum olfactorium
+    becomes greatly reduced and at the same time flattened; so that
+    it is not easy to draw a line of demarcation between it and the
+    anterior perforated space. The anterior rhinal fissure, which is
+    present in the early human f&oelig;tus, vanishes (almost, if
+    not altogether) in the adult. Part of the posterior rhinal
+    fissure is always present in the 'incisura temporalis,' and
+    sometimes, especially in some of the non-European races, the
+    whole of the posterior rhinal fissure is retained in that typical
+    form which we find in the anthropoid apes.&quot; (G. Elliot Smith, in
+    <i>Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological
+    Series of Comparative Anatomy Contained in the Museum of the
+    Royal College of Surgeons of England</i>, second edition, vol. ii.)
+    A full statement of Elliot Smith's investigations, with diagrams,
+    is given by Bullen, <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, July, 1899. It
+    may be added that the whole subject of the olfactory centres has
+    been thoroughly studied by Elliot Smith, as well as by Edinger,
+    Mayer, and C. L. Herrick. In the <i>Journal of Comparative
+    Neurology</i>, edited by the last named, numerous discussions and
+    summaries bearing on the subject will be found from 1896 onward.
+    Regarding the primitive sense-organs of smell in the various
+    invertebrate groups some information will be found in A. B.
+    Griffiths's <i>Physiology of the Invertebrata</i>, Chapter XI.</p></div>
+
+<p>The predominance of the olfactory area in the nervous system of the
+vertebrates generally has inevitably involved intimate psychic
+associations between olfactory stimuli and the sexual impulse. For most
+mammals not only are all sexual associations mainly olfactory, but the
+impressions received by this sense suffice to dominate all others. An
+animal not only receives adequate sexual excitement from olfactory
+stimuli, but those stimuli often suffice to counterbalance all the
+evidence of the other senses.</p><a name='4_Page_47'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>We may observe this very well in the case of the dog. Thus, a
+    young dog, well known to me, who had never had connection with a
+    bitch, but was always in the society of its father, once met the
+    latter directly after the elder dog had been with a bitch. He
+    immediately endeavored to behave toward the elder dog, in spite
+    of angry repulses, exactly as a dog behaves toward a bitch in
+    heat. The messages received by the sense of smell were
+    sufficiently urgent not only to set the sexual mechanism in
+    action, but to overcome the experiences of a lifetime. There is
+    an interesting chapter on the sense of smell in the mental life
+    of the dog in Giessler's <i>Psychologie des Geruches</i>, 1894,
+    Chapter XI, Passy (in the appendix to his memoir on olfaction,
+    <i>L'Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, 1895) gives the result of some
+    interesting experiments as to the effects of perfume on dogs;
+    civet and castoreum were found to have the most powerfully
+    exciting effect.</p>
+
+<p>    The influences of smell are equally omnipotent in the sexual life
+    of many insects. Thus, F&eacute;r&eacute; has found that in cockchafers sexual
+    coupling failed to take place when the antenn&aelig;, which are the
+    organs of smell, were removed; he also found that males, after
+    they had coupled with females, proved sexually attractive to
+    other males (<i>Comptes Rendus de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, May 21,
+    1898). F&eacute;r&eacute; similarly found that, in a species of <i>Bombyx</i>, males
+    after contact with females sometimes proved attractive to other
+    males, although no abnormal relationships followed. (<i>Soc. de
+    Biol</i>, July 30, 1898.)</p></div>
+
+<p>With the advent of the higher apes, and especially of man, all this has
+been changed. The sense of smell, indeed, still persists universally and
+it is still also exceedingly delicate, though often neglected.<a name='4_FNanchor_25'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_25'><sup>[25]</sup></a> It is,
+moreover, a useful auxiliary in the exploration of the external world,
+for, in contrast to the very few sensations furnished to us by touch and
+by taste, we are acquainted with a vast number of smells, though the
+information they give us is frequently vague. An experienced perfumer,
+says Piesse, will have two hundred odors in his laboratory and can
+distinguish them all. To a sensitive nose nearly everything smells. Passy
+goes so far as to state that he has &quot;never met with any object that is
+really inodorous when one pays attention to it, not even excepting glass,&quot;
+and, though we can scarcely accept this statement absolutely,&mdash;especially
+in <a name='4_Page_48'></a>view of the careful experiments of Ayrton, which show that, contrary
+to a common belief, metals when perfectly clean and free from traces of
+contact with the skin or with salt solutions have no smell,&mdash;odor is still
+extremely widely diffused. This is especially the case in hot countries,
+and the experiments of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition on the
+sense of smell of the Papuans were considerably impeded by the fact that
+at Torres Straits everything, even water, seemed to have a smell. Savages
+are often accused more or less justly of indifference to bad odors. They
+are very often, however, keenly alive to the significance of smells and
+their varieties, though it does not appear that the sense of smell is
+notably more developed in savage than in civilized peoples. Odors also
+continue to play a part in the emotional life of man, more especially in
+hot countries. Nevertheless both in practical life and in emotional life,
+in science and in art, smell is, at the best, under normal conditions,
+merely an auxiliary. If the sense of smell were abolished altogether the
+life of mankind would continue as before, with little or no sensible
+modification, though the pleasures of life, and especially of eating and
+drinking, would be to some extent diminished.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In New Ireland, Duffield remarks (<i>Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute</i>, 1886, p. 118), the natives have a very keen sense of
+    smell; unusual odors are repulsive to them, and &quot;carbolic acid
+    drove them wild.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The New Caledonians, according to Foley (<i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute;
+    d'Anthropologie</i>, November 6, 1879), only like the smells of meat
+    and fish which are becoming &quot;high,&quot; like <i>popoya</i>, which smells
+    of fowl manure, and <i>kava</i>, of rotten eggs. Fruits and vegetables
+    which are beginning to go bad seem the best to them, while the
+    fresh and natural odors which we prefer seem merely to say to
+    them: &quot;We are not yet eatable.&quot; (A taste for putrefying food,
+    common among savages, by no means necessarily involves a distaste
+    for agreeable scents, and even among Europeans there is a
+    widespread taste for offensively smelling and putrid foods,
+    especially cheese and game.)</p>
+
+<p>    The natives of Torres Straits were carefully examined by Dr. C. S.
+    Myers with regard to their olfactory acuteness and olfactory
+    preferences. It was found that acuteness was, if anything,
+    slightly greater than among Europeans. This appeared to be
+    largely due to the careful <a name='4_Page_49'></a>attention they pay to odors. The
+    resemblances which they detected among different odorous
+    substances were frequently found to rest on real chemical
+    affinities. The odors they were observed to dislike most
+    frequently were asaf&oelig;tida, valerianic acid, and civet,
+    the last being regarded as most repulsive of all on account of
+    its resemblance to f&aelig;cal odor, which these people regard with
+    intense disgust. Their favorite odors were musk, thyme, and
+    especially violet. (<i>Report of the Cambridge Anthropological
+    Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, vol. ii, Part II, 1903.)</p>
+
+<p>    In Australia Lumholtz (<i>Among Cannibals</i>, p. 115) found that the
+    blacks had a keener sense of smell than he possessed.</p>
+
+<p>    In New Zealand the Maoris, as W. Colenso shows, possessed,
+    formerly at all events, a very keen sense of smell or else were
+    very attentive to smell, and their taste as regarded agreeable
+    and disagreeable odors corresponded very closely to European
+    taste, although it must be added that some of their common
+    articles of food possessed a very offensive odor. They are not
+    only sensitive to European perfumes, but possessed various
+    perfumes of their own, derived from plants and possessing a
+    pleasant, powerful, and lasting odor; the choicest and rarest was
+    the gum of the <i>taramea</i> (<i>Aciphylla Colensoi</i>), which was
+    gathered by virgins after the use of prayers and charms. Sir
+    Joseph Banks noted that Maori chiefs wore little bundles of
+    perfumes around their necks, and Cook made the same observation
+    concerning the young women. References to the four chief Maori
+    perfumes are contained in a stanza which is still often hummed to
+    express satisfaction, and sung by a mother to her child:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;My little neck-satchel of sweet-scented moss,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>My little neck-satchel of fragrant fern,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>My little neck-satchel of odoriferous gum,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>My sweet-smelling neck-locket of sharp-pointed <i>taramea</i>.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In the summer season the sleeping houses of Maori chiefs were
+    often strewed with a large, sweet-scented, flowering grass of
+    powerful odor. (W. Colenso, <i>Transactions of the New Zealand
+    Institute</i>, vol. xxiv, reprinted in <i>Nature</i>, November 10, 1892.)</p>
+
+<p>    Javanese women rub themselves with a mixture of chalk and strong
+    essence which, when rubbed off, leaves a distinct perfume on the
+    body. (Stratz, <i>Die Frauenkleidung</i>, p. 84.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Samoans, Friedl&auml;nder states (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>,
+    1899, p. 52), are very fond of fragrant and aromatic odors. He
+    gives a list of some twenty odorous plants which they use, more
+    especially as garlands for the head and neck, including
+    ylang-ylang and gardenia; he remarks that of one of these plants
+    (cordyline) he could not himself detect the odor.</p><a name='4_Page_50'></a>
+
+<p>    The Nicobarese, Man remarks (<i>Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute</i>, 1889, p. 377), like the natives of New Zealand,
+    particularly dislike the smell of carbolic acid. Both young men
+    and women are very partial to scents; the former say they find
+    their use a certain passport to the favor of their wives, and
+    they bring home from the jungle the scented leaves of a certain
+    creeper to their sweethearts and wives.</p>
+
+<p>    Swahili women devote much attention to perfuming themselves. When
+    a woman wishes to make herself desirable she anoints herself all
+    over with fragrant ointments, sprinkles herself with rose-water,
+    puts perfume into her clothes, strews jasmine flowers on her bed
+    as well as binding them round her neck and waist, and smokes
+    <i>&ucirc;di</i>, the perfumed wood of the aloe; &quot;every man is glad when his
+    wife smells of <i>&ucirc;di</i>&quot; (Velten, <i>Sitten und Gebra&uuml;che der
+    Suaheli</i>, pp. 212-214).</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_24'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_24'>[24]</a><div class='note'><p> Emile Yung, &quot;Le Sens Olfactif de l'Escargot (Helix Pomata),&quot;
+<i>Archives de Psychologie</i>, November, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_25'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_25'>[25]</a><div class='note'><p> The sensitiveness of smell in man generally exceeds that of
+chemical reaction or even of spectral analysis; see Passy, <i>L'Ann&eacute;e
+Psychologique</i>, second year, 1895, p. 380.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_II'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_51'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Rise of the Study of Olfaction&mdash;Cloquet&mdash;Zwaardemaker&mdash;The Theory of
+Smell&mdash;The Classification of Odors&mdash;The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man&mdash;Smell as the Sense of Imagination&mdash;Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants&mdash;Vasomotor and Muscular Effects&mdash;Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>During the eighteenth century a great impetus was given to the
+physiological and psychological study of the senses by the philosophical
+doctrines of Locke and the English school generally which then prevailed
+in Europe. These thinkers had emphasized the immense importance of the
+information derived through the senses in building up the intellect, so
+that the study of all the sensory channels assumed a significance which it
+had never possessed before. The olfactory sense fully shared in the
+impetus thus given to sensory investigation. At the beginning of the
+nineteenth century a distinguished French physician, Hippolyte Cloquet, a
+disciple of Cabanis, devoted himself more especially to this subject.
+After publishing in 1815 a preliminary work, he issued in 1821 his
+<i>Osphr&eacute;siologie, ou Trait&eacute; des odeurs, du sens et des organes de
+l'Olfaction</i>, a complete monograph on the anatomy, physiology, psychology,
+and pathology of the olfactory organ and its functions, and a work that
+may still be consulted with profit, if indeed it can even yet be said to
+be at every point superseded. After Cloquet's time the study of the sense
+of smell seems to have fallen into some degree of discredit. For more than
+half a century no important progress was made in this field. Serious
+investigators seemed to have become shy of the primitive senses generally,
+and the subject of smell was mainly left to those interested in &quot;curious&quot;
+subjects. Many interesting observations were, however, incidentally made;
+thus Laycock, who was a pioneer in so many by-paths of psychology and
+anthropology, showed a special interest in the olfactory sense, and
+frequently <a name='4_Page_52'></a>touched on it in his <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i> and
+elsewhere. The writer who more than any other has in recent years restored
+the study of the sense of smell from a by-path to its proper position as a
+highway for investigation is without doubt Professor Zwaardemaker, of
+Utrecht. The invention of his first olfactometer in 1888 and the
+appearance in 1895 of his great work <i>Die Physiologie des Geruchs</i> have
+served to give the physiology of the sense of smell an assured status and
+to open the way anew for much fruitful investigation, while a number of
+inquirers in many countries have had their attention directed to the
+elucidation of this sense.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding, however, the amount of work which has been done in this
+field during recent years, it cannot be said that the body of assured
+conclusions so far reached is large. The most fundamental principles of
+olfactory physiology and psychology are still somewhat vague and
+uncertain. Although sensations of smell are numerous and varied, in this
+respect approaching the sensations of vision and hearing, smell still
+remains close to touch in the vagueness of its messages (while the most
+sensitive of the senses, remarks Passy, it is the least precise), the
+difficulty of classifying them, the impossibility of so controlling them
+as to found upon them any art. It seems better, therefore, not to attempt
+to force the present study of a special aspect of olfaction into any
+general scheme which may possibly not be really valid.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The earliest and most general tendency in regard to the theory of
+    smell was to regard it as a kind of chemical sense directly
+    stimulated by minute particles of solid substance. A vibratory
+    theory of smell, however, making it somewhat analogous to
+    hearing, easily presents itself. When I first began the study of
+    physiology in 1881, a speculation of this kind presented itself
+    to my mind. Long before Philipp von Walther, a professor at
+    Landshut, had put forward a dynamic theory of olfaction
+    (<i>Physiologie des Menschen</i>, 1807-8, vol. ii, p. 278). &quot;It is a
+    purely dynamic operation of the odorous substance in the
+    olfactory organ,&quot; he stated. Odor is conveyed by the air, he
+    believed, in the same way as heat. It must be added that his
+    reasons for this theory will not always bear examination. More
+    recently a similar theory has been seriously put forward in
+    various quarters. Sir William Ramsay tentatively suggested such a
+    theory (<i>Nature</i>, vol. xxv, p. 187) in analogy with light and
+    sound. Haycraft (<i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>,
+    <a name='4_Page_53'></a>1883-87, and <i>Brain</i>, 1887-88), largely starting from
+    Mendelieff's law of periodicity, similarly sought to bring smell
+    into line with the higher senses, arguing that molecules with the
+    same vibration have the same smell. Rutherford (<i>Nature</i>, August
+    11, 1892, p. 343), attaching importance to the evidence brought
+    forward by von Brunn showing that the olfactory cells terminate
+    in very delicate short hairs, also stated his belief that the
+    different qualities of smell result from differences in the
+    frequency and form of the vibrations initiated by the action of
+    the chemical molecules on these olfactory cells, though he
+    admitted that such a conception involved a very subtle conception
+    of molecular vibration. Vaschide and Van Melle (Paris Academy of
+    Sciences, December 26, 1899) have, again, argued that smell is
+    produced by rays of short wave-lengths, analogous to light-rays,
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays, etc. Chemical action is however, a very important
+    factor in the production of odors; this has been well shown by
+    Ayrton (<i>Nature</i>, September 8, 1898). We seem to be forced in the
+    direction of a chemico-vibratory theory, as pointed out by
+    Southerden (<i>Nature</i>, March 26, 1903), the olfactory cells being
+    directly stimulated, not by the ordinary vibrations of the
+    molecules, but by the agitations accompanying chemical changes.</p>
+
+<p>    The vibratory hypothesis of the action of odors has had some
+    influence on the recent physiologists who have chiefly occupied
+    themselves with olfaction. &quot;It is probable,&quot; Zwaardemaker writes
+    (<i>L'Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, 1898), &quot;that aroma is a
+    physico-chemical attribute of the molecules&quot;; he points out that
+    there is an intimate analogy between color and odor, and remarks
+    that this analogy leads us to suppose in an aroma ether
+    vibrations of which the period is determined by the structure of
+    the molecule.</p>
+
+<p>    Since the physiology of olfaction is yet so obscure it is not
+    surprising that we have no thoroughly scientific classification
+    of smells, notwithstanding various ambitious attempts to reach a
+    classification. The classification adopted by Zwaardemaker is
+    founded on the ancient scheme of Linn&aelig;us, and may here be
+    reproduced:&mdash;</p>
+
+<ul><li>    I. Ethereal odors (chiefly esters; Rimmel's fruity series).</li>
+
+<li>    II. Aromatic odors (terpenes, camphors, and the spicy,
+    herbaceous, rosaceous, and almond series; the chemical types are
+    well determined: cineol, eugenol, anethol, geraniol,
+    benzaldehyde).</li>
+
+<li>    III. The balsamic odors (chiefly aldehydes, Rimmel's jasmin,
+    violet, and balsamic series, with the chemical types: terpineol,
+    ionone, vanillin).</li>
+
+<li>    IV. The ambrosiacal odors (ambergris and musk).</li>
+
+<li>    V. The alliaceous odors, with the cacodylic group (asaf&oelig;tida,
+     ichthyol, etc.).</li>
+
+<li>    VI. Empyreumatic odors.<a name='4_Page_54'></a></li>
+
+<li>    VII. Valerianaceous odors (Linn&aelig;us's <i>Odores hircini</i>, the capryl
+    group, largely composed of sexual odors).</li>
+
+<li>    VIII. Narcotic odors (Linn&aelig;us's <i>Odores tetri</i>).</li>
+
+<li>    IX. Stenches.</li></ul>
+
+<p>    A valuable and interesting memoir, &quot;Revue G&eacute;n&eacute;rale sur les
+    Sensations Olfactives,&quot; by J. Passy, the chief French authority
+    on this subject, will be found in the second volume of <i>L'Ann&eacute;e
+    Psychologique</i>, 1895. In the fifth issue of the same year-book
+    (for 1898) Zwaardemaker presents a full summary of his work and
+    views, &quot;Les Sensations Olfactives, leurs Combinaisons et leurs
+    Compensations.&quot; A convenient, but less authoritative, summary of
+    the facts of normal and pathological olfaction will be found in a
+    little volume of the &quot;Actualit&eacute;s M&eacute;dicales&quot; series by Dr. Collet,
+    <i>L'Odorat et ses Troubles</i>, 1904. In a little book entitled
+    <i>Wegweiser zu einer Psychologie des Geruches</i> (1894) Giessler has
+    sought to outline a psychology of smell, but his sketch can only
+    be regarded as tentative and provisional.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the outset, nevertheless, it seems desirable that we should at least
+have some conception of the special characteristics which mark the great
+and varied mass of sensations reaching the brain through the channel of
+the olfactory organ. The main special character of olfactory images seems
+to be conditioned by the fact that they are intermediate in character
+between those of touch or taste and those of sight or sound, that they
+have much of the vagueness of the first and something of the richness and
+variety of the second. &AElig;sthetically, also, they occupy an intermediate
+position between the higher and the lower senses.<a name='4_FNanchor_26'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_26'><sup>[26]</sup></a> They are, at the
+same time, less practically useful than either the lower or the higher
+senses. They furnish us with a great mass of what we may call
+by-sensations, which are of little practical use, but inevitably become
+intimately mixed with the experiences of life by association and thus
+acquire an emotional significance which is often very considerable. Their
+emotional force, it may well be, is connected with the fact that their
+anatomical seat is the <a name='4_Page_55'></a>most ancient part of the brain. They lie in a
+remote almost disused storehouse of our minds and show the fascination or
+the repulsiveness of all vague and remote things. It is for this reason
+that they are&mdash;to an extent that is remarkable when we consider that they
+are much more precise than touch sensations&mdash;subject to the influence of
+emotional associations. The very same odor may be at one moment highly
+pleasant, at the next moment highly unpleasant, in accordance with the
+emotional attitude resulting from its associations. Visual images have no
+such extreme flexibility; they are too definite to be so easily
+influenced. Our feelings about the beauty of a flower cannot oscillate so
+easily or so far as may our feelings about the agreeableness of its odor.
+Our olfactory experiences thus institute a more or less continuous series
+of by-sensations accompanying us through life, of no great practical
+significance, but of considerable emotional significance from their
+variety, their intimacy, their associational facility, their remote
+ancestral reverberations through our brains.</p>
+
+<p>It is the existence of these characteristics&mdash;at once so vague and so
+specific, so useless and so intimate&mdash;which led various writers to
+describe the sense of smell as, above all others, the sense of
+imagination. No sense has so strong a power of suggestion, the power of
+calling up ancient memories with a wider and deeper emotional
+reverberation, while at the same time no sense furnishes impressions which
+so easily change emotional color and tone, in harmony with the recipient's
+general attitude. Odors are thus specially apt both to control the
+emotional life and to become its slaves. With the use of incense religions
+have utilized the imaginative and symbolical virtues of fragrance. All the
+legends of the saints have insisted on the odor of sanctity that exhales
+from the bodies of holy persons, especially at the moment of death. Under
+the conditions of civilization these primitive emotional associations of
+odor tend to be dispersed, but, on the other hand, the imaginative side of
+the olfactory sense becomes accentuated, and personal idiosyncrasies of
+all kinds tend to manifest themselves in the sphere of smell.</p><a name='4_Page_56'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Rousseau (in <i>Emile</i>, Bk. II) regarded smell as the sense of the
+    imagination. So, also, at an earlier period, it was termed
+    (according to Cloquet) by Cardano. Cloquet frequently insisted on
+    the qualities of odors which cause them to appeal to the
+    imagination; on their irregular and inconstant character; on
+    their power of intoxicating the mind on some occasions; on the
+    curious individual and racial preferences in the matter of odors.
+    He remarked on the fact that the Persians employed asaf&oelig;tida
+    as a seasoning, while valerian was accounted a perfume in
+    antiquity. (Cloquet, <i>Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp. 28, 45, 71, 112.) It
+    may be added, as a curious example familiar to most people of the
+    dependence of the emotional tone of a smell on its associations,
+    that, while the exhalations of other people's bodies are
+    ordinarily disagreeable to us, such is not the case with our own;
+    this is expressed in the crude and vigorous dictum of the
+    Elizabethan poet, Marston, &quot;Every man's dung smell sweet i' his
+    own nose.&quot; There are doubtless many implications, moral as well
+    as psychological, in that statement.</p>
+
+<p>    The modern authorities on olfaction, Passy and Zwaardemaker, both
+    alike insist on the same characteristics of the sense of smell:
+    its extreme acuity and yet its vagueness. &quot;We live in a world of
+    odor,&quot; Zwaardemaker remarks (<i>L'Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, 1898, p.
+    203), &quot;as we live in a world of light and of sound. But smell
+    yields us no distinct ideas grouped in regular order, still less
+    that are fixed in the memory as a grammatical discipline.
+    Olfactory sensations awake vague and half-understood perceptions,
+    which are accompanied by very strong emotion. The emotion
+    dominates us, but the sensation which was the cause of it remains
+    unperceived.&quot; Even in the same individual there are wide
+    variations in the sensitiveness to odors at different times, more
+    especially as regards faint odors; Passy (<i>L'Ann&eacute;e
+    Psychologique</i>, 1895, p. 387) brings forward some observations on
+    this point.</p>
+
+<p>    Maudsley noted the peculiarly suggestive power of odors; &quot;there
+    are certain smells,&quot; he remarked, &quot;which never fail to bring back
+    to me instantly and visibly scenes of my boyhood&quot;; many of us
+    could probably say the same. Another writer (E. Dillon, &quot;A
+    Neglected Sense,&quot; <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, April, 1894) remarks that
+    &quot;no sense has a stronger power of suggestion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Ribot has made an interesting investigation as to the prevalence
+    and nature of the emotional memory of odors (<i>Psychology of the
+    Emotions</i>, Chapter XI). By &quot;emotional memory&quot; is meant the
+    spontaneous or voluntary revivability of the image, olfactory or
+    other. (For the general question, see an article by F. Pillon,
+    &quot;La M&eacute;moire Affective, son Importance Th&eacute;orique et Pratique,&quot;
+    <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, February, 1901; also Paulhan, &quot;Sur la
+    M&eacute;moire Affective,&quot; <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, December, 1902 and
+    January, 1903.) Ribot found that 40 per cent. of persons are
+    unable to revive any such images of taste or smell; 48 <a name='4_Page_57'></a>per cent,
+    could revive some; 12 per cent, declared themselves capable of
+    reviving all, or nearly all, at pleasure. In some persons there
+    is no necessary accompanying revival of visual or tactile
+    representations, but in the majority the revived odor ultimately
+    excites a corresponding visual image. The odors most frequently
+    recalled were pinks, musk, violets, heliotrope, carbolic acid,
+    the smell of the country, of grass, etc. Pi&eacute;ron (<i>Revue
+    Philosophique</i>, December, 1902) has described the special power
+    possessed by vague odors, in his own case, of evoking ancient
+    impressions.</p>
+
+<p>    Dr. J. N. Mackenzie (<i>American Journal of the Medical Sciences</i>,
+    January, 1886) considers that civilization exerts an influence in
+    heightening or encouraging the influence of olfaction as it
+    affects our emotions and judgment, and that, in the same way, as
+    we ascend the social scale the more readily our minds are
+    influenced and perhaps perverted by impressions received through
+    the sense of smell.</p></div>
+
+<p>Odors are powerful stimulants to the whole nervous system, causing, like
+other stimulants, an increase of energy which, if excessive or prolonged,
+leads to nervous exhaustion. Thus, it is well recognized in medicine that
+the aromatics containing volatile oils (such as anise, cinnamon,
+cardamoms, cloves, coriander, and peppermint) are antispasmodics and
+an&aelig;sthetics, and that they stimulate digestion, circulation, and the
+nervous system, in large doses producing depression. The carefully
+arranged plethysmographic experiments of Shields, at the Johns Hopkins
+University, have shown that olfactory sensations, by their action on the
+vasomotor system, cause an increase of blood in the brain and sometimes in
+addition stimulation of the heart; musk, wintergreen, wood violet, and
+especially heliotrope were found to act strongly in these ways.<a name='4_FNanchor_27'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_27'><sup>[27]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>F&eacute;r&eacute;'s experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph have greatly
+contributed to illustrate the stimulating effects of odors. Thus, he found
+that smelling musk suffices to double muscular effort. With a number of
+odorous substances he has found that muscular work is temporarily
+heightened; when taste stimulation was added the increase of energy,
+notably <a name='4_Page_58'></a>when using lemon was &quot;colossal.&quot; A kind of &quot;sensorial
+intoxication&quot; could be produced by the inhalation of odors and the whole
+system stimulated to greater activity; the visual acuity was increased,
+and electric and general excitability heightened.<a name='4_FNanchor_28'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_28'><sup>[28]</sup></a> Such effects may be
+obtained in perfectly healthy persons, though both Shields and F&eacute;r&eacute; have
+found that in highly nervous persons the effects are liable to be much
+greater. It is doubtless on this account that it is among civilized
+peoples that attention is chiefly directed to perfumes, and that under the
+conditions of modern life the interest in olfaction and its study has been
+revived.</p>
+
+<p>It is the genuinely stimulant qualities of odorous substances which led to
+the widespread use of the more potent among them by ancient physicians,
+and has led a few modern physicians to employ them still. Thus, vanilla,
+according to Eloy, deserves to be much more frequently used
+therapeutically than it is, on account of its excitomotor properties; he
+states that its qualities as an excitant of sexual desire have long been
+recognized and that Fonssagrives used to prescribe it for sexual
+frigidity.<a name='4_FNanchor_29'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_29'><sup>[29]</sup></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_26'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_26'>[26]</a><div class='note'><p> The opinions of psychologists concerning the &aelig;sthetic
+significance of smell, not on the whole very favorable, are brought
+together and discussed by J. V. Volkelt, &quot;Der &AElig;sthetische Wert der niederen
+Sinne,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane</i>,
+1902, ht. 3.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_27'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_27'>[27]</a><div class='note'><p> T. E. Shields, &quot;The Effect of Odors, etc., upon the
+Blood-flow,&quot; <i>Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>, vol. i, November, 1896.
+In France, O. Henry and Tardif have made somewhat similar experiments on
+respiration and circulation. See the latter's <i>Les Odeurs et les Parfums</i>,
+Chapter III.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_28'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_28'>[28]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Sensation et Mouvement</i>, Chapter VI; <i>ib.</i>, <i>Comptes
+Rendus de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, November 3, December 15 and 22, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_29'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_29'>[29]</a><div class='note'><p> Eloy, art. &quot;Vanille,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_III'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_59'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples&mdash;The Negro, etc.&mdash;The
+European&mdash;The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell&mdash;The Odor of
+Sanctity&mdash;The Odor of Death&mdash;The Odors of Different Parts of the Body&mdash;The
+Appearance of Specific Odors at Puberty&mdash;The Odors of Sexual
+Excitement&mdash;The Odors of Menstruation&mdash;Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual
+Character&mdash;The Custom of Salutation by Smell&mdash;The Kiss&mdash;Sexual Selection
+by Smell&mdash;The Alleged Association between Size of Nose and Sexual
+Vigor&mdash;The Probably Intimate Relationship between the Olfactory and
+Genital Spheres&mdash;Reflex Influences from the Nose&mdash;Reflex Influences from
+the Genital Sphere&mdash;Olfactory Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to
+Sexual States&mdash;The Olfactive Type&mdash;The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and
+Allied States&mdash;In Certain Poets and Novelists&mdash;Olfactory Fetichism&mdash;The
+Part Played by Olfaction in Normal Sexual Attraction&mdash;In the East,
+etc.&mdash;In Modern Europe&mdash;The Odor of the Armpit and its Variations&mdash;As a
+Sexual and General Stimulant&mdash;Body Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause
+Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree of Tumescence is Already Present&mdash;The
+Question whether Men or Women are more Liable to Feel Olfactory
+Influences&mdash;Women Usually more Attentive to Odors&mdash;The Special Interest in
+Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In approaching the specifically sexual aspect of odor in the human species
+we may start from the fundamental fact&mdash;a fact we seek so far as possible
+to disguise in our ordinary social relations&mdash;that all men and women are
+odorous. This is marked among all races. The powerful odor of many, though
+not all, negroes is well known; it is by no means due to uncleanly habits,
+and Joest remarks that it is even increased by cleanliness, which opens
+the pores of the skin; according to Sir H. Johnston, it is most marked in
+the armpits and is stronger in men than in women. Pruner Bey describes it
+as &quot;ammoniacal and rancid; it is like the odor of the he-goat.&quot; The odor
+varies not only individually, but according to the tribe; Castellani
+states that the negress of the Congo has merely a slight &quot;<i>go&ucirc;t de
+noisette</i>&quot; which is agreeable rather than otherwise. Monbuttu women,
+according to Parke, have a strong Gorgonzola perfume, and Emin told Parke
+that he could distinguish <a name='4_Page_60'></a>the members of different tribes by their
+characteristic odor. In the same way the Nicobarese, according to Man, can
+distinguish a member of each of the six tribes of the archipelago by
+smell. The odor of Australian blacks is less strong than that of negroes
+and has been described as of a phosphoric character. The South American
+Indians, d'Orbigny stated, have an odor stronger than that of Europeans,
+though not as strong as most negroes; it is marked, Latcham states, even
+among those who, like the Araucanos, bathe constantly. The Chinese have a
+musky odor. The odor of many peoples is described as being of garlic.<a name='4_FNanchor_30'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_30'><sup>[30]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A South Sea Islander, we are told by Charles de Varigny, on coming to
+Sydney and seeing the ladies walking about the streets and apparently
+doing nothing, expressed much astonishment, adding, with a gesture of
+contempt, &quot;and they have no smell!&quot; It is by no means true, however, that
+Europeans are odorless. They are, indeed, considerably more odorous than
+are many other races,&mdash;for instance, the Japanese,&mdash;and there is doubtless
+some association between the greater hairiness of Europeans and their
+marked odor, since the sebaceous glands are part of the hair apparatus. A
+Japanese anthropologist, Adachi, has published an interesting study on the
+odor of Europeans,<a name='4_FNanchor_31'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_31'><sup>[31]</sup></a> which he describes as a strong and pungent
+smell,&mdash;sometimes sweet, sometimes bitter,&mdash;of varying strength in
+different individuals, absent in children and the aged, and having its
+chief focus in the armpits, which, however carefully they are washed,
+immediately become odorous again. Adachi has found that the sweat-glands
+are larger in Europeans than in the Japanese, among whom a strong personal
+odor is so <a name='4_Page_61'></a>uncommon that &quot;armpit stink&quot; is a disqualification for the
+army. It is certainly true that the white races smell less strongly than
+most of the dark races, odor seeming to be correlated to some extent with
+intensity of pigmentation, as well as with hairiness; but even the most
+scrupulously clean Europeans all smell. This fact may not always be
+obvious to human nostrils, apart from intimate contact, but it is well
+known to dogs, to whom their masters are recognizable by smell. When Hue
+traveled in Tibet in Chinese disguise he was not detected by the natives,
+but the dogs recognized him as a foreigner by his smell and barked at him.
+Many Chinese can tell by smell when a European has been in a room.<a name='4_FNanchor_32'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_32'><sup>[32]</sup></a>
+There are, however, some Europeans who can recognize and distinguish their
+friends by smell. The case has been recorded of a man who with bandaged
+eyes could recognize his acquaintances, at the distance of several paces,
+the moment they entered the room. In another case a deaf and blind mute
+woman in Massachusetts knew all her acquaintances by smell, and could sort
+linen after it came from the wash by the odor alone. Governesses have been
+known to be able when blindfolded to recognize the ownership of their
+pupil's garments by smell; such a case is known to me. Such odor is
+usually described as being agreeable, but not one person in fifty, it is
+stated, is able to distinguish it with sufficient precision to use it as a
+method of recognition. Among some races, however this aptitude would
+appear to be better developed. Dr. C. S. Myers at Sarawak noted that his
+Malay boy sorted the clean linen according to the skin-odor of the
+wearer.<a name='4_FNanchor_33'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_33'><sup>[33]</sup></a> Chinese servants are said to do the same, as well as
+Australians and natives of Luzon.<a name='4_FNanchor_34'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_34'><sup>[34]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Although the distinctively individual odor of most persons is not
+    sufficiently marked to be generally perceptible, there are cases
+    in which <a name='4_Page_62'></a>it is more distinct to all nostrils. The most famous
+    case of this kind is that of Alexander the Great, who, according
+    to Plutarch, exhaled so sweet an odor that his tunics were soaked
+    with aromatic perfume (<i>Convivalium Disputationum</i>, lib. I,
+    quest. 6). Malherbe, Cujas, and Haller are said to have diffused
+    a musky odor. The agreeable odor of Walt Whitman has been
+    remarked by Kennedy and others. The perfume exhaled by many holy
+    men and women, so often noted by ancient writers (discussed by
+    G&ouml;rres in the second volume of his <i>Christliche Mystik</i>) and
+    which has entered into current phraseology as a merely
+    metaphorical &quot;odor of sanctity,&quot; was doubtless due, as Hammond
+    first pointed out, to abnormal nervous conditions, for it is well
+    known that such conditions affect the odor, and in insanity, for
+    instance, the presence is noted of bodily odors which have
+    sometimes even been considered of diagnostic importance. J. B.
+    Friedreich, <i>Allgemeine Diagnostik der Psychischen Krankheiten</i>,
+    second edition, 1832, pp. 9-10, quotes passages from various
+    authors on this point, which he accepts; various writers of more
+    recent date have made similar observations.</p>
+
+<p>    The odor of sanctity was specially noted at death, and was
+    doubtless confused with the <i>odor mortis</i>, which frequently
+    precedes death and by some is regarded as an almost certain
+    indication of its approach. In the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, for
+    May and June, 1898, will be found letters from several
+    correspondents substantiating this point. One of these
+    correspondents (Dr. Tuckey, of Tywardwreath, Cornwall) mentions
+    that he has in Cornwall often seen ravens flying over houses in
+    which persons lay dying, evidently attracted by a characteristic
+    odor.</p></div>
+
+<p>It must be borne in mind, however, that, while every person has, to a
+sensitive nose, a distinguishing odor, we must regard that odor either as
+but one of the various sensations given off by the body, or else as a
+combination of two or more of these emanations. The body in reality gives
+off a number of different odors. The most important of these are: (1) the
+general skin odor, a faint, but agreeable, fragrance often to be detected
+on the skin even immediately after washing; (2) the smell of the hair and
+scalp; (3) the odor of the breath; (4) the odor of the armpit; (5) the
+odor of the feet; (6) the perineal odor; (7) in men the odor of the
+preputial smegma; (8) in women the odor of the mons veneris, that of
+vulvar smegma, that of vaginal mucus, and the menstrual odor. All these
+are odors which may usually be detected, though sometimes only in a very
+faint degree, in healthy and well-washed <a name='4_Page_63'></a>persons under normal conditions.
+It is unnecessary here to take into account the special odors of various
+secretions and excretions.<a name='4_FNanchor_35'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_35'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is a significant fact, both as regards the ancestral sexual connections
+of the body odors and their actual sexual associations to-day, that, as
+Hippocrates long ago noted, it is not until puberty that they assume their
+adult characteristics. The infant, the adult, the aged person, each has
+his own kind of smell, and, as Monin remarks, it might be possible, within
+certain limits, to discover the age of a person by his odor. Jorg in 1832
+pointed out that in girls the appearance of a specific smell of the
+excreta indicates the establishment of puberty, and Kaan, in his
+<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, remarked that at puberty &quot;the sweat gives out a
+more acrid odor resembling musk.&quot; In both sexes puberty, adolescence,
+early manhood and womanhood are marked by a gradual development of the
+adult odor of skin and excreta, in general harmony with the secondary
+sexual development of hair and pigment. Venturi, indeed, has, not without
+reason, described the odor of the body as a secondary sexual
+character.<a name='4_FNanchor_36'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_36'><sup>[36]</sup></a> It may be added that, as is the case with the pigment in
+various parts of the body in women, some of these odors tend to become
+exaggerated in sympathy with sexual and other emotional states.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The odor of the infant is said to be of butyric acid; that of old
+    people to resemble dry leaves. Continent young men have been said
+    by many ancient writers to smell more strongly than the unchaste,
+    and some writers have described as &quot;seminal odor&quot;&mdash;an odor
+    resembling that of animals in heat, faintly recalling that of the
+    he-goat, according to Venturi&mdash;the exhalations of the skin at
+    such times.</p>
+
+<p>    During sexual excitement, as women can testify, a man very
+    frequently, if not normally, gives out an odor which, as usually
+    described, proceeds from the skin, the breath, or both. Grimaldi
+    states that it is as of rancid butter; others say it resembles
+    chloroform. It is said to be sometimes perceptible for a distance
+    of several feet and to last for several hours after coitus.
+    (Various quotations are given by Gould <a name='4_Page_64'></a>and Pyle, <i>Anomalies and
+    Curiosities of Medicine</i>, section on &quot;Human Odors,&quot; pp. 397-403.)
+    St. Philip Neri is said to have been able to recognize a chaste
+    man by smell.</p>
+
+<p>    During menstruation girls and young women frequently give off an
+    odor which is quite distinct from that of the menstrual fluid,
+    and is specially marked in the breath, which may smell of
+    chloroform or violets. Pouchet (confirmed by Raciborski, <i>Trait&eacute;
+    de la Menstruation</i>, 1868, p. 74) stated that about a day before
+    the onset of menstruation a characteristic smell is exuded.
+    Menstruating girls are also said sometimes to give off a smell of
+    leather. Aubert, of Lyons (as quoted by Galopin), describes the
+    odor of the skin of a woman during menstruation as an agreeable
+    aromatic or acidulous perfume of chloroform character. By some
+    this is described as emanating especially from the armpits.
+    Sandras (quoted by Raciborski) knew a lady who could always tell
+    by a sensation of faintness and <i>malaise</i>&mdash;apparently due to a
+    sensation of smell&mdash;when she was in contact with a menstruating
+    woman. I am acquainted with a man, having strong olfactory
+    sympathies and antipathies, who detects the presence of
+    menstruation by smell. It is said that Hortense Bar&eacute;, who
+    accompanied her lover, the botanist Commerson, to the Pacific
+    disguised as a man, was recognized by the natives as a woman by
+    means of smell.</p>
+
+<p>    Women, like men, frequently give out an odor during coitus or
+    strong sexual excitement. This odor may be entirely different
+    from that normally emanating from the woman, of an acid or
+    hircine character, and sufficiently strong to remain in a room
+    for a considerable period. Many of the ancient medical writers
+    (as quoted by Schurigius, <i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 286) described the
+    goaty smell produced by venery, especially in women; they
+    regarded it as specially marked in harlots and in the newly
+    married, and sometimes even considered it a certain sign of
+    defloration. The case has been recorded of a woman who emitted a
+    rose odor for two days after coitus (McBride, quoted by Kiernan
+    in an interesting summary, &quot;Odor in Pathology,&quot; <i>Doctor's
+    Magazine</i>, December, 1900). There was, it is said (<i>Journal des
+    Savans</i> 1684, p. 39, quoting from the <i>Journal d'Angleterre</i>) a
+    monk in Prague who could recognize by smell the chastity of the
+    women who approached him. (This monk, it is added, when he died,
+    was composing a new science of odors.)</p>
+
+<p>    Gustav Klein (as quoted by Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte
+    Geschlechtsempfindungen des Weibes</i>, p. 25) argues that the
+    special function of the glands at the vulvar orifice&mdash;the
+    <i>glandul&aelig; vestibulares majores</i>&mdash;is to give out an odorous
+    secretion to act as an attraction to the male, this relic of
+    sexual periodicity no longer, however, playing an important part
+    in the human species. The vulvar secretion, however, it may be
+    added, still has a more aromatic odor than the vaginal secretion,
+    with its simple mucous odor, very clearly perceived during
+    parturition.</p><a name='4_Page_65'></a>
+
+<p>    It may be added that we still know extremely little concerning
+    the sexual odors of women among primitive peoples. Ploss and
+    Bartels are only able to bring forward (<i>Das Weib</i>, 1901, bd. 1,
+    p. 218) a statement concerning the women of New Caledonia, who,
+    according to Moncelon, when young and ardent, give out during
+    coitus a powerful odor which no ablution will remove. In abnormal
+    states of sexual excitement such odor may be persistent, and,
+    according to an ancient observation, a nymphomaniac, whose
+    periods of sexual excitement lasted all through the spring-time,
+    at these periods always emitted a goatlike odor. It has been said
+    (G. Tourdes, art. &quot;Aphrodisie,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+    Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>) that the erotic temperament is characterized
+    by a special odor.</p></div>
+
+<p>If the body odors tend to develop at puberty, to be maintained during
+sexual life, especially in sympathy with conditions of sexual disturbance,
+and to become diminished in old age, being thus a kind of secondary sexual
+character, we should expect them to be less marked in those cases in which
+the primary sexual characters are less marked. It is possible that this is
+actually the case. Hagen, in his <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, quotes from
+Roubaud's <i>Trait&eacute; de l'Impuissance</i> the statement that the body odor of
+the castrated differs from that of normal individuals. Burdach had
+previously stated that the odor of the eunuch is less marked than that of
+the normal man.</p>
+
+<p>It is thus possible that defective sexual development tends to be
+associated with corresponding olfactory defect. Heschl<a name='4_FNanchor_37'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_37'><sup>[37]</sup></a> has reported a
+case in which absence of both olfactory nerves coincided with defective
+development of the sexual organs. F&eacute;r&eacute; remarks that the impotent show a
+repugnance for sexual odors. Dr. Kiernan informs me that in women after
+o&ouml;phorectomy he has noted a tendency to diminished (and occasionally
+increased) sense of smell. These questions, however, await more careful
+and extended observation.</p>
+
+<p>A very significant transition from the phenomena of personal odor to those
+of sexual attraction by personal odor is to be found in the fact that
+among the peoples inhabiting a large part of the world's surface the
+ordinary salutation between friends is by mutual smelling of the person.
+In some form or <a name='4_Page_66'></a>another the method of salutation by applying the nose to
+the nose, face, or hand of a friend in greeting is found throughout a
+large part of the Pacific, among the Papuans, the Eskimo, the hill tribes
+of India, in Africa, and elsewhere.<a name='4_FNanchor_38'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_38'><sup>[38]</sup></a> Thus, among a certain hill tribe
+in India, according to Lewin, they smell a friend's cheek: &quot;in their
+language, they do not say, 'Give me a kiss,' but they say 'Smell me.'&quot; And
+on the Gambia, according to F. Moore, &quot;When the men salute the women,
+they, instead of shaking their hands, put it up to their noses, and smell
+twice to the back of it.&quot; Here we have very clearly a recognition of the
+emotional value of personal odor widely prevailing throughout the world.
+The salutation on an olfactory basis may, indeed, be said to be more
+general than the salutation on a tactile basis on which European
+handshaking rests, each form involving one of the two most intimate and
+emotional senses. The kiss may be said to be a development proceeding both
+from the olfactory and the tactile bases, with perhaps some other elements
+as well, and is too complex to be regarded as a phenomenon of either
+purely tactile or purely olfactory origin.<a name='4_FNanchor_39'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_39'><sup>[39]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>As the sole factor in sexual selection olfaction must be rare. It is said
+that Asiatic princes have sometimes caused a number of the ladies to race
+in the seraglio garden until they were heated; their garments have then
+been brought to the prince, who has selected one of them solely by the
+odor.<a name='4_FNanchor_40'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_40'><sup>[40]</sup></a> There was here a sexual selection mainly by odor. Any exclusive
+efficacy of the olfactory sense is rare, not so much because the
+impressions of this sense are inoperative, but because agreeable personal
+odors are not sufficiently powerful, and the olfactory organ is too
+obtuse, to enable smell to take precedence of sight. Nevertheless, in many
+people, it is probable that certain odors, especially those that are
+correlated with a healthy and sexually desirable person, tend to be
+agreeable; they are fortified by <a name='4_Page_67'></a>their association with the loved person,
+sometimes to an irresistible degree; and their potency is doubtless
+increased by the fact, to which reference has already been made, that many
+odors, including some bodily odors, are nervous stimulants.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that the sexual associations of odors have been still
+further fortified by a tendency to correlation between a high development
+of the olfactory organ and a high development of the sexual apparatus. An
+association between a large nose and a large male organ is a very ancient
+observation and has been verified occasionally in recent times. There is
+normally at puberty a great increase in the septum of the nose, and it is
+quite conceivable, in view of the sympathy, which, as we shall see,
+certainly exists between the olfactory and sexual region, that the two
+regions may develop together under a common influence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Romans firmly believed in the connection between a large nose
+    and a large penis. &quot;Noscitur e naso quanta sit hasta viro,&quot;
+    stated Ovid. This belief continued to prevail, especially in
+    Italy, through the middle ages; the physiognomists made much of
+    it, and licentious women (like Joanna of Naples) were, it
+    appears, accustomed to bear it in mind, although disappointment
+    is recorded often to have followed. (See <i>e.g.</i>, the quotations
+    and references given by J. N. Mackenzie, &quot;Physiological and
+    Pathological Relations between the Nose and the Sexual Apparatus
+    in Man.&quot; <i>Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin</i>, No. 82, January,
+    1898; also Hagen, <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp. 15-19.) A
+    similar belief as to the association between the sexual impulse
+    in women and a long nose was evidently common in England in the
+    sixteenth century, for in Massinger's <i>Emperor of the East</i> (Act
+    II, Scene I) we read,</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;Her nose, which by its length assures me<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Of storms at midnight if I fail to pay her<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>The tribute she expects.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>At the present day, a proverb of the Venetian people still
+    embodies the belief in the connection between a large nose and a
+    large sexual member.</p>
+
+<p>    The probability that such an association tends in many cases to
+    prevail is indicated not only by the beliefs of antiquity, when
+    more careful attention was paid to these matters, but by the
+    testimony of various modern observers, although it does not
+    appear that any series of exact observations have yet been made.</p><a name='4_Page_68'></a>
+
+<p>    It may be noted that Marro, in his careful anthropological study
+    of criminals (<i>I Caratteri dei Delinquenti</i>), found no class of
+    criminals with so large a proportion alike of anomalies of the
+    nose and anomalies of the genital organs as sexual offenders.</p></div>
+
+<p>However this may be, it is less doubtful that there is a very intimate
+relation both in men and women between the olfactory mucous membrane of
+the nose and the whole genital apparatus, that they frequently show a
+sympathetic action, that influences acting on the genital sphere will
+affect the nose, and occasionally, it is probable, influences acting on
+the nose reflexly affect the genital sphere. To discuss these
+relationships would here be out of place, since specialists are not
+altogether in agreement concerning the matter. A few are inclined to
+regard the association as extremely intimate, so that each region is
+sensitive even to slight stimuli applied to the other region, while, on
+the other hand, many authorities ignore altogether the question of the
+relationship. It would appear, however, that there really is, in a
+considerable number of people at all events, a reflex connection of this
+kind. It has especially been noted that in many cases congestion of the
+nose precedes menstruation.</p>
+
+<p>Bleeding of the nose is specially apt to occur at puberty and during
+adolescence, while in women it may take the place of menstruation and is
+sometimes more apt to occur at the menstrual periods; disorders of the
+nose have also been found to be aggravated at these periods. It has even
+been possible to control bleeding of the nose, both in men and women, by
+applying ice to the sexual regions. In both men and women, again, cases
+have been recorded in which sexual excitement, whether of coitus or
+masturbation, has been followed by bleeding of the nose. In numerous cases
+it is followed by slight congestive conditions of the nasal passages and
+especially by sneezing. Various authors have referred to this phenomenon;
+I am acquainted with a lady in whom it is fairly constant.<a name='4_FNanchor_41'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_41'><sup>[41]</sup></a><a name='4_Page_69'></a> F&eacute;r&eacute;
+records the case of a lady, a nervous subject, who began to experience
+intense spontaneous sexual excitement shortly after marriage, accompanied
+by much secretion from the nose.<a name='4_FNanchor_42'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_42'><sup>[42]</sup></a> J. N. Mackenzie is acquainted with a
+number of such cases, and he considers that the popular expression
+&quot;bride's cold&quot; indicates that this effect of strong sexual excitement is
+widely recognized.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The late Professor Hack, of Freiburg, in 1884, called general
+    medical attention to the intimate connection between the nose and
+    states of nervous hyperexcitability in various parts of the body,
+    although such a connection had been recognized for many centuries
+    in medical literature. While Hack and his disciples thus gave
+    prominence to this association, they undoubtedly greatly
+    exaggerated its importance and significance. (Sir Felix Semon,
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, November 9, 1901.) Even many workers
+    who have more recently further added to our knowledge have also,
+    as sometimes happens with enthusiasts, unduly strained their own
+    data. Starting from the fact that in women during menstruation
+    examination of the nose reveals a degree of congestion not found
+    during the rest of the month, Fliess (<i>Die Beziehungen zwischen
+    Nase und Weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen</i>, 1897), with the help of
+    a number of elaborate and prolonged observations, has reached
+    conclusions which, while they seem to be hazardous at some
+    points, have certainly contributed to build up our knowledge of
+    this obscure subject. Schiff (<i>Wiener klinische Wochenschrift</i>,
+    1900, p. 58, summarized in <i>British Medical Journal</i>, February
+    16, 1901), starting from a skeptical standpoint, has confirmed
+    some of Fliess's results, and in a large number of cases
+    controlled painful menstruation by painting with cocaine the
+    so-called &quot;genital spots&quot; in the nose, all possibility of
+    suggestion being avoided. Ries, of Chicago, has been similarly
+    successful with the method of Fliess (<i>American Gyn&aelig;cology</i>, vol.
+    iii, No. 4, 1903). Benedikt (<i>Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift</i>,
+    No. 8, 1901, summarized in <i>Journal of Medical Science</i>, October,
+    1901), while pointing out that the nose is not the only organ in
+    sympathetic relation with the sexual sphere, suggests that the
+    mechanism of the relationship is involved in the larger problem
+    of the harmony in growth and in nutrition of the different parts
+    of the organism. In this way, probably, we may attach
+    considerable significance to the existence of a kind of erectile
+    tissue in the nose.</p>
+
+<p>    An interesting example of a reflex influence from the nose
+    affecting the genital sphere has been brought forward by Dr. E. S.
+    Talbot, <a name='4_Page_70'></a>of Chicago: &quot;A 56-year-old man was operated on
+    (September 1, 1903) for the removal of the left cartilage of the
+    septum of the nose owing to a previous traumatic fracture at the
+    sixteenth year. No pain was experienced until two years ago, when
+    a continual soreness occurred at the apical end of the fracture
+    during the winter months. The operation was decided upon fearing
+    more serious complications. The parts were cocainized. No pain
+    was experienced in the operation except at one point at the lower
+    posterior portion near the floor of the nose. A profound shock to
+    the general system followed. The reflex influence of the pain
+    upon the genital organs caused semen to flow continually for
+    three weeks. Treatment of general motor irritability with camphor
+    monobromate and conium, on consultation with Dr. Kiernan, checked
+    the flow. The discharge produced spinal neurasthenia. The legs
+    and feet felt heavy. Erythromelalgia caused uneasiness. The
+    patient walked with difficulty. The tired feeling in the feet and
+    limbs was quite noticeable four months after the operation,
+    although the pain had, to a great extent diminished.&quot; (Chicago
+    Academy of Medicine, January, 1904, and private letter.)</p>
+
+<p>    J. N. Mackenzie has brought together a great many original
+    observations, together with interesting quotations from old
+    medical literature, in his two papers: &quot;The Pathological Nasal
+    Reflex&quot; (<i>New York Medical Journal</i>, August 20, 1887) and &quot;The
+    Physiological and Pathological Relations between the Nose and the
+    Sexual Apparatus of Man&quot; (<i>Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin</i>,
+    January 1, 1898). A number of cases have also been brought
+    together from the literature by G. Endriss in his Inaugural
+    Dissertation, <i>Die bisherigen Beobachtungen von Physiologischen
+    und Pathologischen Beziehungen der oberen Luftwege zu den
+    Sexualorganen</i>, Teil. II, W&uuml;rzburg, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The intimate association between the sexual centers and the olfactory
+tract is well illustrated by the fact that this primitive and ancient
+association tends to come to the surface in insanity. It is recognized by
+many alienists that insanity of a sexual character is specially liable to
+be associated with hallucinations of smell.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Many eminent alienists in various countries are very decidedly of
+    the opinion that there is a special tendency to the association
+    of olfactory hallucinations with sexual manifestations, and,
+    although one or two authorities have expressed doubt on the
+    matter, the available evidence clearly indicates such an
+    association. Hallucinations of smell are comparatively rare as
+    compared to hallucinations of sight and hearing; they are
+    commoner in women than in men and they not infrequently <a name='4_Page_71'></a>occur at
+    periods of sexual disturbance, at adolescence, in puerperal
+    fever, at the change of life, in women with ovarian troubles, and
+    in old people troubled with sexual desires or remorse for such
+    desires. They have often been noted as specially frequent in
+    cases of excessive masturbation.</p>
+
+<p>    Krafft-Ebing, who found olfactory hallucinations common in
+    various sexual states, considers that they are directly dependent
+    on sexual excitement (<i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>,
+    bd. 34, ht. 4, 1877). Conolly Norman believes in a distinct and
+    frequent association between olfactory hallucinations and sexual
+    disturbance (<i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, July, 1899, p. 532).
+    Savage is also impressed by the close association between sexual
+    disturbance or changes in the reproductive organs and
+    hallucinations of smell as well as of touch. He has found that
+    persistent hallucinations of smell disappeared when a diseased
+    ovary was removed, although the patient remained insane. He
+    considers that such hallucinations of smell are allied to
+    reversions. (G. H. Savage, &quot;Smell, Hallucinations of,&quot; Tuke's
+    <i>Dictionary of Psychological Medicine</i>; <i>cf.</i> the same author's
+    manual of <i>Insanity and Allied Neuroses</i>.) Matusch, while not
+    finding olfactory hallucinations common at the climacteric,
+    states that when they are present they are connected with uterine
+    trouble and sexual craving. He finds them more common in young
+    women. (Matusch, &quot;Der Einfluss des Climacterium auf Entstchung
+    und Form der Geistesst&ouml;rung,&quot; <i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Psychiatrie</i>, vol. xlvi, ht. 4). F&eacute;r&eacute; has related a significant
+    case of a young man in whom hallucinations of smell accompanied
+    the sexual orgasm; he subsequently developed epilepsy, to which
+    the hallucination then constituted the aura (<i>Comptes Rendus de
+    la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, December, 1896). The prevalence of a
+    sexual element in olfactory hallucinations has been investigated
+    by Bullen, who examined into 95 cases of hallucinations of smell
+    among the patients in several asylums. (In a few cases there were
+    reasons for believing that peripheral conditions existed which
+    would render these hallucinations more strictly illusions.) Of
+    these, 64 were women. Sixteen of the women were climacteric
+    cases, and 3 of them had sexual hallucinations or delusions.
+    Fourteen other women (chiefly cases of chronic delusional
+    insanity) had sexual delusions. Altogether, 31 men and women had
+    sexual delusions. This is a large proportion. Bullen is not,
+    however, inclined to admit any direct connection between the
+    reproductive system and the sense of smell. He finds that other
+    hallucinations are very frequently associated with the olfactory
+    hallucinations, and considers that the co-existence of olfactory
+    and sexual troubles simply indicates a very deep and widespread
+    nervous disturbance. (F. St. John Bullen, &quot;Olfactory
+    Hallucinations in the Insane,&quot; <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, July,
+    1899.) In order to elucidate the matter fully we require further
+    precise inquiries on the lines Bullen has laid down.</p><a name='4_Page_72'></a>
+
+<p>    It may be of interest to note, in this connection, that smell and
+    taste hallucinations appear to be specially frequent in forms of
+    religious insanity. Thus, Dr. Zurcher, in her inaugural
+    dissertation on Joan of Arc (<i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Leipzig, 1895, p.
+    72), estimates that on the average in such insanity nearly 50 per
+    cent, of the hallucinations affect smell and taste; she refers
+    also to the olfactory hallucinations of great religious leaders,
+    Francis of Assisi, Katherina Emmerich, Lazzaretti, and the
+    Anabaptists.</p></div>
+
+<p>It may well be, as Zwaardemaker has suggested in his <i>Physiologie des
+Geruchs</i>, that the nasal congestion at menstruation and similar phenomena
+are connected with that association of smell and sexuality which is
+observable throughout the whole animal world, and that the congestion
+brings about a temporary increase of olfactory sensitiveness during the
+stage of sexual excitation.<a name='4_FNanchor_43'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_43'><sup>[43]</sup></a> Careful investigation of olfactory
+acuteness would reveal the existence of such menstrual heightening of its
+acuity.</p>
+
+<p>In a few exceptional, but still quite healthy people, smell would appear
+to possess an emotional predominance which it cannot be said to possess in
+the average person. These exceptional people are of what Binet in his
+study of sexual fetichism calls olfactive type; such persons form a group
+which, though of smaller size and less importance, is fairly comparable to
+the well-known groups of visual type, of auditory type, and of psychomotor
+type. Such people would be more attentive to odors, more moved by
+olfactory sympathies and antipathies, than are ordinary people. For these,
+it may well be, the supremacy accorded to olfactory influences in J&auml;ger's
+<i>Entdeckung der Seele</i>, though extravagantly incorrect for ordinary
+persons, may appear quite reasonable.</p>
+
+<p>It is certain also that a great many neurasthenic people, and particularly
+those who are sexually neurasthenic, are peculiarly susceptible to
+olfactory influences. A number of eminent <a name='4_Page_73'></a>poets and
+novelists&mdash;especially, it would appear, in France&mdash;seem to be in this
+case. Baudelaire, of all great poets, has most persistently and most
+elaborately emphasized the imaginative and emotional significance of odor;
+the <i>Fleurs du Mal</i> and many of the <i>Petits Po&egrave;mes en Prose</i> are, from
+this point of view, of great interest. There can be no doubt that in
+Baudelaire's own imaginative and emotional life the sense of smell played
+a highly important part; and that, in his own words, odor was to him what
+music is to others. Throughout Zola's novels&mdash;and perhaps more especially
+in <i>La Faute de l'Abb&eacute; Mouret</i>&mdash;there is an extreme insistence on odors of
+every kind. Prof. Leopold Bernard wrote an elaborate study of this aspect
+of Zola's work<a name='4_FNanchor_44'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_44'><sup>[44]</sup></a>; he believed that underlying Zola's interest in odors
+there was an abnormally keen olfactory sensibility and large development
+of the olfactory region of the brain. Such a supposition is, however,
+unnecessary, and, as a matter of fact, a careful examination of Zola's
+olfactory sensibility, conducted by M. Passy, showed that it was somewhat
+below normal.<a name='4_FNanchor_45'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_45'><sup>[45]</sup></a> At the same time it was shown that Zola was really a
+person of olfactory psychic type, with a special attention to odors and a
+special memory for them; as is frequently the case with perfumers with
+less than normal olfactory acuity he possessed a more than normal power of
+discriminating odors; it is possible that in early life his olfactory
+acuity may also have been above normal. In the same way Nietzsche, in his
+writings, shows a marked sensibility, and especially antipathy, as regards
+odors, which has by some been regarded as an index to a real physical
+sensibility of abnormal keenness; according to M&ouml;bius, however, there was
+no reason for supposing this to be the case.<a name='4_FNanchor_46'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_46'><sup>[46]</sup></a> Huysmans, who throughout
+his books reveals a very intense preoccupation with the exact shades of
+many kinds of sensory impressions, and an apparently abnormally keen
+sensibility to them, has shown a great interest in odors, more especially
+in an oft-quoted passage in <i>A Rebours</i>. The blind Milton of &quot;Paradise<a name='4_Page_74'></a>
+Lost&quot; (as the late Mr. Grant Allen once remarked to me), dwells much on
+scents; in this case it is doubtless to the blindness and not to any
+special organic predisposition that we must attribute this direction of
+sensory attention.<a name='4_FNanchor_47'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_47'><sup>[47]</sup></a> Among our older English poets, also, Herrick
+displays a special interest in odors with a definite realization of their
+sexual attractiveness.<a name='4_FNanchor_48'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_48'><sup>[48]</sup></a> Shelley, who was alive to so many of the
+unusual &aelig;sthetic aspects of things, often shows an enthusiastic delight in
+odors, more especially those of flowers. It may, indeed, be said that most
+poets&mdash;though to a less degree than those I have mentioned&mdash;devote a
+special attention to odors, and, since it has been possible to describe
+smell as the sense of imagination, this need not surprise us. That
+Shakespeare, for instance, ranked this sense very high indeed is shown by
+various passages in his works and notably by Sonnet LIV: &quot;O, how much more
+doth beauty beauteous seem?&quot;&mdash;in which he implicitly places the attraction
+of odor on at least as high a level as that of vision.<a name='4_FNanchor_49'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_49'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A neurasthenic sensitiveness to odors, specially sexual odors, is
+frequently accompanied by lack of sexual vigor. In this way we may account
+for the numerous cases in which old men in whom sexual desire survives the
+loss of virile powers&mdash;probably somewhat abnormal persons at the
+outset&mdash;find satisfaction in sexual odors. Here, also, we have the basis
+for olfactory fetichism. In such fetichism the odor of the woman alone,
+whoever she may be and however unattractive she may be, suffices to
+furnish complete sexual satisfaction. In many, although not all, of those
+cases in which articles of women's <a name='4_Page_75'></a>clothing become the object of
+fetichistic attraction, there is certainly an olfactory element due to the
+personal odor attaching to the garments.<a name='4_FNanchor_50'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_50'><sup>[50]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Olfactory influences play a certain part in various sexually
+    abnormal tendencies and practices which do not proceed from an
+    exclusively olfactory fascination. Thus, <i>cunnilingus</i> and
+    <i>fellatio</i> derive part of their attraction, more especially in
+    some individuals, from a predilection for the odors of the sexual
+    parts. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido
+    Sexualis</i>, bd. 1, p. 134.) In many cases smell plays no part in
+    the attraction; &quot;I enjoy <i>cunnilingus</i>, if I like the girl very
+    much,&quot; a correspondent writes, &quot;<i>in spite</i> of the smell.&quot; We may
+    associate this impulse with the prevalence of these practices
+    among sexual inverts, in whom olfactory attractions are often
+    specially marked. Those individuals, also, who are sexually
+    affected by the urinary and alvine excretions (&quot;<i>renifleurs</i>,&quot;
+    &quot;<i>stereoraires</i>,&quot; etc.) are largely, though not necessarily
+    altogether, moved by olfactory impressions. The attraction was,
+    however, exclusively olfactory in the case of the young woman
+    recorded by Moraglia (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1892, p. 267),
+    who was irresistibly excited by the odor of the fermented urine
+    of men, and possibly also in the case narrated to Moraglia by
+    Prof. L. Bianchi (<i>ib.</i> p. 568), in which a wife required flatus
+    from her husband.</p>
+
+<p>    The sexual pleasure derived from partial strangulation (discussed
+    in the study of &quot;Love and Pain&quot; in a previous volume) may be
+    associated with heightened olfactory sexual excitation. Dr.
+    Kiernan, who points this out to me, has investigated a few
+    neuropathic patients who like to have their necks squeezed, as
+    they express it, and finds that in the majority the olfactory
+    sensibility is thus intensified.</p></div>
+
+<p>Even in ordinary normal persons, however, there can be no doubt that
+personal odor tends to play a not inconsiderable part in sexual
+attractions and sexual repulsions. As a sexual excitant, indeed, it comes
+far behind the stimuli received through the sense of sight. The
+comparative bluntness of the sense of smell in man makes it difficult for
+olfactory influence to be felt, as a rule, until the preliminaries of
+courtship are already over; so that it is impossible for smell ever to
+possess the same significance in sexual attraction in man that it
+possesses <a name='4_Page_76'></a>in the lower animals. With that reservation there can be no
+doubt that odor has a certain favorable or unfavorable influence in sexual
+relationships in all human races from the lowest to the highest. The
+Polynesian spoke with contempt of those women of European race who &quot;have
+no smell,&quot; and in view of the pronounced personal odor of so many savage
+peoples as well as of the careful attention which they so often pay to
+odors, we may certainly assume, even in the absence of much definite
+evidence, that smell counts for much in their sexual relationships. This
+is confirmed by such practices as that found among some primitive
+peoples&mdash;as, it is stated, in the Philippines&mdash;of lovers exchanging their
+garments to have the smell of the loved one about them. In the barbaric
+stages of society this element becomes self-conscious and is clearly
+avowed; personal odors are constantly described with complacency,
+sometimes as mingled with the lavish use of artificial perfumes, in much
+of the erotic literature produced in the highest stages of barbarism,
+especially by Eastern peoples living in hot climates; it is only necessary
+to refer to the <i>Song of Songs</i>, the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, and the Indian
+treatises on love. Even in some parts of Europe the same influence is
+recognized in the crudest animal form, and Krauss states that among the
+Southern Slavs it is sometimes customary to leave the sexual parts
+unwashed because a strong odor of these parts is regarded as a sexual
+stimulant. Under the usual conditions of life in Europe personal odor has
+sunk into the background; this has been so equally under the conditions of
+classic, medi&aelig;val, and modern life. Personal odor has been generally
+regarded as un&aelig;sthetic; it has, for the most part, only been mentioned to
+be reprobated, and even those poets and others who during recent centuries
+have shown a sensitive delight and interest in odors&mdash;Herrick, Shelley,
+Baudelaire, Zola, and Huysmans&mdash;have seldom ventured to insist that a
+purely natural and personal odor can be agreeable. The fact that it may be
+so, and that for most people such odors cannot be a matter of indifference
+in the most intimate of all relationships, is usually only to be learned
+casually and incidentally. There can be no doubt, <a name='4_Page_77'></a>however, that, as
+Kiernan points out, the extent to which olfaction influences the sexual
+sphere in civilized man has been much underestimated. We need not,
+therefore, be surprised at the greater interest which has recently been
+taken in this subject. As usually happens, indeed, there has been in some
+writers a tendency to run to the opposite extreme, and we cannot, with
+Gustav J&auml;ger, regard the sexual instinct as mainly or altogether an
+olfactory matter.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Of the Padmini, the perfect woman, the &quot;lotus woman,&quot; Hindu
+    writers say that &quot;her sweat has the odor of musk,&quot; while the
+    vulgar woman, they say, smells of fish (<i>Kama Sutra of
+    Vatsyayana</i>). Ploss and Bartels (<i>Das Weib</i>, 1901, p. 218) bring
+    forward a passage from the Tamil <i>Kokk&ocirc;gam</i>, minutely describing
+    various kinds of sexual odor in women, which they regard as
+    resting on sound observation.</p>
+
+<p>    Four things in a woman, says the Arab, should be perfumed: the
+    mouth, the armpits, the pudenda, and the nose. The Persian poets,
+    in describing the body, delighted to use metaphors involving
+    odor. Not only the hair and the down on the face, but the chin,
+    the mouth, the beauty spots, the neck, all suggested odorous
+    images. The epithets applied to the hair frequently refer to
+    musk, ambergris, and civet. (<i>Anis El-Ochch&acirc;q</i> translated by
+    Huart, <i>Biblioth&egrave;que de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes</i>, fasc. 25,
+    1875.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Hebrew <i>Song of Songs</i> furnishes a typical example of a very
+    beautiful Eastern love-poem in which the importance of the appeal
+    to the sense of smell is throughout emphasized. There are in this
+    short poem as many as twenty-four fairly definite references to
+    odors,&mdash;personal odors, perfumes, and flowers,&mdash;while numerous
+    other references to flowers, etc., seem to point to olfactory
+    associations. Both the lover and his sweetheart express pleasure
+    in each other's personal odor.</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;My beloved is unto me,&quot; she sings, &quot;as a bag of myrrh<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>That lieth between my breasts;<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>My beloved is unto me as a cluster of henna flowers<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>In the vineyard of En-gedi.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>And again: &quot;His cheeks are as a bed of spices [or balsam], as
+    banks of sweet herbs.&quot; While of her he says: &quot;The smell of thy
+    breath [or nose] is like apples.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Greek and Roman antiquity, which has so largely influenced the
+    traditions of modern Europe, was lavish in the use of perfumes,
+    but showed no sympathy with personal odors. For the Roman
+    satirists, like Martial, a personal odor is nearly always an
+    unpleasant odor, <a name='4_Page_78'></a>though, there are a few allusions in classic
+    literature recognizing bodily smell as a sexual attraction. Ovid,
+    in his <i>Ars Amandi</i> (Book III), says it is scarcely necessary to
+    remind a lady that she must not keep a goat in her armpits: &quot;<i>ne
+    trux caper iret in alas</i>.&quot; &quot;<i>Mulier tum bene olet ubi nihil
+    olet</i>&quot; is an ancient dictum, and in the sixteenth century
+    Montaigne still repeated the same saying with complete approval.</p>
+
+<p>    A different current of feeling began to appear with the new
+    emotional movement during the eighteenth century. Rousseau called
+    attention to the importance of the olfactory sense, and in his
+    educational work, <i>Emile</i> (Bk. II), he referred to the odor of a
+    woman's &quot;<i>cabinet de toilette</i>&quot; as not so feeble a snare as is
+    commonly supposed. In the same century Casanova wrote still more
+    emphatically concerning the same point; in the preface to his
+    <i>M&eacute;moires</i> he states: &quot;I have always found sweet the odor of the
+    women I have loved&quot;; and elsewhere: &quot;There is something in the
+    air of the bedroom of the woman one loves, something so intimate,
+    so balsamic, such voluptuous emanations, that if a lover had to
+    choose between Heaven and this place of delight his hesitation
+    would not last for a moment&quot; (<i>M&eacute;moires</i>, vol. iii). In the
+    previous century, in England, Sir Kenelm Digby, in his
+    interesting and remarkable <i>Private Memoirs</i>, when describing a
+    visit to Lady Venetia Stanley, afterward his wife, touches on
+    personal odor as an element of attraction; he had found her
+    asleep in bed and on her breasts &quot;did glisten a few drops of
+    sweatlike diamond sparks, and had a more fragrant odor than the
+    violets or primroses whose season was newly passed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In 1821 Cadet-Devaux published, in the <i>Revue Encyclop&eacute;dique</i>, a
+    study entitled &quot;De l'atmosph&egrave;re de la Femme et de sa Puissance,&quot;
+    which attracted a great deal of attention in Germany as well as
+    in France; he considered that the exhalations of the feminine
+    body are of the first importance in sexual attraction.</p>
+
+<p>    Prof. A. Galopin in 1886 wrote a semiscientific book, <i>Le Parfum
+    de la Femme</i>, in which the sexual significance of personal odor
+    is developed to its fullest. He writes with enthusiasm concerning
+    the sweet and health-giving character of the natural perfume of a
+    beloved woman, and the mischief done both to health and love by
+    the use of artificial perfumes. &quot;The purest marriage that can be
+    contracted between a man and a woman,&quot; he asserts (p. 157) &quot;is
+    that engendered by olfaction and sanctioned by a common
+    assimilation in the brain of the animated molecules due to the
+    secretion and evaporation of two bodies in contact and sympathy.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In a book written during the first half of the nineteenth century
+    which contains various subtle observations on love we read, with
+    reference to the sweet odor which poets have found in the breath
+    of women: &quot;In reality many women have an intoxicatingly agreeable
+    <a name='4_Page_79'></a>breath which plays no small part in the love-compelling
+    atmosphere which they spread around them&quot; (<i>Eros oder W&ouml;rterbuch
+    &uuml;ber die Physiologie</i>, 1849, Bd. 1, p. 45).</p>
+
+<p>    Most of the writers on the psychology of love at this period,
+    however, seem to have passed over the olfactory element in sexual
+    attraction, regarding it probably as too un&aelig;sthetic. It receives
+    no emphasis either in S&eacute;nancour's <i>De l'Amour</i> or Stendhal's <i>De
+    l'Amour</i> or Michelet's <i>L'Amour</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    The poets within recent times have frequently referred to odors,
+    personal and other, but the novelists have more rarely done so.
+    Zola and Huysmans, the two novelists who have most elaborately
+    and insistently developed the olfactory side of life, have dwelt
+    more on odors that are repulsive than on those that are
+    agreeable. It is therefore of interest to note that in a few
+    remarkable novels of recent times the attractiveness of personal
+    odor has been emphasized. This is notably so in Tolstoy's <i>War
+    and Peace</i>, in which Count Peter suddenly resolves to marry
+    Princess Helena after inhaling her odor at a ball. In
+    d'Annunzio's <i>Trionfo della Morte</i> the seductive and consoling
+    odor of the beloved woman's skin is described in several
+    passages; thus, when Giorgio kissed Ippolita's arms and
+    shoulders, we are told, &quot;he perceived the sharp and yet delicate
+    perfume of her, the perfume of the skin that in the hour of joy
+    became intoxicating as that of the tuberose, and a terrible lash
+    to desire.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>When we are dealing with the sexual significance of personal odors in man
+there is at the outset an important difference to be noticed in comparison
+with the lower mammals. Not only is the significance of odor altogether
+very much less, but the focus of olfactory attractiveness has been
+displaced. The centre of olfactory attractiveness is not, as usually among
+animals, in the sexual region, but is transferred to the upper part of the
+body. In this respect the sexual olfactory allurement in man resembles
+what we find in the sphere of vision, for neither the sexual organs of man
+nor of woman are usually beautiful in the eyes of the opposite sex, and
+their exhibition is not among us regarded as a necessary stage in
+courtship. The odor of the body, like its beauty, in so far as it can be
+regarded as a possible sexual allurement, has in the course of development
+been transferred to the upper parts. The careful concealment of the sexual
+region has doubtless favored this transfer. It has thus happened that when
+personal odor acts <a name='4_Page_80'></a>as a sexual allurement it is the armpit, in any case
+normally the chief focus of odor in the body, which mainly comes into
+play, together with the skin and the hair.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Aubert, of Lyons, noted that during menstruation the odor of the
+    armpits may become more powerful, and describes it as being at
+    this time an aromatic odor of acidulous or chloroform character.
+    Galopin remarks that, while some women's armpits smell of sheep
+    in rut, others, when exposed to the air, have a fragrance of
+    ambergris or violet. Dark persons (according to Gould and Pyle)
+    are said sometimes to exhale a prussic acid odor, and blondes
+    more frequently musk; Galopin associates the ambergris odor more
+    especially with blondes.</p>
+
+<p>    While some European poets have faintly indicated the woman's
+    armpit as a centre of sexual attraction, it is among Eastern
+    poets that we may find the idea more directly and naturally
+    expressed. Thus, in a Chinese drama (&quot;The Transmigration of
+    Yo-Chow,&quot; <i>Mercure de France</i>, No. 8, 1901) we find a learned
+    young doctor addressing the following poem to his betrothed:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;When I have climbed to the bushy summit of Mount Chao,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>I have still not reached to the level of your odorous armpit.<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>I must needs mount to the sky<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Before the breeze brings to me<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>The perfume of that embalsamed nest!&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>This poet seems, however, to have been carried to a pitch of
+    enthusiasm unusual even in China, for his future mother-in-law,
+    after expressing her admiration for the poem, remarks: &quot;But who
+    would have thought one could find so many beautiful things under
+    my daughter's armpit!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The odor of the armpit is the most powerful in the body,
+    sufficiently powerful to act as a muscular stimulant even in the
+    absence of any direct sexual association. This is indicated by an
+    observation made by F&eacute;r&eacute;, who noticed, when living opposite a
+    laundry, that an old woman who worked near the window would,
+    toward the close of the day, introduce her right hand under the
+    sleeve of the other to the armpit and then hold it to her nose;
+    this she would do about every five minutes. It was evident that
+    the odor acted as a stimulant to her failing energies. F&eacute;r&eacute; has
+    been informed by others who have had occasion to frequent
+    workrooms that this proceeding is by no means uncommon among
+    persons of both sexes. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second
+    edition, p. 135.) I have myself noticed the same gesture very
+    deliberately made in the street by a young English woman of the
+    working class, under circumstances which suggested that it acted
+    as an immediate stimulant in fatigue.</p><a name='4_Page_81'></a>
+
+<p>    Huysmans&mdash;who in his novels has insisted on odors, both those of
+    a personal kind and perfumes, with great precision&mdash;has devoted
+    one of the sketches, &quot;Le Gousset,&quot; in his <i>Croquis Parisiens</i>
+    (1880) to the varying odors of women's armpits. &quot;I have followed
+    this fragrance in the country,&quot; he remarks, &quot;behind a group of
+    women gleaners under the bright sun. It was excessive and
+    terrible; it stung your nostrils like an unstoppered bottle of
+    alkali; it seized you, irritating your mucous membrane with a
+    rough odor which had in it something of the relish of wild duck
+    cooked with olives and the sharp odor of the shallot. On the
+    whole, it was not a vile or repugnant emanation; it united, as an
+    anticipated thing, with the formidable odors of the landscape; it
+    was the pure note, completing with the human animals' cry of heat
+    the odorous melody of beasts and woods.&quot; He goes on to speak of
+    the perfume of feminine arms in the ball-room. &quot;There the aroma
+    is of ammoniated valerian, of chlorinated urine, brutally
+    accentuated sometimes, even with a slight scent of prussic acid
+    about it, a faint whiff of overripe peaches.&quot; These
+    &quot;spice-boxes,&quot; however, Huysmans continues, are more seductive
+    when their perfume is filtered through the garments. &quot;The appeal
+    of the balsam of their arms is then less insolent, less cynical,
+    than at the ball where they are more naked, but it more easily
+    uncages the animal in man. Various as the color of the hair, the
+    odor of the armpit is infinitely divisible; its gamut covers the
+    whole keyboard of odors, reaching the obstinate scents of syringa
+    and elder, and sometimes recalling the sweet perfume of the
+    rubbed fingers that have held a cigarette. Audacious and
+    sometimes fatiguing in the brunette and the black woman, sharp
+    and fierce in the red woman, the armpit is heady as some sugared
+    wines in the blondes.&quot; It will be noted that this very exact
+    description corresponds at various points with the remarks of
+    more scientific observers.</p>
+
+<p>    Sometimes the odor of the armpit may even become a kind of fetich
+    which is craved for its own sake and in itself suffices to give
+    pleasure. F&eacute;r&eacute; has recorded such a case, in a friend of his own,
+    a man of 60, with whom at one time he used to hunt, of robust
+    health and belonging to a healthy family. On these hunting
+    expeditions he used to tease the girls and women he met
+    (sometimes even rather old women) in a surprising manner, when he
+    came upon them walking in the fields with their short-sleeved
+    chemises exposed. When he had succeeded in introducing his hand
+    into the woman's armpit he went away satisfied, and frequently
+    held the hand to his nose with evident pleasure. After long
+    hesitation F&eacute;r&eacute; asked for an explanation, which was frankly
+    given. As a child he had liked the odor, without knowing why. As
+    a young man women with strong odors had stimulated him to
+    extraordinary sexual exploits, and now they were the only women
+    who had any influence on him. He professed to be able to
+    <a name='4_Page_82'></a>recognize continence by the odor, as well as the most favorable
+    moment for approaching a woman. Throughout life a cold in the
+    head had always been accompanied by persistent general
+    excitement. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, 1902, p. 134.)</p></div>
+
+<p>We not only have to recognize that in the course of evolution the specific
+odors of the sexual region have sunk into the background as a source of
+sexual allurements, we have further to recognize the significant fact that
+even those personal odors which are chiefly liable under normal
+circumstances to come occasionally within the conscious sexual sphere, and
+indeed purely personal odors of all kinds, fail to exert any attraction,
+but rather tend to cause antipathy, unless some degree of tumescence has
+already been attained. That is to say, our olfactory experiences of the
+human body approximate rather to our tactile experiences of it than to our
+visual experiences. Sight is our most intellectual sense, and we trust
+ourselves to it with comparative boldness without any undue dread that its
+messages will hurt us by their personal intimacy; we even court its
+experiences, for it is the chief organ of our curiosity, as smell is of a
+dog's. But smell with us has ceased to be a leading channel of
+intellectual curiosity. Personal odors do not, as vision does, give us
+information that is very largely intellectual; they make an appeal that is
+mainly of an intimate, emotional, imaginative character. They thus tend,
+when we are in our normal condition, to arouse what James calls the
+antisexual instinct.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;I cannot understand how people do not see how the senses are
+    connected,&quot; said Jenny Lind to J. A. Symonds (Horatio Brown, <i>J. A.
+    Symonds</i>, vol. i, p. 207). &quot;What I have suffered from my sense of
+    smell! My youth was misery from my acuteness of sensibility.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Mantegazza discusses the strength of olfactory antipathies
+    (<i>Fisiologia dell' Odio</i>, p. 101), and mentions that once when
+    ill in Paraguay he was nursed by an Indian girl of 16, who was
+    fresh as a peach and extremely clean, but whose odor&mdash;&quot;a mixture
+    of wild beast's lair and decayed onions&quot;&mdash;caused nausea and
+    almost made him faint.</p>
+
+<p>    Moll (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 135)
+    records the case of a neuropathic man who was constantly rendered
+    impotent by his antipathy to personal body odors. It had very
+    frequently <a name='4_Page_83'></a>happened to him to be attracted by the face and
+    appearance of a girl, but at the last moment potency was
+    inhibited by the perception of personal odor.</p>
+
+<p>    In the case of a man of distinguished ability known to me,
+    belonging to a somewhat neuropathic family, there is extreme
+    sensitiveness to the smell of a woman, which is frequently the
+    most obvious thing to him about her. He has seldom known a woman
+    whose natural perfume entirely suits him, and his olfactory
+    impressions have frequently been the immediate cause of a rupture
+    of relationships.</p>
+
+<p>    It was formerly discussed whether strong personal odor
+    constituted adequate ground for divorce. Hagen, who brings
+    forward references on this point (<i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp.
+    75-83), considers that the body odors are normally and naturally
+    repulsive because they are closely associated with the capryl
+    group of odors, which are those of many of the excretions.</p>
+
+<p>    Olfactory antipathies are, however, often strictly subordinated
+    to the individual's general emotional attitude toward the object
+    from which they emanate. This is illustrated in the case, known
+    to me, of a man who on a hot day entering a steamboat with a
+    woman to whom he was attached seated himself between her and a
+    man, a stranger. He soon became conscious of an axillary odor
+    which he concluded to come from the man and which he felt as
+    disagreeable. But a little later he realized that it proceeded
+    from his own companion, and with this discovery the odor at once
+    lost its disagreeable character.</p>
+
+<p>    In this respect a personal odor resembles a personal touch. Two
+    intimate touches of the hand, though of precisely similar
+    physical quality, may in their emotional effects be separated by
+    an immeasurable interval, in dependence on our attitude toward
+    the person from whom they proceed.</p></div>
+
+<p>Personal odor, in order to make its allurement felt, and not to arouse
+antipathy, must, in normal persons, have been preceded by conditions which
+have inhibited the play of the antisexual instinct. A certain degree of
+tumescence must already have been attained. It is even possible, when we
+bear in mind the intimate sympathy between the sexual sphere and the nose,
+that the olfactory organ needs to have its sensibility modified in a form
+receptive to sexual messages, though such an assumption is by no means
+necessary. It is when such a faint preliminary degree of tumescence has
+been attained, however it may have been attained,&mdash;for the methods of
+tumescence, as we know, are innumerable,&mdash;that a sympathetic personal odor
+<a name='4_Page_84'></a>is enabled to make its appeal. If we analyze the cases in which olfactory
+perceptions have proved potent in love, we shall nearly always find that
+they have been experienced under circumstances favorable for the
+occurrence of tumescence. When this is not the case we may reasonably
+suspect the presence of some degree of perversion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In the oft-quoted case of the Austrian peasant who found that he
+    was aided in seducing young women by dancing with them and then
+    wiping their faces with a handkerchief he had kept in his armpit,
+    we may doubtless regard the preliminary excitement of the dance
+    as an essential factor in the influence produced.</p>
+
+<p>    In the same way, I am acquainted with the ease of a lady not
+    usually sensitive to simple body odors (though affected by
+    perfumes and flowers) who on one occasion, when already in a
+    state of sexual erethism, was highly excited when perceiving the
+    odor of her lover's axilla.</p>
+
+<p>    The same influence of preliminary excitement may be seen in
+    another instance known to me, that of a gentlemen who when
+    traveling abroad fell in with three charming young ladies during
+    a long railway journey. He was conscious of a pleasurable
+    excitement caused by the prolonged intimacy of the journey, but
+    this only became definitely sexual when the youngest of the
+    ladies, stretching before him to look out of the window and
+    holding on to the rack above, accidentally brought her axilla
+    into close proximity with his face, whereupon erection was
+    caused, although he himself regards personal odors, at all events
+    when emanating from strangers, as indifferent or repulsive.</p>
+
+<p>    A medical correspondent, referring to the fact that with many men
+    (indeed women also) sexual excitement occurs after dancing for a
+    considerable time, remarks that he considers the odor of the
+    woman's sweat is here a considerable factor.</p></div>
+
+<p>The characteristics of olfaction which our investigation has so far
+revealed have not, on the whole, been favorable to the influence of
+personal odors as a sexual attraction in civilized men. It is a primitive
+sense which had its flowering time before men arose; it is a comparatively
+un&aelig;sthetic sense; it is a somewhat obtuse sense which among Europeans is
+usually incapable of perceiving the odor of the &quot;human flower&quot;&mdash;to use
+Goethe's phrase&mdash;except on very close contact, and on this account, and on
+account of the fact that it is a predominantly <a name='4_Page_85'></a>emotional sense, personal
+odors in ordinary social intercourse are less likely to arouse the sexual
+instinct than the antisexual instinct. If a certain degree of tumescence
+is required before a personal odor can exert an attractive influence, a
+powerful personal odor, strong enough to be perceived before any degree of
+tumescence is attained, will tend to cause repulsion, and in so doing
+tend, consciously or unconsciously, to excite prejudice against personal
+odor altogether. This is actually the case in civilization, and most
+people, it would appear, view with more or less antipathy the personal
+odors of those persons to whom they are not sexually attracted, while
+their attitude is neutral in this respect toward the individuals to whom
+they are sexually attracted.<a name='4_FNanchor_51'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_51'><sup>[51]</sup></a> The following statement by a
+correspondent seems to me to express the experience of the majority of men
+in this respect: &quot;I do not notice that different people have different
+smells. Certain women I have known have been in the habit of using
+particular scents, but no associations could be aroused if I were to smell
+the same scent now, for I should not identify it. As a boy I was very fond
+of scent, and I associate this with my marked sexual proclivities. I like
+a woman to use a little scent. It rouses my sexual feelings, but not to
+any large extent. I dislike the smell of a woman's vagina.&quot; While the last
+statement seems to express the feeling of many if not most men, it may be
+proper to add that there seems no natural reason why the vulvar odor of a
+clean and healthy woman should be other than agreeable to a normal man who
+is her lover.</p>
+
+<p>In literature it is the natural odor of women rather than men which
+receives attention. We should expect this to be the case since literature
+is chiefly produced by men. The question as to whether men or women are
+really more apt to be sexually influenced in this way cannot thus be
+decided. Among animals, it seems probable, both sexes are alike influenced
+by odors, for, while it is usually the male whose sexual regions <a name='4_Page_86'></a>are
+furnished with special scent glands, when such occur, the peculiar odor of
+the female during the sexual season is certainly not less efficacious as
+an allurement to the male. If we compare the general susceptibility of men
+and women to agreeable odors, apart from the question of sexual
+allurement, there can be little doubt that it is most marked among women.
+As Groos points out, even among children little girls are more interested
+in scents than boys, and the investigations of various workers, especially
+Garbini, have shown that there is actually a greater power of
+discriminating odors among girls than among boys. Marro has gone further,
+and in an extended series of observations on girls before and after the
+establishment of puberty&mdash;which is of considerable interest from the point
+of view of the sexual significance of olfaction&mdash;he has shown reason to
+believe that girls acquire an increased susceptibility to odors when
+sexual life begins, although they show no such increased powers as regards
+the other senses.<a name='4_FNanchor_52'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_52'><sup>[52]</sup></a> On the whole, it would appear that, while women are
+not apt to be seriously affected, in the absence of any preliminary
+excitation, by crude body odors, they are by no means insusceptible to the
+sexual influence of olfactory impressions. It is probable, indeed, that
+they are more affected, and more frequently affected, in this way, than
+are men.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Edouard de Goncourt, in his novel <i>Ch&eacute;rie</i>&mdash;the intimate history
+    of a young girl, founded, he states, on much personal
+    observation&mdash;describes (Chapter LXXXV) the delight with which
+    sensuous, but chaste young girls often take in strong perfumes.
+    &quot;Perfume and love,&quot; he remarks, &quot;impart delights which are
+    closely allied.&quot; In an earlier chapter (XLIV) he writes of his
+    heroine at the age of 15: &quot;The intimately happy emotion which the
+    young girl experienced in reading <i>Paul et Virginie</i> and other
+    honestly amorous books she sought to make more complete and
+    intense and penetrating by soaking the book with scent, and the
+    love-story reached her senses and imagination through pages moist
+    with liquid perfume.&quot;</p><a name='4_Page_87'></a>
+
+<p>    Carbini (<i>Archivio per l'Antropologia</i>, 1896, fasc. 3) in a very
+    thorough investigation of a large number of children, found that
+    the earliest osmo-gustative sensations occurred in the fourth
+    week in girls, the fifth week in boys; the first real and
+    definite olfactory sensations appeared in the fifteenth month in
+    girls, in the sixteenth in boys; while experiments on several
+    hundred children between the ages of 3 and 6 years showed the
+    girls slightly, but distinctly, superior to the boys. It may, of
+    course, be argued that these results merely show a somewhat
+    greater precocity of girls. I have summarized the main
+    investigations into this question in <i>Man and Woman</i>, revised and
+    enlarged edition, 1904, pp. 134-138. On the whole, they seem to
+    indicate greater olfactory acuteness on the part of women, but
+    the evidence is by no means altogether concordant in this sense.
+    Popular and general scientific opinion is also by no means always
+    in harmony. Thus, Tardif, in his book on odors in relation to the
+    sexual instinct, throughout assumes, as a matter of course, that
+    the sense of smell is most keen in men; while, on the other hand,
+    I note that in a pamphlet by Mr. Martin Perls, a manufacturing
+    perfumer, it is stated with equal confidence that &quot;it is a
+    well-known fact that ladies have, even without a practice of long
+    standing, a keener sense of smell than men,&quot; and on this account
+    he employs a staff of young ladies for testing perfumes by smell
+    in the laboratory by the glazed paper test.</p>
+
+<p>    It is sometimes said that the use of strong perfumes by women
+    indicates a dulled olfactory organ. On the other hand, it is said
+    that the use of tobacco deadens the sensitiveness of the
+    masculine nose. Both these statements seem to be without
+    foundation. The use of a large amount of perfume is rather a
+    question of taste than a question of sensory acuteness (not to
+    mention that those who live in an atmosphere of perfume are, of
+    course, only faintly conscious of it), and the chemist perfumer
+    in his laboratory surrounded by strong odors can distinguish them
+    all with great delicacy. As regards tobacco, in Spain the
+    <i>cigarreras</i> are women and girls who live perpetually in an
+    atmosphere of tobacco, and Se&ntilde;ora Pardo Bazan, who knows them
+    well, remarks in her novel, <i>La Tribuna</i>, which deals with life
+    in a tobacco factory, that &quot;the acuity of the sense of smell of
+    the <i>cigarreras</i> is notable, and it would seem that instead of
+    blunting the nasal membrane the tobacco makes the olfactory
+    nerves keener.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It was the same as if I was in a sweet apple garden, from the
+    sweetness that came to me when the light wind passed over them
+    and stirred their clothes,&quot; a woman is represented as saying
+    concerning a troop of handsome men in the Irish sagas (<i>Cuchulain
+    of Muirthemne</i>, p. 161). The pleasure and excitement experienced
+    by a woman in the odor of her lover is usually felt concerning a
+    vague and mixed odor which may be characteristic, but is not
+    definitely traceable to any <a name='4_Page_88'></a>specific bodily sexual odor. The
+    general odor of the man she loves, one woman states, is highly,
+    sometimes even overwhelmingly, attractive to her; but the
+    specific odor of the male sexual organs which she describes as
+    fishy has no attraction. A man writes that in his relations with
+    women he has never been able to detect that they were influenced
+    by the axillary or other specific odors. A woman writes: &quot;To me
+    any personal odor, as that of perspiration, is very disagreeable,
+    and the healthy <i>naked</i> human body is very free from any odor.
+    Fresh perspiration has no disagreeable smell; it is only by
+    retention in the clothing that it becomes objectionable. The
+    faint smell of smoke which lingers round men who smoke much is
+    rather exciting to me, but only when it is <i>very</i> faint. If at
+    all strong it becomes disagreeable. As most of the men who have
+    attracted me have been great smokers, there is doubtless a direct
+    association of ideas. It has only once occurred to me that an
+    indifferent unpleasant smell became attractive in connection with
+    some particular person. In this case it was the scent of stale
+    tobacco, such as comes from the end of a cold cigar or cigarette.
+    It was, and is now, very disagreeable to me, but, for the time
+    and in connection with a particular person, it seemed to me more
+    delightful and exciting than the most delicious perfume. I think,
+    however, only a very strong attraction could overcome a dislike
+    of this sort, and I doubt if I could experience such a
+    twist-round if it had been a personal odor. Stale tobacco, though
+    nasty, conveys no mentally disagreeable idea. I mean it does not
+    suggest dirt or unhealthiness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It is probably significant of the somewhat considerable part
+    which, in one way or another, odors and perfumes play in the
+    emotional life of women, that, of the 4 women whose sexual
+    histories are recorded in Appendix B of vol. iii of these
+    <i>Studies</i>, all are liable to experience sexual effects from
+    olfactory stimuli, 3 of them from personal odors (though this
+    fact is not in every case brought out in the histories as
+    recorded), while of the 8 men not one has considered his
+    olfactory experiences in this respect as worthy of mention.</p>
+
+<p>    The very marked sexual fascination which odor, associated with
+    the men they love, exerts on women has easily passed unperceived,
+    since women have not felt called upon to proclaim it. In sexual
+    inversion, however, when the woman takes a more active and
+    outspoken part than in normal love, it may very clearly be
+    traced. Here, indeed, it is often exaggerated, in consequence of
+    the common tendency for neurotic and neurasthenic persons to be
+    more than normally susceptible to the influence of odors. In the
+    majority of inverted women, it may safely be said, the odor of
+    the beloved person plays a very considerable part. Thus, one
+    inverted woman asks the woman she loves to send her some of her
+    hair that she may intoxicate herself in solitude with its perfume
+    (<i>Archivio di Psicopatie Sessuali</i>, vol. i, fasc. 3, p. 36).
+    Again, <a name='4_Page_89'></a>a young girl with some homosexual tendencies, was apt to
+    experience sexual emotions when in ordinary contact with
+    schoolfellows whose body odor was marked (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct
+    Sexuel</i>, p. 260). Such examples are fairly typical.</p>
+
+<p>    That the body odor of men may in a large number of cases be
+    highly agreeable and sexually attractive is shown by the
+    testimony of male sexual inverts. There is abundant evidence to
+    this effect. Raffalovich (<i>L'Uranisme et l'Unisexualit&eacute;</i>, p. 126)
+    insists on the importance of body odors as a sexual attraction to
+    the male invert, and is inclined to think that the increased odor
+    of the man's own body during sexual excitement may have an
+    auto-aphrodisiacal effect which is reflected on the body of the
+    loved person. The odor of peasants, of men who work in the open
+    air, is specially apt to be found attractive. Moll mentions the
+    case of an inverted man who found the &quot;forest, mosslike odor&quot; of
+    a schoolfellow irresistibly attractive.</p>
+
+<p>    The following passage from a letter written by an Italian marquis
+    has been sent to me: &quot;Bonifazio stripped one evening, to give me
+    pleasure. He has the full, rounded flesh and amber coloring which
+    painters of the Giorgione school gave to their S. Sebastians.
+    When he began to dress, I took up an old <i>fascia</i>, or girdle of
+    netted silk, which was lying under his breeches, and which still
+    preserved the warmth of his body. I buried my face in it, and was
+    half inebriated by its exquisite aroma of young manhood and fresh
+    hay. He told me he had worn it for two years. No wonder it was
+    redolent of him. I asked him to let me keep it as a souvenir. He
+    smiled and said: 'You like it because it has lain so long upon my
+    <i>panoia</i>.' 'Yes, just so,' I replied; 'whenever I kiss it, thus
+    and thus, it will bring you back to me.' Sometimes I tie it round
+    my naked waist before I go to bed. The smell of it is enough to
+    cause a powerful erection, and the contact of its fringes with my
+    testicles and phallus has once or twice produced an involuntary
+    emission.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    I may here reproduce a communication which has reached me
+    concerning the attractiveness of the odor of peasants: &quot;One
+    predominant attraction of these men is that they are pure and
+    clean; their bodies in a state of healthy normal function. Then
+    they possess, if they are temperate, what the Greek poet Straton
+    called the &#966;&#965;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#8052; &#967;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#8056;&#962; (a quality which, according
+    to this authority, is never found in women). This 'natural fair
+    perfume of the flesh' is a peculiar attribute of young men who
+    live in the open air and deal with natural objects. Even their
+    perspiration has an odor very different from that of girls in
+    ball-rooms: more refined, ethereal, pervasive, delicate, and
+    difficult to seize. When they have handled hay&mdash;in the time of
+    hay-harvest, or in winter, when they bring hay down from mountain
+    huts&mdash;the youthful peasants carry about with them the smell of 'a
+    field the<a name='4_Page_90'></a> Lord hath blessed.' Their bodies and their clothes
+    exhale an indefinable fragrance of purity and sex combined. Every
+    gland of the robust frame seems to have accumulated scent from
+    herbs and grasses, which slowly exudes from the cool, fresh skin
+    of the lad. You do not perceive it in a room. You must take the
+    young man's hands and bury your face in them, or be covered with
+    him under the same blanket in one bed, to feel this aroma. No
+    sensual impression on the nerves of smell is more poignantly
+    impregnated with spiritual poetry&mdash;the poetry of adolescence, and
+    early hours upon the hills, and labor cheerfully accomplished,
+    and the harvest of God's gifts to man brought home by human
+    industry. It is worth mentioning that Aristophanes, in his
+    description of the perfect Athenian Ephebus, dwells upon his
+    being redolent of natural perfumes.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In a passage in the second part of <i>Faust</i> Goethe (who appears to
+    have felt considerable interest in the psychology of smell) makes
+    three women speak concerning the ambrosiacal odor of young men.</p>
+
+<p>    In this connection, also, I note a passage in a poem (&quot;Appleton
+    House&quot;) by our own English poet Marvell, which it is of interest
+    to quote:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;And now the careless victors play,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Dancing the triumphs of the hay,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>When every mower's wholesome heat<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Smells like an Alexander's sweat.<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Their females fragrant as the mead<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Which they in fairy circles tread,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>When at their dance's end they kiss,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Their new-mown hay not sweeter is.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_30'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_30'>[30]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Andree, &quot;V&ouml;lkergeruch,&quot; in <i>Ethnographische Parallelen</i>,
+Neue Folge, 1889, pp. 213-222, brings together many passages describing
+the odors of various peoples. Hagen, <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp. 166
+<i>et seq.</i>, has a chapter on the subject; Joest, supplement to
+<i>International Archiv f&uuml;r Ethnographie</i>, 1893, p. 53, has an interesting
+passage on the smells of various races, as also Waitz, <i>Introduction to
+Anthropology</i>, p. 103. <i>Cf.</i> Sir H. H. Johnston, <i>British Central Africa</i>,
+p. 395; T. H. Parke, <i>Experiences in Equatorial Africa</i>, p. 409; E. H. Man,
+<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, 1889, p. 391; Brough Smyth,
+<i>Aborigines of Victoria</i>, vol. i, p. 7; d'Orbigny, <i>L'Homme Am&eacute;ricain</i>,
+vol. i, p. 87, etc.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_31'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_31'>[31]</a><div class='note'><p> B. Adachi &quot;Geruch der Europaer,&quot; <i>Globus</i>, 1903, No. 1.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_32'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_32'>[32]</a><div class='note'><p> Hagen quotes testimonies on this point, <i>Sexuelle
+Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, p. 173. The negro, Castellani states, considers that
+Europeans have a smell of death.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_33'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_33'>[33]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition</i>, vol.
+ii, p. 181.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_34'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_34'>[34]</a><div class='note'><p> Waitz, <i>Introduction to Anthropology</i>, p. 103.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_35'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_35'>[35]</a><div class='note'><p> Monin, <i>Les Odeurs du Corps Humain</i>, second edition, Paris,
+1886, discusses briefly but comprehensively the normal and more especially
+the pathological odors of the body and of its secretions and excretions.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_36'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_36'>[36]</a><div class='note'><p> Venturi, <i>Degenerazione Psicho-sessuale</i>, p. 417.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_37'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_37'>[37]</a><div class='note'><p> Quoted by F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, 1902, p. 133.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_38'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_38'>[38]</a><div class='note'><p> H. Ling Roth, &quot;On Salutations,&quot; <i>Journal of the
+Anthropological Institute</i>, November, 1889.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_39'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_39'>[39]</a><div class='note'><p> See Appendix A: &quot;The Origins of the Kiss.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_40'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_40'>[40]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, passage quoted by I. Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur
+&AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, p. 205.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_41'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_41'>[41]</a><div class='note'><p> It must at the same time be remembered that the more or less
+degree of exposure involved by sexual intercourse is itself a cause of
+nasal congestion and sneezing.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_42'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_42'>[42]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Pathologie des Emotions</i>, p. 81</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_43'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_43'>[43]</a><div class='note'><p> J. N. Mackenzie similarly suggests (<i>Johns Hopkins Hospital
+Bulletin</i>, No. 82, 1898) that &quot;irritation and congestion of the nasal
+mucous membrane precede, or are the excitants of, the olfactory impression
+that forms the connecting link between the sense of smell and erethism of
+the reproductive organs exhibited in the lower animals.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_44'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_44'>[44]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Les Odeurs dans les Romans de Zola</i>, Montpellier, 1889.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_45'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_45'>[45]</a><div class='note'><p> Toulouse, <i>Emile Zola</i>, pp. 163-165, 173-175.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_46'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_46'>[46]</a><div class='note'><p> P. J. M&ouml;bius, <i>Das Pathologische bei Nietzsche</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_47'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_47'>[47]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll has a passage on the sense of smell in the blind, more
+especially in sexual respects, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>,
+bd. 1, pp. 137 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_48'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_48'>[48]</a><div class='note'><p> See, for instance, his poem, &quot;Love Perfumes all Parts,&quot; in
+which he declares that &quot;Hands and thighs and legs are all richly
+aromatical.&quot; And compare the lyrics entitled &quot;A Song to the Maskers,&quot; &quot;On
+Julia's Breath,&quot; &quot;Upon Julia's Unlacing Herself,&quot; &quot;Upon Julia's Sweat,&quot;
+and &quot;To Mistress Anne Soame.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_49'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_49'>[49]</a><div class='note'><p> There are various indications that Goethe was attentive to
+the attraction of personal odors; and that he experienced this attraction
+himself is shown by the fact that, as he confessed, when he once had to
+leave Weimar on an official journey for two days he took a bodice of Frau
+von Stein's away in order to carry the scent of her body with him.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_50'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_50'>[50]</a><div class='note'><p> Hagen has brought together from the literature of the
+subject a number of typical cases of olfactory fetichism, <i>Sexuelle
+Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, 1901, pp. 82 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_51'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_51'>[51]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll's inquiries among normal persons have also shown that
+few people are conscious of odor as a sexual attraction. (<i>Untersuchungen
+&uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>. Bd. I, p. 133.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_52'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_52'>[52]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro, <i>La, Pubert&agrave;</i>, 1898, Chapter II. Tardif found in boys
+that perfumes exerted little or no influence on circulation and
+respiration before puberty, though his observations on this point were too
+few to carry weight.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_IV'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_91'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Influence of Perfumes&mdash;Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors&mdash;This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers&mdash;The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes&mdash;The Sexual Effects of Perfumes&mdash;Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors&mdash;The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor&mdash;Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and
+Man&mdash;Musk a Powerful Stimulant&mdash;Its Widespread Use as a Perfume&mdash;Peau
+d'Espagne&mdash;The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects&mdash;The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers&mdash;The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors&mdash;The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>So far we have been mainly concerned with purely personal odors. It is,
+however, no longer possible to confine the discussion of the sexual
+significance of odor within the purely animal limit. The various
+characteristics of personal odor which have been noted&mdash;alike those which
+tend to make it repulsive and those which tend to make it attractive&mdash;have
+led to the use of artificial perfumes, to heighten the natural odor when
+it is regarded as attractive, to disguise it when it is regarded as
+repellent; while at the same time, happily covering both of these
+impulses, has developed the pure delight in perfume for its own
+agreeableness, the &aelig;sthetic side of olfaction. In this way&mdash;although in a
+much less constant and less elaborate manner&mdash;the body became adorned to
+the sense of smell just as by clothing and ornament it is adorned to the
+sense of sight.</p>
+
+<p>But&mdash;and this is a point of great significance from our present
+standpoint&mdash;we do not really leave the sexual sphere by introducing
+artificial perfumes. The perfumes which we extract from natural products,
+or, as is now frequently the case, produce by chemical synthesis, are
+themselves either actually animal sexual odors or allied in character or
+composition, to the personal odors they are used to heighten or disguise.
+Musk is the product of glands of the male <i>Moschus moschiferus</i> which
+correspond to preputial sebaceous glands; <a name='4_Page_92'></a>castoreum is the product of
+similar sexual glands in the beaver, and civet likewise from the civet;
+ambergris is an intestinal calculus found in the rectum of the
+cachelot.<a name='4_FNanchor_53'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_53'><sup>[53]</sup></a> Not only, however, are nearly all the perfumes of animal
+origin, in use by civilized man, odors which have a specially sexual
+object among the animals from which they are derived, but even the
+perfumes of flowers may be said to be of sexual character. They are given
+out at the reproductive period in the lives of plants, and they clearly
+have very largely as their object an appeal to the insects who secure
+plant fertilization, such appeal having as its basis the fact that among
+insects themselves olfactory sensibility has in many cases been developed
+in their own mating.<a name='4_FNanchor_54'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_54'><sup>[54]</sup></a> There is, for example, a moth in which both sexes
+are similarly and inconspicuously marked, but the males diffuse an
+agreeable odor, said to be like pineapple, which attracts the females.<a name='4_FNanchor_55'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_55'><sup>[55]</sup></a>
+If, therefore, the odors of flowers have developed because they proved
+useful to the plant by attracting insects or other living creatures, it is
+obvious that the advantage would lie with those plants which could put
+forth an animal sexual odor of agreeable character, since such an odor
+would prove fascinating to animal creatures. We here have a very simple
+explanation of the fundamental identity of odors in the animal and
+vegetable worlds. It thus comes about that from a psychological point of
+view we are not really entering a new field when we begin to discuss the
+influence of perfumes other than those of the animal body. We are merely
+concerned with somewhat more complex or somewhat more refined sexual
+odors; they are not specifically different from the human odors and they
+mingle with them harmoniously. Popular language bears <a name='4_Page_93'></a>witness to the
+truth of this statement, and the normal and abnormal human odors, as we
+have already seen, are constantly compared to artificial, animal, and
+plant odors, to chloroform, to musk, to violet, to mention only those
+similitudes which seem to occur most frequently.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The methods now employed for obtaining the perfumes universally
+    used in civilized lands are three: (1) the extraction of
+    odoriferous compounds from the neutral products in which they
+    occur; (2) the artificial preparation of naturally occurring
+    odoriferous compounds by synthetic processes; (3) the manufacture
+    of materials which yield odors resembling those of pleasant
+    smelling natural objects. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, &quot;Natural and Artificial
+    Perfumes,&quot; <i>Nature</i>, December 27, 1900.) The essential principles
+    of most of our perfumes belong to the complex class of organic
+    compounds known as terpenes. During recent years a number of the
+    essential elements of natural perfumes have been studied, in many
+    cases the methods of preparing them artificially discovered, and
+    they are largely replacing the use of natural perfumes not only
+    for soaps, etc., but for scent essences, though it appears to be
+    very difficult to imitate exactly the delicate fragrance achieved
+    by Nature. Artificial musk was discovered accidentally by Bauer
+    when studying the butyltoluenes contained in a resin extractive.
+    Vanillin, the odoriferous principle of the vanilla bean, is an
+    aldehyde which was first artificially prepared by Tiemann and
+    Haarmann in 1874 by oxidizing coniferin, a glucoside contained in
+    the sap of various conifer&aelig;, but it now appears to be usually
+    manufactured from eugenol, a phenol contained in oil of cloves.
+    Piperonal, an aldehyde closely allied to vanillin, is used in
+    perfumery under the name of heliotropin and is prepared from oil
+    of sassafras and oil of camphor. Cumarine, the material to which
+    tonka bean, sweet woodruff, and new-mown hay owe their
+    characteristic odors, was synthetically prepared by W. H. Parkin
+    in 1868 by heating sodiosalicylic aldehyde with acetic anhydride,
+    though now more cheaply prepared from an herb growing in Florida.
+    Irone, which has the perfume of violets, was isolated in 1893
+    from a ketone contained in orris-root; and ionone, another ketone
+    which has a very closely similar odor of fresh violets and was
+    isolated after some years' further work, is largely used in the
+    preparation of violet perfume. Irone and ionone are closely
+    similar in composition to oil of turpentine which when taken into
+    the body is partly converted into perfume and gives a strong odor
+    of violets to the urine. &quot;Little has yet been accomplished toward
+    ascertaining the relation between the odor and the chemical
+    constitution of substances in general. Hydrocarbons as a class
+    possess considerable similarity in odor, so also do the organic
+    sulphides and, to a much <a name='4_Page_94'></a>smaller extent, the ketones. The
+    subject waits for some one to correlate its various
+    physiological, psychological and physical aspects in the same way
+    that Helmholtz did for sound. It seems, as yet, impossible to
+    assign any probable reason to the fact that many substances have
+    a pleasant odor. It may, however, be worth suggesting that
+    certain compounds, such as the volatile sulphides and the
+    indoles, have very unpleasant odors because they are normal
+    constituents of mammalian excreta and of putrefied animal
+    products; the repulsive odors may be simply necessary results of
+    evolutionary processes.&quot; (<i>Loc. cit.</i>, <i>Nature</i>, December 27,
+    1900.)</p>
+
+<p>    Many of the perfumes in use are really combinations of a great
+    many different odors in varying proportions, such as oil of rose,
+    lavender oil, ylang-ylang, etc. The most highly appreciated
+    perfumes are often made up of elements which in stronger
+    proportion would be regarded as highly unpleasant.</p>
+
+<p>    In the study and manufacture of perfumes Germany and France have
+    taken the lead in recent times. The industry is one of great
+    importance. In France alone the trade in perfumes amounts to
+    &pound;4,000,000.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is doubtless largely owing to the essential and fundamental identity of
+odors&mdash;to the chemical resemblances even of odors from the most widely
+remote sources&mdash;that we find that perfumes in many cases have the same
+sexual effects as are primitively possessed by the body odors. In northern
+countries, where the use of perfumes is chiefly cultivated by women, it is
+by women that this sexual influence is most liable to be felt. In the
+South and in the East it appears to be at least equally often experienced
+by men. Thus, in Italy Mantegazza remarks that &quot;many men of strong sexual
+temperament cannot visit with impunity a laboratory of essences and
+perfumes.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_56'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_56'><sup>[56]</sup></a> In the East we find it stated in the Islamic book entitled
+<i>The Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui</i> that the use of perfumes by women,
+as well as by men, excites to the generative act. It is largely in
+reliance on this fact that in many parts of the world, especially among
+Eastern peoples and occasionally among ourselves in Europe, women have
+been accustomed to perfume the body and especially the vulva.<a name='4_FNanchor_57'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_57'><sup>[57]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_95'></a>
+<p>It seems highly probable that, as has been especially emphasized by Hagen,
+perfumes were primitively used by women, not as is sometimes the case in
+civilization, with the idea of disguising any possible natural odor, but
+with the object of heightening and fortifying the natural odor.<a name='4_FNanchor_58'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_58'><sup>[58]</sup></a> If the
+primitive man was inclined to disparage a woman whose odor was slight or
+imperceptible,&mdash;turning away from her with contempt, as the Polynesian
+turned away from the ladies of Sydney: &quot;They have no smell!&quot;&mdash;women would
+inevitably seek to supplement any natural defects in this respect, and to
+accentuate their odorous qualities, in the same way as by corsets and
+bustles, even in civilization, they have sought to accentuate the sexual
+saliencies of their bodies. In this way we may, as Hagen suggests, explain
+the fact that until recent times the odors preferred by women have not
+been the most delicate or exquisite, but the strongest, the most animal,
+the most sexual: musk, castoreum, civet, and ambergris.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In that interesting novel&mdash;dealing with the adventures of a
+    Jewish maiden at the Persian court of Xerxes&mdash;which under the
+    title of <i>Esther</i> has found its way into the Old Testament we are
+    told that it was customary in the royal harem at Shushan to
+    submit the women to a very prolonged course of perfuming before
+    they were admitted to the king: &quot;six months with oil of myrrh and
+    six months with sweet odors.&quot; (<i>Esther</i>, Chapter II, v. 12.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the <i>Arabian Nights</i> there are many allusions to the use of
+    perfumes by women with a more or less definitely stated
+    aphrodisiacal intent. Thus we read in the story of Kamaralzaman:
+    &quot;With fine incense I will perfume my breasts, my belly, my whole
+    body, so that my skin may melt more sweetly in thy mouth, O apple
+    of my eye!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Even among savages the perfuming of the body is sometimes
+    practiced with the object of inducing love in the partner.
+    Schellong states that the Papuans of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land rub
+    various fragrant plants into their bodies for this purpose.
+    (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1899, ht. i, p. 19.) The
+    significance of this practice is more fully revealed by Haddon
+    when studying the Papuans of Torres Straits among whom the
+    initiative in courtship is taken by the women. It was by scenting
+    <a name='4_Page_96'></a>himself with a pungent odorous substance that a young man
+    indicated that he was ready to be sued by the girls. A man would
+    wear this scent at the back of his neck during a dance in order
+    to attract the attention of a particular girl; it was believed to
+    act with magical certainty, after the manner of a charm (<i>Reports
+    of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>,
+    vol. v, pp. 211, 222, and 328).</p></div>
+
+<p>The perfume which is of all perfumes the most interesting from the present
+point of view is certainly musk. With ambergris, musk is the chief member
+of Linn&aelig;us's group of <i>Odores ambrosiac&aelig;</i>, a group which in sexual
+significances, as Zwaardemaker remarks, ranks besides the capryl group of
+odors. It is a perfume of ancient origin; its name is Persian<a name='4_FNanchor_59'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_59'><sup>[59]</sup></a>
+(indicating doubtless the channel whence it reached Europe) and ultimately
+derived from the Sanskrit word for testicle in allusion to the fact that
+it was contained in a pouch removed from the sexual parts of the male
+musk-deer. Musk odors, however, often of considerable strength, are very
+widely distributed in Nature, alike among animals and plants. This is
+indicated by the frequency with which the word &quot;musk&quot; forms part of the
+names of animals and plants which are by no means always nearly related.
+We have the musk-ox, the musky mole, several species called musk-rat, the
+musk-duct, the musk-beetle; while among plants which have received their
+names from a real or supposed musky odor are, besides several that are
+called musk-plant, the musk-rose, the musk-hyacinth, the musk-mallow, the
+musk-orchid, the musk-melon, the musk-cherry, the musk-pear, the
+musk-plum, muskat and muscatels, musk-seed, musk-tree, musk-wood, etc.<a name='4_FNanchor_60'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_60'><sup>[60]</sup></a>
+But a musky odor is not merely widespread in Nature among plants and the
+lower animals, it is peculiarly associated with man. Incidentally we have
+already seen how it is regarded as characteristic of some races of man,
+especially the Chinese. Moreover, the smell of the negress is said to be
+musky in character, and <a name='4_Page_97'></a>among Europeans a musky odor is said to be
+characteristic of blondes. Laycock, in his <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i>,
+stated his opinion that &quot;the musk odor is certainly the sexual odor of
+man&quot;; and F&eacute;r&eacute; states that the musk odor is that among natural perfumes
+most nearly approaching the odor of the sexual secretions. We have seen
+that the Chinese poet vaunts the musky odor of his mistress's armpits,
+while another Oriental saying concerning the attractive woman is that &quot;her
+navel is filled with musk.&quot; Persian literature contains many references to
+musk as an attractive body odor, and Firdusi speaks of a woman's hair as
+&quot;a crown of musk,&quot; while the Arabian poet Motannabi says of his mistress
+that &quot;her hyacinthine hair smells sweeter than Scythian musk.&quot; Galopin
+stated that he knew women whose natural odor of musk (and less frequently
+of ambergris) was sufficiently strong to impart to a bath in less than an
+hour a perfume due entirely to the exhalations of the musky body; it must
+be added that Galopin was an enthusiast in this matter.</p>
+
+<p>The special significance of musk from our present point of view lies not
+only in the fact that we here have a perfume, widely scattered throughout
+nature and often in an agreeable form, which is at the same time a very
+frequent personal odor in man. Musk is the odor which not only in the
+animals to which it has given a name, but in many others, is a
+specifically sexual odor, chiefly emitted during the sexual season. The
+sexual odors, indeed, of most animals seem to be modifications of musk.
+The Sphinx moth has a musky odor which is confined to the male and is
+doubtless sexual. Some lizards have a musky odor which is heightened at
+the sexual season; crocodiles during the pairing season emit from their
+submaxillary glands a musky odor which pervades their haunts. In the same
+way elephants emit a musky odor from their facial glands during the
+rutting season. The odor of the musk-duck is chiefly confined to the
+breeding season.<a name='4_FNanchor_61'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_61'><sup>[61]</sup></a> The musky odor of the negress is said to be
+heightened during sexual excitement.</p>
+<a name='4_Page_98'></a>
+<p>The predominance of musk as a sexual odor is associated with the fact that
+its actual nervous influence, apart from the presence of sexual
+association, is very considerable. F&eacute;r&eacute; found it to be a powerful muscular
+stimulant. In former times musk enjoyed a high reputation as a cardiac
+stimulant; it fell into disuse, but in recent years its use in asthenic
+states has been revived, and excellent results, it has been claimed, have
+followed its administration in cases of collapse from Asiatic cholera. For
+sexual torpor in women it still has (like vanilla and sandal) a certain
+degree of reputation, though it is not often used, and some of the old
+Arabian physicians (especially Avicenna) recommended it, with castoreum
+and myrrh, for amenorrh&oelig;a. Its powerful action is indicated by
+the experience of Esquirol, who stated that he had seen cases in which
+sensory stimulation by musk in women during lactation had produced mania.
+It has always had the reputation, more especially in the Mohammedan East,
+of being a sexual stimulant to men; &quot;the noblest of perfumes,&quot; it is
+called in <i>El Ktab</i>, &quot;and that which most provokes to venery.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It is doubtless a fact significant of the special sexual effects of musk
+that, as Laycock remarked, in cases of special idiosyncrasy to odors, musk
+appears to be that odor which is most liked or disliked. Thus, the old
+English physician Whytt remarked that &quot;several delicate women who could
+easily bear the stronger smell of tobacco have been thrown into fits by
+musk, ambergris, or a pale rose.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_62'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_62'><sup>[62]</sup></a> It may be remarked that in the
+<i>Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui</i> it is stated that it is by their
+sexual effects that perfumes tend to throw women into a kind of swoon, and
+Lucretius remarks that a woman who smells castoreum, another animal sexual
+perfume, at the time of her menstrual period may swoon.<a name='4_FNanchor_63'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_63'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_99'></a>
+<p>Not only is musk the most cherished perfume of the Islamic world, and the
+special favorite of the Prophet himself, who greatly delighted in perfumes
+(&quot;I love your world,&quot; he is reported to have said in old age, &quot;for its
+women and its perfumes&quot;),<a name='4_FNanchor_64'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_64'><sup>[64]</sup></a> it is the only perfume generally used by the
+women of a land in which the refinements of life have been carried so far
+as Japan, and they received it from the Chinese.<a name='4_FNanchor_65'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_65'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Moreover, musk is still the most popular of European perfumes. It is the
+perfumes containing musk, Piesse states in his well-known book on the <i>Art
+of Perfumery</i>, which sell best. It is certainly true that in its simple
+form the odor of musk is not nowadays highly considered in Europe. This
+fact is connected with the ever-growing refinement in accordance with
+which the specific odors of the sexual regions in human beings tend to
+lose their primitive attractiveness and bodily odors generally become
+mingled with artificial perfumes and so disguised. But, although musk in
+its simple form, and under its ancient name, has lost its hold in Europe,
+it is an interesting and significant fact that it is still the perfumes
+which contain musk that are the most widely popular.</p>
+
+<p>Peau d'Espagne may be mentioned as a highly complex and luxurious perfume,
+often the favorite scent of sensuous persons, which really owes a large
+part of its potency to the presence of the crude animal sexual odors of
+musk and civet. It consists of wash-leather steeped in ottos of neroli,
+rose, santal, lavender, verbena, bergamot, cloves, and cinnamon,
+subsequently smeared with civet and musk. It is said by some, probably
+with a certain degree of truth, that Peau d'Espagne is of <a name='4_Page_100'></a>all perfumes
+that which most nearly approaches the odor of a woman's skin; whether it
+also suggests the odor of leather is not so clear.</p>
+
+<p>There is, however, no doubt that the smell of leather has a curiously
+stimulating sexual influence on many men and women. It is an odor which
+seems to occupy an intermediate place between the natural body odors and
+the artificial perfumes for which it sometimes serves as a basis; possibly
+it is to this fact that its occasional sexual influence is owing, for, as
+we have already seen, there is a tendency for sexual allurement to attach
+to odors which are not the specific personal body odors but yet are
+related to them. Moll considers, no doubt rightly, that shoe fetichism,
+perhaps the most frequent of sexual fetichistic perversions, is greatly
+favored, if, indeed, it does not owe its origin to, the associated odor of
+the feet and of the shoes.<a name='4_FNanchor_66'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_66'><sup>[66]</sup></a> He narrates a case of shoe fetichism in a
+man in which the perversion began at the age of 6; when for the first time
+he wore new shoes, having previously used only the left-off shoes of his
+elder brother; he felt and smelt these new shoes with sensations of
+unmeasured pleasure; and a few years later began to use shoes as a method
+of masturbation.<a name='4_FNanchor_67'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_67'><sup>[67]</sup></a> N&auml;cke has also recorded the case of a shoe fetichist
+who declared that the sexual attraction of shoes (usually his wife's) lay
+largely in the odor of the leather.<a name='4_FNanchor_68'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_68'><sup>[68]</sup></a> Krafft-Ebing, again, brings
+forward a case of shoe fetichism in which the significant fact is
+mentioned that the subject bought a pair of leather cuffs to smell while
+masturbating.<a name='4_FNanchor_69'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_69'><sup>[69]</sup></a> Restif de la Bretonne, who was somewhat of a shoe
+fetichist, appears to have enjoyed smelling shoes. It is not probable that
+the odor of leather explains the whole of shoe fetichism,&mdash;as we shall see
+when, in another &quot;Study,&quot; this question comes before us&mdash;and in many cases
+it cannot be said to enter at all; it is, however, one of the factors.
+Such a conclusion <a name='4_Page_101'></a>is further supported by the fact that by many the odor
+of new shoes is sometimes desired as an adjuvant to coitus. It is in the
+experience of prostitutes that such a device is not infrequent. N&auml;cke
+mentions that a colleague of his was informed by a prostitute that several
+of her clients desired the odor of new shoes in the room, and that she was
+accustomed to obtain the desired perfume by holding her shoes for a moment
+over the flame of a spirit lamp.</p>
+
+<p>The direct sexual influence of the odor of leather is, however, more
+conclusively proved by those instances in which it exists apart from shoes
+or other objects having any connection with the human body. I have
+elsewhere in these &quot;Studies&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_71'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_71'><sup>[71]</sup></a> recorded the case of a lady, entirely
+normal in sexual and other respects, who is conscious of a considerable
+degree of pleasurable sexual excitement in the presence of the smell of
+leather objects, more especially of leather-bound ledgers and in shops
+where leather objects are sold. She thinks this dates from the period
+when, as a child of 9, she was sometimes left alone for a time on a high
+stool in an office. A possible explanation in this case lies in the
+supposition that on one of these early occasions sexual excitement was
+produced by the contact with the stool (in a way that is not infrequent in
+young girls) and that the accidentally associated odor of leather
+permanently affected the nervous system, while the really significant
+contact left no permanent impression. Even on such a supposition it might,
+however, still be maintained that a real potency of the leather odor is
+illustrated by this case, and this is likewise suggested by the fact that
+the same subject is also sexually affected by various perfumes and odorous
+flowers not recalling leather.<a name='4_FNanchor_70'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_70'><sup>[70]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_102'></a>
+<p>It has been suggested to me by a lady that the odor of leather suggests
+that of the sexual organs. The same suggestion is made by Hagen,<a name='4_FNanchor_72'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_72'><sup>[72]</sup></a> and I
+find it stated by Gould and Pyle that menstruating girls sometimes smell
+of leather. The secret of its influence may thus be not altogether
+obscure; in the fact that leather is animal skin, and that it may thus
+vaguely stir the olfactory sensibilities which had been ancestrally
+affected by the sexual stimulus of the skin odor lies the probable
+foundation of the mystery.</p>
+
+<p>In the absence of all suggestion of personal or animal odors, in its most
+exquisite forms in the fragrance of flowers, olfactory sensations are
+still very frequently of a voluptuous character. Mantegazza has remarked
+that it is a proof of the close connection between the sense of smell and
+the sexual organs that the expression of pleasure produced by olfaction
+resembles the expression of sexual pleasures.<a name='4_FNanchor_73'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_73'><sup>[73]</sup></a> Make the chastest woman
+smell the flowers she likes best, he remarks, and she will close her eyes,
+breathe deeply, and, if very sensitive, tremble all over, presenting an
+intimate picture which otherwise she never shows, except perhaps to her
+lover. He mentions a lady who said: &quot;I sometimes feel such pleasure in
+smelling flowers that I seem to be committing a sin.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_74'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_74'><sup>[74]</sup></a> It is really the
+case that in many persons&mdash;usually, if not exclusively, women&mdash;the odor of
+flowers produces not only a highly pleasurable, but a distinctly and
+specifically sexual, effect. I have met with numerous cases in which this
+effect was well marked. It is usually white flowers with heavy,
+penetrating odors which exert this influence. Thus, one lady (who is
+similarly affected by various perfumes, forget-me-nots, ylang-ylang,
+<a name='4_Page_103'></a>etc.) finds that a number of flowers produce on her a definite sexual
+effect, with moistening of the pudenda. This effect is especially produced
+by white flowers like the gardenia, tuberose, etc. Another lady, who lives
+in India, has a similar experience with flowers. She writes: A scent to
+cause me sexual excitement must be somewhat heavy and <i>penetrating</i>.
+Nearly all white flowers so affect me and many Indian flowers with heavy,
+almost pungent scents. (All the flower scents are quite unconnected with
+me with any individual.) Tuberose, lilies of the valley, and frangipani
+flowers have an almost intoxicating effect on me. Violets, roses,
+mignonette, and many others, though very delicious, give me no sexual
+feeling at all. For this reason the line, 'The lilies and languors of
+virtue for the roses and raptures of vice' seems all wrong to me. The lily
+seems to me a very sensual flower, while the rose and its scent seem very
+good and countrified and virtuous. Shelley's description of the lily of
+the valley, 'whom youth makes so fair and <i>passion</i> so pale,' falls in
+much more with my ideas. &quot;I can quite understand,&quot; she adds, &quot;that
+leather, especially of books, might have an exciting effect, as the smell
+has this <i>penetrating</i> quality, but I do not think it produces any special
+feeling in me.&quot; This more sensuous character of white flowers is fairly
+obvious to many persons who do not experience from them any specifically
+sexual effects. To some people lilies have an odor which they describe as
+sexual, although these persons may be quite unaware that Hindu authors
+long since described the vulvar secretion of the <i>Padmini</i>, or perfect
+woman, during coitus, as &quot;perfumed like the lily that has newly
+burst.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_75'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_75'><sup>[75]</sup></a> It is noteworthy that it was more especially the white
+flowers&mdash;lily, tuberose, etc.&mdash;which were long ago noted by Cloquet as
+liable to cause various unpleasant nervous effects, cardiac oppression and
+syncope.<a name='4_FNanchor_76'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_76'><sup>[76]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>When we are concerned with the fragrances of flowers it would seem that we
+are far removed from the human sexual field, and that their sexual effects
+are inexplicable. It is not <a name='4_Page_104'></a>so. The animal and vegetable odors, as,
+indeed, we have already seen, are very closely connected. The recorded
+cases are very numerous in which human persons have exhaled from their
+skins&mdash;sometimes in a very pronounced degree&mdash;the odors of plants and
+flowers, of violets, of roses, of pineapple, of vanilla. On the other
+hand, there are various plant odors which distinctly recall, not merely
+the general odor of the human body, but even the specifically sexual
+odors. A rare garden weed, the stinking goosefoot, <i>Chenopodium vulvaria</i>,
+it is well known, possesses a herring brine or putrid fish odor&mdash;due, it
+appears, to propylamin, which is also found in the flowers of the common
+white thorn or mayflower (<i>Crat&aelig;gus oxyacantha</i>) and many others of the
+<i>Rosace&aelig;</i>&mdash;which recalls the odor of the animal and human sexual
+regions.<a name='4_FNanchor_77'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_77'><sup>[77]</sup></a> The reason is that both plant and animal odors belong
+chemically to the same group of capryl odors (Linn&aelig;us's <i>Odores hircini</i>),
+so called from the goat, the most important group of odors from the sexual
+point of view. Caproic and capryl acid are contained not only in the odor
+of the goat and in human sweat, and in animal products as many cheeses,
+but also in various plants, such as Herb Robert (<i>Geranium robertianum</i>),
+and the Stinking St. John's worts (<i>Hypericum hircinum</i>), as well as the
+<i>Chenopodium</i>. Zwaardemaker considers it probable that the odor of the
+vagina belongs to the same group, as well as the odor of semen (which
+Haller called <i>odor aphrodisiacus</i>), which last odor is also found, as
+Cloquet pointed out, in the flowers of the common berberry (<i>Berberis
+vulgaris</i>) and in the chestnut. A very remarkable and significant example
+of the same odor seems to occur in the case of the flowers of the henna
+plant, the white-flowered Lawsonia (<i>Lawsonia inermis</i>), so widely used in
+some Mohammedan lands for dyeing the nails and other parts of the body.
+&quot;These flowers diffuse the sweetest odor,&quot; wrote Sonnini in Egypt a
+century ago; &quot;the women delight <a name='4_Page_105'></a>to wear them, to adorn their houses with
+them, to carry them to the baths, to hold them in their hands, and to
+perfume their bosoms with them. They cannot patiently endure that
+Christian and Jewish women shall share the privilege with them. It is very
+remarkable that the perfume of the henna flowers, when closely inhaled, is
+almost entirely lost in a very decided spermatic odor. If the flowers are
+crushed between the fingers this odor prevails, and is, indeed, the only
+one perceptible. It is not surprising that so delicious a flower has
+furnished Oriental poetry with many charming traits and amorous similes.&quot;
+Such a simile Sonnini finds in the <i>Song of Songs</i>, i. 13-14.<a name='4_FNanchor_78'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_78'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The odor of semen has not been investigated, but, according to
+Zwaardemaker, artificially produced odors (like cadaverin) resemble it.
+The odor of the leguminous fenugreek, a botanical friend considers,
+closely approaches the odor given off in some cases by the armpit in
+women. It is noteworthy that fenugreek contains cumarine, which imparts
+its fragrance to new-mown hay and to various flowers of somewhat similar
+odor. On some persons these have a sexually exciting effect, and it is of
+considerable interest to observe that they recall to many the odor of
+semen. &quot;It seems very natural,&quot; a lady writes, &quot;that flowers, etc., should
+have an exciting effect, as the original and by far the pleasantest way of
+love-making was in the open among flowers and fields; but a more purely
+physical reason may, I think, be found in the exact resemblance between
+the scent of semen and that of the pollen of flowering grasses. The first
+time I became aware of this resemblance it came on me with a rush that
+here was the explanation of the very exciting effect of a field of
+flowering grasses and, perhaps through them, of the scents of other
+flowers. If I am right, I suppose flower scents should affect women more
+powerfully than men in a sexual way. I do not think anyone would be likely
+to notice the odor of semen in this connection unless they had been
+greatly struck by the exciting effects of the pollen of <a name='4_Page_106'></a>grasses. I had
+often noticed it and puzzled over it.&quot; As pollen is the male sexual
+element of flowers, its occasionally stimulating effect in this direction
+is perhaps but an accidental result of a unity running through the organic
+world, though it may be perhaps more simply explained as a special form of
+that nasal irritation which is felt by so many persons in a hay-field.
+Another correspondent, this time a man, tells me that he has noted the
+resemblance of the odor of semen to that of crushed grasses. A scientific
+friend who has done much work in the field of organic chemistry tells me
+he associates the odor of semen with that produced by diastasic action on
+mixing flour and water, which he regards as sexual in character. This
+again brings us to the starchy products of the leguminous plants. It is
+evident that, subtle and obscure as many questions in the physiology and
+psychology of olfaction still remain, we cannot easily escape from their
+sexual associations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_53'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_53'>[53]</a><div class='note'><p> H. Beauregard, <i>Mati&egrave;re M&eacute;dicale Zo&ouml;logique: Histoire des
+Drogues d'origine Animate</i>, 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_54'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_54'>[54]</a><div class='note'><p> Professor Plateau, of Ghent, has for many years carried on a
+series of experiments which would even tend to show that insects are
+scarcely attracted by the colors of flowers at all, but mainly influenced
+by a sense which would appear to be smell. His experiments have been
+recorded during recent years (from 1887) in the <i>Bulletins de l'Acad&eacute;mie
+Royale de Belgique</i>, and have from time to time been summarized in
+<i>Nature</i>, <i>e.g.</i>, February 5, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_55'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_55'>[55]</a><div class='note'><p> David Sharp, <i>Cambridge Natural History: Insects</i>, Part II,
+p. 398.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_56'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_56'>[56]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza, <i>Fisiologia dell' Amore</i>, 1873, p. 176.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_57'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_57'>[57]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza (<i>L'Amour dans l'Humanit&eacute;</i>, p. 94) refers to
+various peoples who practice this last custom. Egypt was a great centre of
+the practice more than 3000 years ago.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_58'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_58'>[58]</a><div class='note'><p> Hagen, <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, 1901, p. 226. It has been
+suggested to me by a medical correspondent that one of the primitive
+objects of the hair, alike on head, mons veneris, and axilla, was to
+collect sweat and heighten its odor to sexual ends.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_59'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_59'>[59]</a><div class='note'><p> The names of all our chief perfumes are Arabic or Persian:
+civet, musk, ambergris, attar, camphor, etc.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_60'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_60'>[60]</a><div class='note'><p> Cloquet (<i>Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp. 73-76) has an interesting
+passage on the prevalence of the musk odor in animals, plants, and even
+mineral substances.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_61'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_61'>[61]</a><div class='note'><p> Laycock brings together various instances of the sexual
+odors of animals, insisting on their musky character (<i>Nervous Diseases of
+Women</i>; section, &quot;Odors&quot;). See also a section in the <i>Descent of Man</i>
+(Part II, Chapter XVIII), in which Darwin argues that &quot;the most
+odoriferous males are the most successful in winning the females.&quot; Distant
+also has an interesting paper on this subject, &quot;Biological Suggestions,&quot;
+<i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, May, 1902; he points out the significant fact that musky
+odors are usually confined to the male, and argues that animal odors
+generally are more often attractive than protective.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_62'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_62'>[62]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Whytt, <i>Works</i>, 1768, p. 543.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_63'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_63'>[63]</a><div class='note'><p> Lucretius, VI, 790-5.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_64'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_64'>[64]</a><div class='note'><p> Mohammed, said Ayesha, was very fond of perfumes, especially
+&quot;men's scents,&quot; musk and ambergris. He used also to burn camphor on
+odoriferous wood and enjoy the fragrant smell, while he never refused
+perfumes when offered them as a present. The things he cared for most,
+said Ayesha, were women, scents, and foods. Muir, <i>Life of Mahomet</i>, vol.
+iii, p. 297.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_65'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_65'>[65]</a><div class='note'><p> H. ten Kate, <i>International Centralblatt f&uuml;r Anthropologie</i>,
+Ht. 6, 1902. This author, who made observations on Japanese with
+Zwaardemaker's olfactometer, found that, contrary to an opinion sometimes
+stated, they have a somewhat defective sense of smell. He remarks that
+there are no really native Japanese perfumes.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_66'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_66'>[66]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll: <i>Die Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, 1890,
+p. 306.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_67'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_67'>[67]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll: <i>Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. 1, p. 284.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_68'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_68'>[68]</a><div class='note'><p> P. N&auml;cke, &quot;Un Cas de Fetichisme de Souliers,&quot; <i>Bulletin de
+la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de M&eacute;decine Mentale de Belgique</i>, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_69'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_69'>[69]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English edition, p. 167.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_70'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_70'>[70]</a><div class='note'><p> Philip Salmuth (<i>Observationes Medic&aelig;</i>, Centuria II, no. 63)
+in the seventeenth century recorded a case in which a young girl of noble
+birth (whose sister was fond of eating chalk, cinnamon, and cloves)
+experienced extreme pleasure in smelling old books. It would appear,
+however, that in this case the fascination lay not so much in the odor of
+the leather as in the mouldy odor of worm-eaten books; &quot;<i>f&aelig;tore veterum
+liborum, a blattis et tineis exesorum, situque prorsus corruptorum</i>&quot; are
+Salmuth's words.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_71'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_71'>[71]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Studies in the Psychology of Sex</i>, vol. iii, &quot;Appendix B,
+History VIII.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_72'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_72'>[72]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, p. 106.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_73'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_73'>[73]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza, <i>Fisiologia dell' Amore</i>, p. 176.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_74'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_74'>[74]</a><div class='note'><p> In this connection I may quote the remark of the writer of a
+thoughtful article in the <i>Journal of Psychological Medicine</i>, 1851: &quot;The
+use of scents, especially those allied to the musky, is one of the
+luxuries of women, and in some constitutions cannot be indulged without
+some danger to the morals, by the excitement to the ovaria which results.
+And although less potent as aphrodisiacs in their action on the sexual
+system of women than of men, we have reason to think that they cannot be
+used to excess with impunity by most.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_75'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_75'>[75]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Kama Sutra</i> of Vatsyayana, 1883, p. 5.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_76'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_76'>[76]</a><div class='note'><p> Cloquet, <i>Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, p. 95.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_77'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_77'>[77]</a><div class='note'><p> In Normandy the <i>Chenopodium</i>, it is said, is called
+&quot;conio,&quot; and in Italy erba connina (con, cunnus), on account of its vulvar
+odor. The attraction of dogs to this plant has been noted. In the same way
+cats are irresistibly attracted to preparations of valerian because their
+own urine contains valerianic acid.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_78'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_78'>[78]</a><div class='note'><p> Sonnini, <i>Voyage dans la Haute et Basse Egypte</i>, 1799, vol.
+i. p. 298.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_V'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_107'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation&mdash;The Symptoms of
+Vanillism&mdash;The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of
+Flowers&mdash;Effects of Flowers on the Voice.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The reality of the olfactory influences with which we have been concerned,
+however slight they may sometimes appear, is shown by the fact that odors,
+both agreeable and disagreeable, are stimulants, obeying the laws which
+hold good for stimulants generally. They whip up the nervous energies
+momentarily, but in the end, if the excitation is excessive and prolonged,
+they produce fatigue and exhaustion. This is clearly shown by F&eacute;r&eacute;'s
+elaborate experiments on the influences of odors, as compared with other
+sensory stimulants, on the amount of muscular work performed with the
+ergograph.<a name='4_FNanchor_79'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_79'><sup>[79]</sup></a> Commenting on the remark of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, that
+&quot;man uses perfumes to impart energy to his passion,&quot; F&eacute;r&eacute; remarks: &quot;But
+perfumes cannot keep up the fires which they light.&quot; Their prolonged use
+involves fatigue, which is not different from that produced by excessive
+work, and reproduces all the bodily and psychic accompaniments of
+excessive work.<a name='4_FNanchor_80'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_80'><sup>[80]</sup></a> It is well known that workers in perfumes are apt to
+suffer from the inhalation of the odors amid which they live. Dealers in
+musk are said to be specially liable to precocious dementia. The symptoms
+generally experienced by the men and women who work in vanilla factories
+where the crude fruit is prepared for commerce have often been studied and
+are well known. They are due to the inhalation of the scent, which has all
+the properties of the aromatic aldehydes, and include <a name='4_Page_108'></a>skin eruptions,<a name='4_FNanchor_81'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_81'><sup>[81]</sup></a>
+general excitement, sleeplessness, headache, excessive menstruation, and
+irritable bladder. There is nearly always sexual excitement, which may be
+very pronounced.<a name='4_FNanchor_82'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_82'><sup>[82]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We are here in the presence, it may be insisted, not of a nervous
+influence only, but of a direct effect of odor on the vital processes. The
+experiments of Tardif on the influence of perfumes on frogs and rabbits
+showed that a poisonous effect was exerted;<a name='4_FNanchor_83'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_83'><sup>[83]</sup></a> while F&eacute;r&eacute;, by incubating
+fowls' eggs in the presence of musk, found repeatedly that many
+abnormalities occurred, and that development was retarded even in the
+embryos that remained normal; while he obtained somewhat similar results
+by using essences of lavender, cloves, etc.<a name='4_FNanchor_84'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_84'><sup>[84]</sup></a> The influence of odors is
+thus deeper than is indicated by their nervous effects; they act directly
+on nutrition. We are led, as Passy remarks, to regard odors as very
+intimately related to the physiological properties of organic substances,
+and the sense of smell as a detached fragment of generally sensibility,
+reacting to the same stimuli as general sensibility, but highly
+specialized in view of its protective function.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The reality and subtlety of the influence of odors is further
+    shown, by the cases in which very intense effects are produced
+    even by the temporary inhalation of flowers or perfumes or other
+    odors. Such cases of idiosyncrasy in which a person&mdash;frequently
+    of somewhat neurotic temperament&mdash;becomes acutely sensitive to
+    some odor or odors have been recorded in medical literature for
+    many centuries. In these cases the obnoxious odor produces
+    congestion of the respiratory passages, sneezing, headache,
+    fainting, etc., but occasionally, it has been recorded, even
+    death. (Dr. J. N. Mackenzie, in his interesting and learned paper
+    on &quot;The Production of the so-called 'Rose Cold,' etc.,&quot; <i>American
+    Journal of Medical Sciences</i>, January, 1886, quotes many cases,
+    and gives a number of references to ancient medical authors; see
+    also Layet, art. &quot;Odeur,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+    Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>.)</p><a name='4_Page_109'></a>
+
+<p>    An interesting phenomenon of the group&mdash;though it is almost too
+    common to be described as an idiosyncrasy&mdash;is the tendency of the
+    odor of certain flowers to affect the voice and sometimes even to
+    produce complete loss of voice. The mechanism of the process is
+    not fully understood, but it would appear that congestion and
+    paresis of the larynx is produced and spasm of the bronchial
+    tube. Botallus in 1565 recorded cases in which the scent of
+    flowers brought on difficulty of breathing, and the danger of
+    flowers from this point of view is well recognized by
+    professional singers. Joal has studied this question in an
+    elaborate paper (summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+    March 3, 1895), and Dr. Caban&egrave;s has brought together (<i>Figaro</i>,
+    January 20, 1894) the experiences of a number of well-known
+    singers, teachers of singing, and laryngologists. Thus, Madame
+    Ren&eacute;e Richard, of the Paris Opera, has frequently found that when
+    her pupils have arrived with a bunch of violets fastened to the
+    bodice or even with a violet and iris sachet beneath the corset,
+    the voice has been marked by weakness and, on using the
+    laryngoscope, she has found the vocal cords congested. Madame
+    Calv&eacute; confirmed this opinion, and stated that she was specially
+    sensitive to tuberose and mimosa, and that on one occasion a
+    bouquet of white lilac has caused her, for a time, complete loss
+    of voice. The flowers mentioned are equally dangerous to a number
+    of other singers; the most injurious flower of all is found to be
+    the violet. The rose is seldom mentioned, and artificial perfumes
+    are comparatively harmless, though some singers consider it
+    desirable to be cautious in using them.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_79'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_79'>[79]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, Chapter XIII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_80'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_80'>[80]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, p. 175. It is doubtless true of the
+effects of odors on the sexual sphere. F&eacute;r&eacute; records the case of a
+neurasthenic lady whose sexual coldness toward her husband only
+disappeared after the abandonment of a perfume (in which heliotrope was
+apparently the chief constituent) she had been accustomed to use in
+excessive amounts.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_81'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_81'>[81]</a><div class='note'><p> It is perhaps significant that many colors are especially
+liable to produce skin disorders, especially urticaria; a number of cases
+have been recorded by Joal, <i>Journal de M&eacute;decine</i>, July 10, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_82'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_82'>[82]</a><div class='note'><p> Layet, art. &quot;Vanillisme,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>; <i>cf.</i> Audeoud, <i>Revue M&eacute;dicale de la Suisse Romande</i>,
+October 20, 1899, summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_83'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_83'>[83]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Tardif, <i>Les Odeurs et Parfums</i>, Chapter III.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_84'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_84'>[84]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, March 28, 1896.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_VI'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_110'></a>VI.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections&mdash;It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance&mdash;It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>When we survey comprehensively the extensive field we have here rapidly
+traversed, it seems not impossible to gain a fairly accurate view of the
+special place which olfactory sensations play in human sexual selection.
+The special peculiarity of this group of sensations in man, and that which
+gives them an importance they would not otherwise possess, is due to the
+fact that we here witness the decadence of a sense which in man's remote
+ancestors was the very chiefest avenue of sexual allurement. In man, even
+the most primitive man,&mdash;to some degree even in the apes,&mdash;it has declined
+in importance to give place to the predominance of vision.<a name='4_FNanchor_85'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_85'><sup>[85]</sup></a> Yet, at
+that lower threshold of acuity at which it persists in man it still bathes
+us in a more or less constant atmosphere of odors, which perpetually move
+us to sympathy or to antipathy, and which in their finer manifestations we
+do not neglect, but even cultivate with the increase of our civilization.</p>
+
+<p>It thus comes about that the grosser manifestations of sexual allurement
+by smell belong, so far as man is concerned, to a remote animal past which
+we have outgrown and which, on account of the diminished acuity of our
+olfactory organs, we could not completely recall even if we desired to;
+the sense of sight inevitably comes into play long before it is possible
+for close contact to bring into action the sense of smell. But the latent
+possibilities of sexual allurement by olfaction, which are inevitably
+embodied in the nervous structure we have inherited from our animal
+ancestors, still remain <a name='4_Page_111'></a>ready to be called into play. They emerge
+prominently from time to time in exceptional and abnormal persons. They
+tend to play an unusually larger part in the psychic lives of neurasthenic
+persons, with their sensitive and comparatively unbalanced nervous
+systems, and this is doubtless the reason why poets and men of letters
+have insisted on olfactory impressions so frequently and to so notable a
+degree; for the same reason sexual inverts are peculiarly susceptible to
+odors. For a different reason, warmer climates, which heighten all odors
+and also favor the growth of powerfully odorous plants, lead to a
+heightened susceptibility to the sexual and other attractions of smell
+even among normal persons; thus we find a general tendency to delight in
+odors throughout the East, notably in India, among the ancient Hebrews,
+and in Mohammedan lands.</p>
+
+<p>Among the ordinary civilized population in Europe the sexual influences of
+smell play a smaller and yet not altogether negligible part. The
+diminished prominence of odors only enables them to come into action, as
+sexual influences, on close contact, when, in some persons at all events,
+personal odors may have a distinct influence in heightening sympathy or
+arousing antipathy. The range of variation among individuals is in this
+matter considerable. In a few persons olfactory sympathy or antipathy is
+so pronounced that it exerts a decisive influence in their sexual
+relationships; such persons are of olfactory type. In other persons smell
+has no part in constituting sexual relationships, but it comes into play
+in the intimate association of love, and acts as an additional excitant;
+when reinforced by association such olfactory impressions may at times
+prove irresistible. Other persons, again, are neutral in this respect, and
+remain indifferent either to the sympathetic or antipathetic working of
+personal odors, unless they happen to be extremely marked. It is probable
+that the majority of refined and educated people belong to the middle
+group of those persons who are not of predominantly olfactory type, but
+are liable from time to time to be influenced in this manner. Women are
+probably at least as often affected in this manner as men, probably more
+often.</p><a name='4_Page_112'></a>
+
+<p>On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odors play a
+not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest,
+but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection&mdash;whether in
+preferential mating or in assortative mating&mdash;is comparatively small.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_85'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_85'>[85]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll has a passage on this subject, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die
+Libido Sexualis</i>. Bd. I, pp. 376-381.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_HEARING'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_113'></a>HEARING.</h2>
+
+<a name='4_H_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Physiological Basis of Rhythm&mdash;Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus&mdash;The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement&mdash;The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc.&mdash;The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals&mdash;Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals&mdash;The Larynx and Voice in Man&mdash;The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes&mdash;Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education, and Medicine&mdash;Its Therapeutic
+Uses&mdash;Significance of the Romantic Interest in Music at Puberty&mdash;Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of
+Music&mdash;Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of
+Hearing&mdash;The Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship&mdash;Women Notably
+Susceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The sense of rhythm&mdash;on which it may be said that the sensory exciting
+effects of hearing, including music, finally rest&mdash;may probably be
+regarded as a fundamental quality of neuro-muscular tissue. Not only are
+the chief physiological functions of the body, like the circulation and
+the respiration, definitely rhythmical, but our senses insist on imparting
+a rhythmic grouping even to an absolutely uniform succession of
+sensations. It seems probable, although this view is still liable to be
+disputed, that this rhythm is the result of kin&aelig;sthetic
+sensations,&mdash;sensations arising from movement or tension started reflexly
+in the muscles by the external stimuli,&mdash;impressing themselves on the
+sensations that are thus grouped.<a name='4_FNanchor_86'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_86'><sup>[86]</sup></a> We may thus say, with Wilks, that
+music appears to have had its origin in muscular action.<a name='4_FNanchor_87'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_87'><sup>[87]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_114'></a>
+<p>Whatever its exact origin may be, rhythm is certainly very deeply
+impressed on our organisms. The result is that, whatever lends itself to
+the neuro-muscular rhythmical tendency of our organisms, whatever tends
+still further to heighten and develop that rhythmical tendency, exerts
+upon us a very decidedly stimulating and exciting influence.</p>
+
+<p>All muscular action being stimulated by rhythm, in its simple form or in
+its more developed form as music, rhythm is a stimulant to work. It has
+even been argued by B&uuml;cher and by Wundt<a name='4_FNanchor_88'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_88'><sup>[88]</sup></a> that human song had its chief
+or exclusive origin in rhythmical vocal accompaniments to systematized
+work. This view cannot, however, be maintained; systematized work can
+scarcely be said to exist, even to-day, among most very primitive races;
+it is much more probable that rhythmical song arose at a period antecedent
+to the origin of systematized work, in the primitive military, religious,
+and erotic dances, such as exist in a highly developed degree among the
+Australians and other savage races who have not evolved co-ordinated
+systematic labor. There can, however, be no doubt that as soon as
+systematic work appears the importance of vocal rhythm in stimulating its
+energy is at once everywhere recognized. B&uuml;cher has brought together
+innumerable examples of this association, and in the march music of
+soldiers and the heaving and hoisting songs of sailors we have instances
+that have universally persisted into civilization, although in
+civilization the rhythmical stimulation of work, physiologically sound as
+is its basis, tends to die out. Even in the laboratory the influence of
+simple rhythm in increasing the output of work may be demonstrated; and
+F&eacute;r&eacute; found with the ergograph that a rhythmical grouping of the movements
+caused an increase of energy which often more than compensated the loss of
+time caused by the rhythm.<a name='4_FNanchor_89'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_89'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_115'></a>
+<p>Rhythm is the most primitive element of music, and the most fundamental.
+Wallaschek, in his book on <i>Primitive Music</i>, and most other writers on
+the subject are agreed on this point. &quot;Rhythm,&quot; remarks an American
+anthropologist,<a name='4_FNanchor_90'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_90'><sup>[90]</sup></a> &quot;naturally precedes the development of any fine
+perception of differences in pitch, of time-quality, or of tonality.
+Almost, if not all, Indian songs,&quot; he adds, &quot;are as strictly developed out
+of modified repetitions of a motive as are the movements of a Mozart or a
+Beethoven symphony.&quot; &quot;In all primitive music,&quot; asserts Alice C.
+Fletcher,<a name='4_FNanchor_91'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_91'><sup>[91]</sup></a> &quot;rhythm is strongly developed. The pulsations of the drum
+and the sharp crash of the rattles are thrown against each other and
+against the voice, so that it would seem that the pleasure derived by the
+performers lay not so much in the tonality of the song as in the measured
+sounds arrayed in contesting rhythm, and which by their clash start the
+nerves and spur the body to action, for the voice which alone carries the
+tone is often subordinated and treated as an additional instrument.&quot; Groos
+points out that a melody gives us the essential impression of a <i>voice
+that dances</i>;<a name='4_FNanchor_92'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_92'><sup>[92]</sup></a> it is a translation of spatial movement into sound, and,
+as we shall see, its physiological action on the organism is a reflection
+of that which, as we have elsewhere found,<a name='4_FNanchor_93'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_93'><sup>[93]</sup></a> dancing itself produces,
+and thus resembles that produced by the sight of movement. Dancing, music,
+and poetry were primitively so closely allied as to be almost identical;
+they were still inseparable among the early Greeks. The refrains in our
+English ballads indicate the dancer's part in them. The technical use of
+the word &quot;foot&quot; in metrical matters still persists to show that a poem is
+fundamentally a dance.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Aristotle seems to have first suggested that rhythm and melodies
+    are motions, as actions are motions, and therefore signs of
+    feeling.<a name='4_Page_116'></a> &quot;All melodies are motions,&quot; says Helmholtz. &quot;Graceful
+    rapidity, gravel procession, quiet advance, wild leaping, all
+    these different characters of motion and a thousand others can be
+    represented by successions of tones. And as music expresses these
+    motions it gives an expression also to those mental conditions
+    which naturally evoke similar motions, whether of the body and
+    the voice, or of the thinking and feeling principle itself.&quot;
+    (Helmholtz, <i>On the Sensations of Tone</i>, translated by A. J.
+    Ellis, 1885, p. 250.)</p>
+
+<p>    From another point of view the motor stimulus of music has been
+    emphasized by Cyples: &quot;Music connects with the only sense that
+    can be perfectly manipulated. Its emotional charm has struck men
+    as a great mystery. There appears to be no doubt whatever that it
+    gets all the marvelous effects it has beyond the mere pleasing of
+    the ear, from its random, but multitudinous summonses of the
+    efferent activity, which at its vague challenges stirs
+    unceasingly in faintly tumultuous irrelevancy. In this way, music
+    arouses aimlessly, but splendidly, the sheer, as yet unfulfilled,
+    potentiality within us.&quot; (W. Copies, <i>The Process of Human
+    Experience</i>, p. 743.)</p>
+
+<p>    The fundamental element of transformed motion in music has been
+    well brought out in a suggestive essay by Goblot (&quot;La Musique
+    Descriptive,&quot; <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, July, 1901): &quot;Sung or
+    played, melody figures to the ear a successive design, a moving
+    arabesque. We talk of <i>ascending</i> and <i>descending</i> the gamut, of
+    <i>high</i> notes or <i>low</i> notes; the; higher voice of woman is called
+    <i>soprano</i>, or <i>above</i>, the deeper voice of man is called <i>bass</i>.
+    <i>Grave</i> tones were so called by the Greeks because they seemed
+    heavy and to incline downward. Sounds seem to be subject to the
+    action of gravity; so that some rise and others fall. Baudelaire,
+    speaking of the prelude to <i>Lohengrin</i>, remarks: 'I felt myself
+    <i>delivered from the bonds of weight</i>.' And when Wagner sought to
+    represent, in the highest regions of celestial space, the
+    apparition of the angels bearing the Holy Grail to earth, he uses
+    very high notes, and a kind of chorus played exclusively by the
+    violins, divided into eight parts, in the highest notes of their
+    register. The descent to earth of the celestial choir is rendered
+    by lower and lower notes, the progressive disappearance of which
+    represents the reascension to the ethereal regions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Sounds seem to rise and fall; that is a fact. It is difficult to
+    explain it. Some have seen in it a habit derived from the usual
+    notation by which the height of the note corresponds to its
+    height in the score. But the impression is too deep and general
+    to be explained by so superficial and recent a cause. It has been
+    suggested also that high notes are generally produced by small
+    and light bodies, low notes by heavy bodies. But that is not
+    always true. It has been said, again, <a name='4_Page_117'></a>that high notes in nature
+    are usually produced by highly placed objects, while low notes
+    arise from caves and low placed regions. But the thunder is heard
+    in the sky, and the murmur of a spring or the song of a cricket
+    arise from the earth. In the human voice, again, it is said, the
+    low notes seem to resound in the chest, high notes in the head.
+    All this is unsatisfactory. We cannot explain by such coarse
+    analogies an impression which is very precise, and more sensible
+    (this fact has its importance) for an interval of half a tone
+    than for an interval of an octave. It is probable that the true
+    explanation is to be found in the still little understood
+    connection between the elements of our nervous apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Nearly all our emotions tend to produce movement. But education
+    renders us economical of our acts. Most of these movements are
+    repressed, especially in the adult and civilized man, as harmful,
+    dangerous, or merely useless. Some are not completed, others are
+    reduced to a faint incitation which externally is scarcely
+    perceptible. Enough remain to constitute all that is expressive
+    in our gestures, physiognomy, and attitudes. Melodic intervals
+    possess in a high degree this property of provoking impulses of
+    movement, which, even when repressed, leave behind internal
+    sensations and motor images. It would be possible to study these
+    facts experimentally if we had at our disposition a human being
+    who, while retaining his sensations and their motor reactions,
+    was by special circumstances rendered entirely spontaneous like a
+    sensitive automaton, whose movements were neither intentionally
+    produced nor intentionally repressed. In this way, melodic
+    intervals in a hypnotized subject might be very instructive.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    A number of experiments of the kind desired by Goblot had already
+    been made by A. de Rochas in a book, copiously illustrated by
+    very numerous instantaneous photographs, entitled <i>Les
+    Sentiments, la Musique et la Geste</i>, 1900. Chapter III. De Rochas
+    experimented on a single subject, Lina, formerly a model, who was
+    placed in a condition of slight hypnosis, when various simple
+    fragments of music were performed: recitatives, popular airs, and
+    more especially national dances, often from remote parts of the
+    world. The subject's gestures were exceedingly marked and varied
+    in accordance with the character of the music. It was found that
+    she often imitated with considerable precision the actual
+    gestures of dances she could never have seen. The same music
+    always evoked the same gestures, as was shown by instantaneous
+    photographs. This subject, stated to be a chaste and well-behaved
+    girl, exhibited no indications of definite sexual emotion under
+    the influence of any kind of music. Some account is given in the
+    same volume of other hypnotic experiments with music which were
+    also negative as regards specific sexual phenomena.</p></div><a name='4_Page_118'></a>
+
+<p>It must be noted that, as a physiological stimulus, a single musical note
+is effective, even apart from rhythm, as is well shown by F&eacute;r&eacute;'s
+experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph.<a name='4_FNanchor_94'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_94'><sup>[94]</sup></a> It is, however,
+the influence of music on muscular work which has been most frequently
+investigated, and both on brief efforts with the dynamometer and prolonged
+work with the ergograph it has been found to exert a stimulating
+influence. Thus, Scripture found that, while his own maximum thumb and
+finger grip with the dynamometer is 8 pounds, when the giant's motive from
+Wagner's <i>Rheingold</i> is played it rises to 8&frac34; pounds.<a name='4_FNanchor_95'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_95'><sup>[95]</sup></a> With the
+ergograph Tarchanoff found that lively music, in nervously sensitive
+persons, will temporarily cause the disappearance of fatigue, though slow
+music in a minor key had an opposite effect.<a name='4_FNanchor_96'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_96'><sup>[96]</sup></a> The varying influence on
+work with the ergograph of different musical intervals and different keys
+has been carefully studied by F&eacute;r&eacute; with many interesting results. There
+was a very considerable degree of constancy in the results. Discords were
+depressing; most, but not all, major keys were stimulating; and most, but
+not all, minor keys depressing. In states of fatigue, however, the minor
+keys were more stimulating than the major, an interesting result in
+harmony with that stimulating influence of various painful emotions in
+states of organic fatigue which we have elsewhere encountered when
+investigating sadism.<a name='4_FNanchor_97'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_97'><sup>[97]</sup></a> &quot;Our musical culture,&quot; F&eacute;r&eacute; remarks, &quot;only
+renders more perceptible to us the unconscious relationships which exist
+between musical art and our organisms. Those whom we consider more endowed
+in this respect have a deeper penetration of the phenomena accomplished
+within them; they feel more profoundly the marvelous reactions between the
+organism and the principles of musical art, they experience more strongly
+that art is <a name='4_Page_119'></a>within them.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_98'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_98'><sup>[98]</sup></a> Both the higher and the lower muscular
+processes, the voluntary and the involuntary, are stimulated by music.
+Darlington and Talbot, in Titchener's laboratory at Cornell University,
+found that the estimation of relative weights was aided by music.<a name='4_FNanchor_99'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_99'><sup>[99]</sup></a>
+Lombard found, when investigating the normal variations in the knee-jerk,
+that involuntary reflex processes are always reinforced by music; a
+military band playing a lively march caused the knee-jerk to increase at
+the loud passages and to diminish at the soft passages, while remaining
+always above the normal level.<a name='4_FNanchor_100'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_100'><sup>[100]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>With this stimulating influence of rhythm and music on the neuro-muscular
+system&mdash;which may or may not be direct&mdash;there is a concomitant influence
+on the circulatory and breathing apparatus. During recent years a great
+many experiments have been made on man and animals bearing on the effects
+of music on the heart and respiration. Perhaps the earliest of these were
+carried out by the Russian physiologist Dogiel in 1880.<a name='4_FNanchor_101'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_101'><sup>[101]</sup></a> His methods
+were perhaps defective and his results, at all events as regards man,
+uncertain, but in animals the force and rapidity of the heart were
+markedly increased. Subsequent investigations have shown very clearly the
+influence of music on the circulatory and respiratory systems in man as
+well as in animals. That music has an apparently direct influence on the
+circulation of the brain is shown by the observations of Patrizi on a
+youth who had received a severe wound of the head which had removed a
+large portion of the skull wall. The stimulus of <a name='4_Page_120'></a>melody produced an
+immediate increase in the afflux of blood to the brain.<a name='4_FNanchor_102'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_102'><sup>[102]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In Germany the question was investigated at about the same time by
+Mentz.<a name='4_FNanchor_103'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_103'><sup>[103]</sup></a> Observing the pulse with a sphygmograph and Marey tambour he
+found distinct evidence of an effect on the heart; when attention was
+given to the music the pulse was quickened, in the absence of attention it
+was slowed; Mentz also found that pleasurable sensations tended to slow
+the pulse and disagreeable ones to quicken it.</p>
+
+<p>Binet and Courtier made an elaborate series of experiments on the action
+of music on the respiration (with the double pneumograph), the heart, and
+the capillary circulation (with the plethysmograph of Hallion and Comte)
+on a single subject, a man very sensitive to music and himself a cultured
+musician. Simple musical sounds with no emotional content accelerated the
+respiration without changing its regularity or amplitude. Musical
+fragments, mostly sung, usually well known to the subject, and having an
+emotional effect on him, produced respiratory irregularity either in
+amplitude or rapidity of breathing, in two-thirds of the trials. Exciting
+music, such as military marches, accelerated the breathing more than sad
+melodies, but the intensity of the excitation had an effect at least as
+great as its quality, for intense excitations always produced both
+quickened and deeper breathing. The heart was quickened in harmony with
+the quickened breathing. Neither breathing nor heart was ever slowed. As
+regards the capillary pulsation, an influence was exerted chiefly, if not
+exclusively, by gay and exciting melodies, which produced a shrinking.
+Throughout the experiments it was found that the most profound
+physiological effects were exerted by those pieces which the subject found
+to be most emotional in their influence on him.<a name='4_FNanchor_104'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_104'><sup>[104]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_121'></a>
+<p>Guibaud studied the question on a number of subjects, confirming and
+extending the conclusions of Binet and Courtier. He found that the
+reactions of different individuals varied, but that for the same
+individual reactions were constant. Circulatory reaction was more often
+manifest than respiratory reaction. The latter might be either a
+simultaneous modification of depth and of rapidity or of either of these.
+The circulatory reaction was a peripheral vasoconstriction with diminished
+fullness of pulse and slight acceleration of cardiac rhythm; there was
+never any distinct slowing of heart under the influence of music. Guibaud
+remarks that when people say they feel a shudder at some passage of music,
+this sensation of cold finds its explanation in the production of a
+peripheral vasoconstriction which may be registered by the
+plethysmograph.<a name='4_FNanchor_105'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_105'><sup>[105]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Since music thus directly and powerfully affects the chief vital
+processes, it is not surprising that it should indirectly influence
+various viscera and functions. As Tarchanoff and others have demonstrated,
+it affects the skin, increasing the perspiration; it may produce a
+tendency to tears; it sometimes produces desire to urinate, or even actual
+urination, as in Scaliger's case of the Gascon gentleman who was always
+thus affected on hearing the bagpipes. In dogs it has been shown by
+Tarchanoff and Wartanoff that auditory stimulation increases the
+consumption of oxygen 20 per cent., and the elimination of carbonic acid
+17 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the effects of musical sound already mentioned, it may be
+added that, as Epstein, of Berne, has shown,<a name='4_FNanchor_106'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_106'><sup>[106]</sup></a> the other senses are
+stimulated under the influence of sound, and notably there is an increase
+in acuteness of vision which may be experimentally demonstrated. It is
+probable that this effect of music in heightening the impressions received
+by the other senses is of considerable significance from our present point
+of view.</p>
+<a name='4_Page_122'></a>
+<p>Why are musical tones in a certain order and rhythm pleasurable? asked
+Darwin in <i>The Descent of Man</i>, and he concluded that the question was
+insoluble. We see that, in reality, whatever the ultimate answer may be,
+the immediate reason is quite simple. Pleasure is a condition of slight
+and diffused stimulation, in which the heart and breathing are faintly
+excited, the neuro-muscular system receives additional tone, the viscera
+gently stirred, the skin activity increased; and certain combinations of
+musical notes and intervals act as a physiological stimulus in producing
+these effects.<a name='4_FNanchor_107'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_107'><sup>[107]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among animals of all kinds, from insects upward, this physiological action
+appears to exist, for among nearly all of them certain sounds are
+agreeable and attractive, and other sounds indifferent and disagreeable.
+It appears that insects of quite different genera show much appreciation
+of the song of the Cicada.<a name='4_FNanchor_108'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_108'><sup>[108]</sup></a> Birds show intense interest in the singing
+of good performers even of other species. Experiments among a variety of
+animals in the Zo&ouml;logical Gardens with performances on various instruments
+showed that with the exception of seals none were indifferent, and all
+felt a discord as offensive. Many animals showed marked likes and
+dislikes; thus, a tiger, who was obviously soothed by the violin, was
+infuriated by the piccolo; the violin and the flute were preferred by most
+animals.<a name='4_FNanchor_109'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_109'><sup>[109]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Most persons have probably had occasion to observe the
+    susceptibility of dogs to music. It may here suffice to give one
+    personal observation. A dog (of mixed breed, partly collie), very
+    well known to me, on hearing a nocturne of Chopin, whined and
+    howled, especially at the more pathetic passages, once or twice
+    catching and drawing out the actual note played; he panted,
+    walked about anxiously, and now and then placed his head on the
+    player's lap. When the player proceeded <a name='4_Page_123'></a>to a more cheerful piece
+    by Grieg, the dog at once became indifferent, sat down, yawned,
+    and scratched himself; but as soon as the player returned once
+    more to the nocturne the dog at once repeated his accompaniment.</p></div>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt that among a very large number of animals of most
+various classes, more especially among insects and birds, the attraction
+of music is supported and developed on the basis of sexual attraction, the
+musical notes emitted serving as a sexual lure to the other sex. The
+evidence on this point was carefully investigated by Darwin on a very wide
+basis.<a name='4_FNanchor_110'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_110'><sup>[110]</sup></a> It has been questioned, some writers preferring to adopt the
+view of Herbert Spencer,<a name='4_FNanchor_111'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_111'><sup>[111]</sup></a> that the singing of birds is due to
+&quot;overflow of energy,&quot; the relation between courtship and singing being
+merely &quot;a relation of concomitance.&quot; This view is no longer tenable;
+whatever the precise origin of the musical notes of animals may be,&mdash;and
+it is not necessary to suppose that sexual attraction had a large part in
+their first rudimentary beginnings,&mdash;there can now be little doubt that
+musical sounds, and, among birds, singing, play a very large part indeed
+in bringing the male and the female together.<a name='4_FNanchor_112'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_112'><sup>[112]</sup></a> Usually, it would
+appear, it is the performance of the male that attracts the female; it is
+only among very simple and primitive musicians, like some insects, that
+the female thus attracts the male.<a name='4_FNanchor_113'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_113'><sup>[113]</sup></a> The fact that it is nearly always
+one sex only that is thus musically gifted should alone have sufficed to
+throw suspicion on any but a sexual solution of this problem of animal
+song.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, an exceedingly remarkable fact that, although among
+insects and lower vertebrates the sexual influence <a name='4_Page_124'></a>of music is so large,
+and although among mammals and predominantly in man the emotional and
+&aelig;sthetic influence of music is so great, yet neither in man nor any of the
+higher mammals has music been found to exert a predominant sexual
+influence, or even in most cases any influence at all. Darwin, while
+calling attention to the fact that the males of most species of mammals
+use their vocal powers chiefly, and sometimes exclusively, during the
+breeding-season, adds that &quot;it is a surprising fact that we have not as
+yet any good evidence that these organs are used by male mammals to charm
+the female.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_114'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_114'><sup>[114]</sup></a> From a very different standpoint, F&eacute;r&eacute;, in studying the
+pathology of the human sexual instinct in the light of a very full
+knowledge of the available evidence, states that he knows of no detailed
+observations showing the existence of any morbid sexual perversions based
+on the sense of hearing, either in reference to the human voice or to
+instrumental music.<a name='4_FNanchor_115'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_115'><sup>[115]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>When, however, we consider that not only in the animals most nearly
+related to man, but in man himself, the larynx and the voice undergo a
+marked sexual differentiation at puberty, it is difficult not to believe
+that this change has an influence on sexual selection and sexual
+psychology. At puberty there is a slight hyper&aelig;mia of the larynx,
+accompanied by rapid development alike of the larynx itself and of the
+vocal cords, which become larger and thicker, while there is an associated
+change in the voice, which deepens. All these changes are very slight in
+girls, but very pronounced in boys, whose voices are said to &quot;break&quot; and
+then become lower by at least an octave. The feminine larynx at puberty
+only increases in the proportion of 5 to 7, but the masculine larynx in
+the proportion of 5 to 10. The direct dependence of this change on the
+general sexual development is shown not merely by its occurrence at
+puberty, but by the fact that in eunuchs in whom <a name='4_Page_125'></a>the testicles have been
+removed before puberty the voice retains its childlike qualities.<a name='4_FNanchor_116'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_116'><sup>[116]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, I believe that we may attach a considerable degree of
+importance to the voice and to music generally as a method of sexual
+appeal. On this point I agree with Moll, who remarks that &quot;the sense of
+hearing here plays a considerable part, and the stimulation received
+through the ears is much larger than is usually believed.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_117'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_117'><sup>[117]</sup></a> I am not,
+however, inclined to think that this influence is considerable in its
+action on men, although Mantegazza remarks, doubtless with a certain
+truth, that &quot;some women's voices cannot be heard with impunity.&quot; It is
+true that the ancients deprecated the sexual or at all events the
+effeminating influence of some kinds of music, but they seem to have
+regarded it as sedative rather than stimulating; the kind of music they
+approved of as martial and stimulating was the kind most likely to have
+sexual effects in predisposed persons.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Chinese and the Greeks have more especially insisted on the
+    ethical qualities of music and on its moralizing and demoralizing
+    effects. Some three thousand years ago, it is stated, a Chinese
+    emperor, believing that only they who understood music are
+    capable of governing, distributed administrative functions in
+    accordance with this belief. He acted entirely in accordance with
+    Chinese morality, the texts of Confucianism (see translations in
+    the &quot;Sacred Books of the East Series&quot;) show clearly that music
+    and ceremony (or social ritual in a wide sense) are regarded as
+    the two main guiding influences of life&mdash;music as the internal
+    guide, ceremony as the external guide, the former being looked
+    upon as the more important.</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Greeks Menander said that to many people music is a
+    powerful stimulant to love. Plato, in the third book of the
+    <i>Republic</i>, discusses what kinds of music should be encouraged in
+    his ideal state. He does not clearly state that music is ever a
+    sexual stimulant, but he appears to associate plaintive music
+    (mixed Lydian and Hypolydian)<a name='4_Page_126'></a> with drunkenness, effeminacy, and
+    idleness and considers that such music is &quot;useless even to women
+    that are to be virtuously given, not to say to men.&quot; He only
+    admits two kinds of music: one violent and suited to war, the
+    other tranquil and suited to prayer or to persuasion. He sets out
+    the ethical qualities of music with a thoroughness which almost
+    approaches the great Chinese philosopher: &quot;On these accounts we
+    attach such importance to a musical education, because rhythm and
+    harmony sink most deeply into the recesses of the soul, and take
+    most powerful hold of it, bringing gracefulness in their train,
+    and making a man graceful if he be rightly nurtured, ... leading
+    him to commend beautiful objects, and gladly receive them into
+    his soul, and feed upon them, and grow to be noble and good.&quot;
+    Plato is, however, by no means so consistent and thorough as the
+    Chinese moralist, for having thus asserted that it is the
+    influence of music which molds the soul into virtue, he proceeds
+    to destroy his position with the statement that &quot;we shall never
+    become truly musical until we know the essential forms of
+    temperance and courage and liberality and munificence,&quot; thus
+    moving in a circle. It must be added that the Greek conception of
+    music was very comprehensive and included poetry.</p>
+
+<p>    Aristotle took a wider view of music than Plato and admitted a
+    greater variety of uses for it. He was less anxious to exclude
+    those uses which were not strictly ethical. He disapproved,
+    indeed, of the Phrygian harmony as the expression of Bacchic
+    excitement. He accepts, however, the function of music as a
+    &#954;&#8049;&#952;&#945;&#961;&#963;&#953;&#962; of emotion, a notion which is said to have
+    originated with the Pythagoreans. (For a discussion of
+    Aristotle's views on music, see W. L. Newman, <i>The Politics of
+    Aristotle</i>, vol. i, pp. 359-369.)</p>
+
+<p>    Athen&aelig;us, in his frequent allusions to music, attributes to it
+    many intellectual and emotional properties (<i>e.g.</i>, Book XIV,
+    Chapter XXV) and in one place refers to &quot;melodies inciting to
+    lawless indulgence&quot; (Book XIII, Chapter LXXV).</p>
+
+<p>    We may gather from the <i>Priapeia</i> (XXVI) that cymbals and
+    castanets were the special accompaniment in antiquity of wanton
+    songs and dances: &quot;<i>cymbala, cum crotalis, pruriginis arma</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The ancient belief in the moralizing influence of music has
+    survived into modern times mainly in a somewhat more scientific
+    form as a belief in its therapeutic effects in disordered nervous
+    and mental conditions. (This also is an ancient belief as
+    witnessed by the well-known example of David playing to Saul to
+    dispel his melancholia.) In 1729 an apothecary of Oakham, Richard
+    Broune, published a work entitled <i>Medicina Musica</i>, in which he
+    argued that music was beneficial in many maladies. In more recent
+    days there have been various experiments and cases brought
+    forward showing its efficacy in special conditions.</p><a name='4_Page_127'></a>
+
+<p>    An American physician (W. F. Hutchinson) has shown that an&aelig;sthesia
+    may be produced with accurately made tuning forks at certain
+    rates of vibration (summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+    June 4, 1898). Ferrand in a paper read before the Paris Academy
+    of Medicine in September, 1895, gives reasons for classing some
+    kinds of music as powerful antispasmodics with beneficial
+    therapeutic action. The case was subsequently reported of a child
+    in whom night-terrors were eased by calming music in a minor key.
+    The value of music in lunatic asylums is well recognized; see
+    <i>e.g.</i>, N&auml;cke, <i>Revue de Psychiatrie</i>, October, 1897. Vaschide
+    and Vurpas (<i>Comptes Rendus de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, December
+    13, 1902) have recorded the case of a girl of 20, suffering from
+    mental confusion with excitation and central motor
+    disequilibrium, whose muscular equilibrium was restored and
+    movements rendered more co-ordinated and adaptive under the
+    influence of music.</p>
+
+<p>    While there has been much extravagance in the ancient doctrine
+    concerning the effects of music, the real effects are still
+    considerable. Not only is this demonstrated by the experiments
+    already referred to (p. 118), indicating the efficacy of musical
+    sounds as physiological stimulants, but also by anatomical
+    considerations. The roots of the auditory nerves, McKendrick has
+    pointed out, are probably more widely distributed and have more
+    extensive connections than those of any other nerve. The
+    intricate connections of these nerves are still only being
+    unraveled. This points to an explanation of how music penetrates
+    to the very roots of our being, influencing by associational
+    paths reflex mechanisms both cerebral and somatic, so that there
+    is scarcely a function of the body that may not be affected by
+    the rhythmical pulsations, melodic progressions, and harmonic
+    combinations of musical tones. (<i>Nature</i>, June 15, 1899, p. 164.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Just as we are not entitled from the ancient belief in the influence of
+music on morals or the modern beliefs in its therapeutic influence&mdash;even
+though this has sometimes gone to the length of advocating its use in
+impotence<a name='4_FNanchor_118'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_118'><sup>[118]</sup></a>&mdash;to argue that music has a marked influence in exciting the
+specifically sexual instincts, neither are we entitled to find any similar
+argument in the fact that music is frequently associated with the
+love-feelings of youth. Men are often able to associate many of their
+earliest ideas of love in boyhood with women singing or playing; but in
+these cases it will always be found that the fascination was romantic and
+sentimental, and not specifically <a name='4_Page_128'></a>erotic.<a name='4_FNanchor_119'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_119'><sup>[119]</sup></a> In adult life the music
+which often seems to us to be most definitely sexual in its appeal (such
+as much of Wagner's <i>Tristan</i>) really produces this effect in part from
+the association with the story, and in part from the intellectual
+realization of the composer's effort to translate passion into &aelig;sthetic
+terms; the actual effect of the music is not sexual, and it can well be
+believed that the results of experiments as regards the sexual influence
+of the <i>Tristan</i> music on men under the influence of hypnotism have been,
+as reported, negative. Helmholtz goes so far as to state that the
+expression of sexual longing in music is identical with that of religious
+longing. It is quite true, again, that a soft and gentle voice seems to
+every normal man as to Lear &quot;an excellent thing in woman,&quot; and that a
+harsh or shrill voice may seem to deaden or even destroy altogether the
+attraction of a beautiful face. But the voice is not usually in itself an
+adequate or powerful method of evoking sexual emotion in a man. Even in
+its supreme vocal manifestations the sexual fascination exerted by a great
+singer, though certainly considerable, cannot be compared with that
+commonly exerted by the actress. Cases have, indeed, been
+recorded&mdash;chiefly occurring, it is probable, in men of somewhat morbid
+nervous disposition&mdash;in which sexual attraction was exerted chiefly
+through the ear, or in which there was a special sexual sensibility to
+particular inflections or accents.<a name='4_FNanchor_120'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_120'><sup>[120]</sup></a> F&eacute;r&eacute; mentions the case of a young
+man in hospital with acute arthritis who complained of painful erections
+whenever he heard through the door the very agreeable voice of the young
+woman (invisible to him) who superintended the linen.<a name='4_FNanchor_121'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_121'><sup>[121]</sup></a> But these
+phenomena do not appear to be common, or, at all events, very pronounced.
+So far as my own inquiries <a name='4_Page_129'></a>go, only a small proportion of men would
+appear to experience definite sexual feelings on listening to music. And
+the fact that in woman the voice is so slightly differentiated from that
+of the child, as well as the very significant fact that among man's
+immediate or even remote ancestors the female's voice can seldom have
+served to attract the male, sufficiently account for the small part played
+by the voice and by music as a sexual allurement working on men.<a name='4_FNanchor_122'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_122'><sup>[122]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is otherwise with women. It may, indeed, be said at the outset that the
+reasons which make it antecedently improbable that men should be sexually
+attracted through hearing render it probable that women should be so
+attracted. The change in the voice at puberty makes the deeper masculine
+voice a characteristic secondary sexual attribute of man, while the fact
+that among mammals generally it is the male that is most vocal&mdash;and that
+chiefly, or even sometimes exclusively, at the rutting season&mdash;renders it
+antecedently likely that among mammals generally, including the human
+species, there is in the female an actual or latent susceptibility to the
+sexual significance of the male voice,<a name='4_FNanchor_123'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_123'><sup>[123]</sup></a> a susceptibility which, under
+the conditions of human civilization, may be transferred <a name='4_Page_130'></a>to music
+generally. It is noteworthy that in novels written by women there is a
+very frequent attentiveness to the qualities of the hero's voice and to
+its emotional effects on the heroine.<a name='4_FNanchor_124'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_124'><sup>[124]</sup></a> We may also note the special
+and peculiar personal enthusiasm aroused in women by popular musicians, a
+more pronounced enthusiasm than is evoked in them by popular actors.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>As an interesting example of the importance attached by women
+    novelists to the effects of the male voice I may refer to George
+    Eliot's <i>Mill on the Floss</i>, probably the most intimate and
+    personal of George Eliot's works. In Book VI of this novel the
+    influence of Stephen Guest (a somewhat commonplace young man)
+    over Maggie Tulliver is ascribed almost exclusively to the effect
+    of his base voice in singing. We are definitely told of Maggie
+    Tulliver's &quot;sensibility to the supreme excitement of music.&quot;
+    Thus, on one occasion, &quot;all her intentions were lost in the vague
+    state of emotion produced by the inspiring duet&mdash;emotion that
+    seemed to make her at once strong and weak: strong for all
+    enjoyment, weak for all resistance. Poor Maggie! She looked very
+    beautiful when her soul was being played on in this way by the
+    inexorable power of sound. You might have seen the slightest
+    perceptible quivering through her whole frame as she leaned a
+    little forward, clasping her hands as if to steady herself; while
+    her eyes dilated and brightened into that wideopen, childish
+    expression of wondering delight, which always came back in her
+    happiest moments.&quot; George Eliot's novels contain many allusions
+    to the powerful emotional effects of music.</p>
+
+<p>    It is unnecessary to refer to Tolstoy's <i>Kreutzer Sonata</i>, in
+    which music is regarded as the Galeotto to bring lovers
+    together&mdash;&quot;the connecting bond of music, the most refined lust of
+    the senses.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>In primitive human courtship music very frequently plays a considerable
+part, though not usually the sole part, being generally found as the
+accompaniment of the song and the dance at erotic festivals.<a name='4_FNanchor_125'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_125'><sup>[125]</sup></a> The
+Gilas, of New Mexico, among whom courtship consists in a prolonged
+serenade day after day with the flute, furnish a somewhat exceptional
+case. Savage women <a name='4_Page_131'></a>are evidently very attentive to music; Backhouse (as
+quoted, by Ling Roth<a name='4_FNanchor_126'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_126'><sup>[126]</sup></a>) mentions how a woman belonging to the very
+primitive and now extinct Tasmanian race, when shown a musical box,
+listened &quot;with intensity; her ears moved like those of a dog or horse, to
+catch the sound.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I have found little evidence to show that music, except in occasional
+cases, exerts even the slightest specifically sexual effect on men,
+whether musical or unmusical. But I have ample evidence that it very
+frequently exerts to a slight but definite extent such an influence on
+women, even when quite normal. Judging from my own inquiries it would,
+indeed, seem likely that the majority of normal educated women are liable
+to experience some degree of definite sexual excitement from music; one
+states that orchestral music generally tends to produce this effect;
+another finds it chiefly from Wagner's music; another from military music,
+etc. Others simply state&mdash;what, indeed, probably expresses the experience
+of most persons of either sex&mdash;that it heightens one's mood. One lady
+mentions that some of her friends, whose erotic feelings are aroused by
+music, are especially affected in this way by the choral singing in Roman
+Catholic churches.<a name='4_FNanchor_127'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_127'><sup>[127]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In the typical cases just mentioned, all fairly normal and healthy women,
+the sexual effects of music though definite were usually quite slight. In
+neuropathic subjects they may occasionally be more pronounced. Thus, a
+medical correspondent has communicated to me the case of a married lady
+with one child, a refined, very beautiful, but highly neurotic, woman,
+married to a man with whom she has nothing in common. Her tastes lie in
+the direction of music; she is a splendid pianist, and her highly trained
+voice would have made a fortune. She confesses to strong sexual feelings
+and does not understand <a name='4_Page_132'></a>why intercourse never affords what she knows she
+wants. But the hearing of beautiful music, or at times the excitement of
+her own singing, will sometimes cause intense orgasm.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Vaschide and Vurpas, who emphasize the sexually stimulating
+    effects of music, only bring forward one case in any detail, and
+    it is doubtless significant that this case is a woman. &quot;While
+    listening to a piece of music X changes expression, her eyes
+    become bright, the features are accentuated, a smile begins to
+    form, an expression of pleasure appears, the body becomes more
+    erect, there is a general muscular hypertonicity. X tells us that
+    as she listens to the music she experiences sensations very like
+    those of normal intercourse. The difference chiefly concerns the
+    local genital apparatus, for there is no flow of vaginal mucus.
+    On the psychic side the resemblance is marked.&quot; (Vaschide and
+    Vurpas, &quot;Du Coefficient Sexual de l'Impulsion Musicale,&quot;
+    <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, May, 1904.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is sometimes said, or implied, that a woman (or a man) sings
+    better under the influence of sexual emotion. The writer of an
+    article already quoted, on &quot;Woman in her Psychological Relations&quot;
+    (<i>Journal of Psychological Medicine</i>, 1851), mentions that &quot;a
+    young lady remarkable for her musical and poetical talents
+    na&iuml;vely remarked to a friend who complimented her upon her
+    singing: 'I never sing half so well as when I've had a
+    love-fit.'&quot; And George Eliot says. &quot;There is no feeling, perhaps,
+    except the extremes of fear and grief, that does not make a man
+    sing or play the better.&quot; While, however, it may be admitted that
+    some degree of general emotional exaltation may exercise a
+    favorable influence on the singing voice, it is difficult to
+    believe that definite physical excitement at or immediately
+    before the exercise of the voice can, as a rule, have anything
+    but a deleterious effect on its quality. It is recognized that
+    tenors (whose voices resemble those of women more than basses,
+    who are not called upon to be so careful in this respect) should
+    observe rules of sexual hygiene; and menstruation frequently has
+    a definite influence in impairing the voice (H. Ellis, <i>Man and
+    Woman</i>, fourth edition, p. 290). As the neighborhood of
+    menstruation is also the period when sexual excitement is most
+    likely to be felt, we have here a further indication that sexual
+    emotion is not favorable to singing. I agree with the remarks of
+    a correspondent, a musical amateur, who writes: &quot;Sexual
+    excitement and good singing do not appear to be correlated. A
+    woman's emotional capacity in singing or acting may be remotely
+    associated with hysterical neuroses, but is better evinced for
+    art purposes in the absence of disturbing sexual influences. A
+    woman may, indeed, fancy herself the heroine of a wanton romance
+    and 'let herself go' a little in singing with improved results.
+    But a memory of sexual ardors will help no woman to make the best
+    of <a name='4_Page_133'></a>her voice in training. Some women can only sing their best
+    when they think of the other women they are outsinging. One girl
+    'lets her soul go out into her voice' thinking of jamroll,
+    another thinking of her lover (when she has none), and most, no
+    doubt, when they think of nothing. But no woman is likely to
+    'find herself' in an artistic sense because she has lost herself
+    in another sense&mdash;not even if she has done so quite respectably.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>The reality of the association between the sexual impulse and music&mdash;and,
+indeed, art generally&mdash;is shown by the fact that the evolution of puberty
+tends to be accompanied by a very marked interest in musical and other
+kinds of art. Lancaster, in a study of this question among a large number
+of young people (without reference to difference in sex, though they were
+largely female), found that from 50 to 75 per cent of young people feel an
+impulse to art about the period of puberty, lasting a few months, or at
+most a year or two. It appears that 464 young people showed an increased
+and passionate love for music, against only 102 who experienced no change
+in this respect. The curve culminates at the age of 15 and falls rapidly
+after 16. Many of these cases were really quite unmusical.<a name='4_FNanchor_128'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_128'><sup>[128]</sup></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_86'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_86'>[86]</a><div class='note'><p> This view has been more especially developed by J. B. Miner,
+<i>Motor, Visual, and Applied Rhythms</i>, Psychological Review Monograph
+Supplements, vol. v, No. 4, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_87'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_87'>[87]</a><div class='note'><p> Sir S. Wilks, <i>Medical Magazine</i>, January, 1894; <i>cf.</i>
+Clifford Allbutt, &quot;Music, Rhythm, and Muscle,&quot; <i>Nature</i>, February 8,
+1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_88'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_88'>[88]</a><div class='note'><p> B&uuml;cher, <i>Arbeit und Rhythmus</i>, third edition, 1902; Wundt,
+<i>V&ouml;lkerpsychologie</i>, 1900, Part I, p. 265.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_89'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_89'>[89]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute; deals fully with the question in his book, <i>Travail et
+Plaisir</i>, 1904, Chapter III, &quot;Influence du Rhythme sur le Travail.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_90'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_90'>[90]</a><div class='note'><p> Fillmore, &quot;Primitive Scales and Rhythms,&quot; <i>Proceedings of
+the International Congress of Anthropology</i>, Chicago, 1893.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_91'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_91'>[91]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Love Songs among the Omaha Indians,&quot; in <i>Proceedings</i> of
+same congress.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_92'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_92'>[92]</a><div class='note'><p> Groos, <i>Spiele der Menschen</i>, p. 33.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_93'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_93'>[93]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Analysis of the Sexual Impulse,&quot; <i>Studies in the Psychology
+of Sex</i>, vol. iii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_94'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_94'>[94]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Sensation et Mouvement</i>, Chapter V; <i>id.</i>, <i>Travail
+et Plaisir</i>, Chapter XII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_95'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_95'>[95]</a><div class='note'><p> Scripture, <i>Thinking, Feeling, Doing</i>, p. 85.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_96'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_96'>[96]</a><div class='note'><p> Tarchanoff, &quot;Influence de la Musique sur l'Homme et sur les
+Animaux,&quot; <i>Atti dell' XI Congresso Medico Internationale</i>, Rome, 1894,
+vol. ii, p. 153; also in <i>Archives Italiennes de Biologie</i>, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_97'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_97'>[97]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Love and Pain,&quot; <i>Studies in the Psychology of Sex</i>, vol.
+iii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_98'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_98'>[98]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, Chapter XII, &quot;Action
+Physiologique des Sens Musicaux.&quot; &quot;A practical treatise on harmony,&quot;
+Goblot remarks (<i>Revue Philosophique</i>, July, 1901, p. 61), &quot;ought to tell
+us in what way such an interval, or such a succession of intervals,
+affects us. A theoretical treatise on harmony ought to tell us the
+explanation of these impressions. In a word, musical harmony is a
+psychological science.&quot; He adds that this science is very far from being
+constituted yet; we have hardly even obtained a glimpse of it.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_99'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_99'>[99]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_100'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_100'>[100]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, November, 1887. The
+influence of rhythm on the involuntary muscular system is indicated by the
+occasional effect of music in producing a tendency to contraction of the
+bladder.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_101'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_101'>[101]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archiv f&uuml;r Anatomie und Physiologie</i> (Physiologisches
+Abtheilung), 1880, p. 420.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_102'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_102'>[102]</a><div class='note'><p> M. L. Patrizi, &quot;Primi esperimenti intorno all' influenza
+della musica sulla circolozione del sangue nel cervello umano,&quot;
+<i>International Congress f&uuml;r Psychologie</i>, Munich, 1897, p. 176.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_103'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_103'>[103]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Philosophische Studien</i>, vol. xi.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_104'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_104'>[104]</a><div class='note'><p> Binet and Courtier, &quot;La Vie Emotionelle,&quot; <i>Ann&eacute;e
+Psychologique</i>, Third Year, 1897, pp. 104-125.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_105'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_105'>[105]</a><div class='note'><p> Guibaud, <i>Contribution &agrave; l'&eacute;tude exp&eacute;rimentale de
+l'influence de la musique sur la circulation et la respiration</i>. Th&egrave;se de
+Bordeaux, 1898, summarized in <i>Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, Fifth Year, 1899, pp.
+645-649.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_106'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_106'>[106]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>International Congress of Physiology</i>, Berne, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_107'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_107'>[107]</a><div class='note'><p> The influence of association plays no necessary part in
+these pleasurable influences, for F&eacute;r&eacute;'s experiments show that an
+unmusical subject responds physiologically, with much precision, to
+musical intervals he is unable to recognize. R. MacDougall also finds that
+the effective quality of rhythmical sequences does not appear to be
+dependent on secondary associations (<i>Psychological Review</i>, January,
+1903).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_108'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_108'>[108]</a><div class='note'><p> R. T. Lewis, in <i>Nature Notes</i>, August, 1891.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_109'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_109'>[109]</a><div class='note'><p> Cornish, &quot;Orpheus at the Zoo,&quot; in <i>Life at the Zoo</i>, pp.
+115-138.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_110'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_110'>[110]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Descent of Man</i>, Chapters XIII and XIX.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_111'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_111'>[111]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The Origin of Music&quot; (1857), <i>Essays</i>, vol. ii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_112'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_112'>[112]</a><div class='note'><p> Anyone who is in doubt on this point, as regards bird song,
+may consult the little book in which the evidence has been well summarized
+by H&auml;cker, <i>Der Gesang der V&ouml;gel</i>, or the discussion in Groos's <i>Spiele
+der Thiere</i>, pp. 274 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_113'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_113'>[113]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus, mosquitoes are irresistibly attracted by music, and
+especially by those musical tones which resemble the buzzing of the
+female; the males alone are thus attracted. (Nuttall and Shipley, and Sir
+Hiram Maxim, quoted in <i>Nature</i>, October 31, 1901, p. 655, and in
+<i>Lancet</i>, February 22, 1902.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_114'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_114'>[114]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Descent of Man</i>, second edition, p. 567. Groos, in his
+discussion of music, also expresses doubt whether hearing plays a
+considerable part in the courtship of mammals, <i>Spiele der Menschen</i>, p.
+22.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_115'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_115'>[115]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 137.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_116'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_116'>[116]</a><div class='note'><p> See Bi&eacute;rent, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i> Chapter IV; also Havelock Ellis,
+<i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, pp. 270-272. Endriss (<i>Die Bisherigen
+Beobachtungen von Physiologischen und Pathologischen Beziehungen der
+oberen Luftwege zu den Sexualorganen</i>, Teil III) brings together various
+observations on the normal and abnormal relations of the larynx to the
+sexual sphere.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_117'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_117'>[117]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. 1, p.
+133.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_118'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_118'>[118]</a><div class='note'><p> J. L. Roger, <i>Trait&eacute; des Effets de la Musique</i>, 1803, pp.
+234 and 342.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_119'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_119'>[119]</a><div class='note'><p> A typical example occurs in the early life of History I in
+Appendix B to vol. iii of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_120'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_120'>[120]</a><div class='note'><p> Vaschide and Vurpas state (<i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, May,
+1904) that in their experience music may facilitate sexual approaches in
+some cases of satiety, and that in certain pathological cases the sexual
+act can only be accomplished under the influence of music.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_121'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_121'>[121]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 137. Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge</i>, etc.,
+vol. ii, p. 355) quotes some remarks of Kistemaecker's concerning the
+sound of women's garments and the way in which savages and sometimes
+civilized women cultivate this rustling and clinking. Gutzkow, in his
+<i>Autobiography</i>, said that the <i>frou-frou</i> of a woman's dress was the
+music of the spheres to him.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_122'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_122'>[122]</a><div class='note'><p> The voice is doubtless a factor of the first importance in
+sexual attraction among the blind. On this point I have no data. The
+expressiveness of the voice to the blind, and the extent to which their
+likes and dislikes are founded on vocal qualities, is well shown by an
+interesting paper written by an American physician, blind from early
+infancy, James Cocke, &quot;The Voice as an Index to the Soul,&quot; <i>Arena</i>,
+January, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_123'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_123'>[123]</a><div class='note'><p> Long before Darwin had set forth his theory of sexual
+selection Laycock had pointed out the influence which the voice of the
+male, among man and other animals, exerts on the female (<i>Nervous Diseases
+of Women</i>, p. 74). And a few years later the writer of a suggestive
+article on &quot;Woman in her Psychological Relations&quot; (<i>Journal of
+Psychological Medicine</i>, 1851) remarked: &quot;The sonorous voice of the male
+man is exactly analogous in its effect on woman to the neigh and bellow of
+other animals. This voice will have its effect on an amorous or
+susceptible organization much in the same way as color and the other
+visual ovarian stimuli.&quot; The writer adds that it exercises a still more
+important influence when modulated to music: &quot;in this respect man has
+something in common with insects as well as birds.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_124'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_124'>[124]</a><div class='note'><p> Groos refers more than once to the important part played in
+German novels written by women by what one of them terms the &quot;bearded male
+voice.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_125'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_125'>[125]</a><div class='note'><p> Various instances are quoted in the third volume of these
+<i>Studies</i> when discussing the general phenomena of courtship and
+tumescence, &quot;An Analysis of the Sexual Impulse.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_126'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_126'>[126]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>The Tasmanians</i>, p. 20.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_127'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_127'>[127]</a><div class='note'><p> An early reference to the sexual influence of music on
+women may perhaps be found in a playful passage in Swift's <i>Martinus
+Scriblerus</i> (possibly due to his medical collaborator, Arbuthnot): &quot;Does
+not &AElig;lian tell how the Libyan mares were excited to horsing by music?
+(which ought to be a caution to modest women against frequenting operas).&quot;
+<i>Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus</i>, Book I, Chapter 6. (The reference is to
+&AElig;lian, <i>Hist. Animal</i>, lib. XI, cap. 18, and lib. XII, cap. 44.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_128'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_128'>[128]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Lancaster, &quot;Psychology of Adolescence,&quot; <i>Pedagogical
+Seminary</i>, July, 1897.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_H_II'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_134'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary&mdash;Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have seen that it is possible to set forth in a brief space the facts
+at present available concerning the influence on the pairing impulse of
+stimuli acting through the ear. They are fairly simple and uncomplicated;
+they suggest few obscure problems which call for analysis; they do not
+bring before us any remarkable perversions of feeling.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, the stimuli to sexual excitement received through the
+sense of hearing, although very seldom of exclusive or preponderant
+influence, are yet somewhat more important than is usually believed.
+Primarily the voice, and secondarily instrumental music, exert a distinct
+effect in this direction, an effect representing a specialization of a
+generally stimulating physiological influence which all musical sounds
+exercise upon the organism. There is, however, in this respect, a definite
+difference between the sexes. It is comparatively rare to find that the
+voice or instrumental music, however powerful its generally emotional
+influence, has any specifically sexual effect on men. On the other hand,
+it seems probable that the majority of women, at all events among the
+educated classes, are liable to show some degree of sexual sensibility to
+the male voice or to instrumental music.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising to find that music should have some share in arousing
+sexual emotion when we bear in mind that in the majority of persons the
+development of sexual life is accompanied by a period of special interest
+in music. It is not unexpected that the specifically sexual effects of the
+voice and music should be chiefly experienced by women when we remember
+that not only in the human species is it the male in whom the larynx and
+voice are chiefly modified at puberty, but that among mammals generally it
+is the male who is chiefly or exclusively vocal at the period of sexual
+activity; so that any <a name='4_Page_135'></a>sexual sensibility to vocal manifestations must be
+chiefly or exclusively manifested in female mammals.</p>
+
+<p>At the best, however, although &aelig;sthetic sensibility to sound is highly
+developed and emotional sensibility to it profound and widespread,
+although women may be thrilled by the masculine voice and men charmed by
+the feminine voice, it cannot be claimed that in the human species hearing
+is a powerful factor in mating. This sense has here suffered between the
+lower senses of touch and smell, on the one hand, with their vague and
+massive appeal, and the higher sense, vision, on the other hand, with its
+exceedingly specialized appeal. The position of touch as the primary and
+fundamental sense is assured. Smell, though in normal persons it has no
+decisive influence on sexual attraction, acts by virtue of its emotional
+sympathies and antipathies, while, by virtue of the fact that among man's
+ancestors it was the fundamental channel of sexual sensibility, it
+furnishes a latent reservoir of impressions to which nervously abnormal
+persons, and even normal persons under the influence of excitement or of
+fatigue, are always liable to become sensitive. Hearing, as a sense for
+receiving distant perceptions has a wider field than is in man possessed
+by either touch or smell. But here it comes into competition with vision,
+and vision is, in man, the supreme and dominant sense.<a name='4_FNanchor_129'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_129'><sup>[129]</sup></a> We are always
+more affected by what we see than by what we hear. Men and women seldom
+hear each other without speedily seeing each other, and then the chief
+focus of interest is at once transferred to the visual centre.<a name='4_FNanchor_130'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_130'><sup>[130]</sup></a> In
+human sexual selection, therefore, hearing plays a part which is nearly
+always subordinated to that of vision.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_129'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_129'>[129]</a><div class='note'><p> Nietzsche has even suggested that among primitive men
+delicacy of hearing and the evolution of music can only have been produced
+under conditions which made it difficult for vision to come into play:
+&quot;The ear, the organ of fear, could only have developed, as it has, in the
+night and in the twilight of dark woods and caves.... In the brightness
+the ear is less necessary. Hence the character of music as an art of night
+and twilight.&quot; (<i>Morgenr&ouml;the</i>, p. 230.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_130'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_130'>[130]</a><div class='note'><p> At a concert most people are instinctively anxious to <i>see</i>
+the performers, thus distracting the purely musical impression, and the
+reasonable suggestion of Goethe that the performers should be invisible is
+still seldom carried into practice.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_VISION'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_136'></a>VISION</h2>
+
+<a name='4_V_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Primacy of Vision in Man&mdash;Beauty as a Sexual Allurement&mdash;The Objective
+Element in Beauty&mdash;Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World&mdash;Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of
+View&mdash;Savages often Admire European Beauty&mdash;The Appeal of Beauty to some
+Extent Common even to Animals and Man.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Vision is the main channel by which man receives his impressions. To a
+large extent it has slowly superseded all the other senses. Its range is
+practically infinite; it brings before us remote worlds, it enables us to
+understand the minute details of our own structure. While apt for the most
+abstract or the most intimate uses, its intermediate range is of universal
+service. It furnishes the basis on which a number of arts make their
+appeal to us, and, while thus the most &aelig;sthetic of the senses, it is the
+sense on which we chiefly rely in exercising the animal function of
+nutrition. It is not surprising, therefore, that from the point of view of
+sexual selection vision should be the supreme sense, and that the
+love-thoughts of men have always been a perpetual meditation of beauty.</p>
+
+<p>It would be out of place here to discuss comparatively the origins of our
+ideas of beauty. That is a question which belongs to &aelig;sthetics, not to
+sexual psychology, and it is a question on which &aelig;stheticians are not
+altogether in agreement. We need not even be concerned to make any
+definite assertion on the question whether our ideas of sexual beauty have
+developed under the influence of more general and fundamental laws, or
+whether sexual ideals themselves underlie our more general conceptions of
+beauty. Practically, so far as man and his immediate ancestors are
+concerned, the sexual and the extra-sexual factors of beauty have been
+interwoven from the first. The sexually beautiful object must have
+appealed to fundamental <a name='4_Page_137'></a>physiological aptitudes of reaction; the
+generally beautiful object must have shared in the thrill which the
+specifically sexual object imparted. There has been an inevitable action
+and reaction throughout. Just as we found that the sexual and the
+non-sexual influences of agreeable odors throughout nature are
+inextricably mingled, so it is with the motives that make an object
+beautiful to our eyes.[131]</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The sexual element in the constitution of beauty is well
+    recognized even by those writers who concern themselves
+    exclusively with the &aelig;sthetic conception of beauty or with its
+    relation to culture. It is enough to quote two or three
+    testimonies on this point. &quot;The whole sentimental side of our
+    &aelig;sthetic sensibility,&quot; remarks Santayana, &quot;&mdash;without which it
+    would be perceptive and mathematical rather than &aelig;sthetic,&mdash;is
+    due to our sexual organization remotely stirred.... If anyone
+    were desirous to produce a being with a great susceptibility to
+    beauty, he could not invent an instrument better designed for
+    that object than sex. Individuals that need not unite for the
+    birth and rearing of each generation might retain a savage
+    independence. For them it would not be necessary that any vision
+    should fascinate, or that any languor should soften, the prying
+    cruelty of the eye. But sex endows the individual with a dumb and
+    powerful instinct, which carries his body and soul continually
+    toward another; makes it one of the dearest enjoyments of his
+    life to select and pursue a companion, and joins to possession
+    the keenest pleasure, to rivalry the fiercest rage, and to
+    solitude an eternal melancholy. What more could be needed to
+    suffuse the world with the deepest meaning and beauty? The
+    attention is fixed upon a well-defined object, and all the
+    effects it produces in the mind are easily regarded as powers or
+    qualities of that object.... To a certain extent this kind of
+    interest will center in the proper object of sexual passion, and
+    in the special characteristics of the opposite sex<a name='4_FNanchor_131'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_131'><sup>[131]</sup></a>; and we
+    find, accordingly, that woman is the most lovely object to man,
+    and man, if female modesty would confess it, the most interesting
+    to woman. But the effects of so fundamental and primitive a
+    reaction are much more general. Sex is not the only object of
+    sexual passion. When love lacks its specific object, when it does
+    not yet understand itself, or has been sacrificed to some other
+    interest, we see the stifled fire bursting out in various
+    directions.... Passion then overflows <a name='4_Page_138'></a>and visibly floods those
+    neighboring regions which it had always secretly watered. For the
+    same nervous organization which sex involves, with its
+    necessarily wide branchings and associations in the brain, must
+    be partially stimulated by other objects than its specific or
+    ultimate one; especially in man, who, unlike some of the lower
+    animals, has not his instincts clearly distinct and intermittent,
+    but always partially active, and never active in isolation. We
+    may say, then, that for man all nature is a secondary object of
+    sexual passion, and that to this fact the beauty of nature is
+    largely due.&quot; (G. Santayana, <i>The Sense of Beauty</i>, pp. 59-62.)</p>
+
+<p>    Not only is the general fact of sexual attraction an essential
+    element of &aelig;sthetic contemplation, as Santayana remarks, but we
+    have to recognize also that specific sexual emotion properly
+    comes within the &aelig;sthetic field. It is quite erroneous, as Groos
+    well points out, to assert that sexual emotion has no &aelig;sthetic
+    value. On the contrary, it has quite as much value as the emotion
+    of terror or of pity. Such emotion, must, however, be duly
+    subordinated to the total &aelig;sthetic effect. (K. Groos, <i>Der
+    &AElig;sthetische Genuss</i>, p. 151.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The idea of beauty,&quot; Remy de Gourmont says, &quot;is not an unmixed
+    idea; it is intimately united with the idea of carnal pleasure.
+    Stendhal obscurely perceived this when he defined beauty as 'a
+    promise of happiness.' Beauty is a woman, and women themselves
+    have carried docility to men so far as to accept this aphorism
+    which they can only understand in extreme sexual perversion....
+    Beauty is so sexual that the only uncontested works of art are
+    those that simply show the human body in its nudity. By its
+    perseverance in remaining purely sexual Greek statuary has placed
+    itself forever above all discussion. It is beautiful because it
+    is a beautiful human body, such a one as every man or every woman
+    would desire to unite with in the perpetuation of the race....
+    That which inclines to love seems beautiful; that which seems
+    beautiful inclines to love. This intimate union of art and of
+    love is, indeed, the only explanation of art. Without this
+    genital echo art would never have been born and never have been
+    perpetuated. There is nothing useless in these deep human depths;
+    everything which has endured is necessary. Art is the accomplice
+    of love. When love is taken away there is no art; when art is
+    taken away love is nothing but a physiological need.&quot; (Remy de
+    Gourmont, <i>Culture des Id&eacute;es</i>, 1900, p. 103, and <i>Mercure de
+    France</i>, August, 1901, pp. 298 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    Beauty as incarnated in the feminine body has to some extent
+    become the symbol of love even for women. Colin Scott finds that
+    it is common among women who are not inverted for female beauty
+    whether on the stage or in art to arouse sexual emotion to a
+    greater extent than male beauty, and this is confirmed by some of
+    the histories I have recorded <a name='4_Page_139'></a>in the Appendix to the third
+    volume of these <i>Studies</i>. Scott considers that female beauty has
+    come to be regarded as typical of ideal beauty, and thus tends to
+    produce an emotional effect on both sexes alike. It is certainly
+    rare to find any &aelig;sthetic admiration of men among women, except
+    in the case of women who have had some training in art. In this
+    matter it would seem that woman passively accepts the ideals of
+    man. &quot;Objects which excite a man's desire,&quot; Colin Scott remarks,
+    &quot;are often, if not generally, the same as those affecting woman.
+    The female body has a sexually stimulating effect upon both
+    sexes. Statues of female forms are more liable than those of male
+    form to have a stimulating effect upon women as well as men. The
+    evidence of numerous literary expressions seems to show that
+    under the influence of sexual excitement a woman regards her body
+    as made for man's gratification, and that it is this complex
+    emotion which forms the initial stage, at least, of her own
+    pleasure. Her body is the symbol for her partner, and indirectly
+    for her, through his admiration of it, of their mutual joy and
+    satisfaction.&quot; (Colin Scott, &quot;Sex and Art,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+    Psychology</i>, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 206; also private letter.)</p>
+
+<p>    At the same time it must be remembered that beauty and the
+    conception of beauty have developed on a wider basis than that of
+    the sexual impulse only, and also that our conceptions of the
+    beautiful, even as concerns the human form, are to some extent
+    objective, and may thus be in part reduced to law. Stratz, in his
+    books on feminine beauty, and notably in <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des
+    Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, insists on the objective element in beauty.
+    Papillault, again, when discussing the laws of growth and the
+    beauty of the face, argues that beauty of line in the face is
+    objective, and not a creation of fancy, since it is associated
+    with the highest human functions, moral and social. He remarks on
+    the contrast between the prehistoric man of
+    Chancelade,&mdash;delicately made, with elegant face and high
+    forehead,&mdash;who created the great Magdalenian civilization, and
+    his seemingly much more powerful, but less beautiful,
+    predecessor, the man of Spy, with enormous muscles and powerful
+    jaws. (<i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>, 1899, p. 220.)</p>
+
+<p>    The largely objective character of beauty is further indicated by
+    the fact that to a considerable extent beauty is the expression
+    of health. A well and harmoniously developed body, tense muscles,
+    an elastic and finely toned skin, bright eyes, grace and
+    animation of carriage&mdash;all these things which are essential to
+    beauty are the conditions of health. It has not been demonstrated
+    that there is any correlation between beauty and longevity, and
+    the proof would not be easy to give, but it is quite probable
+    that such a correlation may exist, and various indications point
+    in this direction. One of the most delightful of Opie's <a name='4_Page_140'></a>pictures
+    is the portrait of Pleasance Reeve (afterward Lady Smith) at the
+    age of 17. This singularly beautiful and animated brunette lived
+    to the age of 104. Most people are probably acquainted with
+    similar, if less marked, cases of the same tendency.</p></div>
+
+<p>The extreme sexual importance of beauty, so far, at all events, as
+conscious experience is concerned is well illustrated by the fact that,
+although three other senses may and often do play a not inconsiderable
+part in the constitution of a person's sexual attractiveness,&mdash;the tactile
+element being, indeed, fundamental,&mdash;yet in nearly all the most elaborate
+descriptions of attractive individuals it is the visible elements that are
+in most cases chiefly emphasized. Whether among the lowest savages or in
+the highest civilization, the poet and story-teller who seeks to describe
+an ideally lovely and desirable woman always insists mainly, and often
+exclusively, on those characters which appeal to the eye. The richly laden
+word <i>beauty</i> is a synthesis of complex impressions obtained through a
+single sense, and so simple, comparatively, and vague are the impressions
+derived from the other senses that none of them can furnish us with any
+corresponding word.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Before attempting to analyze the conception of beauty, regarded
+    in its sexual appeal to the human mind, it may be well to bring
+    together a few fairly typical descriptions of a beautiful woman
+    as she appears to the men of various nations.</p>
+
+<p>    In an Australian folklore story taken down from the lips of a
+    native some sixty years ago by W. Dunlop (but evidently not in
+    the native's exact words) we find this description of an
+    Australian beauty: &quot;A man took as his wife a beautiful girl who
+    had long, glossy hair hanging around her face and down her
+    shoulders, which were plump and round. Her face was adorned with
+    red clay and her person wrapped in a fine large opossum rug
+    fastened by a pin formed from the small bone of the kangaroo's
+    leg, and also by a string attached to a wallet made of rushes
+    neatly plaited of small strips skinned from their outside after
+    they had been for some time exposed to the heat of the fire;
+    which being thrown on her back, the string passing under one arm
+    and across her breast, held the soft rug in a fanciful position
+    of considerable elegance; and she knew well how to show to
+    advantage her queenlike figure when she walked with her polished
+    yam stick held in one of her small hands and her little feet
+    appearing below the edge of the rug&quot; (W. Dunlop, &quot;Australian
+    Folklore Stories,&quot; <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>,
+    August and November, 1898, p. 27).</p><a name='4_Page_141'></a>
+
+<p>    A Malay description of female beauty is furnished by Skeat. &quot;The
+    brow (of the Malay Helen for whose sake a thousand desperate
+    battles are fought in Malay romances) is like the one-day-old
+    moon; her eyebrows resemble 'pictured clouds,' and are 'arched
+    like the fighting-cock's (artificial) spur'; her cheek resembles
+    the 'sliced-off cheek of a mango'; her nose, 'an opening jasmine
+    bud'; her hair, the 'wavy blossom shoots of the areca-palm';
+    slender is her neck, 'with a triple row of dimples'; her bosom
+    ripening, her waist 'lissom as the stalk of a flower,' her head;
+    'of a perfect oval' (literally, bird's-egg shaped), her fingers
+    like the leafy 'spears of lemon-grass' or the 'quills of the
+    porcupine,' her eyes 'like the splendor of the planet Venus,' and
+    her lips 'like the fissure of a pomegranate.'&quot; (W. W. Skeat,
+    <i>Malay Magic</i>, 1900, p. 363.)</p>
+
+<p>    In Mitford's <i>Tales of Old Japan</i> (vol. i, p. 215) a &quot;peerlessly
+    beautiful girl of 16&quot; is thus described: &quot;She was neither too fat
+    nor too thin, neither too tall nor too short; her face was oval,
+    like a melon-seed, and her complexion fair and white;; her eyes
+    were narrow and bright, her teeth small and even; her nose was
+    aquiline, and her mouth delicately formed, with lovely red lips;
+    her eyebrows were long and fine; she had a profusion of long
+    black hair; she spoke modestly, with a soft, sweet voice, and
+    when she smiled, two lovely dimples appeared in her cheeks; in
+    all her movements she was gentle and refined.&quot; The Japanese belle
+    of ancient times, Dr. Nagayo Sensai remarks (<i>Lancet</i>, February
+    15, 1890) had a white face, a long, slender throat and neck, a
+    narrow chest, small thighs, and small feet and hands. B&auml;lz, also,
+    has emphasized the ethereal character of the Japanese ideal of
+    feminine beauty, delicate, pale and slender, almost uncanny; and
+    Stratz, in his interesting book, <i>Die K&ouml;rperformen in Kunst und
+    Leben der Japaner</i> (second edition, 1904), has dealt fully with
+    the subject of Japanese beauty.</p>
+
+<p>    The Singalese are great connoisseurs of beauty, and a Kandyan
+    deeply learned in the matter gave Dr. Davy the following
+    enumeration of a woman's points of beauty: &quot;Her hair should be
+    voluminous, like the tail of the peacock, long, reaching to her
+    knees, and terminating in graceful curls; her eyebrows should
+    resemble the rainbow, her eyes, the blue sapphire and the petals
+    of the blue manilla-flower. Her nose should be like the bill of
+    the hawk; her lips should be bright and red, like coral or the
+    young leaf of the iron-tree. Her teeth should be small, regular,
+    and closely set, and like jessamine buds. Her neck should be
+    large and round, resembling the berrigodea. Her chest should be
+    capacious; her breasts, firm and conical, like the yellow
+    cocoa-nut, and her waist small&mdash;almost small enough to be clasped
+    by the hand. Her hips should be wide; her limbs tapering; the
+    soles of her feet, without any hollow, and the surface of her
+    body in general soft, delicate, smooth, and rounded, without the
+    asperities of <a name='4_Page_142'></a>projecting bones and sinews.&quot; (J. Davy, <i>An
+    Account of the Interior of Ceylon</i>, 1821, p. 110.)</p>
+
+<p>    The &quot;Padmini,&quot; or lotus-woman, is described by Hindu writers as
+    the type of most perfect feminine beauty. &quot;She in whom the
+    following signs and symptoms appear is called a <i>Padmini</i>: Her
+    face is pleasing as the full moon; her body, well clothed with
+    flesh, is as soft as the Shiras or mustard flower; her skin is
+    fine, tender, and fair as the yellow lotus, never dark colored.
+    Her eyes are bright and beautiful as the orbs of the fawn, well
+    cut, and with reddish corners. Her bosom is hard, full, and high;
+    she; has a good neck; her nose is straight and lovely; and three
+    folds or wrinkles cross her middle&mdash;about the umbilical region.
+    Her <i>yoni</i> [vulva] resembles the opening lotus bud, and her
+    love-seed is perfumed like the lily that has newly burst. She
+    walks with swanlike [more exactly, flamingolike] gait, and her
+    voice is low and musical as the note of the Kokila bird [the
+    Indian cuckoo]; she delights in white raiment, in fine jewels,
+    and in rich dresses. She eats little, sleeps lightly, and being
+    as respectful and religious as she is clever and courteous, she
+    is ever anxious to worship the gods and to enjoy the conversation
+    of Brahmans. Such, then, is the Padmini, or lotus-woman.&quot; (<i>The
+    Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana</i>, 1883, p. 11.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Hebrew ideal of feminine beauty is set forth in various
+    passages of the <i>Song of Songs</i>. The poem is familiar, and it
+    will suffice to quote one passage:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i6'>&quot;How beautiful are thy feet in sandals, O prince's daughter!<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy rounded thighs are like jewels,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>The work of the hands of a cunning workman.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy navel is like a rounded goblet<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Wherein no mingled wine is wanting;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy belly is like a heap of wheat<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Set about with lilies.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy two breasts are like two fawns<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>They are twins of a roe.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy neck is like the tower of ivory;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thine eyes as the pools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy nose is like the tower of Lebanon<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>That looketh toward Damascus.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thine head upon thee is like Carmel<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>And the hair of thine head like purple;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>The king is held captive in the tresses thereof.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>This thy stature is like to a palm-tree,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>And thy breasts to clusters of grapes,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>And the smell of thy breath like apples,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>And thy mouth like the best wine.&quot;<br /></span><a name='4_Page_143'></a>
+</div></div>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>And the man is thus described in the same poem:&mdash;</p></div>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i6'>&quot;My beloved is fair and ruddy,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>The chiefest among ten thousand.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His head as the most fine gold,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His locks are bushy (or curling), and black as a raven.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His eyes are like doves beside the water-brooks,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Washed with milk and fitly set.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as banks of sweet herbs;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His lips are as lilies, dropping liquid myrrh.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His hands are as rings of gold, set with beryl;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His body is as ivory work, overlaid with sapphires.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His aspect is like Lebanon, excellent as the cedars.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His mouth is most sweet; yea, he is altogether lovely.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The maiden whose loveliness inspires the most impassioned
+    expressions in Arabic poetry,&quot; Lane states, &quot;is celebrated for
+    her slender figure: She is like the cane among plants, and is
+    elegant as a twig of the oriental willow. Her face is like the
+    full moon, presenting the strongest contrast to the color of her
+    hair, which is of the deepest hue of night, and falls to the
+    middle of her back (Arab ladies are extremely fond of full and
+    long hair). A rosy blush overspreads the center of each cheek;
+    and a mole is considered an additional charm. The Arabs, indeed,
+    are particularly extravagant in their admiration of this natural
+    beauty spot, which, according to its place, is compared to a drop
+    of ambergris upon a dish of alabaster or upon the surface of a
+    ruby. The eyes of the Arab beauty are intensely black,<a name='4_FNanchor_132'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_132'><sup>[132]</sup></a>
+    large, and long, of the form of an almond: they are full of
+    brilliancy; but this is softened by long silken lashes, giving a
+    tender and languid expression that is full of enchantment and
+    scarcely to be improved by the adventitious aid of the black
+    border of kohl; for this the lovely maiden adds rather for the
+    sake of fashion than necessity, having what the Arabs term
+    natural kohl. The eyebrows are thin and arched; the forehead is
+    wide and fair as ivory; the nose straight; the mouth, small; the
+    lips of a brilliant red; and the teeth, like pearls set in coral.
+    The forms of the bosom are compared to two pomegranates; the
+    waist is slender; the hips are wide and large; the feet and
+    hands, small; the fingers, tapering, and their extremities dyed
+    with the deep orange tint imparted by the leaves of the henna.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Lane adds a more minute analysis from an unknown author quoted by
+    El-Ish&aacute;kee: &quot;Four things in a woman should be <i>black</i>&mdash;the <a name='4_Page_144'></a>hair
+    of the head, the eyebrows, the eyelashes, and the dark part of
+    the eyes; four <i>white</i>&mdash;the complexion of the skin, the white of
+    the eyes, the teeth, and the legs; four <i>red</i>&mdash;the tongue, the
+    lips, the middle of the cheeks, and the gums; four <i>round</i>&mdash;the
+    head, the neck, the forearms, and the ankles; four <i>long</i>&mdash;the
+    back, the fingers, the arms, and the legs; four <i>wide</i>&mdash;the
+    forehead, the eyes, the bosom, and the hips; four <i>fine</i>&mdash;the
+    eyebrows, the nose, the lips, and the fingers; four <i>thick</i>&mdash;the
+    lower part of the back, the thighs, the calves of the legs, and
+    the knees; four <i>small</i>&mdash;the ears, the breasts, the hands, and
+    the feet.&quot; (E. W. Lane, <i>Arabian Society in the Middle Ages</i>,
+    1883, pp. 214-216.)</p>
+
+<p>    A Persian treatise on the figurative terms relating to beauty
+    shows that the hair should be black, abundant, and wavy, the
+    eyebrows dark and arched. The eyelashes also must be dark, and
+    like arrows from the bow of the eyebrows. There is, however, no
+    insistence on the blackness of the eyes. We hear of four
+    varieties of eye: the dark-gray eye (or narcissus eye); the
+    narrow, elongated eye of Turkish beauties; the languishing, or
+    love-intoxicated, eye; and the wine-colored eye. Much stress is
+    laid on the quality of brilliancy. The face is sometimes
+    described as brown, but more especially as white and rosy. There
+    are many references to the down on the lips, which is described
+    as greenish (sometimes bluish) and compared to herbage. This down
+    and that on the cheeks and the stray hairs near the ears were
+    regarded as very great beauties. A beauty spot on the chin,
+    cheek, or elsewhere was also greatly admired, and evoked many
+    poetic comparisons. The mouth must be very small. In stature a
+    beautiful woman must be tall and erect, like the cypress or the
+    maritime pine. While the Arabs admired the rosiness of the legs
+    and thighs, the Persians insisted on white legs and compared them
+    to silver and crystal. (<i>Anis El-Ochch&acirc;q</i>, by Shereef-Eddin Romi,
+    translated by Huart, <i>Biblioth&egrave;que de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes</i>,
+    Paris, fasc. 25, 1875.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the story of Kamaralzaman in the <i>Arabian Nights</i> El-Sett
+    Budur is thus described: &quot;Her hair is so brown that it is blacker
+    than the separation of friends. And when it is arrayed in three
+    tresses that reach to her feet I seem to see three nights at
+    once.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her face is as white as the day on which friends meet again. If
+    I look on it at the time of the full moon I see two moons at
+    once.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her cheeks are formed of an anemone divided into two corollas;
+    they have the purple tinge of wine, and her nose is straighter
+    and more delicate than the finest sword-blade.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her lips are colored agate and coral; her tongue secretes
+    eloquence; her saliva is more desirable than the juice of
+    grapes.</p><a name='4_Page_145'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;But her bosom, blessed be the Creator, is a living seduction. It
+    bears twin breasts of the purest ivory, rounded, and that may be
+    held within the five fingers of one hand.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her belly has dimples full of shade and arranged with the
+    harmony of the Arabic characters on the seal of a Coptic scribe
+    in Egypt. And the belly gives origin to her finely modeled and
+    elastic waist.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the thought of her flanks I shudder, for thence depends a
+    mass so weighty that it obliges its owner to sit down when she
+    has risen and to rise when she lies.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Such are her flanks, and from them descend, like white marble,
+    her glorious thighs, solid and straight, united above beneath
+    their crown. Then come the legs and the slender feet, so small
+    that I am astounded they can bear so great a weight.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    An Egyptian stela in the Louvre sings the praise of a beautiful
+    woman, a queen who died about 700 B.C., as follows: &quot;The beloved
+    before all women, the king's daughter who is sweet in love, the
+    fairest among women, a maid whose like none has seen. Blacker is
+    her hair than the darkness of night, blacker than the berries of
+    the blackberry bush (?). Harder are her teeth (?) than the flints
+    on the sickle. A wreath of flowers is each of her breasts, close
+    nestling on her arms.&quot; Wiedemann, who quotes this, adds: &quot;During
+    the whole classic period of Egyptian history with few exceptions
+    (such, for example, as the reign of that great innovator,
+    Amenophis IV) the ideal alike for the male and the female body
+    was a slender and but slightly developed form. Under the
+    Ethiopian rule and during the Ptolemaic period in Egypt itself we
+    find, for the first time, that the goddesses are represented with
+    plump and well-developed outlines. Examination of the mummies
+    shows that the earlier ideal was based upon actual facts, and
+    that in ancient Egypt slender, sinewy forms distinguished both
+    men and women. Intermarriage with other races and harem life may
+    have combined in later times to alter the physical type, and with
+    it to change also the ideal of beauty.&quot; (A. Wiedemann, <i>Popular
+    Literature in Ancient Egypt</i>, p. 7.)</p>
+
+<p>    Commenting on Plato's ideas of beauty in the <i>Banquet</i>
+    Em&eacute;ric-David gives references from Greek literature showing that
+    the typical Greek beautiful woman must be tall, her body supple,
+    her fingers long, her foot small and light, the eyes clear and
+    moderately large, the eyebrows slightly arched and almost
+    meeting, the nose straight and firm, nearly&mdash;but not
+    quite&mdash;aquiline, the breath sweet as honey. (Em&eacute;ric-David,
+    <i>Recherches sur l'Art Statuaire</i>, new edition, 1863, p. 42.)</p>
+
+<p>    At the end of classic antiquity, probably in the fifth century,
+    Arist&aelig;netus in his first Epistle thus described his mistress
+    Lais: &quot;Her cheeks are white, but mixed in imitation of the
+    splendor of the rose; <a name='4_Page_146'></a>her lips are thin, by a narrow space
+    separated from the cheeks, but more red; her eyebrows are black
+    and divided in the middle; the nose straight and proportioned to
+    the thin lips; the eyes large and bright, with very black pupils,
+    surrounded by the clearest white, each color more brilliant by
+    contrast. Her hair is naturally curled, and, as Homer's saying
+    is, like the hyacinth. The neck is white and proportioned to the
+    face, and though unadorned more conspicuous by its delicacy; but
+    a necklace of gems encircles it, on which her name is written in
+    jewels. She is tall and elegantly dressed in garments fitted to
+    her body and limbs. When dressed her appearance is beautiful;
+    when undressed she is all beauty. Her walk is composed and slow;
+    she looks like a cypress or a palm stirred by the wind. I cannot
+    describe how the swelling, symmetrical breasts raise the
+    constraining vest, nor how delicate and supple her limbs are. And
+    when she speaks, what sweetness in her discourse!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Renier has studied the feminine ideal of the Proven&ccedil;al poets, the
+    troubadours who used the &quot;langue d'oc.&quot; &quot;They avoid any
+    description of the feminine type. The indications refer in great
+    part to the slender, erect, fresh appearance of the body, and to
+    the white and rosy coloring. After the person generally, the eyes
+    receive most praise; they are sweet, amorous, clear, smiling, and
+    bright. The color is never mentioned. The mouth is laughing, and
+    vermilion, and, smiling sweetly, it reveals the white teeth and
+    calls for the delights of the kiss. The face is clear and fresh,
+    the hand white and the hair constantly blonde. The troubadours
+    seldom speak of the rest of the body. Peire Vidal is an
+    exception, and his reference to the well-raised breasts may be
+    placed beside a reference by Bertran de Born. The general
+    impression conveyed by the love lyrics of the langue d'oc is one
+    of great convention. There seemed to be no salvation outside
+    certain phrases and epithets. The woman of Provence, sung by
+    hundreds of poets, seems to have been composed all of milk and
+    roses, a blonde Nuremburg doll.&quot; (R. Renier, <i>Il Tipo Estetico
+    della Donna nel Medi&oelig;vo</i>, 1885, pp. 1-24.)</p>
+
+<p>    The conventional ideal of the troubadours is, again, thus
+    described: &quot;She is a lady whose skin is white as milk, whiter
+    than the driven snow, of peculiar purity in whiteness. Her
+    cheeks, on which vermilion hues alone appear, are like the
+    rosebud in spring, when it has not yet opened to the full. Her
+    hair, which is nearly always bedecked and adorned with flowers,
+    is invariably of the color of flax, as soft as silk, and
+    shimmering with a sheen of the finest gold.&quot; (J. F. Rowbotham,
+    <i>The Troubadours and Courts of Love</i>, p. 228.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the most ancient Spanish romances, Renier remarks, the
+    definite indications of physical beauty are slight. The hair is
+    &quot;of pure gold,&quot; or simply fair (<i>rudios</i>, which is equal to
+    <i>blondos</i>, a word of later <a name='4_Page_147'></a>introduction), the face white and
+    rosy, the hand soft, white, and fragrant; in one place we find a
+    reference to the uncovered breasts, whiter than crystal. But
+    usually the ancient Castilian romances do not deal with these
+    details. The poet contents himself with the statement that a lady
+    is the sweetest woman in the world, &quot;<i>la mas linda mujer del
+    mundo</i>.&quot; (R. Renier, <i>Il Tipo Estetico della Donna nel Medi&oelig;vo</i>,
+    pp. 68 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    In a detailed and well-documented thesis, Alwin Schultz describes
+    the characteristics of the beautiful woman as she appealed to the
+    German authors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. She must
+    be of medium height and slender. Her hair must be fair, like
+    gold; long, bright, and curly; a man's must only reach to his
+    shoulders. Dark hair is seldom mentioned and was not admired. The
+    parting of the hair must be white, but not too broad. The
+    forehead must be white and bright and rounded, without wrinkles.
+    The eyebrows must be darker than the hair, arched, and not too
+    broad, as though drawn with a pencil, the space between them not
+    too broad. The eyes must be bright, clear, and sparkling, not too
+    large or too small; nothing definite was said of the color, but
+    they were evidently usually blue. The nose must be of medium
+    size, straight, and not curved. The cheeks must be white, tinged
+    with red; if the red was absent by nature women used rouge. The
+    mouth must be small; the lips full and red. The teeth must be
+    small, white, and even. The chin must be white, rounded, lovable,
+    dimpled; the ears small and beautiful; the neck of medium size,
+    soft, white, and spotless; the arm small; the hands and fingers
+    long; the joints small, the nails white and bright and well cared
+    for. The bosom must be white and large; the breasts high and
+    rounded, like apples or pears, small and soft. The body generally
+    must be slender and active. The lower parts of the body are very
+    seldom mentioned, and many poets are even too modest to mention
+    the breasts. The buttocks must be rounded, one poet, indeed,
+    mentions, and the thighs soft and white, the <i>meinel</i> (mons)
+    brown. The legs must be straight and narrow, the calves full, the
+    feet small and narrow, with high instep. The color of the skin
+    generally must be clear and of a tempered rosiness. (A. Schultz,
+    <i>Quid de Perfecta Corporis Humani Pulchritudine Germani S&oelig;culi
+    XII et XIII Senserint</i>, 1866.) A somewhat similar, but
+    shorter, account is given by K. Weinhold (<i>Die Deutschen Frauen
+    im Mittelalter</i>, 1882, bd. 1, pp. 219 <i>et seq.</i>). Weinhold
+    considers that, like the French, the Germans admired the mixed
+    eye, <i>vair</i> or gray.</p>
+
+<p>    Adam de la Halle, the Artois <i>trouv&egrave;re</i> of the thirteenth
+    century, in a piece (&quot;Li Jus Adan ou de la feuillie&quot;) in which he
+    brings himself forward, thus describes his mistress: &quot;Her hair
+    had the brilliance of gold, and was twisted into rebellious
+    curls. Her forehead was very <a name='4_Page_148'></a>regular, white, and smooth; her
+    eyebrows, delicate and even, were two brown arches, which seemed
+    traced with a brush. Her eyes, bright and well cut, seemed to me
+    <i>vairs</i> and full of caresses; they were large beneath, and their
+    lids like little sickles, adorned by twin folds, veiled or
+    revealed at her will her loving gaze. Between her eyes descended
+    the pipe of her nose, straight and beautiful, mobile when she was
+    gay; on either side were her rounded, white cheeks, on which
+    laughter impressed two dimples, and which one could see blushing
+    beneath her veil. Beneath the nose opened a mouth with blossoming
+    lips; this mouth, fresh and vermilion as a rose, revealed the
+    white teeth, in regular array; beneath the chin sprang the white
+    neck, descending full and round to the shoulder. The powerful
+    nape, white and without any little wandering hairs, protruded a
+    little over the dress. To her sloping shoulders were attached
+    long arms, large or slender where they so should be. What shall I
+    say of her white hands, with their long fingers, and knuckles
+    without knots, delicately ending in rosy nails attached to the
+    flesh by a clear and single line? I come to her bosom with its
+    firm breasts, but short and high pointed, revealing the valley of
+    love between them, to her round belly, her arched flanks. Her
+    hips were flat, her legs round, her calf large; she had a slender
+    ankle, a lean and arched foot. Such she was as I saw her, and
+    that which her chemise hid was not of less worth.&quot; (Houdoy, <i>La
+    Beaut&eacute; des Femmes</i>, p. 125, who quotes the original of this
+    passage, considers it the ideal model of the medi&aelig;val woman.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the twelfth century story of <i>Aucassin et Nicolette</i>,
+    &quot;Nicolette had fair hair, delicate and curling; her eyes were
+    gray (<i>vairs</i>) and smiling; her face admirably modeled. Her nose
+    was high and well placed; her lips small and more vermilion than
+    the cherry or the rose in summer; her teeth were small and white;
+    her firm little breasts raised her dress as would two walnuts.
+    Her figure was so slender that you could inclose it with your two
+    hands, and the flowers of the marguerite, which her toes broke as
+    she walked with naked feet, seemed black in comparison with her
+    feet and legs, so white was she.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her hair was divided into a double tress,&quot; says Alain of Lille
+    in the twelfth century, &quot;which was long enough to kiss the
+    ground; the parting, white as the lily and obliquely traced,
+    separated the hair, and this want of symmetry, far from hurting
+    her face, was one of the elements of her beauty. A golden comb
+    maintained that abundant hair whose brilliance rivaled it, so
+    that the fascinated eye could scarce distinguish the gold of the
+    hair from the gold of the comb. The expanded forehead had the
+    whiteness of milk, and rivaled the lily; her bright eyebrows
+    shone like gold, not standing up in a brush, and, without being
+    too scanty, orderly arranged. The eyes, serene and brilliant in
+    their friendly light, seemed twin stars, her nostrils <a name='4_Page_149'></a>embalsamed
+    with the odor of honey, neither too depressed in shape nor too
+    prominent, were of distinguished form; the nard of her mouth
+    offered to the smell a treat of sweet odors, and her half-open
+    lips invited a kiss. The teeth seemed cut in ivory; her cheeks,
+    like the carnation of the rose, gently illuminated her face and
+    were tempered by the transparent whiteness of her veil. Her chin,
+    more polished than crystal, showed silver reflections, and her
+    slender neck fitly separated her head from the shoulders. The
+    firm rotundity of her breasts attested the full expansion of
+    youth; her charming arms, advancing toward you, seemed to call
+    for caresses; the regular curve of her flanks, justly
+    proportioned, completed her beauty. All the visible traits of her
+    face and form thus sufficiently told what those charms must be
+    that the bed alone knew.&quot; (The Latin text is given by Houdoy, <i>La
+    Beaut&eacute; des Femmes du XIIe au XVIe Si&egrave;cle</i>, p. 119. Robert de
+    Flagy's portrait of Blanchefleur in <i>Sarin-le-Loherain</i>, written
+    in same century, reveals very similar traits.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The young woman appeared with twenty brightly polished daggers
+    and swords,&quot; we read in the Irish <i>Tain Bo Cuailgne</i> of the
+    Badhbh or Banshee who appeared to Meidhbh, &quot;together with seven
+    braids for the dead, of bright gold, in her right hand; a
+    speckled garment of green ground, fastened by a bodkin at the
+    breast under her fair, ruddy countenance, enveloped her form; her
+    teeth were so new and bright that they appeared like pearls
+    artistically set in her gums; like the ripe berry of the mountain
+    ash were her lips; sweeter was her voice than the notes of the
+    gentle harp-strings when touched by the most skillful fingers,
+    and emitting the most enchanting melody; whiter than the snow of
+    one night was her skin, and beautiful to behold were her
+    garments, which reached to her well molded, bright-nailed feet;
+    copious tresses of her tendriled, glossy, golden hair hung
+    before, while others dangled behind and reached the calf of her
+    leg.&quot; (<i>Ossianio Transactions</i>, vol. ii, p. 107.)</p>
+
+<p>    An ancient Irish hero is thus described: &quot;They saw a great hero
+    approaching them; fairest of the heroes of the world; larger and
+    taller than any man; bluer than ice his eye; redder than the
+    fresh rowan berries his lips; whiter than showers of pearl his
+    teeth; fairer than the snow of one night his skin; a protecting
+    shield with a golden border was upon him, two battle-lances in
+    his hands; a sword with knobs of ivory [teeth of the sea-horse],
+    and ornamented with gold, at his side; he had no other
+    accoutrements of a hero besides these; he had golden hair on his
+    head, and had a fair, ruddy countenance.&quot; (<i>The Banquet of Dun na
+    n-gedh</i>, translated by O'Donovan, <i>Irish Arch&aelig;ological Society</i>,
+    1842.)</p>
+
+<p>    The feminine ideal of the Italian poets closely resembles that of
+    those north of the Alps. Petrarch's Laura, as described in the
+    <i>Canzoniere</i>, <a name='4_Page_150'></a>is white as snow; her eyes, indeed, are black, but
+    the fairness of her hair is constantly emphasized; her lips are
+    rosy; her teeth white; her cheeks rosy; her breast youthful; her
+    hands white and slender. Other poets insist on the tall, white,
+    delicate body; the golden or blonde hair; the bright or starry
+    eyes (without mention of color), the brown or black arched
+    eyebrows, the straight nose, the small mouth, the thin vermilion
+    lips, the small and firm breasts. (Renier, <i>Il Tipo Estetico</i>,
+    pp. 87 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    Marie de France, a French medi&aelig;val writer of the twelfth century,
+    who spent a large part of her life in England, in the <i>Lai of
+    Lanval</i> thus described a beautiful woman: &quot;Her body was
+    beautiful, her hips low, the neck whiter than snow, the eyes gray
+    (<i>vairs</i>), the face white, the mouth beautiful, the nose well
+    placed, the eyebrows brown, the forehead beautiful, the head
+    curly and blonde; the gleam of gold thread was less bright than
+    her hair beneath the sun.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The traits of Boccaccio's ideal of feminine beauty, a voluptuous
+    ideal as compared with the ascetic medi&aelig;val ideal which had
+    previously prevailed, together with the characteristics of the
+    very beautiful and almost classic garments in which he arrayed
+    women, have been brought together by Hortis (<i>Studi sulle opere
+    Latine del Boccaccio</i>, 1879, pp. 70 <i>et seq.</i>). Boccaccio admired
+    fair and abundant wavy hair, dark and delicate eyebrows, and
+    brown or even black eyes. It was not until some centuries later,
+    as Hortis remarks, that Boccaccio's ideal woman was embodied by
+    the painter in the canvases of Titian.</p>
+
+<p>    The first precise description of a famous beautiful woman was
+    written by Niphus in the sixteenth century in his <i>De Pulchro et
+    Amore</i>, which is regarded as the first modern treatise on
+    &aelig;sthetics. The lady described is Joan of Aragon, the greatest
+    beauty of her time, whose portrait by Raphael (or more probably
+    Giulio Romano) is in the Louvre. Niphus, who was the philosopher
+    of the pontifical court and the friend of Leo X, thus describes
+    this princess, whom, as a physician, he had opportunities of
+    observing accurately: &quot;She is of medium stature, straight, and
+    elegant, and possesses the grace which can only be imparted by an
+    assemblage of characteristics which are individually faultless.
+    She is neither fat nor bony, but succulent; her complexion is not
+    pale, but white tinged with rose; her long hair is golden; her
+    ears are small and in proportion with the size of her mouth. Her
+    brown eyebrows are semicircular, not too bushy, and the
+    individual hairs short. Her eyes are blue (<i>o&aelig;sius</i>), brighter
+    than stars, radiant with grace and gaiety beneath the dark-brown
+    eyelashes, which are well spaced and not too long. The nose,
+    symmetrical and of medium size, descends perpendicularly from
+    between the eyebrows. The little valley separating the nose from
+    the upper lip is divinely proportioned. The mouth, inclined to be
+    rather small, <a name='4_Page_151'></a>is always stirred by a sweet smile; the rather
+    thick lips are made of honey and coral. The teeth are small,
+    polished as ivory, and symmetrically ranged, and the breath has
+    the odor of the sweetest perfumes. Her voice is that of a
+    goddess. The chin is divided by a dimple; the whole face
+    approximates to a virile rotundity. The straight long neck, white
+    and full, rises gracefully from the shoulders. On the ample
+    bosom, revealing no indication of the bones, arise the rounded
+    breasts, of equal and fitting size, and exhaling the perfume of
+    the peaches they resemble. The rather plump hands, on the back
+    like snow, on the palm like ivory, are exactly the length of the
+    face; the full and rounded fingers are long and terminating in
+    round, curved nails of soft color. The chest as a whole has the
+    form of a pear, reversed, but a little compressed, and the base
+    attached to the neck in a delightfully well-proportioned manner.
+    The belly, the flanks, and the secret parts are worthy of the
+    chest; the hips are large and rounded; the thighs, the legs, and
+    the arms are in just proportion. The breadth of the shoulders is
+    also in the most perfect relation to the dimensions of the other
+    parts of the body; the feet, of medium length, terminate in
+    beautifully arranged toes.&quot; (Houdoy reproduces this passage in
+    <i>La Beaut&eacute; des Femmes</i>; <i>cf.</i> also Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des
+    Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapter III.)</p>
+
+<p>    Gabriel de Minut, who published in 1587 a treatise of no very
+    great importance, <i>De la Beaut&eacute;</i>, also wrote under the title of
+    <i>La Paulegraphie</i> a very elaborate description, covering sixty
+    pages, of Paule de Viguier, a Gascon lady of good family and
+    virtuous life living at Toulouse. Minut was her devoted admirer
+    and addressed an affectionate poem to her just before his death.
+    She was seventy years of age when he wrote the elaborate account
+    of her beauty. She had blue eyes and fair hair, though belonging
+    to one of the darkest parts of France.</p>
+
+<p>    Ploss and Bartels (<i>Das Weib</i>, bd. 1, sec. 3) have independently
+    brought together a number of passages from the writers of many
+    countries describing their ideals of beauty. On this collection I
+    have not drawn.</p></div>
+
+<p>When we survey broadly the ideals of feminine beauty set down by the
+peoples of many lands, it is interesting to note that they all contain
+many features which appeal to the &aelig;sthetic taste of the modern European,
+and many of them, indeed, contain no features which obviously clash with
+his canons of taste. It may even be said that the ideals of some savages
+affect us more sympathetically than some of the ideals of our own medi&aelig;val
+ancestors. As a matter of fact, European <a name='4_Page_152'></a>travelers in all parts of the
+world have met with women who were gracious and pleasant to look on, and
+not seldom even in the strict sense beautiful, from the standpoint of
+European standards. Such individuals have been found even among those
+races with the greatest notoriety for ugliness.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Even among so primitive and remote a people as the Australians
+    beauty in the European sense is sometimes found. &quot;I have on two
+    occasions,&quot; Lumholtz states, &quot;seen what might be called beauties
+    among the women of western Queensland. Their hands were small,
+    their feet neat and well shaped, with so high an instep that one
+    asked oneself involuntarily where in the world they had acquired
+    this aristocratic mark of beauty. Their figure was above
+    criticism, and their skin, as is usually the case among the young
+    women, was as soft as velvet. When these black daughters of Eve
+    smiled and showed their beautiful white teeth, and when their
+    eyes peeped coquettishly from beneath the curly hair which hung
+    in quite the modern fashion down their foreheads,&quot; Lumholtz
+    realized that even here women could exert the influence ascribed
+    by Goethe to women generally. (C. Lumholtz, <i>Among Cannibals</i>, p.
+    132.) Much has, again, been written about the beauty of the
+    American Indians. See, <i>e.g.</i>, an article by Dr. Shufeldt,
+    &quot;Beauty from an Indian's Point of View,&quot; <i>Cosmopolitan Magazine</i>,
+    April, 1895. Among the Seminole Indians, especially, it is said
+    that types of handsome and comely women are not uncommon. (<i>Clay</i>
+    MacCauley, &quot;Seminole Indians of Florida,&quot; <i>Fifth Annual Report of
+    the Bureau of Ethnology</i>, 1883-1884, pp. 493 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    There is much even in the negress which appeals to the European
+    as beautiful. &quot;I have met many negresses,&quot; remarks Castellani
+    (<i>Les Femmes au Congo</i>, p. 2), &quot;who could say proudly in the
+    words of the Song of Songs, 'I am black, but comely.' Many of our
+    peasant women have neither the same grace nor the same delicate
+    skin as some natives of Cassai or Songha. As to color, I have
+    seen on the African continent creatures of pale gold or even red
+    copper whose fine and satiny skin rivals the most delicate white
+    skins; one may, indeed, find beauties among women of the darkest
+    ebony.&quot; He adds that, on the whole, there is no comparison with
+    white women, and that the negress soon becomes hideous.</p>
+
+<p>    The very numerous quotations from travelers concerning the women
+    of all lands quoted by Ploss and Bartels (<i>Das Weib</i>, seventh
+    edition, bd. i, pp. 88-106) amply suffice to show how frequently
+    some degree of beauty is found even among the lowest human races.
+    <i>Cf.</i>, also, Mantegazza's survey of the women of different races
+    from this point of view, <i>Fisiologia della Donna</i>, Cap. IV.</p></div><a name='4_Page_153'></a>
+
+<p>The fact that the modern European, whose culture may be supposed to have
+made him especially sensitive to &aelig;sthetic beauty, is yet able to find
+beauty among even the women of savage races serves to illustrate the
+statement already made that, whatever modifying influences may have to be
+admitted, beauty is to a large extent an objective matter. The existence
+of this objective element in beauty is confirmed by the fact that it is
+sometimes found that the men of the lower races admire European women more
+than women of their own race. There is reason to believe that it is among
+the more intelligent men of lower race&mdash;that is to say those whose
+&aelig;sthetic feelings are more developed&mdash;that the admiration for white women
+is most likely to be found.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;Mr. Winwood Reade,&quot; stated Darwin, &quot;who has had ample
+    opportunities for observation, not only with the negroes of the
+    West Coast of Africa, but with those of the interior who have
+    never associated with Europeans, is convinced that their ideas of
+    beauty are, <i>on the whole</i>, the same as ours; and Dr. Rohlfs
+    writes to me to the same effect with respect to Bornu and the
+    countries inhabited by the Pullo tribes. Mr. Reade found that he
+    agreed with the negroes in their estimation of the beauty of the
+    native girls; and that their appreciation of the beauty of
+    European women corresponded with ours.... The Fuegians, as I have
+    been informed by a missionary who long resided with them,
+    considered European women as extremely beautiful ... I should add
+    that a most experienced observer, Captain [Sir R.] Burton,
+    believes that a woman whom we consider beautiful is admired
+    throughout the world.&quot; (Darwin, <i>Descent of Man</i>, Chapter XIX.)</p>
+
+<p>    Mantegazza quotes a conversation between a South American chief
+    and an Argentine who had asked him which he preferred, the women
+    of his own people or Christian women; the chief replied that he
+    admired Christian women most, and when asked the reason said that
+    they were whiter and taller, had finer hair and smoother skin.
+    (Mantegazza, <i>Fisiologia della Donna</i>, Appendix to Cap. VIII.)</p>
+
+<p>    Nordenskj&ouml;ld, as quoted by Ploss and Bartels, states that the
+    Eskimo regard their own type as more ugly than that produced by
+    crossing with white persons, and, according to Kropf, the Nosa
+    Kaffers admire and seek the fairer half-castes in preference to
+    their own women of pure race (Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>,
+    seventh edition, bd. 1, p. 78). There is a widespread admiration
+    for fairness, it may be added, among dark peoples. Fair men are
+    admired by the Papuans at<a name='4_Page_154'></a> Torres Straits (<i>Reports of the
+    Cambridge Anthropological Expedition</i>, vol. v, p. 327). The
+    common use of powder among the women of dark-skinned peoples
+    bears witness to the existence of the same ideal.</p>
+
+<p>    Stratz, in his books <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i> and
+    <i>Die Rassensch&ouml;nheit des Weibes</i>, argues that the ideal of beauty
+    is fundamentally the same throughout the world, and that the
+    finest persons among the lower races admire and struggle to
+    attain the type which is found commonly and in perfection among
+    the white peoples of Europe. When in Japan he found that among
+    the numerous photographs of Japanese beauties everywhere to be
+    seen, his dragoman, a Japanese of low birth, selected as the most
+    beautiful those which displayed markedly the Japanese type with
+    narrow-slitted eyes and broad nose. When he sought the opinion of
+    a Japanese photographer, who called himself an artist and had
+    some claim to be so considered, the latter selected as most
+    beautiful three Japanese girls who in Europe also would have been
+    considered pretty. In Java, also, when selecting from a large
+    number of Javanese girls a few suitable for photographing, Stratz
+    was surprised to find that a Javanese doctor pointed out as most
+    beautiful those which most closely corresponded to the European
+    type. (Stratz, <i>Die Rassensch&ouml;nheit des Weibes</i>, fourth edition,
+    1903, p. 3; <i>id.</i>, <i>Die K&ouml;rperformen der Japaner</i>, 1904, p. 78.)</p>
+
+<p>    Stratz reproduces (Rassensch&ouml;nheit, pp. 36 <i>et seq.</i>) a
+    representation of Kwan-yin, the Chinese goddess of divine love,
+    and quotes some remarks of Borel's concerning the wide deviation
+    of the representations of the goddess, a type of gracious beauty,
+    from the Chinese racial type. Stratz further reproduces the
+    figure of a Buddhistic goddess from Java (now in the
+    Arch&aelig;ological Museum of Leyden) which represents a type of
+    loveliness corresponding to the most refined and classic European
+    ideal.</p></div>
+
+<p>Not only is there a fundamentally objective element in beauty throughout
+the human species, but it is probably a significant fact that we may find
+a similar element throughout the whole animated world. The things that to
+man are most beautiful throughout Nature are those that are intimately
+associated with, or dependent upon, the sexual process and the sexual
+instinct. This is the case in the plant world. It is so throughout most of
+the animal world, and, as Professor Poulton, in referring to this often
+unexplained and indeed unnoticed fact, remarks, &quot;the song or plume which
+excites the mating impulse in the hen is also in a high proportion of
+cases most pleasing to man himself. And not only this, but in their <a name='4_Page_155'></a>past
+history, so far as it has been traced (<i>e.g.</i>, in the development of the
+characteristic markings of the male peacock and argus pheasant), such
+features have gradually become more and more pleasing to us as they have
+acted as stronger and stronger stimuli to the hen.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_133'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_133'><sup>[133]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_156'></a>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_131'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_131'>[131]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;It is likely that all visible parts of the organism, even
+those with a definite physiological meaning, appeal to the &aelig;sthetic sense
+of the opposite sex,&quot; Poulton remarks, speaking primarily of insects, in
+words that apply still more accurately to the human species. E. Poulton,
+<i>The Colors of Animals</i>, 1890, p. 304.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_132'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_132'>[132]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The Arabs in general,&quot; Lane remarks, &quot;entertain a
+prejudice against blue eyes&mdash;a prejudice said to have arisen from the
+great number of blue-eyed persons among certain of their northern
+enemies.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_133'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_133'>[133]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Nature</i>, April 14, 1898, p. 55.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_V_II'></a><h3>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters&mdash;The Sexual Organs&mdash;Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments&mdash;Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such Devices&mdash;The
+Religious Element&mdash;Un&aelig;sthetic Character of the Sexual Organs&mdash;Importance
+of the Secondary Sexual Characters&mdash;The Pelvis and
+Hips&mdash;Steatopygia&mdash;Obesity&mdash;Gait&mdash;The Pregnant Woman as a Medi&aelig;val Type of
+Beauty&mdash;The Ideals of the Renaissance&mdash;The Breasts&mdash;The Corset&mdash;Its
+Object&mdash;Its History&mdash;Hair&mdash;The Beard&mdash;The Element of National or Racial
+Type in Beauty&mdash;The Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes&mdash;The General
+European Admiration for Blondes&mdash;The Individual Factors in the
+Constitution of the Idea of Beauty&mdash;The Love of the Exotic.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the constitution of our ideals of masculine and feminine beauty it was
+inevitable that the sexual characters should from a very early period in
+the history of man form an important element. From a primitive point of
+view a sexually desirable and attractive person is one whose sexual
+characters are either naturally prominent or artificially rendered so. The
+beautiful woman is one endowed, as Chaucer expresses it,</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;With buttokes brode and brest&euml;s rounde and hye&quot;;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>that is to say, she is the woman obviously best fitted to bear children
+and to suckle them. These two physical characters, indeed, since they
+represent aptitude for the two essential acts of motherhood, must
+necessarily tend to be regarded as beautiful among all peoples and in all
+stages of culture, even in high stages of civilization when more refined
+and perverse ideals tend to find favor, and at Pompeii as a decoration on
+the east side of the Purgatorium of the Temple of Isis we find a
+representation of Perseus rescuing Andromeda, who is shown as a woman with
+a very small head, small hands and feet, but with a fully developed body,
+large breasts, and large projecting nates.<a name='4_FNanchor_134'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_134'><sup>[134]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_157'></a>
+<p>To a certain extent&mdash;and, as we shall see, to a certain extent only&mdash;the
+primary sexual characters are objects of admiration among primitive
+peoples. In the primitive dances of many peoples, often of sexual
+significance, the display of the sexual organs on the part of both men and
+women is frequently a prominent feature. Even down to medi&aelig;val times in
+Europe the garments of men sometimes permitted the sexual organs to be
+visible. In some parts of the world, also, the artificial enlargement of
+the female sexual organs is practised, and thus enlarged they are
+considered an important and attractive feature of beauty.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Sir Andrew Smith informed Darwin that the elongated nymph&aelig; (or
+    &quot;Hottentot apron&quot;) found among the women of some South African
+    tribes was formerly greatly admired by the men (<i>Descent of Man</i>,
+    Chapter XIX). This formation is probably a natural peculiarity of
+    the women of these races which is very much exaggerated by
+    intentional manipulation due to the admiration it arouses. The
+    missionary Merensky reported the prevalence of the practice of
+    artificial elongation among the Basuto and other peoples, and the
+    anatomical evidence is in favor of its partly artificial
+    character. (The Hottentot apron is fully discussed by Ploss and
+    Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. I, sec. vi.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the Jaboo country on the Bight of Benin in West Africa,
+    Daniell stated, it was considered ornamental to elongate the
+    labia and the clitoris artificially; small weights were appended
+    to the clitoris and gradually increased. (W. F. Daniell,
+    <i>Topography of Gulf of Guinea</i>, 1849, pp. 24, 53.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Bawenda of the northern Transvaal, the missionary
+    Wessmann states, it is customary for young girls from the age of
+    8 to spend a certain amount of time every day in pulling the
+    <i>labia majora</i> in order to elongate them; in selecting a wife the
+    young men attach much importance to this elongation, and the girl
+    whose labia stand out most is most attractive. (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Ethnologie</i>, 1894, ht. 4, p. 363.)</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that in various parts of the world mutilations of
+    the sexual organs of men and women, or operations upon them, are
+    practiced, for reasons which are imperfectly known, since it
+    usually happens that the people who practice them are unable to
+    give the reason for this practice, or they assign a reason which
+    is manifestly not that which originally prompted the practice.
+    Thus, the excision of the clitoris, practiced in many parts of
+    East Africa and frequently supposed to be for the sake of dulling
+    sexual feeling (J. S. King <i>Journal of the Anthropological
+    Society</i>, Bombay, 1890, p. 2), seems <a name='4_Page_158'></a>very doubtfully accounted
+    for thus, for the women have it done of their own accord; &quot;all
+    Sobo women [Niger coast] have their clitoris cut off; unless they
+    have this done they are looked down upon, as slave women who do
+    not get cut; as soon, therefore, as a Sobo woman has collected
+    enough money, she goes to an operating woman and pays her to do
+    the cutting.&quot; (<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>,
+    August-November, 1898, p. 117.) The Comte de Cardi investigated
+    this matter in the Niger Delta: &quot;I have questioned both native
+    men and women,&quot; he states, &quot;to try and get the natives' reason
+    for this rite, but the almost universal answer to my queries was,
+    'it is our country's fashion.'&quot; One old man told him it was
+    practiced because favorable to continence, and several old women
+    said that once the women of the land used to suffer from a
+    peculiar kind of madness which this rite reduced. (<i>Journal of
+    the Anthropological Institute</i>, August-November, 1899, p. 59.) In
+    the same way the subincision of the urethra (mika operation of
+    Australia) is frequently supposed to be for the purpose of
+    preventing conception (See, <i>e.g.</i>, the description of the
+    operation by J. G. Garson, <i>Medical Press</i>, February 21, 1894),
+    but this is very doubtful, and E. C. Stirling found that
+    subincised natives often had large families. (<i>Intercolonial
+    Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery</i>, 1894.)</p>
+
+<p>    A passage in the <i>Mainz Chronicle</i> for 1367 (as quoted by
+    Schultz, <i>Das H&ouml;fische Leben</i>, p. 297) shows that at that time
+    the tunics of the men were so made that it was always possible
+    for the sexual organs to be seen in walking or sitting.</p></div>
+
+<p>This insistence on the naked sexual organs as objects of attraction is,
+however, comparatively rare, and confined to peoples in a low state of
+culture. Very much more widespread is the attempt to beautify and call
+attention to the sexual organs by tattooing,<a name='4_FNanchor_135'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_135'><sup>[135]</sup></a> by adornment and by
+striking peculiarities of clothing. The tendency for beauty of clothing to
+be accepted as a substitute for beauty of body appears early in the
+history of mankind, and, as we know, tends to be absolutely accepted in
+civilization.<a name='4_FNanchor_136'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_136'><sup>[136]</sup></a> &quot;We exclaim,&quot; as Goethe remarks, &quot;'What a <a name='4_Page_159'></a>beautiful
+little foot!' when we have merely seen a pretty shoe; we admire the lovely
+waist when nothing has met out eyes but an elegant girdle.&quot; Our realities
+and our traditional ideals are hopelessly at variance; the Greeks
+represented their statues without pubic hair because in real life they had
+adopted the oriental custom of removing the hairs; we compel our sculptors
+and painters to make similar representations, though they no longer
+correspond either to realities or to our own ideas of what is beautiful
+and fitting in real life. Our artists are themselves equally ignorant and
+confused, and, as Stratz has repeatedly shown, they constantly reproduce
+in all innocence the deformations and pathological characters of defective
+models. If we were honest, we should say&mdash;like the little boy before a
+picture of the Judgment of Paris, in answer to his mother's question as to
+which of the three goddesses he thought most beautiful&mdash;&quot;I can't tell,
+because they haven't their clothes on.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The concealment actually attained was not, however, it would appear,
+originally sought. Various authors have brought together evidence to show
+that the main primitive purpose of adornment and clothing among savages is
+not to conceal the body, but to draw attention to it and to render it more
+attractive. Westermarck, especially, brings forward numerous examples of
+savage adornments which serve to attract attention to the sexual regions
+of man and woman.<a name='4_FNanchor_137'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_137'><sup>[137]</sup></a> He further argues that the primitive object of
+various savage peoples in practicing circumcision, as other similar
+mutilations, is really to secure sexual attractiveness, whatever religious
+significance they may sometimes have developed subsequently. A more recent
+view <a name='4_Page_160'></a>represents the magical influence of both adornment and mutilation as
+primary, as a method of guarding and insulating dangerous bodily
+functions. Frazer, in <i>The Golden Bough</i>, is the most able and brilliant
+champion of this view, which undoubtedly embodies a large element of
+truth, although it must not be accepted to the absolute exclusion of the
+influence of sexual attractiveness. The two are largely woven in
+together.<a name='4_FNanchor_138'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_138'><sup>[138]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>There is, indeed, a general tendency for the sexual functions to take on a
+religious character and for the sexual organs to become sacred at a very
+early period in culture. Generation, the reproductive force in man,
+animals, and plants, was realized by primitive man to be a fact of the
+first magnitude, and he symbolized it in the sexual organs of man and
+woman, which thus attained to a solemnity which was entirely independent
+of purposes of sexual allurement. Phallus worship may almost be said to be
+a universal phenomenon; it is found even among races of high culture,
+among the Romans of the Empire and the Japanese to-day; it has, indeed,
+been thought by some that one of the origins of the cross is to be found
+in the phallus.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;Hardly any other object,&quot; remarks Dr. Richard Andree, &quot;has been
+    with such great unanimity represented by nearly all peoples as
+    the phallus, the symbol of procreative force in the religions of
+    the East and an object of veneration at public festivals. In the
+    Moabitic Baal Peor, in the cult of Dionysos, everywhere, indeed,
+    except in Persia, we meet with Priapic representations and the
+    veneration accorded to the generative organ. It is needless to
+    refer to the great significance of the <i>Linga puja</i>, the
+    procreative organ of the god Siva, in India, a god to whom more
+    temples were erected than to any other Indian deity. Our museums
+    amply show how common phallic representations are in Africa, East
+    Asia, the Pacific, frequently in connection with religious
+    worship.&quot; (R. Andree, &quot;Amerikansche Phallus-Darstellungen,&quot;
+    <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1895, ht. 6, p. 678.)</p>
+
+<p>    Women have no external generative organ like the phallus to play
+    a large part in life as a sacred symbol. There is, however, some
+    <a name='4_Page_161'></a>reason to believe that the triangle is to some extent such a
+    symbol. Lejeune (&quot;La Representation Sexuelle en Religion, Art, et
+    P&eacute;dagogie,&quot; <i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>, Paris,
+    October 3, 1901) brings forward reasons in favor of the view that
+    the triangular hair-covered region of the mons veneris has had
+    considerable significance in this respect, and he presents
+    various primitive figures in illustration.</p></div>
+
+<p>Apart from the religions and magical properties so widely accorded to the
+primary sexual characters, there are other reasons why they should not
+often have gained or long retained any great importance as objects of
+sexual allurement. They are unnecessary and inconvenient for this purpose.
+The erect attitude of man gives them here, indeed, an advantage possessed
+by very few animals, among whom it happens with extreme rarity that the
+primary sexual characters are rendered attractive to the eye of the
+opposite sex, though they often are to the sense of smell. The sexual
+regions constitute a peculiarly vulnerable spot, and remain so even in
+man, and the need for their protection which thus exists conflicts with
+the prominent display required for a sexual allurement. This end is far
+more effectively attained, with greater advantage and less disadvantage,
+by concentrating the chief ensigns of sexual attractiveness on the upper
+and more conspicuous parts of the body. This method is well-nigh universal
+among animals as well as in man.</p>
+
+<p>There is another reason why the sexual organs should be discarded as
+objects of sexual allurement, a reason which always proves finally
+decisive as a people advances in culture. They are not &aelig;sthetically
+beautiful. It is fundamentally necessary that the intromittent organ of
+the male and the receptive canal of the female should retain their
+primitive characteristics; they cannot, therefore, be greatly modified by
+sexual or natural selection, and the exceedingly primitive character they
+are thus compelled to retain, however sexually desirable and attractive
+they may become to the opposite sex under the influence of emotion, can
+rarely be regarded as beautiful from the point of view of &aelig;sthetic
+contemplation. Under the influence of art there is a tendency for the
+sexual organs to be diminished <a name='4_Page_162'></a>in size, and in no civilized country has
+the artist ever chosen to give an erect organ to his representations of
+ideal masculine beauty. It is mainly because the un&aelig;sthetic character of a
+woman's sexual region is almost imperceptible in any ordinary and normal
+position of the nude body that the feminine form is a more &aelig;sthetically
+beautiful object of contemplation than the masculine. Apart from this
+character we are probably bound, from a strictly &aelig;sthetic point of view,
+to regard the male form as more &aelig;sthetically beautiful.<a name='4_FNanchor_139'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_139'><sup>[139]</sup></a> The female
+form, moreover, usually overpasses very swiftly the period of the climax
+of its beauty, often only retaining it during a few weeks.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The following communication from a correspondent well brings out
+    the divergences of feeling in this matter:</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;You write that the sex organs, in an excited condition, cannot
+    be called &aelig;sthetic. But I believe that they are a source, not
+    only of curiosity and wonder to many persons, but also objects of
+    admiration. I happen to know of one man, extremely intellectual
+    and refined, who delights in lying between his mistress's thighs
+    and gazing long at the dilated vagina. Also another man, married,
+    and not intellectual, who always tenderly gazes at his wife's
+    organs, in a strong light, before intercourse, and kisses her
+    there and upon the abdomen. The wife, though amative, confessed
+    to another woman that she could not understand the attraction. On
+    the other hand, two married men have told me that the sight of
+    their wives' genital parts would disgust them, and that they have
+    never seen them.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;If the sexual parts cannot be called &aelig;sthetic, they have still a
+    strong charm for many passionate lovers, of both sexes, though
+    not often, I believe, among the unimaginative and the uneducated,
+    who are apt to ridicule the organs or to be repelled by them.
+    Many women confess that they are revolted by the sight of even a
+    husband's complete nudity, though they have no indifference for
+    sexual embraces. I think that the stupid bungle of Nature in
+    making the generative organs serve as means of relieving the
+    bladder has much to do with this revulsion. But some women of
+    erotic temperament find pleasure in looking at the penis of a
+    husband or lover, in handling it, and kissing it. Prostitutes do
+    this in the way of business; some chaste, passionate wives act
+    thus voluntarily. This is scarcely morbid, as the mammalia <a name='4_Page_163'></a>of
+    most species smell and lick each others' genitals. Probably
+    primitive man did the same.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Brant&ocirc;me (<i>Vie des Dames Galantes</i>, Discours II) has some remarks
+    to much the same effect concerning the difference between men,
+    some of whom take no pleasure in seeing the private parts of
+    their wives or mistresses, while others admire them and delight
+    to kiss them.</p>
+
+<p>    I must add that, however natural or legitimate the attraction of
+    the sexual parts may be to either sex, the question of their
+    purely &aelig;sthetic beauty remains unaffected.</p>
+
+<p>    Remy de Gourmont, in a discussion of the &aelig;sthetic element in
+    sexual beauty, considers that the invisibility of the sexual
+    organs is the decisive fact in rendering women more beautiful
+    than men. &quot;Sex, which is sometimes an advantage, is always a
+    burden and always a flaw; it exists for the race and not for the
+    individual. In the human male, and precisely because of his erect
+    attitude, sex is the predominantly striking and visible fact, the
+    point of attack in a struggle at close quarters, the point aimed
+    at from a distance, an obstacle for the eye, whether regarded as
+    a rugosity on the surface or as breaking the middle of a line.
+    The harmony of the feminine body is thus geometrically much more
+    perfect, especially when we consider the male and the female at
+    the moment of desire when they present the most intense and
+    natural expression of life. Then the woman, whose movements are
+    all interior, or only visible by the undulation of her curves,
+    preserves her full &aelig;sthetic value, while the man, as it were, all
+    at once receding toward the primitive state of animality, seems
+    to throw off all beauty and become reduced to the simple and
+    naked condition of a genital organism.&quot; (Remy de Gourmont,
+    <i>Physique de l'Amour</i>, p. 69.) Remy de Gourmont proceeds,
+    however, to point out that man has his revenge after a woman has
+    become pregnant, and that, moreover, the proportions of the
+    masculine body are more beautiful than those of the feminine
+    body.</p></div>
+
+<p>The primary sexual characters of man and woman have thus never at any time
+played a very large part in sexual allurement. With the growth of culture,
+indeed, the very methods which had been adopted to call attention to the
+sexual organs were by a further development retained for the purpose of
+concealing them. From the first the secondary sexual characters have been
+a far more widespread method of sexual allurement than the primary sexual
+characters, and in the most civilized countries to-day they still
+constitute the most attractive of such methods to the majority of the
+population.</p><a name='4_Page_164'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The main secondary sexual characters in woman and the type which
+    they present in beautiful and well-developed persons are
+    summarized as follows by Stratz, who in his book on the beauty of
+    the body in woman sets forth the reasons for the characteristics
+    here given:&mdash;</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Delicate bony structure.</li>
+<li>Rounded forms and breasts.</li>
+<li>Broad pelvis.</li>
+<li>Long and abundant hair.</li>
+<li>Low and narrow boundary of pubic hair.</li>
+<li>Sparse hair in armpit.</li>
+<li>No hair on body.</li>
+<li>Delicate skin.</li>
+<li>Rounded skull.</li>
+<li>Small face.</li>
+<li>Large orbits.</li>
+<li>High and slender eyebrows.</li>
+<li>Low and small lower jaw.</li>
+<li>Soft transition from cheek to neck.</li>
+<li>Rounded neck.</li>
+<li>Slender wrist.</li>
+<li>Small hand, with long index finger.</li>
+<li>Rounded shoulders.</li>
+<li>Straight, small clavicle.</li>
+<li>Small and long thorax.</li>
+<li>Slender waist.</li>
+<li>Hollow sacrum.</li>
+<li>Prominent and domed nates.</li>
+<li>Sacral dimples.</li>
+<li>Rounded and thick thighs.</li>
+<li>Low and obtuse pubic arch.</li>
+<li>Soft contour of knee.</li>
+<li>Rounded calves.</li>
+<li>Slender ankle.</li>
+<li>Small toes.</li>
+<li>Long second and short fifth toe.</li>
+<li>Broad middle incisor teeth.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>(Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, fourteenth
+edition, 1903, p. 200. This statement agrees at most points with
+my own exposition of the secondary sexual characters: <i>Man and</i>
+<i>Woman</i>, fourth edition, revised and enlarged, 1904.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Thus we find, among most of the peoples of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the
+chief continents of the world, that the large hips and buttocks of women
+are commonly regarded as an important feature of beauty. This secondary
+sexual character represents the most decided structural deviation of the
+feminine type from the masculine, a deviation demanded by the reproductive
+function of women, and in the admiration it arouses sexual selection is
+thus working in a line with natural selection. It cannot be said that,
+except in a very moderate degree, it has always been regarded as at the
+same time in a line with claims of purely &aelig;sthetic beauty. The European
+artist frequently seeks to attenuate rather than accentuate the
+protuberant lines of the feminine hips, and it is noteworthy that the
+Japanese also regard small hips as beautiful. Nearly <a name='4_Page_165'></a>everywhere else
+large hips and buttocks are regarded as a mark of beauty, and the average
+man is of this opinion even in the most &aelig;sthetic countries. The contrast
+of this exuberance with the more closely knit male form, the force of
+association, and the unquestionable fact that such development is the
+condition needed for healthy motherhood, have served as a basis for an
+ideal of sexual attractiveness which appeals to nearly all people more
+strongly than a more narrowly &aelig;sthetic ideal, which must inevitably be
+somewhat hermaphroditic in character.</p>
+
+<p>Broad hips, which involve a large pelvis, are necessarily a characteristic
+of the highest human races, because the races with the largest heads must
+be endowed also with the largest pelvis to enable their large heads to
+enter the world. The white race, according to Bacarisse, has the broadest
+sacrum, the yellow race coming next, the black race last. The white race
+is also stated to show the greatest curvature of the sacrum, the yellow
+race next, while the black race has the flattest sacrum.<a name='4_FNanchor_140'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_140'><sup>[140]</sup></a> The black
+race thus possesses the least developed pelvis, the narrowest, and the
+flattest. It is certainly not an accidental coincidence that it is
+precisely among people of black race that we find a simulation of the
+large pelvis of the higher races admired and cultivated in the form of
+steatopygia. This is an enormously exaggerated development of the
+subcutaneous layer of fat which normally covers the buttocks and upper
+parts of the thighs in woman, and in this extreme form constitutes a kind
+of natural fatty tumor. Steatopygia cannot be said to exist, according to
+Deniker, unless the projection of the buttocks exceeds 4 per cent of the
+individual's height; it frequently equals 10 per cent. True steatopygia
+only exists among Bushman and Hottentot women, and among the peoples who
+are by blood connected with them. An unusual development of the buttocks
+is, however, found among the Woloffs and many other African peoples.<a name='4_FNanchor_141'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_141'><sup>[141]</sup></a>
+There can be no doubt that among the black <a name='4_Page_166'></a>peoples of Africa generally,
+whether true steatopygia exists among them or not, extreme gluteal
+development is regarded as a very important, if not the most important,
+mark of beauty, and Burton stated that a Somali man was supposed to choose
+his wife by ranging women in a row and selecting her who projected
+farthest <i>a tergo</i>.<a name='4_FNanchor_142'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_142'><sup>[142]</sup></a> In Europe, it must be added, clothing enables
+this feature of beauty to be simulated. Even by some African peoples the
+posterior development has been made to appear still larger by the use of
+cushions, and in England in the sixteenth century we find the same
+practice well recognized, and the Elizabethan dramatists refer to the
+&quot;bum-roll,&quot; which in more recent times has become the bustle, devices
+which bear witness to what Watts, the painter, called &quot;the persistent
+tendency to suggest that the most beautiful half of humanity is furnished
+with tails.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_143'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_143'><sup>[143]</sup></a> In reality, as we see, it is simply a tendency, not to
+simulate an animal character, but to emphasize the most human and the most
+feminine of the secondary sexual characters, and therefore, from the
+sexual point of view, a beautiful feature.<a name='4_FNanchor_144'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_144'><sup>[144]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Sometimes admiration for this characteristic is associated with admiration
+for marked obesity generally, and it may be noted that a somewhat greater
+degree of fatness may also be regarded as a feminine secondary sexual
+character. This admiration is specially marked among several of the black
+peoples of Africa, and here to become a beauty a woman must, by drinking
+enormous quantities of milk, seek to become very fat. Sonnini noted that
+to some extent the same thing might be found among the Mohammedan women of
+Egypt. After bright eyes and a soft, polished, hairless skin, an Egyptian
+woman, he stated, most desired to obtain <i>embonpoint</i>; men admired fat
+<a name='4_Page_167'></a>women and women sought to become fat. &quot;The idea of a very fat woman,&quot;
+Sonnini adds, &quot;is nearly always accompanied in Europe by that of softness
+of flesh, effacement of form, and defect of elasticity in the outlines. It
+would be a mistake thus to represent the women of Turkey in general, where
+all seek to become fat. It is certain that the women of the East, more
+favored by Nature, preserve longer than others the firmness of the flesh,
+and this precious property, joined to the freshness and whiteness of their
+skin, renders them very agreeable. It must be added that in no part of the
+world is cleanliness carried so far as by the women of the East.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_145'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_145'><sup>[145]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The special characteristics of the feminine hips and buttocks become
+conspicuous in walking and may be further emphasized by the special method
+of walking or carriage. The women of some southern countries are famous
+for the beauty of their way of walk; &quot;the goddess is revealed by her
+walk,&quot; as Virgil said. In Spain, especially, among European countries, the
+walk very notably gives expression to the hips and buttocks. The spine is
+in Spain very curved, producing what is termed <i>ensellure</i>, or
+saddle-back&mdash;a characteristic which gives great flexibility to the back
+and prominence to the gluteal regions, sometimes slightly simulating
+steatopygia. The vibratory movement naturally produced by walking and
+sometimes artificially heightened thus becomes a trait of sexual beauty.
+Outside of Europe such vibration of the flanks and buttocks is more
+frankly displayed and cultivated as a sexual allurement. The Papuans are
+said to admire this vibratory movement of the buttocks in their women.
+Young girls are practiced in it by their mothers for hours at a time as
+soon as they have reached the age of 7 or 8, and the Papuan maiden walks
+thus whenever she is in the presence of men, subsiding into a simpler gait
+when no men are present. In some parts of tropical Africa the women walk
+in this fashion. It is also known to the Egyptians, and by the Arabs is
+called <i>ghung</i>.<a name='4_FNanchor_146'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_146'><sup>[146]</sup></a> As Mantegazza remarks, the essentially <a name='4_Page_168'></a>feminine
+character of this gait makes it a method of sexual allurement. It should
+be observed that it rests on feminine anatomical characteristics, and that
+the natural walk of a femininely developed woman is inevitably different
+from that of a man.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In an elaborate discussion of beauty of movement Stratz
+summarizes the special characters of the gait in woman as
+follows: &quot;A woman's walk is chiefly distinguished from a man's by
+shorter steps, the more marked forward movement of the hips, the
+greater length of the phase of rest in relation to the phase of
+motion, and by the fact that the compensatory movements of the
+upper parts of the body are less powerfully supported by the
+action of the arms and more by the revolution of the flanks. A
+man's walk has a more pushing and active character, a woman's a
+more rolling and passive character; while a man seems to seek to
+catch his fleeing equilibrium, a woman seems to seek to preserve
+the equilibrium she has reached.... A woman's walk is beautiful
+when it shows the definitely feminine and rolling character, with
+the greatest predominance of the moment of extension over that of
+flexion.&quot; (Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>,
+fourteenth edition, p. 275.)</p></div>
+
+<p>An occasional development of the idea of sexual beauty as associated with
+developed hips is found in the tendency to regard the pregnant woman as
+the most beautiful type. Stratz observes that a woman artist once remarked
+to him that since motherhood is the final aim of woman, and a woman
+reaches her full flowering period in pregnancy, she ought to be most
+beautiful when pregnant. This is so, Stratz replied, if the period of her
+full physical bloom chances to correspond with the early months of
+pregnancy, for with the onset of pregnancy metabolism is heightened, the
+tissues become active, the tone of the skin softer and brighter, the
+breasts firmer, so that the charm of fullest bloom is increased until the
+moment when the expansion of the womb begins to destroy the harmony of the
+form. At one period of European culture, however,&mdash;at a moment and among a
+people not very sensitive to the most exquisite &aelig;sthetic sensations,&mdash;the
+ideal of beauty has even involved the character of advanced pregnancy. In
+northern Europe during the centuries immediately preceding the Renaissance
+<a name='4_Page_169'></a>the ideal of beauty, as we may see by the pictures of the time, was a
+pregnant woman, with protuberant abdomen and body more or less extended
+backward. This is notably apparent in the work of the Van Eycks: in the
+Eve in the Brussels Gallery; in the wife of Arnolfini in the highly
+finished portrait group in the National Gallery; even the virgins in the
+great masterpiece of the Van Eycks in the Cathedral at Ghent assume the
+type of the pregnant woman.</p>
+
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;Through all the middle ages down to D&uuml;rer and Cranach,&quot; quite
+truly remarks Laura Marholm (as quoted by I. Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur</i>
+<i>&AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, p. 154), &quot;we find a
+very peculiar type which has falsely been regarded as one of
+merely ascetic character. It represents quiet, peaceful, and
+cheerful faces, full of innocence; tall, slender, young figures;
+the shoulders still scanty; the breasts small, with slender legs
+beneath their garments; and round the upper part of the body
+clothing that is tight almost to the point of constriction. The
+waist comes just under the bosom, and from this point the broad
+skirts in folds give to the most feminine part of the feminine
+body full and absolutely unhampered power of movement and
+expansion. The womanly belly even in saints and virgins is very
+pronounced in the carriage of the body and clearly protuberant
+beneath the clothing. It is the maternal function, in sacred and
+profane figures alike, which marks the whole type&mdash;indeed, the
+whole conception&mdash;of woman.&quot; For a brief period this fashion
+reappeared in the eighteenth century, and women wore pads and
+other devices to increase the size of the abdomen.</p></div>
+
+<p>With the Renaissance this ideal of beauty disappeared from art. But in
+real life we still seem to trace its survival in the fashion for that
+class of garments which involved an immense amount of expansion below the
+waist and secured such expansion by the use of whalebone hoops and similar
+devices. The Elizabethan farthingale was such a garment. This was
+originally a Spanish invention, as indicated by the name (from
+<i>verdugardo</i>, provided with hoops), and reached England through France. We
+find the fashion at its most extreme point in the fashionable dress of
+Spain in the seventeenth century, such as it has been immortalized by
+Velasquez. In England hoops died <a name='4_Page_170'></a>out during the reign of George III but
+were revived for a time, half a century later, in the Victorian
+crinoline.<a name='4_FNanchor_147'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_147'><sup>[147]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Only second to the pelvis and its integuments as a secondary sexual
+character in woman we must place the breasts.<a name='4_FNanchor_148'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_148'><sup>[148]</sup></a> Among barbarous and
+civilized peoples the beauty of the breast is usually highly esteemed.
+Among Europeans, indeed, the importance of this region is so highly
+esteemed that the general rule against the exposure of the body is in its
+favor abrogated, and the breasts are the only portion of the body, in the
+narrow sense, which a European lady in full dress is allowed more or less
+to uncover. Moreover, at various periods and notably in the eighteenth
+century, women naturally deficient in this respect have sometimes worn
+artificial busts made of wax. Savages, also, sometimes show admiration for
+this part of the body, and in the Papuan folk-tales, for instance, the
+sole distinguishing mark of a beautiful woman is breasts that stand
+up.<a name='4_FNanchor_149'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_149'><sup>[149]</sup></a> On the other hand, various savage peoples even appear to regard
+the development of the breasts as ugly and adopt devices for flattening
+this part of the body.<a name='4_FNanchor_150'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_150'><sup>[150]</sup></a> The feeling that prompts this practice is not
+unknown in modern Europe, for the Bulgarians are said to regard developed
+breasts as ugly; in medi&aelig;val Europe, indeed, the general ideal of feminine
+slenderness was opposed to developed breasts, and the garments tended to
+compress them. But in a very high degree of civilization this feeling is
+unknown, as, indeed, it is unknown to most barbarians, and the beauty of a
+woman's breasts, and of <a name='4_Page_171'></a>any natural or artificial object which suggests
+the gracious curves of the bosom, is a universal source of pleasure.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The casual vision of a girl's breasts may, in the chastest youth,
+evoke a strange perturbation. (<i>Cf.</i>, <i>e.g.</i>, a passage in an
+early chapter of Marcelle Tinayre's <i>La Maison du P&eacute;ch&eacute;</i>.) We
+need not regard this feeling as of purely sexual origin; and in
+addition even to the &aelig;sthetic element it is probably founded to
+some extent on a reminiscence of the earliest associations of
+life. This element of early association was very well set forth
+long ago by Erasmus Darwin:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When the babe, soon after it is born into this cold world, is
+applied to its mother's bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth is
+first agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted
+with the odor of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the
+flavor of it; afterward the appetites of hunger and of thirst
+afford pleasure by the possession of their object, and by the
+subsequent digestion of the aliment; and, last, the sense of
+touch is delighted by the softness and smoothness of the milky
+fountain, the source of such variety of happiness.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All these various kinds of pleasure at length become associated
+with the form of the mother's breast, which the infant embraces
+with its hands, presses with its lips, and watches with its eyes;
+and thus acquires more accurate ideas of the form of its mother's
+bosom than of the odor, flavor, and warmth which it perceives by
+its other senses. And hence at our maturer years, when any object
+of vision is presented to us which by its wavy or spiral lines
+bears any similitude to the form of the female bosom, whether it
+be found in a landscape with soft gradations of raising and
+descending surface, or in the forms of some antique vases, or in
+other works of the pencil or the chisel, we feel a general glow
+of delight which seems to influence all our senses; and if the
+object be not too large we experience an attraction to embrace it
+with our lips as we did in our early infancy the bosom of our
+mothers.&quot; (E. Darwin, <i>Zo&ouml;nomia</i>, 1800, vol. i, p. 174.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The general admiration accorded to developed breasts and a developed
+pelvis is evidenced by a practice which, as embodied in the corset, is all
+but universal in many European countries, as well as the extra-European
+countries inhabited by the white race, and in one form or another is by no
+means unknown to peoples of other than the white race.</p>
+
+<p>The tightening of the waist girth was little known to the Greeks of the
+best period, but it was practiced by the Greeks of the decadence and by
+them transmitted to the Romans; <a name='4_Page_172'></a>there are many references in Latin
+literature to this practice, and the ancient physician wrote against it in
+the same sense as modern doctors. So far as Christian Europe is concerned
+it would appear that the corset arose to gratify an ideal of asceticism
+rather than of sexual allurement. The bodice in early medi&aelig;val days bound
+and compressed the breasts and thus tended to efface the specifically
+feminine character of a woman's body. Gradually, however, the bodice was
+displaced downward, and its effect, ultimately, was to render the breasts
+more prominent instead of effacing them. Not only does the corset render
+the breasts more prominent; it has the further effect of displacing the
+breathing activity of the lungs in an upward direction, the advantage from
+the point of sexual allurement thus gained being that additional attention
+is drawn to the bosom from the respiratory movement thus imparted to it.
+So marked and so constant is this artificial respiratory effect, under the
+influence of the waist compression habitual among civilized women, that
+until recent years it was commonly supposed that there is a real and
+fundamental difference in breathing between men and women, that women's
+breathing is thoracic and men's abdominal. It is now known that under
+natural and healthy conditions there is no such difference, but that men
+and women breathe in a precisely identical manner. The corset may thus be
+regarded as the chief instrument of sexual allurement which the armory of
+costume supplies to a woman, for it furnishes her with a method of
+heightening at once her two chief sexual secondary characters, the bosom
+above, the hips and buttocks below. We cannot be surprised that all the
+scientific evidence in the world of the evil of the corset is powerless
+not merely to cause its abolition, but even to secure the general adoption
+of its comparatively harmless modifications.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Several books have been written on the history of the corset.
+L&eacute;oty (<i>Le Corset &agrave; travers les Ages</i>, 1893) accepts Bouvier's
+division of the phases through which the corset has passed: (1)
+the bands, or fasci&aelig;, of Greek and Roman ladies; (2) period of
+transition during greater part of middle ages, classic traditions
+still subsisting; (3) end <a name='4_Page_173'></a>of middle ages and beginning of
+Renaissance, when tight bodices were worn; (4) the period of
+whalebone bodices, from middle of sixteenth to end of eighteenth
+centuries; (5) the period of the modern corset. We hear of
+embroidered girdles in Homer. Even in Rome, however, the fasci&aelig;
+were not in general use, and were chiefly employed either to
+support the breasts or to compress their excessive development,
+and then called <i>mamillare</i>. The <i>zona</i> was a girdle, worn
+usually round the hips, especially by young girls. The modern
+corset is a combination of the <i>fascia</i> and the <i>zona</i>. It was at
+the end of the fourteenth century that Isabeau of Bavaria
+introduced the custom of showing the breasts uncovered, and the
+word &quot;corset&quot; was then used for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>Stratz, in his <i>Frauenkleidung</i> (pp. 366 <i>et seq.</i>), and in his
+<i>Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapters VIII, X, and XVI,
+also deals with the corset, and illustrates the results of
+compression on the body. For a summary of the evidence concerning
+the difference of respiration in man and woman, its causes and
+results, see Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition,
+1904, pp. 228-244. With reference to the probable influence of
+the corset and unsuitable clothing generally during early life in
+impeding the development of the mammary glands, causing inability
+to suckle properly, and thus increasing infant mortality, see
+especially a paper by Professor Bollinger (<i>Correspondenz-blatt</i>
+<i>Deutsch. Gesell. Anthropologie</i>, October, 1899).</p>
+
+<p>The compression caused by the corset, it must be added, is not
+usually realized or known by those who wear it. Thus, Rushton
+Parker and Hugh Smith found, in two independent series of
+measurements, that the waist measurement was, on the average, two
+inches less over the corset than round the naked waist; &quot;the
+great majority seemed quite unaware of the fact.&quot; In one case the
+difference was as much as five inches. (<i>British Medical</i>
+<i>Journal</i>, September 15 and 22, 1900.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The breasts and the developed hips are characteristics of women and are
+indications of functional effectiveness as well as sexual allurement.
+Another prominent sexual character which belongs to man, and is not
+obviously an index of function, is furnished by the hair on the face. The
+beard may be regarded as purely a sexual adornment, and thus comparable to
+the somewhat similar growth on the heads of many male animals. From this
+point of view its history is interesting, for it illustrates the tendency
+with increase of civilization not merely to dispense with sexual
+allurement in the primary sexual organs, but even to disregard those
+growths which would appear <a name='4_Page_174'></a>to have been developed solely to act as sexual
+allurements. The cultivation of the beard belongs peculiarly to barbarous
+races. Among these races it is frequently regarded as the most sacred and
+beautiful part of the person, as an object to swear by, an object to which
+the slightest insult must be treated as deadly. Holding such a position,
+it must doubtless act as a sexual allurement. &quot;Allah has specially created
+an angel in Heaven,&quot; it is said in the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, &quot;who has no other
+occupation than to sing the praises of the Creator for giving a beard to
+men and long hair to women.&quot; The sexual character of the beard and the
+other hirsute appendage is significantly indicated by the fact that the
+ascetic spirit in Christianity has always sought to minimize or to hide
+the hair. Altogether apart, however, from this religious influence,
+civilization tends to be opposed to the growth of hair on the masculine
+face and especially to the beard. It is part of the well-marked tendency
+with civilization to the abolition of sexual differences. We find this
+general tendency among the Greeks and Romans, and, on the whole, with
+certain variations and fluctuations of fashion, in modern Europe also.
+Schopenhauer frequently referred to this disappearance of the beard as a
+mark of civilization, &quot;a barometer of culture.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_151'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_151'><sup>[151]</sup></a> The absence of facial
+hair heightens &aelig;sthetic beauty of form, and is not felt to remove any
+substantial sexual attraction.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>That even the Egyptians regarded the beard as a mark of beauty
+and an object of veneration is shown by the fact that the priests
+wore it long and cut it off in grief (Herodotus, <i>Euterpe</i>,
+Chapter XXXVI). The respect with which the beard was regarded
+among the ancient Hebrews is indicated in the narrative (II
+Samuel, Chapter X) which tells how, when David sent his servants
+to King Hanun the latter shaved off half their beards; they were
+too ashamed to return in this condition, and remained at Jericho
+until their beards had grown again. A passage in Ordericus
+Vitalis (<i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book VIII, Chapter X) is
+interesting both as regards the fashions of the twelfth century
+in England and Normandy and the feeling that prompted Ordericus.
+Speaking of the men of his time, he wrote: &quot;The forepart <a name='4_Page_175'></a>of
+their head is bare after the manner of thieves, while at the back
+they nourish long hair like harlots. In former times penitents,
+captives and pilgrims usually went unshaved and wore long beards,
+as an outward mark of their penance or captivity or pilgrimage.
+Now almost all the world wear crisped hair and beards, carrying
+on their faces the token of their filthy lust like stinking
+goats. Their locks are curled with hot irons, and instead of
+wearing caps they bind their heads with fillets. A knight seldom
+appears in public with his head uncovered, and properly shaved,
+according to the apostolic precept (I Corinthians, Chapter XI,
+verses 7 and 14).&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>We have seen that there is good reason for assuming a certain fundamental
+tendency whereby the most various peoples of the world, at all events in
+the person of their most intelligent members, recognize and accept a
+common ideal of feminine beauty, so that to a certain extent beauty may be
+said to have an objectively &aelig;sthetic basis. We have further found that
+this &aelig;sthetic human ideal is modified, and very variously modified in
+different countries and even in the same country at different periods, by
+a tendency, prompted by a sexual impulse which is not necessarily in
+harmony with &aelig;sthetic cannons, to emphasize, or even to repress, one or
+other of the prominent secondary sexual characters of the body. We now
+come to another tendency which is apt to an even greater extent to limit
+the cultivation of the purely &aelig;sthetic ideal of beauty: the influences of
+national or racial type.</p>
+
+<p>To the average man of every race the woman who most completely embodies
+the type of his race is usually the most beautiful, and even mutilations
+and deformities often have their origin, as Humboldt long since pointed
+out, in the effort to accentuate the racial type.<a name='4_FNanchor_152'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_152'><sup>[152]</sup></a> Eastern women
+possess by <a name='4_Page_176'></a>nature large and conspicuous eyes, and this characteristic
+they seek still further to heighten by art. The Ainu are the hairiest of
+races, and there is nothing which they consider so beautiful as hair. It
+is difficult to be sexually attracted to persons who are fundamentally
+unlike ourselves in racial constitution.<a name='4_FNanchor_153'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_153'><sup>[153]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It frequently happens that this admiration for racial characteristics
+leads to the idealization of features which are far removed from &aelig;sthetic
+beauty. The firm and rounded breast is certainly a feature of beauty, but
+among many of the black peoples of Africa the breasts fall at a very early
+period, and here we sometimes find that the hanging breast is admired as
+beautiful.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The African Baganda, the Rev. J. Roscoe states (<i>Journal of the</i>
+<i>Anthropological Institute</i>, January-June, 1902, p. 72), admire
+hanging breasts to such an extent that their young women tie them
+down in order to hasten the arrival of this condition.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The most remarkable trait of beauty in the East,&quot; wrote Sonnini,
+&quot;is to have large black eyes, and nature has made this a
+characteristic sign of the women of these countries. But, not
+content with this, the women of Egypt wish their eyes to be still
+larger and blacker. To attain this Mussulmans, Jewesses, and
+Christians, rich and poor, all tint their eyelids with galena.
+They also blacken the lashes (as Juvenal tells us the Roman
+ladies did) and mark the angles of the eye so that the fissure
+appears larger.&quot; (Sonnini, <i>Voyage dans la Haute et Basse</i>
+<i>Egypte</i>, 1799, vol. i, p. 290.) Kohl is thus only used by the
+women who have what the Arabs call &quot;natural kohl.&quot; As Flinders
+Petrie has found, the women of the so-called &quot;New Race,&quot; between
+the sixth and tenth dynasties of ancient Egypt, used galena and
+malachite for painting their faces. Jewish women in the days of
+the prophets painted their eyes with kohl, as do some Hindu women
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Ainu have a great affection for their beards. They regard
+them as a sign of manhood and strength and consider them as
+especially handsome. They look upon them, indeed, as a great and
+highly prized treasure.&quot; (J. Batchelor, <i>The Ainu and their</i>
+<i>Folklore</i>, p. 162.)</p>
+
+<p>A great many theories have been put forward to explain the
+Chinese fashion of compressing and deforming the foot. The
+Chinese <a name='4_Page_177'></a>are great admirers of the feminine foot, and show
+extreme sexual sensitiveness in regard to it. Chinese women
+naturally possess very small feet, and the main reason for
+binding them is probably to be found in the desire to make them
+still smaller. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Stratz, <i>Die Frauenkleidung</i>, 1904,
+p. 101.)</p></div>
+
+<p>An interesting question, which in part finds its explanation here and is
+of considerable significance from the point of view of sexual selection,
+concerns the relative admiration bestowed on blondes and brunettes. The
+question is not, indeed, one which is entirely settled by racial
+characteristics. There is something to be said on the matter from the
+objective standpoint of &aelig;sthetic considerations. Stratz, in a chapter on
+beauty of coloring in woman, points out that fair hair is more beautiful
+because it harmonizes better with the soft outlines of woman, and, one may
+add, it is more brilliantly conspicuous; a golden object looks larger than
+a black object. The hair of the armpit, also, Stratz considers should be
+light. On the other hand, the pubic hair should be dark in order to
+emphasize the breadth of the pelvis and the obtusity of the angle between
+the mons veneris and the thighs. The eyebrows and eyelashes should also be
+dark in order to increase the apparent size of the orbits. Stratz adds
+that among many thousand women he has only seen one who, together with an
+otherwise perfect form, has also possessed these excellencies in the
+highest measure. With an equable and matt complexion she had blonde, very
+long, smooth hair, with sparse, blonde, and curly axillary hair; but,
+although her eyes were blue, the eyebrows and eyelashes were black, as
+also was the not overdeveloped pubic hair.<a name='4_FNanchor_154'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_154'><sup>[154]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We may accept it as fairly certain that, so far as any objective standard
+of &aelig;sthetic beauty is recognizable, that standard involves the supremacy
+of the fair type of woman. Such supremacy in beauty has doubtless been
+further supported by <a name='4_Page_178'></a>the fact that in most European countries the ruling
+caste, the aristocratic class, whose superior energy has brought it to the
+top, is somewhat blonder than the average population.</p>
+
+<p>The main cause, however, in determining the relative amount of admiration
+accorded in Europe to blondes and to brunettes is the fact that the
+population of Europe must be regarded as predominantly fair, and that our
+conception of beauty in feminine coloring is influenced by an instinctive
+desire to seek this type in its finest forms. In the north of Europe there
+can, of course, be no question concerning the predominant fairness of the
+population, but in portions of the centre and especially in the south it
+may be considered a question. It must, however, be remembered that the
+white population occupying all the shores of the Mediterranean have the
+black peoples of Africa immediately to the south of them. They have been
+liable to come in contact with the black peoples and in contrast with them
+they have tended not only to be more impressed with their own whiteness,
+but to appraise still more highly its blondest manifestations as
+representing a type the farthest removed from the negro. It must be added
+that the northerner who comes into the south is apt to overestimate the
+darkness of the southerner because of the extreme fairness of his own
+people. The differences are, however, less extreme than we are apt to
+suppose; there are more dark people in the north than we commonly assume,
+and more fair people in the south. Thus, if we take Italy, we find in its
+fairest part, Venetia, according to Raseri, that there are 8 per cent.
+communes in which fair hair predominates, 81 per cent. in which brown
+predominates, and only 11 per cent. in which black predominates; as we go
+farther south black hair becomes more prevalent, but there are in most
+provinces a few communes in which fair hair is not only frequent, but even
+predominant. It is somewhat the same with light eyes, which are also most
+abundant in Venetia and decrease to a slighter extent as we go south. It
+is possible that in former days the blondes prevailed to a greater degree
+than to-day in the south of Europe. Among the Berbers of the Atlas
+Mountains, who are probably allied to <a name='4_Page_179'></a>the South Europeans, there appears
+to be a fairly considerable proportion of blondes,<a name='4_FNanchor_155'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_155'><sup>[155]</sup></a> while on the other
+hand there is some reason to believe that blondes die out under the
+influence of civilization as well as of a hot climate.</p>
+
+<p>However this may be, the European admiration for blondes dates back to
+early classic times. Gods and men in Homer would appear to be frequently
+described as fair.<a name='4_FNanchor_156'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_156'><sup>[156]</sup></a> Venus is nearly always blonde, as was Milton's
+Eve. Lucian refers to women who dye their hair. The Greek sculptors gilded
+the hair of their statues, and the figurines in many cases show very fair
+hair.<a name='4_FNanchor_157'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_157'><sup>[157]</sup></a> The Roman custom of dyeing the hair light, as Renier has shown,
+was not due to the desire to be like the fair Germans, and when Rome fell
+it would appear that the custom of dyeing the hair persisted, and never
+died out; it is mentioned by Anselm, who died at the beginning of the
+twelfth century.<a name='4_FNanchor_158'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_158'><sup>[158]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In the poetry of the people in Italy brunettes, as we should expect,
+receive much commendation, though even here the blondes are preferred.
+When we turn to the painters and poets of Italy, and the &aelig;sthetic writers
+on beauty from the Renaissance onward, the admiration for fair hair is
+unqualified, though there is no correspondingly unanimous admiration for
+blue eyes. Angelico and most of the pre-Raphaelite artists usually painted
+their women with flaxen and light-golden hair, which often became brown
+with the artists of the Renaissance period. Firenzuola, in his admirable
+dialogue on feminine beauty, says that a woman's hair should be like gold
+or honey <a name='4_Page_180'></a>or the rays of the sun. Luigini also, in his <i>Libro della bella</i>
+<i>Donna</i>, says that hair must be golden. So also thought Petrarch and
+Ariosto. There is, however, no corresponding predilection among these
+writers for blue eyes. Firenzuola said that the eyes must be dark, though
+not black. Luigini said that they must be bright and black. Niphus had
+previously said that the eyes should be &quot;black like those of Venus&quot; and
+the skin ivory, even a little brown. He mentions that Avicenna had praised
+the mixed, or gray eye.</p>
+
+<p>In France and other northern countries the admiration for very fair hair
+is just as marked as in Italy, and dates back to the earliest ages of
+which we have a record. &quot;Even before the thirteenth century,&quot; remarks
+Houdoy, in his very interesting study of feminine beauty in northern
+France during medi&aelig;val times, &quot;and for men as well as for women, fair hair
+was an essential condition of beauty; gold is the term of comparison
+almost exclusively used.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_159'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_159'><sup>[159]</sup></a> He mentions that in the <i>Acta Sanctorum</i> it
+is stated that Saint Godelive of Bruges, though otherwise beautiful, had
+black hair and eyebrows and was hence contemptuously called a crow. In the
+<i>Chanson de Roland</i> and all the French medi&aelig;val poems the eyes are
+invariably <i>vairs</i>. This epithet is somewhat vague. It comes from
+<i>varius</i>, and signifies mixed, which Houdoy regards as showing various
+irradiations, the same quality which later gave rise to the term <i>iris</i> to
+describe the pupillary membrane.<a name='4_FNanchor_160'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_160'><sup>[160]</sup></a> <i>Vair</i> would thus describe not so
+much the color of the eye as its brilliant and sparkling quality. While
+Houdoy may have been correct, it still seems probable that the eye
+described as <i>vair</i> was usually assumed to be &quot;various&quot; in color also, of
+the kind we commonly call gray, which is usually applied to blue eyes
+encircled with a ring of faintly sprinkled brown pigment. Such eyes are
+fairly typical of northern France and frequently beautiful. That this was
+the case seems to be clearly indicated by the fact that, as Houdoy himself
+points out, a few centuries later the <i>vair</i> eye <a name='4_Page_181'></a>was regarded as <i>vert</i>,
+and green eyes were celebrated as the most beautiful.<a name='4_FNanchor_161'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_161'><sup>[161]</sup></a> The etymology
+was false, but a false etymology will hardly suffice to change an ideal.
+At the Renaissance Jehan Lemaire, when describing Venus as the type of
+beauty, speaks of her green eyes, and Ronsard, a little later, sang:</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;Noir je veux l'&oelig;il et brun le teint,<br /></span>
+<span>Bien que l'&oelig;il verd toute la France adore.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Early in the sixteenth century Brant&ocirc;me quotes some lines current in
+France, Spain, and Italy according to which a woman should have a white
+skin, but black eyes and eyebrows, and adds that personally he agrees with
+the Spaniard that &quot;a brunette is sometimes equal to a blonde,&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_162'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_162'><sup>[162]</sup></a> but
+there is also a marked admiration for green eyes in Spanish literature;
+not only in the typical description of a Spanish beauty in the <i>Celestina</i>
+(Act. I) are the eyes green, but Cervantes, for example, when referring to
+the beautiful eyes of a woman, frequently speaks of them as green.</p>
+
+<p>It would thus appear that in Continental Europe generally, from south to
+north, there is a fair uniformity of opinion as regards the pigmentary
+type of feminine beauty. Such variation as exists seemingly involves a
+somewhat greater degree of darkness for the southern beauty in harmony
+with the greater racial darkness of the southerner, but the variations
+fluctuate within a narrow range; the extremely dark type is always
+excluded, and so it would seem probable is the extremely fair type, for
+blue eyes have not, on the whole, been considered to form part of the
+admired type.</p>
+
+<p>If we turn to England no serious modification of this conclusion is called
+for. Beauty is still fair. Indeed, the very word &quot;fair&quot; in England itself
+means beautiful. That in the seventeenth century it was generally held
+essential that beauty should be blonde is indicated by a passage in the
+<i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, where Burton argues that &quot;golden hair was ever
+<a name='4_Page_182'></a>in great account,&quot; and quotes many examples from classic and more modern
+literature.<a name='4_FNanchor_163'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_163'><sup>[163]</sup></a> That this remains the case is sufficiently evidenced by
+the fact that the ballet and chorus on the English stage wear yellow wigs,
+and the heroine of the stage is blonde, while the female villain of
+melodrama is a brunette.</p>
+
+<p>While, however, this admiration of fairness as a mark of beauty
+unquestionably prevails in England, I do not think it can be said&mdash;as it
+probably can be said of the neighboring and closely allied country of
+France&mdash;that the most beautiful women belong to the fairest group of the
+community. In most parts of Europe the coarse and unbeautiful plebeian
+type tends to be very dark; in England it tends to be very fair. England
+is, however, somewhat fairer generally than most parts of Europe; so that,
+while it may be said that a very beautiful woman in France or in Spain may
+belong to the blondest section of the community, a very beautiful woman in
+England, even though of the same degree of blondness as her Continental
+sister, will not belong to the extremely blonde section of the English
+community. It thus comes about that when we are in northern France we find
+that gray eyes, a very fair but yet unfreckled complexion, brown hair,
+finely molded features, and highly sensitive facial expression combine to
+constitute a type which is more beautiful than any other we meet in
+France, and it belongs to the fairest section of the French population.
+When we cross over to England, however, unless we go to a so-called
+&quot;Celtic&quot; district, it is hopeless to seek among the blondest section of
+the community for any such beautiful and refined type. The English
+beautiful woman, though she may still be fair, is by no means very fair,
+and from the English standpoint she may even sometimes appear somewhat
+dark:<a name='4_FNanchor_164'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_164'><sup>[164]</sup></a> In determining what I call the index of pigmentation&mdash;or degree
+of darkness of the eyes and hair&mdash;of different groups in the National
+Portrait Gallery I found that the &quot;famous beauties&quot;<a name='4_Page_183'></a> (my own personal
+criterion of beauty not being taken into account) was somewhat nearer to
+the dark than to the light end of the scale.<a name='4_FNanchor_165'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_165'><sup>[165]</sup></a> If we consider, at
+random, individual instances of famous English beauties they are not
+extremely fair. Lady Venetia Stanley, in the early seventeenth century,
+who became the wife of Sir Kenelm Digby, was somewhat dark, with brown
+hair and eyebrows. Mrs. Overall, a little later in the same century, a
+Lancashire woman, the wife of the Dean of St. Paul's, was, says Aubrey,
+&quot;the greatest beauty in her time in England,&quot; though very wanton, with
+&quot;the loveliest eyes that were ever seen&quot;; if we may trust a ballad given
+by Aubrey she was dark with black hair. The Gunnings, the famous beauties
+of the eighteenth century, were not extremely fair, and Lady Hamilton, the
+most characteristic type of English beauty, had blue, brown-flecked eyes
+and dark chestnut hair. Coloration is only one of the elements of beauty,
+though an important one. Other things being equal, the most blonde is most
+beautiful; but it so happens that among the races of Great Britain the
+other things are very frequently not equal, and that, notwithstanding a
+conviction ingrained in the language, with us the fairest of women is not
+always the &quot;fairest.&quot; So magical, however, is the effect of brilliant
+coloring that it serves to keep alive in popular opinion an unqualified
+belief in the universal European creed of the beauty of blondness.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen that underlying the conception of beauty, more especially as
+it manifests itself in woman to man, are to be found at least three
+fundamental elements: First there is the general beauty of the species as
+it tends to culminate in the white peoples of European origin; then there
+is the beauty due to the full development or even exaggeration of the
+sexual and more especially the secondary sexual characters; and last there
+is the beauty due to the complete embodiment of the particular racial or
+national type. To make the analysis fairly complete must be added at least
+one other factor: the influence of individual taste. Every individual, at
+all events in <a name='4_Page_184'></a>civilization, within certain narrow limits, builds up a
+feminine ideal of his own, in part on the basis of his own special
+organization and its demands, in part on the actual accidental attractions
+he has experienced. It is unnecessary to emphasize the existence of this
+factor, which has always to be taken into account in every consideration
+of sexual selection in civilized man. But its variations are numerous and
+in impassioned lovers it may even lead to the idealization of features
+which are in reality the reverse of beautiful. It may be said of many a
+man, as d'Annunzio says of the hero of his <i>Trionfo della Morte</i> in
+relation to the woman he loved, that &quot;he felt himself bound to her by the
+real qualities of her body, and not only by those which were most
+beautiful, but specially by <i>those which were least beautiful</i>&quot; (the
+novelist italicizes these words), so that his attention was fixed upon her
+defects, and emphasized them, thus arousing within himself an impetuous
+state of desire. Without invoking defects, however, there are endless
+personal variations which may all be said to come within the limits of
+possible beauty or charm. &quot;There are no two women,&quot; as Stratz remarks,
+&quot;who in exactly the same way stroke back a rebellious lock from their
+brows, no two who hold the hand in greeting in exactly the same way, no
+two who gather up their skirts as they walk with exactly the same
+movement.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_166'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_166'><sup>[166]</sup></a> Among the multitude of minute differences&mdash;which yet can
+be seen and felt&mdash;the beholder is variously attracted or repelled
+according to his own individual idiosyncrasy, and the operations of sexual
+selection are effected accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>Another factor in the constitution of the ideal of beauty, but one perhaps
+exclusively found under civilized conditions, is the love of the unusual,
+the remote, the exotic. It is commonly stated that rarity is admired in
+beauty. This is not strictly true, except as regards combinations and
+characters which vary only in a very slight degree from the generally
+admired type. &quot;<i>Jucundum nihil est quod non reficit variatas</i>,&quot; according
+to the saying of Publilius Syrus. The greater nervous restlessness <a name='4_Page_185'></a>and
+sensibility of civilization heightens this tendency, which is not
+infrequently found also among men of artistic genius. One may refer, for
+instance, to Baudelaire's profound admiration for the mulatto type of
+beauty.<a name='4_FNanchor_167'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_167'><sup>[167]</sup></a> In every great centre of civilization the national ideal of
+beauty tends to be somewhat modified in exotic directions, and foreign
+ideals, as well as foreign fashions, become preferred to those that are
+native. It is significant of this tendency that when, a few years since,
+an enterprising Parisian journal hung in its <i>salle</i> the portraits of one
+hundred and thirty-one actresses, etc., and invited the votes of the
+public by ballot as to the most beautiful of them, not one of the three
+women who came out at the head of the poll was French. A dancer of Belgian
+origin (Cl&eacute;o de Merode) was by far at the head with over 3000 votes,
+followed by an American from San Francisco (Sybil Sanderson), and then a
+Polish woman.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_134'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_134'>[134]</a><div class='note'><p> Figured in Mau's <i>Pompeii</i>, p. 174.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_135'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_135'>[135]</a><div class='note'><p> As a native of Lukunor said to the traveler Mertens, &quot;It
+has the same object as your clothes, to please the women.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_136'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_136'>[136]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The greatest provocations of lust are from our apparel,&quot;
+as Burton states (<i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II,
+Subs. III), illustrating this proposition with immense learning. Stanley
+Hall (<i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, vol. ix, Part III, pp. 365 <i>et
+seq.</i>) has some interesting observations on the various psychic influences
+of clothing; <i>cf.</i> Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, Teil II, pp. 330 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_137'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_137'>[137]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>History of Human Marriage</i>, Chapter IX, especially p, 201.
+We have a striking and comparatively modern European example of an article
+of clothing designed to draw attention to the sexual sphere in the
+codpiece (the French <i>braguette</i>), familiar to us through fifteenth and
+sixteenth century pictures and numerous allusions in Rabelais and in
+Elizabethan literature. This was originally a metal box for the protection
+of the sexual organs in war, but subsequently gave place to a leather case
+only worn by the lower classes, and became finally an elegant article of
+fashionable apparel, often made of silk and adorned with ribbons, even
+with gold and jewels. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, p. 159.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_138'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_138'>[138]</a><div class='note'><p> A correspondent in Ceylon has pointed out to me that in the
+Indian statues of Buddha, Vishnu, goddesses, etc., the necklace always
+covers the nipples, a sexually attractive adornment being thus at the same
+time the guardian of the orifices of the body. Crawley (<i>The Mystic Rose</i>,
+p. 135) regards mutilations as in the nature of permanent amulets or
+charms.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_139'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_139'>[139]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza, in his discussion of this point, although an
+ardent admirer of feminine beauty, decides that woman's form is not, on
+the whole, more beautiful than man's. See Appendix to Cap. IV of
+<i>Fisiologia della Donna</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_140'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_140'>[140]</a><div class='note'><p> For a discussion of the anthropology of the feminine
+pelvis, see Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. 1. Sec. VI.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_141'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_141'>[141]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels, <i>loc. cit.</i>; Deniker, <i>Revue
+d'Anthropologie</i>, January 15, 1889, and <i>Races of Man</i>, p. 93.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_142'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_142'>[142]</a><div class='note'><p> Darwin.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_143'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_143'>[143]</a><div class='note'><p> G. F. Watts, &quot;On Taste in Dress,&quot; <i>Nineteenth Century</i>,
+1883.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_144'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_144'>[144]</a><div class='note'><p> From medi&aelig;val times onwards there has been a tendency to
+treat the gluteal region with contempt, a tendency well marked in speech
+and custom among the lowest classes in Europe to-day, but not easily
+traceable in classic times. D&uuml;hren (<i>Das Geschlechtsleben in England</i>, bd.
+II, pp. 359 <i>et seq.</i>) brings forward quotations from &aelig;sthetic writers and
+others dealing with the beauty of this part of the body.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_145'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_145'>[145]</a><div class='note'><p> Sonnini, <i>Voyage, etc.</i>, vol. i, p. 308.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_146'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_146'>[146]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. 1, Sec. III; Mantegazza,
+<i>Fisiologia della Donna</i>, Chapter III.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_147'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_147'>[147]</a><div class='note'><p> Bloch brings together various interesting quotations
+concerning the farthingale and the crinoline. (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, p. 156.) He states that, like most other
+feminine fashions in dress, it was certainly invented by prostitutes.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_148'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_148'>[148]</a><div class='note'><p> The racial variations in the form and character of the
+breasts are great, and there are considerable variations even among
+Europeans. Even as regards the latter our knowledge is, however, still
+very vague and incomplete; there is here a fruitful field for the medical
+anthropologist. Ploss and Bartels have brought together the existing data
+(<i>Das Weib</i>, bd. I, Sec. VIII). Stratz also discusses the subject (<i>Die
+Sch&ouml;nheit das Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapter X).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_149'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_149'>[149]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>,
+vol. v, p. 28.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_150'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_150'>[150]</a><div class='note'><p> These devices are dealt with and illustrations given by
+Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_151'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_151'>[151]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Parerga und Paralipomena</i>, bd. I, p. 189, and
+bd. 2, p. 482. Moll has also discussed this point (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber
+die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. I, pp. 384 <i>et seq.</i>).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_152'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_152'>[152]</a><div class='note'><p> Speaking of some South American tribes, he remarks
+(<i>Travels</i>, English translations, 1814, vol. iii. p. 236) that they &quot;have
+as great an antipathy to the beard as the Eastern nations hold it in
+reverence. This antipathy is derived from the same source as the
+predilection for flat foreheads, which is seen in so singular a manner in
+the statues of the Aztec heroes and divinities. Nations attach the idea of
+beauty to everything which particularly characterizes their own physical
+conformation, their natural physiognomy.&quot; See also Westermarck, <i>History
+of Marriage</i>, p. 261. Ripley (<i>Races of Europe</i>, pp. 49, 202) attaches
+much importance to the sexual selection founded on a tendency of this
+kind.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_153'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_153'>[153]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Differences of race are irreducible,&quot; Abel Hermant remarks
+(<i>Confession d'un Enfant d'Hier</i>, p. 209), &quot;and between two beings who
+love each other they cannot fail to produce exceptional and instructive
+reactions. In the first superficial ebullition of love, indeed, nothing
+notable may be manifested, but in a fairly short time the two lovers,
+innately hostile, in striving to approach each other strike against an
+invisible partition which separates them. Their sensibilities are
+divergent; everything in each shocks the other; even their anatomical
+conformation, even the language of their gestures; all is foreign.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_154'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_154'>[154]</a><div class='note'><p> C. H. Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>,
+fourteenth edition, Chapter XII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_155'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_155'>[155]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Sergi, <i>The Mediterranean Race</i>, pp. 59-75.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_156'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_156'>[156]</a><div class='note'><p> Sergi (<i>The Mediterranean Race</i>, Chapter 1), by an analysis
+of Homer's color epithets, argues that in very few cases do they involve
+fairness; but his attempt scarcely seems successful, although most of
+these epithets are undoubtedly vague and involve a certain range of
+possible color.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_157'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_157'>[157]</a><div class='note'><p> L&eacute;chat's study of the numerous realistic colored statues
+recently discovered in Greece (summarized in <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r
+Anthropologie</i>, 1904, ht. 1, p. 22) shows that with few exceptions the
+hair is fair.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_158'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_158'>[158]</a><div class='note'><p> Renier, <i>Il Tipo Estetico</i>, pp. 127 <i>et seq.</i> In another
+book, <i>Les Femmes Blondes selon les Peintres de l'Ecole de Venise</i>, par
+deux Venitiens (one of these &quot;Venetians&quot; being Armand Baschet), is brought
+together much information concerning the preference for blondes in
+literature, together with a great many of the recipes anciently used for
+making the hair fair.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_159'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_159'>[159]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Houdoy, <i>La Beaut&eacute; des Femmes dans la Litt&eacute;rature et
+dans l'Art du XIIe au XVIe Si&egrave;cle</i>, 1876, pp. 32 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_160'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_160'>[160]</a><div class='note'><p> Houdoy, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 41 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_161'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_161'>[161]</a><div class='note'><p> Houdoy, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 83.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_162'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_162'>[162]</a><div class='note'><p> Brant&ocirc;me, <i>Vie des Dames Galantes</i>, Discours II.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_163'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_163'>[163]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II, Subs.
+II.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_164'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_164'>[164]</a><div class='note'><p> It is significant that Burton (<i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>,
+<i>loc. cit.</i>), while praising golden hair, also argues that &quot;of all eyes
+black are moist amiable,&quot; quoting many examples to this effect from
+classic and later literature.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_165'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_165'>[165]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Relative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark,&quot; <i>Monthly
+Review</i>, August, 1901; <i>cf.</i> H. Ellis, <i>A Study of British Genius</i>, p.
+215.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_166'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_166'>[166]</a><div class='note'><p> Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, p. 217.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_167'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_167'>[167]</a><div class='note'><p> Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>,
+Teil II, pp. 261 <i>et seq.</i>) brings together some facts bearing on the
+admiration for negresses in Paris and elsewhere.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_V_III'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_186'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Beauty not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision&mdash;Movement&mdash;The
+Mirror&mdash;Narcissism&mdash;Pygmalionism&mdash;Mixoscopy&mdash;The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty&mdash;The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength&mdash;The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Our discussion of the sensory element of vision in human sexual selection
+has been mainly an attempt to disentangle the chief elements of beauty in
+so far as beauty is a stimulus to the sexual instinct. Beauty by no means
+comprehends the whole of the influences which make for sexual allurement
+through vision, but it is the point at which all the most powerful and
+subtle of these are focussed; it represents a fairly definite complexus,
+appealing at once to the sexual and to the &aelig;sthetic impulses, to which no
+other sense can furnish anything in any degree analogous. It is because
+this conception of beauty has arisen upon it that vision properly occupies
+the supreme position in man from the point of view which we here occupy.</p>
+
+<p>Beauty is thus the chief, but it is not the sole, element in the sexual
+appeal of vision. In all parts of the world this has always been well
+understood, and in courtship, in the effort to arouse tumescence, the
+appeals to vision have been multiplied and at the same time aided by
+appeals to the other senses. Movement, especially in the form of dancing,
+is the most important of the secondary appeals to vision. This is so well
+recognized that it is scarcely necessary to insist upon it here; it may
+suffice to refer to a single typical example. The most decent of
+Polynesian dances, according to William Ellis, was the <i>hura</i>, which was
+danced by the daughters of chiefs in the presence of young men of rank
+with the hope of gaining a future husband. &quot;The daughters of the chiefs,
+who were the dancers on these occasions, at times amounted to five or six,
+though occasionally only one exhibited her symmetry of figure and
+<a name='4_Page_187'></a>gracefulness of action. Their dress was singular, but elegant. The head
+was ornamented with a fine and beautiful braid of human hair, wound round
+the head in the form of a turban. A triple wreath of scarlet, white, and
+yellow flowers adorned the head-dress. A loose vest of spotted cloth
+covered the lower part of the bosom. The tihi, of fine white stiffened
+cloth frequently edged with a scarlet border, gathered like a large frill,
+passed under the arms and reached below the waist; while a handsome fine
+cloth, fastened round the waist with a band or sash, covered the feet. The
+breasts were ornamented with rainbow-colored mother-of-pearl shells, and a
+covering of curiously wrought network and feathers. The music of the hura
+was the large and small drum and occasionally the flute. The movements
+were generally slow, but always easy and natural, and no exertion on the
+part of the performers was wanting to render them graceful and
+attractive.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_168'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_168'><sup>[168]</sup></a> We see here, in this very typical example, how the
+extraneous visual aids of movement, color, and brilliancy are invoked in
+conjunction with music to make the appeal of beauty more convincing in the
+process of sexual selection.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be in place here to mention, in passing, the considerable
+    place which vision occupies in normal and abnormal methods of
+    heightening tumescence under circumstances which exclude definite
+    selection by beauty. The action of mirrors belongs to this group
+    of phenomena. Mirrors are present in profusion in high-class
+    brothels&mdash;on the walls and also above the beds. Innocent youths
+    and girls are also often impelled to contemplate themselves in
+    mirrors and sometimes thus, produce the first traces of sexual
+    excitement. I have referred to the developed forms of this kind
+    of self-contemplation in the Study of Auto-erotism, and in this
+    connection have alluded to the fable of Narcissus, whence N&auml;cke
+    has since devised the term Narcissism for this group of
+    phenomena. It is only necessary to mention the enormous
+    production of photographs, representing normal and abnormal
+    sexual actions, specially prepared for the purpose of exciting or
+    of gratifying sexual appetites, and the frequency with which even
+    normal photographs of the nude appeal to the same lust of the
+    eyes.</p><a name='4_Page_188'></a>
+
+<p>    Pygmalionism, or falling in love with statues, is a rare form of
+    erotomania founded on the sense of vision and closely related to
+    the allurement of beauty. (I here use &quot;pygmalionism&quot; as a general
+    term for the sexual love of statues; it is sometimes restricted
+    to cases in which a man requires of a prostitute that she shall
+    assume the part of a statue which gradually comes to life, and
+    finds sexual gratification in this performance alone; Eulenburg
+    quotes examples, <i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, p. 107.) An emotional
+    interest in statues is by no means uncommon among young men
+    during adolescence. Heine, in <i>Florentine Nights</i>, records the
+    experiences of a boy who conceived a sentimental love for a
+    statue, and, as this book appears to be largely autobiographical,
+    the incident may have been founded on fact. Youths have sometimes
+    masturbated before statues, and even before the image of the
+    Virgin; such cases are known to priests and mentioned in manuals
+    for confessors. Pygmalionism appears to have been not uncommon
+    among the ancient Greeks, and this has been ascribed to their
+    &aelig;sthetic sense; but the manifestation is due rather to the
+    absence than to the presence of &aelig;sthetic feeling, and we may
+    observe among ourselves that it is the ignorant and uncultured
+    who feel the indecency of statues and thus betray their sense of
+    the sexual appeal of such objects. We have to remember that in
+    Greece statues played a very prominent part in life, and also
+    that they were tinted, and thus more lifelike than with us.
+    Lucian, Athen&aelig;us, &AElig;lian, and others refer to cases of men who
+    fell in love with statues. Tarnowsky (<i>Sexual Instinct</i>, English
+    edition, p. 85) mentions the case of a young man who was arrested
+    in St. Petersburg for paying moonlight visits to the statue of a
+    nymph on the terrace of a country house, and Krafft-Ebing quotes
+    from a French newspaper the case which occurred in Paris during
+    the spring of 1877 of a gardener who fell in love with a Venus in
+    one of the parks. (I. Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der
+    Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, pp. 297-305, brings together
+    various facts bearing on this group of manifestations.)</p>
+
+<p>    Necrophily, or a sexual attraction for corpses, is sometimes
+    regarded as related to pygmalionism. It is, however, a more
+    profoundly morbid manifestation, and may perhaps he regarded as a
+    kind of perverted sadism.</p>
+
+<p>    Founded on the sense of vision also we find a phenomenon,
+    bordering on the abnormal, which is by Moll termed mixoscopy.
+    This means the sexual pleasure derived from the spectacle of
+    other persons engaged in natural or perverse sexual actions.
+    (Moll, <i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, p. 308. Moll
+    considers that in some cases mixoscopy is related to masochism.
+    There is, however, no necessary connection between the two
+    phenomena.) Brothels are prepared to accommodate visitors who
+    merely desire to look on, and for their convenience <a name='4_Page_189'></a>carefully
+    contrived peepholes are provided; such visitors are in Paris
+    termed &quot;<i>voyeurs</i>.&quot; It is said by Coffignon that persons hide at
+    night in the bushes in the Champs Elys&eacute;es in the hope of
+    witnessing such scenes between servant girls and their lovers. In
+    England during a country walk I have come across an elderly man
+    carefully ensconced behind a bush and intently watching through
+    his field-glass a couple of lovers reclining on a bank, though
+    the actions of the latter were not apparently marked by any
+    excess of indecorum. Such impulses are only slightly abnormal,
+    whatever may be said of them from the point of view of good
+    taste. They are not very far removed from the legitimate
+    curiosity of the young woman who, believing herself unobserved,
+    turns her glass on to a group of young men bathing naked. They
+    only become truly perverse when the gratification thus derived is
+    sought in preference to natural sexual gratification. They are
+    also not normal when they involve, for instance, a man desiring
+    to witness his wife in the act of coitus with another man. I have
+    been told of the case of a scientific man who encouraged his wife
+    to promote the advances of a young friend of his own, in his own
+    drawing-room, he himself remaining present and apparently taking
+    no notice; the younger man was astonished, but accepted the
+    situation. In such a case, when the motives that led up to the
+    episode are obscure, we must not too hastily assume that
+    masochism or even mixoscopy is involved. For information on some
+    of the points mentioned above see, <i>e.g.</i>, I. Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge
+    zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, pp. 200 <i>et
+    seq.</i>; Teil II, pp. 195 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Wide, however, as is the appeal of beauty in sexual selection, it cannot
+be said to cover by any means the whole of the visual field in its sexual
+relationship. Beauty in the human species is, above all, a feminine
+attribute, making its appeal to men. Even for women, as has already been
+noted, beauty is still a feminine quality, which they usually admire, and
+in cases of inversion worship with an ardor which equals, if it does not
+surpass, that experienced by normal men. But the normal woman experiences
+no corresponding cult for the beauty of man. The perfection of the body of
+man is not behind that of woman in beauty, but the study of it only
+appeals to the artist or the &aelig;sthetician; it arouses sexual enthusiasm
+almost exclusively in the male sexual invert. Whatever may be the case
+among animals or even among savages, in civilization the man is most
+successful with women is not the most handsome <a name='4_Page_190'></a>man, and may be the
+reverse of handsome.<a name='4_FNanchor_169'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_169'><sup>[169]</sup></a> The maiden, according to the old saying, who has
+to choose between Adonis and Hercules, will turn to Hercules.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A correspondent writes: &quot;Men are generally attracted in the first
+    instance by a woman's beauty, either of face or figure.
+    Frequently this is the highest form of love they are capable of.
+    Personally, my own love is always prompted by this. In the case
+    of my wife there was certainly a leaven of friendship and moral
+    sympathies but these alone would never have been translated into
+    love had she not been young and good-looking. Moreover, I have
+    felt intense passion for other women, in my relations with whom
+    the elements of moral or mental sympathy have not entered. And
+    always, as youth and beauty went, I believe I should transfer my
+    love to some one else.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Now, in woman I fancy this element of beauty and youth does not
+    enter so much. I have questioned a large number of women&mdash;some
+    married, some unmarried, young and old ladies, shopgirls,
+    servants, prostitutes, women whom I have known only as friends,
+    others with whom I have had sexual relations&mdash;and I cannot
+    recollect one instance when a woman said she had fallen in love
+    with a man for his looks. The nearest approach to any sign of
+    this was in the instance of one, who noticed a handsome man
+    sitting near us in a hotel, and said to me: 'I should like him to
+    kiss me.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have also noticed that women do not like looking at my body,
+    when naked, as I like looking at theirs. My wife has, on a few
+    occasions, put her hand over my body, and expressed pleasure at
+    the feeling of my skin. (I have very fair, soft skin.) But I have
+    never seen women exhibit the excitement that is caused in me by
+    the sight of their bodies, which I love to look at, to stroke, to
+    kiss all over.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It is interesting to point out, in this connection, that the
+    admiration of strength is not confined to the human female. It is
+    by the spectacle of his force that the male among many of the
+    lower animals sexually affects the female. Darwin duly allows for
+    this fact, while some evolutionists, and notably Wallace,
+    consider that it covers the whole field of sexual selection. When
+    choice exists, Wallace states, &quot;all the facts appear to be
+    consistent with the choice depending on a variety of male
+    characteristics, with some of which color is often correlated.
+    Thus, it is the opinion of some of the best observers that vigor
+    and liveliness are most attractive, and these are, no doubt,
+    usually associated with some intensity of color, ... There is
+    reason <a name='4_Page_191'></a>to believe that it is his [the male bird's] persistency
+    and energy rather than his beauty which wins the day.&quot; (A. R.
+    Wallace, <i>Tropical Nature</i>, 1898, p. 199.) In his later book,
+    <i>Darwinism</i> (p. 295), Wallace reaffirms his position that sexual
+    selection means that in the rivalry of males for the female the
+    most vigorous secures the advantage; &quot;ornament,&quot; he adds, &quot;is the
+    natural product and direct outcome of superabundant health and
+    vigor.&quot; As regards woman's love of strength, see Westermarck,
+    <i>History of Marriage</i>, p. 255.</p></div>
+
+<p>Women admire a man's strength rather than his beauty. This statement is
+commonly made, and with truth, but, so far as I am aware, its meaning is
+never analyzed. When we look into it, I think, we shall find that it leads
+us into a special division of the visual sphere of sexual allurement. The
+spectacle of force, while it remains strictly within the field of vision,
+really brings to us, although unconsciously, impressions that are
+correlated with another sense&mdash;that of touch. We instinctively and
+unconsciously translate visible energy into energy of pressure. In
+admiring strength we are really admiring a tactile quality which has been
+made visible. It may therefore be said that, while through vision men are
+sexually affected mainly by the more purely visual quality of beauty,
+women are more strongly affected by visual impressions which express
+qualities belonging to the more fundamentally sexual sense of touch.</p>
+
+<p>The distinction between the man's view and the woman's view, here pointed
+out, is not, it must be added, absolute. Even for a man, beauty, with all
+these components which we have already analyzed in it, is not the sole
+sexual allurement of vision. A woman is not necessarily sexually
+attractive in the ratio of her beauty, and with even a high degree of
+beauty may have a low degree of attraction. The addition of vivacity or
+the addition of languor may each furnish a sexual allurement, and each of
+these is a translated tactile quality which possesses an obscure potency
+from vague sexual implications.<a name='4_FNanchor_170'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_170'><sup>[170]</sup></a> But while <a name='4_Page_192'></a>in the man the demand for
+these translated pressure qualities in the visible attractiveness of a
+woman are not usually quite clearly realized, in a woman the corresponding
+craving for the visual expression of pressure energy is much more
+pronounced and predominant. It is not difficult to see why this should be
+so, even without falling back on the usual explanation that natural
+selection implies that the female shall choose the male who will be the
+most likely father of strong children and the best protector of his
+family. The more energetic part in physical love belongs to the man, the
+more passive part to the woman; so that, while energy in a woman is no
+index to effectiveness in love, energy in a man furnishes a seeming index
+to the existence of the primary quality of sexual energy which a woman
+demands of a man in the sexual embrace. It may be a fallacious index, for
+muscular strength is not necessarily correlated with sexual vigor, and in
+its extreme degrees appears to be more correlated with its absence. But it
+furnishes, in Stendhal's phrase, a probability of passion, and in any case
+it still remains a symbol which cannot be without its effect. We must not,
+of course, suppose that these considerations are always or often present
+to the consciousness of the maiden who &quot;blushingly turns from Adonis to
+Hercules,&quot; but the emotional attitude is rooted in more or less unerring
+instincts. In this way it happens that even in the field of visual
+attraction sexual selection influences women on the underlying basis of
+the more primitive sense of touch, the fundamentally sexual sense.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Women are very sensitive to the quality of a man's touch, and
+    appear to seek and enjoy contact and pressure to a greater extent
+    than do men, although in early adolescence this impulse seems to
+    be marked in both sexes. &quot;There is something strangely winning to
+    most women,&quot; remarks George Eliot, in <i>The Mill on the Floss</i>,
+    &quot;in that offer of the firm arm; the help is not wanted physically
+    at that moment, but the sense of help&mdash;the presence of strength
+    that is outside them and yet theirs&mdash;meets a continual want of
+    the imagination.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Women are often very critical concerning a man's touch and his
+    method of shaking hands. Stanley Hall (<i>Adolescence</i>, vol. ii, p.
+    8) quotes a gifted lady as remarking: &quot;I used to say that,
+    however much I liked a man, I could never marry him if I did not
+    like the touch of his hand, and I feel so yet.&quot;</p><a name='4_Page_193'></a>
+
+<p>    Among the elements of sexual attractiveness which make a special
+    appeal to women, extreme personal cleanliness would appear to
+    take higher rank than it takes in the eyes of a man, some men,
+    indeed, seeming to make surprisingly small demands of a woman in
+    this respect. If this is so we may connect it with the fact that
+    beauty in a woman's eye is to a much greater extent than in a
+    man's a picture of energy, in other words, a translation of
+    pressure contracts, with which the question of physical purity is
+    necessarily more intimately associated than it is with the
+    picture of purely visual beauty. It is noteworthy that Ovid (<i>Ars
+    Amandi</i>, lib. I) urges men who desire to please women to leave
+    the arts of adornment and effeminacy to those whose loves are
+    homosexual, and to practice a scrupulous attention to extreme
+    neatness and cleanliness of body and garments in every detail, a
+    sun-browned skin, and the absence of all odor. Some two thousand
+    years later Brummell in an age when extravagance and effeminacy
+    often marked the fashions of men, introduced a new ideal of
+    unobtrusive simplicity, extreme cleanliness (with avoidance of
+    perfumes), and exquisite good taste; he abhorred all
+    eccentricity, and may be said to have constituted a tradition
+    which Englishmen have ever since sought, more or less
+    successfully to follow; he was idolized by women.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that the attentiveness of women to tactile
+    contacts is indicated by the frequency with which in them it
+    takes on morbid forms, as the <i>d&eacute;lire du contact</i>, the horror of
+    contamination, the exaggerated fear of touching dirt. (See,
+    <i>e.g.</i>, Raymond and Janet, <i>Les Obsessions et la Psychasth&eacute;nie</i>.)</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_168'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_168'>[168]</a><div class='note'><p> William Ellis, <i>Polynesian Researches</i>, second edition,
+1832, vol. 1, p. 215.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_169'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_169'>[169]</a><div class='note'><p> Stendhal (<i>De l'Amour</i>, Chapter XVIII) has some remarks on
+this point, and refers to the influence over women possessed by Lekain,
+the famous actor, who was singularly ugly. &quot;It is <i>passion</i>,&quot; he remarks,
+&quot;which we demand; beauty only furnishes <i>probabilities</i>.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_170'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_170'>[170]</a><div class='note'><p> The charm of a woman's garments to a man is often due in
+part to their expressiveness in rendering impressions of energy, vivacity,
+or languor. This has often been realized by the poets, and notably by
+Herrick, who was singularly sensitive to these qualities in a woman's
+garments.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_V_IV'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_194'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction&mdash;The Admiration for
+High Stature&mdash;The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation&mdash;The Charm of
+Parity&mdash;Conjugal Mating&mdash;The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards
+General Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married
+Couples&mdash;Preferential Mating and Assortative Mating&mdash;The Nature of the
+Advantage Attained by the Fair in Sexual Selection&mdash;The Abhorrence of
+Incest and the Theories of its Cause&mdash;The Explanation in Reality
+Simple&mdash;The Abhorrence of Incest in Relation to Sexual Selection&mdash;The
+Limits to the Charm of Parity in Conjugal Mating&mdash;The Charm of Disparity
+in Secondary Sexual Characters.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>When we are dealing with the senses of touch, smell, and hearing it is
+impossible at present, and must always remain somewhat difficult, to
+investigate precisely the degree and direction of their influence in
+sexual selection. We can marshal in order&mdash;as has here been attempted&mdash;the
+main facts and considerations which clearly indicate that there is and
+must be such an influence, but we cannot even attempt to estimate its
+definite direction and still less to measure it precisely. With regard to
+vision, we are in a somewhat better position. It is possible to estimate
+the direction of the influence which certain visible characters exert on
+sexual selection, and it is even possible to attempt their actual
+measurement, although there must frequently be doubt as to the
+interpretation of such measurements.</p>
+
+<p>Two facts render it thus possible to deal more exactly with the influence
+of vision on sexual selection than with the influence of the other senses.
+In the first place, men and women consciously seek for certain visible
+characters in the persons to whom they are attracted; in other words,
+their &quot;ideals&quot; of a fitting mate are visual rather than tactile,
+olfactory, or auditory. In the second place, whether such &quot;ideals&quot; are
+potent in actual mating, or whether they are modified or even inhibited by
+more potent psychological or general biological influences, it <a name='4_Page_195'></a>is in
+either case possible to measure and compare the visible characters of
+mated persons.</p>
+
+<p>The two visible characters which are at once most frequently sought in a
+mate and most easily measurable are degree of stature and degree of
+pigmentation. Every youth or maiden pictures the person he or she would
+like for a lover as tall or short, fair or dark, and such characters are
+measurable and have on a large scale been measured. It is of interest in
+illustration of the problem of sexual selection in man to consider briefly
+what results are at present obtainable regarding the influence of these
+two characters.</p>
+
+<p>It has long been a widespread belief that short people are sexually
+attracted to tall people, and tall people to short; that in the matter of
+stature men and women are affected by what Bain called the &quot;charm of
+disparity.&quot; It has not always prevailed. Many centuries ago Leonardo da
+Vinci, whose insight at so many points anticipated our most modern
+discoveries, affirmed clearly and repeatedly the charm of parity. After
+remarking that painters tend to delineate the figures that resemble
+themselves he adds that men also fall in love with and marry those who
+resemble themselves; &quot;<i>chi s'innamora voluntieri s'innamorano de cose a
+loro simiglianti</i>,&quot; he elsewhere puts it.<a name='4_FNanchor_171'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_171'><sup>[171]</sup></a> But from that day to this,
+it would seem Leonardo's statements have remained unknown or unnoticed.
+Bernardin de Saint-Pierre said that &quot;love is the result of contrasts,&quot; and
+Schopenhauer affirmed the same point very decisively; various scientific
+and unscientific writers have repeated this statement.<a name='4_FNanchor_172'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_172'><sup>[172]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>So far as stature is concerned, there appears to be very little reason to
+suppose that this &quot;charm of disparity&quot; plays any notable part in
+constituting the sexual ideals of either men or women. Indeed, it may
+probably be affirmed that both men and women seek tallness in the person
+to whom they are sexually attracted. Darwin quotes the opinion of Mayhew
+that <a name='4_Page_196'></a>among dogs the females are strongly attracted to males of large
+size.<a name='4_FNanchor_173'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_173'><sup>[173]</sup></a> I believe this is true, and it is probably merely a particular
+instance of a general psychological tendency.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is noteworthy as an indication of the direction of the sexual
+    ideal in this matter that the heroines of male novelists are
+    rarely short and the heroes of female novelists almost invariably
+    tall. A reviewer of novels addressing to lady novelists in the
+    <i>Speaker</i> (July 26, 1890) &quot;A Plea for Shorter Heroes,&quot; publishes
+    statistics on this point. &quot;Heroes,&quot; he states, &quot;are longer this
+    year than ever. Of the 192 of whom I have had my word to say
+    since October of last year, 27 were merely tall, and 11 were only
+    slightly above the middle height. No less than 85 stood exactly
+    six feet in their stocking soles, and the remainder were
+    considerably over the two yards. I take the average to be six
+    feet three.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    As a slight test alike of the supposed &quot;charm of disparity&quot; as
+    well as of the general degree in which tall and short persons are
+    sought as mates by those of the opposite sex I have examined a
+    series of entries in the <i>Round-About</i>, a publication issued by a
+    club, of which the president is Mr. W. T. Stead, having for its
+    object the purpose of promoting correspondence, friendship, and
+    marriage between its members. There are two classes, of entries,
+    one inserted with a view to &quot;intellectual friendship,&quot; the other
+    with a view to marriage. I have not thought it necessary to
+    recognize this distinction here; if a man describes his own
+    physical characteristics and those of the lady he would like as a
+    friend, I assume that, from the point of view of the present
+    inquiry, he is much on the same footing as the man who seeks a
+    wife. In the series of entries which I have examined 35 men and
+    women state approximately the height of the man or woman they
+    seek to know; 30 state in addition their own height. The results
+    are expressed in the table on the following page.</p>
+
+<p>    Although the cases are few, the results are, in two main
+    respects, sufficiently clear without multiplication of data. In
+    the first place, those who seek parity, whether men or women, are
+    in a majority over those who seek disparity. In the second place,
+    the existence of any disparity at all is due only to the
+    universal desire to find a tall person. Not one man or woman sets
+    down shortness as his or her ideal. The very fact that no man in
+    these initial announcements ventures to set himself down as short
+    (although a considerable proportion describe themselves as tall)
+    indicates a consciousness that shortness is undesirable, as also
+    does the fact that the women very frequently describe themselves
+    as tall.</p></div><a name='4_Page_197'></a>
+
+<p>The same charm of disparity which has been supposed to rule in selective
+attraction as regards stature has also been assumed as regards
+pigmentation. The fair, it is said, are attracted to the dark, the dark to
+the fair. Again, it must be said that this common assumption is not
+confirmed either by introspection or by any attempt to put the matter on a
+statistical basis.<a name='4_FNanchor_174'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_174'><sup>[174]</sup></a></p>
+
+<pre>                    WOMEN.                        MEN.          TOTALS.
+
+        Tall women seek tall men.. 8  Tall men seek tall women.. 6  14
+        Short women seek short men 0  Short men seek short women 0   0
+        Medium-sized women seek       Medium-sized men seek
+          medium-sized men ....... 0    medium-sized women ....  3   3
+
+            Seek parity........... 8      Seek parity........... 9  17
+
+        Tall women seek short men. 0  Tall men seek short women. 0   0
+        Short women seek tall men. 4  Short men seek tall women. 0   4
+        Medium-sized woman seeks      Medium-sized men seek tall
+          tall man................ 1    women .................. 8   9
+
+            Seek disparity........ 5      Seek disparity........ 8  13
+
+                                      Men of unknown height seek
+                                        tall women.............. 5   5</pre>
+
+<p>Most people who will carefully introspect their own feelings and ideals in
+this matter will find that they are not attracted to persons of the
+opposite sex who are strikingly unlike themselves in pigmentary
+characters. Even when the abstract ideal <a name='4_Page_198'></a>of a sexually desirable person
+is endowed with certain pigmentary characters, such as blue eyes or
+darkness,&mdash;either of which is liable to make a vaguely romantic appeal to
+the imagination,&mdash;it is usually found, on testing the feeling for
+particular persons, that the variation from the personal type of the
+subject is usually only agreeable within narrow limits, and that there is
+a very common tendency for persons of totally opposed pigmentary types,
+even though they may sometimes be considered to possess a certain &aelig;sthetic
+beauty, to be regarded as sexually unattractive or even repulsive. With
+this feeling may perhaps be associated the feeling, certainly very widely
+felt, that one would not like to marry a person of foreign, even though
+closely allied, race.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>From the same number of the <i>Round-About</i> from which I have
+    extracted the data on stature, I have obtained corresponding data
+    on pigmentation, and have embodied them in the following table.
+    They are likewise very scanty, but they probably furnish as good
+    a general indication of the drift of ideals in this matter as we
+    should obtain from more extensive data of the same character.</p></div>
+
+<pre>                             WOMEN.                       MEN.        TOTALS.
+
+                 Fair women seek fair men. 2  Fair men seek fair women 2   4
+                 Dark woman seeks dark man 1  Dark men seek dark women 7   8
+
+                     Seek parity.......... 3      Seek parity......... 9  12
+
+                 Fair women seek dark men. 4  Fair men seek dark women 3   7
+                 Dark woman seeks fair man 1  Dark men seek fair women 4   5
+                                              Medium-colored man seeks
+                     Seek disparity....... 5    dark woman ........... 1   1
+                                              Medium-colored man seeks
+                                                fair woman ........... 1   1
+
+                                                  Seek disparity...... 9  14
+
+                                              Men of unknown color seek
+                                                dark women ........... 3   3</pre>
+
+<a name='4_Page_199'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It will be seen that in the case of pigmentation there is not as
+    in the case of stature a decided charm of parity in the formation
+    of sexual ideals. The phenomenon, however, remains essentially
+    analogous. Just as in regard to stature there is without
+    exception an abstract admiration for tall persons, so here,
+    though to a less marked extent, there is a general admiration for
+    dark persons. As many as 6 out of 8 women and 14 out of 21 men
+    seek a dark partner. This tendency ranges itself with the
+    considerations already brought forward (p. 182), leading us to
+    believe that, in England at all events, the admiration of
+    fairness is not efficacious to promote any sexual selection, and
+    that if there is actually any such selection it must be put down
+    to other causes. No doubt, even in England the abstract &aelig;sthetic
+    admiration of fairness is justifiable and may influence the
+    artist. Probably also it influences the poet, who is affected by
+    a long-established convention in favor of fairness, and perhaps
+    also by a general tendency on the part of our poets to be
+    themselves fair and to yield to the charm of parity,&mdash;the
+    tendency to prefer the women of one's own stock,&mdash;which we have
+    already found to be a real force.<a name='4_FNanchor_175'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_175'><sup>[175]</sup></a> But, as a matter of fact,
+    our famous English beauties are not very fair; probably our
+    handsomest men are not very fair, and the abstract sexual ideals
+    of both our men and our women thus go out toward the dark.</p></div>
+
+<p>The formation of a sexual ideal, while it furnishes a predisposition to be
+attracted in a certain direction, and undoubtedly has a certain weight in
+sexual choice, is not by any means the whole of sexual selection. It is
+not even the whole of the psychic element in sexual selection. Let us
+take, for instance, the question of stature. There would seem to be a
+general tendency for both men and women, apart from and before experience,
+to desire sexually large persons of the opposite sex. It may even be that
+this is part of a wider zo&ouml;logical tendency. In the human species it shows
+itself also on the spiritual plane, in the desire for the infinite, in the
+deep and unreasoning feeling that it is impossible to have too much of a
+good thing. But it not <a name='4_Page_200'></a>infrequently happens that a man in whose youthful
+dreams of love the heroine has always been large, has not been able to
+calculate what are the special nervous and other characteristics most
+likely to be met in large women, nor how far these correlated
+characteristics would suit his own instinctive demands. He may, and
+sometimes does, find that in these other demands, which prove to be more
+important and insistent than the desire for stature, the tall women he
+meets are less likely to suit him than the medium or short women.<a name='4_FNanchor_176'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_176'><sup>[176]</sup></a> It
+may thus happen that a man whose ideal of woman has always been as tall
+may yet throughout life never be in intimate relationship with a tall
+woman because he finds that practically he has more marked affinities in
+the case of shorter women. His abstract ideals are modified or negatived
+by more imperative sympathies or antipathies.</p>
+
+<p>In one field such sympathies have long been recognized, especially by
+alienists, as leading to sexual unions of parity, notwithstanding the
+belief in the generally superior attraction of disparity. It has often
+been pointed out that the neuropathic, the insane and criminal,
+&quot;degenerates&quot; of all kinds, show a notable tendency to marry each other.
+This tendency has not, however, been investigated with any precision.<a name='4_FNanchor_177'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_177'><sup>[177]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The first attempt on a statistical basis to ascertain what degree of
+parity or disparity is actually attained by sexual selection was made by
+Alphonse de Candolle.<a name='4_FNanchor_178'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_178'><sup>[178]</sup></a> Obtaining his facts from Switzerland, North
+Germany, and Belgium, he came to the conclusion that marriages are most
+commonly contracted between persons with different eye-colors, except in
+the case of brown-eyed women, who (as Schopenhauer stated, and as is <a name='4_Page_201'></a>seen
+in the English data of the sexual ideal I have brought forward) are found
+more attractive than others.</p>
+
+<p>The first series of serious observations tending to confirm the result
+reached by the genius of Leonardo da Vinci and to show that sexual
+selection results in the pairing of like rather than of unlike persons was
+made by Hermann Fol, the embryologist.<a name='4_FNanchor_179'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_179'><sup>[179]</sup></a> He set out with the popular
+notion that married people end by resembling each other, but when at Nice,
+which is visited by many young married couples on their honeymoons, he was
+struck by the resemblances already existing immediately after marriage. In
+order to test the matter he obtained the photographs of 251 young and old
+married couples not personally known to him. The results were as follows:</p>
+
+<pre>
+                            RESEMBLANCES      NONRESEMBLANCES
+            COUPLES.        (PERCENTAGE).      (PERCENTAGE).   TOTAL.
+
+        Young.............. 132, about 66,66   66, about 33.33   198
+        Old ...............  38, about 71.70   15, about 28.30    53</pre>
+
+<p>He concluded that in the immense majority of marriages of inclination the
+contracting parties are attracted by similarities, and not by
+dissimilarities, and that, consequently, the resemblances between aged
+married couples are not acquired during conjugal life. Although Fol's
+results were not obtained by good methods, and do not cover definite
+points like stature and eye-color, they represented the conclusions of a
+highly skilled and acute observer and have since been amply confirmed.</p>
+
+<p>Galton could not find that the average results from a fairly large number
+of cases indicated that stature, eye-color, or other personal
+characteristics notably influenced sexual selection, as evidenced by a
+comparison of married couples.<a name='4_FNanchor_180'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_180'><sup>[180]</sup></a> Karl<a name='4_Page_202'></a> Pearson, however, in part making
+use of a large body of data obtained by Galton, referring to stature and
+eye-color, has reached the conclusion that sexual selection ultimately
+results in a marked degree of parity so far as these characters are
+concerned.<a name='4_FNanchor_181'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_181'><sup>[181]</sup></a> As regards stature, he is unable to find evidence of what
+he terms &quot;preferential mating&quot;; that is to say, it does not appear that
+any preconceived ideals concerning the desirability of tallness in sexual
+mates leads to any perceptibly greater tallness of the chosen mate;
+husbands are not taller than men in general, nor wives than women in
+general. In regard to eye-color, however, there appeared to be evidence of
+preferential mating. Husbands are very decidedly fairer than men in
+general, and though there is no such marked difference in women, wives are
+also somewhat fairer than women in general. As regards &quot;assortative
+mating&quot; as it is termed by Pearson,&mdash;the tendency to parity or to
+disparity between husbands and wives,&mdash;the result were in both cases
+decisive. Tall men marry women who are somewhat above the average in
+height; short men marry women who are somewhat below the average, so that
+husband and wife resemble each other in stature as closely as uncle and
+niece. As regards eye-color there is also a tendency for like to marry
+like; the light-eyed men tend to marry light-eyed women more often than
+dark-eyed women; the dark-eyed men tend to marry dark-eyed women more
+often than light-eyed. There remains, however, a very considerable
+difference in the eye-color of husband and wife; in the 774 couples dealt
+with by Pearson there are 333 dark-eyed women to only 251 dark-eyed men,
+and 523 light-eyed men to only 441 light-eyed women. The women in the
+English population are darker-eyed than the men;<a name='4_FNanchor_182'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_182'><sup>[182]</sup></a> but the difference
+is scarcely so <a name='4_Page_203'></a>great as this; so that even if wives are not so dark-eyed
+as women generally it would appear that the ideal admiration for the
+dark-eyed may still to some extent make itself felt in actual mating.</p>
+
+<p>While we have to recognize that the modification and even total inhibition
+of sexual ideals in the process of actual mating is largely due to psychic
+causes, such causes do not appear to cover the whole of the phenomena.
+Undoubtedly they count for much, and the man or the woman who, from
+whatever causes, has constituted a sexual ideal with certain characters
+may in the actual contacts of life find that individuals with other and
+even opposed characters most adequately respond to his or her psychic
+demands. There are, however, other causes in play here which at first
+sight may seem to be not of a purely psychic character. One unquestionable
+cause of this kind comes into action in regard to pigmentary selection.
+Fair people, possibly as a matter of race more than from absence of
+pigment, are more energetic than dark people. They possess a sanguine
+vigor and impetuosity which, in most, though not in all, fields and
+especially in the competition of practical life, tend to give them some
+superiority over their darker brethren. The greater fairness of husbands
+in comparison with men in general, as found by Karl Pearson, is thus
+accounted for; fair men are most likely to obtain wives. Husbands are
+fairer than men in general for the same reason that, as I have shown
+elsewhere,<a name='4_FNanchor_183'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_183'><sup>[183]</sup></a> created peers are fairer than either hereditary peers or
+even most groups of intellectual persons; they have possessed in higher
+measure the qualities that insure success. It may be added that with the
+recognition of this fact we have not really left the field of sexual
+psychology, for, as has already been pointed out, that energy which thus
+insures success in practical life is itself a sexual allurement to women.
+Energy in a woman in courtship is less congenial to her sexual attitude
+than to a man's, and is not attractive to men; thus it is not surprising,
+even apart from the probably greater beauty of dark women, <a name='4_Page_204'></a>that the
+preponderance of fairness among wives as compared to women generally,
+indicated by Karl Pearson's data, is very slight. It may possibly be
+accounted for altogether by homogamy&mdash;the tendency of like to marry
+like&mdash;in the fair husbands.</p>
+
+<p>The energy and vitality of fair people is not, however, it is probable,
+merely an indirect cause of the greater tendency of fair men to become
+husbands; that is to say, it is not merely the result of the generally
+somewhat greater ability of the fair to attain success in temporal
+affairs. In addition to this, fair men, if not fair women, would appear to
+show a tendency to a greater activity in their specifically sexual
+proclivities. This is a point which we shall encounter in a later <i>Study</i>
+and it is therefore unnecessary to discuss it here.</p>
+
+<p>In dealing with the question of sexual selection in man various writers
+have been puzzled by the problem presented by that abhorrence of incest
+which is usually, though not always so clearly marked among the different
+races of mankind.<a name='4_FNanchor_184'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_184'><sup>[184]</sup></a> It was once commonly stated, as by Morgan and by
+Maine, that this abhorrence was the result of experience; the marriages of
+closely related persons were found to be injurious to offspring and were
+therefore avoided. This theory, however, is baseless because the marriages
+of closely related persons are not injurious to the offspring.
+Consanguineous marriages, so closely as they can be investigated on a
+large scale,&mdash;that is to say, marriages between cousins,&mdash;as Huth was the
+first to show, develop no tendency to the production of offspring of
+impaired quality provided the parents are sound; they are only injurious
+in this respect in so far as they may lead to the union of couples who are
+both defective in the same direction. According to another theory, that of
+Westermarck, who has very fully and ably discussed the whole
+question,<a name='4_FNanchor_185'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_185'><sup>[185]</sup></a> &quot;there is an innate aversion to sexual intercourse between
+persons living very closely together from early youth, and, as such
+persons are in most cases related, this <a name='4_Page_205'></a>feeling displays itself chiefly
+as a horror of intercourse between near kin.&quot; Westermarck points out very
+truly that the prohibition of incest could not be founded on experience
+even if (as he is himself inclined to believe) consanguineous marriages
+are injurious to the offspring; incest is prevented &quot;neither by laws, nor
+by customs, nor by education, but by an <i>instinct</i> which under normal
+circumstances makes sexual love between the nearest kin a psychic
+impossibility.&quot; There is, however, a very radical objection to this
+theory. It assumes the existence of a kind of instinct which can with
+difficulty be accepted. An instinct is fundamentally a more or less
+complicated series of reflexes set in action by a definite stimulus. An
+innate tendency at once so specific and so merely negative, involving at
+the same time deliberate intellectual processes, can only with a certain
+force be introduced into the accepted class of instincts. It is as awkward
+and artificial an instinct as would be, let us say, an instinct to avoid
+eating the apples that grew in one's own yard.<a name='4_FNanchor_186'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_186'><sup>[186]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The explanation of the abhorrence to incest is really, however,
+exceedingly simple. Any reader who has followed the discussion of sexual
+selection in the present volume and is also familiar with the &quot;Analysis of
+the Sexual Impulse&quot; set forth in the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>
+will quickly perceive that the normal failure of the pairing instinct to
+manifest itself in the case of brothers and sisters, or of boys and girls
+brought up together from infancy, is a merely negative phenomenon due to
+the inevitable absence under those circumstances of the conditions which
+evoke the pairing impulse. Courtship is the process by which powerful
+sensory stimuli proceeding from a person of the opposite sex gradually
+produce the physiological state of tumescence, with its psychic
+concomitant of love and desire, more or less necessary for mating to be
+effected. But between those who have been brought up together from
+childhood all the sensory stimuli of vision, hearing, and touch have been
+dulled by <a name='4_Page_206'></a>use, trained to the calm level of affection, and deprived of
+their potency to arouse the erethistic excitement which produces sexual
+tumescence.<a name='4_FNanchor_187'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_187'><sup>[187]</sup></a> Brothers and sisters in relation to each other have at
+puberty already reached that state to which old married couples by the
+exhaustion of youthful passion and the slow usage of daily life gradually
+approximate. Passion between brother and sister is, indeed, by no means so
+rare as is sometimes supposed, and it may be very strong, but it is
+usually aroused by the aid of those conditions which are normally required
+for the appearance of passion, more especially by the unfamiliarity caused
+by a long separation. In reality, therefore, the usual absence of sexual
+attraction between brothers and sisters requires no special explanation;
+it is merely due to the normal absence under these circumstances of the
+conditions that tend to produce sexual tumescence and the play of those
+sensory allurements which lead to sexual selection.<a name='4_FNanchor_188'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_188'><sup>[188]</sup></a> It is a purely
+negative phenomenon and it is quite unnecessary, even if it were
+legitimate, to invoke any instinct for its explanation. It is probable
+that the same tendency also operates among animals to some extent, tending
+to produce a stronger sexual attraction toward those of their species to
+whom they have not become habituated.<a name='4_FNanchor_189'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_189'><sup>[189]</sup></a> In animals, and in man also
+when living under primitive conditions, <a name='4_Page_207'></a>sexual attraction is not a
+constant phenomenon<a name='4_FNanchor_190'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_190'><sup>[190]</sup></a>; it is an occasional manifestation only called
+out by the powerful stimulation. It is not its absence which we need to
+explain; it is its presence which needs explanation, and such an
+explanation we find in the analysis of the phenomena of courtship.</p>
+
+<p>The abhorrence of incest is an interesting and significant phenomenon from
+our present point of view, because it instructively points out to us the
+limits to that charm of parity which apparently makes itself felt to some
+considerable extent in the constitution of the sexual ideal and still more
+in the actual homogamy which seems to predominate over heterogamy. This
+homogamy is, it will be observed, a <i>racial</i> homogamy; it relates to
+anthropological characters which mark stocks. Even in this racial field,
+it is unnecessary to remark, the homogamy attained is not, and could not
+be, absolute; nor would it appear that such absolute racial homogamy is
+even desired. A tall man who seeks a tall woman can seldom wish her to be
+as tall as himself; a dark man who seeks a dark woman, certainly will not
+be displeased at the inevitably greater or less degree of pigment which he
+finds in her eyes as compared to his own.</p>
+
+<p>But when we go outside the racial field this tendency to homogamy
+disappears at once. A man marries a woman who, with slight, but agreeable,
+variations, belongs to a like stock to himself. The abhorrence of incest
+indicates that even the sexual attraction to people of the same stock has
+its limits, for it is not strong enough to overcome the sexual
+indifference between persons of near kin. The desire for novelty shown in
+this sexual indifference to near kin and to those who have been housemates
+from childhood, together with the notable sexual attractiveness often
+possessed by a strange youth or maiden who arrives in a small town or
+village, indicates that slight differences in stock, if not, indeed, a
+positive advantage from this point of view, are certainly not a
+disadvantage. When we leave the consideration of racial differences to
+consider sexual differences, not only do we no longer find any charm of
+parity, but we find that there <a name='4_Page_208'></a>is an actual charm of disparity. At this
+point it is necessary to remember all that has been brought forward in
+earlier pages<a name='4_FNanchor_191'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_191'><sup>[191]</sup></a> concerning the emphasis of the secondary sexual
+characters in the ideal of beauty. All those qualities which the woman
+desires to see emphasized in the man are the precise opposite of the
+qualities which the man desires to see emphasized in the woman. The man
+must be strong, vigorous, energetic, hairy, even rough, to stir the
+primitive instincts of the woman's nature; the woman who satisfies this
+man must be smooth, rounded, and gentle. It would be hopeless to seek for
+any homogamy between the manly man and the virile woman, between the
+feminine woman and the effeminate man. It is not impossible that this
+tendency to seek disparity in sexual characters may exert some disturbing
+influences on the tendency to seek parity in anthropological racial
+characters, for the sexual difference to some extent makes itself felt in
+racial characters. A somewhat greater darkness of women is a secondary
+(or, more precisely, tertiary) sexual character, and on this account
+alone, it is possible, somewhat attractive to men<a name='4_FNanchor_192'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_192'><sup>[192]</sup></a>. A difference in
+size and stature is a very marked secondary sexual character. In the
+considerable body of data concerning the stature of married couples
+reproduced by Pearson from Galton's tables, although the tall on the
+average tend to marry the tall, and the short the short, it is yet
+noteworthy that, while the men of 5 ft. 4 ins. have more wives at 5 ft. 2
+ins. than at any other height, men of 6 ft. show, in an exactly similar
+manner, more wives at 5 ft. 2 ins. than at any other height, although for
+many intermediate heights the most numerous groups of wives are
+taller<a name='4_FNanchor_193'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_193'><sup>[193]</sup></a>.</p>
+
+<p>In matters of carriage, habit, and especially clothing the love of sexual
+disparity is instinctive, everywhere well marked, and often carried to
+very great lengths. To some extent such <a name='4_Page_209'></a>differences are due to the
+opposing demands of more fundamental differences in custom and occupation.
+But this cause by no means adequately accounts for them, since it may
+sometimes happen that what in one land is the practice of the men is in
+another the practice of the women, and yet the practices of the two sexes
+are still opposed<a name='4_FNanchor_194'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_194'><sup>[194]</sup></a>. Men instinctively desire to avoid doing things in
+women's ways, and women instinctively avoid doing things in men's ways,
+yet both sexes admire in the other sex those things which in themselves
+they avoid. In the matter of clothing this charm of disparity reaches its
+highest point, and it has constantly happened that men have even called in
+the aid of religion to enforce a distinction which seemed to them so
+urgent<a name='4_FNanchor_195'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_195'><sup>[195]</sup></a>. One of the greatest of sex allurements would be lost and the
+extreme importance of clothes would disappear at once if the two sexes
+were to dress alike; such identity of dress has, however, never come about
+among any people.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_171'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_171'>[171]</a><div class='note'><p> L. da Vinci, <i>Frammenti</i>, selected by Solmi, pp. 177-180.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_172'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_172'>[172]</a><div class='note'><p> Westermarck, who accepts the &quot;charm of disparity,&quot; gives
+references, <i>History of Human Marriage</i>, p. 354.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_173'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_173'>[173]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Descent of Man</i>. Part II, Chapter XVIII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_174'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_174'>[174]</a><div class='note'><p> Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>,
+Teil II, pp. 260 <i>et seq.</i>) refers to the tendency to admixture of races
+and to the sexual attraction occasionally exerted by the negress and
+sometimes the negro on white persons as evidence in favor of such charm of
+disparity. In part, however, we are here concerned with vague statements
+concerning imperfectly known facts, in part with merely individual
+variations, and with that love of the exotic under the stimulation of
+civilized conditions to which reference has already been made (p. 184).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_175'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_175'>[175]</a><div class='note'><p> In this connection the exceptional case of Tennyson is of
+interest. He was born and bred in the very fairest part of England
+(Lincolnshire), but he himself and the stock from which he sprang were
+dark to a very remarkable degree. In his work, although it reveals traces
+of the conventional admiration for the fair, there is a marked and unusual
+admiration for distinctly dark women, the women resembling the stock to
+which he himself belonged. See Havelock Ellis, &quot;The Color Sense in
+Literature,&quot; <i>Contemporary Review</i>, May, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_176'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_176'>[176]</a><div class='note'><p> It is noteworthy that in the <i>Round-About</i>, already
+referred to, although no man expresses a desire to meet a short woman,
+when he refers to announcements by women as being such as would be likely
+to suit him, the persons thus pointed out are in a notable proportion
+short.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_177'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_177'>[177]</a><div class='note'><p> It has been discussed by F. J. Debret, <i>La Selection
+Naturelle dans l'esp&egrave;ce humaine</i> (Th&egrave;se de Paris), 1901. Debret regards it
+as due to natural selection.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_178'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_178'>[178]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;H&eacute;r&eacute;dit&eacute; de la Couleur des Yeux dans l'esp&egrave;ce humaine,&quot;
+<i>Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles</i>, s&eacute;r. iii, vol. xii, 1884,
+p. 109.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_179'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_179'>[179]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Revue Scientifique</i>, Jan., 1891.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_180'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_180'>[180]</a><div class='note'><p> F. Galton, <i>Natural Inheritance</i>, p. 85. It may be remarked
+that while Galton's tables on page 206 show a slight excess of disparity
+as regards sexual selection in stature, in regard to eye color they
+anticipate Karl Pearson's more extensive data and in marriages of
+disparity show a decided deficiency of observed over chance results. In
+<i>English Men of Science</i> (pp. 28-33), also, Galton found that among the
+parents parity decidedly prevailed over disparity (78 to 31) alike as
+regards temperament, hair color, and eye color.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_181'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_181'>[181]</a><div class='note'><p> Karl Pearson, <i>Phil. Trans. Royal Society</i>, vol. clxxxvii,
+p. 273, and vol. cxcv, p. 113; <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>, vol.
+lxvi, p. 28; <i>Grammar of Science</i>, second edition, 1900, pp. 425 <i>et
+seq.</i>; <i>Biometrika</i>, November, 1903. The last-named periodical also
+contains a study on &quot;Assortative Mating in Man,&quot; bringing forward evidence
+to show that, apart from environmental influence, &quot;length of life is a
+character which is subject to selection;&quot; that is to say, the long-lived
+tend to marry the long-lived, and the short-lived to marry the
+short-lived.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_182'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_182'>[182]</a><div class='note'><p> For a summary of the evidence on this point see Havelock
+Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, 1904, pp. 256-264.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_183'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_183'>[183]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark,&quot;
+<i>Monthly Review</i>, August, 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_184'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_184'>[184]</a><div class='note'><p> The fact that even in Europe the abhorrence to incest is
+not always strongly felt is brought out by Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie
+der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, pp. 263 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_185'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_185'>[185]</a><div class='note'><p> Westermarck, <i>History of Marriage</i>, Chapters XIV and XV.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_186'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_186'>[186]</a><div class='note'><p> Crawley (<i>The Mystic Rose</i>, p. 446) has pointed out that it
+is not legitimate to assume the possibility of an &quot;instinct&quot; of this
+character; instinct has &quot;nothing in its character but a response of
+function to environment.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_187'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_187'>[187]</a><div class='note'><p> Fromentin, in his largely autobiographic novel <i>Dominique</i>,
+makes Olivier say: &quot;Julie is my cousin, which is perhaps a reason why she
+should please me less than anyone else. I have always known her. We have,
+as it were, slept in the same cradle. There may be people who would be
+attracted by this almost fraternal relationship. To me the very idea of
+marrying someone whom I knew as a baby is as absurd as that of coupling
+two dolls.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_188'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_188'>[188]</a><div class='note'><p> It may well be, as Crawley argues (<i>The Mystic Rose</i>,
+Chapter XVII), that sexual taboo plays some part among primitive people in
+preventing incestuous union, as, undoubtedly, training and moral ideas do
+among civilized peoples.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_189'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_189'>[189]</a><div class='note'><p> The remarks of the Marquis de Brisay, an authority on
+doves, as communicated to Giard (<i>L'Interm&eacute;diare des Biologistes</i>,
+November 20, 1897), are of much interest on this point, since they
+correspond to what we find in the human species: &quot;Two birds from the same
+nest rarely couple. Birds coming from the same nest behave as though they
+regarded coupling as prohibited, or, rather, they know each other too
+well, and seem to be ignorant of their difference in sex, remaining
+unaffected in their relations by the changes which make them adults.&quot;
+Westermarck (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 334) has some remarks on a somewhat similar
+tendency sometimes observed in dogs and horses.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_190'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_190'>[190]</a><div class='note'><p> See Appendix to vol. lii of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;The Sexual
+Impulse among Savages.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_191'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_191'>[191]</a><div class='note'><p> See, especially, <i>ante</i>, pp. 163 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_192'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_192'>[192]</a><div class='note'><p> Kistemaecker, as quoted by Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge, etc.</i>, ii. p.
+340), alludes in this connection to the dark clothes of men and to the
+tendency of women to wear lighter garments, to emphasize the white
+underlinen, to cultivate pallor of the face, to use powder. &quot;I am white
+and you are brown; ergo, you must love me&quot;; this affirmation, he states,
+may be found in the depths of every woman's heart.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_193'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_193'>[193]</a><div class='note'><p> K. Pearson, <i>Grammar of Science</i>, second edition, p. 430.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_194'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_194'>[194]</a><div class='note'><p> In <i>Man and Woman</i> (fourth edition, p. 65) I have referred
+to a curious example of this tendency to opposition, which is of almost
+worldwide extent. Among some people it is, or has been, the custom for the
+women to stand during urination, and in these countries it is usually the
+custom for the man to squat; in most countries the practices of the sexes
+in this matter are opposed.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_195'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_195'>[195]</a><div class='note'><p> It is sufficient to quote one example. At the end of the
+sixteenth century it was a serious objection to the fashionable wife of an
+English Brownist pastor in Amsterdam that she had &quot;bodies [a bodice or
+corset] tied to the petticoat with points [laces] as men do their doublets
+and their hose, contrary to I Thess., v, 22, conferred with Deut. xxii, 5;
+and I John ii, 16.&quot;</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_V_V'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_210'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The consideration of vision has led us into a region in which, more
+definitely and precisely than is the case with any other sense, we can
+observe and even hope to measure the operation of sexual selection in man.
+In the conception of feminine beauty we possess an instrument of universal
+extension by which it seems possible to measure the nature and extent of
+such selection as exercised by men on women. This conception, with which
+we set out, is, however, by no means so precise, so easily available for
+the attainment of sound conclusions, as at first it may seem to be.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that beauty is not, as some have supposed, a mere matter of
+caprice. It rests in part on (1) an objective basis of &aelig;sthetic character
+which holds all its variations together and leads to a remarkable
+approximation among the ideals of feminine beauty cherished by the most
+intelligent men of all races. But beyond this general objective basis we
+find that (2) the specific characters of the race or nation tend to cause
+divergence in the ideals of beauty, since beauty is often held to consist
+in the extreme development of these racial or national anthropological
+features; and it would, indeed, appear that the full development of racial
+characters indicates at the same time the full development of health and
+vigor. We have further to consider that (3) in most countries an important
+and usually essential element of beauty lies in the emphasis of the
+secondary and tertiary sexual characters: the special characters of the
+hair in woman, her breasts, her hips, and innumerable other qualities of
+minor saliency, but all apt to be of significance from the point of view
+of sexual selection. In addition we have (4) the factor of individual
+taste, constituted by the special organization and the peculiar
+experiences of the individual and inevitably affecting his ideal of
+beauty. Often this individual factor is merged into <a name='4_Page_211'></a>collective shapes,
+and in this way are constituted passing fashions in the matter of beauty,
+certain influences which normally affect only the individual having become
+potent enough to affect many individuals. Finally, in states of high
+civilization and in individuals of that restless and nervous temperament
+which is common in civilization, we have (5) a tendency to the appearance
+of an exotic element in the ideal of beauty, and in place of admiring that
+kind of beauty which most closely approximates to the type of their own
+race men begin to be agreeably affected by types which more or less
+deviate from that with which they are most familiar.</p>
+
+<p>While we have these various and to some extent conflicting elements in a
+man's ideal of feminine beauty, the question is still further complicated
+by the fact that sexual selection in the human species is not merely the
+choice of the woman by the man, but also the choice of the man by the
+woman. And when we come to consider this we find that the standard is
+altogether different, that many of the elements of beauty as it exists in
+woman for man have here fallen away altogether, while a new and
+preponderant element has to be recognized in the shape of a regard for
+strength and vigor. This, as I have pointed out, is not a purely visual
+character, but a tactile pressure character translated into visual terms.</p>
+
+<p>When we have stated the sexual ideal we have not yet, however, by any
+means stated the complete problem of human sexual selection. The ideal
+that is desired and sought is, in a large measure, not the outcome of
+experience; it is not even necessarily the expression of the individual's
+temperament and idiosyncrasy. It may be largely the result of fortuitous
+circumstances, of slight chance attractions in childhood, of accepted
+traditions consecrated by romance. In the actual contacts of life the
+individual may find that his sexual impulse is stirred by sensory stimuli
+which are other than those of the ideal he had cherished and may even be
+the reverse of them.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this, also, we have reason for believing that factors of a still
+more fundamentally biological character, to some extent deeper even than
+all these psychic elements, enter into the problem <a name='4_Page_212'></a>of sexual selection.
+Certain individuals, apart altogether from the question of whether they
+are either ideally or practically the most fit mates, display a greater
+energy and achieve a greater success than others in securing partners.
+These individuals possess a greater constitutional vigor, physical or
+mental, which conduces to their success in practical affairs generally,
+and probably also heightens their specifically philogamic activities.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the problem of human sexual selection is in the highest degree
+complicated. When we gather together such scanty data of precise nature as
+are at present available, we realize that, while generally according with
+the results which the evidence not of a quantitative nature would lead us
+to accept, their precise significance is not at present altogether clear.
+It would appear on the whole that in choosing a mate we tend to seek
+parity of racial and individual characters together with disparity of
+secondary sexual characters. But we need a much larger number of groups of
+evidence of varying character and obtained under varying conditions. Such
+evidence will doubtless accumulate now that its nature is becoming defined
+and the need for it recognized. In the meanwhile we are, at all events, in
+a position to assert, even with the evidence before us, that now that the
+real meaning of sexual selection is becoming clear its efficacy in human
+evolution can no longer be questioned.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_APPENDICES'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_213'></a>APPENDICES</h2>
+
+<br /><a name='4_Page_214'></a>
+
+<a name='4_APPENDIX_A'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_215'></a>APPENDIX A.</h3>
+
+<h4>THE ORIGINS OF THE KISS.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>Manifestations resembling the kiss, whether with the object of expressing
+affection or sexual emotion, are found among various animals much lower
+than man. The caressing of the antenn&aelig; practiced by snails and various
+insects during sexual intercourse is of the nature of a kiss. Birds use
+their bills for a kind of caress. Thus, referring to guillemots and their
+practice of nibbling each other's feet, and the interest the mate always
+takes in this proceeding, which probably relieves irritation caused by
+insects, Edmund Selous remarks: &quot;When they nibble and preen each other
+they may, I think, be rightly said to cosset and caress, the expression
+and pose of the bird receiving the benefit being often beatific.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_196'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_196'><sup>[196]</sup></a>
+Among mammals, such as the dog, we have what closely resembles a kiss, and
+the dog who smells, licks, and gently bites his master or a bitch,
+combines most of the sensory activities involved in the various forms of
+the human kiss.</p>
+
+<p>As practiced by man, the kiss involves mainly either the sense of touch or
+that of smell. Occasionally it involves to some extent both sensory
+elements.<a name='4_FNanchor_197'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_197'><sup>[197]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The tactile kiss is certainly very ancient and primitive. It is common
+among mammals generally. The human infant exhibits, in a very marked
+degree, the impulse to carry everything to the mouth and to lick or
+attempt to taste it, possibly, as Compayre suggests,<a name='4_FNanchor_198'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_198'><sup>[198]</sup></a> from a memory of
+the action of the lips protruded <a name='4_Page_216'></a>to seize the maternal nipple. The
+affectionate child, as Mantegazza remarks,<a name='4_FNanchor_199'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_199'><sup>[199]</sup></a> not only applies inanimate
+objects to its lips or tongue, but of its own impulse licks the people it
+likes. Stanley Hall, in the light of a large amount of information he
+obtained on this point, found that &quot;some children insist on licking the
+cheeks, necks, and hands of those they wish to caress,&quot; or like having
+animals lick them.<a name='4_FNanchor_200'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_200'><sup>[200]</sup></a> This impulse in children may be associated with
+the maternal impulse in animals to lick the young. &quot;The method of licking
+the young practiced by the mother,&quot; remarks S. S. Buckman, &quot;would cause
+licking to be associated with happy feelings. And, further, there is the
+allaying of parasitical irritation which is afforded by the rubbing and
+hence results in pleasure. It may even be suggested that the desire of the
+mother to lick her young was prompted in the first place by a desire to
+bestow on her offspring a pleasure she felt herself.&quot; The licking impulse
+in the child may thus, it is possible, be regarded as the evanescent
+manifestation of a more fundamental animal impulse,<a name='4_FNanchor_201'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_201'><sup>[201]</sup></a> a manifestation
+which is liable to appear in adult life under the stress of strong sexual
+emotion. Such an association is of interest if, as there is some reason to
+believe, the kiss of sexual love originated as a development of the more
+primitive kiss bestowed by the mother on her child, for it is sometimes
+found that the maternal kiss is practiced where the sexual kiss is
+unknown.</p>
+
+<p>The impulse to bite is also a part of the tactile element which lies at
+the origin of kissing. As Stanley Hall notes, children are fond of biting,
+though by no means always as a method of affection. There is, however, in
+biting a distinctly sexual origin to invoke, for among many animals the
+teeth (and among birds the bill) are used by the male to grasp the female
+more firmly during intercourse. This point has been discussed in the
+<a name='4_Page_217'></a>previous volume of these <i>Studies</i> in reference to &quot;Love and Pain,&quot; and
+it is unnecessary to enter into further details here. The heroine of
+Kleist's <i>Penthesilea</i> remarks: &quot;Kissing (K&uuml;sse) rhymes with biting
+(Bisse), and one who loves with the whole heart may easily confound the
+two.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The kiss, as known in Europe, has developed on a sensory basis that is
+mainly tactile, although an olfactory element may sometimes coexist. The
+kiss thus understood is not very widely spread and is not usually found
+among rude and uncultured peoples. We can trace it in Aryan and Semitic
+antiquity, but in no very pronounced form; Homer scarcely knew it, and the
+Greek poets seldom mention it. Today it may be said to be known all over
+Europe except in Lapland. Even in Europe it is probably a comparatively
+modern discovery; and in all the Celtic tongues, Rhys states, there is no
+word for &quot;kiss,&quot; the word employed being always borrowed from the Latin
+<i>pax</i>.<a name='4_FNanchor_202'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_202'><sup>[202]</sup></a> At a fairly early historic period, however, the Welsh Cymri,
+at all events, acquired a knowledge of the kiss, but it was regarded as a
+serious matter and very sparingly used, being by law only permitted on
+special occasions, as at a game called rope-playing or a carousal;
+otherwise a wife who kissed a man not her husband could be repudiated.
+Throughout eastern Asia it is unknown; thus, in Japanese literature kisses
+and embraces have no existence. &quot;Kisses, and embraces are simply unknown
+in Japan as tokens of affection,&quot; Lafcadio Hearn states, &quot;if we except the
+solitary fact that Japanese mothers, like mothers all over the world, lip
+and hug their little ones betimes. After babyhood there is no more hugging
+or kisses; such actions, except in the case of infants, are held to be
+immodest. Never do girls kiss one another; never do parents kiss or
+embrace their children who have become able to walk.&quot; This holds true, and
+has always held true, of all classes; hand-clasping is also foreign to
+them. On meeting after a long absence, Hearn remarks, they smile, perhaps
+cry a little, they may even stroke each other, but that is all. Japanese
+affection &quot;is chiefly shown in <a name='4_Page_218'></a>acts of exquisite courtesy and
+kindness.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_203'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_203'><sup>[203]</sup></a> Among nearly all of the black races of Africa lovers never
+kiss nor do mothers usually kiss their babies.<a name='4_FNanchor_204'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_204'><sup>[204]</sup></a> Among the American
+Indians the tactile kiss is, for the most part, unknown, though here and
+there, as among the Fuegians, lovers rub their cheeks together.<a name='4_FNanchor_205'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_205'><sup>[205]</sup></a>
+Kissing is unknown to the Malays. In North Queensland, however, Roth
+states, kissing takes place between mothers (not fathers) and infants,
+also between husbands and wives; but whether it is an introduced custom
+Roth is unable to say; he adds that the Pitta-pitta language possesses a
+word for kissing.<a name='4_FNanchor_206'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_206'><sup>[206]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It must be remarked, however, that in many parts of the world where the
+tactile kiss, as we understand it, is usually said to be unknown, it still
+exists as between a mother and her baby, and this seems to support the
+view advocated by Lombroso that the lovers' kiss is developed from the
+maternal kiss. Thus, the Angoni Zulus to the north of the Zambesi, Wiese
+states, kiss their small children on both cheeks<a name='4_FNanchor_207'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_207'><sup>[207]</sup></a> and among the
+Fuegians, according to Hyades, mothers kiss their small children.</p>
+
+<p>Even in Europe the kiss in early medi&aelig;val days was, it seems probable, not
+widely known as an expression of sexual love; it would appear to have been
+a refinement of love only practiced by the more cultivated classes. In the
+old ballad of Glasgerion the lady suspected that her secret visitor was
+only a churl, and not the knight he pretended to be, because when he came
+in his master's place to spend the night with her he kissed her neither
+coming nor going, but simply got her with child. It is only under a
+comparatively high stage of civilization that the kiss has been emphasized
+and developed in the art of love. Thus the Arabic author of the <i>Perfumed
+Garden</i>, a work revealing <a name='4_Page_219'></a>the existence of a high degree of social
+refinement, insists on the great importance of the kiss, especially if
+applied to the inner part of the mouth, and he quotes a proverb that &quot;A
+moist kiss is better than a hasty coitus.&quot; Such kisses, as well as on the
+face generally, and all over the body, are frequently referred to by
+Hindu, Latin, and more modern erotic writers as among the most efficacious
+methods of arousing love.<a name='4_FNanchor_208'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_208'><sup>[208]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A reason which may have stood in the way of the development of the kiss in
+a sexual direction has probably been the fact that in the near East the
+kiss was largely monopolized for sacred uses, so that its erotic
+potentialities were not easily perceived. Among the early Arabians the
+gods were worshiped by a kiss.<a name='4_FNanchor_209'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_209'><sup>[209]</sup></a> This was the usual way of greeting the
+house gods on entering or leaving.<a name='4_FNanchor_210'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_210'><sup>[210]</sup></a> In Rome the kiss was a sign of
+reverence and respect far more than a method of sexual excitation.<a name='4_FNanchor_211'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_211'><sup>[211]</sup></a>
+Among the early Christians it had an all but sacramental significance. It
+retains its ancient and serious meaning in many usages of the Western and
+still more the Eastern Churches; the relics of saints, the foot of the
+pope, the hands of bishops, are kissed, just as the ancient Greeks kissed
+the images of the gods. Among ourselves we still have a legally recognized
+example of the sacredness of the kiss in the form of taking an oath by
+kissing the Testament.<a name='4_FNanchor_212'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_212'><sup>[212]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>So far we have been concerned mainly with the tactile kiss, which is
+sometimes supposed to have arisen in remote times to the east of the
+Mediterranean&mdash;where the vassal kissed his suzerain and where the kiss of
+love was known, as we learn from the Songs of Songs, to the Hebrews&mdash;and
+has now conquered <a name='4_Page_220'></a>nearly the whole of Europe. But over a much larger part
+of the world and even in one corner of Europe (Lapland, as well as among
+the Russian Yakuts) a different kind of salutation rules, the olfactory
+kiss. This varies in form in different regions and sometimes simulates a
+tactile kiss, but, as it exists in a typical form in China, where it has
+been carefully studied by d'Enjoy, it may be said to be made up of three
+phases: (1) the nose is applied to the cheek of the beloved person; (2)
+there is a long nasal inspiration accompanied by lowering of the eyelids;
+(3) there is a slight smacking of the lips without the application of the
+mouth to the embraced cheek. The whole process, d'Enjoy considers, is
+founded on sexual desire and the desire for food, smell being the sense
+employed in both fields. In the form described by d'Enjoy, we have the
+Mongolian variety of the olfactory kiss. The Chinese regard the European
+kiss as odious, suggesting voracious cannibals, and yellow mothers in the
+French colonies still frighten children by threatening to give them the
+white man's kiss. Their own kiss the Chinese regard as exclusively
+voluptuous; it is only befitting as between lovers, and not only do
+fathers refrain from kissing their children except when very young, but
+even the mothers only give their children a rare and furtive kiss. Among
+some of the hill-tribes of south-east India the olfactory kiss is found,
+the nose being applied to the cheek during salutation with a strong
+inhalation; instead of saying &quot;Kiss me,&quot; they here say &quot;Smell me.&quot; The
+Tamils, I am told by a medical correspondent in Ceylon, do not kiss during
+coitus, but rub noses and also lick each other's mouth and tongue. The
+olfactory kiss is known in Africa; thus, on the Gambia in inland Africa
+when a man salutes a woman he takes her hand and places it to his nose,
+twice smelling the back of it. Among the Jekris of the Niger coast mothers
+rub their babies with their cheeks or mouths, but they do not kiss them,
+nor do lovers kiss, though they squeeze, cuddle, and embrace.<a name='4_FNanchor_213'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_213'><sup>[213]</sup></a> Among
+the Swahilis a smell kiss exists, and very young boys are taught to raise
+their clothes before women visitors, who thereupon playfully <a name='4_Page_221'></a>smell the
+penis; the child who does this is said to &quot;give tobacco.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_214'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_214'><sup>[214]</sup></a> Kissing of
+any kind appears to be unknown to the Indians throughout a large part of
+America: Im Thurn states that it is unknown to the Indians of Guiana, and
+at the other end of South America Hyades and Deniker state that it is
+unknown to the Fuegians. In Forth America the olfactory kiss is known to
+the Eskimo, and has been noted among some Indian tribes, as the Blackfeet.
+It is also known in Polynesia. At Samoa kissing was smelling.<a name='4_FNanchor_215'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_215'><sup>[215]</sup></a> In New
+Zealand, also, the <i>hongi</i>, or nose-pressing, was the kiss of welcome, of
+mourning, and of sympathy.<a name='4_FNanchor_216'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_216'><sup>[216]</sup></a> In the Malay archipelago, it is said, the
+same word is used for &quot;greeting&quot; and &quot;smelling.&quot; Among the Dyaks of the
+Malay archipelago, however, Vaughan Stevens states that any form of
+kissing is unknown.<a name='4_FNanchor_217'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_217'><sup>[217]</sup></a> In Borneo, Breitenstein tells us, kissing is a
+kind of smelling, the word for smelling being used, but he never himself
+saw a man kiss a woman; it is always done in private.<a name='4_FNanchor_218'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_218'><sup>[218]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The olfactory kiss is thus seen to have a much wider extension over the
+world than the European (or Mediterranean) tactile kiss. In its most
+complete development, however, it is mainly found among the people of
+Mongolian race, or those yellow peoples more or less related to them.</p>
+
+<p>The literature of the kiss is extensive. So far, however, as that
+literature is known to me, the following list includes everything that may
+be profitably studied: Darwin, <i>The Expression of the Emotions</i>; Ling
+Roth, &quot;Salutations,&quot; <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, November,
+1889; K. Andree, &quot;Nasengruss,&quot; <i>Ethnographische Parallelen</i>, second
+series, 1889, pp. 223-227; Alfred Kirchhoff, &quot;Vom Ursprung des K&uuml;sses,&quot;
+<i>Deutsche Revue</i>, May, 1895; Lombroso, &quot;L'Origine du Baiser,&quot; <i>Nouvelle
+Revue</i>, 1897, p. 153; Paul d'Enjoy, &quot;Le Baiser en Europe et en Chine,&quot;
+<i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>, Paris, 1897, fasc. 2.<a name='4_Page_222'></a> Professor
+Nyrop's book, <i>The Kiss and its History</i> (translated from the Danish by
+W. F. Harvey), deals rather with the history of the kiss in civilization
+and literature than with its biological origins and psychological
+significance.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_196'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_196'>[196]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Selous, <i>Bird Watching</i>, 1901, p. 191. This author adds:
+&quot;It seems probable indeed that the conferring a practical benefit of the
+kind indicated may be the origin of the caress throughout nature.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_197'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_197'>[197]</a><div class='note'><p> Tylor terms the kiss &quot;the salute by tasting,&quot; and d'Enjoy
+defines it as &quot;a bite and a suction&quot;; there seems, however, little
+evidence to show that the kiss contains any gustatory element in the
+strict sense.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_198'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_198'>[198]</a><div class='note'><p> Compayre, <i>L'Evolution intellectuelle et morale de
+l'enfant</i>, p. 9.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_199'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_199'>[199]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza, <i>Physiognomy and Expression</i>, p. 144.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_200'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_200'>[200]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Stanley Hall, &quot;The Early Sense of Self,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898, p. 361.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_201'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_201'>[201]</a><div class='note'><p> In some parts of the world the impulse persists into adult
+life. Sir S. Baker (<i>Ismailia</i>, p. 472) mentions licking the eyes as a
+sign of affection.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_202'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_202'>[202]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Book of Common Prayer in Manx Gaelic</i>, edited by A. W.
+Moore and J. Rhys, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_203'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_203'>[203]</a><div class='note'><p> L. Hearn, <i>Out of the East</i>, 1895, p. 103.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_204'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_204'>[204]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, A. B. Ellis, <i>Tshi-speaking Peoples</i>, p. 288.
+Among the Swahili the kiss is practiced, but exclusively between married
+people and with very young children. Velten believes they learned it from
+the Arabs.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_205'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_205'>[205]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyades and Deniker, <i>Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn</i>,
+vol. vii, p. 245.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_206'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_206'>[206]</a><div class='note'><p> W. Roth, <i>Ethnological Notes Among the Queensland
+Aborigines</i>, p. 184.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_207'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_207'>[207]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1900, ht. 5, p. 200.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_208'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_208'>[208]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>E.g.</i>, the <i>Kama Sutra</i> of Vatsyayana, Bk. III, Chapter
+I.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_209'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_209'>[209]</a><div class='note'><p> Hosea, Chapter xiii, v. 2; I Kings, Chapter xix, v. 18.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_210'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_210'>[210]</a><div class='note'><p> Wellhausen, <i>Reste Arabischen Heidentums</i>, p. 109.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_211'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_211'>[211]</a><div class='note'><p> The Romans recognized at least three kinds of kiss: the
+<i>osculum</i>, for friendship, given on the face; the <i>basium</i>, for affection,
+given on the lips; the <i>suavium</i>, given between the lips, reserved for
+lovers.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_212'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_212'>[212]</a><div class='note'><p> In other parts of the world it would appear that the kiss
+sometimes has a sacred or ritual character. Thus, according to Rev. J.
+Macdonald (<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, November, 1890, p.
+118), it is part of the initiation ceremony of a girl at her first
+menstruation that the women of the village should kiss her on the cheek,
+and on the mons veneris and labia.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_213'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_213'>[213]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, August and
+November, 1898, p. 107.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_214'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_214'>[214]</a><div class='note'><p> Velten, <i>Sitten und Gebra&uuml;che der Suaheli</i>, p. 142.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_215'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_215'>[215]</a><div class='note'><p> Turner, <i>Samoa</i>, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_216'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_216'>[216]</a><div class='note'><p> Tregear, <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, 1889.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_217'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_217'>[217]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1896, ht. 4, p. 272.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_218'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_218'>[218]</a><div class='note'><p> Breitenstein, <i>21 Jahre in India</i>, vol. i, p. 224.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_APPENDIX_B'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_223'></a>APPENDIX B.</h3>
+
+<h4>HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>The histories here recorded are similar in character to those given in
+Appendix B of the previous volume.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY I.&mdash;</b>C. D., clergyman, age, 34. Height about 5 ft. 8 in.
+    Weight, 8st. 8lb. Complexion, fair. Physical infirmities, very
+    myopic, tendency to consumption.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My family is of old lineage on both sides. My parents were
+    normal and fairly healthy; but I consider that heredity, though
+    not vitiated, is somewhat overrefined, and there is a neuropathic
+    tendency, which has appeared in myself and in one or two other
+    members of the family. As a child, I suffered, though not very
+    frequently, from nocturnal enuresis. My sexual nature, though
+    normal, has been keenly alive and sensitive as far back as I can
+    remember; and as I look back I discern within myself in early
+    childhood what I now understand to be a decided masochistic or
+    passively algolagnic tendency. So far as I remember, this
+    manifested itself in me in two aspects; one psychic or
+    sentimental and free from carnality, expressing itself in
+    imaginative visions such as the following: I used, to imagine
+    myself kneeling before a young and beautiful woman and being
+    sentenced by her to some punishment, and even threatened with
+    death. At other times I would picture myself as a wounded soldier
+    watched over on his sickbed by queenly women. These visions
+    always included an imagination of something heroic in my own
+    personality. No doubt they were the same kind of dreamings as are
+    present in multitudes of imaginative children; they are only of
+    interest in so far as a sexual element was present; and that was
+    algolagnic in character.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had a small fund of natural common sense; and my surroundings
+    were not favorable to sentimental imaginings; consequently I
+    believe I began to throw them off at an early age, though the
+    temperament which produced them is still a part of my nature.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the carnal side, the sexual instinct was decidedly
+    algolagnic. Masturbation is one of my earliest recollections;
+    indeed, it was not at first, so far as I remember, associated
+    with any sexual ideas at all; but began as a reflex animal act. I
+    do not remember its first occurrence. It soon, however, became
+    associated in my mind with algolagnic excitement, giving rise to
+    reveries which took the ordinary form of <a name='4_Page_224'></a>imagining oneself
+    stripped and whipped, etc., by persons of the opposite sex. The
+    <i>dramatis person&aelig;</i> in my own algolagnic reveries were elderly
+    women; somewhat strangely, I did not associate physical sexuality
+    at this period with young and attractive women. If scientific
+    light on these matters were generally available in the practical
+    bringing up of children, persons in charge of young children
+    might refrain from exciting an algolagnic tendency or doing
+    anything calculated to awake sexual emotions prematurely. In my
+    own case, I recollect acts performed by older persons in
+    ignorance and thoughtlessness which undoubtedly tended to foster
+    and strengthen my algolagnic instinct.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Little or nothing was done to prevent, discover, or remedy the
+    pernicious habit into which I was falling unknowingly.
+    Circumcision was perhaps little thought of in those days as a
+    preventive of juvenile masturbation; at any rate, it was not
+    resorted to in my case. I remember, indeed, that a nurse
+    discovered that I was practicing masturbation, and I think she
+    made a few half-hearted attempts to stop it. It was probably
+    these attempts which gave me a growing feeling that there was
+    something wrong about masturbation, and that it must be practiced
+    secretly. But they were unsuccessful in their main object. The
+    practice continued.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I went to school at the age of 10. There I came in contact
+    almost without warning, with the ordinary lewdness and grossness
+    of school conversation, and took to it readily. I soon became
+    conversant with the theory of sexual relations; but never got the
+    opportunity of sexual intercourse, and probably should have felt
+    some moral restraint even had such opportunity presented itself,
+    for coitus, however interesting it might be to talk about, was a
+    bigger thing to practice than masturbation. I masturbated fairly
+    frequently, occasionally producing two orgasms in quick
+    succession. I seldom masturbated with the hand; my method was to
+    lie face downward. There was probably little or no homosexuality
+    at my first school. I never heard of it till later, and it was
+    always repugnant to me, though surrounded with a certain morbid
+    interest. Masturbation was discountenanced openly at the school,
+    but was, I believe, extensively practiced, both at that school
+    and at the two others I afterward attended. The boys often talked
+    about the hygiene of it; and the general theory was that it was
+    somehow physically detrimental; but I heard no arguments advanced
+    sufficiently cogent to make me see the necessity for a real moral
+    effort against the habit, though, as I neared puberty, I was
+    indulging more moderately and with greater misgivings.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The fact of becoming acquainted with the theory of sexual
+    intercourse tended to diminish the algolagnia, and to impel my
+    sexual instinct into an ordinary channel. On one occasion
+    circumstances brought me into close contact with a woman for
+    about three or four <a name='4_Page_225'></a>weeks, I being a mere boy and she very much
+    my senior. I felt sexually attracted by this woman, and allowed
+    myself a degree of familiarity with her which I have since
+    recognized as undue and have deeply regretted. It did not,
+    however, go to the length of seduction, and I trust may have
+    passed away without leaving any permanent harm. It should,
+    indeed, be remarked here that I never knew a woman sexually till
+    my marriage; and with the one exception mentioned I do not recall
+    any instance of conduct on my part toward a woman which could be
+    described as giving her an impulse downhill.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the psychic side my sexual emotions awoke in early childhood;
+    and though my love affairs as a boy were not frequent and were
+    kept to myself, they attained a considerable degree of emotional
+    power. Leaving out of account the precocious movements of the
+    sexual instinct to which I have already referred as colored by
+    psychic algolagnia, I may say that somewhat later, from the age
+    of puberty and onward, I had three or four love affairs, devoid
+    of any algolagnic tendency, and considerably more developed on
+    the psychic and emotional, than on the physical, side. In fact,
+    my experience has been that when deeply in love, when the mind is
+    full of the love ecstasy, the physical element of sexuality is
+    kept&mdash;doubtless only temporarily&mdash;in abeyance.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;To return now to the subject of masturbation. Here befell the
+    chief moral struggle of my early life; and no terms that I have
+    at command will adequately describe the stress of it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A casual remark heard one day as I was arriving at puberty
+    convinced me that there must be truth in the vague schoolboy
+    theory that masturbation was <i>weakening</i>. It was to the effect
+    that the evil results of masturbation practiced in boyhood would
+    manifest themselves in later life. I then realized that I must
+    relinquish masturbation, and I set myself to fight it; but with
+    grave misgivings that, owing to the early age at which I had
+    formed the habit, I had already done myself serious harm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Before many weeks had passed, I had formed a resolution to
+    abstain, which I kept thereafter without&mdash;so far as I
+    remember&mdash;more than one conscious lapse into my former habit.
+    Here it must be said at once that, so far as touches my own
+    experience of a struggle of this kind, the religious factor is of
+    primary importance as strengthening and sustaining the moral
+    effort which has to be made. I am writing an account of my
+    sexual, not my spiritual, experiences; but I should not only be
+    untrue to my convictions, but unable to give an accurate and
+    penetrating survey of the development of my sex life, unless I
+    were clearly to state that it was to a large extent on that life
+    that my strongest and most valuable religious experiences
+    arose.<a name='4_FNanchor_219'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_219'><sup>[219]</sup></a> It is to the <a name='4_Page_226'></a>endeavor to discipline the sexual
+    instinct, and to grapple with the difficulties and anxieties of
+    the sex life, that I owe what I possess of spiritual religion, of
+    the consciousness that my life has been brought into contact with
+    Divine love and power.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My early habits, after they were broken off, left me none the
+    less a legacy of sexual neurasthenia and a slight varicocele. My
+    nocturnal pollutions were overfrequent; and I brooded over them,
+    being too reticent and too much afraid of exposure at school and
+    possible expulsion to confide in a doctor. Far better for me had
+    I done so, for a few years later I received the truest kindness
+    and sympathy in regard to sexual matters at the hands of more
+    than one medical man. But while at school I was afraid to speak
+    of the trouble which so unnerved and depressed me; and as a
+    consequence my morbid fears grew stronger, being intensified by
+    generalities which I met with from time to time in my reading on
+    the subject of the punishment which nature metes out to impurity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On leaving school my sex life continued for some years on the
+    same lines: a struggle for chastity, morbid fears and regrets
+    about the past, efforts to cope with the neurasthenia, and a
+    haunting dread of coming insanity. These troubles were increased
+    by my sedentary life. However I obtained medical aid, and put as
+    good a face on matters as possible.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;But the most trying thing of all has yet to be mentioned&mdash;the
+    discovery that I had not yet got fully clear of the habit of
+    masturbation. I had, indeed, repudiated it as far as my conscious
+    waking moments were concerned, even though strongly impelled by
+    sexual desire; but one night, about a year after I had
+    relinquished the practice, I found myself again giving way to it
+    in those moments between sleeping and waking when the will is
+    only semiconscious. It was as if a race took place for
+    wakefulness between my physical instinct, on the one side, and my
+    moral sense and inhibitory nerves on the other; and very
+    frequently the physical instinct won. This, perhaps, is not an
+    uncommon experience, but it distressed me greatly; and I never
+    felt safe from it until marriage. I resorted to various
+    expedients to combat this tendency, at length having to tie
+    myself in a certain position every night with a cord round my
+    legs, so as to render it impossible to turn over upon my face.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In my early manhood the strain on my constitution was
+    considerable from causes other than the sexual neurasthenia,
+    which, indeed, I am now well aware I exaggerated in importance.
+    Medical advisers whom I consulted in that period assured me that
+    this was so; and, though at the time I often thought that they
+    were concealing the real facts from me out of kindness, my own
+    reading has since convinced me that they spoke nothing but
+    scientific truth.</p><a name='4_Page_227'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;The years went on. I went through a university course, and in
+    spite of my poor health took a good degree. The agony of my
+    struggle for chastity seemed to come to a climax about four years
+    later when for a long period, partly owing to overstudy and
+    partly to the sexual strain, I fell into a condition of severe
+    nervous exhaustion, one of the most distressing symptoms of which
+    was insomnia. The dreaded cloud of insanity seemed to come
+    closer. I had to use alcohol freely at nights; and might by now
+    have become a drunkard, had I not been casually&mdash;or I must say,
+    Providentially&mdash;directed to the common sense plan of measuring my
+    whisky in a dram glass; so that the alcohol could not steal a
+    march upon me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This period was one of acute mental suffering. One cause of the
+    nervous tension was&mdash;as I have now no doubt&mdash;the need of healthy
+    sexual intercourse. I proved this eventually. My circumstances,
+    which had long been adverse to marriage, at length were shaped in
+    that direction. I renewed acquaintance with a lady whom I had
+    known well some years before; and our friendship ripened until,
+    after much perplexity on my side, owing to the uncertainty of my
+    health and prospects, I decided that it was right to speak. We
+    were married after a few months; and I realized that I had gained
+    an excellent wife. We did not come together sexually for some
+    nights after marriage; but, having once tasted the pleasure of
+    the marriage bed, I have to admit that, partly owing to ignorance
+    of the hygiene of marriage, I was for some time rather
+    unrestrained in conjugal relations, requiring intercourse as
+    often as eight or nine times a month. This was not unnatural when
+    one considers that I had now for the first time free access to a
+    woman, after a long and weary struggle to preserve chastity.
+    Married life, however, tends naturally&mdash;or did so in my case&mdash;to
+    regulate desire; and when I began to understand the ethics and
+    hygiene of sex, as I did a year or two after marriage, I was
+    enabled to exercise increasing self-restraint. We are now sparing
+    in our enjoyment of conjugal pleasure. We have had no children;
+    and I attribute this chiefly to the remaining sexual weakness in
+    myself.<a name='4_FNanchor_220'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_220'><sup>[220]</sup></a> But I may say that not only my sexual power, but my
+    nerve-power and general health, were greatly improved by
+    marriage; and though I have fallen back, the last year or two,
+    into a poor state of health, the cause of this is probably
+    overwork rather than anything to do with sex. Not but what it
+    must be said that, had it not been for the juvenile masturbation
+    superadded to a neuropathic temperament, my constitution would no
+    doubt have endured <a name='4_Page_228'></a>the general strain of life better than it has
+    done. The algolagnia, being one of the congenital conditions of
+    my sexual instinct, must be considered fundamental, and certainly
+    has not been eliminated. If I were to allow myself indulgence in
+    algolagnic reveries they would even now excite me without
+    difficulty; but I have systematically discouraged them, so that
+    they give me little or no practical trouble. My erotic dreams,
+    which years ago were (to the best of my remembrance) frequently
+    algolagnic, are now almost invariably normal.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My conjugal relations have always been on the lines of strictly
+    normal sexuality. I have a deep sense of the obligations of
+    monogamous marriage, besides a sincere affection for my wife;
+    consequently I repress as far as possible all sexual
+    inclinations, such as will come involuntarily sometimes, toward
+    other women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;From what I have disclosed, it will be seen that I am but a
+    frail man; but for many years I have striven honestly and hard to
+    discipline sexuality within myself, and to regulate it according
+    to right reason, pure hygiene, and the moral law; and I can but
+    hope and believe that the Divine Power in which I have endeavored
+    to trust will in the future, as it has done in the past, working
+    by natural methods and through the current events of my life,
+    amend and control my sex life and conduct it to safe and
+    honorable issues.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY II.&mdash;</b>A. B., married, good general health, dark hair, fair
+    complexion, short-sighted, and below medium height. Parents both
+    belong to healthy families, but the mother suffered from nerves
+    during early years of married life, and the father, a very
+    energetic and ambitious man, was cold, passionless, and
+    unscrupulous. A. B. is the oldest child; two of the brothers and
+    sisters are slightly abnormal, nervously. But, so far as is
+    known, none of the family has ever been sexually abnormal.</p>
+
+<p>    A. B. was a bright, intelligent child, though inclined to be
+    melancholy (and in later years prone to self-analysis). At
+    preparatory school was fairly forward in studies, at public
+    school somewhat backward, at University suddenly took a liking to
+    intellectual pursuits. Throughout he was slack at games. Has
+    never been able to learn to swim from nervousness. Can whistle
+    well. Has always been fond of reading, and would like to have
+    been an author by profession. He married at 24, and has had two
+    children, both of whom showed congenital physical abnormalities.</p>
+
+<p>    Before the age of 7 or 8 A. B. can remember various trifling
+    incidents. &quot;One of the games I used to play with my sister,&quot; he
+    writes, &quot;consisted in pretending we were 'father and mother' and
+    were relieving ourselves at the w.c. We would squat down in
+    various parts of the room, prolong the simulated act, and talk. I
+    do not remember what our conversation was about, nor whether I
+    had an erection.<a name='4_Page_229'></a> I used also to make water from a balcony into
+    the garden, and in other unusual places.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The first occasion on which I can recollect experiencing
+    sensations or emotions similar in character to later and more
+    developed feelings of desire was at the age of about 7 or 8, when
+    I was a dayboy at a large school in a country town and absolutely
+    innocent as to deed, thought, or knowledge. I fell in love with a
+    boy with whom I was brought in contact in my class, about my own
+    age. I remember thinking him pretty. He paid me no attention. I
+    had no distinct desire, except a wish to be near him, to touch
+    him, and to kiss him. I blushed if I suddenly saw him, and
+    thought of him when absent and speculated on my chances of seeing
+    him again. I was put into a state of high ecstasy when he invited
+    me to join him and some friends one summer evening in a game of
+    rounders.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the age of 8 I was told by my father's groom where babies
+    came from and how they were produced. (I already knew the
+    difference in sexual organs, as my sister and I were bathed in
+    the same room.) He told me no details about erection, semen, etc.
+    Nor did he take any liberties with me. I used to notice him
+    urinating; he used to push back the foreskin and I thought his
+    penis large.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When about 8 years old the nursemaid told me that the boy at her
+    last place had intercourse with his sister. I thought it
+    disgusting. About a year later I told the nurse I thought the
+    story of Adam and Eve was not true and that when Eve gave Adam
+    the apple he had intercourse with her and she was punished by
+    having children. I don't know if I had thought this out, or if it
+    had been suggested to me by others. This nurse used often to talk
+    about my 'tassel.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A family of several brothers went to the same school with me,
+    and we used to indulge in dirty stories, chiefly, however, of the
+    w.c. type rather than sexual.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I was about 10 I learned much from my father's coachman. He
+    used to talk about the girls he had had intercourse with, and how
+    he would have liked this with my nursemaid.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A year later I went to a large day school. I think most of the
+    boys, if not nearly all, were very ignorant and innocent in
+    sexual matters. The only incident in this connection I can
+    recollect is asking a boy to let me see his penis; he did so.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During the summer holidays, at a watering place I attended a
+    theatrical performance and fell in love with a girl of about 12
+    who acted a part. I bought a photograph of her, which I kept and
+    kissed for several years after. About the same time I thought
+    rather tenderly of a girl of my own age whose parents knew mine.
+    I remember feeling that I should like to kiss her. Once I
+    furtively touched her hair.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I was 12 I was sent to a small preparatory boarding
+    <a name='4_Page_230'></a>school, in the country. During the holidays I used to talk about
+    sexual things with my father's footman. He must have told me a
+    good deal. I used to have erections. One evening, when I was in
+    bed and everyone else out (my mother and the children in the
+    country) he came up to my room and tried to put his hand on my
+    penis. I had been thinking of sexual matters and had an erection.
+    I resisted, but he persisted, and when he succeeded in touching
+    me I gave in. He then proceeded to masturbate me. I sank back,
+    overcome by the pleasant sensation. He then stopped and I went on
+    myself. In the meantime he had taken out his penis and
+    masturbated himself before me until the orgasm occurred. I was
+    disgusted at the sight of his large organ and the semen. He then
+    left me. I could hardly sleep from excitement. I felt I had been
+    initiated into a great and delightful mystery.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I at once fell into the habit of masturbation. It was some
+    months before I could produce the orgasm; at about 13 a slight
+    froth came; at about 14 a little semen. I do not know how
+    frequently I did it&mdash;perhaps once or twice a week. I used to feel
+    ashamed of myself afterward. I told the man I was doing it and he
+    expressed surprise I had not known about it before he told me. He
+    warned me to stop doing it or it would injure my health. I
+    pretended later that I had stopped doing it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I practiced solitary masturbation for some months. At first the
+    semen was small in amount and watery.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had not at this time ever succeeded in drawing the foreskin
+    below the 'corona.' After masturbation I would sometimes feel
+    local pain in the penis, sometimes pains in the testicles, and
+    generally a feeling of shame, but not, I think, any lassitude.
+    The shame was a vague sense of discomfort at having done what I
+    knew others would regard as dirty. I also experienced fears that
+    I was injuring my health.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It was not long before I found other boys at the preparatory
+    school with whom I talked of sexual things and in some cases
+    proceeded to acts. The boys were between the ages of 9 and 14;
+    they left at 14 or 15 for the public schools. We slept in
+    bedrooms&mdash;several in one room.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;There was no general conversation on sexual matters. Few of the
+    boys knew anything about things&mdash;perhaps 7 or 8 out of 40. Before
+    describing my experiences at the school I may mention that I
+    cannot remember having at this period any wish to experience
+    heterosexual intercourse; I knew as yet nothing of homosexual
+    practices; and I did not have, except in one case, any love or
+    affection for any of the boys.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One night, in my bedroom&mdash;there were about six of us&mdash;we were
+    talking till rather late. My recollection commences with being
+    aware <a name='4_Page_231'></a>that all the boys were asleep except myself and one other,
+    P. (the son of a clergyman), who was in a bed at exactly the
+    opposite end of the room. I suppose we must have been talking
+    about this sort of thing, for I vividly remember having an
+    erection, and suddenly&mdash;as if by premonition&mdash;getting out of my
+    bed, and, with heart beating, going softly over to P.'s bed. He
+    exhibited no surprise at my presence; a few whispered words took
+    place; I placed my hand on his penis, and found he had an
+    erection. I started masturbating him, but he said he had just
+    finished. I then suggested, getting into bed with him. (I had
+    never heard at that time of such a thing being done, the idea
+    arose spontaneously.) He said it was not safe, and placed his
+    hand on my penis, I think with the object of satisfying and
+    getting rid of me. He masturbated me till the orgasm occurred.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had no further relations with him, except on one occasion,
+    shortly afterward, when one day, in the w.c. he asked me to
+    masturbate him. I did so. He did not offer to do the same to me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;He was a delicate, feeble boy; not good at work; womanish in his
+    ways; inclined to go in for petty bullying, until a boy showed
+    fight, when he discovered himself to be an arrant coward. Four or
+    five years later I met him at the university. His greeting was
+    cool. My next affair was with a boy who was about my age (13),
+    strong, full-blooded, coarse, always in 'hot water.' He was the
+    son of the headmaster of one of the best-known public schools. It
+    was reported that two brothers had been expelled from this public
+    school for what we called 'beastliness.' He told me his older
+    brother used to have intercrural intercourse with him. This was
+    the first I had heard of this. We used to masturbate mutually. I
+    had, however, no affection or desire for him.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With E., another boy, I had no relations, but I remember him as
+    the first person of the same sex for whom I experienced love. He
+    was a small, fair, thin, and little boy, some two years younger
+    than myself, so my inferior in the social hierarchy of a school.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the end of my last term I had two disappointments. I was
+    beaten by a younger and clever boy for the first place in the
+    school, and also beaten by one point in the competition for the
+    Athletic Cup by a stronger boy who had only come to the school
+    that very term. However, as a consolation prize, and as I was
+    leaving, the headmaster gave me a second prize. This soothed my
+    hurt feelings, and I remember, just after the 'head' had read out
+    the prizes, on the last day of term, E., coming up to me, putting
+    his arm on my shoulder, looking at me rather pensively, and in a
+    voice that thrilled me and made me wish to kiss and hug him, tell
+    me he was so glad I had got a prize and that it was a shame that
+    other chap had beaten me for the cup.</p><a name='4_Page_232'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was three years (aged 12 to 15) at the preparatory school. I
+    started in the bottom form and ended second in the school. My
+    reports were generally good, and I was keen to do well in work. I
+    was considerably influenced by the 'head.' He was a clergyman,
+    but a man of wide reading, broad opinion, great scholarship, and
+    great enthusiasm. We became very friendly.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During the holidays I now first practiced intercrural
+    intercourse with a younger brother. I started touching his penis,
+    and causing erections, when he was about 5. Afterward I got him
+    to masturbate me and I masturbated him; I used to get him into
+    bed with me. On one occasion I spontaneously (never having heard
+    of such a thing) made him take my penis in his mouth.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This went on for several years. When I was about 16 and he about
+    10, the old family nurse spoke to me about it. She told me he had
+    complained of my doing it. I was in great fear that my parents
+    might hear of it. I went to him; told him I was sorry, but I had
+    not understood he disliked it, but that I would not do it again.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About a year later (having persisted in this promise) I made
+    overtures to him, but he refused. I then commended his conduct,
+    and said I knew he was quite right, and begged him to refuse
+    again if I should ever suggest it. I did not ever suggest it
+    again. For many years I bitterly reproached myself for having
+    corrupted him. However, I do not think any harm has been done
+    him. But my self-reproaches have caused me to feel I owe some
+    reparation to him. I also have more affection for him than for my
+    other brothers and sisters.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the age of 15 I went to one of the large public schools. I
+    was fairly forward for my age, and entered high. But I made small
+    progress. I had bad reports; I was 'slack in games,' and not
+    popular among the boys. In fact, I stood still, so that when I
+    left I was backward in comparison with other boys of even less
+    natural intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The teaching was certainly bad. Moreover, I had not any friends,
+    and this made me very sensitive. It was to a great extent my
+    fault. When I first went there I was taken up by a set above
+    me&mdash;boys who were 'senior' to me in standing. When they left I
+    found myself alone.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My unpopularity was increased by my being considered to put on
+    'side'; also because I paid attention to my dress.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the public school I had homosexual relations with various
+    boys, usually without any passion. With one boy, however, I was
+    deeply in love for over a year; I thought of him, dreamed of him,
+    would have been content only to kiss him. But my courtship met
+    with no success.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When carrying on with other boys the desire to reach the crisis
+    was not always strong, perhaps out of shyness or modesty.
+    Occasionally<a name='4_Page_233'></a> I had intercrural connection, which gave me the
+    first intimation of what intercourse with a woman was like. When
+    I masturbated in solitude I used to continue till the orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My housemaster one day sent for me and said he had walked
+    through my cubicle and noticed a stain on the sheet. At this time
+    I used to have nocturnal emissions. I cannot remember whether on
+    this occasion the stain was due to one, or to masturbation. But I
+    imagined that one did not have 'wet dreams' unless one
+    masturbated. So when he went on to say that this was a proof that
+    I was immoral I acknowledged I masturbated. He then told me I
+    would injure my health&mdash;possibly 'weaken my heart,' or 'send
+    myself mad'; he said that he would ask me to promise never to do
+    it again.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I promised. I left humiliated and ashamed of myself; also
+    generally frightened. He used to send for me every now and then,
+    and ask me if I had kept my promise. For some months I did. Then
+    I relapsed, and told him when he asked me. Ultimately he ceased
+    sending for me&mdash;apparently convinced either that I was cured or
+    that I was incorrigible.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A year or so afterward he discovered in my study (for I was now
+    in the upper school and had a study) a French photograph that a
+    boy had given me, entitled '<i>Qui est dans ma chambre?</i>' It
+    represented a man going by mistake into the wrong bedroom; inside
+    the room was a woman, in nightdress, in an attitude that
+    suggested she had just been relieving herself. My housemaster
+    told me the picture was terribly indecent, and that, taken with
+    what he knew of my habits, it showed I was not a safe boy to be
+    in the school. He added that he did not wish to make trouble at
+    home, but that he advised me to get my parents to remove me at
+    the end of that term, instead of the following term, when, in the
+    ordinary course of things, I should have left.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I wrote to my people to say I was miserable at school, and I was
+    removed at the end of that term.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My first case of true heterosexual passion was with a girl
+    called D., whom I first knew when she was about 16. My family and
+    hers were friendly. My attraction to her soon became a matter of
+    common knowledge and joking to members of my family. She was a
+    dark, passionate-looking child, with large eyes that&mdash;to
+    me&mdash;seemed full of an inner knowledge of sexual mysteries.
+    Precocious, vain, jealous, untruthful&mdash;those were qualities in
+    her that I myself soon recognized. But the very fact that she was
+    not conventionally 'goody-goody' proved an attraction to me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I never openly made love to her, but I delighted to be near her.
+    Our ages were sufficiently separated for this to be noticeable. I
+    dreamed of her, and my highest ideal of blessedness was to kiss
+    her and <a name='4_Page_234'></a>tell her I loved her. I heard that she had been
+    discovered talking indecently in a w.c. to some little boys, sons
+    of a friend of my family's. The knowledge of this precocity on
+    her part intensified my fascination for her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I left home to return to school I kissed her&mdash;the only
+    time. Absence did nothing to diminish my affection. I thought of
+    her all day long, at work or at play. I wrote her a letter&mdash;not
+    openly passionate, but my real feelings toward her must have been
+    apparent. I found out afterward that her mother opened the
+    letter.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I returned home for the holidays her mother asked me not;
+    to write her any letters and not to pay attentions to her, as I
+    might 'spoil her.' I promised. I was, of course, greatly
+    distressed.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;D. used to come to our house to see my younger sister. She had
+    clearly been warned by her mother not to allow me to speak to
+    her. I was too nervous to make any advances; besides, I had
+    promised. As I grew older, my passion died out. I have hardly
+    ever seen her since. She married some years ago. I still retain
+    sentimental feelings toward her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was now 18; I had stopped growing and was fairly broad and
+    healthy. Intellectually I was rather precocious, though not
+    ambitious. But I was no good at games, had no tastes for physical
+    exercises, and no hobbies.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During the holidays, in my last year at school, I had gone to
+    the Royal Aquarium with a school companion. This was followed by
+    one or two visits to the Empire Theatre. It was then that I first
+    discovered that sexual intercourse took place outside the limits
+    of married life. On one occasion my friend talked to one of the
+    women who were walking about. This same friend spoke to a
+    prostitute at Oxford. (At this time I went up to the university.)
+    Once or twice I met this girl. She used to ask about my friend.
+    My feelings toward her were a combination of admiration for her
+    physical beauty, a sense of the 'mystery' of her life, and pity
+    for her isolated position.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the whole, my first university term produced considerable
+    improvement in me. I began to be interested in my work and to
+    read a fair amount of general literature. I learned to bicycle
+    and to row. I also made one intimate friend.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In my first holiday I went to the Empire and made the
+    acquaintance of a girl there, W. H. She attracted me by her quiet
+    appearance. I eventually made arrangements to pay her a visit. My
+    apprehensions consisted of: 1. Fear of catching venereal disease.
+    This I decided to safeguard by using a 'French letter.' 2. Fear
+    that she might have a 'bully.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The girl showed no sexual desire; but at that time this did not
+    attract my attention.</p><a name='4_Page_235'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;I got very much 'gone' on her, paid her several visits, gave her
+    some presents I could ill afford, and felt very distressed when
+    she informed me she was to be married and therefore could not see
+    me any more.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My experiences with prostitutes cover a period of twelve years.
+    During three years of this period I was continually in their
+    company. I have had intercourse with some two dozen; in some
+    cases only once; in others on numerous occasions. They have
+    usually been of the class that frequent Piccadilly, St. James
+    Restaurant, the Continental Hotel, and the Dancing Clubs. Usual
+    fee, &pound;2 for the night; in one case, &pound;5.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;1. Not one of them, as far as I knew, was a drunkard.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;2. As a rule, they were not mercenary or dishonest.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;3. In their language and general behavior they compared
+    favorably with respectable women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;4. I never caught venereal disease.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;5. I twice caught pediculi.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;6. I did not find them, as a rule, very sensual or fond of
+    indecent talk. As a rule, they objected to stripping naked; they
+    did not touch my organs; they did not suggest masturbation,
+    sodomy, or <i>fellatio</i>. They seldom exhibited transports, but the
+    better among them seemed sentimental and affectionate.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;7. Their accounts of their first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' often by his addressing
+    them in the street; he took them about to dinners and theatres;
+    they were quite innocent and even ignorant; on one occasion they
+    drank too much; and before they knew what was happening they were
+    no longer virgins. They do not, however, apparently round on the
+    man or expose him or refuse to have anything more to do with him.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;8. They state&mdash;in common with the outwardly 'respectable' women
+    whom I have had a chance of catechising&mdash;that before the first
+    intercourse they did not feel any conscious desire for
+    intercourse and hardly devoted any thought to it, that it was
+    very painful the first time, and that some time elapsed before
+    they commenced to derive pleasure from it or to experience the
+    orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;E. B. was the second woman I had intercourse with. She was a
+    prostitute, but very young (about 18) and had only been in London
+    a few months. I met her first in the St. James Restaurant. I
+    spoke a few words to her. The next day I saw her in the
+    Burlington Arcade. I was not much attracted to her; she was
+    pretty, in a coarse, buxom style; vulgar in manners, voice, and
+    dress. She asked me to go home with her; I refused. She pressed
+    me; I said I had no money. She still urged me, just to drive home
+    with her and talk to her while she dressed for the evening. I
+    consented. We drove to lodgings in Albany Street. We went in. She
+    proceeded to kiss me. I remained cold, and <a name='4_Page_236'></a>told her again I had
+    no money. She then said: 'That does not matter. You remind me of
+    a boy I love. I want you to be my fancy boy.' I was flattered by
+    this. I saw a good deal of her. She was sentimental. I never gave
+    her any money. When I had some, she refused to take it, but
+    allowed me to spend a little in buying her a present. On the
+    night before I left London she wept. She wrote me illiterate, but
+    affectionate letters. One day she wrote to me that she was to be
+    kept by a man, but that she had made it a condition with him that
+    she should be allowed to have me. I had never been in love with
+    her, because of her vulgarity. I therefore took the earliest
+    opportunity of letting matters cool, by not writing often, etc.
+    The next thing I remember was my fascination, a few months later,
+    for S. H.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;She was not a regular prostitute. She had taken a very minor
+    part in light opera. She was American by birth, young, slim, and
+    spoke like a lady. Her hair was dyed; her breasts padded. She
+    acted sentiment, but was less affectionate than E. B. I met her
+    when she was out of a job. I gave her &pound;2 whenever I met her. She
+    was not mercenary. She was sensual. I became very much in love
+    with her. I discovered her, however, writing letters to a fellow
+    whom I had met one day when I was walking with her. He was only
+    an acquaintance, but the brother of my most intimate friend. What
+    I objected to was that in this letter to him she protested she
+    did not care for me, but could not afford to give me up. She had
+    to plead guilty, but I was so fascinated by her I still kept in
+    with her, for a time, until she was kept by a man, and I had
+    found other women to interest me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Owing to the strict regulations made by the university
+    authorities, prostitutes find it hard to make a living there, and
+    I never had anything to do with one. My adventures were among the
+    shopgirl class, and were of a comparatively innocent nature. One
+    of them, however, M. S., a very undemonstrative shopgirl, was the
+    only girl not a prostitute with whom I had so far had
+    intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About this time I made the acquaintance of three other
+    prostitutes, who, however, were nice, gentle, quiet girls,
+    neither vulgar nor mercenary. A night passed with them always
+    meant to me much more than mere intercourse. They
+    were&mdash;especially two of them&mdash;of a sentimental nature, and would
+    go to sleep in my arms. There was, on my part, not any passion,
+    but a certain sympathy with them, and pity and affection. I
+    remained faithful to the first, J. H., until she was kept by a
+    man, and gave up her gentlemen friends. Then came D. V. She got in
+    the family way and left London. Last, M. P. She was not pretty,
+    but a good figure, well dressed, a bright conversationalist, and
+    an intelligent mind. Her regular price for the night was &pound;5, but
+    when she got to know one she would take one for less and take
+    <a name='4_Page_237'></a>one 'on tick.' She was very sensual. On one occasion, between 11
+    P. M. and about midday the following day I experienced the orgasm
+    eleven or twelve times.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During term time I was often prevented from having women by want
+    of money and absence from London. I considered myself lucky if I
+    could have a woman once or twice a month. My allowance was not
+    large enough to admit of such luxuries; and I was only able to do
+    what I did by being economical in my general expenditure and
+    living, and by running up bills for whatever I could get on
+    credit. I lived in the hopes of picking up 'amateurs' who would
+    give me what I wanted for the love of it and without payment. My
+    efforts were not very successful at present, except in the case
+    of M. S. I considered myself very lucky in having discovered her,
+    and I should have stuck to her for longer but for the rival
+    attraction of another. There was, however, no deep sentiment on
+    either side.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;But in order to preserve a continuity in my account of the
+    women, I have left out two cases of temporary reversion to
+    homosexual practices. During the periods when I could not get a
+    woman I had recourse once more to masturbation. At times I had
+    'wet dreams' in which boys figured; and my thoughts, in waking
+    hours, sometimes reverted to memories of my school experiences. I
+    think, however, that I should have preferred a woman.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The homosexual reversions were as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;1. I had arranged to meet a shopgirl one evening, outside the
+    town. She did not turn up. The meeting place was a railway
+    bridge. Waiting there too, a few feet from me, was a boy of about
+    15. He was employed (I afterward found) by a gardener, and was
+    waiting to meet his brother, who was engaged on the line. I got
+    into casual conversation with him, and suddenly found myself
+    wondering whether he ever masturbated. With a feeling, that I can
+    only describe by calling it an intuition, I moved nearer him, and
+    asked: 'Do you ever play with yourself?' He did not seem
+    surprised at the abruptness of my question, and answered 'yes.' I
+    thereupon touched his penis, and <i>found he had an erection</i>! I
+    suggested retiring to a bench that was near. We sat down. I
+    masturbated him till he experienced the orgasm; then
+    intercrurally. I gave him a shilling, and said good night.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;2. During my last summer at the university I took to gardening.
+    There was a small piece of garden behind the house in which I had
+    lodgings. My landlady suggested getting a cousin of hers,
+    employed by a nurseryman, to supply me with plants, etc. He was a
+    youth of about 16 or 17, tall, dark, not bad favored in looks. I
+    forget how many times I saw him&mdash;not many, perhaps twice or
+    thrice; but one day, when he came to see me in my room, about
+    something connected with the garden, I gave him some old clothes
+    of mine. He was <a name='4_Page_238'></a>a great deal taller than myself, and I suggested
+    his trying on the trousers to see if they would fit. I do not
+    know whether I made this suggestion with any ulterior motive or
+    whether I had ever before thought of him in connection with any
+    sexual relations. I only know that once more, as if guided by
+    instinct, I felt he would not rebuff me, although certainly no
+    indecent talk had ever taken place between us. I pretended to
+    help him to pull up the trousers, and let my hand touch his
+    penis. He did not resist; and I felt his penis for a few seconds.
+    I then proposed he should come upstairs to my bedroom. No one was
+    in the house. We went up. He did not at first have an erection. I
+    asked why. He said 'because you are strange to me.' He then felt
+    my penis. Eventually we mutually masturbated one another. I gave
+    him half a crown.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Some short time afterward he came again to the house. On this
+    occasion I attempted <i>fellatio</i>. I don't think I had at that time
+    ever heard of such a practice. He said, however, he did not like
+    it. He masturbated intercrurally. He said he had never done this
+    before, although he had had girls. (The other boy also told me he
+    had had girls.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;3. On another occasion I was out bicycling. A boy, of about 10
+    years of age, offered me a bunch of violets for a penny. I told
+    him I would give him a shilling to pick me a large bunch. I am
+    not sure if I had any ulterior motive. He proceeded into a wood
+    on the side of the road; I dismounted from my machine and
+    followed him. He was a pretty, dark boy. He made water. I went up
+    to him and asked him to let me feel his penis. He at once jumped
+    away, and ran off shrieking. I was frightened, mounted my
+    bicycle, and rode as fast as I could home.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;There was no sentiment in the above cases. It is also to be
+    noted that in neither instance did I make any arrangements to see
+    the person again. As far as I can remember, when once I was
+    satisfied I felt disgust for my act. In the case of women this
+    was never so.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Two of the women described in the foregoing pages stand out
+    above the others. Perhaps I have not sufficiently shown that in
+    the cases of W. H. and S. H. I felt a considerable degree of
+    <i>passion</i>. W. H. was the first woman with whom I had had
+    intercourse; this invested her in my heart, with a peculiar
+    sentiment. In neither case can I be accused of fickleness.
+    Indeed, I may say that up to this time I had had no opportunity
+    of being fickle. I never saw enough, or had enough, of a woman to
+    get a surfeit of her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The case I now come to presents the features of the cases of
+    W. H. and S. H. in a stronger form. I was then 20; I have since
+    then married; I am a father; my experiences have been many and
+    varied; but still I must confess that no other woman has ever
+    stirred my <a name='4_Page_239'></a>emotions more than&mdash;I doubt if as much as&mdash;D. C. Up to
+    date, if there has been any grand passion in my life, it is my
+    love for her. D. C., when I got to know her&mdash;by talking to her in
+    the street&mdash;was a girl of about 20. She was short and plump; dark
+    hair; dark, mischievous eyes; a fair complexion; small features;
+    quiet manners, and a sensual <i>ensemble</i>. I do not know what her
+    father was. He was dead, her mother kept a university lodging
+    house. She spoke and behaved like a lady. She dressed quietly;
+    was absolutely unmercenary; her intelligence&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, her
+    intellectual calibre&mdash;was not great. Her master-passion was one
+    thing. The first evening I walked out with her she put her hand
+    down on my penis, before I had even kissed her, and proposed
+    intercourse. I was surprised, almost embarrassed; she herself led
+    me to a wall, and standing up made me do it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Next day we went away for the day together. I may say she was
+    <i>always</i> ready and never satisfied. She was sensual rather than
+    sentimental. She was ready to shower her favors anywhere and to
+    anyone. My feelings toward her soon became affectionate and
+    sentimental, and then passionate. I thought of nothing else all
+    day long; wrote her long letters daily; simply lived to see her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I found she was engaged to be married. Her <i>fianc&eacute;</i>, a
+    schoolmaster, himself used to have intercourse with her, but he
+    had taken a religious turn and thought it was wicked to do it
+    until they married. I had intercourse with her on every possible
+    occasion: in private rooms at hotels, in railway carriages, in a
+    field, against a wall, and&mdash;when the holidays came&mdash;she stayed a
+    night with me in London. She had apparently no fear of getting in
+    the family way, and never used any precaution. Sensual as she
+    was, she did not show her feelings by outward demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On one occasion she proposed <i>fellatio</i>. She said she had done
+    it to her <i>fianc&eacute;</i> and liked it. This is the only case I have
+    known of a woman wishing to do it for the love of it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The emotional tension on my nerves&mdash;the continual jealousy I was
+    in, the knowledge that before long she would marry and we must
+    part&mdash;eventually caused me to get ill. She never told me she
+    loved me more than any other man; yet, owing to my importunity,
+    she saw much more of me than anyone else. It came to the ears of
+    her <i>fianc&eacute;</i> that she was in my company a great deal; there was a
+    meeting of the three of us&mdash;convened at his wish&mdash;at which she
+    had formally, before him, to say 'good-bye' to me. Yet we still
+    continued to meet and to have intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Then the date of her marriage drew near. She wrote me saying that
+    she could not see me any more. I forced myself, however, on her,
+    and our relations still continued. Her elder sister interviewed
+    me and <a name='4_Page_240'></a>said she would inform the authorities unless I gave her
+    up; a brother, too, came to see me and made a row.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had what I seriously intended to be a last meeting with her.
+    But after that she came up to London to see me, we went to a
+    hotel together. We arranged to see one another again, but she did
+    not write. I had now left the university. I heard she was
+    married.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It was now four years since I had first had intercourse with a
+    woman. During this time I was almost continually under the
+    influence, either of a definite love affair or of a general
+    lasciviousness and desire for intercourse with women. My
+    character and life were naturally affected by this. My studies
+    were interfered with; I had become extravagant and had run into
+    debt. It is worthy of note that I had never up to this time
+    considered the desirability of marriage. This was perhaps chiefly
+    because I had no means to marry. But even in the midst of my
+    affairs I always retained sufficient sense to criticise the moral
+    and intellectual calibre of the women I loved, and I held strong
+    views on the advisability of mental and moral sympathies and
+    congenital tastes existing between people who married. In my
+    amours I had hitherto found no intellectual equality or
+    sympathies. My passion for D. C. was prompted by (1) the bond that
+    sexual intercourse with a woman has nearly always produced in my
+    feelings, (2) her physical beauty, (3) that she was sensual, (4)
+    that she was a lady, (5) that she was young, (6) that she was not
+    mercenary. It was kept alive by the obstacles in the way of my
+    seeing her enough and by her engagement to another.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The D. C. affair left me worn out emotionally. I reviewed my life
+    of the last four years. It seemed to show much more heartache,
+    anxiety, and suffering than pleasure. I concluded that this
+    unsatisfactory result was inseparable from the pursuit of
+    illegitimate amours. I saw that my work had been interfered with,
+    and that I was in debt, owing to the same cause. Yet I felt that
+    I could never do without a woman. In this quandary I found myself
+    thinking that marriage was the only salvation for me. Then I
+    should always have a woman by me. I was sufficiently sensible to
+    know that unless there were congenial tastes and sympathies, a
+    marriage could not turn out happily, especially as my chief
+    interests in life (after woman) were literature, history, and
+    philosophy. But I imagined that if I could find a girl who would
+    satisfy the condition of being an intellectual companion to me,
+    all my troubles would be over; my sexual desire would be
+    satisfied, and I could devote myself to work.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In this frame of mind I turned my thoughts more seriously in the
+    direction of a girl whom I had known for some two years. Her age
+    was nearly the same as mine. My family and hers were acquainted
+    with one another. I had established a platonic friendship with
+    her.<a name='4_Page_241'></a> Undoubtedly the prime attraction was that she was young and
+    pretty. But she was also a girl of considerable character.
+    Without being as well educated as I was, she was above the
+    average girl in general intelligence. She was fond of reading;
+    books formed our chief subject of conversation and common
+    interest. She was, in fact, a girl of more intelligence than I
+    had yet encountered. On her side, as I afterward discovered, the
+    interest in me was less purely platonic. Our relations toward one
+    another were absolutely correct. Yet we were intimate, informal,
+    and talked on subjects that would be considered forbidden topics
+    between two young persons by most people. I felt she was a true
+    friend. She, too, confided to me her troubles.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;We corresponded with one another frequently. Sometimes it
+    occurred, to me that it was rather strange she should be so keen
+    to write to me, to hear from me, and to see me; but I had never
+    thought of her, consciously, except as a friend; I never for a
+    moment imagined she thought of me except as an interesting and
+    intelligent friend. Nor did the idea of illicit love ever suggest
+    itself to me. She was one of those women whose face and
+    expression put aside any such thought. I was, indeed, inclined to
+    regard her as a good influence on me, but as passionless. I
+    confided to her the affair of D. C., which took place during our
+    acquaintance. She was distressed, but sympathetic and not
+    prudish. I did not suspect the cause of her distress; I thought
+    it was owing to her disappointment in the ideals she had formed
+    of me. She invited me to join her and her family for a part of
+    the summer (I had now left the university, having obtained my
+    degree in low honors) and I decided to join them. At this stage
+    there began to impress itself on my mind the possibility that she
+    cared for me; also the desirability, if that were so, of becoming
+    engaged to her. I found my feelings became warmer. On several
+    occasions we found ourselves alone. Then, one day, our talk
+    became more personal, more tender; and I kissed her. I do
+    recollect distinctly the thought flashing through my mind, as she
+    allowed me to kiss her, that she was not after all the
+    passionless and 'straight' girl I had thought. But the idea must
+    have been a very temporary one; it did not return; she declared
+    her love for me; and without any express 'proposal' on my part we
+    walked home that afternoon mutually taking it for granted that we
+    were engaged. I was happy, and calmly happy; proud and elated.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Circumstances now made it necessary for me to make money for
+    myself and I was forced to enter a profession for which I had
+    never felt any attraction; indeed, I had never considered the
+    possibility of it, until I became engaged, and saw I must support
+    myself if I were ever to marry. I worked hard, and rapidly
+    improved my position.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I think I am correct in stating that from the day I became
+    engaged my sexual troubles seemed to have ceased. My thoughts and
+    <a name='4_Page_242'></a>passions were centred on one woman. We wrote to one another
+    twice every week, and as far as I was concerned every thought and
+    feeling I had I told her, and the receipt of her letters was for
+    me the event of my life for nearly three years. My anxiety in
+    connection with my work used up a great deal of my energy, and,
+    although I looked forward to the time when I should have a woman
+    at my side every night, my sexual desires were in abeyance. Nor
+    did I feel any desire or temptation for other women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I masturbated, but not frequently. Generally I did it to the
+    accompaniment of images or scenes associated with my betrothed,
+    sometimes the act was purely auto-erotic. My leisure time was
+    devoted to reading.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On only one occasion did I have intercourse with a woman during
+    my engagement (three years); it was with a girl whose
+    acquaintance I had made at the university and who asked me to
+    come to see her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I married at the age of 24. Looking back on the early days of my
+    married life it is now a matter of surprise to me that I was so
+    far from exhibiting the transports of passion which since then
+    have accompanied any intercourse with a new woman. Partly I was
+    frightened of shocking her; partly my three years of comparative
+    abstinence had chastened me. It was some weeks before I ever saw
+    my wife entirely naked; I never touched her parts with my hand
+    for many months; and after the first few weeks I did not have
+    intercourse with her frequently.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Perhaps this was to be expected. The basis of my affection for
+    her had always been a moral or mental one rather than physical,
+    although she was a handsome, well-made girl. Besides, money and
+    other worries kept my thoughts busy, as well as struggles to make
+    both ends meet.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Indeed, I may say my sexual nature seemed to be dying out. When
+    I had been married less than six months I discovered that sexual
+    intercourse with my wife no longer meant what sexual intercourse
+    used to mean&mdash;no excitement or exaltation or ecstasy. My wife
+    perhaps contributed to this by her attitude. She confessed
+    afterward to me that for the first week or so she positively
+    dreaded bedtime, so physically painful was intercourse to her;
+    that it was many weeks, if not months, before she experienced the
+    orgasm. For the first year and more of marriage she could not
+    endure touching my penis. This at first disappointed me; then
+    annoyed and finally almost disgusted me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Later on, she learned to experience the orgasm. But she was very
+    undemonstrative during the act, and it was seldom that the orgasm
+    occurred simultaneously; she took a much longer time.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I ceased to think about sexual matters. When I had been married
+    <a name='4_Page_243'></a>about three years I was aware that, in my case, marriage meant
+    the loss of all mad ecstasy in the act. I knew that if I had no
+    work to do, and plenty of money, and temptation came my way, I
+    should like to have another woman. But there was no particular
+    woman to enchain my fancy and I did not have time or money or
+    inclination to hunt for one.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At times I masturbated. Sometimes I did this to the
+    accompaniment of homosexual desires or memories of the past. Then
+    I got my wife to masturbate me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About four years after marriage I got a woman from Piccadilly
+    Circus to do <i>fellatio</i>. I had never had this done before. She
+    did not do it genuinely, but used her fingers.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As stated above various anxieties, the fact that I could always
+    satisfy my physical desires, all served to calm me. I was also
+    interested in my work and had become ambitious to improve my
+    position and was very energetic.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the whole, notwithstanding money worries, the first four or
+    five years of my married life were the happiest in my life.
+    Certainly I was very free from sexual desires; and the general
+    effect of marriage was to make me economical, energetic,
+    ambitious, and unselfish. I was certainly overworked. I seldom
+    got to bed before 1 or 2; my meals were irregular; and I became
+    worried and nervous. At the beginning of my fifth year of married
+    life I got run down, and had a severe illness, and at one time my
+    life was in danger, but I had a fairly rapid convalescence.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My illness was critical, in more senses than one. My
+    convalescence was accompanied by a remarkable recrudescence of my
+    sexual feelings. I will trace this in detail: 1. As I got
+    well&mdash;but while still in bed&mdash;I found myself experiencing, almost
+    continually, violent erections. These were at first of an
+    auto-erotic character, and I masturbated myself, thus gaining
+    relief to my nerves. 2. I also found my thoughts tending toward
+    sexual images, and I felt a desire toward my nurse. I first
+    became conscious of this when I noticed that I experienced an
+    erection during the time that she was washing me. I mentioned the
+    matter to my doctor, who told me not to worry, and said the
+    symptoms were usual in the circumstances. 3. When I got up and
+    about I found myself desiring very keenly to have intercourse
+    with my wife. I can almost say that I felt more sexually excited
+    than I had done for four or five years. As soon, however, as I
+    had had intercourse with my wife a few times I felt my desire
+    toward her cease. 4. My thoughts now centered on having a woman
+    to do <i>fellatio</i>, and as soon as I was well enough to go out I
+    got a prostitute to do this.</p><a name='4_Page_244'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;Just before I was ill my wife had a child, which was born with
+    more than one abnormality. No doubt the shock and worry caused by
+    this got me into a low state and predisposed me to my illness.
+    But the consequences were farther reaching still. The child
+    underwent an operation, and my wife had to take her away into the
+    country for nearly six weeks, so as to give her better air. I was
+    left alone in London, for the first time since my marriage. The
+    worry in connection with the child, and the heavy expense, served
+    to keep me nervously upset after I had apparently recovered
+    physically from the illness. Once more I found myself thinking
+    about women. As an additional factor in the situation I became
+    friendly with an old college-chum whom I had not seen much of for
+    many years. He lived the life of a fashionable young bachelor and
+    was at the time keeping a woman. The only common interest between
+    us was women. I found myself reverting to the old condition of
+    rampant lust that had been such a curse to me in my university
+    days. Some books he lent me had a decided effect. They gave me
+    erections; and it was on top of the excitement thus engendered
+    that one day I got a woman to do <i>fellatio</i>, as already
+    mentioned. Moreover, since my illness, I found all my previous
+    energy and ambition had gone.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have stated that I was in London alone with two servants. The
+    housemaid was a young girl; nice looking, with beautiful eyes and
+    a sensual expression. She had been with us for about a year. I
+    cannot remember when I first thought of her in a sexual way. But
+    one evening I suddenly felt a desire for her. I talked to her; I
+    found my voice trembling; I let my hand, as if by accident, touch
+    hers; she did not withdraw it; and in a second I had kissed her.
+    She did not resist. I took her on my knee, and tried to take
+    liberties, which she resisted, and I desisted.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Next day I kissed her again, and put my hand inside her breasts.
+    The same evening I took her to an exhibition. On the way home, in
+    a hansom cab, I made her masturbate me. This was followed by a
+    feeling of great relief, elation, and <i>pride</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Next morning, when she came up to my bedroom to call me, I
+    kissed and embraced her; she allowed me to take liberties, and,
+    reassuring her by saying I would use a preventive, I had
+    intercourse with her. She flinched somewhat. She then told me she
+    was at her period and that she had never had intercourse with a
+    man before.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During the next few weeks I found her an adept pupil, though
+    always shy and undemonstrative. I took her to a hotel, and
+    experienced the intensest pleasure I had ever had in undressing
+    her. I had lately heard about <i>cunnilingus</i>. I now did it to her.
+    I soon found I experienced very great pleasure in this, as did
+    she. (I had attempted it with my wife, but found it disgusted
+    me.) I also had intercourse<a name='4_Page_245'></a> <i>per anum</i>. (This again was an act I
+    had heard about, but had never been able to regard as
+    pleasurable. But books I had been reading stated it was most
+    pleasant both to man and woman.) She resisted at first, finding
+    it hurt her much; it excited me greatly; and when I had done it
+    in this way several times she herself seemed to like it,
+    especially if I kept my hand on her clitoris at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My relations with the housemaid, with whom I cannot pretend that
+    I was in love, were only put an end to by satiety, and when I
+    went away for my holidays I was utterly exhausted. This was,
+    however, only the first of a series of relationships, at least
+    one of which deeply stirred my emotional nature. These
+    experiences, however, it is unnecessary to detail. There have
+    also been occasional homosexual episodes.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I think I am now in a much healthier condition than I have been
+    for some years. (I assume that it is <i>not</i> healthy for all one's
+    thoughts to be always occupied on sexual subjects.) The
+    conclusion I come to is that I can live a normal, healthy life,
+    devoting my thoughts to my work, and finding pleasure in
+    friendship, in my children, in reading, and in other sources of
+    amusement, as long as I can have occasional relations with a
+    young girl&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, about once a week. But if this outlet for my
+    sexual emotions is stopped sexual thoughts obsess my brain; I
+    become both useless and miserable.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have never regretted my marriage. Not only do I feel that life
+    without a wife and home and children would be miserable, but I
+    entertain feelings of great affection toward my wife. We are well
+    suited to one another; she is a woman of character and
+    intelligence; she looks after my home well, is a sensible and
+    devoted mother, and understands me. I have never met a woman I
+    would have sooner married. We have many tastes and likings in
+    common, and&mdash;what is not possible with most women&mdash;I can, as a
+    rule, speak to her about my feelings and find a listener who
+    understands.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the other hand, all passion and sentiment have died out. It
+    seems to me that this is inevitable. Perhaps it is a good thing
+    this should be so. If men and women remained in the state of
+    erotic excitement they are in when they marry, the business and
+    work of the world would go hang. Unfortunately, in my case this
+    very erotic excitement is the chief thing in life that appeals to
+    me!</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The factors that in my case have produced this death of passion
+    and sentiment are as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;1. Familiarity. When one is continually in the company of a
+    person all novelty dies out. In the case of husband and wife, the
+    husband sees his wife every day; at all times and seasons;
+    dressed, undressed; ill; good tempered, bad tempered. He sees her
+    wash and perform other functions; he sees her naked whenever he
+    likes; he can <a name='4_Page_246'></a>have intercourse with her whenever he feels
+    inclined. How can love (as I use the expression&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, sexual
+    passion) continue?</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;2. Satiety. I am of a 'hot,' sensual disposition, inclined to
+    excess, as far as my health and nerves are concerned. The
+    appetite gets jaded.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;3. Absence of strong sexual reciprocity on the part of my wife.
+    I have referred to this above. She likes intercourse, but she is
+    never outwardly demonstrative. She has naturally a chaste mind.
+    She never is guilty of those little indecencies which affect some
+    men a great deal. She does not like talking of these things; and
+    she tells me that if I died, she would never want to have
+    intercourse again with anyone. At times, especially recently, she
+    has even asked me to have intercourse with her, or to masturbate
+    her; but it is seldom that the orgasm occurs contemporaneously.
+    In this respect she is different from other women I knew, in whom
+    the mere fact that the orgasm was occurring in me at once
+    produced it in them. At the same time I doubt whether even strong
+    sexual reciprocity would have retained my passion for long.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;4. During the early years of our married life money worries
+    caused at times disagreements, reproaches and quarrels. Passion
+    and sentiment are fragile and cannot stand these things.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;5. The fact that I had already had other women diminished the
+    feeling of awe with which many regard the sexual act and the
+    violation of sexual conventions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;6. Loss of beauty. Loss of figure is, I fear, inseparable from
+    childbearing especially if the woman works hard. We have always
+    had servants, still my wife has always worked hard, at sewing,
+    etc.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have stated that I entertain feelings of respect and
+    admiration for my wife. But I almost <i>loathe</i> the idea of
+    intercourse with her. I would sooner masturbate, and think of
+    another woman than have intercourse with her. It causes nausea in
+    me to touch her private parts. Yet with other women it affords me
+    mad pleasure to kiss them, every part of their bodies. But my
+    wife still feels for me the love she had when we first married.
+    There lies the tragedy.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>The following narrative is a continuation of History XII in the previous
+volume:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY III.&mdash;</b>I had become good looking. For a time I knew what
+    it was to have loving looks from every woman I met, and being
+    saner and healthier I would seem to be moving in a divine
+    atmosphere of color and fragrance, pearly teeth and bright eyes.
+    Even the old women with daughters looked at me amiably&mdash;married
+    women with challenge and maidens with Paradise in their eyes.</p><a name='4_Page_247'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was standing one morning at St. Peter's corner, with two young
+    friends, when a girl went by, coming over from the Roman Catholic
+    cathedral. When she had passed she looked back, with that
+    imperious swing that is almost a command, at me, as my friends
+    distinctly admitted. They advised me to follow her; I did so, and
+    she turned a pretty, blushing face and pair of dark gray eyes,
+    with just the kind of eyebrows I liked: brown, very level, rather
+    thick, but long. Her teeth and mouth were perfect, and she spoke
+    with a slight Irish brogue. She let me do all the talking while
+    she took my measure. God knows what she saw in me! I spoke in an
+    affected manner, I remember, imitating some swell character I had
+    seen on the stage a night or two before, but I was wise enough
+    not to talk too much and to behave myself. She promised to meet
+    me again and made the appointment. She was a school-teacher and
+    engaged to be married to some one else. She meant to amuse
+    herself her own way before she married. The second night I met
+    her she allowed me to kiss her as much as I liked and promised
+    all her favors for the third night. We took a long walk, and in
+    the dark she gave herself to me, but I hurt her so much I had to
+    stop two or three times. She had had connection only once, years
+    before, when at school herself. She was inclined to be sensual,
+    but she was young, fresh, and pretty, and her kisses turned my
+    head. I fell genuinely in love with her and told her so, one
+    night when she was particularly fascinating, with the tears in my
+    eyes; and her face met mine with equal love. The first night or
+    two I had felt no pleasure&mdash;whether through years of self-abuse
+    or not I do not know,&mdash;but this night my whole being was excited.
+    I met her once and sometimes twice a week and was always thinking
+    of her. My sister saw me looking love-sick one day and I heard
+    her say 'He's in love,' which rather flattered me, and I looked
+    more love-sick and idiotic than ever. It was all wrong and
+    perverted. She continued to meet her <i>fianc&eacute;</i>, and intended to
+    marry him. We both spoke of 'him' as an adultress speaks of her
+    husband. That high level of tears and childlike joy in our youth
+    and love was never reached again. But I realized her <i>sex</i>, her
+    kisses, her presence&mdash;after all those years of horror (if she had
+    only known)&mdash;more even than the sexual act itself; while she, as
+    time went on, commenced to show a curiosity which I thought
+    desecrating; she liked to examine&mdash;to 'let her hand stray,' were
+    her words. Even her beauty seemed impaired some nights and I
+    caught a gleam in her eye and a curve of her lip I thought
+    vulgar. But perhaps the next night I met her she would be as
+    bright as ever.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I introduced her to my friends, who knew our relations, for I
+    blabbed everything. But she did not mind their knowing and if we
+    met would give them all a kiss, so that I felt I had been rather
+    too profuse in my hospitality, though I still would say: 'Have
+    another <a name='4_Page_248'></a>one, Bert; I don't mind.' But whatever ass I made of
+    myself she forgave me anything, and was fonder of me every time
+    we met, while I, although I did not know it for a long time, was
+    less fond of her. She knew how to revive my love, however. Some
+    nights she would not meet me, and I would be like a madman. Other
+    nights she would meet me, but not let me raise her dress. She
+    would lie on me, on a moonlit night, and her young face in shadow
+    like a siren's in its frame of hair, merely to kiss me. But what
+    kisses! Slow, cold kisses changing to clinging, passionate ones.
+    She would leave my mouth to look around, as if frightened, and
+    come back, open-mouthed, with a side-contact of lips that brought
+    out unexpected felicities.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One night her <i>fianc&eacute;</i> saw us together, and followed me after I
+    left her, but on turning a corner I ran. I ridiculed him to her
+    and despised him. I should have found it difficult to say why.
+    Another night her brother attacked me, and it would have gone
+    hard with me, but Annie pulled me in and banged the door. We were
+    in a friend's house, but her father came around soon and laid a
+    stick about her shoulders, in my presence. I tried to talk big,
+    and said something idiotic about being as good a man as her
+    betrothed, as though my intentions were honorable, which for one
+    brief moment made Anne look at me, paler faced and changed, such
+    a strange glance. But he beat her home, enjoying my rage, and she
+    went away, crying in her hands. I was allowed to go unmolested.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I soon received a letter from her asking me not to mind and
+    making an appointment, at which she turned up cheerful and
+    unconcerned. She went to confession, and would meet me
+    afterwards; and her faith in that, and the difference of our
+    religions (if I had any religion) would make her seem strange and
+    alien to me at times, even banal. At last our meetings became a
+    mere habit of sensuality, with all charm, and suggestion of
+    better things eliminated....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I went with my friend George (who shared my room) one afternoon
+    and called at Annie's school; she kept an infants' school of her
+    own. She came to the door herself. It was the first time I had
+    seen her in daylight, and I thought her cheek-bones bigger; she
+    certainly was not so pretty as on the first evening I met her.
+    George had told me he would sleep away if I wanted the room, and
+    when next I met her she promised to come and sleep with me.
+    Before I had always met her on the grass, under trees. She came,
+    and the sight of her young limbs and breasts revived something of
+    my love for her, my better love. But she was insatiable and more
+    sensual every day. One day she came when I was not well, and
+    would not go away disappointed. I had met a very pretty girl
+    about this time, and now resolved to give Annie up, which I did
+    in the cruelest manner, cutting her dead, and refusing <a name='4_Page_249'></a>to answer
+    her letters and touching messages. I heard that she would cry for
+    hours, but I was harder than adamant....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I thought myself very much in love with the very pretty girl for
+    whom I had thrown up Annie. She lived with her mother and two
+    sisters, one older than herself, the other a mere child. The
+    eldest sister, a handsome, dark girl like a Spaniard, was not
+    virtuous. She was good natured; too much so, and took her
+    pleasure with several of us, dying, not long after, of
+    consumption. I thought her sister, my girl, was virtuous, and I
+    meant to marry her&mdash;some day. At any rate, I saw her mother, who
+    lived in a well-furnished house and was a superior woman. This
+    did not prevent my trying to seduce her daughter. I did not
+    succeed for a long time, though she did not cease meeting me. The
+    sisters came to see us. I knew, one night, her sister was
+    upstairs with D. and I guessed what they were at, so I suggested
+    to her she should creep up on them for fun. She did so, came
+    back, excited and pale&mdash;and gave herself to me. But she was not a
+    virgin and in time I had a glimpse of her unhappy fate and her
+    mother's position. Her father was dead or divorced, and her
+    mother, I believe, was mistress to some wealthy bookmaker. I am
+    not sure, there was always a mystery hanging over the mother, nor
+    am I certain that she connived at her daughter's seduction, but
+    the girl's account was that after some successful Cup day there
+    had been too much champagne drunk all around, and that a man she
+    looked on as a friend came into her bedroom that night when she
+    was <i>t&ecirc;te mont&eacute;e</i> and seduced or violated her&mdash;whichever word you
+    like to choose. Since then his visits had been frequent until she
+    met me, she said, and if I would be true to her she would be a
+    true wife to me, and I believed her and still believe she meant
+    what she said. But I left Melbourne shortly after this, our
+    letters got few and far between, and ultimately I heard she was
+    married to a young man who had always been in love with her....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Among the inmates of the boarding house was a 'married' couple
+    who stayed for some time; he was an insignificant, ugly, little,
+    crosseyed commercial traveler; she was a pretty, little creature
+    who looked as innocent and was as merry as a child; we all vied
+    in paying her attentions and waiting on her like slaves, the
+    husband always smiling a cryptic smile. After they had left it
+    was hinted they were not married at all; the oldest hands had
+    been taken in.... One afternoon I met Dolly, the commercial
+    traveler's wife, and she stopped and spoke to me. I remembered
+    what I had heard and ventured on some pleasantry at which she
+    laughed, and on my proposing that we should go for a walk she
+    consented. She had left the commercial traveler, it came out in
+    conversation, and we went on talking and walking, one idea only
+    in my mind now; could I detain her till dark? Dolly, who was very
+    pretty indeed, amused herself with me for hours, playing <a name='4_Page_250'></a>hot and
+    cold, snubbing me one minute, encouraging me with her eyed
+    another. Hour after hour went and she found this game so
+    entertaining that she accompanied me to the park behind the
+    Botanical Gardens, and it was not until it was too late for me to
+    catch a train home that she gave herself to me. In fact, we
+    stayed out the whole of that warm summer night. As the hours went
+    by she told me of her home in London and how she first went
+    wrong. She had been a good girl till one day on an excursion she
+    drank some rum or gin, which seemingly revived some dormant taint
+    of heritage; when she went home that night she fell flat at her
+    mother's feet. Her parents, well-to-do shopkeepers, who had
+    forgiven her several times before, turned her out. She became one
+    man's mistress and then another's. She began early, and was
+    scarcely 19 now. She would leave off the drink for a time and try
+    to be respectable. She loved her father and mother, but she could
+    not help drinking at times. She spoke cheerfully and laughingly
+    about it all; she was young, strong, good natured, and careless.
+    We went to sleep for a little while and then wandered in the
+    early morning down toward the cemetery, when she tried to tidy
+    her hair, asking me how I had enjoyed myself and not waiting for
+    an answer. She was thirsty, she said, and when the public houses
+    opened we went and had a drink. It was the first time I had seen
+    her drink alcohol,&mdash;at the boarding house she had always been the
+    picture of health and sweetness,&mdash;and I saw a change come over
+    her at once, so that I understood all that she had told me. The
+    sleepless night may have made it worse, but the look that came
+    into her eyes, and the looseness of the fibres not only of her
+    tell-tale wet mouth, but of every muscle of her face was
+    startling and piteous to see. She saw my look and laughed, but
+    her laugh was equally piteous to hear, and when she spoke again
+    her voice had changed too, and was equally piteous. She asked for
+    another. 'No, don't,' I begged, for the pretty girl I had
+    flattered myself I had passed a summer's night with that most
+    young men would envy, showed signs of changing, like some siren,
+    into a flabby, blear-eyed boozer. That hurt my vanity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I met her another night and she took, me to her lodgings, and I
+    slept with her all night. I no longer tried to stop her drinking,
+    but drank with her. I ceased to treat her with courtesy and
+    gallantry; she noticed it, but only drank the more, drank till
+    she became dirty in her ways, till her good looks vanished. I
+    left her, too drunk to stand, as some friend, a woman, called on
+    her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;She came to see me once more, like her old self, so well dressed
+    and well behaved, and chatted so cheerfully to my landlady that
+    the latter afterward congratulated me on having such a friend.
+    Dolly carried a parcel of underclothing she had made, with a few
+    toys, for the children of a poor man in the suburbs, and I
+    accompanied her to <a name='4_Page_251'></a>the house. There was great excitement among
+    the ragged children; in fact, the atmosphere became so
+    dangerously full of love and charity that I commenced to feel
+    uncomfortable,&mdash;the shower of roses again,&mdash;and was glad to find
+    myself in the open air. We went for a walk and had several
+    drinks, which made the usual change in Dolly. I got tired of her,
+    determined I would leave her, spoke cruelly, and finally&mdash;after
+    having connection with her on the dry seaweed&mdash;rose and left her
+    brutally, walked away faster and faster, deaf to her
+    remonstrances, and careless whether or how she reached the
+    station....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had gone to lodge with a family whom I had been accustomed to
+    visit as a friend; there were two daughters; the elder, engaged
+    to a young German who was away with a survey party, had a rather
+    plain face, but a strong one and was herself a strong character,
+    and I came to like her in spite of myself; the second girl had
+    light golden hair, a fresh complexion, a short nose, and rather
+    large mouth, which contained beautiful teeth; they were both
+    good, obedient, innocent church-going daughters. As there was
+    plenty of amusement there of an evening, singing and dancing, I
+    did not go out, got into better ways, and gradually gave up
+    drinking to excess. I was so improved in appearance that an old
+    acquaintance did not recognize me. My anecdotes and fun amused
+    Mrs. S., the mother of the girls. She could be very violent on
+    occasions, I found, and I learned that there had been terrible
+    scenes at times, and that from time to time it had been necessary
+    to place her in an asylum. I went for drives with the girls and
+    to theatres, and ought to have been happy and glad to find myself
+    in such good quarters. The mother trusted me so entirely that she
+    left me for hours with the girls, the younger one of whom I would
+    kiss sometimes. She was engaged to a young fellow whom I spoke to
+    patronizingly, but whose shoes I was not worthy to fasten. I was
+    the cause of quarrels between them. They made it up again but I
+    think he noticed the change that was taking place in Alice. For
+    from kissing her I had gone on&mdash;all larking at first. We formed
+    the habit of sitting down on the sofa when alone and kissing
+    steadily for ten minutes or more at a time. She was excited
+    without knowing what was the matter with her&mdash;but I knew. And one
+    day when our mouths were together I drew her to me and commenced
+    to stroke her legs gently down. She trembled like a string bow,
+    and allowed my hand to go farther. And then she was frightened
+    and ashamed and commenced to laugh and cry together. She had
+    these hysterical attacks several times and they always frightened
+    me. It ended in my seducing her. She broke off her engagement,
+    and then was sorry; but soon she thought only of me.... One day
+    Alice and I were nearly caught. I had just left her on the sofa
+    and had commenced drawing at a table with my back to her when
+    suddenly her mother came in without her <a name='4_Page_252'></a>shoes, while Alice had
+    one hand up her clothes arranging her underclothing. The mother
+    stopped dead and shot me one glance I shall never forget. 'Why,
+    Alice, you frighten me!' she said. I feigned surprise and asked
+    'What is the matter?' Alice, although she was frightened out of
+    her wits, managed to stammer: 'He couldn't see me&mdash;you couldn't
+    see me, could you?' appealing to me. But I had managed to collect
+    my senses a bit and although still under that maternal eye I
+    asked,&mdash;at last turning slowly around to Alice: 'See? What do you
+    mean? See what?' And I looked so mystified that the mother was
+    deceived, and contented herself with scolding Alice and telling
+    her to run no risks of that sort. I breathed again.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;But I was near the end of my tether. Alice and I talked about
+    everything now. She told me about her life at boarding school and
+    the strange ideas some of the girls had about men and marriage.
+    After leaving school she had been sent to a large millinery or
+    drapery establishment to learn sewing and dressmaking. Here, she
+    said, the talk was awful at times, and one girl had a book with
+    pictures of men's organs of generation, which was passed around
+    and excited their curiosity to the highest pitch.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had days of tenderness and contrition, and even told her I
+    would get on and marry her. Then the tears would come into her
+    eyes and she would say: 'I seem to feel as if you were my husband
+    now.' ...</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had to see a man on business and went to his cottage. The door
+    was opened by his wife, a handsome, dark-eyed young woman, who
+    looked as if butter would not melt in her mouth. After leaving a
+    message I went on talking to her on other subjects. She piqued my
+    vanity in some way, and made me feel curious and restless. I
+    found myself thinking of her after I left and looking back I saw
+    she was still looking at me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;To make a long story short, she encouraged me. It ended by my
+    leaving the S. family and going to board with them. T. D., the
+    husband, was glad of my company and my money. They had a little
+    boy&mdash;whose father T. was not. I soon understood her inviting
+    looks at me. For she was a general lover, and an old man, in a
+    good government billet, visited her often when T. D. was away: I
+    will call him Silenus. There was also a dark, handsome man who
+    built organs. The latter came one day and sent for some beer. I
+    was working in my room, and it so happened that before he knocked
+    she had been going further than usual in her talk with me; in
+    fact, as good as giving me the word. When her friend was admitted
+    he had to pass my open door and he gave me a look with his black
+    eyes and I gave him a look which told each what the other's game
+    was. It is wonderful what a lot can be learned from a single
+    glance of the eyes. When I saw the little boy bringing in the
+    beer I felt that he had bested me. But she <a name='4_Page_253'></a>brought me in a glass
+    first, and putting her down on the sofa I scored first. It was
+    done so suddenly, so brutally, that, accustomed as she must have
+    been to such scenes she turned red and bit her under lip. But she
+    sent the other man away in a few minutes. After that she was
+    insatiable; it was every day and sometimes twice in one day. I
+    commenced to be gloomy and miserable again. And there was not
+    even a pretense of love. There was no deception about her; she
+    even introduced me to Silenus and we made excursions together,
+    for which he paid, as he had plenty of money. We were always
+    drinking, until at last I could eat nothing unless I had two or
+    three whiskies. I became very thin, my horizon seemed black and
+    all things at an end. (But T. D. enjoyed his meals and was really
+    fond of his wife and her boy and his work; life was pleasant to
+    him.) She would go up to town with me and to a certain hotel;
+    after drinking she would leave me waiting while she retired with
+    the handsome young landlord for a short time. She told me when
+    she came back that he was a great favorite with married women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;She told me that Silenus visited a woman who practiced
+    <i>fellatio</i> on him. Mrs. D. thought such practices abominable and
+    could not imagine how a woman could like doing such a thing.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When she was out walking with me one day T. D.'s name came up and
+    she said in a slightly altered voice: 'He told me he loved me!'
+    It was a word seldom used by her except in jest. I threw a
+    startled look at her and caught an inquisitive and apologetic
+    look in return, such a strange and touching glance that I saw I
+    had not yet understood her,&mdash;there was an enigma somewhere. When,
+    bit by bit, she told me her life, I understood, or thought I
+    understood, that strange childlike glance in this young woman
+    steeped to her eyes in sin. No one had ever made love to her or
+    spoken to her of love in her life.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It had commenced at school. She must have been a particularly
+    fine and handsome girl, judging from her photographs. She had
+    seen boys playing with girls' privates under the form and felt
+    jealous that they did not play with her's. She had no mother to
+    look after her and she soon found plenty of boys to play with
+    her, and young men, too, as she grew older. She took it as she
+    took her meals. She had been really fond of her child's father,
+    but as he had shown no tenderness for her, nothing but a craving
+    for sensual gratification, she would rather have died than let
+    him know. She soon tired of her attachments, she told me. She did
+    not like T. D. He was not the complacent husband; he was spirited
+    enough, but he believed everything she told him. One day he came
+    home unexpectedly when we were together on the bare palliass in
+    her room. It was a critical moment when his knocks were heard,
+    and in the hurry and excitement some moisture was left on the
+    bed. The knocks became louder, but she was calmer <a name='4_Page_254'></a>than I, and
+    bade me run down to the closet. I could hear her cheerful and
+    chaffing voice greeting him. When I walked in back to my own room
+    she called out: 'Here's T. home!' I learned afterward that he had
+    been surly and suspicious, and had seen the moisture on the bed,
+    and asked about it, whereupon she had turned the tables upon him
+    completely; he ought to be ashamed of himself; she knew what he
+    meant by his insinuations; if he must know how that moisture come
+    on the bed, why she put the soap there in a hurry to catch a
+    flea. He believed her and brought her a present next day in
+    atonement for his suspicions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During her monthly periods, when I could not touch her, she
+    would come in and play with me until emissions occurred, and my
+    feelings had become so perverted that I even preferred this to
+    coitus. The orgasm would occur twice in her to once in me, and
+    though her eyes were rather hard and her mouth too, she always
+    looked well and cheerful, while I was gloomy and depressed. In
+    her side, however, was a hard lump, which pained her at times,
+    and which, doubtless, was waiting its time....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One day I felt so low in health that I proposed to T. D. that we
+    should take a boat and sail out in the bay for a day or two. The
+    sea, the change, the open air revived me, and I even made
+    sketches of the black sailor as he steered the boat. One day when
+    I was left alone in charge of the boat, as I felt the time
+    hanging on my hands, for the sea, the blue sky, the lovely day
+    gave me no real pleasure, I remember abusing myself, the old
+    habit reasserting itself as soon as I was alone and idle. When
+    T. D. came back he brought Mrs. D. with him, laughing and jolly as
+    usual. She was surprised when lying next to me under the deck on
+    our return I did not respond to her advances. It would have
+    pleased her, with her husband only a few feet away. After that I
+    spent a night with her, but she was getting tired of me. I did
+    not care for her, but it hurt my vanity and I made a few attempts
+    to be impertinent. She looked at me coldly and threatened to
+    complain to T....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I want to relate an impression I received one night about this
+    time when with several friends we called at a brothel. I forget
+    my companion, but I remember two faces. It was winter, and great
+    depression prevailed in Adelaide. We had been talking to the
+    mistress as we drank some beer and were pretending to be jolly
+    fellows, although we were wet, cold, and had not enjoyed
+    ourselves (at least, I had not), and she was speaking harshly and
+    jeeringly about two girls she had now who had not earned a penny
+    for the past week. Just then we heard footsteps and she said in a
+    lower tone: 'Here they are,' They came in, unattended, having
+    ascertained which the brothel-keeper snorted and turned her back
+    to them. The faces of the girls, who <a name='4_Page_255'></a>were quite young, looked so
+    miserable that even I pitied them. The look on the face of one of
+    those girls as she stood by the hearth drawing off her gloves
+    lives in my memory. Too deep for tears was its sorrow, shame, and
+    hopelessness....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had given up drink and was living in the bush. To anyone with
+    normal nerves it would have been a happy time of quiet, rustic
+    peace, beauty, and relief from city life. With me it was restless
+    vanity amounting to madness. In every relation, action, or
+    possible event in which I figured or might figure in the future,
+    I always instantaneously called up an imaginary audience. And
+    then this imaginary audience admired everything I did or might
+    do, and put the most heroic, gallant, and romantic construction
+    on my acts, appearance, lineage, and breeding. Suppose I saw a
+    pretty girl on a bush road. Instead of thinking 'There is a
+    pretty girl; I should like to know her or kiss her,' as I suppose
+    a healthy, normal young man would think, I thought after this
+    fashion: 'There is a pretty girl; now, as I pass her she will
+    think I am a handsome and aristocratic-looking stranger, and, as
+    I carry a sketch-book, an artist&mdash;&quot;A landscape painter! How
+    romantic!&quot; she will say, and then she will fall in love with me,'
+    etc. This preoccupation with what other people might think or
+    would think so engrossed all my time that I had no means of
+    enjoying the presence, thought, or favor of the divine creatures
+    I met, and I must have appeared 'cracked' to them with my
+    reticence, pride, and silly airs.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I met girls as foolish as myself sometimes. Once at a <i>table
+    d'h&ocirc;te</i> I met a young girl who went for a walk with me and let me
+    know her carnally although she was little more than a schoolgirl.
+    She was going down to town soon, she said, and would meet me at a
+    certain hotel (belonging to relations of hers) in Adelaide on a
+    certain date, some time ahead; if I took a room there she would
+    come into it during the night. In the meanwhile I had given way
+    to drink again and abused myself at intervals. I came down to
+    town, drunk, in the coach, and kept my appointment with the young
+    girl at the hotel, expecting a night of pleasure; but she merely
+    stared at me coldly as if she had never seen me before. I abused
+    myself twice in my solitary room....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I met a middle-aged schoolteacher (who had once been an officer
+    in the army) down for his holidays. As he spoke well, and was a
+    'gentleman,' I cultivated him. One night he asked me to meet a
+    girl he had an appointment with and tell her he was not well
+    enough to meet her. He foolishly told me the purpose of their
+    intended meeting. I went to the trysting-place, at the back of
+    the hotel, and met the girl. On delivering my message she smiled,
+    made some joke about her friend, and looked at me as much as to
+    say: 'You will do as well.' I had been drinking, and in the most
+    brutal manner I took her into a closet. By some strange chance or
+    state of nerves she gave me <a name='4_Page_256'></a>exquisite pleasure, but the orgasm
+    came with me before it did with her, and in spite of her
+    disappointment and protests I stood up and pulled her out of the
+    place for fear some one should find us there. Still protesting
+    she followed me, but her foot slipped on the paved court, and she
+    fell down on her face. When she rose I saw that her front teeth
+    were broken. I looked at her without pity, with impatience, and
+    abruptly leaving her I went into the hotel to 'the colonel.' I
+    commenced to tell him lies, when he asked me with a weak laugh
+    what had been keeping me. I smiled with low cunning and drunken
+    vanity, evading the question. Then he accused me directly. I only
+    laughed; but, drunk as I was, I remember the look of the ageing
+    bachelor as he saw he had been betrayed by a younger man. He had
+    known her for years....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was now living in the home of a woman who was separated from
+    her husband and kept lodgers. She had a daughter, with whom I
+    walked out, a pretty girl who drank like a fish, as her mother
+    also did. There were other lodgers coming and going. I would lie
+    down all day and keep myself saturated with beer. I commenced to
+    get fat and bloated, with the ways of a brothel bully. A
+    broken-down, drunken old woman who visited the house and had been
+    a beautiful lady in her youth told me I should end my days on the
+    gallows trap. The same woman when drunk would lift up her dress,
+    sardonically, exposing herself. Other old women would congregate
+    in the neglected and dirty bedrooms and tell fortunes with the
+    cards. One little woman, an onanist, was like a character out of
+    Dickens, exaggerated, affected, unnatural, with remains of
+    gentility and society manners. Amidst all this drunkenness and
+    abandonment May, the landlady's daughter, preserved her
+    virginity. Young lodgers would take liberties with her, but at a
+    certain stage would receive a stinger on the face. The girl liked
+    me and would kiss me, but nothing else. And then&mdash;out of this
+    home of drunkenness and shame&mdash;May fell in love with some pretty
+    boy she met by chance, whom she never asked to her home. She
+    began to neglect me, even to neglect drink, and to dream,
+    preoccupied. I felt a restless jealousy, but she would look at
+    me, without resentment, without recognition, without seeing me,
+    look me straight in the eyes as I was talking to her, and dream
+    and dream. This same pretty boy seduced her, I believe. When next
+    I met her she was 'on the town,' her one dream of spring over....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About this time I had one of those salutary turns that have
+    marked epochs in my life, and as a result I left that house and
+    resolutely abstained from drink.... I was now in a small
+    up-country town. I commenced to play croquet and to ride out.
+    Sometimes I was invited to dinner by a young man at the bank,
+    whose house was kept by his sister. She had a small figure, a
+    pretty but rather narrow <a name='4_Page_257'></a>face, and well-bred manners; but there
+    was a look in her asymmetrical eyes, in the shape of her thin
+    hands, even in the stoop of her shoulders, that seemed
+    passionate. One day&mdash;when her brother, a fine, sweet-blooded
+    manly young athlete, was absent&mdash;I commenced to pull her about.
+    She gave me one passionate kiss, but said: 'No! Do you know what
+    keeps me straight? It is the thought of my brother.' I refrained
+    from molesting her further. I met other girls, some pretty and
+    arrogant, others plain and hungry-eyed; it was a country town
+    where there were four or five females to every male. But I could
+    not speak frankly and candidly to a young woman as the young
+    banker did....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I remember that one night, when I was living at the Port, I
+    slept all night with a prostitute who had taken a fancy to me and
+    who used to cry on my shoulder, much to my impatience and
+    annoyance. In the same bed with us, lying beside me, was a girl
+    aged about 12. On my expressing surprise I was told she was used
+    to it and noticed nothing. But in the morning I turned my head
+    and looked at her, and even in the dim light of that dirty
+    bedroom I could see that her eyes had noticed and understood. She
+    pressed herself against me and smiled; it was not the smile of an
+    infant. I could record many instances I have observed of the
+    precocity of children.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At one time I made the acquaintance of three young men, two in
+    the customs, the other in a surveyor's office. At the first
+    glance you would have said they were ordinary nice young clerks,
+    but on becoming better acquainted you would notice certain
+    peculiarities, a looseness of mouth, a restless, nervous
+    inquietude of manner, an indescribable gleam of the eye. They
+    were very fond of performing and singing at amateur minstrel
+    shows and developed a certain comic vein they thought original,
+    though it reminded me of professional corner-men. However, I
+    enjoyed their singing and drinking habits and went to their
+    lodgings several nights to play cards, drink beer, and tell funny
+    stories. One night they asked me to stay all night and on going
+    to a room with two beds I was told to have one. Presently one of
+    the young men came in and commenced to undress. But before going
+    to his bed he made a remark which, though I had been drinking,
+    opened my eyes. I told him to shut up and go to bed, speaking
+    firmly and rather coldly, and he went reluctantly to his own bed.
+    But another night when they had shifted their lodgings and were
+    all sleeping in the same room I was drunk and went to bed with
+    the same fair-haired young man. On waking up in the night I found
+    my bedmate tampering with me. The old force came over me and I
+    abused him, but refused to commit the crime he wanted me to. His
+    penis was small and pointed. I rose early in the morning,
+    sobered, suffering, and covered with shame, and went hastily
+    away, refusing to stay for breakfast. I thought I <a name='4_Page_258'></a>caught an
+    amazed and evil smile on the faces of the other two. Meeting the
+    three the same evening in the street, I passed them blushing, and
+    my bedmate of the previous night blushed also....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I now took cheap lodgings in North Adelaide. Here I had slight
+    recurrences of the strangeness and fear of going mad which I had
+    experienced once before. I led such a solitary life and fell into
+    such a queer state that I turned to religion and attended church
+    regularly. It was approaching the time for those young men and
+    women who wished to be confirmed to prepare themselves, and a
+    struggle now ensued between my pride and my wish to gain rest and
+    peace of mind in Jesus. I was self-conscious to an incredible
+    degree, and dreaded exposure or making an exhibition of myself,
+    but still went to church, hoping the grace of God would descend
+    on me. I had no other resources. I had no pleasure in life, and
+    was so shattered and in such misery of dread that I welcomed the
+    only refuge that seemed open to me. At last, one Sunday, I had
+    what I thought was a call; I shed a few tears, and although
+    tingling all down my spine I went up in the cathedral and joined
+    those who were going to be confirmed. I attended special meetings
+    and shocked the good bishop very much by telling him I had never
+    been baptized. I had to be baptized first and went one day to the
+    cathedral and he baptized me. When the critical awful moment came
+    the bishop, whose faith even then surprised me somehow, held my
+    hand in his cold palm, and gave it a pressure, eyeing me,
+    expectantly, inquisitively, to see any change for the better.
+    But, it so happened, that morning I was in a horrible temper and
+    black mood, hard and dry-eyed, and no change came. Still, I tried
+    to believe there was a change.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was confirmed with others, had a prayer-book given me with
+    prayers for nearly every hour in the day, and was always kneeling
+    and praying. I procured a long, white surplice, and assisted at
+    suburban services, even conducting small ones myself, reading the
+    sermons out of books. But my mood of rage increased, and one
+    Sunday I had to walk a long way in a new pair of boots. I shall
+    never forget that hot Sunday afternoon. My feet commenced to ache
+    and a murderous humor seized me. I swore and blasphemed one
+    moment and prayed to God to forgive me the next. When I reached
+    the chapel where I had to assist the chaplain I was exhausted
+    with rage, pain, fear, and religious mania. I thought it probable
+    I had offended the Holy Ghost. When, next Sunday, I went to try
+    my hand at Sunday-school teaching I wore a pair of boots so old
+    that the little boys laughed. I was always talking of my
+    conversion and the spirit of our Saviour. I do not know what the
+    clergymen I met thought of me. I thought I should like to be a
+    minister myself, and questioned a Church of England parson as to
+    the amount of study necessary. He received my <a name='4_Page_259'></a>question rather
+    coldly, I thought, which discouraged me. As my dread gradually
+    diminished, though I still felt strange, I made excuses for not
+    conducting services, although I continued to read my Bible and
+    prayer-book, and really believed I had been 'born again.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Surely now, I thought, that I had Christ's aid, I shall be able
+    to break off my habit of self-abuse that had been the curse of my
+    youth. What was my horror and dismay to find that, when the mood
+    came on me next, I went down the same as ever. And after all my
+    suffering and dread and fear of fits! What could I do? Was I mad,
+    or what? I was really frightened at my helplessness in the matter
+    and decided on a course of conduct that ultimately brought me
+    past this danger to better health and comparative happiness. I
+    said to myself that there is always a certain amount of
+    preliminary thought and dalliance before I do this deed;
+    doubtless this it is that renders me incapable of resisting. I
+    decided, therefore, never to let my thoughts <i>commence</i> to dwell
+    on lustful things, but to think of something else on the <i>first</i>
+    intimation of their appearance in my mind. I rigorously followed
+    this rule; and it proved successful, and I recommend it to others
+    in the same predicament as myself. After suffering weeks and
+    months of dread and illness once more, falling away in flesh and
+    turning yellow, I gradually mended a little. I had a better color
+    and tone, and was something like other young men, barring a
+    strange alternate exaltation and depression. Even this gradually
+    became less noticeable, and my moods more even and reliable.&quot;</p></div><a name='4_Page_260'></a>
+<br />
+<a name='4_Page_261'></a>
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_219'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_219'>[219]</a><div class='note'><p> My Christian faith is of a somewhat nonemotional,
+intellectual type, with a considerable element of agnostic reserve.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_220'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_220'>[220]</a><div class='note'><p> On having connection with my wife I frequently exhibit
+sufficient sexual power to produce orgasm in her; but on occasion,
+especially during the first year or so of married life, I have been unable
+to do this, owing to the too rapid action of the reflexes in myself, and
+have even, now and again, had emissions <i>ante portam</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'></a><h2>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Adachi, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Adam, Madame, <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>Adler, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>&AElig;lian, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Allbutt, Gifford, <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a>.</li>
+<li>Allen, Grant, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>Allin, A., <a href='#4_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#4_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+<li>Alrutz, <a href='#4_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Andree, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Anselm, St., <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Arbuthnot, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Ariosto, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Arist&aelig;netus, <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristophanes, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_90'>90</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristotle, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Athen&aelig;us, <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Aubert, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Audeoud, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Avicenna, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Ayrton, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bacarisse, <a href='#4_Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
+<li>Backhouse, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Bain, A., <a href='#4_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Baker, Sir S., <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>B&auml;lz, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Baschet, Armand, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Batchelor, J., <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Baudelaire, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#4_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Bazan, Pardo, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Beatson, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Beauregard, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>.</li>
+<li>Bendix, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Benedikt, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Bernard, L., <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Bernardin de St. Pierre, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Bianchi, L., <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Bi&eacute;rent, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Binet, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloch, A. G., <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloch, I., <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#4_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#4_Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#4_Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Boccaccio, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Bollinger, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Borel, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Botallus, <a href='#4_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Brant&ocirc;me, <a href='#4_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Breitenstein, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Brisay, Marquis de, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Bronson, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Broune, R., <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Brown, H., <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Brunton, Sir Lauder, <a href='#4_Page_6'>6</a>.</li>
+<li>B&uuml;cher, <a href='#4_Page_114'>114</a>.</li>
+<li>Buckman, S. S., <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Bulkley, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Bullen, F. St. John, <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Burckhardt, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Burdach, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Burton, Sir R., <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Burton, R., <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#4_Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#4_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Caban&egrave;s, <a href='#4_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Cabanis, <a href='#4_Page_27'>27</a>.</li>
+<li>Cadet-Devaux, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Candolle, A. de, <a href='#4_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Cardano, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Cardi, Comte di, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Casanova, <a href='#4_Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Castellani, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Cervantes, <a href='#4_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>Chadwick, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Chamfort, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Chaucer, <a href='#4_Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
+<li>Clement of Alexandria, <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a>.</li>
+<li>Cloquet, <a href='#4_Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#4_Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Cocke, J., <a href='#4_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Coffignon, <a href='#4_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Cohn, Jonas, <a href='#4_Page_20'>20</a>.</li>
+<li>Colegrove, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Colenso, W., <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Collet, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Compayre, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
+<li>Cook, Captain, <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Cornish, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Courtier, <a href='#4_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Crawley, <a href='#4_Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Cyples, W., <a href='#4_Page_116'>116</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Daniell, W. F., <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>D'Annunzio, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Dante, <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Darlington, L., <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Darwin, C., <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.<a name='4_Page_262'></a></li>
+<li>Darwin, E., <a href='#4_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#4_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+<li>Davy, J., <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Deniker, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#4_Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>D'Enjoy, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#4_Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Digby, Sir K., <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Dillon, E., <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Distant, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Dogiel, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Donaldson, H. H., <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>.</li>
+<li>D'Orbigny, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Duffield, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+<li>Dufour, <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
+<li>D&uuml;hren, E., <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Dunlop, W., <a href='#4_Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Edinger, <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Eliot, George, <a href='#4_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#4_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, A. B., <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, A. J., <a href='#4_Page_116'>116</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, Havelock, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#4_Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#4_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#4_Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#4_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, W., <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Eloy, <a href='#4_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+<li>Em&eacute;ric-David, <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Emin Pasha, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Endriss, J., <a href='#4_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Engelmann, I. J., <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Epstein, <a href='#4_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Esquirol, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Eulenburg, <a href='#4_Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>F&eacute;r&eacute;,
+<ul><li>        <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#4_Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#4_Page_30'>30</a>,</li>
+<li>        <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#4_Page_89'>89</a>,</li>
+<li>        <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#4_Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ferrand, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Ferrero, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Filh&eacute;s, Margarethe, <a href='#4_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Fillmore, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>.</li>
+<li>Firenzuola, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Flagy, R. de, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Fletcher, A. C., <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>.</li>
+<li>Fliess, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Fol, H., <a href='#4_Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+<li>Foley, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+<li>Forster, J. B., <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Franklin, A., <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+<li>Frazer, J. G., <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>Friedl&auml;nder, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Friedreich, J. B., <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Fromentin, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Frumerie, G. de, <a href='#4_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Galopin, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Galton, F., <a href='#4_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Garbini, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Garson, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Giard, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Giessler, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Gilman, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Goblot, <a href='#4_Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Goethe, <a href='#4_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#4_Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Goncourt, E. de, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>G&ouml;rres, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Gould, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Gourmont, Remy de, <a href='#4_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#4_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Griffith, W. D. A., <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Griffiths, A. B., <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Grimaldi, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Groos, K., <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#4_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#4_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#4_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Guibaud, <a href='#4_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hack, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>H&auml;cker, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Hagen, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#4_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Hall, G. Stanley, <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#4_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#4_Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Halle, A. de la, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Haller, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Harrison, F., <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a>.</li>
+<li>Hart, D. Berry, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Harvey, W. F., <a href='#4_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Hawkesworth, <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Haycraft, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Hearn, Lafcadio, <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Heine, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Hellier, J. B., <a href='#4_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Helmholtz, <a href='#4_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#4_Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Henry, C., <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Hermant, Abel, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Herodotus, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Herrick, C. L., <a href='#4_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Herrick, R., <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#4_Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
+<li>Heschl, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Hildebrandt, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>.</li>
+<li>Hippocrates, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Holder, A. B., <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>Hortis, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Houdoy, <a href='#4_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Houzeau, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Huart, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Humboldt, W. von, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Hutchinson, W. F., <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Hutchinson, Woods, <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a>.</li>
+<li>Huysmans, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#4_Page_81'>81</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyades, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>J&auml;ger, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>James, W., <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.<a name='4_Page_263'></a></li>
+<li>Janet, <a href='#4_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Jerome, St., <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a>.</li>
+<li>Joal, <a href='#4_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Joest, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Johnston, Sir H. H., <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Jorg, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Jouin, <a href='#4_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+<li>Juvenal, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kaan, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Kate, H. ten, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Kennedy, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Kiernan, J. G., <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>King, J. S., <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Kirchhoff, A., <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Kistemaecker, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Klein, G., <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Kleist, <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Krafft-Ebing, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Krauss, <a href='#4_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Kubary, <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>K&uuml;lpe, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Lane, E. W., <a href='#4_Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#4_Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+<li>Lancaster, E., <a href='#4_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Latcham, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Laycock, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#4_Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#4_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Layet, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>L&eacute;chat, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Lecky, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Lejeune, <a href='#4_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Lemaire, J., <a href='#4_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>L&eacute;oty, <a href='#4_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Lewin, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Lewis, A. T., <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Linn&aelig;us, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombard, <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombroso, C., <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombroso, Gina, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucian, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucretius, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Luigini, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Lumholtz, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>MacCauley, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>MacDonald, J., <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>MacDougall, B., <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>MacKenzie, J. N., <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#4_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>MacKenzie, S., <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Man, E. H., <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Mantegazza, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#4_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Marholm, L., <a href='#4_Page_169'>169</a>.</li>
+<li>Marie de France, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Marro, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Marston, J., <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Martial, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>Martineau, Harriet, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Massinger, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>.</li>
+<li>Matusch, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Mau, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Maudsley, H., <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Maxim, Sir H., <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>McBride, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>McDougall, W., <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>McKendrick, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Melle, Van, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Menander, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Mentz, <a href='#4_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Merensky, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Mertens, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Michelet, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>.</li>
+<li>Milton, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Miner, J. B., <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a>.</li>
+<li>Minut, G. de, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Mironoff, <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Mitford, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li>M&ouml;bius, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Moll, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#4_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#4_Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Moncelon, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Monin, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Moore, A. W., <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Moore, F., <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>.</li>
+<li>Moraglia, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Motannabi, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>Muir, Sir W., <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Myers, C. S., <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>N&auml;cke, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#4_Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#4_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Newman, W. L., <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Nietzsche, <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#4_Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
+<li>Niphus, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Nordenskj&ouml;ld, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Norman, Conolly, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Nuttall, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Nyrop, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>O'Donovan, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Ordericus Vitalis, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovid, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#4_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Papillault, <a href='#4_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+<li>Parke, T. H., <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Parker, Rushton, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Passy, J., <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Patrick, G. T. W., <a href='#4_Page_1'>1</a>.</li>
+<li>Patrizi, M. L., <a href='#4_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Paulhan, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Pearson, K., <a href='#4_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.<a name='4_Page_264'></a></li>
+<li>Penta, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Perls, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Petrarch, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Petrie, Flinders, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Pi&eacute;ron, <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Piesse, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Pillon, E., <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Plateau, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>.</li>
+<li>Plato, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Ploss, <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#4_Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a>.</li>
+<li>Plutarch, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Potwin, E., <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Pouchet, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Poulton, E. B., <a href='#4_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Pruner Bey, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Pyle, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Raciborski, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Raffalovich, <a href='#4_Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+<li>Ramsey, Sir W., <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Raseri, <a href='#4_Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
+<li>Raymond, <a href='#4_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Reade, Winwood, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Remfry, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Renier, R., <a href='#4_Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhys, J., <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Ribbert, <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Ribot, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Ries, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Ripley, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Robinson, Louis, <a href='#4_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#4_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Rochas, A. de, <a href='#4_Page_117'>117</a>.</li>
+<li>Roger, J. L., <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Rohlfs, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Romi, Shereef-Eddin, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Ronsard, <a href='#4_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>Roscoe, J., <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Rosenbaum, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Roth, H. Ling, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Roth, W., <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Roubaud, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Rousseau, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Routh, A., <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Rowbotham, J. F., <a href='#4_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Rudeck, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+<li>Rutherford, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Salmuth, P., <a href='#4_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Sanborn, L., <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+<li>Santayana, G., <a href='#4_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Savage, G., <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Savill, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Schellong, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+<li>Schiff, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Schopenhauer, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#4_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Schultz, A., <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Schurigius, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Scott, Colin, <a href='#4_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Scripture, E. W., <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a>.</li>
+<li>Seligmann, <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Selous, E., <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
+<li>Semon, Sir F., <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>S&eacute;nancour, <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>.</li>
+<li>Sensai, Nagayo, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li>Sergi, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Shakespeare, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>Sharp, D., <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>.</li>
+<li>Shelley, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>Shields, T. E., <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Shipley, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Shufeldt, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Simpson, Sir J. Y., <a href='#4_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Skeat, W. W., <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, Sir A., <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, G. Elliot, <a href='#4_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, H., <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Smyth, Brough, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Sonnini, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Southerden, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Spencer, Herbert, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Spinoza, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Stanley, Hiram, <a href='#4_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Stendhal, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#4_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Stevens, Vaughan, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Stirling, E. C., <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Stoddart, W. H. B., <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Stratz, C. H., <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#4_Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#4_Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Swift, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Symonds, J. A., <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Syrus, Publilius, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Talbot, E. B., <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Talbot, E. S., <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Tarchanoff, <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#4_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Tardif, <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Tarnowsky, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Temesvary, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Tennyson, <a href='#4_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Tinayre, Marcelle, <a href='#4_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+<li>Tolstoy, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#4_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Toulouse, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Tourdes, G., <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Tregear, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Tuckey, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Turner, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Tylor, E. B., <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a>.<a name='4_Page_265'></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Varigny, O. de, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaschide, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Vatsyayana, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Velten, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Venturi, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Vinci, L. de, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Vineberg, <a href='#4_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Volkelt, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Vurpas, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Waits, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+<li>Wallace, A. E., <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+<li>Wallaschek, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>.</li>
+<li>Waller, A., <a href='#4_Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>.</li>
+<li>Walther, P. von, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Wartanoff, <a href='#4_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Watts, G. F., <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Weinhold, K., <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Wellhausen, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Wessmann, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Westermarck, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#4_Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Whytt, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Wiedemann, A., <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Wiese, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilks, Sir S., <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a>.</li>
+<li>Wright, T., <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#4_Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+<li>Wundt, <a href='#4_Page_114'>114</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Yellowlees, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Yung, E., <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zola, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Zurcher, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>.</li>
+<li>Zwaardemaker, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#4_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_266'></a>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Acne in relation to sexual development, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>&AElig;sthetics,
+<ul><li>  standard modified by love, <a href='#4_Page_20'>20</a>.</li>
+<li>  in region of smell, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to the sexual impulse, <a href='#4_Page_137'>137</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ainu, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Alexander the Great,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ambergris, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>American Indians, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.
+<ul><li>  types of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  ideas of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>  seldom acquainted with kiss, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>An&aelig;sthesia produced by tuning forks, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Antisexual instinct, <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Arabs,
+<ul><li>  ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+<li>  kissing among, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Armpit,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#4_Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_105'>105</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Asaf&oelig;tida, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Assortative mating, <a href='#4_Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
+<li>Australians, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>.
+<ul><li>  ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  kissing among, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bath,
+<ul><li>  its history in modern Europe, <a href='#4_Page_36'>36</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  opposed by early Christians, <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a>.</li>
+<li>    also by Mohammed, <a href='#4_Page_35'>35</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Baudelaire's olfactory sensibility, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Beard in relation to beauty, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Beauty as the symbol of love, <a href='#4_Page_138'>138</a>.
+<ul><li>  the chief agent in sexual selection, <a href='#4_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>  the sexual element in &aelig;sthetic, <a href='#4_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>  its largely objective character, <a href='#4_Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>  ideals of, among various peoples, <a href='#4_Page_140'>140</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  sometimes found in lowest races, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  primary sex characters as an element of, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Beauty,
+<ul><li> clothing in relation to, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>  secondary sexual characters as an element of, <a href='#4_Page_163'>163</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  in relation to pigmentation, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  the individual element in ideal of, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>  the exotic element, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to stature, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Bird song,
+<ul><li>  origin of, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Biting in relation to origin of kissing, <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Blind,
+<ul><li>  sense of smell in the, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>  sensitiveness to voice, <a href='#4_Page_129'>129</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Blondes,
+<ul><li>  the admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Breasts,
+<ul><li>  as an element of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>  as a tactile sexual focus, <a href='#4_Page_23'>23</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Breath,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Brothels,
+<ul><li>  public baths once synonymous with, <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Brummell, <a href='#4_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Brunettes,
+<ul><li>  the admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Bustle, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Capryl odors, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Carbolic acid disliked by savages, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+<li>Castoreum, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Cataglottism, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Catholic theologians,
+<ul><li>  on danger of tactile contacts, <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>  opposed bathing, <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Chenopodium vulvaria</i>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Chinese ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>  music among, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>  practice the olfactory kiss, <a href='#4_Page_220'>220</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Christianity,
+<ul><li>  its use of the kiss, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>  opposition to bathing, <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Civet, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>Cleanliness and Christianity, <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a> <i>et seq.</i><a name='4_Page_267'></a></li>
+<li>Cleanliness in relation to sexual attraction, <a href='#4_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Clitoris,
+<ul><li>  deformation of, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Clothing,
+<ul><li>  sexual attraction of, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#4_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#4_Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#4_Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Codpiece, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
+<li>Coitus,
+<ul><li>  body odor during, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Comic sense, <a href='#4_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Continence,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Corset, <a href='#4_Page_171'>171</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Crinoline, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a>.</li>
+<li>Cumarine, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#4_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Cunnilingus</i>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Cutaneous excitation,
+<ul><li>  tonic effects of, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Dancing in sexual selection, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Death,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Degenerates sexually attracted to one another, <a href='#4_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Disparity,
+<ul><li>  the sexual charm of, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Dogs practice <i>cunnilingus</i>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>.
+<ul><li>  predominance of smell in mental life of, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>  susceptibility to music, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Doves,
+<ul><li>  sexual attraction among, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Dyeing the hair,
+<ul><li>  origin of, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Egyptian ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Emotional memory, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>English type of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Erogenous zone, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Eskimo, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Eunuchs,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Europeans,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Exotic element in ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Eyes as a factor of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Fairness in relation to vigor, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>.
+<ul><li>  the admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Farthingale, <a href='#4_Page_169'>169</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Fellatio</i>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Fetichism,
+<ul><li>  olfactory, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#4_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>  urinary, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>  shoe, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Flowers,
+<ul><li>  occasional injurious effect of perfumes of, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>  sexual character of their perfume, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>French ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#4_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Fuegians, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>German ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Goethe's olfactory sensibility, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>Gray eyes,
+<ul><li>  admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Greeks,
+<ul><li>  conception of music, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>  ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>  pygmalionism among, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Green eyes,
+<ul><li>  admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Gunnings, the, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hair as an element of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<ul><li>  sexual development of, <a href='#4_Page_91'>91</a>.</li>
+<li>  suggested function of, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+<li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hallucinations of smell, <a href='#4_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+<li>Hamilton, Lady, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Hebrews acquainted with kiss, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.
+<ul><li>  ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Henna plant,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Heterogamy, <a href='#4_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Hindu ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Hips as a feature of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_164'>164</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Homogamy, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#4_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Hottentot apron as a feature of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Hura dance, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Hypnosis,
+<ul><li>  effect of music during, <a href='#4_Page_117'>117</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hysteria and the skin, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Immorality and bathing, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Incest, origin of the abhorrence of, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Incontinence,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Indians, American,
+<ul><li>  ideas of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>  types of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  seldom acquainted with kiss, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Infants,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Insects and music, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.
+<ul><li>  smell in their sexual life, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Inversion,
+<ul><li>  influence of odor in sexual, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Irish ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Italian ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Itching,
+<ul><li>  its parallelism to sexual tumescence, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.<a name='4_Page_268'></a></li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Japanese,
+<ul><li> ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>  perfumes among, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>  unacquainted with kiss, <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Javanese, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Jewish ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Joan of Aragon as a type of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kiss, the, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Kwan-yin as a type of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Lactation,
+<ul><li>  controlling influences on, <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to menstruation, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Larynx at puberty, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Laughter as a form of detumescence, <a href='#4_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Leather,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Lily,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_103'>103</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Longevity and beauty, <a href='#4_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Malays,
+<ul><li>  ideals of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li> the kiss among, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Maoris, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Married couples,
+<ul><li>  degree of resemblance between, <a href='#4_Page_200'>200</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Massage as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#4_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#4_Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+<li>Masturbation,
+<ul><li>  in relation to acne, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to bleeding of nose, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to hallucinations of smell, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Melody,
+<ul><li>  the nature of, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Memories,
+<ul><li>  olfactory, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>  tactile, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Menstruation,
+<ul><li>  in relation to acne, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to lactation, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to body odors, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to bleeding of nose, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mirror as a method of heightening tumescence, <a href='#4_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Mixoscopy, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Modesty in relation to ticklishness, <a href='#4_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Mohammed,
+<ul><li>  his love of perfumes, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>  his opinion of public baths, <a href='#4_Page_35'>35</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mohammedans,
+<ul><li>  attitude toward bath, <a href='#4_Page_35'>35</a>.</li>
+<li>  preference for musk perfume, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mosquitoes,
+<ul><li>  attracted by music, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Moths,
+<ul><li>  sexual odors of, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Movement,
+<ul><li>  beauty of, <a href='#4_Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Music,
+<ul><li>  among Chinese and Greeks, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>  origins of, <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  effects of, during hypnosis, <a href='#4_Page_117'>117</a>.</li>
+<li>  physiological influence of, <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Music,
+<ul><li>  why it is pleasurable, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>  its sexual attraction among animals, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>  in man, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  supposed therapeutic effects, <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Musk, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>.</li>
+<li>Mutilations,
+<ul><li>  among savages for magic purposes, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>  for sake of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Narcissism, <a href='#4_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Nasal mucous membrane and genital sphere, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Nates as a feature of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_164'>164</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Necklace,
+<ul><li>  significance of, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Necrophily, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Negress,
+<ul><li>  beauty of, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#4_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Negro ideas of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>  mode of kissing, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_220'>220</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Neopallium, <a href='#4_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Neurasthenia and olfactory susceptibility, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>.
+<ul><li>  in relation to pruritus, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nicobarese, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Nietzsche's supposed olfactory sensibility, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Nipple as a sexual focus, <a href='#4_Page_23'>23</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Nose and sexual organs,
+<ul><li>  supposed connection, between, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Obesity,
+<ul><li>  the oriental admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Odors,
+<ul><li>  artificial, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+<li>  classification of, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>  as stimulants, <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>  as medicines, <a href='#4_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>  distinctive of various human races, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>  of sanctity, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.<a name='4_Page_269'></a></li></ul></li>
+<li>Odors of death, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.
+<ul><li>  of the body, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Olfaction in relation to sexual selection, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<ul><li>    (See &quot;Odors&quot; and &quot;Smells.&quot;)</li>
+<li>  the study of, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Olfactory area of brain, <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>O&ouml;phorectomy and sense of smell, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Orgasm as a skin reflex, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.
+<ul><li>  founded on tactile sensations, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>  produced by various tactile contacts, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ornament,
+<ul><li>  its religious significance, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>  sexual significance of, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Overall, Mrs., <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li><i>Padmini</i>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Papuans, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Parity,
+<ul><li>  the sexual charm of, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Peasants,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_89'>89</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Peau d'Espagne, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Perfume,
+<ul><li>  ancient use of, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>  sexual influence of, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#4_Page_91'>91</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  results of excessive stimulation by, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Persian ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Phallus worship, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>Pigmentation connected with intensity of odor, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>.
+<ul><li>  in relation to beauty, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  in relation to vigor, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Polynesian dancing, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Pompeii, <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#4_Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
+<li>Preferential mating, <a href='#4_Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
+<li>Pregnancy as an ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>Primary sex characters as an element of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Proven&ccedil;al ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Pruritus, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Puberty,
+<ul><li>  accompanied by increased interest in art, <a href='#4_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>  olfactory sensibility at, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pygmalionism, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Reeve, Pleasance, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Renaissance type of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhinencephalon, <a href='#4_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhythm,
+<ul><li>  as a stimulant, <a href='#4_Page_114'>114</a>.</li>
+<li>  the sense of, <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Saddleback as a feature of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Salutation by smelling, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>.</li>
+<li>Samoans, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Sanctity, odor of, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Savages,
+<ul><li>  important part played by odor in their mental life, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+<li>  sometimes beautiful, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  their ideals of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Secondary sexual characters in relation to sexual attraction, <a href='#4_Page_163'>163</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Semen,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Sexual differences in admiration of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a>.
+<ul><li>  in olfactory acuteness, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>  in urination, <a href='#4_Page_209'>209</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Shoe fetichism, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Singalese ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li>Singing as affected by sexual emotion, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Skin,
+<ul><li>  complexity of its functions, <a href='#4_Page_3'>3</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Smell,
+<ul><li>  antipathies aroused by, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>  its evolution, <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a>.</li>
+<li>  sexual significance in animals, <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>  its significance in man, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  theory of, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>  special characteristics of, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>  as the sense of the imagination, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>  as distinctive of races and individuals, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  hallucinations of, <a href='#4_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+<li>  in part the foundation of kiss, <a href='#4_Page_220'>220</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  results of its excessive stimulation, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Sneezing and sexual stimulation, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>Spanish ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_146'>146</a>.
+<ul><li>  saddle-back as an element of, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Stanley, Lady Venetia, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Statues, sexual love of, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Statue in relation to beauty, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Steatopygia, <a href='#4_Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
+<li>Strength,
+<ul><li>  the admiration of women for, <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>.<a name='4_Page_270'></a></li></ul></li>
+<li>Suckling as a cause of perversion, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>.
+<ul><li>  as a source of sexual emotion, <a href='#4_Page_27'>27</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Swahilis, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Tahiti, <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Tallness,
+<ul><li>  the admiration of, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Taste no part in sexual selection, <a href='#4_Page_1'>1</a>.</li>
+<li>Tattooing, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Tennyson, <a href='#4_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Thure-Brandt system of massage as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#4_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+<li>Ticklishness, <a href='#4_Page_11'>11</a>.
+<ul><li>  not a simple reflex, <a href='#4_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>  explainable by summation-irradiation theory, <a href='#4_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to the sexual embrace, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  diminishes with age, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+<li>  also after marriage, <a href='#4_Page_18'>18</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Touch,
+<ul><li>  of kiss, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Touch,
+<ul><li>  in part, foundation of kiss, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  the most primitive of all senses, <a href='#4_Page_3'>3</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  the first to prove pleasurable, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>  the most emotional sense, <a href='#4_Page_6'>6</a>.</li>
+<li>  foundation of sexual orgasm, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Triangle as a sexual symbol, <a href='#4_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Tumescence as a necessary preliminary to sexual influence of odors, <a href='#4_Page_83'>83</a>.
+<ul><li>  the chief stimuli of, <a href='#4_Page_1'>1</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Urinary fetichism, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Urination,
+<ul><li>  habits of sexes in, <a href='#4_Page_109'>109</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Uterus,
+<ul><li>  its relations to breast, <a href='#4_Page_23'>23</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li><i>Vair</i>, significance of term, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Valerianic acid, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Vanilla, <a href='#4_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>.</li>
+<li>Viguier, Paule de, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Violet perfume, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Voice as a source of sexual stimulation, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Vulvar odor,
+<ul><li>  alleged function of, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Wagner's music,
+<ul><li>  emotional effects of, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Walk,
+<ul><li>  beauty of, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Whitman,
+<ul><li>  odor of Walt, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zola's olfactory sensibility, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13613 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13613 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13613)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4 (of 6)
+
+Author: Havelock Ellis
+
+Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13613]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
+VOLUME 4 (OF 6)***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME IV
+
+   Sexual Selection In Man
+   I. Touch. Ii. Smell. Iii. Hearing. Iv. Vision.
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+As in many other of these _Studies_, and perhaps more than in most, the
+task attempted in the present volume is mainly of a tentative and
+preliminary character. There is here little scope yet for the presentation
+of definite scientific results. However it may be in the physical
+universe, in the cosmos of science our knowledge must be nebulous before
+it constellates into definitely measurable shapes, and nothing is gained
+by attempting to anticipate the evolutionary process. Thus it is that
+here, for the most part, we have to content ourselves at present with the
+task of mapping out the field in broad and general outlines, bringing
+together the facts and considerations which indicate the direction in
+which more extended and precise results will in the future be probably
+found.
+
+In his famous _Descent of Man_, wherein he first set forth the doctrine of
+sexual selection, Darwin injured an essentially sound principle by
+introducing into it a psychological confusion whereby the physiological
+sensory stimuli through which sexual selection operates were regarded as
+equivalent to æsthetic preferences. This confusion misled many, and it is
+only within recent years (as has been set forth in the "Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse" in the previous volume of these _Studies_) that the
+investigations and criticisms of numerous workers have placed the doctrine
+of sexual selection on a firm basis by eliminating its hazardous æsthetic
+element. Love springs up as a response to a number of stimuli to
+tumescence, the object that most adequately arouses tumescence being that
+which evokes love; the question of æsthetic beauty, although it develops
+on this basis, is not itself fundamental and need not even be consciously
+present at all. When we look at these phenomena in their broadest
+biological aspects, love is only to a limited extent a response to beauty;
+to a greater extent beauty is simply a name for the complexus of stimuli
+which most adequately arouses love. If we analyze these stimuli to
+tumescence as they proceed from a person of the opposite sex we find that
+they are all appeals which must come through the channels of four senses:
+touch, smell, hearing, and, above all, vision. When a man or a woman
+experiences sexual love for one particular person from among the multitude
+by which he or she is surrounded, this is due to the influences of a group
+of stimuli coming through the channels of one or more of these senses.
+There has been a sexual selection conditioned by sensory stimuli. This is
+true even of the finer and more spiritual influences that proceed from one
+person to another, although, in order to grasp the phenomena adequately,
+it is best to insist on the more fundamental and less complex forms which
+they assume. In this sense sexual selection is no longer a hypothesis
+concerning the truth of which it is possible to dispute; it is a
+self-evident fact. The difficulty is not as to its existence, but as to
+the methods by which it may be most precisely measured. It is
+fundamentally a psychological process, and should be approached from the
+psychological side. This is the reason for dealing with it here. Obscure
+as the psychological aspects of sexual selection still remain, they are
+full of fascination, for they reveal to us the more intimate sides of
+human evolution, of the process whereby man is molded into the shapes we
+know.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+Carbis Water,
+
+Lelant, Cornwall, England.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.
+
+The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man. The Four Senses
+Involved.
+
+
+TOUCH.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive Character of the Skin. Its Qualities. Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure. The Characteristics of Touch. As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection. The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of Touch.
+Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch. Sexual Hyperæsthesia to Touch.
+The Sexual Associations of Acne.
+
+II.
+
+Ticklishness. Its Origin and Significance. The Psychology of Tickling.
+Laughter. Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence. The Sexual Relationships of
+Itching. The Pleasure of Tickling. Its Decrease with Age and Sexual
+Activity.
+
+III.
+
+The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres. Orificial Contacts. Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio. The Kiss. The Nipples. The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres. This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood. The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual Centres.
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Significance of the Association between
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.
+
+IV.
+
+The Bath. Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the Skin.
+Its Cult of Personal Filth. The Reasons which Justified this Attitude. The
+World-wide Tendency to Association between Extreme Cleanliness and Sexual
+Licentiousness. The Immorality Associated with Public Baths in Europe down
+to Modern Times.
+
+V.
+
+Summary. Fundamental Importance of Touch. The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.
+
+
+SMELL.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitiveness of Smell. The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory Centres.
+Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals. Its Diminished Importance
+in Man. The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.
+
+II.
+
+Rise of the Study of Olfaction. Cloquet. Zwaardemaker. The Theory of
+Smell. The Classification of Odors. The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man. Smell as the Sense of Imagination. Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants. Vasomotor and Muscular Effects. Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.
+
+III.
+
+The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples. The Negro, etc. The European.
+The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell. The Odor of Sanctity. The
+Odor of Death. The Odors of Different Parts of the Body. The Appearance of
+Specific Odors at Puberty. The Odors of Sexual Excitement. The Odors of
+Menstruation. Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual Character. The Custom of
+Salutation by Smell. The Kiss. Sexual Selection by Smell. The Alleged
+Association between Size of Nose and Sexual Vigor. The Probably Intimate
+Relationship between the Olfactory and Genital Spheres. Reflex Influences
+from the Nose. Reflex Influences from the Genital Sphere. Olfactory
+Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to Sexual States. The Olfactive
+Type. The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and Allied States. In Certain
+Poets and Novelists. Olfactory Fetichism. The Part Played by Olfaction in
+Normal Sexual Attraction. In the East, etc. In Modern Europe. The Odor of
+the Armpit and its Variations. As a Sexual and General Stimulant. Body
+Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree
+of Tumescence is Already Present. The Question whether Men or Women are
+more Liable to Feel Olfactory Influences. Women Usually more Attentive to
+Odors. The Special Interest in Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.
+
+IV.
+
+The Influence of Perfumes. Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors. This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers. The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes. The Sexual Effects of Perfumes. Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors. The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor. Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and Man.
+Musk a Powerful Stimulant. Its Widespread Use as a Perfume. Peau
+d'Espagne. The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects. The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers. The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors. The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.
+
+V.
+
+The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation. The Symptoms of
+Vanillism. The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of Flowers.
+Effects of Flowers on the Voice.
+
+VI.
+
+The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections. It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance. It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.
+
+
+HEARING
+
+I.
+
+The Physiological Basis of Rhythm. Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus. The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement. The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc. The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals. Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals. The Larynx and Voice in Man. The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes. Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education and Medicine. Its Therapeutic
+Uses. Significance of the Romantic Interest in Music at Puberty. Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music.
+Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of Hearing. The
+Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship. Women Notably Susceptible to
+the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.
+
+II.
+
+Summary. Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.
+
+
+VISION.
+
+I.
+
+Primacy of Vision in Man. Beauty as a Sexual Allurement. The Objective
+Element in Beauty. Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World. Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of View.
+Savages often Admire European Beauty. The Appeal of Beauty to some Extent
+Common even to Animals and Man.
+
+II.
+
+Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters. The Sexual Organs. Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments. Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such Devices. The
+Religious Element. Unæsthetic Character of the Sexual Organs. Importance
+of the Secondary Sexual Characters. The Pelvis and Hips. Steatopygia.
+Obesity. Gait. The Pregnant Woman as a Mediæval Type of Beauty. The Ideals
+of the Renaissance. The Breasts. The Corset. Its Object. Its History.
+Hair. The Beard. The Element of National or Racial Type in Beauty. The
+Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes. The General European Admiration
+for Blondes. The Individual Factors in the Constitution of the Idea of
+Beauty. The Love of the Exotic.
+
+III.
+
+Beauty Not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision. Movement. The
+Mirror. Narcissism. Pygmalionism. Mixoscopy. The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty. The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength. The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.
+
+IV.
+
+The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction. The Admiration for
+High Stature. The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation. The Charm of Parity.
+Conjugal Mating. The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards General
+Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married Couples. Preferential
+Mating and Assortative Mating. The Nature of the Advantage Attained by the
+Fair in Sexual Selection. The Abhorrence of Incest and the Theories of its
+Cause. The Explanation in Reality Simple. The Abhorrence of Incest in
+Relation to Sexual Selection. The Limits to the Charm of Parity in
+Conjugal Mating. The Charm of Disparity in Secondary Sexual Characters.
+
+V.
+
+Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+The Origins of the Kiss.
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+Histories of Sexual Development.
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.
+
+The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man--The Four Senses
+Involved.
+
+
+Tumescence--the process by which the organism is brought into the physical
+and psychic state necessary to insure conjugation and detumescence--to
+some extent comes about through the spontaneous action of internal forces.
+To that extent it is analogous to the physical and psychic changes which
+accompany the gradual filling of the bladder and precede its evacuation.
+But even among animals who are by no means high in the zoölogical scale
+the process is more complicated than this. External stimuli act at every
+stage, arousing or heightening the process of tumescence, and in normal
+human beings it may be said that the process is never completed without
+the aid of such stimuli, for even in the auto-erotic sphere external
+stimuli are still active, either actually or in imagination.
+
+The chief stimuli which influence tumescence and thus direct sexual choice
+come chiefly--indeed, exclusively--through the four senses of touch,
+smell, hearing, and sight. All the phenomena of sexual selection, so far
+as they are based externally, act through these four senses.[1] The
+reality of the influence thus exerted may be demonstrated statistically
+even in civilized man, and it has been shown that, as regards, for
+instance, eye-color, conjugal partners differ sensibly from the unmarried
+persons by whom they are surrounded. When, therefore, we are exploring the
+nature of the influence which stimuli, acting through the sensory
+channels, exert on the strength and direction of the sexual impulse, we
+are intimately concerned with the process by which the actual form and
+color, not alone of living things generally, but of our own species, have
+been shaped and are still being shaped. At the same time, it is probable,
+we are exploring the mystery which underlies all the subtle appreciations,
+all the emotional undertones, which are woven in the web of the whole
+world as it appeals to us through those sensory passages by which alone it
+can reach us. We are here approaching, therefore, a fundamental subject of
+unsurpassable importance, a subject which has not yet been accurately
+explored save at a few isolated points and one which it is therefore
+impossible to deal with fully and adequately. Yet it cannot be passed
+over, for it enters into the whole psychology of the sexual instinct.
+
+Of the four senses--touch, smell, hearing, and sight--with which we are
+here concerned, touch is the most primitive, and it may be said to be the
+most important, though it is usually the last to make its appeal felt.
+Smell, which occupies the chief place among many animals, is of
+comparatively less importance, though of considerable interest, in man; it
+is only less intimate and final than touch. Sight occupies an intermediate
+position, and on this account, and also on account of the very great part
+played by vision in life generally as well as in art, it is the most
+important of all the senses from the human sexual point of view. Hearing,
+from the same point of view, is the most remote of all the senses in its
+appeal to the sexual impulse, and on that account it is, when it
+intervenes, among the first to make its influence felt.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Taste must, I believe, be excluded, for if we abstract the parts of
+touch and smell, even in those abnormal sexual acts in which it may seem
+to be affected, taste could scarcely have any influence. Most of our
+"tasting," as Waller puts it, is done by the nose, which, in man, is in
+specially close relationship, posteriorly, with the mouth. There are at
+most four taste sensations--sweet, bitter, salt, and sour--if even all of
+these are simple tastes. What commonly pass for taste sensations, as shown
+by some experiments of G.T.W. Patrick (_Psychological Review_, 1898, p.
+160), are the composite results of the mingling of sensations of smell,
+touch, temperature, sight, and taste.
+
+
+
+
+TOUCH.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive Character of the Skin--Its Qualities--Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure--The Characteristics of Touch--As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection--The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of
+Touch--Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch--Sexual Hyperæsthesia to
+Touch--The Sexual Associations of Acne.
+
+
+We are accustomed to regard the skin as mainly owing its existence to the
+need for the protection of the delicate vessels, nerves, viscera, and
+muscles underneath. Undoubtedly it performs, and by its tough and elastic
+texture is well fitted to perform, this extremely important service. But
+the skin is not merely a method of protection against the external world;
+it is also a method of bringing us into sensitive contact with the
+external world. It is thus, as the organ of touch, the seat of the most
+widely diffused sense we possess, and, moreover, the sense which is the
+most ancient and fundamental of all--the mother of the other senses.
+
+It is scarcely necessary to insist that the primitive nature of the
+sensory function of the skin with the derivative nature of the other
+senses, is a well ascertained and demonstrable fact. The lower we descend
+in the animal scale, the more varied we find the functions of the skin to
+be, and if in the higher animals much of the complexity has disappeared,
+that is only because the specialization of the various skin regions into
+distinct organs has rendered this complexity unnecessary. Even yet,
+however, in man himself the skin still retains, in a more or less latent
+condition, much of its varied and primary power, and the analysis of
+pathological and even normal phenomena serves to bring these old powers
+into clear light.
+
+    Woods Hutchinson (_Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology_,
+    1901, Chapters VII and VIII) has admirably set forth the immense
+    importance of the skin, as in the first place "a tissue which is
+    silk to the touch, the most exquisitely beautiful surface in the
+    universe to the eye, and yet a wall of adamant against hostile
+    attack. Impervious alike, by virtue of its wonderful responsive
+    vitality, to moisture and drought, cold and heat, electrical
+    changes, hostile bacteria, the most virulent of poisons and the
+    deadliest of gases, it is one of the real Wonders of the World.
+    More beautiful than velvet, softer and more pliable than silk,
+    more impervious than rubber, and more durable under exposure than
+    steel, well-nigh as resistant to electric currents as glass, it
+    is one of the toughest and most dangerproof substances in the
+    three kingdoms of nature" (although, as this author adds, we
+    "hardly dare permit it to see the sunlight or breathe the open
+    air"). But it is more than this. It is, as Woods Hutchinson
+    expresses it, the creator of the entire body; its embryonic
+    infoldings form the alimentary canal, the brain, the spinal cord,
+    while every sense is but a specialization of its general organic
+    activity. It is furthermore a kind of "skin-heart," promoting the
+    circulation by its own energy; it is the great heat-regulating
+    organ of the body; it is an excretory organ only second to the
+    kidneys, which descend from it, and finally it still remains the
+    seat of touch.
+
+    It may be added that the extreme beauty of the skin as a surface
+    is very clearly brought out by the inadequacy of the comparisons
+    commonly used in order to express its beauty. Snow, marble,
+    alabaster, ivory, milk, cream, silk, velvet, and all the other
+    conventional similes furnish surfaces which from any point of
+    view are incomparably inferior to the skin itself. (Cf. Stratz,
+    _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter XII.)
+
+    With reference to the extraordinary vitality of the skin,
+    emphasized by Woods Hutchinson, it may be added that, when
+    experimenting on the skin with the electric current, Waller found
+    that healthy skin showed signs of life ten days or more after
+    excision. It has been found also that fragments of skin which
+    have been preserved in sterile fluid for even as long as nine
+    months may still be successfully transplanted on to the body.
+    (_British Medical Journal_, July 19, 1902.)
+
+    Everything indicates, remark Stanley Hall and Donaldson ("Motor
+    Sensations in the Skin," _Mind_, 1885), that the skin is "not
+    only the primeval and most reliable source of our knowledge of
+    the external world or the archæological field of psychology," but
+    a field in which work may shed light on some of the most
+    fundamental problems of psychic action. Groos (_Spiele der
+    Menschen_, pp. 8-16) also deals with the primitive character of
+    touch sensations.
+
+    Touch sensations are without doubt the first of all the sensory
+    impressions to prove pleasurable. We should, indeed, expect this
+    from the fact that the skin reflexes have already appeared before
+    birth, while a pleasurable sensitiveness of the lips is doubtless
+    a factor in the child's response to the contact of the maternal
+    nipple. Very early memories of sensory pleasure seem to be
+    frequently, perhaps most frequently, tactile in character, though
+    this fact is often disguised in recollection, owing to tactile
+    impression being vague and diffused; there is thus in Elizabeth
+    Potwin's "Study of Early Memories" (_Psychological Review_,
+    November, 1901) no separate group of tactile memories, and the
+    more elaborate investigation by Colegrove ("Individual Memories,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, January, 1899) yields no
+    decisive results under this head. See, however, Stanley Hall's
+    valuable study, "Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898. Külpe has a
+    discussion of the psychology of cutaneous sensations (_Outlines
+    of Psychology_ [English translation], pp. 87 et seq.)
+
+    Harriet Martineau, at the beginning of her _Autobiography_,
+    referring to the vivid character of tactile sensations in early
+    childhood, remarks, concerning an early memory of touching a
+    velvet button, that "the rapture of the sensation was really
+    monstrous." And a lady tells me that one of her earliest memories
+    at the age of 3 is of the exquisite sensation of the casual
+    contact of a cool stone with the vulva in the act of urinating.
+    Such sensations, of course, cannot be termed specifically sexual,
+    though they help to furnish the tactile basis on which the
+    specifically sexual sensations develop.
+
+    The elementary sensitiveness of the skin is shown by the fact
+    that moderate excitation suffices to raise the temperature, while
+    Heidenhain and others have shown that in animals cutaneous
+    stimuli modify the sensibility of the brain cortex, slight
+    stimulus increasing excitability and strong stimulus diminishing
+    it. Féré has shown that the slight stimulus to the skin furnished
+    by placing a piece of metal on the arm or elsewhere suffices to
+    increase the output of work with the ergograph. (Féré, _Comptes
+    Rendus Société de Biologie_, July 12, 1902; id., _Pathologic des
+    Emotions_, pp. 40 et seq.)
+
+    Féré found that the application of a mustard plaster to the skin,
+    or an icebag, or a hot-water bottle, or even a light touch with a
+    painter's brush, all exerted a powerful effect in increasing
+    muscular work with the ergograph. "The tonic effect of cutaneous
+    excitation," he remarks, "throws light on the psychology of the
+    caress. It is always the most sensitive parts of the body which
+    seek to give or to receive caresses. Many animals rub or lick
+    each other. The mucous surfaces share in this irritability of the
+    skin. The kiss is not only an expression of feeling; it is a
+    means of provoking it. Cataglottism is by no means confined to
+    pigeons. The tonic value of cutaneous stimulation is indeed a
+    commonly accepted idea. Wrestlers rub their hands or limbs, and
+    the hand-shake also is not without its physiological basis.
+
+    "Cutaneous excitations may cause painful sensations to cease. Many
+    massage practices which favor work act chiefly as sensorial
+    stimulants; on this account many nervous persons cannot abandon
+    them, and the Greeks and Romans found in massage not only health,
+    but pleasure. Lauder Brunton regards many common manoeuvres, like
+    scratching the head and pulling the mustache, as methods of
+    dilating the bloodvessels of the brain by stimulating the facial
+    nerve. The motor reactions of cutaneous excitations favor this
+    hypothesis." (Féré, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XV, "Influence
+    des Excitations du Toucher sur le Travail.")
+
+The main characteristics of the primitive sense of touch are its wide
+diffusion over the whole body and the massive vagueness and imprecision of
+the messages it sends to the brain. This is the reason, why it is, of all
+the senses, the least intellectual and the least æsthetic; it is also the
+reason why it is, of all the senses, the most-profoundly emotional.
+"Touch," wrote Bain in his _Emotions and Will_, "is both the alpha and the
+omega of affection," and he insisted on the special significance in this
+connection of "tenderness"--a characteristic emotional quality of
+affection which is directly founded on sensations of touch. If tenderness
+is the alpha of affection, even between the sexes, its omega is to be
+found in the sexual embrace, which may be said to be a method of
+obtaining, through a specialized organization of the skin, the most
+exquisite and intense sensations of touch.
+
+    "We believe nothing is so exciting to the instinct or mere
+    passions as the presence of the hand or those tactile caresses
+    which mark affection," states the anonymous author of an article
+    on "Woman in her Psychological Relations," in the _Journal of
+    Psychological Medicine_, 1851. "They are the most general stimuli
+    in lower animals. The first recourse in difficulty or danger, and
+    the primary solace in anguish, for woman is the bosom of her
+    husband or her lover. She seeks solace and protection and repose
+    on that part of the body where she herself places the objects of
+    her own affection. Woman appears to have the same instinctive
+    impulse in this respect all over the world."
+
+It is because the sexual orgasm is founded on a special adaptation and
+intensification of touch sensations that the sense of touch generally is
+to be regarded as occupying the very first place in reference to the
+sexual emotions. Féré, Mantegazza, Penta, and most other writers on this
+question are here agreed. Touch sensations constitute a vast gamut for the
+expression of affection, with at one end the note of minimum personal
+affection in the brief and limited touch involved by the conventional
+hand-shake and the conventional kiss, and at the other end the final and
+intimate contact in which passion finds the supreme satisfaction of its
+most profound desire. The intermediate region has its great significance
+for us because it offers a field in which affection has its full scope,
+but in which every road may possibly lead to the goal of sexual love. It
+is the intimacy of touch contacts, their inevitable approach to the
+threshold of sexual emotion, which leads to a jealous and instinctive
+parsimony in the contact of skin and skin and to the tendency with the
+increased sensitiveness of the nervous system involved by civilization to
+restrain even the conventional touch manifestation of ordinary affection
+and esteem. In China fathers leave off kissing their daughters while they
+are still young children. In England the kiss as an ordinary greeting
+between men and women--a custom inherited from classic and early Christian
+antiquity--still persisted to the beginning of the eighteenth century. In
+France the same custom existed in the seventeenth century, but in the
+middle of that century was beginning to be regarded as dangerous,[2] while
+at the present time the conventional kiss on the cheek is strictly
+differentiated from the kiss on the mouth, which is reserved for lovers.
+Touch contacts between person and person, other than those limited and
+defined by custom, tend to become either unpleasant--as an undesired
+intrusion into an intimate sphere--or else, when occurring between man and
+woman at some peculiar moment, they may make a powerful reverberation in
+the emotional and more specifically sexual sphere. One man falls in love
+with his future wife because he has to carry her upstairs with a sprained
+ankle. Another dates his love-story from a romp in which his cheek
+accidentally came in contact with that of his future wife. A woman will
+sometimes instinctively strive to attract the attention of the man who
+appeals to her by a peculiar and prolonged pressure of the hand--the only
+touch contact permitted to her. Dante, as Penta has remarked, refers to
+"sight or touch" as the two channels through which a woman's love is
+revived (_Purgatorio_, VIII, 76). Even the hand-shake of a sympathetic man
+is enough in some chaste and sensitive women to produce sexual excitement
+or sometimes even the orgasm. The cases in which love arises from the
+influence of stimuli coming through the sense of touch are no doubt
+frequent, and they would be still more frequent if it were not that the
+very proximity of this sense to the sexual sphere causes it to be guarded
+with a care which in the case of the other senses it is impossible to
+exercise. This intimacy of touch and the reaction against its sexual
+approximations leads to what James has called "the _antisexual instinct_,
+the instinct of personal isolation, the actual repulsiveness to us of the
+idea of intimate contact with most of the persons we meet, especially
+those of our own sex." He refers in this connection to the unpleasantness
+of the sensation felt on occupying a seat still warm from the body of
+another person.[3] The Catholic Church has always recognized the risks of
+vuluptuous emotion involved in tactile contacts, and the facility with
+which even the most innocent contacts may take on a libidinous
+character.[4]
+
+    The following observations were written by a lady (aged 30) who
+    has never had sexual relationships: "I am only conscious of a
+    very sweet and pleasurable emotion when coming in contact with
+    honorable men, and consider that a comparison can be made between
+    the idealism of such emotions and those of music, of beauties of
+    Nature, and of productions of art. While studying and writing
+    articles upon a new subject I came in contact with a specialist,
+    who rendered me considerable aid, and, one day, while jointly
+    correcting a piece of work, he touched my hand. This produced a
+    sweet and pure sensation of thrill through the whole system. I
+    said nothing; in fact, was too thrilled for speech; and never to
+    this day have shown any responsive action, but for months at
+    certain periods, generally twice a month, I have experienced the
+    most pleasurable emotions. I have seen this friend twice since,
+    and have a curious feeling that I stand on one side of a hedge,
+    while he is on the other, and, as neither makes an approach,
+    pleasure of the highest kind is experienced, but not allowed to
+    go beyond reasonable and health-giving bounds. In some moments I
+    feel overcome by a sense of mastery by this man, and yet, feeling
+    that any approach would be undignified, some pleasure is
+    experienced in restraining and keeping within proper bounds this
+    passional emotion. All these thrills of pleasurable emotion
+    possess a psychic value, and, so long as the nervous system is
+    kept in perfect health, they do not seem to have the power to
+    injure, but rather one is able to utilize the passionate emotions
+    as weapons for pleasure and work."
+
+    Various parts of the skin surface appear to have special sexual
+    sensitiveness, peculiarly marked in many individuals, especially
+    women; so that, as Féré remarks (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, second
+    edition, 1902, p. 130), contact stimulation of the lips, lobe of
+    ear, nape of neck, little finger, knee, etc., may suffice even to
+    produce the orgasm. Some sexually hyperæsthetic women, as has
+    already been noted, experience this when shaking hands with a man
+    who is attractive to them. In some neurotic persons this
+    sensibility, as Féré shows, may exist in so morbid a degree that
+    even the contact of the sensitive spot with unattractive persons
+    or inanimate objects may produce the orgasm. In this connection
+    reference may be made to the well-known fact that in some
+    hysterical subjects there are so-called "erogenous zones" simple
+    pressure on which suffices to evoke the complete orgasm. There
+    is, perhaps, some significance, from our present point of view,
+    in the fact that, as emphasized by Savill ("Hysterical Skin
+    Symptoms," _Lancet_, January 30, 1904), the skin is one of the
+    very best places to study hysteria.
+
+    The intimate connection between the skin and the sexual sphere is
+    also shown in pathological conditions of the skin, especially in
+    acne as well as simple pimples on the face. The sexual
+    development of puberty involves a development of hair in various
+    regions of the body which previously were hairless. As, however,
+    the sebaceous glands on the face and elsewhere are the vestiges
+    of former hairs and survive from a period when the whole body was
+    hairy, they also tend to experience in an abortive manner this
+    same impulse. Thus, we may say that, with the development of the
+    sexual organs at puberty, there is correlated excitement of the
+    whole pilo-sebaceous apparatus. In the regions where this
+    apparatus is vestigial, and notably in the face, this abortive
+    attempt of the hair-follicles and their sebaceous appendages to
+    produce hairs tends only to disorganization, and simple
+    _comedones_ or pustular acne pimples are liable to occur. As a
+    rule, acne appears about puberty and dies out slowly during
+    adolescence. While fairly common in young women, it is usually
+    much less severe, but tends to be exacerbated at the menstrual
+    periods; it is also apt to appear at the change of life. (Stephen
+    Mackenzie, "The Etiology and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris,"
+    _British Medical Journal_, September 29, 1894. Laycock [_Nervous
+    Diseases of Women_, 1840, p. 23] pointed out that acne occurs
+    chiefly in those parts of the surface covered by sexual hair. A
+    lucid account of the origin of acne will be found in Woods
+    Hutchinson's _Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology_, pp.
+    179-184. G.J. Engelmann ["The Hystero-neuroses," _Gynæcological
+    Transactions_, 1887, pp. 124 et seq.] discusses various
+    pathological disorders of the skin as reflex disturbances
+    originating in the sexual sphere.)
+
+    The influence of menstruation in exacerbating acne has been
+    called in question, but it seems to be well established. Thus,
+    Bulkley ("Relation between Certain Diseases of the Skin and the
+    Menstrual Function," _Transactions of the Medical Society of New
+    York_, 1901, p. 328) found that, in 510 cases of acne in women,
+    145, or nearly one-third, were worse about the monthly period.
+    Sometimes it only appeared during menstruation. The exacerbation
+    occurred much more frequently just before than just after the
+    period. There was usually some disturbance of menstruation.
+    Various other disorders of the skin show a similar relationship
+    to menstruation.
+
+    It has been asserted that masturbation is a frequent or constant
+    cause of acne at puberty. (See, e.g., discussion in _British
+    Medical Journal_, July, 1882.) This cannot be accepted. Acne very
+    frequently occurs without masturbation, and masturbation is very
+    frequently practiced without producing acne. At the same time we
+    may well believe that at the period of puberty, when the
+    pilo-sebaceous system is already in sensitive touch with the
+    sexual system, the shock of frequently repeated masturbation may
+    (in the same way as disordered menstruation) have its
+    repercussion on the skin. Thus, a lady has informed me that at
+    about the age of 18 she found that frequently repeated
+    masturbation was followed by the appearance of _comedones_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, p. 81.
+
+[3] W. James, _Principles of Psychology_, vol. ii. p. 347.
+
+[4] Numerous passages from the theologians bearing on this point are
+brought together in _Moechialogia_, pp. 221-220.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Ticklishness--Its Origin and Significance--The Psychology of
+Tickling--Laughter--Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence--The Sexual
+Relationships of Itching--The Pleasure of Tickling--Its Decrease with Age
+and Sexual Activity.
+
+
+Touch, as has already been remarked, is the least intellectual of the
+senses. There is, however, one form of touch sensation--that is to say,
+ticklishness--which is of so special and peculiar a nature that it has
+sometimes been put aside in a class apart from all other touch sensations.
+Scaliger proposed to class titillation as a sixth, or separate, sense.
+Alrutz, of Upsala, regards tickling as a milder degree of itching, and
+considers that the two together constitute a sensation of distinct quality
+with distinct end-organs, for the mediation of that quality.[5] However we
+may regard this extreme view, tickling is certainly a specialized
+modification of touch and it is at the same time the most intellectual
+mode of touch sensation and that with the closest connection with the
+sexual sphere. To regard tickling as an intellectual manifestation may
+cause surprise, more especially when it is remembered that ticklishness is
+a form of sensation which reaches full development very early in life, and
+it has to be admitted that, as compared even with the messages that may be
+sent through smell and taste, the intellectual element in ticklishness
+remains small. But its presence here has been independently recognized by
+various investigators. Groos points out the psychic factor in tickling as
+evidenced by the impossibility of self-tickling.[6] Louis Robinson
+considers that ticklishness "appears to be one of the simplest
+developments of mechanical and automatic nervous processes in the
+direction of the complex functioning of the higher centres which comes
+within the scope of psychology,"[7] Stanley Hall and Allin remark that
+"these minimal touch excitations represent the very oldest stratum of
+psychic life in the soul."[8] Hirman Stanley, in a somewhat similar
+manner, pushes the intellectual element in ticklishness very far back and
+associates it with "tentacular experience." "By temporary self-extension,"
+he remarks, "even low amoeboid organisms have slight, but suggestive,
+touch experiences that stimulate very general and violent reactions, and
+in higher organisms extended touch-organs, as tentacles, antennæ, hair,
+etc., become permanent and very delicately sensitive organs, where minimal
+contacts have very distinct and powerful reactions." Thus ticklishness
+would be the survival of long passed ancestral tentacular experience,
+which, originally a stimulation producing intense agitation and alarm, has
+now become merely a play activity and a source of keen pleasure.[9]
+
+We need not, however, go so far back in the zoölogical series to explain
+the origin and significance of tickling in the human species. Sir J.Y.
+Simpson suggested, in an elaborate study of the position of the child in
+the womb, that the extreme excitomotory sensibility of the skin in various
+regions, such as the sole of the foot, the knee, the sides, which already
+exists before birth, has for its object the excitation and preservation of
+the muscular movements necessary to keep the foetus in the most favorable
+position in the womb.[10] It is, in fact, certainly the case that the
+stimulation of all the ticklish regions in the body tends to produce
+exactly that curled up position of extreme muscular flexion and general
+ovoid shape which is the normal position of the foetus in the womb. We may
+well believe that in this early developed reflex activity we have the
+basis of that somewhat more complex ticklishness which appears somewhat
+later.
+
+The mental element in tickling is indicated by the fact that even a child,
+in whom ticklishness is highly developed, cannot tickle himself; so that
+tickling is not a simple reflex. This fact was long ago pointed out by
+Erasmus Darwin, and he accounted for it by supposing that voluntary
+exertion diminishes the energy of sensation.[11] This explanation is,
+however, inadmissible, for, although we cannot easily tickle ourselves by
+the contact of the skin with our own fingers, we can do so with the aid of
+a foreign body, like a feather. We may perhaps suppose that, as
+ticklishness has probably developed under the influence of natural
+selection as a method of protection against attack and a warning of the
+approach of foreign bodies, its end would be defeated if it involved a
+simple reaction to the contact of the organism with itself. This need of
+protection it is which involves the necessity of a minimal excitation
+producing a maximal effect, though the mechanism whereby this takes place
+has caused considerable discussion. We may, it is probable, best account
+for it by invoking the summation-irradiation theory of pain-pleasure, the
+summation of the stimuli in their course through the nerves, aided by
+capillary congestion, leading to irradiation due to anastomoses between
+the tactile corpuscles, not to speak of the much wider irradiation which
+is possible by means of central nervous connections.
+
+    Prof. C.L. Herrick adopts this explanation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, and rests it, in part, on Dogiel's study of the tactile
+    corpuscles ("Psychological Corollaries of Modern Neurological
+    Discoveries," _Journal of Comparative Neurology_, March, 1898).
+    The following remarks of Prof. A. Allin may also be quoted in
+    further explanation of the same theory: "So far as ticklishness
+    is concerned, a very important factor in the production of this
+    feeling is undoubtedly that of the summation of stimuli. In a
+    research of Stirling's, carried on under Ludwig's direction, it
+    was shown that reflex contractions only occur from repeated
+    shocks to the nerve-centres--that is, through summation of
+    successive stimuli. That this result is also due in some degree
+    to an alternating increase in the sensibility of the various
+    areas in question from altered supply of blood is reasonably
+    certain. As a consequence of this summation-process there would
+    result in many cases and in cases of excessive nervous discharge
+    the opposite of pleasure, namely: pain. A number of instances
+    have been recorded of death resulting from tickling, and there is
+    no reason to doubt the truth of the statement that Simon de
+    Montfort, during the persecution of the Albigenses, put some of
+    them to death by tickling the soles of their feet with a feather.
+    An additional causal factor in the production of tickling may lie
+    in the nature and structure of the nervous process involved in
+    perception in general. According to certain histological
+    researches of recent years we know that between the sense-organs
+    and the central nervous system there exist closely connected
+    chains of conductors or neurons, along which an impression
+    received by a single sensory cell on the periphery is propagated
+    avalanchelike through an increasing number of neurons until the
+    brain is reached. If on the periphery a single cell is excited
+    the avalanchelike process continues until finally hundreds or
+    thousands of nerve-cells in the cortex are aroused to
+    considerable activity. Golgi, Ramón y Cajal, Koelliker, Held,
+    Retzius, and others have demonstrated the histological basis of
+    this law for vision, hearing, and smell, and we may safely assume
+    from the phenomena of tickling that the sense of touch is not
+    lacking in a similar arrangement. May not a suggestion be
+    offered, with some plausibility, that even in ideal or
+    representative tickling, where tickling results, say, from
+    someone pointing a finger at the ticklish places, this
+    avalanchelike process may be incited from central centres, thus
+    producing, although in a modified degree, the pleasant phenomena
+    in question? As to the deepest causal factor, I should say that
+    tickling is the result of vasomotor shock." (A. Allin, "On
+    Laughter," _Psychological Review_, May, 1903.)
+
+The intellectual element in tickling conies out in its connection with
+laughter and the sense of the comic, of which it may be said to constitute
+the physical basis. While we are not here concerned with laughter and the
+comic sense,--a subject which has lately attracted considerable
+attention,--it may be instructive to point out that there is more than an
+analogy between laughter and the phenomena of sexual tumescence and
+detumescence. The process whereby prolonged tickling, with its nervous
+summation and irradiation and accompanying hyperæmia, finds sudden relief
+in an explosion of laughter is a real example of tumescence--as it has
+been defined in the study in another volume entitled "An Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse"--resulting finally in the orgasm of detumescence. The
+reality of the connection between the sexual embrace and tickling is
+indicated by the fact that in some languages, as in that of the
+Fuegians,[12] the same word is applied to both. That ordinary tickling is
+not sexual is due to the circumstances of the case and the regions to
+which the tickling is applied. If, however, the tickling is applied within
+the sexual sphere, then there is a tendency for orgasm to take place
+instead of laughter. The connection which, through the phenomena of
+tickling, laughter thus bears to the sexual sphere is well indicated, as
+Groos has pointed out, by the fact that in sexually-minded people sexual
+allusions tend to produce laughter, this being the method by which they
+are diverted from the risks of more specifically sexual detumescence.[13]
+
+    Reference has been made to the view of Alrutz, according to which
+    tickling is a milder degree of itching. It is more convenient and
+    probably more correct to regard itching or pruritus, as it is
+    termed in its pathological forms, as a distinct sensation, for it
+    does not arise under precisely the same conditions as tickling
+    nor is it relieved in the same way. There is interest, however,
+    in pointing out in this connection that, like tickling, itching
+    has a real parallelism to the specialized sexual sensations.
+    Bronson, who has very ably interpreted the sensations of itching
+    (New York Neurological Society, October 7, 1890; _Medical News_,
+    February 14, 1903, and summarized in the _British Medical
+    Journal_, March 7, 1903; and elsewhere), regards it as a
+    perversion of the sense of touch, a dysæsthesia due to obstructed
+    nerve-excitation with imperfect conduction of the generated force
+    into correlated nervous energy. The scratching which relieves
+    itching directs the nervous energy into freer channels, sometimes
+    substituting for the pruritus either painful or voluptuous
+    sensations. Such voluptuous sensations may be regarded as a
+    generalized aphrodisiac sense comparable to the specialized
+    sexual orgasm. Bronson refers to the significant fact that
+    itching occurs so frequently in the sexual region, and states
+    that sexual neurasthenia is sometimes the only discoverable cause
+    of genital and anal pruritus. (Cf. discussion on pruritus,
+    _British Medical Journal_, November 30, 1895.) Gilman, again
+    (_American Journal of Psychology_, vi, p. 22), considers that
+    scratching, as well as sneezing, is comparable to coitus.
+
+The sexual embrace has an intimate connection with the phenomena of
+ticklishness which could not fail to be recognized. This connection is,
+indeed, the basis of Spinoza's famous definition of love,--"_Amor est
+titillatio quædam concomitante idea causæ externæ_,"--a statement which
+seems to be reflected in Chamfort's definition of love as "_l'échange de
+deux fantaisies, et le contact de deux epidermes_." The sexual act, says
+Gowers, is, in fact, a skin reflex.[14] "The sexual parts," Hall and Allin
+state, "have a ticklishness as unique as their function and as keen as
+their importance." Herrick finds the supreme illustration of the summation
+and irradiation theory of tickling in the phenomena of erotic excitement,
+and points out that in harmony with this the skin of the sexual region is,
+as Dogiel has shown, that portion of the body in which the tactile
+corpuscles are most thoroughly and elaborately provided with anastomosing
+fibres. It has been pointed out[15] that, when ordinary tactile
+sensibility is partially abolished,--especially in hemianæsthesia in the
+insane,--some sexual disturbance is specially apt to be found in
+association.
+
+In young children, in girls even when they are no longer children, and
+occasionally in men, tickling may be a source of acute pleasure, which in
+very early life is not sexual, but later tends to become so under
+circumstances predisposing to the production of erotic emotion, and
+especially when the nervous system is keyed up to a high tone favorable
+for the production of the maximum effect of tickling.
+
+    "When young," writes a lady aged 28, "I was extremely fond of
+    being tickled, and I am to some extent still. Between the ages of
+    10 and 12 it gave me exquisite pleasure, which I now regard as
+    sexual in character. I used to bribe my younger sister to tickle
+    my feet until she was tired."
+
+    Stanley Hall and Allin in their investigation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, largely carried out among young women teachers, found
+    that in 60 clearly marked cases ticklishness was more marked at
+    one time than another, "as when they have been 'carrying on,' or
+    are in a happy mood, are nervous or unwell, after a good meal,
+    when being washed, when in perfect health, when with people they
+    like, etc." (Hall and Allin, "Tickling and Laughter," _American
+    Journal of Psychology_, October, 1897.) It will be observed that
+    most of the conditions mentioned are such as would be favorable
+    to excitations of an emotionally sexual character.
+
+    The palms of the hands may be very ticklish during sexual
+    excitement, especially in women, and Moll (_Konträre
+    Sexualempfindung_, p. 180) remarks that in some men titillation
+    of the skin of the back, of the feet, and even of the forehead
+    evokes erotic feelings.
+
+    It may be added that, as might be expected, titillation of the
+    skin often has the same significance in animals as in man. "In
+    some animals," remarks Louis Robinson (art. "Ticklishness,"
+    _Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_), "local titillation of
+    the skin, though in parts remote from the reproductive organs,
+    plainly acts indirectly upon them as a stimulus. Thus, Harvey
+    records that, by stroking the back of a favorite parrot (which he
+    had possessed for years and supposed to be a male), he not only
+    gave the bird gratification,--which was the sole intention of the
+    illustrious physiologist,--but also caused it to reveal its sex
+    by laying an egg."
+
+The sexual significance of tickling is very clearly indicated by the fact
+that the general ticklishness of the body, which is so marked in children
+and in young girls, greatly diminishes, as a rule, after sexual
+relationships have been established. Dr. Gina Lombroso, who investigated
+the cutaneous reflexes, found that both the abdominal and plantar
+reflexes, which are well marked in childhood and in young people between
+the ages of 15 and 18, were much diminished in older persons, and to a
+greater extent in women than in men, to a greater extent in the abdominal
+region than on the soles of the feet;[16] her results do not directly show
+the influence of sexual relationship, but they have an indirect bearing
+which is worth noting.
+
+The difference in ticklishness between the unmarried woman and the married
+woman corresponds to their difference in degree of modesty. Both modesty
+and ticklishness may be said to be characters which are no longer needed.
+From this point of view the general ticklishness of the skin is a kind of
+body modesty. It is so even apart from any sexual significance of
+tickling, and Louis Robinson has pointed out that in young apes, puppies,
+and other like animals the most ticklish regions correspond to the most
+vulnerable spots in a fight, and that consequently in the mock fights of
+early life skill in defending these spots is attained.
+
+    In Iceland, according to Margarethe Filhés (as quoted by Max
+    Bartels, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. 2-3, p. 57), it
+    may be known whether a youth is pure or a maid is intact by their
+    susceptibility to tickling. It is considered a bad sign if that
+    is lost.
+
+    I am indebted to a medical correspondent for the following
+    communication: "Married women have told me that they find that
+    after marriage they are not ticklish under the arms or on the
+    breasts, though before marriage any tickling or touching in these
+    regions, especially by a man, would make them jump or get
+    hysterical or 'queer,' as they call it. Before coitus the sexual
+    energy seems to be dissipated along all the nerve-channels and
+    especially along the secondary sexual routes,--the breasts, nape
+    of neck, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, armpits, and hair thereon,
+    etc.,--but after marriage the surplus energy is diverted from
+    these secondary channels, and response to tickling is diminished.
+    I have often noted in insane cases, especially mania in
+    adolescent girls, that they are excessively ticklish. Again, in
+    ordinary routine practice I have observed that, though married
+    women show no ticklishness during auscultation and percussion of
+    the chest, this is by no means always so in young girls. Perhaps
+    ticklishness in virgins is Nature's self-protection against rape
+    and sexual advances, and the young girl instinctively wishing to
+    hide the armpits, breasts, and other ticklish regions, tucks
+    herself up to prevent these parts being touched. The married
+    woman, being in love with a man, does not shut up these parts, as
+    she reciprocates the advances that he makes; she no longer
+    requires ticklishness as a protection against sexual aggression."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] Alrutz's views are summarized in _Psychological Review_, Sept., 1901.
+
+[6] _Die Spiele der Menschen_, 1899, p. 206.
+
+[7] L. Robinson, art. "Ticklishness," Tuke's _Dictionary of Psychological
+Medicine_.
+
+[8] Stanley Hall and Allin, "Tickling and Laughter," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, October, 1897.
+
+[9] H.M. Stanley, "Remarks on Tickling and Laughter," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, vol. ix, January, 1898.
+
+[10] Simpson, "On the Attitude of the Foetus in Utero," _Obstetric
+Memoirs_, 1856, vol. ii.
+
+[11] Erasmus Darwin, _Zoönomia_, Sect. XVII, 4.
+
+[12] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii. p.
+296.
+
+[13] Such an interpretation is supported by the arguments of W. McDougall
+("The Theory of Laughter," _Nature_, February 5, 1903), who contends,
+without any reference to the sexual field, that one of the objects of
+laughter is automatically to "disperse our attention."
+
+[14] Even the structure of the vaginal mucous membrane, it may be noted,
+is analogous to that of the skin. D. Berry Hart, "Note on the Development
+of the Clitoris, Vagina, and Hymen," _Transactions of the Edinburgh
+Obstetrical Society_, vol. xxi, 1896.
+
+[15] W.H.B. Stoddart, "Anæsthesia in the Insane," _Journal of Mental
+Science_, October, 1899.
+
+[16] Gina Lombroso, "Sur les Réflexes Cutanés," International Congress of
+Criminal Anthropology, Amsterdam, _Comptes Rendus_, p. 295.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres--Orificial Contacts--Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio--The Kiss--The Nipples--The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres--This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood--The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual
+Centres--Suckling and Sexual Emotion--The Significance of the Association
+between Suckling and Sexual Emotion--This Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.
+
+
+We have seen that the skin generally has a high degree of sensibility,
+which frequently tends to be in more or less definite association with the
+sexual centres. We have seen also that the central and specific sexual
+sensation, the sexual embrace itself, is, in large measure, a specialized
+kind of skin reflex. Between the generalized skin sensations and the great
+primary sexual centre of sensation there are certain secondary sexual
+centres which, on account of their importance, may here be briefly
+considered.
+
+These secondary centres have in common the fact that they always involve
+the entrances and the exits of the body--the regions, that is, where skin
+merges into mucous membrane, and where, in the course of evolution,
+tactile sensibility has become highly refined. It may, indeed, be said
+generally of these frontier regions of the body that their contact with
+the same or a similar frontier region in another person of opposite sex,
+under conditions otherwise favorable to tumescence, will tend to produce a
+minimum and even sometimes a maximum degree of sexual excitation. Contact
+of these regions with each other or with the sexual region itself so
+closely simulates the central sexual reflex that channels are set up for
+the same nervous energy and secondary sexual centres are constituted.
+
+It is important to remember that the phenomena we are here concerned with
+are essentially normal. Many of them are commonly spoken of as
+perversions. In so far, however, as they are aids to tumescence they must
+be regarded as coming within the range of normal variation. They may be
+considered unæsthetic, but that is another matter. It has, moreover, to be
+remembered that æsthetic values are changed under the influence of sexual
+emotion; from the lover's point of view many things are beautiful which
+are unbeautiful from the point of view of him who is not a lover, and the
+greater the degree to which the lover is swayed by his passion the greater
+the extent to which his normal æsthetic standard is liable to be modified.
+A broad consideration of the phenomena among civilized and uncivilized
+peoples amply suffices to show the fallacy of the tendency, so common
+among unscientific writers on these subjects, to introduce normal æsthetic
+standards into the sexual sphere. From the normal standpoint of ordinary
+daily life, indeed, the whole process of sex is unæsthetic, except the
+earlier stages of tumescence.[17]
+
+So long as they constitute a part of the phase of tumescence, the
+utilization of the sexual excitations obtainable through these channels
+must be considered within the normal range of variation, as we may
+observe, indeed, among many animals. When, however, such contacts of the
+orifices of the body, other than those of the male and female sexual
+organs proper, are used to procure not merely tumescence, but
+detumescence, they become, in the strict and technical sense, perversions.
+They are perversions in exactly the same sense as are the methods of
+intercourse which involve the use of checks to prevent fecundation. The
+æsthetic question, however, remains the same as if we were dealing with
+tumescence. It is necessary that this should be pointed out clearly, even
+at the risk of misapprehension, as confusions are here very common.
+
+    The essentially sexual character of the sensitivity of the
+    orificial contacts is shown by the fact that it may sometimes be
+    accidentally developed even in early childhood. This is well
+    illustrated in a case recorded by Féré. A little girl of 4, of
+    nervous temperament and liable to fits of anger in which she
+    would roll on the ground and tear her clothes, once ran out into
+    the garden in such a fit of temper and threw herself on the lawn
+    in a half-naked condition. As she lay there two dogs with whom
+    she was accustomed to play came up and began to lick the
+    uncovered parts of the body. It so happened that as one dog
+    licked her mouth the other licked her sexual parts. She
+    experienced a shock of intense sensation which she could never
+    forget and never describe, accompanied by a delicious tension of
+    the sexual organs. She rose and ran away with a feeling of shame,
+    though she could not comprehend what had happened. The impression
+    thus made was so profound that it persisted throughout life and
+    served as the point of departure of sexual perversions, while the
+    contact of a dog's tongue with her mouth alone afterward sufficed
+    to evoke sexual pleasure. (Féré, _Archives de Neurologie_, 1903,
+    No. 90.)
+
+    I do not purpose to discuss here either _cunnilingus_ (the
+    apposition of the mouth to the female pudendum) or _fellatio_
+    (the apposition of the mouth to the male organ), the agent in the
+    former case being, in normal heterosexual relationships, a man,
+    in the latter a woman; they are not purely tactile phenomena, but
+    involve various other physical and psychic elements.
+    _Cunnilingus_ was a very familiar manifestation in classic times,
+    as shown by frequent and mostly very contemptuous references in
+    Aristophanes, Juvenal, and many other Greek and Roman writers;
+    the Greeks regarded it as a Phoenician practice, just as it is
+    now commonly considered French; it tends to be especially
+    prevalent at all periods of high civilization. _Fellatio_ has
+    also been equally well known, in both ancient and modern times,
+    especially as practiced by inverted men. It may be accepted that
+    both _cunnilingus_ and _fellatio_, as practiced by either sex,
+    are liable to occur among healthy or morbid persons, in
+    heterosexual or homosexual relationships. They have little
+    psychological significance, except to the extent that when
+    practiced to the exclusion of normal sexual relationships they
+    become perversions, and as such tend to be associated with
+    various degenerative conditions, although such associations are
+    not invariable.
+
+    The essentially normal character of _cunnilingus_ and _fellatio_,
+    when occurring as incidents in the process of tumescence, is
+    shown by the fact that they are practiced by many animals. This
+    is the case, for instance, among dogs. Moll points out that not
+    infrequently the bitch, while under the dog, but before
+    intromission, will change her position to lick the dog's
+    penis--apparently from an instinctive impulse to heighten her own
+    and his excitement--and then return to the normal position, while
+    _cunnilingus_ is of constant occurrence among animals, and on
+    account of its frequency among dogs was called by the Greeks
+    skylax (Rosenbaum, _Geschichte der Lustseuche im Altertume_,
+    fifth edition, pp. 260-278; also notes in Moll, _Untersuchungen
+    über pie Libido Sexualis_, Bd. I, pp. 134, 369; and Bloch,
+    _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp.
+    216 et seq.)
+
+    The occurrence of _cunnilingus_ as a sexual episode of tumescence
+    among lower human races is well illustrated by a practice of the
+    natives of the Caroline Islands (as recorded by Kubary in his
+    ethnographic study of this people and quoted by Ploss and
+    Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i). It is here customary for a man to
+    place a piece of fish between the labia, while he stimulates the
+    latter by his tongue and teeth until under stress of sexual
+    excitement the woman urinates; this is regarded as an indication
+    that the proper moment for intercourse has arrived. Such a
+    practice rests on physiologically sound facts whatever may be
+    thought of it from an æsthetic standpoint.
+
+    The contrast between the normal æsthetic standpoint in this
+    matter and the lover's is well illustrated by the following
+    quotations: Dr. A.B. Holder, in the course of his description of
+    the American Indian _boté_, remarks, concerning _fellatio_: "Of
+    all the many varieties of sexual perversion, this, it seems to
+    me, is the most debased that could be conceived of." On the other
+    hand, in a communication from a writer and scholar of high
+    intellectual distinction occurs the statement: "I affirm that, of
+    all sexual acts, _fellatio_ is most an affair of imagination and
+    sympathy." It must be pointed out that there is no contradiction
+    in these two statements, and that each is justified, according as
+    we take the point of view of the ordinary onlooker or of the
+    impassioned lover eager to give a final proof of his or her
+    devotion. It must be added that from a scientific point of view
+    we are not entitled to take either side.
+
+Of the whole of this group of phenomena, the most typical and the most
+widespread example is certainly the kiss. We have in the lips a highly
+sensitive frontier region between skin and mucous membrane, in many
+respects analogous to the vulvo-vaginal orifice, and reinforcible,
+moreover, by the active movements of the still more highly sensitive
+tongue. Close and prolonged contact of these regions, therefore, under
+conditions favorable to tumescence sets up a powerful current of nervous
+stimulation. After those contacts in which the sexual regions themselves
+take a direct part, there is certainly no such channel for directing
+nervous force into the sexual sphere as the kiss. This is nowhere so well
+recognized as in France, where a young girl's lips are religiously kept
+for her lover, to such an extent, indeed, that young girls sometimes come
+to believe that the whole physical side of love is comprehended in a kiss
+on the mouth; so highly intelligent a woman as Madam Adam has described
+the agony she felt as a girl when kissed on the lips by a man, owing to
+the conviction that she had thereby lost her virtue. Although the lips
+occupy this highly important position as a secondary sexual focus
+in the sphere of touch, the kiss is--unlike _cunnilingus_ and
+_fellatio_--confined to man and, indeed, to a large extent, to civilized
+man. It is the outcome of a compound evolution which had its beginning
+outside the sphere of touch, and it would therefore be out of place to
+deal with the interesting question of its development in this place. It
+will be discussed elsewhere.[18]
+
+There is yet another orificial frontier region which is a highly important
+tactile sexual focus: the nipple. The breasts raise, indeed, several
+interesting questions in their intimate connection with the sexual sphere
+and it may be worth while to consider them at this point.
+
+The breasts have from the present point of view this special significance
+among the sexual centres that they primarily exist, not for the contact of
+the lover, but the contact of the child. This is doubtless, indeed, the
+fundamental fact on which all the touch contacts we are here concerned
+with have grown up. The sexual sensitivity of the lover's lips to
+orificial contacts has been developed from the sensitivity of the infant's
+lips to contact with his mother's nipple. It is on the ground of that
+evolution that we are bound to consider here the precise position of the
+breasts as a sexual centre.
+
+As the great secreting organs of milk, the function of the breasts must
+begin immediately the child is cut off from the nutrition derived from
+direct contact with his mother's blood. It is therefore essential that the
+connection between the sexual organs proper, more especially the womb, and
+the breasts should be exceedingly intimate, so that the breasts may be in
+a condition to respond adequately to the demand of the child's sucking
+lips at the earliest moment after birth. As a matter of fact, this
+connection is very intimate, so intimate that it takes place in two
+totally distinct ways--by the nervous system and by the blood.
+
+    The breasts of young girls sometimes become tender at puberty in
+    sympathy with the evolution of the sexual organs, although the
+    swelling of the breasts at this period is not normally a
+    glandular process. At the recurring periods of menstruation,
+    again, sensations in the breasts are not uncommon.
+
+    It is not, however, until impregnation occurs that really
+    decisive changes take place in the breasts. "As soon as the ovum
+    is impregnated, that is to say within a few days," as W.D.A.
+    Griffith states it ("The Diagnosis of Pregnancy," _British
+    Medical Journal_, April 11, 1903), "the changes begin to occur in
+    the breast, changes which are just as well worked out as are the
+    changes in the uterus and the vagina, which, from the
+    commencement of pregnancy, prepare for the labor which ought to
+    follow nine months afterward. These are changes in the direction
+    of marked activity of function. An organ which was previously
+    quite passive, without activity of circulation and the effects of
+    active circulation, begins to grow and continues to grow in
+    activity and size as pregnancy progresses."
+
+    The association between breasts and womb is so obvious that it
+    has not escaped many savage peoples, who are often, indeed,
+    excellent observers. Among one primitive people at least the
+    activity of the breast at impregnation seems to be clearly
+    recognized. The Sinangolo of British New Guinea, says Seligmann
+    (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, July-December, 1902,
+    p. 298) believe that conception takes place in the breasts; on
+    this account they hold that coitus should never take place before
+    the child is weaned or he might imbibe semen with the milk.
+
+    It is natural to assume that this connection between the activity
+    of the womb and the glandular activity of the breasts is a
+    nervous connection, by means of the spinal cord, and such a
+    connection certainly exists and plays a very important part in
+    the stimulating action of the breasts on the sexual organs. But
+    that there is a more direct channel of communication even than
+    the nervous system is shown by the fact that the secretion of
+    milk will take place at parturition, even when the nervous
+    connection has been destroyed. Mironoff found that, when the
+    mammary gland is completely separated from the central nervous
+    system, secretion, though slightly diminished, still continued.
+    In two goats he cut the nerves shortly before parturition and
+    after birth the breasts still swelled and functioned normally
+    (_Archives des Sciences Biologiques_, St. Petersburg, 1895,
+    summarized in _L'Année Biologique_; 1895, p. 329). Ribbert,
+    again, cut out the mammary gland of a young rabbit and
+    transplanted it into the ear; five months after the rabbit bore
+    young and the gland secreted milk freely. The case has been
+    reported of a woman whose spinal cord was destroyed by an
+    accident at the level of the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebræ,
+    yet lactation was perfectly normal (_British Medical Journal_,
+    August 5, 1899, p. 374). We are driven to suppose that there is
+    some chemical change in the blood, some internal secretion from
+    the uterus or the ovaries, which acts as a direct stimulant to
+    the breasts. (See a comprehensive discussion of the phenomena of
+    the connection between the breasts and sexual organs, though the
+    conclusions are not unassailable, by Temesvary, _Journal of
+    Obstetrics and Gynæcology of the British Empire_, June, 1903).
+    That this hypothetical secretion starts from the womb rather than
+    the ovaries seems to be indicated by the fact that removal of
+    both ovaries during pregnancy will not suffice to prevent
+    lactation. In favor of the ovaries, see Beatson, _Lancet_, July,
+    1896; in favor of the uterus, Armand Routh, "On the Interaction
+    between the Ovaries and the Mammary Glands," _British Medical
+    Journal_, September 30, 1899.
+
+While, however, the communications from the sexual organs to the breast
+are of a complex and at present ill understood character, the
+communication from the breasts to the sexual organs is without doubt
+mainly and chiefly nervous. When the child is put to the breast after
+birth the suction of the nipple causes a reflex contraction of the womb,
+and it is held by many, though not all, authorities that in a woman who
+does not suckle her child there is some risk that the womb will not return
+to its normal involuted size. It has also been asserted that to put a
+child to the breast during the early months of pregnancy causes so great a
+degree of uterine contraction that abortion may result.
+
+    Freund found in Germany that stimulation of the nipples by an
+    electrical cupping apparatus brought about contraction of the
+    pregnant uterus. At an earlier period it was recommended to
+    irritate the nipple in order to excite the uterus to parturient
+    action. Simpson, while pointing out that this was scarcely
+    adequate to produce the effect desired, thought that placing a
+    child to the breast after labor had begun might increase uterine
+    action. (J.Y. Simpson, _Obstetric Memoirs_, vol. i, p. 836; also
+    Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 132).
+
+    The influence of lactation over the womb in preventing the return
+    of menstruation during its continuance is well known. According
+    to Remfry's investigation of 900 cases in England, in 57 per
+    cent. of cases there is no menstruation during lactation. (L.
+    Remfry, in paper read before Obstetrical Society of London,
+    summarized in the _British Medical Journal_, January 11, 1896, p.
+    86). Bendix, in Germany, found among 140 cases that in about 40
+    per cent. there was no menstruation during lactation (paper read
+    before Düsseldorf meeting of the Society of German Naturalists
+    and Physicians, 1899). When the child is not suckled menstruation
+    tends to reappear about six months after parturition.
+
+    It is possible that the divergent opinions of authorities
+    concerning the necessarily favorable influence of lactation in
+    promoting the return of the womb to its normal size may be due to
+    a confusion of two distinct influences: the reflex action of the
+    nipple on the womb and the effects of prolonged glandular
+    secretion of the breasts in debilitated persons. The act of
+    suckling undoubtedly tends to promote uterine contraction, and in
+    healthy women during lactation the womb may even (according to
+    Vineberg) be temporarily reduced to a smaller size than before
+    impregnation, thus producing what is known as "lactation
+    atrophy." In debilitated women, however, the strain of
+    milk-production may lead to general lack of muscular tone, and
+    involution of the womb thus be hindered rather than aided by
+    lactation.
+
+On the objective side, then, the nipple is to be regarded as an erectile
+organ, richly supplied with nerves and vessels, which, under the
+stimulation of the infant's lips--or any similar compression, and even
+under the influence of emotion or cold,--becomes firm and projects, mainly
+as a result of muscular contraction; for, unlike the penis and the
+clitoris, the nipple contains no true erectile tissue and little capacity
+for vascular engorgement.[19] We must then suppose that an impetus tends
+to be transmitted through the spinal cord to the sexual organs, setting up
+a greater or less degree of nervous and muscular excitement with uterine
+contraction. These being the objective manifestations, what manifestations
+are to be noted on the subjective side?
+
+It is a remarkable proof of the general indifference with which in Europe
+even the fairly constant and prominent characteristics of the psychology
+of women have been treated until recent times that, so far as I am
+aware,--though I have made no special research to this end,--no one before
+the end of the eighteenth century had recorded the fact that the act of
+suckling tends to produce in women voluptuous sexual emotions. Cabanis in
+1802, in the memoir on "Influence des Sexes" in his _Rapports du Physique
+et du Moral de l'Homme_, wrote that several suckling women had told him
+that the child in sucking the breast made them experience a vivid
+sensation of pleasure, shared in some degree by the sexual organs. There
+can be no doubt that in healthy suckling women this phenomenon is
+exceedingly common, though in the absence of any methodical and precise
+investigation it cannot be affirmed that it is experienced by every woman
+in some degree, and it is highly probable that this is not the case. One
+lady, perfectly normal, states that she has had stronger sexual feelings
+in suckling her children than she has ever experienced with her husband,
+but that so far as possible she has tried to repress them, as she regards
+them as brutish under these circumstances. Many other women state
+generally that suckling is the most delicious physical feeling they have
+ever experienced. In most cases, however, it does not appear to lead to a
+desire for intercourse, and some of those who make this statement have no
+desire for coitus during lactation, though they may have strong sexual
+needs at other times. It is probable that this corresponds to the normal
+condition, and that the voluptuous sensations aroused by suckling are
+adequately gratified by the child. It may be added that there are probably
+many women who could say, with a lady quoted by Féré,[20] that the only
+real pleasures of sex they have ever known are those derived from their
+suckling infants.
+
+It is not difficult to see why this normal association of sexual emotion
+with suckling should have come about. It is essential for the preservation
+of the lives of young mammals that the mothers should have an adequate
+motive in pleasurable sensation for enduring the trouble of suckling. The
+most obvious method for obtaining the necessary degree of pleasurable
+sensation lay in utilizing the reservoir of sexual emotion, with which
+channels of communication might already be said to be open through the
+action of the sexual organs on the breasts during pregnancy. The
+voluptuous element in suckling may thus be called a merciful provision of
+Nature for securing the maintenance of the child.
+
+    Cabanis seems to have realized the significance of this
+    connection as the basis of the sympathy between mother and child,
+    and more recently Lombroso and Ferrero have remarked (_La Donna
+    Delinquente_, p. 438) on the fact that maternal love has a sexual
+    basis in the element of venereal pleasure, though usually
+    inconsiderable, experienced during suckling. Houzeau has referred
+    to the fact that in the majority of animals the relation between
+    mother and offspring is only close during the period of
+    lactation, and this is certainly connected with the fact that it
+    is only during lactation that the female animal can derive
+    physical gratification from her offspring. When living on a farm
+    I have ascertained that cows sometimes, though not frequently,
+    exhibit slight signs of sexual excitement, with secretion of
+    mucus, while being milked; so that, as the dairymaid herself
+    observed, it is as if they were being "bulled." The sow, like
+    some other mammals, often eats her own young after birth,
+    mistaking them, it is thought, for the placenta, which is
+    normally eaten by most mammals; it is said that the sow never
+    eats her young when they have once taken the teat.
+
+    It occasionally happens that this normal tendency for suckling to
+    produce voluptuous sexual emotions is present in an extreme
+    degree, and may lead to sexual perversions. It does not appear
+    that the sexual sensations aroused by suckling usually culminate
+    in the orgasm; this however, was noted in a case recorded by
+    Féré, of a slightly neurotic woman in whom intense sexual
+    excitement occurred during suckling, especially if prolonged; so
+    far as possible, she shortened the periods of suckling in order
+    to prevent, not always successfully, the occurrence of the orgasm
+    (Féré, _Archives de Neurologie_ No. 30, 1903). Icard refers to
+    the case of a woman who sought to become pregnant solely for the
+    sake of the voluptuous sensations she derived from suckling, and
+    Yellowlees (Art. "Masturbation," _Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine_) speaks of the overwhelming character of "the storms of
+    sexual feeling sometimes observed during lactation."
+
+    It may be remarked that the frequency of the association between
+    lactation and the sexual sensations is indicated by the fact
+    that, as Savage remarks, lactational insanity is often
+    accompanied by fancies regarding the reproductive organs.
+
+When we have realized the special sensitivity of the orificial regions and
+the peculiarly close relationships between the breasts and the sexual
+organs we may easily understand the considerable part which they normally
+play in the art of love. As one of the chief secondary sexual characters
+in women, and one of her chief beauties, a woman's breasts offer
+themselves to the lover's lips with a less intimate attraction than her
+mouth only because the mouth is better able to respond. On her side, such
+contact is often instinctively desired. Just as the sexual disturbance of
+pregnancy is accompanied by a sympathetic disturbance in the breasts, so
+the sexual excitement produced by the lover's proximity reacts on the
+breasts; the nipple becomes turgid and erect in sympathy with the
+clitoris; the woman craves to place her lover in the place of the child,
+and experiences a sensation in which these two supreme objects of her
+desire are deliciously mingled.
+
+    The powerful effect which stimulation of the nipple produces on
+    the sexual sphere has led to the breasts playing a prominent part
+    in the erotic art of those lands in which this art has been most
+    carefully cultivated. Thus in India, according to Vatsyayana,
+    many authors are of the opinion that in approaching a woman a
+    lover should begin by sucking the nipples of her breasts, and in
+    the songs of the Bayaderes of Southern India sucking the nipple
+    is mentioned as one of the natural preliminaries of coitus.
+
+    In some cases, and more especially in neurotic persons, the
+    sexual pleasure derived from manipulation of the nipple passes
+    normal limits and, being preferred even to coitus, becomes a
+    perversion. In girls' schools, it is said, especially in France,
+    sucking and titillation of the breasts are not uncommon; in men,
+    also, titillation of the nipples occasionally produces sexual
+    sensations (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 132).
+    Hildebrandt recorded the case of a young woman whose nipples had
+    been sucked by her lover; by constantly drawing her breasts she
+    became able to suck them herself and thus attained extreme sexual
+    pleasure. A.J. Bloch, of New Orleans, has noted the case of a
+    woman who complained of swelling of the breasts; the gentlest
+    manipulation produced an orgasm, and it was found that the
+    swelling had been intentionally produced for the sake of this
+    manipulation. Moraglia in Italy knew a very beautiful woman who
+    was perfectly cold in normal sexual relationships, but madly
+    excited when her husband pressed or sucked her breasts. Lombroso
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1885, fasc. IV) has described the
+    somewhat similar case of a woman who had no sexual sensitivity in
+    the clitoris, vagina, or labia, and no pleasure in coitus except
+    in very strange positions, but possessed intense sexual feelings
+    in the right nipple as well as in the upper third of the thigh.
+
+    It is remarkable that not only is suckling apt to be accompanied
+    by sexual pleasure in the mother, but that, in some cases, the
+    infant also appears to have a somewhat similar experience. This
+    is, at all events, indicated in a remarkable case recorded by
+    Féré (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 257). A female
+    infant child of slightly neurotic heredity was weaned at the age
+    of 14 months, but so great was her affection for her mother's
+    breasts, though she had already become accustomed to other food,
+    that this was only accomplished with great difficulty and by
+    allowing her still to caress the naked breasts several times a
+    day. This went on for many months, when the mother, becoming
+    again pregnant, insisted on putting an end to it. So jealous was
+    the child, however, that it was necessary to conceal from her the
+    fact that her younger sister was suckled at her mother's breasts,
+    and once at the age of 3, when she saw her father aiding her
+    mother to undress, she became violently jealous of him. This
+    jealousy, as well as the passion for her mother's breasts,
+    persisted to the age of puberty, though she learned to conceal
+    it. At the age of 13, when menstruation began, she noticed in
+    dancing with her favorite girl friends that when her breasts came
+    in contact with theirs she experienced a very agreeable
+    sensation, with erection of the nipples; but it was not till the
+    age of 16 that she observed that the sexual region took part in
+    this excitement and became moist. From this period she had erotic
+    dreams about young girls. She never experienced any attraction
+    for young men, but eventually married; though having much esteem
+    and affection for her husband, she never felt any but the
+    slightest sexual enjoyment in his arms, and then only by evoking
+    feminine images. This case, in which the sensations of an infant
+    at the breast formed the point of departure of a sexual
+    perversion which lasted through life, is, so far as I am aware,
+    unique.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[17] Jonas Cohn (_Allgemeine Æsthetik_, 1901, p. 11) lays it down that
+psychology has nothing to do with good or bad taste. "The distinction
+between good and bad taste has no meaning for psychology. On this account,
+the fundamental conceptions of æsthetics cannot arise from psychology." It
+may be a question whether this view can be accepted quite absolutely.
+
+[18] See Appendix A: "The Origins of the Kiss."
+
+[19] See J.B. Hellier, "On the Nipple Reflex," _British Medical Journal_,
+November 7, 1896.
+
+[20] Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 147.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Bath--Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the
+Skin--Its Cult of Personal Filth--The Reasons which Justified this
+Attitude--The World-wide Tendency to Association between Extreme
+Cleanliness and Sexual Licentiousness--The Immorality Associated with
+Public Baths in Europe down to Modern Times.
+
+
+The hygiene of the skin, as well as its special cult, consists in bathing.
+The bath, as is well known, attained under the Romans a degree of
+development which, in Europe at all events, it has never reached before or
+since, and the modern visitor to Rome carries away with him no more
+impressive memory than that of the Baths of Caracalla. Since the coming of
+Christianity the cult of the skin, and even its hygiene, have never again
+attained the same general and unquestioned exaltation. The Church killed
+the bath. St. Jerome tells us with approval that when the holy Paula noted
+that any of her nuns were too careful in this matter she would gravely
+reprove them, saying that "the purity of the body and its garments means
+the impurity of the soul."[21] Or, as the modern monk of Mount Athos still
+declares: "A man should live in dirt as in a coat of mail, so that his
+soul may sojourn more securely within."
+
+    Our knowledge of the bathing arrangements of Roman days is
+    chiefly derived from Pompeii. Three public baths (two for both
+    men and women, who were also probably allowed to use the third
+    occasionally) have so far been excavated in this small town, as
+    well as at least three private bathing establishments (at least
+    one of them for women), while about a dozen houses contain
+    complete baths for private use. Even in a little farm house at
+    Boscoreale (two miles out of Pompeii) there was an elaborate
+    series of bathing rooms. It may be added that Pompeii was well
+    supplied with water. All houses but the poorest had flowing
+    jets, and some houses had as many as ten jets. (See Man's
+    _Pompeii_, Chapters XXVI-XXVIII.)
+
+    The Church succeeded to the domination of imperial Rome, and
+    adopted many of the methods of its predecessor. But there could
+    be no greater contrast than is presented by the attitude of
+    Paganism and of Christianity toward the bath.
+
+    As regards the tendencies of the public baths in imperial Rome,
+    some of the evidence is brought together in the section on this
+    subject in Rosenbaum's _Geschichte der Lustseuche im Alterthume_.
+    As regards the attitude of the earliest Christian ascetics in
+    this matter I may refer the reader to an interesting passage in
+    Lecky's _History of European Morals_ (vol. ii, pp. 107-112), in
+    which are brought together a number of highly instructive
+    examples of the manner in which many of the most eminent of the
+    early saints deliberately cultivated personal filth.
+
+    In the middle ages, when the extreme excesses of the early
+    ascetics had died out, and monasticiam became regulated, monks
+    generally took two baths a year when in health; in illness they
+    could be taken as often as necessary. The rules of Cluny only
+    allowed three towels to the community: one for the novices, one
+    for the professed, and one for the lay brothers. At the end of
+    the seventeenth century Madame de Mazarin, having retired to a
+    convent of Visitandines, one day desired to wash her feet, but
+    the whole establishment was set in an uproar at such an idea, and
+    she received a direct refusal. In 1760 the Dominican Richard
+    wrote that in itself the bath is permissible, but it must be
+    taken solely for necessity, not for pleasure. The Church taught,
+    and this lesson is still inculcated in convent schools, that it
+    is wrong to expose the body even to one's own gaze, and it is not
+    surprising that many holy persons boasted that they had never
+    even washed their hands. (Most of these facts have been taken
+    from A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, one of the _Vie Privée
+    d'Autrefois_ series, in which further details may be found.)
+
+    In sixteenth-century Italy, a land of supreme elegance and
+    fashion, superior even to France, the conditions were the same,
+    and how little water found favor even with aristocratic ladies we
+    may gather from the contemporary books on the toilet, which
+    abound with recipes against itch and similar diseases. It should
+    be added that Burckhardt (_Die Cultur der Renaissance in
+    Italien_, eighth edition, volume ii, p. 92) considers that in
+    spite of skin diseases the Italians of the Renaissance were the
+    first nation in Europe for cleanliness.
+
+    It is unnecessary to consider the state of things in other
+    European countries. The aristocratic conditions of former days
+    are the plebeian conditions of to-day. So far as England is
+    concerned, such documents as Chadwick's _Report on the Sanitary
+    Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain_ (1842)
+    sufficiently illustrate the ideas and the practices as regards
+    personal cleanliness which prevailed among the masses during the
+    nineteenth century and which to a large extent still prevail.
+
+A considerable amount of opprobrium has been cast upon the Catholic Church
+for its direct and indirect influence in promoting bodily uncleanliness.
+Nietzsche sarcastically refers to the facts, and Mr. Frederick Harrison
+asserts that "the tone of the middle ages in the matter of dirt was a form
+of mental disease." It would be easy to quote many other authors to the
+same effect.
+
+It is necessary to point out, however, that the writers who have committed
+themselves to such utterances have not only done an injustice to
+Christianity, but have shown a lack of historical insight. Christianity
+was essentially and fundamentally a rebellion against the classic world,
+against its vices, and against their concomitant virtues, against both its
+practices and its ideals. It sprang up in a different part of the
+Mediterranean basin, from a different level of culture; it found its
+supporters in a new and lower social stratum. The cult of charity,
+simplicity, and faith, while not primarily ascetic, became inevitably
+allied with asceticism, because from its point of view: sexuality was the
+very stronghold of the classic world. In the second century the genius of
+Clement of Alexandria and of the great Christian thinkers who followed him
+seized on all those elements in classic life and philosophy which could be
+amalgamated with Christianity without, as they trusted, destroying its
+essence, but in the matter of sexuality there could be no compromise, and
+the condemnation of sexuality involved the condemnation of the bath. It
+required very little insight and sagacity for the Christians to
+see--though we are now apt to slur over the fact--that the cult of the
+bath was in very truth the cult of the flesh.[22] However profound their
+ignorance of anatomy, physiology, and psychology might be, they had
+before them ample evidence to show that the skin is an outlying sexual
+zone and that every application which promoted the purity, brilliance, and
+healthfulness of the skin constituted a direct appeal, feeble or strong as
+the case might be, to those passions against which they were warring. The
+moral was evident: better let the temporary garment of your flesh be
+soaked with dirt than risk staining the radiant purity of your immortal
+soul. If Christianity had not drawn that moral with clear insight and
+relentless logic Christianity would never have been a great force in the
+world.
+
+    If any doubt is felt as to the really essential character of the
+    connection between cleanliness and the sexual impulse it may be
+    dispelled by the consideration that the association is by no
+    means confined to Christian Europe. If we go outside Europe and
+    even Christendom altogether, to the other side of the world, we
+    find it still well marked. The wantonness of the luxurious people
+    of Tahiti when first discovered by European voyagers is
+    notorious. The Areoi of Tahiti, a society largely constituted on
+    a basis of debauchery, is a unique institution so far as
+    primitive peoples are concerned. Cook, after giving one of the
+    earliest descriptions of this society and its objects at Tahiti
+    (Hawkesworth, _An Account of Voyages_, etc., 1775, vol. ii, p.
+    55), immediately goes on to describe the extreme and scrupulous
+    cleanliness of the people of Tahiti in every respect; they not
+    only bathed their bodies and clothes every day, but in all
+    respects they carried cleanliness to a higher point than even
+    "the politest assembly in Europe." Another traveler bears similar
+    testimony: "The inhabitants of the Society Isles are, among all
+    the nations of the South Seas, the most cleanly; and the better
+    sort of them carry cleanliness to a very great length"; they
+    bathe morning and evening in the sea, he remarks, and afterward
+    in fresh water to remove the particles of salt, wash their hands
+    before and after meals, etc. (J.R. Forster, "_Observations made
+    during a Voyage round the World_," 1798, p. 398.) And William
+    Ellis, in his detailed description of the people of Tahiti
+    (_Polynesian Researches_, 1832, vol. i, especially Chapters VI
+    and IX), while emphasizing their extreme cleanliness, every
+    person of every class bathing at least once or twice a day,
+    dwells on what he considers their unspeakable moral debasement;
+    "notwithstanding the apparent mildness of their disposition and
+    the cheerful vivacity of their conversation, no portion of the
+    human race was ever perhaps sunk lower in brutal licentiousness
+    and moral degradation."
+
+    After leaving Tahiti Cook went on to New Zealand. Here he found
+    that the people were more virtuous than at Tahiti, and also, he
+    found, less clean.
+
+It is, however, a mistake to suppose that physical uncleanliness ruled
+supreme through mediæval and later times. It is true that the eighteenth
+century, which saw the birth of so much that marks our modern world,
+witnessed a revival of the old ideal of bodily purity. But the struggle
+between two opposing ideals had been carried on for a thousand years or
+more before this. The Church, indeed, was in this matter founded on an
+impregnable rock. But there never has been a time when influences outside
+the Church have not found a shelter somewhere. Those traditions of the
+classic world which Christianity threw aside as useless or worse quietly
+reappeared. In no respect was this more notably the case than in regard to
+the love of pure water and the cult of the bath. Islam adopted the
+complete Roman bath, and made it an institution of daily life, a necessity
+for all classes. Granada is the spot in Europe where to-day we find the
+most exquisite remains of Mohammedan culture, and, though the fury of
+Christian conquest dragged the harrow over the soil of Granada, even yet
+streams and fountains spring up there and gush abundantly and one seldom
+loses the sound of the plash of water. The flower of Christian chivalry
+and Christian intelligence went to Palestine to wrest the Holy Sepulchre
+from the hands of pagan Mohammedans. They found there many excellent
+things which they had not gone out to seek, and the Crusaders produced a
+kind of premature and abortive Renaissance, the shadow of lost classic
+things reflected on Christian Europe from the mirror of Islam.
+
+    Yet it is worth while to point out, as bearing on the
+    associations of the bath here emphasized, that even in Islam we
+    may trace the existence of a religious attitude unfavorable to
+    the bath. Before the time of Mohammed there were no public baths
+    in Arabia, and it was and is believed that baths are specially
+    haunted by the djinn--the evil spirits. Mohammed himself was at
+    first so prejudiced against public baths that he forbade both men
+    and women to enter them. Afterward, however, he permitted men to
+    use them provided they wore a cloth round the loins, and women
+    also when they could not conveniently bathe at home. Among the
+    Prophet's sayings is found the assertion: "Whatever woman enters
+    a bath the devil is with her," and "All the earth is given to me
+    as a place of prayer, and as pure, except the burial ground and
+    the bath." (See, e.g., E.W. Lane, _Arabian Society in the Middle
+    Ages_, 1883, pp. 179-183.) Although, therefore, the bath, or
+    _hammam_, on grounds of ritual ablution, hygiene, and enjoyment
+    speedily became universally popular in Islam among all classes
+    and both sexes, Mohammed himself may be said to have opposed it.
+
+Among the discoveries which the Crusaders made and brought home with them
+one of the most notable was that of the bath, which in its more elaborate
+forms seems to have been absolutely forgotten in Europe, though Roman
+baths might everywhere have been found underground. All authorities seem
+to be agreed in finding here the origin of the revival of the public bath.
+It is to Rome first, and later to Islam, the lineal inheritor of classic
+culture, that we owe the cult of water and of physical purity. Even to-day
+the Turkish bath, which is the most popular of elaborate methods of
+bathing, recalls by its characteristics and its name the fact that it is a
+Mohammedan survival of Roman life.
+
+From the twelfth century onward baths have repeatedly been introduced from
+the East, and reintroduced afresh in slightly modified forms, and have
+flourished with varying degrees of success. In the thirteenth century they
+were very common, especially in Paris, and though they were often used,
+more especially in Germany, by both sexes in common, every effort was made
+to keep them orderly and respectable. These efforts were, however, always
+unsuccessful in the end. A bath always tended in the end to become a
+brothel, and hence either became unfashionable or was suppressed by the
+authorities. It is sufficient to refer to the reputation in England of
+"hot-houses" and "bagnios." It was not until toward the end of the
+eighteenth century that it began to be recognized that the claims of
+physical cleanliness were sufficiently imperative to make it necessary
+that the fairly avoidable risks to morality in bathing should be avoided
+and the unavoidable risks bravely incurred. At the present day, now that
+we are accustomed to weave ingeniously together in the texture of our
+lives the conflicting traditions of classic and Christian days, we have
+almost persuaded ourselves that the pagan virtue of cleanliness comes next
+after godliness, and we bathe, forgetful of the great moral struggle which
+once went on around the bath. But we refrain from building ourselves
+palaces to bathe in, and for the most part we bathe with exceeding
+moderation.[23] It is probable that we may best harmonize our conflicting
+traditions by rejecting not only the Christian glorification of dirt, but
+also, save for definitely therapeutic purposes, the excessive heat,
+friction, and stimulation involved by the classic forms of bathing. Our
+reasonable ideal should render it easy and natural for every man, woman,
+and child to have a simple bath, tepid in winter, cold in summer, all the
+year round.
+
+    For the history of the bath in mediæval times and later Europe,
+    see A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, in the _Vie Privée
+    d'Autrefois_ series; Rudeck, _Geschichte der öffentlichen
+    Sittlichkeit in Deutschland_; T. Wright, _The Homes of Other
+    Days_; E. Dühren, _Das Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. 1.
+
+    Outside the Church, there was a greater amount of cleanliness
+    than we are sometimes apt to suppose. It may, indeed, be said
+    that the uncleanliness of holy men and women would have attracted
+    no attention if it had corresponded to the condition generally
+    prevailing. Before public baths were established bathing in
+    private was certainly practiced; thus Ordericus Vitalis, in
+    narrating the murder of Mabel, the Countess de Montgomery, in
+    Normandy in 1082, casually mentions that she was lying on the bed
+    after her bath (_Ecclesiastical History_, Book V, Chapter XIII).
+    In warm weather, it would appear, mediæval ladies bathed in
+    streams, as we may still see countrywomen do in Russia, Bohemia,
+    and occasionally nearer home. The statement of the historian
+    Michelet, therefore, that Percival, Iseult, and the other
+    ethereal personages of mediæval times "certainly never washed"
+    (_La Sorcière_, p. 110) requires some qualification.
+
+    In 1292 there were twenty-six bathing establishments in Paris,
+    and an attendant would go through the streets in the morning
+    announcing that they were ready. One could have a vapor bath only
+    or a hot bath to succeed it, as in the East. No woman of bad
+    reputation, leper, or vagabond was at this time allowed to
+    frequent the baths, which were closed on Sundays and feast-days.
+    By the fourteenth century, however, the baths began to have a
+    reputation for immorality, as well as luxury, and, according to
+    Dufour, the baths of Paris "rivaled those of imperial Rome: love,
+    prostitution, and debauchery attracted the majority to the
+    bathing establishments, where everything was covered by a decent
+    veil." He adds that, notwithstanding the scandal thus caused and
+    the invectives of preachers, all went to the baths, young and
+    old, rich and poor, and he makes the statement, which seems to
+    echo the constant assertion of the early Fathers, that "a woman
+    who frequented the baths returned home physically pure only at
+    the expense of her moral purity."
+
+    In Germany there was even greater freedom of manners in bathing,
+    though, it would seem, less real licentiousness. Even the
+    smallest towns had their baths, which were frequented by all
+    classes. As soon as the horn blew to announce that the baths were
+    ready all hastened along the street, the poorer folk almost
+    completely undressing themselves before leaving their homes.
+    Bathing was nearly always in common without any garment being
+    worn, women attendants commonly rubbed and massaged both sexes,
+    and the dressing room was frequently used by men and women in
+    common; this led to obvious evils. The Germans, as Weinhold
+    points out (_Die Deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter_, 1882, bd. ii,
+    pp. 112 et seq.), have been fond of bathing in the open air in
+    streams from the days of Tacitus and Cæsar until comparatively
+    modern times, when the police have interfered. It was the same in
+    Switzerland. Poggio, early in the sixteenth century, found it the
+    custom for men and women to bathe together at Baden, and said
+    that he seemed to be assisting at the _floralia_ of ancient Rome,
+    or in Plato's Republic. Sénancour, who quotes the passage (_De
+    l'Amour_, 1834, vol. i, p. 313), remarks that at the beginning of
+    the nineteenth century there was still great liberty at the Baden
+    baths.
+
+    Of the thirteenth century in England Thomas Wright (_Homes of
+    Other Days_, 1871, p. 271) remarks: "The practice of warm bathing
+    prevailed very generally in all classes of society, and is
+    frequently alluded to in the mediæval romances and stories. For
+    this purpose a large bathing-tub was used. People sometimes
+    bathed immediately after rising in the morning, and we find the
+    bath used after dinner and before going to bed. A bath was also
+    often prepared for a visitor on his arrival from a journey; and,
+    what seems still more singular, in the numerous stories of
+    amorous intrigues the two lovers usually began their interviews
+    by bathing together."
+
+    In England the association between bathing and immorality was
+    established with special rapidity and thoroughness. Baths were
+    here officially recognized as brothels, and this as early as the
+    twelfth century, under Henry II. These organized bath-brothels
+    were confined to Southwark, outside the walls of the city, a
+    quarter which was also given up to various sports and amusements.
+    At a later period, "hot-houses," bagnios, and hummums (the
+    eastern _hammam_) were spread all over London and remained
+    closely identified with prostitution, these names, indeed,
+    constantly tending to become synonymous with brothels. (T.
+    Wright, _Homes of Other Days_, 1871, pp. 494-496, gives an
+    account of them.)
+
+    In France the baths, being anathematized by both Catholics and
+    Huguenots, began to lose vogue and disappear. "Morality gained,"
+    remarks Franklin, "but cleanliness lost." Even the charming and
+    elegant Margaret of Navarre found it quite natural for a lady to
+    mention incidentally to her lover that she had not washed her
+    hands for a week. Then began an extreme tendency to use
+    cosmetics, essences, perfumes, and a fierce war with vermin, up
+    to the seventeenth century, when some progress was made, and
+    persons who desired to be very elegant and refined were
+    recommended to wash their faces "nearly every day." Even in 1782,
+    however, while a linen cloth was advised for the purpose of
+    cleaning the face and hands, the use of water was still somewhat
+    discountenanced. The use of hot and cold baths was now, however,
+    beginning to be established in Paris and elsewhere, and the
+    bathing establishments at the great European health resorts were
+    also beginning to be put on the orderly footing which is now
+    customary. When Casanova, in the middle of the eighteenth
+    century, went to the public baths at Berne he was evidently
+    somewhat surprised when he found that he was invited to choose
+    his own attendant from a number of young women, and when he
+    realized that these attendants were, in all respects, at the
+    disposition of the bathers. It is evident that establishments of
+    this kind were then already dying out, although it may be added
+    that the customs described by Casanova appear to have persisted
+    in Budapest and St. Petersburg almost or quite up to the present.
+    The great European public baths have long been above suspicion in
+    this respect (though homosexual practices are not quite
+    excluded), while it is well recognized that many kinds of hot
+    baths now in use produce a powerfully stimulating action upon the
+    sexual system, and patients taking such baths for medical
+    purposes are frequently warned against giving way to these
+    influences.
+
+    The struggle which in former ages went on around bathing
+    establishments has now been in part transferred to massage
+    establishments. Massage is an equally powerful stimulant to the
+    skin and the sexual sphere,--acting mainly by friction instead of
+    mainly by heat,--and it has not yet attained that position of
+    general recognition and popularity which, in the case of bathing
+    establishments, renders it bad policy to court disrepute.
+
+    Like bathing, massage is a hygienic and therapeutic method of
+    influencing the skin and subjacent tissues which, together with
+    its advantages, has certain concomitant disadvantages in its
+    liability to affect the sexual sphere. This influence is apt to
+    be experienced by individuals of both sexes, though it is perhaps
+    specially marked in women. Jouin (quoted in Paris _Journal de
+    Médecine_, April 23, 1893) found that of 20 women treated by
+    massage, of whom he made inquiries, 14 declared that they
+    experienced voluptuous sensations; 8 of these belonged to
+    respectable families; the other 6 were women of the _demimonde_
+    and gave precise details; Jouin refers in this connection to the
+    _aliptes_ of Rome. It is unnecessary to add that the
+    gynæcological massage introduced in recent years by the Swedish
+    teacher of gymnastics, Thure-Brandt, as involving prolonged
+    rubbing and kneading of the pelvic regions, "_pression glissante
+    du vagin_" etc. (_Massage Gynécologique_, by G. de Frumerie,
+    1897), whatever its therapeutic value, cannot fail in a large
+    proportion of cases to stimulate the sexual emotions. (Eulenburg
+    remarks that for sexual anæsthesia in women the Thure-Brandt
+    system of massage may "naturally" be recommended, _Sexuale
+    Neuropathie_, p. 78.) I have been informed that in London and
+    elsewhere massage establishments are sometimes visited by women
+    who seek sexual gratification by massage of the genital regions
+    by the _masseuse_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[21] "_Dicens munditiam corporis atque vestitus animæ esse
+immunditiam_"--St. Jerome, _Ad Eustochium Virginem_.
+
+[22] With regard to the physiological mechanism by which bathing produces
+its tonic and stimulating effects Woods Hutchinson has an interesting
+discussion (Chapter VII) in his _Studies in Human and Comparative
+Pathology_.
+
+[23] Thus among the young women admitted to the Chicago Normal School to
+be trained as teachers, Miss Lura Sanborn, the director of physical
+training, states (_Doctor's Magazine_, December, 1900) that a bath once a
+fortnight is found to be not unusual.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Summary--Fundamental Importance of Touch--The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.
+
+
+The sense of touch is so universally diffused over the whole skin, and in
+so many various degrees and modifications, and it is, moreover, so truly
+the Alpha and the Omega of affection, that a broken and fragmentary
+treatment of the subject has been inevitable.
+
+The skin is the archæological field of human and prehuman experience, the
+foundation on which all forms of sensory perception have grown up, and as
+sexual sensibility is among the most ancient of all forms of sensibility,
+the sexual instinct is necessarily, in the main, a comparatively slightly
+modified form of general touch sensibility. This primitive character of
+the great region of tactile sensation, its vagueness and diffusion, the
+comparatively unintellectual as well as unæsthetic nature of the mental
+conceptions which arise on the tactile basis make it difficult to deal
+precisely with the psychology of touch. The very same qualities, however,
+serve greatly to heighten the emotional intensity of skin sensations. So
+that, of all the great sensory fields, the field of touch is at once the
+least intellectual and the most massively emotional. These qualities, as
+well as its intimate and primitive association with the apparatus of
+tumescence and detumescence, make touch the readiest and most powerful
+channel by which the sexual sphere may be reached.
+
+In disentangling the phenomena of tactile sensibility ticklishness has
+been selected for special consideration as a kind of sensation, founded on
+reflexes developing even before birth, which is very closely related to
+sexual phenomena. It is, as it were, a play of tumescence, on which
+laughter supervenes as a play of detumescence. It leads on to the more
+serious phenomena of tumescence, and it tends to die out after
+adolescence, at the period during which sexual relationships normally
+begin. Such a view of ticklishness, as a kind of modesty of the skin,
+existing merely to be destroyed, need only be regarded as one of its
+aspects. Ticklishness certainly arose from a non-sexual starting-point,
+and may well have protective uses in the young animal.
+
+The readiness with which tactile sensibility takes on a sexual character
+and forms reflex channels of communication with the sexual sphere proper
+is illustrated by the existence of certain secondary sexual foci only
+inferior in sexual excitability to the genital region. We have seen that
+the chief of these normal foci are situated in the orificial regions where
+skin and mucous membrane meet, and that the contact of any two orificial
+regions between two persons of different sex brought together under
+favorable conditions is apt, when prolonged, to produce a very intense
+degree of sexual erethism. This is a normal phenomenon in so far as it is
+a part of tumescence, and not a method of obtaining detumescence. The kiss
+is a typical example of these contacts, while the nipple is of special
+interest in this connection, because we are thereby enabled to bring the
+psychology of lactation into intimate relationship with the psychology of
+sexual love.
+
+The extreme sensitiveness of the skin, the readiness with which its
+stimulation reverberates into the sexual sphere, clearly brought out by
+the present study, enable us to understand better a very ancient
+contest--the moral struggle around the bath. There has always been a
+tendency for the extreme cultivation of physical purity to lead on to the
+excessive stimulation of the sexual sphere; so that the Christian ascetics
+were entirely justified, on their premises, in fighting against the bath
+and in directly or indirectly fostering a cult of physical uncleanliness.
+While, however, in the past there has clearly been a general tendency for
+the cult of physical purity to be associated with moral licentiousness,
+and there are sufficient grounds for such an association, it is important
+to remember that it is not an inevitable and fatal association; a
+scrupulously clean person is by no means necessarily impelled to
+licentiousness; a physically unclean person is by no means necessarily
+morally pure. When we have eliminated certain forms of the bath which must
+be regarded as luxuries rather than hygienic necessities, though they
+occasionally possess therapeutic virtues, we have eliminated the most
+violent appeals of the bath to the sexual impulse. So imperative are the
+demands of physical purity now becoming, in general opinion, that such
+small risks to moral purity as may still remain are constantly and wisely
+disregarded, and the immoral traditions of the bath now, for the most
+part, belong to the past.
+
+
+
+
+SMELL.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitiveness of Smell--The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory
+Centres--Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals--Its Diminished
+Importance in Man--The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.
+
+
+The first more highly organized sense to arise on the diffused tactile
+sensitivity of the skin is, in most cases, without doubt that of smell. At
+first, indeed, olfactory sensibility is not clearly differentiated from
+general tactile sensibility; the pit of thickened and ciliated epithelium
+or the highly mobile antennæ which in many lower animals are sensitive to
+odorous stimuli are also extremely sensitive to tactile stimuli; this is,
+for instance, the case with the snail, in whom at the same time olfactive
+sensibility seems to be spread over the whole body.[24] The sense of smell
+is gradually specialized, and when taste also begins to develop a kind of
+chemical sense is constituted. The organ of smell, however, speedily
+begins to rise in importance as we ascend the zoölogical scale. In the
+lower vertebrates, when they began to adopt a life on dry land, the sense
+of smell seems to have been that part of their sensory equipment which
+proved most useful under the new conditions, and it developed with
+astonishing rapidity. Edinger finds that in the brain of reptiles the
+"area olfactoria" is of enormous extent, covering, indeed, the greater
+part of the cortex, though it may be quite true, as Herrick remarks, that,
+while smell is preponderant, it is perhaps not correct to attribute an
+exclusively olfactory tone to the cerebral activities of the _Sauropsida_
+or even the _Ichthyopsida_. Among most mammals, however, in any case,
+smell is certainly the most highly developed of the senses; it gives the
+first information of remote objects that concern them; it gives the most
+precise information concerning the near objects that concern them; it is
+the sense in terms of which most of their mental operations must be
+conducted and their emotional impulses reach consciousness. Among the apes
+it has greatly lost importance and in man it has become almost
+rudimentary, giving place to the supremacy of vision.
+
+    Prof. G. Elliot Smith, a leading authority on the brain, has well
+    summarized the facts concerning the predominance of the olfactory
+    region in the mammal brain, and his conclusions may be quoted. It
+    should be premised that Elliot Smith divides the brain into
+    rhinencephalon and neopallium. Rhinencephalon designates the
+    regions which are pre-eminently olfactory in function: the
+    olfactory bulb, its peduncle, the tuberculum olfactorium and
+    locus perforatus, the pyriform lobe, the paraterminal body, and
+    the whole hippocampal formation. The neopallium is the dorsal cap
+    of the brain, with frontal, parietal, and occipital areas,
+    comprehending all that part of the brain which is the seat of the
+    higher associative activities, reaching its fullest development
+    in man.
+
+    "In the early mammals the olfactory areas form by far the greater
+    part of the cerebral hemisphere, which is not surprising when it
+    is recalled that the forebrain is, in the primitive brain,
+    essentially an appendage, so to speak, of the smell apparatus.
+    When the cerebral hemisphere comes to occupy such a dominant
+    position in the brain it is perhaps not unnatural to find that
+    the sense of smell is the most influential and the chief source
+    of information to the animal; or, perhaps, it would be more
+    accurate to say that the olfactory sense, which conveys general
+    information to the animal such as no other sense can bring
+    concerning its prey (whether near or far, hidden or exposed), is
+    much the most serviceable of all the avenues of information to
+    the lowly mammal leading a terrestrial life, and therefore
+    becomes predominant; and its particular domain--the
+    forebrain--becomes the ruling portion of the nervous system.
+
+    "This early predominance of the sense of smell persists in most
+    mammals (unless an aquatic mode of life interferes and deposes
+    it: compare the _Cetacea, Sirenia_, and _Pinnipedia_, for
+    example) even though a large neopallium develops to receive
+    visual, auditory, tactile, and other impressions pouring into the
+    forebrain. In the _Anthropoidea_ alone of nonaquatic mammals the
+    olfactory regions undergo an absolute (and not only relative, as
+    in the _Carnivora_ and _Ungulata_) dwindling, which is equally
+    shared by the human brain, in common with those of the other
+    _Simiidæ_, the _Cercopithecidæ_, and the _Cebidæ_. But all the
+    parts of the rhinencephalon, which are so distinct in macrosmatic
+    mammals, can also be recognized in the human brain. The small
+    ellipsoidal olfactory bulb is moored, so to speak, on the
+    cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone by the olfactory nerves; so
+    that, as the place of attachment of the olfactory peduncle to the
+    expanding cerebral hemisphere becomes removed (as a result of the
+    forward extension of the hemisphere) progressively farther and
+    farther backward, the peduncle becomes greatly stretched and
+    elongated. And, as this stretching involves the gray matter
+    without lessening the number of nerve-fibres in the olfactory
+    tract, the peduncle becomes practically what it is usually
+    called--i.e., the olfactory 'tract.' The tuberculum olfactorium
+    becomes greatly reduced and at the same time flattened; so that
+    it is not easy to draw a line of demarcation between it and the
+    anterior perforated space. The anterior rhinal fissure, which is
+    present in the early human foetus, vanishes (almost, if not
+    altogether) in the adult. Part of the posterior rhinal fissure is
+    always present in the 'incisura temporalis,' and sometimes,
+    especially in some of the non-European races, the whole of the
+    posterior rhinal fissure is retained in that typical form which
+    we find in the anthropoid apes." (G. Elliot Smith, in
+    _Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological
+    Series of Comparative Anatomy Contained in the Museum of the
+    Royal College of Surgeons of England_, second edition, vol. ii.)
+    A full statement of Elliot Smith's investigations, with diagrams,
+    is given by Bullen, _Journal of Mental Science_, July, 1899. It
+    may be added that the whole subject of the olfactory centres has
+    been thoroughly studied by Elliot Smith, as well as by Edinger,
+    Mayer, and C.L. Herrick. In the _Journal of Comparative
+    Neurology_, edited by the last named, numerous discussions and
+    summaries bearing on the subject will be found from 1896 onward.
+    Regarding the primitive sense-organs of smell in the various
+    invertebrate groups some information will be found in A.B.
+    Griffiths's _Physiology of the Invertebrata_, Chapter XI.
+
+The predominance of the olfactory area in the nervous system of the
+vertebrates generally has inevitably involved intimate psychic
+associations between olfactory stimuli and the sexual impulse. For most
+mammals not only are all sexual associations mainly olfactory, but the
+impressions received by this sense suffice to dominate all others. An
+animal not only receives adequate sexual excitement from olfactory
+stimuli, but those stimuli often suffice to counterbalance all the
+evidence of the other senses.
+
+    We may observe this very well in the case of the dog. Thus, a
+    young dog, well known to me, who had never had connection with a
+    bitch, but was always in the society of its father, once met the
+    latter directly after the elder dog had been with a bitch. He
+    immediately endeavored to behave toward the elder dog, in spite
+    of angry repulses, exactly as a dog behaves toward a bitch in
+    heat. The messages received by the sense of smell were
+    sufficiently urgent not only to set the sexual mechanism in
+    action, but to overcome the experiences of a lifetime. There is
+    an interesting chapter on the sense of smell in the mental life
+    of the dog in Giessler's _Psychologie des Geruches_, 1894,
+    Chapter XI, Passy (in the appendix to his memoir on olfaction,
+    _L'Année Psychologique_, 1895) gives the result of some
+    interesting experiments as to the effects of perfume on dogs;
+    civet and castoreum were found to have the most powerfully
+    exciting effect.
+
+    The influences of smell are equally omnipotent in the sexual life
+    of many insects. Thus, Féré has found that in cockchafers sexual
+    coupling failed to take place when the antennæ, which are the
+    organs of smell, were removed; he also found that males, after
+    they had coupled with females, proved sexually attractive to
+    other males (_Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie_, May 21,
+    1898). Féré similarly found that, in a species of _Bombyx_, males
+    after contact with females sometimes proved attractive to other
+    males, although no abnormal relationships followed. (_Soc. de
+    Biol_, July 30, 1898.)
+
+With the advent of the higher apes, and especially of man, all this has
+been changed. The sense of smell, indeed, still persists universally and
+it is still also exceedingly delicate, though often neglected.[25] It is,
+moreover, a useful auxiliary in the exploration of the external world,
+for, in contrast to the very few sensations furnished to us by touch and
+by taste, we are acquainted with a vast number of smells, though the
+information they give us is frequently vague. An experienced perfumer,
+says Piesse, will have two hundred odors in his laboratory and can
+distinguish them all. To a sensitive nose nearly everything smells. Passy
+goes so far as to state that he has "never met with any object that is
+really inodorous when one pays attention to it, not even excepting glass,"
+and, though we can scarcely accept this statement absolutely,--especially
+in view of the careful experiments of Ayrton, which show that, contrary
+to a common belief, metals when perfectly clean and free from traces of
+contact with the skin or with salt solutions have no smell,--odor is still
+extremely widely diffused. This is especially the case in hot countries,
+and the experiments of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition on the
+sense of smell of the Papuans were considerably impeded by the fact that
+at Torres Straits everything, even water, seemed to have a smell. Savages
+are often accused more or less justly of indifference to bad odors. They
+are very often, however, keenly alive to the significance of smells and
+their varieties, though it does not appear that the sense of smell is
+notably more developed in savage than in civilized peoples. Odors also
+continue to play a part in the emotional life of man, more especially in
+hot countries. Nevertheless both in practical life and in emotional life,
+in science and in art, smell is, at the best, under normal conditions,
+merely an auxiliary. If the sense of smell were abolished altogether the
+life of mankind would continue as before, with little or no sensible
+modification, though the pleasures of life, and especially of eating and
+drinking, would be to some extent diminished.
+
+    In New Ireland, Duffield remarks (_Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute_, 1886, p. 118), the natives have a very keen sense of
+    smell; unusual odors are repulsive to them, and "carbolic acid
+    drove them wild."
+
+    The New Caledonians, according to Foley (_Bulletin de la Société
+    d'Anthropologie_, November 6, 1879), only like the smells of meat
+    and fish which are becoming "high," like _popoya_, which smells
+    of fowl manure, and _kava_, of rotten eggs. Fruits and vegetables
+    which are beginning to go bad seem the best to them, while the
+    fresh and natural odors which we prefer seem merely to say to
+    them: "We are not yet eatable." (A taste for putrefying food,
+    common among savages, by no means necessarily involves a distaste
+    for agreeable scents, and even among Europeans there is a
+    widespread taste for offensively smelling and putrid foods,
+    especially cheese and game.)
+
+    The natives of Torres Straits were carefully examined by Dr. C.S.
+    Myers with regard to their olfactory acuteness and olfactory
+    preferences. It was found that acuteness was, if anything,
+    slightly greater than among Europeans. This appeared to be
+    largely due to the careful attention they pay to odors. The
+    resemblances which they detected among different odorous
+    substances were frequently found to rest on real chemical
+    affinities. The odors they were observed to dislike most
+    frequently were asafoetida, valerianic acid, and civet, the last
+    being regarded as most repulsive of all on account of its
+    resemblance to fæcal odor, which these people regard with intense
+    disgust. Their favorite odors were musk, thyme, and especially
+    violet. (_Report of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to
+    Torres Straits_, vol. ii, Part II, 1903.)
+
+    In Australia Lumholtz (_Among Cannibals_, p. 115) found that the
+    blacks had a keener sense of smell than he possessed.
+
+    In New Zealand the Maoris, as W. Colenso shows, possessed,
+    formerly at all events, a very keen sense of smell or else were
+    very attentive to smell, and their taste as regarded agreeable
+    and disagreeable odors corresponded very closely to European
+    taste, although it must be added that some of their common
+    articles of food possessed a very offensive odor. They are not
+    only sensitive to European perfumes, but possessed various
+    perfumes of their own, derived from plants and possessing a
+    pleasant, powerful, and lasting odor; the choicest and rarest was
+    the gum of the _taramea_ (_Aciphylla Colensoi_), which was
+    gathered by virgins after the use of prayers and charms. Sir
+    Joseph Banks noted that Maori chiefs wore little bundles of
+    perfumes around their necks, and Cook made the same observation
+    concerning the young women. References to the four chief Maori
+    perfumes are contained in a stanza which is still often hummed to
+    express satisfaction, and sung by a mother to her  child:--
+
+        "My little neck-satchel of sweet-scented moss,
+        My little neck-satchel of fragrant fern,
+        My little neck-satchel of odoriferous gum,
+        My sweet-smelling neck-locket of sharp-pointed _taramea_."
+
+    In the summer season the sleeping houses of Maori chiefs were
+    often strewed with a large, sweet-scented, flowering grass of
+    powerful odor. (W. Colenso, _Transactions of the New Zealand
+    Institute_, vol. xxiv, reprinted in _Nature_, November 10, 1892.)
+
+    Javanese women rub themselves with a mixture of chalk and strong
+    essence which, when rubbed off, leaves a distinct perfume on the
+    body. (Stratz, _Die Frauenkleidung_, p. 84.)
+
+    The Samoans, Friedländer states (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_,
+    1899, p. 52), are very fond of fragrant and aromatic odors. He
+    gives a list of some twenty odorous plants which they use, more
+    especially as garlands for the head and neck, including
+    ylang-ylang and gardenia; he remarks that of one of these plants
+    (cordyline) he could not himself detect the odor.
+
+    The Nicobarese, Man remarks (_Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute_, 1889, p. 377), like the natives of New Zealand,
+    particularly dislike the smell of carbolic acid. Both young men
+    and women are very partial to scents; the former say they find
+    their use a certain passport to the favor of their wives, and
+    they bring home from the jungle the scented leaves of a certain
+    creeper to their sweethearts and wives.
+
+    Swahili women devote much attention to perfuming themselves. When
+    a woman wishes to make herself desirable she anoints herself all
+    over with fragrant ointments, sprinkles herself with rose-water,
+    puts perfume into her clothes, strews jasmine flowers on her bed
+    as well as binding them round her neck and waist, and smokes
+    _ûdi_, the perfumed wood of the aloe; "every man is glad when his
+    wife smells of _ûdi_" (Velten, _Sitten und Gebraüche der
+    Suaheli_, pp. 212-214).
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] Emile Yung, "Le Sens Olfactif de l'Escargot (Helix Pomata),"
+_Archives de Psychologie_, November, 1903.
+
+[25] The sensitiveness of smell in man generally exceeds that of chemical
+reaction or even of spectral analysis; see Passy, _L'Année Psychologique_,
+second year, 1895, p. 380.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Rise of the Study of Olfaction--Cloquet--Zwaardemaker--The Theory of
+Smell--The Classification of Odors--The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man--Smell as the Sense of Imagination--Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants--Vasomotor and Muscular Effects--Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.
+
+
+During the eighteenth century a great impetus was given to the
+physiological and psychological study of the senses by the philosophical
+doctrines of Locke and the English school generally which then prevailed
+in Europe. These thinkers had emphasized the immense importance of the
+information derived through the senses in building up the intellect, so
+that the study of all the sensory channels assumed a significance which it
+had never possessed before. The olfactory sense fully shared in the
+impetus thus given to sensory investigation. At the beginning of the
+nineteenth century a distinguished French physician, Hippolyte Cloquet, a
+disciple of Cabanis, devoted himself more especially to this subject.
+After publishing in 1815 a preliminary work, he issued in 1821 his
+_Osphrésiologie, ou Traité des odeurs, du sens et des organes de
+l'Olfaction_, a complete monograph on the anatomy, physiology, psychology,
+and pathology of the olfactory organ and its functions, and a work that
+may still be consulted with profit, if indeed it can even yet be said to
+be at every point superseded. After Cloquet's time the study of the sense
+of smell seems to have fallen into some degree of discredit. For more than
+half a century no important progress was made in this field. Serious
+investigators seemed to have become shy of the primitive senses generally,
+and the subject of smell was mainly left to those interested in "curious"
+subjects. Many interesting observations were, however, incidentally made;
+thus Laycock, who was a pioneer in so many by-paths of psychology and
+anthropology, showed a special interest in the olfactory sense, and
+frequently touched on it in his _Nervous Diseases of Women_ and
+elsewhere. The writer who more than any other has in recent years restored
+the study of the sense of smell from a by-path to its proper position as a
+highway for investigation is without doubt Professor Zwaardemaker, of
+Utrecht. The invention of his first olfactometer in 1888 and the
+appearance in 1895 of his great work _Die Physiologie des Geruchs_ have
+served to give the physiology of the sense of smell an assured status and
+to open the way anew for much fruitful investigation, while a number of
+inquirers in many countries have had their attention directed to the
+elucidation of this sense.
+
+Notwithstanding, however, the amount of work which has been done in this
+field during recent years, it cannot be said that the body of assured
+conclusions so far reached is large. The most fundamental principles of
+olfactory physiology and psychology are still somewhat vague and
+uncertain. Although sensations of smell are numerous and varied, in this
+respect approaching the sensations of vision and hearing, smell still
+remains close to touch in the vagueness of its messages (while the most
+sensitive of the senses, remarks Passy, it is the least precise), the
+difficulty of classifying them, the impossibility of so controlling them
+as to found upon them any art. It seems better, therefore, not to attempt
+to force the present study of a special aspect of olfaction into any
+general scheme which may possibly not be really valid.
+
+    The earliest and most general tendency in regard to the theory of
+    smell was to regard it as a kind of chemical sense directly
+    stimulated by minute particles of solid substance. A vibratory
+    theory of smell, however, making it somewhat analogous to
+    hearing, easily presents itself. When I first began the study of
+    physiology in 1881, a speculation of this kind presented itself
+    to my mind. Long before Philipp von Walther, a professor at
+    Landshut, had put forward a dynamic theory of olfaction
+    (_Physiologie des Menschen_, 1807-8, vol. ii, p. 278). "It is a
+    purely dynamic operation of the odorous substance in the
+    olfactory organ," he stated. Odor is conveyed by the air, he
+    believed, in the same way as heat. It must be added that his
+    reasons for this theory will not always bear examination. More
+    recently a similar theory has been seriously put forward in
+    various quarters. Sir William Ramsay tentatively suggested such a
+    theory (_Nature_, vol. xxv, p. 187) in analogy with light and
+    sound. Haycraft (_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_,
+    1883-87, and _Brain_, 1887-88), largely starting from
+    Mendelieff's law of periodicity, similarly sought to bring smell
+    into line with the higher senses, arguing that molecules with the
+    same vibration have the same smell. Rutherford (_Nature_, August
+    11, 1892, p. 343), attaching importance to the evidence brought
+    forward by von Brunn showing that the olfactory cells terminate
+    in very delicate short hairs, also stated his belief that the
+    different qualities of smell result from differences in the
+    frequency and form of the vibrations initiated by the action of
+    the chemical molecules on these olfactory cells, though he
+    admitted that such a conception involved a very subtle conception
+    of molecular vibration. Vaschide and Van Melle (Paris Academy of
+    Sciences, December 26, 1899) have, again, argued that smell is
+    produced by rays of short wave-lengths, analogous to light-rays,
+    Röntgen rays, etc. Chemical action is however, a very important
+    factor in the production of odors; this has been well shown by
+    Ayrton (_Nature_, September 8, 1898). We seem to be forced in the
+    direction of a chemico-vibratory theory, as pointed out by
+    Southerden (_Nature_, March 26, 1903), the olfactory cells being
+    directly stimulated, not by the ordinary vibrations of the
+    molecules, but by the agitations accompanying chemical changes.
+
+    The vibratory hypothesis of the action of odors has had some
+    influence on the recent physiologists who have chiefly occupied
+    themselves with olfaction. "It is probable," Zwaardemaker writes
+    (_L'Année Psychologique_, 1898), "that aroma is a
+    physico-chemical attribute of the molecules"; he points out that
+    there is an intimate analogy between color and odor, and remarks
+    that this analogy leads us to suppose in an aroma ether
+    vibrations of which the period is determined by the structure of
+    the molecule.
+
+    Since the physiology of olfaction is yet so obscure it is not
+    surprising that we have no thoroughly scientific classification
+    of smells, notwithstanding various ambitious attempts to reach a
+    classification. The classification adopted by Zwaardemaker is
+    founded on the ancient scheme of Linnæus, and may here be
+    reproduced:--
+
+    I. Ethereal odors (chiefly esters; Rimmel's fruity series).
+
+    II. Aromatic odors (terpenes, camphors, and the spicy,
+    herbaceous, rosaceous, and almond series; the chemical types are
+    well determined: cineol, eugenol, anethol, geraniol,
+    benzaldehyde).
+
+    III. The balsamic odors (chiefly aldehydes, Rimmel's jasmin,
+    violet, and balsamic series, with the chemical types: terpineol,
+    ionone, vanillin).
+
+    IV. The ambrosiacal odors (ambergris and musk).
+
+    V. The alliaceous odors, with the cacodylic group (asafoetida,
+    ichthyol, etc.).
+
+    VI. Empyreumatic odors.
+
+    VII. Valerianaceous odors (Linnæus's _Odores hircini_, the capryl
+    group, largely composed of sexual odors).
+
+    VIII. Narcotic odors (Linnæus's _Odores tetri_).
+
+    IX. Stenches.
+
+    A valuable and interesting memoir, "Revue Générale sur les
+    Sensations Olfactives," by J. Passy, the chief French authority
+    on this subject, will be found in the second volume of _L'Année
+    Psychologique_, 1895. In the fifth issue of the same year-book
+    (for 1898) Zwaardemaker presents a full summary of his work and
+    views, "Les Sensations Olfactives, leurs Combinaisons et leurs
+    Compensations." A convenient, but less authoritative, summary of
+    the facts of normal and pathological olfaction will be found in a
+    little volume of the "Actualités Médicales" series by Dr. Collet,
+    _L'Odorat et ses Troubles_, 1904. In a little book entitled
+    _Wegweiser zu einer Psychologie des Geruches_ (1894) Giessler has
+    sought to outline a psychology of smell, but his sketch can only
+    be regarded as tentative and provisional.
+
+At the outset, nevertheless, it seems desirable that we should at least
+have some conception of the special characteristics which mark the great
+and varied mass of sensations reaching the brain through the channel of
+the olfactory organ. The main special character of olfactory images seems
+to be conditioned by the fact that they are intermediate in character
+between those of touch or taste and those of sight or sound, that they
+have much of the vagueness of the first and something of the richness and
+variety of the second. Æsthetically, also, they occupy an intermediate
+position between the higher and the lower senses.[26] They are, at the
+same time, less practically useful than either the lower or the higher
+senses. They furnish us with a great mass of what we may call
+by-sensations, which are of little practical use, but inevitably become
+intimately mixed with the experiences of life by association and thus
+acquire an emotional significance which is often very considerable. Their
+emotional force, it may well be, is connected with the fact that their
+anatomical seat is the most ancient part of the brain. They lie in a
+remote almost disused storehouse of our minds and show the fascination or
+the repulsiveness of all vague and remote things. It is for this reason
+that they are--to an extent that is remarkable when we consider that they
+are much more precise than touch sensations--subject to the influence of
+emotional associations. The very same odor may be at one moment highly
+pleasant, at the next moment highly unpleasant, in accordance with the
+emotional attitude resulting from its associations. Visual images have no
+such extreme flexibility; they are too definite to be so easily
+influenced. Our feelings about the beauty of a flower cannot oscillate so
+easily or so far as may our feelings about the agreeableness of its odor.
+Our olfactory experiences thus institute a more or less continuous series
+of by-sensations accompanying us through life, of no great practical
+significance, but of considerable emotional significance from their
+variety, their intimacy, their associational facility, their remote
+ancestral reverberations through our brains.
+
+It is the existence of these characteristics--at once so vague and so
+specific, so useless and so intimate--which led various writers to
+describe the sense of smell as, above all others, the sense of
+imagination. No sense has so strong a power of suggestion, the power of
+calling up ancient memories with a wider and deeper emotional
+reverberation, while at the same time no sense furnishes impressions which
+so easily change emotional color and tone, in harmony with the recipient's
+general attitude. Odors are thus specially apt both to control the
+emotional life and to become its slaves. With the use of incense religions
+have utilized the imaginative and symbolical virtues of fragrance. All the
+legends of the saints have insisted on the odor of sanctity that exhales
+from the bodies of holy persons, especially at the moment of death. Under
+the conditions of civilization these primitive emotional associations of
+odor tend to be dispersed, but, on the other hand, the imaginative side of
+the olfactory sense becomes accentuated, and personal idiosyncrasies of
+all kinds tend to manifest themselves in the sphere of smell.
+
+    Rousseau (in _Emile_, Bk. II) regarded smell as the sense of the
+    imagination. So, also, at an earlier period, it was termed
+    (according to Cloquet) by Cardano. Cloquet frequently insisted on
+    the qualities of odors which cause them to appeal to the
+    imagination; on their irregular and inconstant character; on
+    their power of intoxicating the mind on some occasions; on the
+    curious individual and racial preferences in the matter of odors.
+    He remarked on the fact that the Persians employed asafoetida as
+    a seasoning, while valerian was accounted a perfume in antiquity.
+    (Cloquet, _Osphrésiologie_, pp. 28, 45, 71, 112.) It may be
+    added, as a curious example familiar to most people of the
+    dependence of the emotional tone of a smell on its associations,
+    that, while the exhalations of other people's bodies are
+    ordinarily disagreeable to us, such is not the case with our own;
+    this is expressed in the crude and vigorous dictum of the
+    Elizabethan poet, Marston, "Every man's dung smell sweet i' his
+    own nose." There are doubtless many implications, moral as well
+    as psychological, in that statement.
+
+    The modern authorities on olfaction, Passy and Zwaardemaker, both
+    alike insist on the same characteristics of the sense of smell:
+    its extreme acuity and yet its vagueness. "We live in a world of
+    odor," Zwaardemaker remarks (_L'Année Psychologique_, 1898, p.
+    203), "as we live in a world of light and of sound. But smell
+    yields us no distinct ideas grouped in regular order, still less
+    that are fixed in the memory as a grammatical discipline.
+    Olfactory sensations awake vague and half-understood perceptions,
+    which are accompanied by very strong emotion. The emotion
+    dominates us, but the sensation which was the cause of it remains
+    unperceived." Even in the same individual there are wide
+    variations in the sensitiveness to odors at different times, more
+    especially as regards faint odors; Passy (_L'Année
+    Psychologique_, 1895, p. 387) brings forward some observations on
+    this point.
+
+    Maudsley noted the peculiarly suggestive power of odors; "there
+    are certain smells," he remarked, "which never fail to bring back
+    to me instantly and visibly scenes of my boyhood"; many of us
+    could probably say the same. Another writer (E. Dillon, "A
+    Neglected Sense," _Nineteenth Century_, April, 1894) remarks that
+    "no sense has a stronger power of suggestion."
+
+    Ribot has made an interesting investigation as to the prevalence
+    and nature of the emotional memory of odors (_Psychology of the
+    Emotions_, Chapter XI). By "emotional memory" is meant the
+    spontaneous or voluntary revivability of the image, olfactory or
+    other. (For the general question, see an article by F. Pillon,
+    "La Mémoire Affective, son Importance Théorique et Pratique,"
+    _Revue Philosophique_, February, 1901; also Paulhan, "Sur la
+    Mémoire Affective," _Revue Philosophique_, December, 1902 and
+    January, 1903.) Ribot found that 40 per cent. of persons are
+    unable to revive any such images of taste or smell; 48 per cent,
+    could revive some; 12 per cent, declared themselves capable of
+    reviving all, or nearly all, at pleasure. In some persons there
+    is no necessary accompanying revival of visual or tactile
+    representations, but in the majority the revived odor ultimately
+    excites a corresponding visual image. The odors most frequently
+    recalled were pinks, musk, violets, heliotrope, carbolic acid,
+    the smell of the country, of grass, etc. Piéron (_Revue
+    Philosophique_, December, 1902) has described the special power
+    possessed by vague odors, in his own case, of evoking ancient
+    impressions.
+
+    Dr. J.N. Mackenzie (_American Journal of the Medical Sciences_,
+    January, 1886) considers that civilization exerts an influence in
+    heightening or encouraging the influence of olfaction as it
+    affects our emotions and judgment, and that, in the same way, as
+    we ascend the social scale the more readily our minds are
+    influenced and perhaps perverted by impressions received through
+    the sense of smell.
+
+Odors are powerful stimulants to the whole nervous system, causing, like
+other stimulants, an increase of energy which, if excessive or prolonged,
+leads to nervous exhaustion. Thus, it is well recognized in medicine that
+the aromatics containing volatile oils (such as anise, cinnamon,
+cardamoms, cloves, coriander, and peppermint) are antispasmodics and
+anæsthetics, and that they stimulate digestion, circulation, and the
+nervous system, in large doses producing depression. The carefully
+arranged plethysmographic experiments of Shields, at the Johns Hopkins
+University, have shown that olfactory sensations, by their action on the
+vasomotor system, cause an increase of blood in the brain and sometimes in
+addition stimulation of the heart; musk, wintergreen, wood violet, and
+especially heliotrope were found to act strongly in these ways.[27]
+
+Féré's experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph have greatly
+contributed to illustrate the stimulating effects of odors. Thus, he found
+that smelling musk suffices to double muscular effort. With a number of
+odorous substances he has found that muscular work is temporarily
+heightened; when taste stimulation was added the increase of energy,
+notably when using lemon was "colossal." A kind of "sensorial
+intoxication" could be produced by the inhalation of odors and the whole
+system stimulated to greater activity; the visual acuity was increased,
+and electric and general excitability heightened.[28] Such effects may be
+obtained in perfectly healthy persons, though both Shields and Féré have
+found that in highly nervous persons the effects are liable to be much
+greater. It is doubtless on this account that it is among civilized
+peoples that attention is chiefly directed to perfumes, and that under the
+conditions of modern life the interest in olfaction and its study has been
+revived.
+
+It is the genuinely stimulant qualities of odorous substances which led to
+the widespread use of the more potent among them by ancient physicians,
+and has led a few modern physicians to employ them still. Thus, vanilla,
+according to Eloy, deserves to be much more frequently used
+therapeutically than it is, on account of its excitomotor properties; he
+states that its qualities as an excitant of sexual desire have long been
+recognized and that Fonssagrives used to prescribe it for sexual
+frigidity.[29]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[26] The opinions of psychologists concerning the æsthetic significance of
+smell, not on the whole very favorable, are brought together and discussed
+by J.V. Volkelt, "Der Æsthetische Wert der niederen Sinne," _Zeitschrift
+für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane_, 1902, ht. 3.
+
+[27] T.E. Shields, "The Effect of Odors, etc., upon the Blood-flow,"
+_Journal of Experimental Medicine_, vol. i, November, 1896. In France, O.
+Henry and Tardif have made somewhat similar experiments on respiration and
+circulation. See the latter's _Les Odeurs et les Parfums_, Chapter III.
+
+[28] Féré, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter VI; ib., _Comptes Rendus de
+la Société de Biologie_, November 3, December 15 and 22, 1900.
+
+[29] Eloy, art. "Vanille," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
+Médicales_.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples--The Negro, etc.--The
+European--The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell--The Odor of
+Sanctity--The Odor of Death--The Odors of Different Parts of the Body--The
+Appearance of Specific Odors at Puberty--The Odors of Sexual
+Excitement--The Odors of Menstruation--Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual
+Character--The Custom of Salutation by Smell--The Kiss--Sexual Selection
+by Smell--The Alleged Association between Size of Nose and Sexual
+Vigor--The Probably Intimate Relationship between the Olfactory and
+Genital Spheres--Reflex Influences from the Nose--Reflex Influences from
+the Genital Sphere--Olfactory Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to
+Sexual States--The Olfactive Type--The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and
+Allied States--In Certain Poets and Novelists--Olfactory Fetichism--The
+Part Played by Olfaction in Normal Sexual Attraction--In the East,
+etc.--In Modern Europe--The Odor of the Armpit and its Variations--As a
+Sexual and General Stimulant--Body Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause
+Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree of Tumescence is Already Present--The
+Question whether Men or Women are more Liable to Feel Olfactory
+Influences--Women Usually more Attentive to Odors--The Special Interest in
+Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.
+
+
+In approaching the specifically sexual aspect of odor in the human species
+we may start from the fundamental fact--a fact we seek so far as possible
+to disguise in our ordinary social relations--that all men and women are
+odorous. This is marked among all races. The powerful odor of many, though
+not all, negroes is well known; it is by no means due to uncleanly habits,
+and Joest remarks that it is even increased by cleanliness, which opens
+the pores of the skin; according to Sir H. Johnston, it is most marked in
+the armpits and is stronger in men than in women. Pruner Bey describes it
+as "ammoniacal and rancid; it is like the odor of the he-goat." The odor
+varies not only individually, but according to the tribe; Castellani
+states that the negress of the Congo has merely a slight "_goût de
+noisette_" which is agreeable rather than otherwise. Monbuttu women,
+according to Parke, have a strong Gorgonzola perfume, and Emin told Parke
+that he could distinguish the members of different tribes by their
+characteristic odor. In the same way the Nicobarese, according to Man, can
+distinguish a member of each of the six tribes of the archipelago by
+smell. The odor of Australian blacks is less strong than that of negroes
+and has been described as of a phosphoric character. The South American
+Indians, d'Orbigny stated, have an odor stronger than that of Europeans,
+though not as strong as most negroes; it is marked, Latcham states, even
+among those who, like the Araucanos, bathe constantly. The Chinese have a
+musky odor. The odor of many peoples is described as being of garlic.[30]
+
+A South Sea Islander, we are told by Charles de Varigny, on coming to
+Sydney and seeing the ladies walking about the streets and apparently
+doing nothing, expressed much astonishment, adding, with a gesture of
+contempt, "and they have no smell!" It is by no means true, however, that
+Europeans are odorless. They are, indeed, considerably more odorous than
+are many other races,--for instance, the Japanese,--and there is doubtless
+some association between the greater hairiness of Europeans and their
+marked odor, since the sebaceous glands are part of the hair apparatus. A
+Japanese anthropologist, Adachi, has published an interesting study on the
+odor of Europeans,[31] which he describes as a strong and pungent
+smell,--sometimes sweet, sometimes bitter,--of varying strength in
+different individuals, absent in children and the aged, and having its
+chief focus in the armpits, which, however carefully they are washed,
+immediately become odorous again. Adachi has found that the sweat-glands
+are larger in Europeans than in the Japanese, among whom a strong personal
+odor is so uncommon that "armpit stink" is a disqualification for the
+army. It is certainly true that the white races smell less strongly than
+most of the dark races, odor seeming to be correlated to some extent with
+intensity of pigmentation, as well as with hairiness; but even the most
+scrupulously clean Europeans all smell. This fact may not always be
+obvious to human nostrils, apart from intimate contact, but it is well
+known to dogs, to whom their masters are recognizable by smell. When Hue
+traveled in Tibet in Chinese disguise he was not detected by the natives,
+but the dogs recognized him as a foreigner by his smell and barked at him.
+Many Chinese can tell by smell when a European has been in a room.[32]
+There are, however, some Europeans who can recognize and distinguish their
+friends by smell. The case has been recorded of a man who with bandaged
+eyes could recognize his acquaintances, at the distance of several paces,
+the moment they entered the room. In another case a deaf and blind mute
+woman in Massachusetts knew all her acquaintances by smell, and could sort
+linen after it came from the wash by the odor alone. Governesses have been
+known to be able when blindfolded to recognize the ownership of their
+pupil's garments by smell; such a case is known to me. Such odor is
+usually described as being agreeable, but not one person in fifty, it is
+stated, is able to distinguish it with sufficient precision to use it as a
+method of recognition. Among some races, however this aptitude would
+appear to be better developed. Dr. C.S. Myers at Sarawak noted that his
+Malay boy sorted the clean linen according to the skin-odor of the
+wearer.[33] Chinese servants are said to do the same, as well as
+Australians and natives of Luzon.[34]
+
+    Although the distinctively individual odor of most persons is not
+    sufficiently marked to be generally perceptible, there are cases
+    in which it is more distinct to all nostrils. The most famous
+    case of this kind is that of Alexander the Great, who, according
+    to Plutarch, exhaled so sweet an odor that his tunics were soaked
+    with aromatic perfume (_Convivalium Disputationum_, lib. I,
+    quest. 6). Malherbe, Cujas, and Haller are said to have diffused
+    a musky odor. The agreeable odor of Walt Whitman has been
+    remarked by Kennedy and others. The perfume exhaled by many holy
+    men and women, so often noted by ancient writers (discussed by
+    Görres in the second volume of his _Christliche Mystik_) and
+    which has entered into current phraseology as a merely
+    metaphorical "odor of sanctity," was doubtless due, as Hammond
+    first pointed out, to abnormal nervous conditions, for it is well
+    known that such conditions affect the odor, and in insanity, for
+    instance, the presence is noted of bodily odors which have
+    sometimes even been considered of diagnostic importance. J.B.
+    Friedreich, _Allgemeine Diagnostik der Psychischen Krankheiten_,
+    second edition, 1832, pp. 9-10, quotes passages from various
+    authors on this point, which he accepts; various writers of more
+    recent date have made similar observations.
+
+    The odor of sanctity was specially noted at death, and was
+    doubtless confused with the _odor mortis_, which frequently
+    precedes death and by some is regarded as an almost certain
+    indication of its approach. In the _British Medical Journal_, for
+    May and June, 1898, will be found letters from several
+    correspondents substantiating this point. One of these
+    correspondents (Dr. Tuckey, of Tywardwreath, Cornwall) mentions
+    that he has in Cornwall often seen ravens flying over houses in
+    which persons lay dying, evidently attracted by a characteristic
+    odor.
+
+It must be borne in mind, however, that, while every person has, to a
+sensitive nose, a distinguishing odor, we must regard that odor either as
+but one of the various sensations given off by the body, or else as a
+combination of two or more of these emanations. The body in reality gives
+off a number of different odors. The most important of these are: (1) the
+general skin odor, a faint, but agreeable, fragrance often to be detected
+on the skin even immediately after washing; (2) the smell of the hair and
+scalp; (3) the odor of the breath; (4) the odor of the armpit; (5) the
+odor of the feet; (6) the perineal odor; (7) in men the odor of the
+preputial smegma; (8) in women the odor of the mons veneris, that of
+vulvar smegma, that of vaginal mucus, and the menstrual odor. All these
+are odors which may usually be detected, though sometimes only in a very
+faint degree, in healthy and well-washed persons under normal conditions.
+It is unnecessary here to take into account the special odors of various
+secretions and excretions.[35]
+
+It is a significant fact, both as regards the ancestral sexual connections
+of the body odors and their actual sexual associations to-day, that, as
+Hippocrates long ago noted, it is not until puberty that they assume their
+adult characteristics. The infant, the adult, the aged person, each has
+his own kind of smell, and, as Monin remarks, it might be possible, within
+certain limits, to discover the age of a person by his odor. Jorg in 1832
+pointed out that in girls the appearance of a specific smell of the
+excreta indicates the establishment of puberty, and Kaan, in his
+_Psychopathia Sexualis_, remarked that at puberty "the sweat gives out a
+more acrid odor resembling musk." In both sexes puberty, adolescence,
+early manhood and womanhood are marked by a gradual development of the
+adult odor of skin and excreta, in general harmony with the secondary
+sexual development of hair and pigment. Venturi, indeed, has, not without
+reason, described the odor of the body as a secondary sexual
+character.[36] It may be added that, as is the case with the pigment in
+various parts of the body in women, some of these odors tend to become
+exaggerated in sympathy with sexual and other emotional states.
+
+    The odor of the infant is said to be of butyric acid; that of old
+    people to resemble dry leaves. Continent young men have been said
+    by many ancient writers to smell more strongly than the unchaste,
+    and some writers have described as "seminal odor"--an odor
+    resembling that of animals in heat, faintly recalling that of the
+    he-goat, according to Venturi--the exhalations of the skin at
+    such times.
+
+    During sexual excitement, as women can testify, a man very
+    frequently, if not normally, gives out an odor which, as usually
+    described, proceeds from the skin, the breath, or both. Grimaldi
+    states that it is as of rancid butter; others say it resembles
+    chloroform. It is said to be sometimes perceptible for a distance
+    of several feet and to last for several hours after coitus.
+    (Various quotations are given by Gould and Pyle, _Anomalies and
+    Curiosities of Medicine_, section on "Human Odors," pp. 397-403.)
+    St. Philip Neri is said to have been able to recognize a chaste
+    man by smell.
+
+    During menstruation girls and young women frequently give off an
+    odor which is quite distinct from that of the menstrual fluid,
+    and is specially marked in the breath, which may smell of
+    chloroform or violets. Pouchet (confirmed by Raciborski, _Traité
+    de la Menstruation_, 1868, p. 74) stated that about a day before
+    the onset of menstruation a characteristic smell is exuded.
+    Menstruating girls are also said sometimes to give off a smell of
+    leather. Aubert, of Lyons (as quoted by Galopin), describes the
+    odor of the skin of a woman during menstruation as an agreeable
+    aromatic or acidulous perfume of chloroform character. By some
+    this is described as emanating especially from the armpits.
+    Sandras (quoted by Raciborski) knew a lady who could always tell
+    by a sensation of faintness and _malaise_--apparently due to a
+    sensation of smell--when she was in contact with a menstruating
+    woman. I am acquainted with a man, having strong olfactory
+    sympathies and antipathies, who detects the presence of
+    menstruation by smell. It is said that Hortense Baré, who
+    accompanied her lover, the botanist Commerson, to the Pacific
+    disguised as a man, was recognized by the natives as a woman by
+    means of smell.
+
+    Women, like men, frequently give out an odor during coitus or
+    strong sexual excitement. This odor may be entirely different
+    from that normally emanating from the woman, of an acid or
+    hircine character, and sufficiently strong to remain in a room
+    for a considerable period. Many of the ancient medical writers
+    (as quoted by Schurigius, _Parthenologia_, p. 286) described the
+    goaty smell produced by venery, especially in women; they
+    regarded it as specially marked in harlots and in the newly
+    married, and sometimes even considered it a certain sign of
+    defloration. The case has been recorded of a woman who emitted a
+    rose odor for two days after coitus (McBride, quoted by Kiernan
+    in an interesting summary, "Odor in Pathology," _Doctor's
+    Magazine_, December, 1900). There was, it is said (_Journal des
+    Savans_ 1684, p. 39, quoting from the _Journal d'Angleterre_) a
+    monk in Prague who could recognize by smell the chastity of the
+    women who approached him. (This monk, it is added, when he died,
+    was composing a new science of odors.)
+
+    Gustav Klein (as quoted by Adler, _Die Mangelhafte
+    Geschlechtsempfindungen des Weibes_, p. 25) argues that the
+    special function of the glands at the vulvar orifice--the
+    _glandulæ vestibulares majores_--is to give out an odorous
+    secretion to act as an attraction to the male, this relic of
+    sexual periodicity no longer, however, playing an important part
+    in the human species. The vulvar secretion, however, it may be
+    added, still has a more aromatic odor than the vaginal secretion,
+    with its simple mucous odor, very clearly perceived during
+    parturition.
+
+    It may be added that we still know extremely little concerning
+    the sexual odors of women among primitive peoples. Ploss and
+    Bartels are only able to bring forward (_Das Weib_, 1901, bd. 1,
+    p. 218) a statement concerning the women of New Caledonia, who,
+    according to Moncelon, when young and ardent, give out during
+    coitus a powerful odor which no ablution will remove. In abnormal
+    states of sexual excitement such odor may be persistent, and,
+    according to an ancient observation, a nymphomaniac, whose
+    periods of sexual excitement lasted all through the spring-time,
+    at these periods always emitted a goatlike odor. It has been said
+    (G. Tourdes, art. "Aphrodisie," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des
+    Sciences Médicales_) that the erotic temperament is characterized
+    by a special odor.
+
+If the body odors tend to develop at puberty, to be maintained during
+sexual life, especially in sympathy with conditions of sexual disturbance,
+and to become diminished in old age, being thus a kind of secondary sexual
+character, we should expect them to be less marked in those cases in which
+the primary sexual characters are less marked. It is possible that this is
+actually the case. Hagen, in his _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, quotes from
+Roubaud's _Traité de l'Impuissance_ the statement that the body odor of
+the castrated differs from that of normal individuals. Burdach had
+previously stated that the odor of the eunuch is less marked than that of
+the normal man.
+
+It is thus possible that defective sexual development tends to be
+associated with corresponding olfactory defect. Heschl[37] has reported a
+case in which absence of both olfactory nerves coincided with defective
+development of the sexual organs. Féré remarks that the impotent show a
+repugnance for sexual odors. Dr. Kiernan informs me that in women after
+oöphorectomy he has noted a tendency to diminished (and occasionally
+increased) sense of smell. These questions, however, await more careful
+and extended observation.
+
+A very significant transition from the phenomena of personal odor to those
+of sexual attraction by personal odor is to be found in the fact that
+among the peoples inhabiting a large part of the world's surface the
+ordinary salutation between friends is by mutual smelling of the person.
+In some form or another the method of salutation by applying the nose to
+the nose, face, or hand of a friend in greeting is found throughout a
+large part of the Pacific, among the Papuans, the Eskimo, the hill tribes
+of India, in Africa, and elsewhere.[38] Thus, among a certain hill tribe
+in India, according to Lewin, they smell a friend's cheek: "in their
+language, they do not say, 'Give me a kiss,' but they say 'Smell me.'" And
+on the Gambia, according to F. Moore, "When the men salute the women,
+they, instead of shaking their hands, put it up to their noses, and smell
+twice to the back of it." Here we have very clearly a recognition of the
+emotional value of personal odor widely prevailing throughout the world.
+The salutation on an olfactory basis may, indeed, be said to be more
+general than the salutation on a tactile basis on which European
+handshaking rests, each form involving one of the two most intimate and
+emotional senses. The kiss may be said to be a development proceeding both
+from the olfactory and the tactile bases, with perhaps some other elements
+as well, and is too complex to be regarded as a phenomenon of either
+purely tactile or purely olfactory origin.[39]
+
+As the sole factor in sexual selection olfaction must be rare. It is said
+that Asiatic princes have sometimes caused a number of the ladies to race
+in the seraglio garden until they were heated; their garments have then
+been brought to the prince, who has selected one of them solely by the
+odor.[40] There was here a sexual selection mainly by odor. Any exclusive
+efficacy of the olfactory sense is rare, not so much because the
+impressions of this sense are inoperative, but because agreeable personal
+odors are not sufficiently powerful, and the olfactory organ is too
+obtuse, to enable smell to take precedence of sight. Nevertheless, in many
+people, it is probable that certain odors, especially those that are
+correlated with a healthy and sexually desirable person, tend to be
+agreeable; they are fortified by their association with the loved person,
+sometimes to an irresistible degree; and their potency is doubtless
+increased by the fact, to which reference has already been made, that many
+odors, including some bodily odors, are nervous stimulants.
+
+It is possible that the sexual associations of odors have been still
+further fortified by a tendency to correlation between a high development
+of the olfactory organ and a high development of the sexual apparatus. An
+association between a large nose and a large male organ is a very ancient
+observation and has been verified occasionally in recent times. There is
+normally at puberty a great increase in the septum of the nose, and it is
+quite conceivable, in view of the sympathy, which, as we shall see,
+certainly exists between the olfactory and sexual region, that the two
+regions may develop together under a common influence.
+
+    The Romans firmly believed in the connection between a large nose
+    and a large penis. "Noscitur e naso quanta sit hasta viro,"
+    stated Ovid. This belief continued to prevail, especially in
+    Italy, through the middle ages; the physiognomists made much of
+    it, and licentious women (like Joanna of Naples) were, it
+    appears, accustomed to bear it in mind, although disappointment
+    is recorded often to have followed. (See e.g., the quotations and
+    references given by J.N. Mackenzie, "Physiological and
+    Pathological Relations between the Nose and the Sexual Apparatus
+    in Man." _Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, No. 82, January,
+    1898; also Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, pp. 15-19.) A
+    similar belief as to the association between the sexual impulse
+    in women and a long nose was evidently common in England in the
+    sixteenth century, for in Massinger's _Emperor of the East_ (Act
+    II, Scene I) we read,
+
+        "Her nose, which by its length assures me
+        Of storms at midnight if I fail to pay her
+        The tribute she expects."
+
+    At the present day, a proverb of the Venetian people still
+    embodies the belief in the connection between a large nose and a
+    large sexual member.
+
+    The probability that such an association tends in many cases to
+    prevail is indicated not only by the beliefs of antiquity, when
+    more careful attention was paid to these matters, but by the
+    testimony of various modern observers, although it does not
+    appear that any series of exact observations have yet been made.
+
+    It may be noted that Marro, in his careful anthropological study
+    of criminals (_I Caratteri dei Delinquenti_), found no class of
+    criminals with so large a proportion alike of anomalies of the
+    nose and anomalies of the genital organs as sexual offenders.
+
+However this may be, it is less doubtful that there is a very intimate
+relation both in men and women between the olfactory mucous membrane of
+the nose and the whole genital apparatus, that they frequently show a
+sympathetic action, that influences acting on the genital sphere will
+affect the nose, and occasionally, it is probable, influences acting on
+the nose reflexly affect the genital sphere. To discuss these
+relationships would here be out of place, since specialists are not
+altogether in agreement concerning the matter. A few are inclined to
+regard the association as extremely intimate, so that each region is
+sensitive even to slight stimuli applied to the other region, while, on
+the other hand, many authorities ignore altogether the question of the
+relationship. It would appear, however, that there really is, in a
+considerable number of people at all events, a reflex connection of this
+kind. It has especially been noted that in many cases congestion of the
+nose precedes menstruation.
+
+Bleeding of the nose is specially apt to occur at puberty and during
+adolescence, while in women it may take the place of menstruation and is
+sometimes more apt to occur at the menstrual periods; disorders of the
+nose have also been found to be aggravated at these periods. It has even
+been possible to control bleeding of the nose, both in men and women, by
+applying ice to the sexual regions. In both men and women, again, cases
+have been recorded in which sexual excitement, whether of coitus or
+masturbation, has been followed by bleeding of the nose. In numerous cases
+it is followed by slight congestive conditions of the nasal passages and
+especially by sneezing. Various authors have referred to this phenomenon;
+I am acquainted with a lady in whom it is fairly constant.[41] Féré
+records the case of a lady, a nervous subject, who began to experience
+intense spontaneous sexual excitement shortly after marriage, accompanied
+by much secretion from the nose.[42] J.N. Mackenzie is acquainted with a
+number of such cases, and he considers that the popular expression
+"bride's cold" indicates that this effect of strong sexual excitement is
+widely recognized.
+
+    The late Professor Hack, of Freiburg, in 1884, called general
+    medical attention to the intimate connection between the nose and
+    states of nervous hyperexcitability in various parts of the body,
+    although such a connection had been recognized for many centuries
+    in medical literature. While Hack and his disciples thus gave
+    prominence to this association, they undoubtedly greatly
+    exaggerated its importance and significance. (Sir Felix Semon,
+    _British Medical Journal_, November 9, 1901.) Even many workers
+    who have more recently further added to our knowledge have also,
+    as sometimes happens with enthusiasts, unduly strained their own
+    data. Starting from the fact that in women during menstruation
+    examination of the nose reveals a degree of congestion not found
+    during the rest of the month, Fliess (_Die Beziehungen zwischen
+    Nase und Weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen_, 1897), with the help of
+    a number of elaborate and prolonged observations, has reached
+    conclusions which, while they seem to be hazardous at some
+    points, have certainly contributed to build up our knowledge of
+    this obscure subject. Schiff (_Wiener klinische Wochenschrift_,
+    1900, p. 58, summarized in _British Medical Journal_, February
+    16, 1901), starting from a skeptical standpoint, has confirmed
+    some of Fliess's results, and in a large number of cases
+    controlled painful menstruation by painting with cocaine the
+    so-called "genital spots" in the nose, all possibility of
+    suggestion being avoided. Ries, of Chicago, has been similarly
+    successful with the method of Fliess (_American Gynæcology_, vol.
+    iii, No. 4, 1903). Benedikt (_Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift_,
+    No. 8, 1901, summarized in _Journal of Medical Science_, October,
+    1901), while pointing out that the nose is not the only organ in
+    sympathetic relation with the sexual sphere, suggests that the
+    mechanism of the relationship is involved in the larger problem
+    of the harmony in growth and in nutrition of the different parts
+    of the organism. In this way, probably, we may attach
+    considerable significance to the existence of a kind of erectile
+    tissue in the nose.
+
+    An interesting example of a reflex influence from the nose
+    affecting the genital sphere has been brought forward by Dr. E.S.
+    Talbot, of Chicago: "A 56-year-old man was operated on
+    (September 1, 1903) for the removal of the left cartilage of the
+    septum of the nose owing to a previous traumatic fracture at the
+    sixteenth year. No pain was experienced until two years ago, when
+    a continual soreness occurred at the apical end of the fracture
+    during the winter months. The operation was decided upon fearing
+    more serious complications. The parts were cocainized. No pain
+    was experienced in the operation except at one point at the lower
+    posterior portion near the floor of the nose. A profound shock to
+    the general system followed. The reflex influence of the pain
+    upon the genital organs caused semen to flow continually for
+    three weeks. Treatment of general motor irritability with camphor
+    monobromate and conium, on consultation with Dr. Kiernan, checked
+    the flow. The discharge produced spinal neurasthenia. The legs
+    and feet felt heavy. Erythromelalgia caused uneasiness. The
+    patient walked with difficulty. The tired feeling in the feet and
+    limbs was quite noticeable four months after the operation,
+    although the pain had, to a great extent diminished." (Chicago
+    Academy of Medicine, January, 1904, and private letter.)
+
+    J.N. Mackenzie has brought together a great many original
+    observations, together with interesting quotations from old
+    medical literature, in his two papers: "The Pathological Nasal
+    Reflex" (_New York Medical Journal_, August 20, 1887) and "The
+    Physiological and Pathological Relations between the Nose and the
+    Sexual Apparatus of Man" (_Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_,
+    January 1, 1898). A number of cases have also been brought
+    together from the literature by G. Endriss in his Inaugural
+    Dissertation, _Die bisherigen Beobachtungen von Physiologischen
+    und Pathologischen Beziehungen der oberen Luftwege zu den
+    Sexualorganen_, Teil. II, Würzburg, 1892.
+
+The intimate association between the sexual centers and the olfactory
+tract is well illustrated by the fact that this primitive and ancient
+association tends to come to the surface in insanity. It is recognized by
+many alienists that insanity of a sexual character is specially liable to
+be associated with hallucinations of smell.
+
+    Many eminent alienists in various countries are very decidedly of
+    the opinion that there is a special tendency to the association
+    of olfactory hallucinations with sexual manifestations, and,
+    although one or two authorities have expressed doubt on the
+    matter, the available evidence clearly indicates such an
+    association. Hallucinations of smell are comparatively rare as
+    compared to hallucinations of sight and hearing; they are
+    commoner in women than in men and they not infrequently occur at
+    periods of sexual disturbance, at adolescence, in puerperal
+    fever, at the change of life, in women with ovarian troubles, and
+    in old people troubled with sexual desires or remorse for such
+    desires. They have often been noted as specially frequent in
+    cases of excessive masturbation.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing, who found olfactory hallucinations common in
+    various sexual states, considers that they are directly dependent
+    on sexual excitement (_Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie_,
+    bd. 34, ht. 4, 1877). Conolly Norman believes in a distinct and
+    frequent association between olfactory hallucinations and sexual
+    disturbance (_Journal of Mental Science_, July, 1899, p. 532).
+    Savage is also impressed by the close association between sexual
+    disturbance or changes in the reproductive organs and
+    hallucinations of smell as well as of touch. He has found that
+    persistent hallucinations of smell disappeared when a diseased
+    ovary was removed, although the patient remained insane. He
+    considers that such hallucinations of smell are allied to
+    reversions. (G.H. Savage, "Smell, Hallucinations of," Tuke's
+    _Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_; cf. the same author's
+    manual of _Insanity and Allied Neuroses_.) Matusch, while not
+    finding olfactory hallucinations common at the climacteric,
+    states that when they are present they are connected with uterine
+    trouble and sexual craving. He finds them more common in young
+    women. (Matusch, "Der Einfluss des Climacterium auf Entstchung
+    und Form der Geistesstörung," _Allgemeine Zeitschrift für
+    Psychiatrie_, vol. xlvi, ht. 4). Féré has related a significant
+    case of a young man in whom hallucinations of smell accompanied
+    the sexual orgasm; he subsequently developed epilepsy, to which
+    the hallucination then constituted the aura (_Comptes Rendus de
+    la Société de Biologie_, December, 1896). The prevalence of a
+    sexual element in olfactory hallucinations has been investigated
+    by Bullen, who examined into 95 cases of hallucinations of smell
+    among the patients in several asylums. (In a few cases there were
+    reasons for believing that peripheral conditions existed which
+    would render these hallucinations more strictly illusions.) Of
+    these, 64 were women. Sixteen of the women were climacteric
+    cases, and 3 of them had sexual hallucinations or delusions.
+    Fourteen other women (chiefly cases of chronic delusional
+    insanity) had sexual delusions. Altogether, 31 men and women had
+    sexual delusions. This is a large proportion. Bullen is not,
+    however, inclined to admit any direct connection between the
+    reproductive system and the sense of smell. He finds that other
+    hallucinations are very frequently associated with the olfactory
+    hallucinations, and considers that the co-existence of olfactory
+    and sexual troubles simply indicates a very deep and widespread
+    nervous disturbance. (F. St. John Bullen, "Olfactory
+    Hallucinations in the Insane," _Journal of Mental Science_, July,
+    1899.) In order to elucidate the matter fully we require further
+    precise inquiries on the lines Bullen has laid down.
+
+    It may be of interest to note, in this connection, that smell and
+    taste hallucinations appear to be specially frequent in forms of
+    religious insanity. Thus, Dr. Zurcher, in her inaugural
+    dissertation on Joan of Arc (_Jeanne d'Arc_, Leipzig, 1895, p.
+    72), estimates that on the average in such insanity nearly 50 per
+    cent, of the hallucinations affect smell and taste; she refers
+    also to the olfactory hallucinations of great religious leaders,
+    Francis of Assisi, Katherina Emmerich, Lazzaretti, and the
+    Anabaptists.
+
+It may well be, as Zwaardemaker has suggested in his _Physiologie des
+Geruchs_, that the nasal congestion at menstruation and similar phenomena
+are connected with that association of smell and sexuality which is
+observable throughout the whole animal world, and that the congestion
+brings about a temporary increase of olfactory sensitiveness during the
+stage of sexual excitation.[43] Careful investigation of olfactory
+acuteness would reveal the existence of such menstrual heightening of its
+acuity.
+
+In a few exceptional, but still quite healthy people, smell would appear
+to possess an emotional predominance which it cannot be said to possess in
+the average person. These exceptional people are of what Binet in his
+study of sexual fetichism calls olfactive type; such persons form a group
+which, though of smaller size and less importance, is fairly comparable to
+the well-known groups of visual type, of auditory type, and of psychomotor
+type. Such people would be more attentive to odors, more moved by
+olfactory sympathies and antipathies, than are ordinary people. For these,
+it may well be, the supremacy accorded to olfactory influences in Jäger's
+_Entdeckung der Seele_, though extravagantly incorrect for ordinary
+persons, may appear quite reasonable.
+
+It is certain also that a great many neurasthenic people, and
+particularly those who are sexually neurasthenic, are peculiarly
+susceptible to olfactory influences. A number of eminent poets and
+novelists--especially, it would appear, in France--seem to be in this
+case. Baudelaire, of all great poets, has most persistently and most
+elaborately emphasized the imaginative and emotional significance of odor;
+the _Fleurs du Mal_ and many of the _Petits Poèmes en Prose_ are, from
+this point of view, of great interest. There can be no doubt that in
+Baudelaire's own imaginative and emotional life the sense of smell played
+a highly important part; and that, in his own words, odor was to him what
+music is to others. Throughout Zola's novels--and perhaps more especially
+in _La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret_--there is an extreme insistence on odors of
+every kind. Prof. Leopold Bernard wrote an elaborate study of this aspect
+of Zola's work[44]; he believed that underlying Zola's interest in odors
+there was an abnormally keen olfactory sensibility and large development
+of the olfactory region of the brain. Such a supposition is, however,
+unnecessary, and, as a matter of fact, a careful examination of Zola's
+olfactory sensibility, conducted by M. Passy, showed that it was somewhat
+below normal.[45] At the same time it was shown that Zola was really a
+person of olfactory psychic type, with a special attention to odors and a
+special memory for them; as is frequently the case with perfumers with
+less than normal olfactory acuity he possessed a more than normal power of
+discriminating odors; it is possible that in early life his olfactory
+acuity may also have been above normal. In the same way Nietzsche, in his
+writings, shows a marked sensibility, and especially antipathy, as regards
+odors, which has by some been regarded as an index to a real physical
+sensibility of abnormal keenness; according to Möbius, however, there was
+no reason for supposing this to be the case.[46] Huysmans, who throughout
+his books reveals a very intense preoccupation with the exact shades of
+many kinds of sensory impressions, and an apparently abnormally keen
+sensibility to them, has shown a great interest in odors, more especially
+in an oft-quoted passage in _A Rebours_. The blind Milton of "Paradise
+Lost" (as the late Mr. Grant Allen once remarked to me), dwells much on
+scents; in this case it is doubtless to the blindness and not to any
+special organic predisposition that we must attribute this direction of
+sensory attention.[47] Among our older English poets, also, Herrick
+displays a special interest in odors with a definite realization of their
+sexual attractiveness.[48] Shelley, who was alive to so many of the
+unusual æsthetic aspects of things, often shows an enthusiastic delight in
+odors, more especially those of flowers. It may, indeed, be said that most
+poets--though to a less degree than those I have mentioned--devote a
+special attention to odors, and, since it has been possible to describe
+smell as the sense of imagination, this need not surprise us. That
+Shakespeare, for instance, ranked this sense very high indeed is shown by
+various passages in his works and notably by Sonnet LIV: "O, how much more
+doth beauty beauteous seem?"--in which he implicitly places the attraction
+of odor on at least as high a level as that of vision.[49]
+
+A neurasthenic sensitiveness to odors, specially sexual odors, is
+frequently accompanied by lack of sexual vigor. In this way we may account
+for the numerous cases in which old men in whom sexual desire survives the
+loss of virile powers--probably somewhat abnormal persons at the
+outset--find satisfaction in sexual odors. Here, also, we have the basis
+for olfactory fetichism. In such fetichism the odor of the woman alone,
+whoever she may be and however unattractive she may be, suffices to
+furnish complete sexual satisfaction. In many, although not all, of those
+cases in which articles of women's clothing become the object of
+fetichistic attraction, there is certainly an olfactory element due to the
+personal odor attaching to the garments.[50]
+
+    Olfactory influences play a certain part in various sexually
+    abnormal tendencies and practices which do not proceed from an
+    exclusively olfactory fascination. Thus, _cunnilingus_ and
+    _fellatio_ derive part of their attraction, more especially in
+    some individuals, from a predilection for the odors of the sexual
+    parts. (See, e.g., Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido
+    Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 134.) In many cases smell plays no part in
+    the attraction; "I enjoy _cunnilingus_, if I like the girl very
+    much," a correspondent writes, "_in spite_ of the smell." We may
+    associate this impulse with the prevalence of these practices
+    among sexual inverts, in whom olfactory attractions are often
+    specially marked. Those individuals, also, who are sexually
+    affected by the urinary and alvine excretions ("_renifleurs_,"
+    "_stereoraires_," etc.) are largely, though not necessarily
+    altogether, moved by olfactory impressions. The attraction was,
+    however, exclusively olfactory in the case of the young woman
+    recorded by Moraglia (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1892, p. 267),
+    who was irresistibly excited by the odor of the fermented urine
+    of men, and possibly also in the case narrated to Moraglia by
+    Prof. L. Bianchi (ib. p. 568), in which a wife required flatus
+    from her husband.
+
+    The sexual pleasure derived from partial strangulation (discussed
+    in the study of "Love and Pain" in a previous volume) may be
+    associated with heightened olfactory sexual excitation. Dr.
+    Kiernan, who points this out to me, has investigated a few
+    neuropathic patients who like to have their necks squeezed, as
+    they express it, and finds that in the majority the olfactory
+    sensibility is thus intensified.
+
+Even in ordinary normal persons, however, there can be no doubt that
+personal odor tends to play a not inconsiderable part in sexual
+attractions and sexual repulsions. As a sexual excitant, indeed, it comes
+far behind the stimuli received through the sense of sight. The
+comparative bluntness of the sense of smell in man makes it difficult for
+olfactory influence to be felt, as a rule, until the preliminaries of
+courtship are already over; so that it is impossible for smell ever to
+possess the same significance in sexual attraction in man that it
+possesses in the lower animals. With that reservation there can be no
+doubt that odor has a certain favorable or unfavorable influence in sexual
+relationships in all human races from the lowest to the highest. The
+Polynesian spoke with contempt of those women of European race who "have
+no smell," and in view of the pronounced personal odor of so many savage
+peoples as well as of the careful attention which they so often pay to
+odors, we may certainly assume, even in the absence of much definite
+evidence, that smell counts for much in their sexual relationships. This
+is confirmed by such practices as that found among some primitive
+peoples--as, it is stated, in the Philippines--of lovers exchanging their
+garments to have the smell of the loved one about them. In the barbaric
+stages of society this element becomes self-conscious and is clearly
+avowed; personal odors are constantly described with complacency,
+sometimes as mingled with the lavish use of artificial perfumes, in much
+of the erotic literature produced in the highest stages of barbarism,
+especially by Eastern peoples living in hot climates; it is only necessary
+to refer to the _Song of Songs_, the _Arabian Nights_, and the Indian
+treatises on love. Even in some parts of Europe the same influence is
+recognized in the crudest animal form, and Krauss states that among the
+Southern Slavs it is sometimes customary to leave the sexual parts
+unwashed because a strong odor of these parts is regarded as a sexual
+stimulant. Under the usual conditions of life in Europe personal odor has
+sunk into the background; this has been so equally under the conditions of
+classic, mediæval, and modern life. Personal odor has been generally
+regarded as unæsthetic; it has, for the most part, only been mentioned to
+be reprobated, and even those poets and others who during recent centuries
+have shown a sensitive delight and interest in odors--Herrick, Shelley,
+Baudelaire, Zola, and Huysmans--have seldom ventured to insist that a
+purely natural and personal odor can be agreeable. The fact that it may be
+so, and that for most people such odors cannot be a matter of indifference
+in the most intimate of all relationships, is usually only to be learned
+casually and incidentally. There can be no doubt, however, that, as
+Kiernan points out, the extent to which olfaction influences the sexual
+sphere in civilized man has been much underestimated. We need not,
+therefore, be surprised at the greater interest which has recently been
+taken in this subject. As usually happens, indeed, there has been in some
+writers a tendency to run to the opposite extreme, and we cannot, with
+Gustav Jäger, regard the sexual instinct as mainly or altogether an
+olfactory matter.
+
+    Of the Padmini, the perfect woman, the "lotus woman," Hindu
+    writers say that "her sweat has the odor of musk," while the
+    vulgar woman, they say, smells of fish (_Kama Sutra of
+    Vatsyayana_). Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, 1901, p. 218) bring
+    forward a passage from the Tamil _Kokkôgam_, minutely describing
+    various kinds of sexual odor in women, which they regard as
+    resting on sound observation.
+
+    Four things in a woman, says the Arab, should be perfumed: the
+    mouth, the armpits, the pudenda, and the nose. The Persian poets,
+    in describing the body, delighted to use metaphors involving
+    odor. Not only the hair and the down on the face, but the chin,
+    the mouth, the beauty spots, the neck, all suggested odorous
+    images. The epithets applied to the hair frequently refer to
+    musk, ambergris, and civet. (_Anis El-Ochchâq_ translated by
+    Huart, _Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes_, fasc. 25,
+    1875.)
+
+    The Hebrew _Song of Songs_ furnishes a typical example of a very
+    beautiful Eastern love-poem in which the importance of the appeal
+    to the sense of smell is throughout emphasized. There are in this
+    short poem as many as twenty-four fairly definite references to
+    odors,--personal odors, perfumes, and flowers,--while numerous
+    other references to flowers, etc., seem to point to olfactory
+    associations. Both the lover and his sweetheart express pleasure
+    in each other's personal odor.
+
+        "My beloved is unto me," she sings, "as a bag of myrrh
+        That lieth between my breasts;
+        My beloved is unto me as a cluster of henna flowers
+        In the vineyard of En-gedi."
+
+    And again: "His cheeks are as a bed of spices [or balsam], as
+    banks of sweet herbs." While of her he says: "The smell of thy
+    breath [or nose] is like apples."
+
+    Greek and Roman antiquity, which has so largely influenced the
+    traditions of modern Europe, was lavish in the use of perfumes,
+    but showed no sympathy with personal odors. For the Roman
+    satirists, like Martial, a personal odor is nearly always an
+    unpleasant odor, though, there are a few allusions in classic
+    literature recognizing bodily smell as a sexual attraction. Ovid,
+    in his _Ars Amandi_ (Book III), says it is scarcely necessary to
+    remind a lady that she must not keep a goat in her armpits: "_ne
+    trux caper iret in alas_." "_Mulier tum bene olet ubi nihil
+    olet_" is an ancient dictum, and in the sixteenth century
+    Montaigne still repeated the same saying with complete approval.
+
+    A different current of feeling began to appear with the new
+    emotional movement during the eighteenth century. Rousseau called
+    attention to the importance of the olfactory sense, and in his
+    educational work, _Emile_ (Bk. II), he referred to the odor of a
+    woman's "_cabinet de toilette_" as not so feeble a snare as is
+    commonly supposed. In the same century Casanova wrote still more
+    emphatically concerning the same point; in the preface to his
+    _Mémoires_ he states: "I have always found sweet the odor of the
+    women I have loved"; and elsewhere: "There is something in the
+    air of the bedroom of the woman one loves, something so intimate,
+    so balsamic, such voluptuous emanations, that if a lover had to
+    choose between Heaven and this place of delight his hesitation
+    would not last for a moment" (_Mémoires_, vol. iii). In the
+    previous century, in England, Sir Kenelm Digby, in his
+    interesting and remarkable _Private Memoirs_, when describing a
+    visit to Lady Venetia Stanley, afterward his wife, touches on
+    personal odor as an element of attraction; he had found her
+    asleep in bed and on her breasts "did glisten a few drops of
+    sweatlike diamond sparks, and had a more fragrant odor than the
+    violets or primroses whose season was newly passed."
+
+    In 1821 Cadet-Devaux published, in the _Revue Encyclopédique_, a
+    study entitled "De l'atmosphère de la Femme et de sa Puissance,"
+    which attracted a great deal of attention in Germany as well as
+    in France; he considered that the exhalations of the feminine
+    body are of the first importance in sexual attraction.
+
+    Prof. A. Galopin in 1886 wrote a semiscientific book, _Le Parfum
+    de la Femme_, in which the sexual significance of personal odor
+    is developed to its fullest. He writes with enthusiasm concerning
+    the sweet and health-giving character of the natural perfume of a
+    beloved woman, and the mischief done both to health and love by
+    the use of artificial perfumes. "The purest marriage that can be
+    contracted between a man and a woman," he asserts (p. 157) "is
+    that engendered by olfaction and sanctioned by a common
+    assimilation in the brain of the animated molecules due to the
+    secretion and evaporation of two bodies in contact and sympathy."
+
+    In a book written during the first half of the nineteenth century
+    which contains various subtle observations on love we read, with
+    reference to the sweet odor which poets have found in the breath
+    of women: "In reality many women have an intoxicatingly agreeable
+    breath which plays no small part in the love-compelling
+    atmosphere which they spread around them" (_Eros oder Wörterbuch
+    über die Physiologie_, 1849, Bd. 1, p. 45).
+
+    Most of the writers on the psychology of love at this period,
+    however, seem to have passed over the olfactory element in sexual
+    attraction, regarding it probably as too unæsthetic. It receives
+    no emphasis either in Sénancour's _De l'Amour_ or Stendhal's _De
+    l'Amour_ or Michelet's _L'Amour_.
+
+    The poets within recent times have frequently referred to odors,
+    personal and other, but the novelists have more rarely done so.
+    Zola and Huysmans, the two novelists who have most elaborately
+    and insistently developed the olfactory side of life, have dwelt
+    more on odors that are repulsive than on those that are
+    agreeable. It is therefore of interest to note that in a few
+    remarkable novels of recent times the attractiveness of personal
+    odor has been emphasized. This is notably so in Tolstoy's _War
+    and Peace_, in which Count Peter suddenly resolves to marry
+    Princess Helena after inhaling her odor at a ball. In
+    d'Annunzio's _Trionfo della Morte_ the seductive and consoling
+    odor of the beloved woman's skin is described in several
+    passages; thus, when Giorgio kissed Ippolita's arms and
+    shoulders, we are told, "he perceived the sharp and yet delicate
+    perfume of her, the perfume of the skin that in the hour of joy
+    became intoxicating as that of the tuberose, and a terrible lash
+    to desire."
+
+When we are dealing with the sexual significance of personal odors in man
+there is at the outset an important difference to be noticed in comparison
+with the lower mammals. Not only is the significance of odor altogether
+very much less, but the focus of olfactory attractiveness has been
+displaced. The centre of olfactory attractiveness is not, as usually among
+animals, in the sexual region, but is transferred to the upper part of the
+body. In this respect the sexual olfactory allurement in man resembles
+what we find in the sphere of vision, for neither the sexual organs of man
+nor of woman are usually beautiful in the eyes of the opposite sex, and
+their exhibition is not among us regarded as a necessary stage in
+courtship. The odor of the body, like its beauty, in so far as it can be
+regarded as a possible sexual allurement, has in the course of development
+been transferred to the upper parts. The careful concealment of the sexual
+region has doubtless favored this transfer. It has thus happened that when
+personal odor acts as a sexual allurement it is the armpit, in any case
+normally the chief focus of odor in the body, which mainly comes into
+play, together with the skin and the hair.
+
+    Aubert, of Lyons, noted that during menstruation the odor of the
+    armpits may become more powerful, and describes it as being at
+    this time an aromatic odor of acidulous or chloroform character.
+    Galopin remarks that, while some women's armpits smell of sheep
+    in rut, others, when exposed to the air, have a fragrance of
+    ambergris or violet. Dark persons (according to Gould and Pyle)
+    are said sometimes to exhale a prussic acid odor, and blondes
+    more frequently musk; Galopin associates the ambergris odor more
+    especially with blondes.
+
+    While some European poets have faintly indicated the woman's
+    armpit as a centre of sexual attraction, it is among Eastern
+    poets that we may find the idea more directly and naturally
+    expressed. Thus, in a Chinese drama ("The Transmigration of
+    Yo-Chow," _Mercure de France_, No. 8, 1901) we find a learned
+    young doctor addressing the following poem to his  betrothed:--
+
+        "When I have climbed to the bushy summit of Mount Chao,
+        I have still not reached to the level of your odorous armpit.
+        I must needs mount to the sky
+        Before the breeze brings to me
+        The perfume of that embalsamed nest!"
+
+    This poet seems, however, to have been carried to a pitch of
+    enthusiasm unusual even in China, for his future mother-in-law,
+    after expressing her admiration for the poem, remarks: "But who
+    would have thought one could find so many beautiful things under
+    my daughter's armpit!"
+
+    The odor of the armpit is the most powerful in the body,
+    sufficiently powerful to act as a muscular stimulant even in the
+    absence of any direct sexual association. This is indicated by an
+    observation made by Féré, who noticed, when living opposite a
+    laundry, that an old woman who worked near the window would,
+    toward the close of the day, introduce her right hand under the
+    sleeve of the other to the armpit and then hold it to her nose;
+    this she would do about every five minutes. It was evident that
+    the odor acted as a stimulant to her failing energies. Féré has
+    been informed by others who have had occasion to frequent
+    workrooms that this proceeding is by no means uncommon among
+    persons of both sexes. (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second
+    edition, p. 135.) I have myself noticed the same gesture very
+    deliberately made in the street by a young English woman of the
+    working class, under circumstances which suggested that it acted
+    as an immediate stimulant in fatigue.
+
+    Huysmans--who in his novels has insisted on odors, both those of
+    a personal kind and perfumes, with great precision--has devoted
+    one of the sketches, "Le Gousset," in his _Croquis Parisiens_
+    (1880) to the varying odors of women's armpits. "I have followed
+    this fragrance in the country," he remarks, "behind a group of
+    women gleaners under the bright sun. It was excessive and
+    terrible; it stung your nostrils like an unstoppered bottle of
+    alkali; it seized you, irritating your mucous membrane with a
+    rough odor which had in it something of the relish of wild duck
+    cooked with olives and the sharp odor of the shallot. On the
+    whole, it was not a vile or repugnant emanation; it united, as an
+    anticipated thing, with the formidable odors of the landscape; it
+    was the pure note, completing with the human animals' cry of heat
+    the odorous melody of beasts and woods." He goes on to speak of
+    the perfume of feminine arms in the ball-room. "There the aroma
+    is of ammoniated valerian, of chlorinated urine, brutally
+    accentuated sometimes, even with a slight scent of prussic acid
+    about it, a faint whiff of overripe peaches." These
+    "spice-boxes," however, Huysmans continues, are more seductive
+    when their perfume is filtered through the garments. "The appeal
+    of the balsam of their arms is then less insolent, less cynical,
+    than at the ball where they are more naked, but it more easily
+    uncages the animal in man. Various as the color of the hair, the
+    odor of the armpit is infinitely divisible; its gamut covers the
+    whole keyboard of odors, reaching the obstinate scents of syringa
+    and elder, and sometimes recalling the sweet perfume of the
+    rubbed fingers that have held a cigarette. Audacious and
+    sometimes fatiguing in the brunette and the black woman, sharp
+    and fierce in the red woman, the armpit is heady as some sugared
+    wines in the blondes." It will be noted that this very exact
+    description corresponds at various points with the remarks of
+    more scientific observers.
+
+    Sometimes the odor of the armpit may even become a kind of fetich
+    which is craved for its own sake and in itself suffices to give
+    pleasure. Féré has recorded such a case, in a friend of his own,
+    a man of 60, with whom at one time he used to hunt, of robust
+    health and belonging to a healthy family. On these hunting
+    expeditions he used to tease the girls and women he met
+    (sometimes even rather old women) in a surprising manner, when he
+    came upon them walking in the fields with their short-sleeved
+    chemises exposed. When he had succeeded in introducing his hand
+    into the woman's armpit he went away satisfied, and frequently
+    held the hand to his nose with evident pleasure. After long
+    hesitation Féré asked for an explanation, which was frankly
+    given. As a child he had liked the odor, without knowing why. As
+    a young man women with strong odors had stimulated him to
+    extraordinary sexual exploits, and now they were the only women
+    who had any influence on him. He professed to be able to
+    recognize continence by the odor, as well as the most favorable
+    moment for approaching a woman. Throughout life a cold in the
+    head had always been accompanied by persistent general
+    excitement. (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1902, p. 134.)
+
+We not only have to recognize that in the course of evolution the specific
+odors of the sexual region have sunk into the background as a source of
+sexual allurements, we have further to recognize the significant fact that
+even those personal odors which are chiefly liable under normal
+circumstances to come occasionally within the conscious sexual sphere, and
+indeed purely personal odors of all kinds, fail to exert any attraction,
+but rather tend to cause antipathy, unless some degree of tumescence has
+already been attained. That is to say, our olfactory experiences of the
+human body approximate rather to our tactile experiences of it than to our
+visual experiences. Sight is our most intellectual sense, and we trust
+ourselves to it with comparative boldness without any undue dread that its
+messages will hurt us by their personal intimacy; we even court its
+experiences, for it is the chief organ of our curiosity, as smell is of a
+dog's. But smell with us has ceased to be a leading channel of
+intellectual curiosity. Personal odors do not, as vision does, give us
+information that is very largely intellectual; they make an appeal that is
+mainly of an intimate, emotional, imaginative character. They thus tend,
+when we are in our normal condition, to arouse what James calls the
+antisexual instinct.
+
+    "I cannot understand how people do not see how the senses are
+    connected," said Jenny Lind to J.A. Symonds (Horatio Brown, _J.A.
+    Symonds_, vol. i, p. 207). "What I have suffered from my sense of
+    smell! My youth was misery from my acuteness of sensibility."
+
+    Mantegazza discusses the strength of olfactory antipathies
+    (_Fisiologia dell' Odio_, p. 101), and mentions that once when
+    ill in Paraguay he was nursed by an Indian girl of 16, who was
+    fresh as a peach and extremely clean, but whose odor--"a mixture
+    of wild beast's lair and decayed onions"--caused nausea and
+    almost made him faint.
+
+    Moll (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 135)
+    records the case of a neuropathic man who was constantly rendered
+    impotent by his antipathy to personal body odors. It had very
+    frequently happened to him to be attracted by the face and
+    appearance of a girl, but at the last moment potency was
+    inhibited by the perception of personal odor.
+
+    In the case of a man of distinguished ability known to me,
+    belonging to a somewhat neuropathic family, there is extreme
+    sensitiveness to the smell of a woman, which is frequently the
+    most obvious thing to him about her. He has seldom known a woman
+    whose natural perfume entirely suits him, and his olfactory
+    impressions have frequently been the immediate cause of a rupture
+    of relationships.
+
+    It was formerly discussed whether strong personal odor
+    constituted adequate ground for divorce. Hagen, who brings
+    forward references on this point (_Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, pp.
+    75-83), considers that the body odors are normally and naturally
+    repulsive because they are closely associated with the capryl
+    group of odors, which are those of many of the excretions.
+
+    Olfactory antipathies are, however, often strictly subordinated
+    to the individual's general emotional attitude toward the object
+    from which they emanate. This is illustrated in the case, known
+    to me, of a man who on a hot day entering a steamboat with a
+    woman to whom he was attached seated himself between her and a
+    man, a stranger. He soon became conscious of an axillary odor
+    which he concluded to come from the man and which he felt as
+    disagreeable. But a little later he realized that it proceeded
+    from his own companion, and with this discovery the odor at once
+    lost its disagreeable character.
+
+    In this respect a personal odor resembles a personal touch. Two
+    intimate touches of the hand, though of precisely similar
+    physical quality, may in their emotional effects be separated by
+    an immeasurable interval, in dependence on our attitude toward
+    the person from whom they proceed.
+
+Personal odor, in order to make its allurement felt, and not to arouse
+antipathy, must, in normal persons, have been preceded by conditions which
+have inhibited the play of the antisexual instinct. A certain degree of
+tumescence must already have been attained. It is even possible, when we
+bear in mind the intimate sympathy between the sexual sphere and the nose,
+that the olfactory organ needs to have its sensibility modified in a form
+receptive to sexual messages, though such an assumption is by no means
+necessary. It is when such a faint preliminary degree of tumescence has
+been attained, however it may have been attained,--for the methods of
+tumescence, as we know, are innumerable,--that a sympathetic personal odor
+is enabled to make its appeal. If we analyze the cases in which olfactory
+perceptions have proved potent in love, we shall nearly always find that
+they have been experienced under circumstances favorable for the
+occurrence of tumescence. When this is not the case we may reasonably
+suspect the presence of some degree of perversion.
+
+    In the oft-quoted case of the Austrian peasant who found that he
+    was aided in seducing young women by dancing with them and then
+    wiping their faces with a handkerchief he had kept in his armpit,
+    we may doubtless regard the preliminary excitement of the dance
+    as an essential factor in the influence produced.
+
+    In the same way, I am acquainted with the ease of a lady not
+    usually sensitive to simple body odors (though affected by
+    perfumes and flowers) who on one occasion, when already in a
+    state of sexual erethism, was highly excited when perceiving the
+    odor of her lover's axilla.
+
+    The same influence of preliminary excitement may be seen in
+    another instance known to me, that of a gentlemen who when
+    traveling abroad fell in with three charming young ladies during
+    a long railway journey. He was conscious of a pleasurable
+    excitement caused by the prolonged intimacy of the journey, but
+    this only became definitely sexual when the youngest of the
+    ladies, stretching before him to look out of the window and
+    holding on to the rack above, accidentally brought her axilla
+    into close proximity with his face, whereupon erection was
+    caused, although he himself regards personal odors, at all events
+    when emanating from strangers, as indifferent or repulsive.
+
+    A medical correspondent, referring to the fact that with many men
+    (indeed women also) sexual excitement occurs after dancing for a
+    considerable time, remarks that he considers the odor of the
+    woman's sweat is here a considerable factor.
+
+The characteristics of olfaction which our investigation has so far
+revealed have not, on the whole, been favorable to the influence of
+personal odors as a sexual attraction in civilized men. It is a primitive
+sense which had its flowering time before men arose; it is a comparatively
+unæsthetic sense; it is a somewhat obtuse sense which among Europeans is
+usually incapable of perceiving the odor of the "human flower"--to use
+Goethe's phrase--except on very close contact, and on this account, and on
+account of the fact that it is a predominantly emotional sense, personal
+odors in ordinary social intercourse are less likely to arouse the sexual
+instinct than the antisexual instinct. If a certain degree of tumescence
+is required before a personal odor can exert an attractive influence, a
+powerful personal odor, strong enough to be perceived before any degree of
+tumescence is attained, will tend to cause repulsion, and in so doing
+tend, consciously or unconsciously, to excite prejudice against personal
+odor altogether. This is actually the case in civilization, and most
+people, it would appear, view with more or less antipathy the personal
+odors of those persons to whom they are not sexually attracted, while
+their attitude is neutral in this respect toward the individuals to whom
+they are sexually attracted.[51] The following statement by a
+correspondent seems to me to express the experience of the majority of men
+in this respect: "I do not notice that different people have different
+smells. Certain women I have known have been in the habit of using
+particular scents, but no associations could be aroused if I were to smell
+the same scent now, for I should not identify it. As a boy I was very fond
+of scent, and I associate this with my marked sexual proclivities. I like
+a woman to use a little scent. It rouses my sexual feelings, but not to
+any large extent. I dislike the smell of a woman's vagina." While the last
+statement seems to express the feeling of many if not most men, it may be
+proper to add that there seems no natural reason why the vulvar odor of a
+clean and healthy woman should be other than agreeable to a normal man who
+is her lover.
+
+In literature it is the natural odor of women rather than men which
+receives attention. We should expect this to be the case since literature
+is chiefly produced by men. The question as to whether men or women are
+really more apt to be sexually influenced in this way cannot thus be
+decided. Among animals, it seems probable, both sexes are alike influenced
+by odors, for, while it is usually the male whose sexual regions are
+furnished with special scent glands, when such occur, the peculiar odor of
+the female during the sexual season is certainly not less efficacious as
+an allurement to the male. If we compare the general susceptibility of men
+and women to agreeable odors, apart from the question of sexual
+allurement, there can be little doubt that it is most marked among women.
+As Groos points out, even among children little girls are more interested
+in scents than boys, and the investigations of various workers, especially
+Garbini, have shown that there is actually a greater power of
+discriminating odors among girls than among boys. Marro has gone further,
+and in an extended series of observations on girls before and after the
+establishment of puberty--which is of considerable interest from the point
+of view of the sexual significance of olfaction--he has shown reason to
+believe that girls acquire an increased susceptibility to odors when
+sexual life begins, although they show no such increased powers as regards
+the other senses.[52] On the whole, it would appear that, while women are
+not apt to be seriously affected, in the absence of any preliminary
+excitation, by crude body odors, they are by no means insusceptible to the
+sexual influence of olfactory impressions. It is probable, indeed, that
+they are more affected, and more frequently affected, in this way, than
+are men.
+
+    Edouard de Goncourt, in his novel _Chérie_--the intimate history
+    of a young girl, founded, he states, on much personal
+    observation--describes (Chapter LXXXV) the delight with which
+    sensuous, but chaste young girls often take in strong perfumes.
+    "Perfume and love," he remarks, "impart delights which are
+    closely allied." In an earlier chapter (XLIV) he writes of his
+    heroine at the age of 15: "The intimately happy emotion which the
+    young girl experienced in reading _Paul et Virginie_ and other
+    honestly amorous books she sought to make more complete and
+    intense and penetrating by soaking the book with scent, and the
+    love-story reached her senses and imagination through pages moist
+    with liquid perfume."
+
+    Carbini (_Archivio per l'Antropologia_, 1896, fasc. 3) in a very
+    thorough investigation of a large number of children, found that
+    the earliest osmo-gustative sensations occurred in the fourth
+    week in girls, the fifth week in boys; the first real and
+    definite olfactory sensations appeared in the fifteenth month in
+    girls, in the sixteenth in boys; while experiments on several
+    hundred children between the ages of 3 and 6 years showed the
+    girls slightly, but distinctly, superior to the boys. It may, of
+    course, be argued that these results merely show a somewhat
+    greater precocity of girls. I have summarized the main
+    investigations into this question in _Man and Woman_, revised and
+    enlarged edition, 1904, pp. 134-138. On the whole, they seem to
+    indicate greater olfactory acuteness on the part of women, but
+    the evidence is by no means altogether concordant in this sense.
+    Popular and general scientific opinion is also by no means always
+    in harmony. Thus, Tardif, in his book on odors in relation to the
+    sexual instinct, throughout assumes, as a matter of course, that
+    the sense of smell is most keen in men; while, on the other hand,
+    I note that in a pamphlet by Mr. Martin Perls, a manufacturing
+    perfumer, it is stated with equal confidence that "it is a
+    well-known fact that ladies have, even without a practice of long
+    standing, a keener sense of smell than men," and on this account
+    he employs a staff of young ladies for testing perfumes by smell
+    in the laboratory by the glazed paper test.
+
+    It is sometimes said that the use of strong perfumes by women
+    indicates a dulled olfactory organ. On the other hand, it is said
+    that the use of tobacco deadens the sensitiveness of the
+    masculine nose. Both these statements seem to be without
+    foundation. The use of a large amount of perfume is rather a
+    question of taste than a question of sensory acuteness (not to
+    mention that those who live in an atmosphere of perfume are, of
+    course, only faintly conscious of it), and the chemist perfumer
+    in his laboratory surrounded by strong odors can distinguish them
+    all with great delicacy. As regards tobacco, in Spain the
+    _cigarreras_ are women and girls who live perpetually in an
+    atmosphere of tobacco, and Señora Pardo Bazan, who knows them
+    well, remarks in her novel, _La Tribuna_, which deals with life
+    in a tobacco factory, that "the acuity of the sense of smell of
+    the _cigarreras_ is notable, and it would seem that instead of
+    blunting the nasal membrane the tobacco makes the olfactory
+    nerves keener."
+
+    "It was the same as if I was in a sweet apple garden, from the
+    sweetness that came to me when the light wind passed over them
+    and stirred their clothes," a woman is represented as saying
+    concerning a troop of handsome men in the Irish sagas (_Cuchulain
+    of Muirthemne_, p. 161). The pleasure and excitement experienced
+    by a woman in the odor of her lover is usually felt concerning a
+    vague and mixed odor which may be characteristic, but is not
+    definitely traceable to any specific bodily sexual odor. The
+    general odor of the man she loves, one woman states, is highly,
+    sometimes even overwhelmingly, attractive to her; but the
+    specific odor of the male sexual organs which she describes as
+    fishy has no attraction. A man writes that in his relations with
+    women he has never been able to detect that they were influenced
+    by the axillary or other specific odors. A woman writes: "To me
+    any personal odor, as that of perspiration, is very disagreeable,
+    and the healthy _naked_ human body is very free from any odor.
+    Fresh perspiration has no disagreeable smell; it is only by
+    retention in the clothing that it becomes objectionable. The
+    faint smell of smoke which lingers round men who smoke much is
+    rather exciting to me, but only when it is _very_ faint. If at
+    all strong it becomes disagreeable. As most of the men who have
+    attracted me have been great smokers, there is doubtless a direct
+    association of ideas. It has only once occurred to me that an
+    indifferent unpleasant smell became attractive in connection with
+    some particular person. In this case it was the scent of stale
+    tobacco, such as comes from the end of a cold cigar or cigarette.
+    It was, and is now, very disagreeable to me, but, for the time
+    and in connection with a particular person, it seemed to me more
+    delightful and exciting than the most delicious perfume. I think,
+    however, only a very strong attraction could overcome a dislike
+    of this sort, and I doubt if I could experience such a
+    twist-round if it had been a personal odor. Stale tobacco, though
+    nasty, conveys no mentally disagreeable idea. I mean it does not
+    suggest dirt or unhealthiness."
+
+    It is probably significant of the somewhat considerable part
+    which, in one way or another, odors and perfumes play in the
+    emotional life of women, that, of the 4 women whose sexual
+    histories are recorded in Appendix B of vol. iii of these
+    _Studies_, all are liable to experience sexual effects from
+    olfactory stimuli, 3 of them from personal odors (though this
+    fact is not in every case brought out in the histories as
+    recorded), while of the 8 men not one has considered his
+    olfactory experiences in this respect as worthy of mention.
+
+    The very marked sexual fascination which odor, associated with
+    the men they love, exerts on women has easily passed unperceived,
+    since women have not felt called upon to proclaim it. In sexual
+    inversion, however, when the woman takes a more active and
+    outspoken part than in normal love, it may very clearly be
+    traced. Here, indeed, it is often exaggerated, in consequence of
+    the common tendency for neurotic and neurasthenic persons to be
+    more than normally susceptible to the influence of odors. In the
+    majority of inverted women, it may safely be said, the odor of
+    the beloved person plays a very considerable part. Thus, one
+    inverted woman asks the woman she loves to send her some of her
+    hair that she may intoxicate herself in solitude with its perfume
+    (_Archivio di Psicopatie Sessuali_, vol. i, fasc. 3, p. 36).
+    Again, a young girl with some homosexual tendencies, was apt to
+    experience sexual emotions when in ordinary contact with
+    schoolfellows whose body odor was marked (Féré, _L'Instinct
+    Sexuel_, p. 260). Such examples are fairly typical.
+
+    That the body odor of men may in a large number of cases be
+    highly agreeable and sexually attractive is shown by the
+    testimony of male sexual inverts. There is abundant evidence to
+    this effect. Raffalovich (_L'Uranisme et l'Unisexualité_, p. 126)
+    insists on the importance of body odors as a sexual attraction to
+    the male invert, and is inclined to think that the increased odor
+    of the man's own body during sexual excitement may have an
+    auto-aphrodisiacal effect which is reflected on the body of the
+    loved person. The odor of peasants, of men who work in the open
+    air, is specially apt to be found attractive. Moll mentions the
+    case of an inverted man who found the "forest, mosslike odor" of
+    a schoolfellow irresistibly attractive.
+
+    The following passage from a letter written by an Italian marquis
+    has been sent to me: "Bonifazio stripped one evening, to give me
+    pleasure. He has the full, rounded flesh and amber coloring which
+    painters of the Giorgione school gave to their S. Sebastians.
+    When he began to dress, I took up an old _fascia_, or girdle of
+    netted silk, which was lying under his breeches, and which still
+    preserved the warmth of his body. I buried my face in it, and was
+    half inebriated by its exquisite aroma of young manhood and fresh
+    hay. He told me he had worn it for two years. No wonder it was
+    redolent of him. I asked him to let me keep it as a souvenir. He
+    smiled and said: 'You like it because it has lain so long upon my
+    _panoia_.' 'Yes, just so,' I replied; 'whenever I kiss it, thus
+    and thus, it will bring you back to me.' Sometimes I tie it round
+    my naked waist before I go to bed. The smell of it is enough to
+    cause a powerful erection, and the contact of its fringes with my
+    testicles and phallus has once or twice produced an involuntary
+    emission."
+
+    I may here reproduce a communication which has reached me
+    concerning the attractiveness of the odor of peasants: "One
+    predominant attraction of these men is that they are pure and
+    clean; their bodies in a state of healthy normal function. Then
+    they possess, if they are temperate, what the Greek poet Straton
+    called the phydikê chrôtos (a quality which, according to this
+    authority, is never found in women). This 'natural fair perfume
+    of the flesh' is a peculiar attribute of young men who live in
+    the open air and deal with natural objects. Even their
+    perspiration has an odor very different from that of girls in
+    ball-rooms: more refined, ethereal, pervasive, delicate, and
+    difficult to seize. When they have handled hay--in the time of
+    hay-harvest, or in winter, when they bring hay down from mountain
+    huts--the youthful peasants carry about with them the smell of 'a
+    field the Lord hath blessed.' Their bodies and their clothes
+    exhale an indefinable fragrance of purity and sex combined. Every
+    gland of the robust frame seems to have accumulated scent from
+    herbs and grasses, which slowly exudes from the cool, fresh skin
+    of the lad. You do not perceive it in a room. You must take the
+    young man's hands and bury your face in them, or be covered with
+    him under the same blanket in one bed, to feel this aroma. No
+    sensual impression on the nerves of smell is more poignantly
+    impregnated with spiritual poetry--the poetry of adolescence, and
+    early hours upon the hills, and labor cheerfully accomplished,
+    and the harvest of God's gifts to man brought home by human
+    industry. It is worth mentioning that Aristophanes, in his
+    description of the perfect Athenian Ephebus, dwells upon his
+    being redolent of natural perfumes."
+
+    In a passage in the second part of _Faust_ Goethe (who appears to
+    have felt considerable interest in the psychology of smell) makes
+    three women speak concerning the ambrosiacal odor of young men.
+
+    In this connection, also, I note a passage in a poem ("Appleton
+    House") by our own English poet Marvell, which it is of interest
+    to  quote:--
+
+        "And now the careless victors play,
+        Dancing the triumphs of the hay,
+        When every mower's wholesome heat
+        Smells like an Alexander's sweat.
+        Their females fragrant as the mead
+        Which they in fairy circles tread,
+        When at their dance's end they kiss,
+        Their new-mown hay not sweeter is."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[30] R. Andree, "Völkergeruch," in _Ethnographische Parallelen_, Neue
+Folge, 1889, pp. 213-222, brings together many passages describing the
+odors of various peoples. Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, pp. 166 et
+seq., has a chapter on the subject; Joest, supplement to _International
+Archiv für Ethnographie_, 1893, p. 53, has an interesting passage on the
+smells of various races, as also Waitz, _Introduction to Anthropology_, p.
+103. Cf. Sir H.H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 395; T.H. Parke,
+_Experiences in Equatorial Africa_, p. 409; E.H. Man, _Journal of the
+Anthropological Institute_, 1889, p. 391; Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of
+Victoria_, vol. i, p. 7; d'Orbigny, _L'Homme Américain_, vol. i, p. 87,
+etc.
+
+[31] B. Adachi "Geruch der Europaer," _Globus_, 1903, No. 1.
+
+[32] Hagen quotes testimonies on this point, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, p.
+173. The negro, Castellani states, considers that Europeans have a smell
+of death.
+
+[33] _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. ii, p.
+181.
+
+[34] Waitz, _Introduction to Anthropology_, p. 103.
+
+[35] Monin, _Les Odeurs du Corps Humain_, second edition, Paris, 1886,
+discusses briefly but comprehensively the normal and more especially the
+pathological odors of the body and of its secretions and excretions.
+
+[36] Venturi, _Degenerazione Psicho-sessuale_, p. 417.
+
+[37] Quoted by Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1902, p. 133.
+
+[38] H. Ling Roth, "On Salutations," _Journal of the Anthropological
+Institute_, November, 1889.
+
+[39] See Appendix A: "The Origins of the Kiss."
+
+[40] See, e.g., passage quoted by I. Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p. 205.
+
+[41] It must at the same time be remembered that the more or less degree
+of exposure involved by sexual intercourse is itself a cause of nasal
+congestion and sneezing.
+
+[42] Féré, _Pathologie des Emotions_, p. 81
+
+[43] J.N. Mackenzie similarly suggests (_Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_,
+No. 82, 1898) that "irritation and congestion of the nasal mucous membrane
+precede, or are the excitants of, the olfactory impression that forms the
+connecting link between the sense of smell and erethism of the
+reproductive organs exhibited in the lower animals."
+
+[44] _Les Odeurs dans les Romans de Zola_, Montpellier, 1889.
+
+[45] Toulouse, _Emile Zola_, pp. 163-165, 173-175.
+
+[46] P.J. Möbius, _Das Pathologische bei Nietzsche_.
+
+[47] Moll has a passage on the sense of smell in the blind, more
+especially in sexual respects, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_,
+bd. 1, pp. 137 et seq.
+
+[48] See, for instance, his poem, "Love Perfumes all Parts," in which he
+declares that "Hands and thighs and legs are all richly aromatical." And
+compare the lyrics entitled "A Song to the Maskers," "On Julia's Breath,"
+"Upon Julia's Unlacing Herself," "Upon Julia's Sweat," and "To Mistress
+Anne Soame."
+
+[49] There are various indications that Goethe was attentive to the
+attraction of personal odors; and that he experienced this attraction
+himself is shown by the fact that, as he confessed, when he once had to
+leave Weimar on an official journey for two days he took a bodice of Frau
+von Stein's away in order to carry the scent of her body with him.
+
+[50] Hagen has brought together from the literature of the subject a
+number of typical cases of olfactory fetichism, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_,
+1901, pp. 82 et seq.
+
+[51] Moll's inquiries among normal persons have also shown that few people
+are conscious of odor as a sexual attraction. (_Untersuchungen über die
+Libido Sexualis_. Bd. I, p. 133.)
+
+[52] Marro, _La, Pubertà_, 1898, Chapter II. Tardif found in boys that
+perfumes exerted little or no influence on circulation and respiration
+before puberty, though his observations on this point were too few to
+carry weight.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Influence of Perfumes--Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors--This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers--The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes--The Sexual Effects of Perfumes--Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors--The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor--Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and
+Man--Musk a Powerful Stimulant--Its Widespread Use as a Perfume--Peau
+d'Espagne--The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects--The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers--The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors--The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.
+
+
+So far we have been mainly concerned with purely personal odors. It is,
+however, no longer possible to confine the discussion of the sexual
+significance of odor within the purely animal limit. The various
+characteristics of personal odor which have been noted--alike those which
+tend to make it repulsive and those which tend to make it attractive--have
+led to the use of artificial perfumes, to heighten the natural odor when
+it is regarded as attractive, to disguise it when it is regarded as
+repellent; while at the same time, happily covering both of these
+impulses, has developed the pure delight in perfume for its own
+agreeableness, the æsthetic side of olfaction. In this way--although in a
+much less constant and less elaborate manner--the body became adorned to
+the sense of smell just as by clothing and ornament it is adorned to the
+sense of sight.
+
+But--and this is a point of great significance from our present
+standpoint--we do not really leave the sexual sphere by introducing
+artificial perfumes. The perfumes which we extract from natural products,
+or, as is now frequently the case, produce by chemical synthesis, are
+themselves either actually animal sexual odors or allied in character or
+composition, to the personal odors they are used to heighten or disguise.
+Musk is the product of glands of the male _Moschus moschiferus_ which
+correspond to preputial sebaceous glands; castoreum is the product of
+similar sexual glands in the beaver, and civet likewise from the civet;
+ambergris is an intestinal calculus found in the rectum of the
+cachelot.[53] Not only, however, are nearly all the perfumes of animal
+origin, in use by civilized man, odors which have a specially sexual
+object among the animals from which they are derived, but even the
+perfumes of flowers may be said to be of sexual character. They are given
+out at the reproductive period in the lives of plants, and they clearly
+have very largely as their object an appeal to the insects who secure
+plant fertilization, such appeal having as its basis the fact that among
+insects themselves olfactory sensibility has in many cases been developed
+in their own mating.[54] There is, for example, a moth in which both sexes
+are similarly and inconspicuously marked, but the males diffuse an
+agreeable odor, said to be like pineapple, which attracts the females.[55]
+If, therefore, the odors of flowers have developed because they proved
+useful to the plant by attracting insects or other living creatures, it is
+obvious that the advantage would lie with those plants which could put
+forth an animal sexual odor of agreeable character, since such an odor
+would prove fascinating to animal creatures. We here have a very simple
+explanation of the fundamental identity of odors in the animal and
+vegetable worlds. It thus comes about that from a psychological point of
+view we are not really entering a new field when we begin to discuss the
+influence of perfumes other than those of the animal body. We are merely
+concerned with somewhat more complex or somewhat more refined sexual
+odors; they are not specifically different from the human odors and they
+mingle with them harmoniously. Popular language bears witness to the
+truth of this statement, and the normal and abnormal human odors, as we
+have already seen, are constantly compared to artificial, animal, and
+plant odors, to chloroform, to musk, to violet, to mention only those
+similitudes which seem to occur most frequently.
+
+    The methods now employed for obtaining the perfumes universally
+    used in civilized lands are three: (1) the extraction of
+    odoriferous compounds from the neutral products in which they
+    occur; (2) the artificial preparation of naturally occurring
+    odoriferous compounds by synthetic processes; (3) the manufacture
+    of materials which yield odors resembling those of pleasant
+    smelling natural objects. (See, e.g., "Natural and Artificial
+    Perfumes," _Nature_, December 27, 1900.) The essential principles
+    of most of our perfumes belong to the complex class of organic
+    compounds known as terpenes. During recent years a number of the
+    essential elements of natural perfumes have been studied, in many
+    cases the methods of preparing them artificially discovered, and
+    they are largely replacing the use of natural perfumes not only
+    for soaps, etc., but for scent essences, though it appears to be
+    very difficult to imitate exactly the delicate fragrance achieved
+    by Nature. Artificial musk was discovered accidentally by Bauer
+    when studying the butyltoluenes contained in a resin extractive.
+    Vanillin, the odoriferous principle of the vanilla bean, is an
+    aldehyde which was first artificially prepared by Tiemann and
+    Haarmann in 1874 by oxidizing coniferin, a glucoside contained in
+    the sap of various coniferæ, but it now appears to be usually
+    manufactured from eugenol, a phenol contained in oil of cloves.
+    Piperonal, an aldehyde closely allied to vanillin, is used in
+    perfumery under the name of heliotropin and is prepared from oil
+    of sassafras and oil of camphor. Cumarine, the material to which
+    tonka bean, sweet woodruff, and new-mown hay owe their
+    characteristic odors, was synthetically prepared by W.H. Parkin
+    in 1868 by heating sodiosalicylic aldehyde with acetic anhydride,
+    though now more cheaply prepared from an herb growing in Florida.
+    Irone, which has the perfume of violets, was isolated in 1893
+    from a ketone contained in orris-root; and ionone, another ketone
+    which has a very closely similar odor of fresh violets and was
+    isolated after some years' further work, is largely used in the
+    preparation of violet perfume. Irone and ionone are closely
+    similar in composition to oil of turpentine which when taken into
+    the body is partly converted into perfume and gives a strong odor
+    of violets to the urine. "Little has yet been accomplished toward
+    ascertaining the relation between the odor and the chemical
+    constitution of substances in general. Hydrocarbons as a class
+    possess considerable similarity in odor, so also do the organic
+    sulphides and, to a much smaller extent, the ketones. The
+    subject waits for some one to correlate its various
+    physiological, psychological and physical aspects in the same way
+    that Helmholtz did for sound. It seems, as yet, impossible to
+    assign any probable reason to the fact that many substances have
+    a pleasant odor. It may, however, be worth suggesting that
+    certain compounds, such as the volatile sulphides and the
+    indoles, have very unpleasant odors because they are normal
+    constituents of mammalian excreta and of putrefied animal
+    products; the repulsive odors may be simply necessary results of
+    evolutionary processes." (_Loc. cit._, _Nature_, December 27,
+    1900.)
+
+    Many of the perfumes in use are really combinations of a great
+    many different odors in varying proportions, such as oil of rose,
+    lavender oil, ylang-ylang, etc. The most highly appreciated
+    perfumes are often made up of elements which in stronger
+    proportion would be regarded as highly unpleasant.
+
+    In the study and manufacture of perfumes Germany and France have
+    taken the lead in recent times. The industry is one of great
+    importance. In France alone the trade in perfumes amounts to
+    £4,000,000.
+
+It is doubtless largely owing to the essential and fundamental identity of
+odors--to the chemical resemblances even of odors from the most widely
+remote sources--that we find that perfumes in many cases have the same
+sexual effects as are primitively possessed by the body odors. In northern
+countries, where the use of perfumes is chiefly cultivated by women, it is
+by women that this sexual influence is most liable to be felt. In the
+South and in the East it appears to be at least equally often experienced
+by men. Thus, in Italy Mantegazza remarks that "many men of strong sexual
+temperament cannot visit with impunity a laboratory of essences and
+perfumes."[56] In the East we find it stated in the Islamic book entitled
+_The Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui_ that the use of perfumes by women,
+as well as by men, excites to the generative act. It is largely in
+reliance on this fact that in many parts of the world, especially among
+Eastern peoples and occasionally among ourselves in Europe, women have
+been accustomed to perfume the body and especially the vulva.[57]
+
+It seems highly probable that, as has been especially emphasized by Hagen,
+perfumes were primitively used by women, not as is sometimes the case in
+civilization, with the idea of disguising any possible natural odor, but
+with the object of heightening and fortifying the natural odor.[58] If the
+primitive man was inclined to disparage a woman whose odor was slight or
+imperceptible,--turning away from her with contempt, as the Polynesian
+turned away from the ladies of Sydney: "They have no smell!"--women would
+inevitably seek to supplement any natural defects in this respect, and to
+accentuate their odorous qualities, in the same way as by corsets and
+bustles, even in civilization, they have sought to accentuate the sexual
+saliencies of their bodies. In this way we may, as Hagen suggests, explain
+the fact that until recent times the odors preferred by women have not
+been the most delicate or exquisite, but the strongest, the most animal,
+the most sexual: musk, castoreum, civet, and ambergris.
+
+    In that interesting novel--dealing with the adventures of a
+    Jewish maiden at the Persian court of Xerxes--which under the
+    title of _Esther_ has found its way into the Old Testament we are
+    told that it was customary in the royal harem at Shushan to
+    submit the women to a very prolonged course of perfuming before
+    they were admitted to the king: "six months with oil of myrrh and
+    six months with sweet odors." (_Esther_, Chapter II, v. 12.)
+
+    In the _Arabian Nights_ there are many allusions to the use of
+    perfumes by women with a more or less definitely stated
+    aphrodisiacal intent. Thus we read in the story of Kamaralzaman:
+    "With fine incense I will perfume my breasts, my belly, my whole
+    body, so that my skin may melt more sweetly in thy mouth, O apple
+    of my eye!"
+
+    Even among savages the perfuming of the body is sometimes
+    practiced with the object of inducing love in the partner.
+    Schellong states that the Papuans of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land rub
+    various fragrant plants into their bodies for this purpose.
+    (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1899, ht. i, p. 19.) The
+    significance of this practice is more fully revealed by Haddon
+    when studying the Papuans of Torres Straits among whom the
+    initiative in courtship is taken by the women. It was by scenting
+    himself with a pungent odorous substance that a young man
+    indicated that he was ready to be sued by the girls. A man would
+    wear this scent at the back of his neck during a dance in order
+    to attract the attention of a particular girl; it was believed to
+    act with magical certainty, after the manner of a charm (_Reports
+    of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_,
+    vol. v, pp. 211, 222, and 328).
+
+The perfume which is of all perfumes the most interesting from the present
+point of view is certainly musk. With ambergris, musk is the chief member
+of Linnæus's group of _Odores ambrosiacæ_, a group which in sexual
+significances, as Zwaardemaker remarks, ranks besides the capryl group of
+odors. It is a perfume of ancient origin; its name is Persian[59]
+(indicating doubtless the channel whence it reached Europe) and ultimately
+derived from the Sanskrit word for testicle in allusion to the fact that
+it was contained in a pouch removed from the sexual parts of the male
+musk-deer. Musk odors, however, often of considerable strength, are very
+widely distributed in Nature, alike among animals and plants. This is
+indicated by the frequency with which the word "musk" forms part of the
+names of animals and plants which are by no means always nearly related.
+We have the musk-ox, the musky mole, several species called musk-rat, the
+musk-duct, the musk-beetle; while among plants which have received their
+names from a real or supposed musky odor are, besides several that are
+called musk-plant, the musk-rose, the musk-hyacinth, the musk-mallow, the
+musk-orchid, the musk-melon, the musk-cherry, the musk-pear, the
+musk-plum, muskat and muscatels, musk-seed, musk-tree, musk-wood, etc.[60]
+But a musky odor is not merely widespread in Nature among plants and the
+lower animals, it is peculiarly associated with man. Incidentally we have
+already seen how it is regarded as characteristic of some races of man,
+especially the Chinese. Moreover, the smell of the negress is said to be
+musky in character, and among Europeans a musky odor is said to be
+characteristic of blondes. Laycock, in his _Nervous Diseases of Women_,
+stated his opinion that "the musk odor is certainly the sexual odor of
+man"; and Féré states that the musk odor is that among natural perfumes
+most nearly approaching the odor of the sexual secretions. We have seen
+that the Chinese poet vaunts the musky odor of his mistress's armpits,
+while another Oriental saying concerning the attractive woman is that "her
+navel is filled with musk." Persian literature contains many references to
+musk as an attractive body odor, and Firdusi speaks of a woman's hair as
+"a crown of musk," while the Arabian poet Motannabi says of his mistress
+that "her hyacinthine hair smells sweeter than Scythian musk." Galopin
+stated that he knew women whose natural odor of musk (and less frequently
+of ambergris) was sufficiently strong to impart to a bath in less than an
+hour a perfume due entirely to the exhalations of the musky body; it must
+be added that Galopin was an enthusiast in this matter.
+
+The special significance of musk from our present point of view lies not
+only in the fact that we here have a perfume, widely scattered throughout
+nature and often in an agreeable form, which is at the same time a very
+frequent personal odor in man. Musk is the odor which not only in the
+animals to which it has given a name, but in many others, is a
+specifically sexual odor, chiefly emitted during the sexual season. The
+sexual odors, indeed, of most animals seem to be modifications of musk.
+The Sphinx moth has a musky odor which is confined to the male and is
+doubtless sexual. Some lizards have a musky odor which is heightened at
+the sexual season; crocodiles during the pairing season emit from their
+submaxillary glands a musky odor which pervades their haunts. In the same
+way elephants emit a musky odor from their facial glands during the
+rutting season. The odor of the musk-duck is chiefly confined to the
+breeding season.[61] The musky odor of the negress is said to be
+heightened during sexual excitement.
+
+The predominance of musk as a sexual odor is associated with the fact that
+its actual nervous influence, apart from the presence of sexual
+association, is very considerable. Féré found it to be a powerful muscular
+stimulant. In former times musk enjoyed a high reputation as a cardiac
+stimulant; it fell into disuse, but in recent years its use in asthenic
+states has been revived, and excellent results, it has been claimed, have
+followed its administration in cases of collapse from Asiatic cholera. For
+sexual torpor in women it still has (like vanilla and sandal) a certain
+degree of reputation, though it is not often used, and some of the old
+Arabian physicians (especially Avicenna) recommended it, with castoreum
+and myrrh, for amenorrhoea. Its powerful action is indicated by the
+experience of Esquirol, who stated that he had seen cases in which sensory
+stimulation by musk in women during lactation had produced mania. It has
+always had the reputation, more especially in the Mohammedan East, of
+being a sexual stimulant to men; "the noblest of perfumes," it is called
+in _El Ktab_, "and that which most provokes to venery."
+
+It is doubtless a fact significant of the special sexual effects of musk
+that, as Laycock remarked, in cases of special idiosyncrasy to odors, musk
+appears to be that odor which is most liked or disliked. Thus, the old
+English physician Whytt remarked that "several delicate women who could
+easily bear the stronger smell of tobacco have been thrown into fits by
+musk, ambergris, or a pale rose."[62] It may be remarked that in the
+_Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui_ it is stated that it is by their
+sexual effects that perfumes tend to throw women into a kind of swoon, and
+Lucretius remarks that a woman who smells castoreum, another animal sexual
+perfume, at the time of her menstrual period may swoon.[63]
+
+Not only is musk the most cherished perfume of the Islamic world, and the
+special favorite of the Prophet himself, who greatly delighted in perfumes
+("I love your world," he is reported to have said in old age, "for its
+women and its perfumes"),[64] it is the only perfume generally used by the
+women of a land in which the refinements of life have been carried so far
+as Japan, and they received it from the Chinese.[65]
+
+Moreover, musk is still the most popular of European perfumes. It is the
+perfumes containing musk, Piesse states in his well-known book on the _Art
+of Perfumery_, which sell best. It is certainly true that in its simple
+form the odor of musk is not nowadays highly considered in Europe. This
+fact is connected with the ever-growing refinement in accordance with
+which the specific odors of the sexual regions in human beings tend to
+lose their primitive attractiveness and bodily odors generally become
+mingled with artificial perfumes and so disguised. But, although musk in
+its simple form, and under its ancient name, has lost its hold in Europe,
+it is an interesting and significant fact that it is still the perfumes
+which contain musk that are the most widely popular.
+
+Peau d'Espagne may be mentioned as a highly complex and luxurious perfume,
+often the favorite scent of sensuous persons, which really owes a large
+part of its potency to the presence of the crude animal sexual odors of
+musk and civet. It consists of wash-leather steeped in ottos of neroli,
+rose, santal, lavender, verbena, bergamot, cloves, and cinnamon,
+subsequently smeared with civet and musk. It is said by some, probably
+with a certain degree of truth, that Peau d'Espagne is of all perfumes
+that which most nearly approaches the odor of a woman's skin; whether it
+also suggests the odor of leather is not so clear.
+
+There is, however, no doubt that the smell of leather has a curiously
+stimulating sexual influence on many men and women. It is an odor which
+seems to occupy an intermediate place between the natural body odors and
+the artificial perfumes for which it sometimes serves as a basis; possibly
+it is to this fact that its occasional sexual influence is owing, for, as
+we have already seen, there is a tendency for sexual allurement to attach
+to odors which are not the specific personal body odors but yet are
+related to them. Moll considers, no doubt rightly, that shoe fetichism,
+perhaps the most frequent of sexual fetichistic perversions, is greatly
+favored, if, indeed, it does not owe its origin to, the associated odor of
+the feet and of the shoes.[66] He narrates a case of shoe fetichism in a
+man in which the perversion began at the age of 6; when for the first time
+he wore new shoes, having previously used only the left-off shoes of his
+elder brother; he felt and smelt these new shoes with sensations of
+unmeasured pleasure; and a few years later began to use shoes as a method
+of masturbation.[67] Näcke has also recorded the case of a shoe fetichist
+who declared that the sexual attraction of shoes (usually his wife's) lay
+largely in the odor of the leather.[68] Krafft-Ebing, again, brings
+forward a case of shoe fetichism in which the significant fact is
+mentioned that the subject bought a pair of leather cuffs to smell while
+masturbating.[69] Restif de la Bretonne, who was somewhat of a shoe
+fetichist, appears to have enjoyed smelling shoes. It is not probable that
+the odor of leather explains the whole of shoe fetichism,--as we shall see
+when, in another "Study," this question comes before us--and in many cases
+it cannot be said to enter at all; it is, however, one of the factors.
+Such a conclusion is further supported by the fact that by many the odor
+of new shoes is sometimes desired as an adjuvant to coitus. It is in the
+experience of prostitutes that such a device is not infrequent. Näcke
+mentions that a colleague of his was informed by a prostitute that several
+of her clients desired the odor of new shoes in the room, and that she was
+accustomed to obtain the desired perfume by holding her shoes for a moment
+over the flame of a spirit lamp.
+
+The direct sexual influence of the odor of leather is, however, more
+conclusively proved by those instances in which it exists apart from shoes
+or other objects having any connection with the human body. I have
+elsewhere in these "Studies"[71] recorded the case of a lady, entirely
+normal in sexual and other respects, who is conscious of a considerable
+degree of pleasurable sexual excitement in the presence of the smell of
+leather objects, more especially of leather-bound ledgers and in shops
+where leather objects are sold. She thinks this dates from the period
+when, as a child of 9, she was sometimes left alone for a time on a high
+stool in an office. A possible explanation in this case lies in the
+supposition that on one of these early occasions sexual excitement was
+produced by the contact with the stool (in a way that is not infrequent in
+young girls) and that the accidentally associated odor of leather
+permanently affected the nervous system, while the really significant
+contact left no permanent impression. Even on such a supposition it might,
+however, still be maintained that a real potency of the leather odor is
+illustrated by this case, and this is likewise suggested by the fact that
+the same subject is also sexually affected by various perfumes and odorous
+flowers not recalling leather.[70]
+
+It has been suggested to me by a lady that the odor of leather suggests
+that of the sexual organs. The same suggestion is made by Hagen,[72] and I
+find it stated by Gould and Pyle that menstruating girls sometimes smell
+of leather. The secret of its influence may thus be not altogether
+obscure; in the fact that leather is animal skin, and that it may thus
+vaguely stir the olfactory sensibilities which had been ancestrally
+affected by the sexual stimulus of the skin odor lies the probable
+foundation of the mystery.
+
+In the absence of all suggestion of personal or animal odors, in its most
+exquisite forms in the fragrance of flowers, olfactory sensations are
+still very frequently of a voluptuous character. Mantegazza has remarked
+that it is a proof of the close connection between the sense of smell and
+the sexual organs that the expression of pleasure produced by olfaction
+resembles the expression of sexual pleasures.[73] Make the chastest woman
+smell the flowers she likes best, he remarks, and she will close her eyes,
+breathe deeply, and, if very sensitive, tremble all over, presenting an
+intimate picture which otherwise she never shows, except perhaps to her
+lover. He mentions a lady who said: "I sometimes feel such pleasure in
+smelling flowers that I seem to be committing a sin."[74] It is really the
+case that in many persons--usually, if not exclusively, women--the odor of
+flowers produces not only a highly pleasurable, but a distinctly and
+specifically sexual, effect. I have met with numerous cases in which this
+effect was well marked. It is usually white flowers with heavy,
+penetrating odors which exert this influence. Thus, one lady (who is
+similarly affected by various perfumes, forget-me-nots, ylang-ylang,
+etc.) finds that a number of flowers produce on her a definite sexual
+effect, with moistening of the pudenda. This effect is especially produced
+by white flowers like the gardenia, tuberose, etc. Another lady, who lives
+in India, has a similar experience with flowers. She writes: A scent to
+cause me sexual excitement must be somewhat heavy and _penetrating_.
+Nearly all white flowers so affect me and many Indian flowers with heavy,
+almost pungent scents. (All the flower scents are quite unconnected with
+me with any individual.) Tuberose, lilies of the valley, and frangipani
+flowers have an almost intoxicating effect on me. Violets, roses,
+mignonette, and many others, though very delicious, give me no sexual
+feeling at all. For this reason the line, 'The lilies and languors of
+virtue for the roses and raptures of vice' seems all wrong to me. The lily
+seems to me a very sensual flower, while the rose and its scent seem very
+good and countrified and virtuous. Shelley's description of the lily of
+the valley, 'whom youth makes so fair and _passion_ so pale,' falls in
+much more with my ideas. "I can quite understand," she adds, "that
+leather, especially of books, might have an exciting effect, as the smell
+has this _penetrating_ quality, but I do not think it produces any special
+feeling in me." This more sensuous character of white flowers is fairly
+obvious to many persons who do not experience from them any specifically
+sexual effects. To some people lilies have an odor which they describe as
+sexual, although these persons may be quite unaware that Hindu authors
+long since described the vulvar secretion of the _Padmini_, or perfect
+woman, during coitus, as "perfumed like the lily that has newly
+burst."[75] It is noteworthy that it was more especially the white
+flowers--lily, tuberose, etc.--which were long ago noted by Cloquet as
+liable to cause various unpleasant nervous effects, cardiac oppression and
+syncope.[76]
+
+When we are concerned with the fragrances of flowers it would seem that we
+are far removed from the human sexual field, and that their sexual effects
+are inexplicable. It is not so. The animal and vegetable odors, as,
+indeed, we have already seen, are very closely connected. The recorded
+cases are very numerous in which human persons have exhaled from their
+skins--sometimes in a very pronounced degree--the odors of plants and
+flowers, of violets, of roses, of pineapple, of vanilla. On the other
+hand, there are various plant odors which distinctly recall, not merely
+the general odor of the human body, but even the specifically sexual
+odors. A rare garden weed, the stinking goosefoot, _Chenopodium vulvaria_,
+it is well known, possesses a herring brine or putrid fish odor--due, it
+appears, to propylamin, which is also found in the flowers of the common
+white thorn or mayflower (_Cratægus oxyacantha_) and many others of the
+_Rosaceæ_--which recalls the odor of the animal and human sexual
+regions.[77] The reason is that both plant and animal odors belong
+chemically to the same group of capryl odors (Linnæus's _Odores hircini_),
+so called from the goat, the most important group of odors from the sexual
+point of view. Caproic and capryl acid are contained not only in the odor
+of the goat and in human sweat, and in animal products as many cheeses,
+but also in various plants, such as Herb Robert (_Geranium robertianum_),
+and the Stinking St. John's worts (_Hypericum hircinum_), as well as the
+_Chenopodium_. Zwaardemaker considers it probable that the odor of the
+vagina belongs to the same group, as well as the odor of semen (which
+Haller called _odor aphrodisiacus_), which last odor is also found, as
+Cloquet pointed out, in the flowers of the common berberry (_Berberis
+vulgaris_) and in the chestnut. A very remarkable and significant example
+of the same odor seems to occur in the case of the flowers of the henna
+plant, the white-flowered Lawsonia (_Lawsonia inermis_), so widely used in
+some Mohammedan lands for dyeing the nails and other parts of the body.
+"These flowers diffuse the sweetest odor," wrote Sonnini in Egypt a
+century ago; "the women delight to wear them, to adorn their houses with
+them, to carry them to the baths, to hold them in their hands, and to
+perfume their bosoms with them. They cannot patiently endure that
+Christian and Jewish women shall share the privilege with them. It is very
+remarkable that the perfume of the henna flowers, when closely inhaled, is
+almost entirely lost in a very decided spermatic odor. If the flowers are
+crushed between the fingers this odor prevails, and is, indeed, the only
+one perceptible. It is not surprising that so delicious a flower has
+furnished Oriental poetry with many charming traits and amorous similes."
+Such a simile Sonnini finds in the _Song of Songs_, i. 13-14.[78]
+
+The odor of semen has not been investigated, but, according to
+Zwaardemaker, artificially produced odors (like cadaverin) resemble it.
+The odor of the leguminous fenugreek, a botanical friend considers,
+closely approaches the odor given off in some cases by the armpit in
+women. It is noteworthy that fenugreek contains cumarine, which imparts
+its fragrance to new-mown hay and to various flowers of somewhat similar
+odor. On some persons these have a sexually exciting effect, and it is of
+considerable interest to observe that they recall to many the odor of
+semen. "It seems very natural," a lady writes, "that flowers, etc., should
+have an exciting effect, as the original and by far the pleasantest way of
+love-making was in the open among flowers and fields; but a more purely
+physical reason may, I think, be found in the exact resemblance between
+the scent of semen and that of the pollen of flowering grasses. The first
+time I became aware of this resemblance it came on me with a rush that
+here was the explanation of the very exciting effect of a field of
+flowering grasses and, perhaps through them, of the scents of other
+flowers. If I am right, I suppose flower scents should affect women more
+powerfully than men in a sexual way. I do not think anyone would be likely
+to notice the odor of semen in this connection unless they had been
+greatly struck by the exciting effects of the pollen of grasses. I had
+often noticed it and puzzled over it." As pollen is the male sexual
+element of flowers, its occasionally stimulating effect in this direction
+is perhaps but an accidental result of a unity running through the organic
+world, though it may be perhaps more simply explained as a special form of
+that nasal irritation which is felt by so many persons in a hay-field.
+Another correspondent, this time a man, tells me that he has noted the
+resemblance of the odor of semen to that of crushed grasses. A scientific
+friend who has done much work in the field of organic chemistry tells me
+he associates the odor of semen with that produced by diastasic action on
+mixing flour and water, which he regards as sexual in character. This
+again brings us to the starchy products of the leguminous plants. It is
+evident that, subtle and obscure as many questions in the physiology and
+psychology of olfaction still remain, we cannot easily escape from their
+sexual associations.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[53] H. Beauregard, _Matière Médicale Zoölogique: Histoire des Drogues
+d'origine Animate_, 1901.
+
+[54] Professor Plateau, of Ghent, has for many years carried on a series
+of experiments which would even tend to show that insects are scarcely
+attracted by the colors of flowers at all, but mainly influenced by a
+sense which would appear to be smell. His experiments have been recorded
+during recent years (from 1887) in the _Bulletins de l'Académie Royale de
+Belgique_, and have from time to time been summarized in _Nature_, e.g.,
+February 5, 1903.
+
+[55] David Sharp, _Cambridge Natural History: Insects_, Part II, p. 398.
+
+[56] Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, 1873, p. 176.
+
+[57] Mantegazza (_L'Amour dans l'Humanité_, p. 94) refers to various
+peoples who practice this last custom. Egypt was a great centre of the
+practice more than 3000 years ago.
+
+[58] Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, 1901, p. 226. It has been suggested
+to me by a medical correspondent that one of the primitive objects of the
+hair, alike on head, mons veneris, and axilla, was to collect sweat and
+heighten its odor to sexual ends.
+
+[59] The names of all our chief perfumes are Arabic or Persian: civet,
+musk, ambergris, attar, camphor, etc.
+
+[60] Cloquet (_Osphrésiologie_, pp. 73-76) has an interesting passage on
+the prevalence of the musk odor in animals, plants, and even mineral
+substances.
+
+[61] Laycock brings together various instances of the sexual odors of
+animals, insisting on their musky character (_Nervous Diseases of Women_;
+section, "Odors"). See also a section in the _Descent of Man_ (Part II,
+Chapter XVIII), in which Darwin argues that "the most odoriferous males
+are the most successful in winning the females." Distant also has an
+interesting paper on this subject, "Biological Suggestions," _Zoölogist_,
+May, 1902; he points out the significant fact that musky odors are usually
+confined to the male, and argues that animal odors generally are more
+often attractive than protective.
+
+[62] R. Whytt, _Works_, 1768, p. 543.
+
+[63] Lucretius, VI, 790-5.
+
+[64] Mohammed, said Ayesha, was very fond of perfumes, especially "men's
+scents," musk and ambergris. He used also to burn camphor on odoriferous
+wood and enjoy the fragrant smell, while he never refused perfumes when
+offered them as a present. The things he cared for most, said Ayesha, were
+women, scents, and foods. Muir, _Life of Mahomet_, vol. iii, p. 297.
+
+[65] H. ten Kate, _International Centralblatt für Anthropologie_, Ht. 6,
+1902. This author, who made observations on Japanese with Zwaardemaker's
+olfactometer, found that, contrary to an opinion sometimes stated, they
+have a somewhat defective sense of smell. He remarks that there are no
+really native Japanese perfumes.
+
+[66] Moll: _Die Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1890, p. 306.
+
+[67] Moll: _Libido Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 284.
+
+[68] P. Näcke, "Un Cas de Fetichisme de Souliers," _Bulletin de la Société
+de Médecine Mentale de Belgique_, 1894.
+
+[69] _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English edition, p. 167.
+
+[70] Philip Salmuth (_Observationes Medicæ_, Centuria II, no. 63) in the
+seventeenth century recorded a case in which a young girl of noble birth
+(whose sister was fond of eating chalk, cinnamon, and cloves) experienced
+extreme pleasure in smelling old books. It would appear, however, that in
+this case the fascination lay not so much in the odor of the leather as in
+the mouldy odor of worm-eaten books; "_fætore veterum liborum, a blattis
+et tineis exesorum, situque prorsus corruptorum_" are Salmuth's words.
+
+[71] _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii, "Appendix B, History
+VIII."
+
+[72] _Sexuelle Osphrésiologie_, p. 106.
+
+[73] Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, p. 176.
+
+[74] In this connection I may quote the remark of the writer of a
+thoughtful article in the _Journal of Psychological Medicine_, 1851: "The
+use of scents, especially those allied to the musky, is one of the
+luxuries of women, and in some constitutions cannot be indulged without
+some danger to the morals, by the excitement to the ovaria which results.
+And although less potent as aphrodisiacs in their action on the sexual
+system of women than of men, we have reason to think that they cannot be
+used to excess with impunity by most."
+
+[75] _Kama Sutra_ of Vatsyayana, 1883, p. 5.
+
+[76] Cloquet, _Osphrésiologie_, p. 95.
+
+[77] In Normandy the _Chenopodium_, it is said, is called "conio," and in
+Italy erba connina (con, cunnus), on account of its vulvar odor. The
+attraction of dogs to this plant has been noted. In the same way cats are
+irresistibly attracted to preparations of valerian because their own urine
+contains valerianic acid.
+
+[78] Sonnini, _Voyage dans la Haute et Basse Egypte_, 1799, vol. i. p.
+298.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation--The Symptoms of
+Vanillism--The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of
+Flowers--Effects of Flowers on the Voice.
+
+
+The reality of the olfactory influences with which we have been concerned,
+however slight they may sometimes appear, is shown by the fact that odors,
+both agreeable and disagreeable, are stimulants, obeying the laws which
+hold good for stimulants generally. They whip up the nervous energies
+momentarily, but in the end, if the excitation is excessive and prolonged,
+they produce fatigue and exhaustion. This is clearly shown by Féré's
+elaborate experiments on the influences of odors, as compared with other
+sensory stimulants, on the amount of muscular work performed with the
+ergograph.[79] Commenting on the remark of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, that
+"man uses perfumes to impart energy to his passion," Féré remarks: "But
+perfumes cannot keep up the fires which they light." Their prolonged use
+involves fatigue, which is not different from that produced by excessive
+work, and reproduces all the bodily and psychic accompaniments of
+excessive work.[80] It is well known that workers in perfumes are apt to
+suffer from the inhalation of the odors amid which they live. Dealers in
+musk are said to be specially liable to precocious dementia. The symptoms
+generally experienced by the men and women who work in vanilla factories
+where the crude fruit is prepared for commerce have often been studied and
+are well known. They are due to the inhalation of the scent, which has all
+the properties of the aromatic aldehydes, and include skin eruptions,[81]
+general excitement, sleeplessness, headache, excessive menstruation, and
+irritable bladder. There is nearly always sexual excitement, which may be
+very pronounced.[82]
+
+We are here in the presence, it may be insisted, not of a nervous
+influence only, but of a direct effect of odor on the vital processes. The
+experiments of Tardif on the influence of perfumes on frogs and rabbits
+showed that a poisonous effect was exerted;[83] while Féré, by incubating
+fowls' eggs in the presence of musk, found repeatedly that many
+abnormalities occurred, and that development was retarded even in the
+embryos that remained normal; while he obtained somewhat similar results
+by using essences of lavender, cloves, etc.[84] The influence of odors is
+thus deeper than is indicated by their nervous effects; they act directly
+on nutrition. We are led, as Passy remarks, to regard odors as very
+intimately related to the physiological properties of organic substances,
+and the sense of smell as a detached fragment of generally sensibility,
+reacting to the same stimuli as general sensibility, but highly
+specialized in view of its protective function.
+
+    The reality and subtlety of the influence of odors is further
+    shown, by the cases in which very intense effects are produced
+    even by the temporary inhalation of flowers or perfumes or other
+    odors. Such cases of idiosyncrasy in which a person--frequently
+    of somewhat neurotic temperament--becomes acutely sensitive to
+    some odor or odors have been recorded in medical literature for
+    many centuries. In these cases the obnoxious odor produces
+    congestion of the respiratory passages, sneezing, headache,
+    fainting, etc., but occasionally, it has been recorded, even
+    death. (Dr. J.N. Mackenzie, in his interesting and learned paper
+    on "The Production of the so-called 'Rose Cold,' etc.," _American
+    Journal of Medical Sciences_, January, 1886, quotes many cases,
+    and gives a number of references to ancient medical authors; see
+    also Layet, art. "Odeur," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des
+    Sciences Médicales_.)
+
+    An interesting phenomenon of the group--though it is almost too
+    common to be described as an idiosyncrasy--is the tendency of the
+    odor of certain flowers to affect the voice and sometimes even to
+    produce complete loss of voice. The mechanism of the process is
+    not fully understood, but it would appear that congestion and
+    paresis of the larynx is produced and spasm of the bronchial
+    tube. Botallus in 1565 recorded cases in which the scent of
+    flowers brought on difficulty of breathing, and the danger of
+    flowers from this point of view is well recognized by
+    professional singers. Joal has studied this question in an
+    elaborate paper (summarized in the _British Medical Journal_,
+    March 3, 1895), and Dr. Cabanès has brought together (_Figaro_,
+    January 20, 1894) the experiences of a number of well-known
+    singers, teachers of singing, and laryngologists. Thus, Madame
+    Renée Richard, of the Paris Opera, has frequently found that when
+    her pupils have arrived with a bunch of violets fastened to the
+    bodice or even with a violet and iris sachet beneath the corset,
+    the voice has been marked by weakness and, on using the
+    laryngoscope, she has found the vocal cords congested. Madame
+    Calvé confirmed this opinion, and stated that she was specially
+    sensitive to tuberose and mimosa, and that on one occasion a
+    bouquet of white lilac has caused her, for a time, complete loss
+    of voice. The flowers mentioned are equally dangerous to a number
+    of other singers; the most injurious flower of all is found to be
+    the violet. The rose is seldom mentioned, and artificial perfumes
+    are comparatively harmless, though some singers consider it
+    desirable to be cautious in using them.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[79] Féré, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XIII.
+
+[80] _Travail et Plaisir_, p. 175. It is doubtless true of the effects of
+odors on the sexual sphere. Féré records the case of a neurasthenic lady
+whose sexual coldness toward her husband only disappeared after the
+abandonment of a perfume (in which heliotrope was apparently the chief
+constituent) she had been accustomed to use in excessive amounts.
+
+[81] It is perhaps significant that many colors are especially liable to
+produce skin disorders, especially urticaria; a number of cases have been
+recorded by Joal, _Journal de Médecine_, July 10, 1899.
+
+[82] Layet, art. "Vanillisme," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
+Médicales_; cf. Audeoud, _Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande_, October
+20, 1899, summarized in the _British Medical Journal_, 1899.
+
+[83] E. Tardif, _Les Odeurs et Parfums_, Chapter III.
+
+[84] Féré, _Société de Biologie_, March 28, 1896.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections--It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance--It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.
+
+
+When we survey comprehensively the extensive field we have here rapidly
+traversed, it seems not impossible to gain a fairly accurate view of the
+special place which olfactory sensations play in human sexual selection.
+The special peculiarity of this group of sensations in man, and that which
+gives them an importance they would not otherwise possess, is due to the
+fact that we here witness the decadence of a sense which in man's remote
+ancestors was the very chiefest avenue of sexual allurement. In man, even
+the most primitive man,--to some degree even in the apes,--it has declined
+in importance to give place to the predominance of vision.[85] Yet, at
+that lower threshold of acuity at which it persists in man it still bathes
+us in a more or less constant atmosphere of odors, which perpetually move
+us to sympathy or to antipathy, and which in their finer manifestations we
+do not neglect, but even cultivate with the increase of our civilization.
+
+It thus comes about that the grosser manifestations of sexual allurement
+by smell belong, so far as man is concerned, to a remote animal past which
+we have outgrown and which, on account of the diminished acuity of our
+olfactory organs, we could not completely recall even if we desired to;
+the sense of sight inevitably comes into play long before it is possible
+for close contact to bring into action the sense of smell. But the latent
+possibilities of sexual allurement by olfaction, which are inevitably
+embodied in the nervous structure we have inherited from our animal
+ancestors, still remain ready to be called into play. They emerge
+prominently from time to time in exceptional and abnormal persons. They
+tend to play an unusually larger part in the psychic lives of neurasthenic
+persons, with their sensitive and comparatively unbalanced nervous
+systems, and this is doubtless the reason why poets and men of letters
+have insisted on olfactory impressions so frequently and to so notable a
+degree; for the same reason sexual inverts are peculiarly susceptible to
+odors. For a different reason, warmer climates, which heighten all odors
+and also favor the growth of powerfully odorous plants, lead to a
+heightened susceptibility to the sexual and other attractions of smell
+even among normal persons; thus we find a general tendency to delight in
+odors throughout the East, notably in India, among the ancient Hebrews,
+and in Mohammedan lands.
+
+Among the ordinary civilized population in Europe the sexual influences of
+smell play a smaller and yet not altogether negligible part. The
+diminished prominence of odors only enables them to come into action, as
+sexual influences, on close contact, when, in some persons at all events,
+personal odors may have a distinct influence in heightening sympathy or
+arousing antipathy. The range of variation among individuals is in this
+matter considerable. In a few persons olfactory sympathy or antipathy is
+so pronounced that it exerts a decisive influence in their sexual
+relationships; such persons are of olfactory type. In other persons smell
+has no part in constituting sexual relationships, but it comes into play
+in the intimate association of love, and acts as an additional excitant;
+when reinforced by association such olfactory impressions may at times
+prove irresistible. Other persons, again, are neutral in this respect, and
+remain indifferent either to the sympathetic or antipathetic working of
+personal odors, unless they happen to be extremely marked. It is probable
+that the majority of refined and educated people belong to the middle
+group of those persons who are not of predominantly olfactory type, but
+are liable from time to time to be influenced in this manner. Women are
+probably at least as often affected in this manner as men, probably more
+often.
+
+On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odors play a
+not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest,
+but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection--whether in
+preferential mating or in assortative mating--is comparatively small.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[85] Moll has a passage on this subject, _Untersuchungen über die Libido
+Sexualis_. Bd. I, pp. 376-381.
+
+
+
+
+HEARING.
+
+I.
+
+The Physiological Basis of Rhythm--Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus--The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement--The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc.--The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals--Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals--The Larynx and Voice in Man--The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes--Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education, and Medicine--Its Therapeutic
+Uses--Significance of the Romantic Interest in Music at Puberty--Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of
+Music--Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of
+Hearing--The Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship--Women Notably
+Susceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.
+
+
+The sense of rhythm--on which it may be said that the sensory exciting
+effects of hearing, including music, finally rest--may probably be
+regarded as a fundamental quality of neuro-muscular tissue. Not only are
+the chief physiological functions of the body, like the circulation and
+the respiration, definitely rhythmical, but our senses insist on imparting
+a rhythmic grouping even to an absolutely uniform succession of
+sensations. It seems probable, although this view is still liable to be
+disputed, that this rhythm is the result of kinæsthetic
+sensations,--sensations arising from movement or tension started reflexly
+in the muscles by the external stimuli,--impressing themselves on the
+sensations that are thus grouped.[86] We may thus say, with Wilks, that
+music appears to have had its origin in muscular action.[87]
+
+Whatever its exact origin may be, rhythm is certainly very deeply
+impressed on our organisms. The result is that, whatever lends itself to
+the neuro-muscular rhythmical tendency of our organisms, whatever tends
+still further to heighten and develop that rhythmical tendency, exerts
+upon us a very decidedly stimulating and exciting influence.
+
+All muscular action being stimulated by rhythm, in its simple form or in
+its more developed form as music, rhythm is a stimulant to work. It has
+even been argued by Bücher and by Wundt[88] that human song had its chief
+or exclusive origin in rhythmical vocal accompaniments to systematized
+work. This view cannot, however, be maintained; systematized work can
+scarcely be said to exist, even to-day, among most very primitive races;
+it is much more probable that rhythmical song arose at a period antecedent
+to the origin of systematized work, in the primitive military, religious,
+and erotic dances, such as exist in a highly developed degree among the
+Australians and other savage races who have not evolved co-ordinated
+systematic labor. There can, however, be no doubt that as soon as
+systematic work appears the importance of vocal rhythm in stimulating its
+energy is at once everywhere recognized. Bücher has brought together
+innumerable examples of this association, and in the march music of
+soldiers and the heaving and hoisting songs of sailors we have instances
+that have universally persisted into civilization, although in
+civilization the rhythmical stimulation of work, physiologically sound as
+is its basis, tends to die out. Even in the laboratory the influence of
+simple rhythm in increasing the output of work may be demonstrated; and
+Féré found with the ergograph that a rhythmical grouping of the movements
+caused an increase of energy which often more than compensated the loss of
+time caused by the rhythm.[89]
+
+Rhythm is the most primitive element of music, and the most fundamental.
+Wallaschek, in his book on _Primitive Music_, and most other writers on
+the subject are agreed on this point. "Rhythm," remarks an American
+anthropologist,[90] "naturally precedes the development of any fine
+perception of differences in pitch, of time-quality, or of tonality.
+Almost, if not all, Indian songs," he adds, "are as strictly developed out
+of modified repetitions of a motive as are the movements of a Mozart or a
+Beethoven symphony." "In all primitive music," asserts Alice C.
+Fletcher,[91] "rhythm is strongly developed. The pulsations of the drum
+and the sharp crash of the rattles are thrown against each other and
+against the voice, so that it would seem that the pleasure derived by the
+performers lay not so much in the tonality of the song as in the measured
+sounds arrayed in contesting rhythm, and which by their clash start the
+nerves and spur the body to action, for the voice which alone carries the
+tone is often subordinated and treated as an additional instrument." Groos
+points out that a melody gives us the essential impression of a _voice
+that dances_;[92] it is a translation of spatial movement into sound, and,
+as we shall see, its physiological action on the organism is a reflection
+of that which, as we have elsewhere found,[93] dancing itself produces,
+and thus resembles that produced by the sight of movement. Dancing, music,
+and poetry were primitively so closely allied as to be almost identical;
+they were still inseparable among the early Greeks. The refrains in our
+English ballads indicate the dancer's part in them. The technical use of
+the word "foot" in metrical matters still persists to show that a poem is
+fundamentally a dance.
+
+    Aristotle seems to have first suggested that rhythm and melodies
+    are motions, as actions are motions, and therefore signs of
+    feeling. "All melodies are motions," says Helmholtz. "Graceful
+    rapidity, gravel procession, quiet advance, wild leaping, all
+    these different characters of motion and a thousand others can be
+    represented by successions of tones. And as music expresses these
+    motions it gives an expression also to those mental conditions
+    which naturally evoke similar motions, whether of the body and
+    the voice, or of the thinking and feeling principle itself."
+    (Helmholtz, _On the Sensations of Tone_, translated by A. J.
+    Ellis, 1885, p. 250.)
+
+    From another point of view the motor stimulus of music has been
+    emphasized by Cyples: "Music connects with the only sense that
+    can be perfectly manipulated. Its emotional charm has struck men
+    as a great mystery. There appears to be no doubt whatever that it
+    gets all the marvelous effects it has beyond the mere pleasing of
+    the ear, from its random, but multitudinous summonses of the
+    efferent activity, which at its vague challenges stirs
+    unceasingly in faintly tumultuous irrelevancy. In this way, music
+    arouses aimlessly, but splendidly, the sheer, as yet unfulfilled,
+    potentiality within us." (W. Copies, _The Process of Human
+    Experience_, p. 743.)
+
+    The fundamental element of transformed motion in music has been
+    well brought out in a suggestive essay by Goblot ("La Musique
+    Descriptive," _Revue Philosophique_, July, 1901): "Sung or
+    played, melody figures to the ear a successive design, a moving
+    arabesque. We talk of _ascending_ and _descending_ the gamut, of
+    _high_ notes or _low_ notes; the; higher voice of woman is called
+    _soprano_, or _above_, the deeper voice of man is called _bass_.
+    _Grave_ tones were so called by the Greeks because they seemed
+    heavy and to incline downward. Sounds seem to be subject to the
+    action of gravity; so that some rise and others fall. Baudelaire,
+    speaking of the prelude to _Lohengrin_, remarks: 'I felt myself
+    _delivered from the bonds of weight_.' And when Wagner sought to
+    represent, in the highest regions of celestial space, the
+    apparition of the angels bearing the Holy Grail to earth, he uses
+    very high notes, and a kind of chorus played exclusively by the
+    violins, divided into eight parts, in the highest notes of their
+    register. The descent to earth of the celestial choir is rendered
+    by lower and lower notes, the progressive disappearance of which
+    represents the reascension to the ethereal regions.
+
+    "Sounds seem to rise and fall; that is a fact. It is difficult to
+    explain it. Some have seen in it a habit derived from the usual
+    notation by which the height of the note corresponds to its
+    height in the score. But the impression is too deep and general
+    to be explained by so superficial and recent a cause. It has been
+    suggested also that high notes are generally produced by small
+    and light bodies, low notes by heavy bodies. But that is not
+    always true. It has been said, again, that high notes in nature
+    are usually produced by highly placed objects, while low notes
+    arise from caves and low placed regions. But the thunder is heard
+    in the sky, and the murmur of a spring or the song of a cricket
+    arise from the earth. In the human voice, again, it is said, the
+    low notes seem to resound in the chest, high notes in the head.
+    All this is unsatisfactory. We cannot explain by such coarse
+    analogies an impression which is very precise, and more sensible
+    (this fact has its importance) for an interval of half a tone
+    than for an interval of an octave. It is probable that the true
+    explanation is to be found in the still little understood
+    connection between the elements of our nervous apparatus.
+
+    "Nearly all our emotions tend to produce movement. But education
+    renders us economical of our acts. Most of these movements are
+    repressed, especially in the adult and civilized man, as harmful,
+    dangerous, or merely useless. Some are not completed, others are
+    reduced to a faint incitation which externally is scarcely
+    perceptible. Enough remain to constitute all that is expressive
+    in our gestures, physiognomy, and attitudes. Melodic intervals
+    possess in a high degree this property of provoking impulses of
+    movement, which, even when repressed, leave behind internal
+    sensations and motor images. It would be possible to study these
+    facts experimentally if we had at our disposition a human being
+    who, while retaining his sensations and their motor reactions,
+    was by special circumstances rendered entirely spontaneous like a
+    sensitive automaton, whose movements were neither intentionally
+    produced nor intentionally repressed. In this way, melodic
+    intervals in a hypnotized subject might be very instructive."
+
+    A number of experiments of the kind desired by Goblot had already
+    been made by A. de Rochas in a book, copiously illustrated by
+    very numerous instantaneous photographs, entitled _Les
+    Sentiments, la Musique et la Geste_, 1900. Chapter III. De Rochas
+    experimented on a single subject, Lina, formerly a model, who was
+    placed in a condition of slight hypnosis, when various simple
+    fragments of music were performed: recitatives, popular airs, and
+    more especially national dances, often from remote parts of the
+    world. The subject's gestures were exceedingly marked and varied
+    in accordance with the character of the music. It was found that
+    she often imitated with considerable precision the actual
+    gestures of dances she could never have seen. The same music
+    always evoked the same gestures, as was shown by instantaneous
+    photographs. This subject, stated to be a chaste and well-behaved
+    girl, exhibited no indications of definite sexual emotion under
+    the influence of any kind of music. Some account is given in the
+    same volume of other hypnotic experiments with music which were
+    also negative as regards specific sexual phenomena.
+
+It must be noted that, as a physiological stimulus, a single musical note
+is effective, even apart from rhythm, as is well shown by Féré's
+experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph.[94] It is, however,
+the influence of music on muscular work which has been most frequently
+investigated, and both on brief efforts with the dynamometer and prolonged
+work with the ergograph it has been found to exert a stimulating
+influence. Thus, Scripture found that, while his own maximum thumb and
+finger grip with the dynamometer is 8 pounds, when the giant's motive from
+Wagner's _Rheingold_ is played it rises to 8¾ pounds.[95] With the
+ergograph Tarchanoff found that lively music, in nervously sensitive
+persons, will temporarily cause the disappearance of fatigue, though slow
+music in a minor key had an opposite effect.[96] The varying influence on
+work with the ergograph of different musical intervals and different keys
+has been carefully studied by Féré with many interesting results. There
+was a very considerable degree of constancy in the results. Discords were
+depressing; most, but not all, major keys were stimulating; and most, but
+not all, minor keys depressing. In states of fatigue, however, the minor
+keys were more stimulating than the major, an interesting result in
+harmony with that stimulating influence of various painful emotions in
+states of organic fatigue which we have elsewhere encountered when
+investigating sadism.[97] "Our musical culture," Féré remarks, "only
+renders more perceptible to us the unconscious relationships which exist
+between musical art and our organisms. Those whom we consider more endowed
+in this respect have a deeper penetration of the phenomena accomplished
+within them; they feel more profoundly the marvelous reactions between the
+organism and the principles of musical art, they experience more strongly
+that art is within them."[98] Both the higher and the lower muscular
+processes, the voluntary and the involuntary, are stimulated by music.
+Darlington and Talbot, in Titchener's laboratory at Cornell University,
+found that the estimation of relative weights was aided by music.[99]
+Lombard found, when investigating the normal variations in the knee-jerk,
+that involuntary reflex processes are always reinforced by music; a
+military band playing a lively march caused the knee-jerk to increase at
+the loud passages and to diminish at the soft passages, while remaining
+always above the normal level.[100]
+
+With this stimulating influence of rhythm and music on the neuro-muscular
+system--which may or may not be direct--there is a concomitant influence
+on the circulatory and breathing apparatus. During recent years a great
+many experiments have been made on man and animals bearing on the effects
+of music on the heart and respiration. Perhaps the earliest of these were
+carried out by the Russian physiologist Dogiel in 1880.[101] His methods
+were perhaps defective and his results, at all events as regards man,
+uncertain, but in animals the force and rapidity of the heart were
+markedly increased. Subsequent investigations have shown very clearly the
+influence of music on the circulatory and respiratory systems in man as
+well as in animals. That music has an apparently direct influence on the
+circulation of the brain is shown by the observations of Patrizi on a
+youth who had received a severe wound of the head which had removed a
+large portion of the skull wall. The stimulus of melody produced an
+immediate increase in the afflux of blood to the brain.[102]
+
+In Germany the question was investigated at about the same time by
+Mentz.[103] Observing the pulse with a sphygmograph and Marey tambour he
+found distinct evidence of an effect on the heart; when attention was
+given to the music the pulse was quickened, in the absence of attention it
+was slowed; Mentz also found that pleasurable sensations tended to slow
+the pulse and disagreeable ones to quicken it.
+
+Binet and Courtier made an elaborate series of experiments on the action
+of music on the respiration (with the double pneumograph), the heart, and
+the capillary circulation (with the plethysmograph of Hallion and Comte)
+on a single subject, a man very sensitive to music and himself a cultured
+musician. Simple musical sounds with no emotional content accelerated the
+respiration without changing its regularity or amplitude. Musical
+fragments, mostly sung, usually well known to the subject, and having an
+emotional effect on him, produced respiratory irregularity either in
+amplitude or rapidity of breathing, in two-thirds of the trials. Exciting
+music, such as military marches, accelerated the breathing more than sad
+melodies, but the intensity of the excitation had an effect at least as
+great as its quality, for intense excitations always produced both
+quickened and deeper breathing. The heart was quickened in harmony with
+the quickened breathing. Neither breathing nor heart was ever slowed. As
+regards the capillary pulsation, an influence was exerted chiefly, if not
+exclusively, by gay and exciting melodies, which produced a shrinking.
+Throughout the experiments it was found that the most profound
+physiological effects were exerted by those pieces which the subject found
+to be most emotional in their influence on him.[104]
+
+Guibaud studied the question on a number of subjects, confirming and
+extending the conclusions of Binet and Courtier. He found that the
+reactions of different individuals varied, but that for the same
+individual reactions were constant. Circulatory reaction was more often
+manifest than respiratory reaction. The latter might be either a
+simultaneous modification of depth and of rapidity or of either of these.
+The circulatory reaction was a peripheral vasoconstriction with diminished
+fullness of pulse and slight acceleration of cardiac rhythm; there was
+never any distinct slowing of heart under the influence of music. Guibaud
+remarks that when people say they feel a shudder at some passage of music,
+this sensation of cold finds its explanation in the production of a
+peripheral vasoconstriction which may be registered by the
+plethysmograph.[105]
+
+Since music thus directly and powerfully affects the chief vital
+processes, it is not surprising that it should indirectly influence
+various viscera and functions. As Tarchanoff and others have demonstrated,
+it affects the skin, increasing the perspiration; it may produce a
+tendency to tears; it sometimes produces desire to urinate, or even actual
+urination, as in Scaliger's case of the Gascon gentleman who was always
+thus affected on hearing the bagpipes. In dogs it has been shown by
+Tarchanoff and Wartanoff that auditory stimulation increases the
+consumption of oxygen 20 per cent., and the elimination of carbonic acid
+17 per cent.
+
+In addition to the effects of musical sound already mentioned, it may be
+added that, as Epstein, of Berne, has shown,[106] the other senses are
+stimulated under the influence of sound, and notably there is an increase
+in acuteness of vision which may be experimentally demonstrated. It is
+probable that this effect of music in heightening the impressions received
+by the other senses is of considerable significance from our present point
+of view.
+
+Why are musical tones in a certain order and rhythm pleasurable? asked
+Darwin in _The Descent of Man_, and he concluded that the question was
+insoluble. We see that, in reality, whatever the ultimate answer may be,
+the immediate reason is quite simple. Pleasure is a condition of slight
+and diffused stimulation, in which the heart and breathing are faintly
+excited, the neuro-muscular system receives additional tone, the viscera
+gently stirred, the skin activity increased; and certain combinations of
+musical notes and intervals act as a physiological stimulus in producing
+these effects.[107]
+
+Among animals of all kinds, from insects upward, this physiological action
+appears to exist, for among nearly all of them certain sounds are
+agreeable and attractive, and other sounds indifferent and disagreeable.
+It appears that insects of quite different genera show much appreciation
+of the song of the Cicada.[108] Birds show intense interest in the singing
+of good performers even of other species. Experiments among a variety of
+animals in the Zoölogical Gardens with performances on various instruments
+showed that with the exception of seals none were indifferent, and all
+felt a discord as offensive. Many animals showed marked likes and
+dislikes; thus, a tiger, who was obviously soothed by the violin, was
+infuriated by the piccolo; the violin and the flute were preferred by most
+animals.[109]
+
+    Most persons have probably had occasion to observe the
+    susceptibility of dogs to music. It may here suffice to give one
+    personal observation. A dog (of mixed breed, partly collie), very
+    well known to me, on hearing a nocturne of Chopin, whined and
+    howled, especially at the more pathetic passages, once or twice
+    catching and drawing out the actual note played; he panted,
+    walked about anxiously, and now and then placed his head on the
+    player's lap. When the player proceeded to a more cheerful piece
+    by Grieg, the dog at once became indifferent, sat down, yawned,
+    and scratched himself; but as soon as the player returned once
+    more to the nocturne the dog at once repeated his accompaniment.
+
+There can be no doubt that among a very large number of animals of most
+various classes, more especially among insects and birds, the attraction
+of music is supported and developed on the basis of sexual attraction, the
+musical notes emitted serving as a sexual lure to the other sex. The
+evidence on this point was carefully investigated by Darwin on a very wide
+basis.[110] It has been questioned, some writers preferring to adopt the
+view of Herbert Spencer,[111] that the singing of birds is due to
+"overflow of energy," the relation between courtship and singing being
+merely "a relation of concomitance." This view is no longer tenable;
+whatever the precise origin of the musical notes of animals may be,--and
+it is not necessary to suppose that sexual attraction had a large part in
+their first rudimentary beginnings,--there can now be little doubt that
+musical sounds, and, among birds, singing, play a very large part indeed
+in bringing the male and the female together.[112] Usually, it would
+appear, it is the performance of the male that attracts the female; it is
+only among very simple and primitive musicians, like some insects, that
+the female thus attracts the male.[113] The fact that it is nearly always
+one sex only that is thus musically gifted should alone have sufficed to
+throw suspicion on any but a sexual solution of this problem of animal
+song.
+
+It is, however, an exceedingly remarkable fact that, although among
+insects and lower vertebrates the sexual influence of music is so large,
+and although among mammals and predominantly in man the emotional and
+æsthetic influence of music is so great, yet neither in man nor any of the
+higher mammals has music been found to exert a predominant sexual
+influence, or even in most cases any influence at all. Darwin, while
+calling attention to the fact that the males of most species of mammals
+use their vocal powers chiefly, and sometimes exclusively, during the
+breeding-season, adds that "it is a surprising fact that we have not as
+yet any good evidence that these organs are used by male mammals to charm
+the female."[114] From a very different standpoint, Féré, in studying the
+pathology of the human sexual instinct in the light of a very full
+knowledge of the available evidence, states that he knows of no detailed
+observations showing the existence of any morbid sexual perversions based
+on the sense of hearing, either in reference to the human voice or to
+instrumental music.[115]
+
+When, however, we consider that not only in the animals most nearly
+related to man, but in man himself, the larynx and the voice undergo a
+marked sexual differentiation at puberty, it is difficult not to believe
+that this change has an influence on sexual selection and sexual
+psychology. At puberty there is a slight hyperæmia of the larynx,
+accompanied by rapid development alike of the larynx itself and of the
+vocal cords, which become larger and thicker, while there is an associated
+change in the voice, which deepens. All these changes are very slight in
+girls, but very pronounced in boys, whose voices are said to "break" and
+then become lower by at least an octave. The feminine larynx at puberty
+only increases in the proportion of 5 to 7, but the masculine larynx in
+the proportion of 5 to 10. The direct dependence of this change on the
+general sexual development is shown not merely by its occurrence at
+puberty, but by the fact that in eunuchs in whom the testicles have been
+removed before puberty the voice retains its childlike qualities.[116]
+
+As a matter of fact, I believe that we may attach a considerable degree of
+importance to the voice and to music generally as a method of sexual
+appeal. On this point I agree with Moll, who remarks that "the sense of
+hearing here plays a considerable part, and the stimulation received
+through the ears is much larger than is usually believed."[117] I am not,
+however, inclined to think that this influence is considerable in its
+action on men, although Mantegazza remarks, doubtless with a certain
+truth, that "some women's voices cannot be heard with impunity." It is
+true that the ancients deprecated the sexual or at all events the
+effeminating influence of some kinds of music, but they seem to have
+regarded it as sedative rather than stimulating; the kind of music they
+approved of as martial and stimulating was the kind most likely to have
+sexual effects in predisposed persons.
+
+    The Chinese and the Greeks have more especially insisted on the
+    ethical qualities of music and on its moralizing and demoralizing
+    effects. Some three thousand years ago, it is stated, a Chinese
+    emperor, believing that only they who understood music are
+    capable of governing, distributed administrative functions in
+    accordance with this belief. He acted entirely in accordance with
+    Chinese morality, the texts of Confucianism (see translations in
+    the "Sacred Books of the East Series") show clearly that music
+    and ceremony (or social ritual in a wide sense) are regarded as
+    the two main guiding influences of life--music as the internal
+    guide, ceremony as the external guide, the former being looked
+    upon as the more important.
+
+    Among the Greeks Menander said that to many people music is a
+    powerful stimulant to love. Plato, in the third book of the
+    _Republic_, discusses what kinds of music should be encouraged in
+    his ideal state. He does not clearly state that music is ever a
+    sexual stimulant, but he appears to associate plaintive music
+    (mixed Lydian and Hypolydian) with drunkenness, effeminacy, and
+    idleness and considers that such music is "useless even to women
+    that are to be virtuously given, not to say to men." He only
+    admits two kinds of music: one violent and suited to war, the
+    other tranquil and suited to prayer or to persuasion. He sets out
+    the ethical qualities of music with a thoroughness which almost
+    approaches the great Chinese philosopher: "On these accounts we
+    attach such importance to a musical education, because rhythm and
+    harmony sink most deeply into the recesses of the soul, and take
+    most powerful hold of it, bringing gracefulness in their train,
+    and making a man graceful if he be rightly nurtured, ... leading
+    him to commend beautiful objects, and gladly receive them into
+    his soul, and feed upon them, and grow to be noble and good."
+    Plato is, however, by no means so consistent and thorough as the
+    Chinese moralist, for having thus asserted that it is the
+    influence of music which molds the soul into virtue, he proceeds
+    to destroy his position with the statement that "we shall never
+    become truly musical until we know the essential forms of
+    temperance and courage and liberality and munificence," thus
+    moving in a circle. It must be added that the Greek conception of
+    music was very comprehensive and included poetry.
+
+    Aristotle took a wider view of music than Plato and admitted a
+    greater variety of uses for it. He was less anxious to exclude
+    those uses which were not strictly ethical. He disapproved,
+    indeed, of the Phrygian harmony as the expression of Bacchic
+    excitement. He accepts, however, the function of music as a
+    katharsis of emotion, a notion which is said to have originated
+    with the Pythagoreans. (For a discussion of Aristotle's views on
+    music, see W.L. Newman, _The Politics of Aristotle_, vol. i, pp.
+    359-369.)
+
+    Athenæus, in his frequent allusions to music, attributes to it
+    many intellectual and emotional properties (e.g., Book XIV,
+    Chapter XXV) and in one place refers to "melodies inciting to
+    lawless indulgence" (Book XIII, Chapter LXXV).
+
+    We may gather from the _Priapeia_ (XXVI) that cymbals and
+    castanets were the special accompaniment in antiquity of wanton
+    songs and dances: "_cymbala, cum crotalis, pruriginis arma_."
+
+    The ancient belief in the moralizing influence of music has
+    survived into modern times mainly in a somewhat more scientific
+    form as a belief in its therapeutic effects in disordered nervous
+    and mental conditions. (This also is an ancient belief as
+    witnessed by the well-known example of David playing to Saul to
+    dispel his melancholia.) In 1729 an apothecary of Oakham, Richard
+    Broune, published a work entitled _Medicina Musica_, in which he
+    argued that music was beneficial in many maladies. In more recent
+    days there have been various experiments and cases brought
+    forward showing its efficacy in special conditions.
+
+    An American physician (W.F. Hutchinson) has shown that anæsthesia
+    may be produced with accurately made tuning forks at certain
+    rates of vibration (summarized in the _British Medical Journal_,
+    June 4, 1898). Ferrand in a paper read before the Paris Academy
+    of Medicine in September, 1895, gives reasons for classing some
+    kinds of music as powerful antispasmodics with beneficial
+    therapeutic action. The case was subsequently reported of a child
+    in whom night-terrors were eased by calming music in a minor key.
+    The value of music in lunatic asylums is well recognized; see
+    e.g., Näcke, _Revue de Psychiatrie_, October, 1897. Vaschide and
+    Vurpas (_Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie_, December 13,
+    1902) have recorded the case of a girl of 20, suffering from
+    mental confusion with excitation and central motor
+    disequilibrium, whose muscular equilibrium was restored and
+    movements rendered more co-ordinated and adaptive under the
+    influence of music.
+
+    While there has been much extravagance in the ancient doctrine
+    concerning the effects of music, the real effects are still
+    considerable. Not only is this demonstrated by the experiments
+    already referred to (p. 118), indicating the efficacy of musical
+    sounds as physiological stimulants, but also by anatomical
+    considerations. The roots of the auditory nerves, McKendrick has
+    pointed out, are probably more widely distributed and have more
+    extensive connections than those of any other nerve. The
+    intricate connections of these nerves are still only being
+    unraveled. This points to an explanation of how music penetrates
+    to the very roots of our being, influencing by associational
+    paths reflex mechanisms both cerebral and somatic, so that there
+    is scarcely a function of the body that may not be affected by
+    the rhythmical pulsations, melodic progressions, and harmonic
+    combinations of musical tones. (_Nature_, June 15, 1899, p. 164.)
+
+Just as we are not entitled from the ancient belief in the influence of
+music on morals or the modern beliefs in its therapeutic influence--even
+though this has sometimes gone to the length of advocating its use in
+impotence[118]--to argue that music has a marked influence in exciting the
+specifically sexual instincts, neither are we entitled to find any similar
+argument in the fact that music is frequently associated with the
+love-feelings of youth. Men are often able to associate many of their
+earliest ideas of love in boyhood with women singing or playing; but in
+these cases it will always be found that the fascination was romantic and
+sentimental, and not specifically erotic.[119] In adult life the music
+which often seems to us to be most definitely sexual in its appeal (such
+as much of Wagner's _Tristan_) really produces this effect in part from
+the association with the story, and in part from the intellectual
+realization of the composer's effort to translate passion into æsthetic
+terms; the actual effect of the music is not sexual, and it can well be
+believed that the results of experiments as regards the sexual influence
+of the _Tristan_ music on men under the influence of hypnotism have been,
+as reported, negative. Helmholtz goes so far as to state that the
+expression of sexual longing in music is identical with that of religious
+longing. It is quite true, again, that a soft and gentle voice seems to
+every normal man as to Lear "an excellent thing in woman," and that a
+harsh or shrill voice may seem to deaden or even destroy altogether the
+attraction of a beautiful face. But the voice is not usually in itself an
+adequate or powerful method of evoking sexual emotion in a man. Even in
+its supreme vocal manifestations the sexual fascination exerted by a great
+singer, though certainly considerable, cannot be compared with that
+commonly exerted by the actress. Cases have, indeed, been
+recorded--chiefly occurring, it is probable, in men of somewhat morbid
+nervous disposition--in which sexual attraction was exerted chiefly
+through the ear, or in which there was a special sexual sensibility to
+particular inflections or accents.[120] Féré mentions the case of a young
+man in hospital with acute arthritis who complained of painful erections
+whenever he heard through the door the very agreeable voice of the young
+woman (invisible to him) who superintended the linen.[121] But these
+phenomena do not appear to be common, or, at all events, very pronounced.
+So far as my own inquiries go, only a small proportion of men would
+appear to experience definite sexual feelings on listening to music. And
+the fact that in woman the voice is so slightly differentiated from that
+of the child, as well as the very significant fact that among man's
+immediate or even remote ancestors the female's voice can seldom have
+served to attract the male, sufficiently account for the small part played
+by the voice and by music as a sexual allurement working on men.[122]
+
+It is otherwise with women. It may, indeed, be said at the outset that the
+reasons which make it antecedently improbable that men should be sexually
+attracted through hearing render it probable that women should be so
+attracted. The change in the voice at puberty makes the deeper masculine
+voice a characteristic secondary sexual attribute of man, while the fact
+that among mammals generally it is the male that is most vocal--and that
+chiefly, or even sometimes exclusively, at the rutting season--renders it
+antecedently likely that among mammals generally, including the human
+species, there is in the female an actual or latent susceptibility to the
+sexual significance of the male voice,[123] a susceptibility which, under
+the conditions of human civilization, may be transferred to music
+generally. It is noteworthy that in novels written by women there is a
+very frequent attentiveness to the qualities of the hero's voice and to
+its emotional effects on the heroine.[124] We may also note the special
+and peculiar personal enthusiasm aroused in women by popular musicians, a
+more pronounced enthusiasm than is evoked in them by popular actors.
+
+    As an interesting example of the importance attached by women
+    novelists to the effects of the male voice I may refer to George
+    Eliot's _Mill on the Floss_, probably the most intimate and
+    personal of George Eliot's works. In Book VI of this novel the
+    influence of Stephen Guest (a somewhat commonplace young man)
+    over Maggie Tulliver is ascribed almost exclusively to the effect
+    of his base voice in singing. We are definitely told of Maggie
+    Tulliver's "sensibility to the supreme excitement of music."
+    Thus, on one occasion, "all her intentions were lost in the vague
+    state of emotion produced by the inspiring duet--emotion that
+    seemed to make her at once strong and weak: strong for all
+    enjoyment, weak for all resistance. Poor Maggie! She looked very
+    beautiful when her soul was being played on in this way by the
+    inexorable power of sound. You might have seen the slightest
+    perceptible quivering through her whole frame as she leaned a
+    little forward, clasping her hands as if to steady herself; while
+    her eyes dilated and brightened into that wideopen, childish
+    expression of wondering delight, which always came back in her
+    happiest moments." George Eliot's novels contain many allusions
+    to the powerful emotional effects of music.
+
+    It is unnecessary to refer to Tolstoy's _Kreutzer Sonata_, in
+    which music is regarded as the Galeotto to bring lovers
+    together--"the connecting bond of music, the most refined lust of
+    the senses."
+
+In primitive human courtship music very frequently plays a considerable
+part, though not usually the sole part, being generally found as the
+accompaniment of the song and the dance at erotic festivals.[125] The
+Gilas, of New Mexico, among whom courtship consists in a prolonged
+serenade day after day with the flute, furnish a somewhat exceptional
+case. Savage women are evidently very attentive to music; Backhouse (as
+quoted, by Ling Roth[126]) mentions how a woman belonging to the very
+primitive and now extinct Tasmanian race, when shown a musical box,
+listened "with intensity; her ears moved like those of a dog or horse, to
+catch the sound."
+
+I have found little evidence to show that music, except in occasional
+cases, exerts even the slightest specifically sexual effect on men,
+whether musical or unmusical. But I have ample evidence that it very
+frequently exerts to a slight but definite extent such an influence on
+women, even when quite normal. Judging from my own inquiries it would,
+indeed, seem likely that the majority of normal educated women are liable
+to experience some degree of definite sexual excitement from music; one
+states that orchestral music generally tends to produce this effect;
+another finds it chiefly from Wagner's music; another from military music,
+etc. Others simply state--what, indeed, probably expresses the experience
+of most persons of either sex--that it heightens one's mood. One lady
+mentions that some of her friends, whose erotic feelings are aroused by
+music, are especially affected in this way by the choral singing in Roman
+Catholic churches.[127]
+
+In the typical cases just mentioned, all fairly normal and healthy women,
+the sexual effects of music though definite were usually quite slight. In
+neuropathic subjects they may occasionally be more pronounced. Thus, a
+medical correspondent has communicated to me the case of a married lady
+with one child, a refined, very beautiful, but highly neurotic, woman,
+married to a man with whom she has nothing in common. Her tastes lie in
+the direction of music; she is a splendid pianist, and her highly trained
+voice would have made a fortune. She confesses to strong sexual feelings
+and does not understand why intercourse never affords what she knows she
+wants. But the hearing of beautiful music, or at times the excitement of
+her own singing, will sometimes cause intense orgasm.
+
+    Vaschide and Vurpas, who emphasize the sexually stimulating
+    effects of music, only bring forward one case in any detail, and
+    it is doubtless significant that this case is a woman. "While
+    listening to a piece of music X changes expression, her eyes
+    become bright, the features are accentuated, a smile begins to
+    form, an expression of pleasure appears, the body becomes more
+    erect, there is a general muscular hypertonicity. X tells us that
+    as she listens to the music she experiences sensations very like
+    those of normal intercourse. The difference chiefly concerns the
+    local genital apparatus, for there is no flow of vaginal mucus.
+    On the psychic side the resemblance is marked." (Vaschide and
+    Vurpas, "Du Coefficient Sexual de l'Impulsion Musicale,"
+    _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.)
+
+    It is sometimes said, or implied, that a woman (or a man) sings
+    better under the influence of sexual emotion. The writer of an
+    article already quoted, on "Woman in her Psychological Relations"
+    (_Journal of Psychological Medicine_, 1851), mentions that "a
+    young lady remarkable for her musical and poetical talents
+    naïvely remarked to a friend who complimented her upon her
+    singing: 'I never sing half so well as when I've had a
+    love-fit.'" And George Eliot says. "There is no feeling, perhaps,
+    except the extremes of fear and grief, that does not make a man
+    sing or play the better." While, however, it may be admitted that
+    some degree of general emotional exaltation may exercise a
+    favorable influence on the singing voice, it is difficult to
+    believe that definite physical excitement at or immediately
+    before the exercise of the voice can, as a rule, have anything
+    but a deleterious effect on its quality. It is recognized that
+    tenors (whose voices resemble those of women more than basses,
+    who are not called upon to be so careful in this respect) should
+    observe rules of sexual hygiene; and menstruation frequently has
+    a definite influence in impairing the voice (H. Ellis, _Man and
+    Woman_, fourth edition, p. 290). As the neighborhood of
+    menstruation is also the period when sexual excitement is most
+    likely to be felt, we have here a further indication that sexual
+    emotion is not favorable to singing. I agree with the remarks of
+    a correspondent, a musical amateur, who writes: "Sexual
+    excitement and good singing do not appear to be correlated. A
+    woman's emotional capacity in singing or acting may be remotely
+    associated with hysterical neuroses, but is better evinced for
+    art purposes in the absence of disturbing sexual influences. A
+    woman may, indeed, fancy herself the heroine of a wanton romance
+    and 'let herself go' a little in singing with improved results.
+    But a memory of sexual ardors will help no woman to make the best
+    of her voice in training. Some women can only sing their best
+    when they think of the other women they are outsinging. One girl
+    'lets her soul go out into her voice' thinking of jamroll,
+    another thinking of her lover (when she has none), and most, no
+    doubt, when they think of nothing. But no woman is likely to
+    'find herself' in an artistic sense because she has lost herself
+    in another sense--not even if she has done so quite respectably."
+
+The reality of the association between the sexual impulse and music--and,
+indeed, art generally--is shown by the fact that the evolution of puberty
+tends to be accompanied by a very marked interest in musical and other
+kinds of art. Lancaster, in a study of this question among a large number
+of young people (without reference to difference in sex, though they were
+largely female), found that from 50 to 75 per cent of young people feel an
+impulse to art about the period of puberty, lasting a few months, or at
+most a year or two. It appears that 464 young people showed an increased
+and passionate love for music, against only 102 who experienced no change
+in this respect. The curve culminates at the age of 15 and falls rapidly
+after 16. Many of these cases were really quite unmusical.[128]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[86] This view has been more especially developed by J.B. Miner, _Motor,
+Visual, and Applied Rhythms_, Psychological Review Monograph Supplements,
+vol. v, No. 4, 1903.
+
+[87] Sir S. Wilks, _Medical Magazine_, January, 1894; cf. Clifford
+Allbutt, "Music, Rhythm, and Muscle," _Nature_, February 8, 1894.
+
+[88] Bücher, _Arbeit und Rhythmus_, third edition, 1902; Wundt,
+_Völkerpsychologie_, 1900, Part I, p. 265.
+
+[89] Féré deals fully with the question in his book, _Travail et Plaisir_,
+1904, Chapter III, "Influence du Rhythme sur le Travail."
+
+[90] Fillmore, "Primitive Scales and Rhythms," _Proceedings of the
+International Congress of Anthropology_, Chicago, 1893.
+
+[91] "Love Songs among the Omaha Indians," in _Proceedings_ of same
+congress.
+
+[92] Groos, _Spiele der Menschen_, p. 33.
+
+[93] "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_,
+vol. iii.
+
+[94] Féré, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter V; id., _Travail et Plaisir_,
+Chapter XII.
+
+[95] Scripture, _Thinking, Feeling, Doing_, p. 85.
+
+[96] Tarchanoff, "Influence de la Musique sur l'Homme et sur les Animaux,"
+_Atti dell' XI Congresso Medico Internationale_, Rome, 1894, vol. ii, p.
+153; also in _Archives Italiennes de Biologie_, 1894.
+
+[97] "Love and Pain," _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii.
+
+[98] Féré, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XII, "Action Physiologique des
+Sens Musicaux." "A practical treatise on harmony," Goblot remarks (_Revue
+Philosophique_, July, 1901, p. 61), "ought to tell us in what way such an
+interval, or such a succession of intervals, affects us. A theoretical
+treatise on harmony ought to tell us the explanation of these impressions.
+In a word, musical harmony is a psychological science." He adds that this
+science is very far from being constituted yet; we have hardly even
+obtained a glimpse of it.
+
+[99] _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898.
+
+[100] _American Journal of Psychology_, November, 1887. The influence of
+rhythm on the involuntary muscular system is indicated by the occasional
+effect of music in producing a tendency to contraction of the bladder.
+
+[101] _Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie_ (Physiologisches Abtheilung),
+1880, p. 420.
+
+[102] M.L. Patrizi, "Primi esperimenti intorno all' influenza della musica
+sulla circolozione del sangue nel cervello umano," _International Congress
+für Psychologie_, Munich, 1897, p. 176.
+
+[103] _Philosophische Studien_, vol. xi.
+
+[104] Binet and Courtier, "La Vie Emotionelle," _Année Psychologique_,
+Third Year, 1897, pp. 104-125.
+
+[105] Guibaud, _Contribution à l'étude expérimentale de l'influence de la
+musique sur la circulation et la respiration_. Thèse de Bordeaux, 1898,
+summarized in _Année Psychologique_, Fifth Year, 1899, pp. 645-649.
+
+[106] _International Congress of Physiology_, Berne, 1895.
+
+[107] The influence of association plays no necessary part in these
+pleasurable influences, for Féré's experiments show that an unmusical
+subject responds physiologically, with much precision, to musical
+intervals he is unable to recognize. R. MacDougall also finds that the
+effective quality of rhythmical sequences does not appear to be dependent
+on secondary associations (_Psychological Review_, January, 1903).
+
+[108] R.T. Lewis, in _Nature Notes_, August, 1891.
+
+[109] Cornish, "Orpheus at the Zoo," in _Life at the Zoo_, pp. 115-138.
+
+[110] _Descent of Man_, Chapters XIII and XIX.
+
+[111] "The Origin of Music" (1857), _Essays_, vol. ii.
+
+[112] Anyone who is in doubt on this point, as regards bird song, may
+consult the little book in which the evidence has been well summarized by
+Häcker, _Der Gesang der Vögel_, or the discussion in Groos's _Spiele der
+Thiere_, pp. 274 et seq.
+
+[113] Thus, mosquitoes are irresistibly attracted by music, and especially
+by those musical tones which resemble the buzzing of the female; the males
+alone are thus attracted. (Nuttall and Shipley, and Sir Hiram Maxim,
+quoted in _Nature_, October 31, 1901, p. 655, and in _Lancet_, February
+22, 1902.)
+
+[114] _Descent of Man_, second edition, p. 567. Groos, in his discussion
+of music, also expresses doubt whether hearing plays a considerable part
+in the courtship of mammals, _Spiele der Menschen_, p. 22.
+
+[115] Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 137.
+
+[116] See Biérent, _La Puberté_ Chapter IV; also Havelock Ellis, _Man and
+Woman_, fourth edition, pp. 270-272. Endriss (_Die Bisherigen
+Beobachtungen von Physiologischen und Pathologischen Beziehungen der
+oberen Luftwege zu den Sexualorganen_, Teil III) brings together various
+observations on the normal and abnormal relations of the larynx to the
+sexual sphere.
+
+[117] Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 133.
+
+[118] J.L. Roger, _Traité des Effets de la Musique_, 1803, pp. 234 and
+342.
+
+[119] A typical example occurs in the early life of History I in Appendix
+B to vol. iii of these _Studies_.
+
+[120] Vaschide and Vurpas state (_Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904) that
+in their experience music may facilitate sexual approaches in some cases
+of satiety, and that in certain pathological cases the sexual act can only
+be accomplished under the influence of music.
+
+[121] Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 137. Bloch (_Beiträge_, etc., vol. ii,
+p. 355) quotes some remarks of Kistemaecker's concerning the sound of
+women's garments and the way in which savages and sometimes civilized
+women cultivate this rustling and clinking. Gutzkow, in his
+_Autobiography_, said that the _frou-frou_ of a woman's dress was the
+music of the spheres to him.
+
+[122] The voice is doubtless a factor of the first importance in sexual
+attraction among the blind. On this point I have no data. The
+expressiveness of the voice to the blind, and the extent to which their
+likes and dislikes are founded on vocal qualities, is well shown by an
+interesting paper written by an American physician, blind from early
+infancy, James Cocke, "The Voice as an Index to the Soul," _Arena_,
+January, 1894.
+
+[123] Long before Darwin had set forth his theory of sexual selection
+Laycock had pointed out the influence which the voice of the male, among
+man and other animals, exerts on the female (_Nervous Diseases of Women_,
+p. 74). And a few years later the writer of a suggestive article on "Woman
+in her Psychological Relations" (_Journal of Psychological Medicine_,
+1851) remarked: "The sonorous voice of the male man is exactly analogous
+in its effect on woman to the neigh and bellow of other animals. This
+voice will have its effect on an amorous or susceptible organization much
+in the same way as color and the other visual ovarian stimuli." The writer
+adds that it exercises a still more important influence when modulated to
+music: "in this respect man has something in common with insects as well
+as birds."
+
+[124] Groos refers more than once to the important part played in German
+novels written by women by what one of them terms the "bearded male
+voice."
+
+[125] Various instances are quoted in the third volume of these _Studies_
+when discussing the general phenomena of courtship and tumescence, "An
+Analysis of the Sexual Impulse."
+
+[126] _The Tasmanians_, p. 20.
+
+[127] An early reference to the sexual influence of music on women may
+perhaps be found in a playful passage in Swift's _Martinus Scriblerus_
+(possibly due to his medical collaborator, Arbuthnot): "Does not Ælian
+tell how the Libyan mares were excited to horsing by music? (which ought
+to be a caution to modest women against frequenting operas)." _Memoirs of
+Martinus Scriblerus_, Book I, Chapter 6. (The reference is to Ælian,
+_Hist. Animal_, lib. XI, cap. 18, and lib. XII, cap. 44.)
+
+[128] E. Lancaster, "Psychology of Adolescence," _Pedagogical Seminary_,
+July, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Summary--Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.
+
+
+We have seen that it is possible to set forth in a brief space the facts
+at present available concerning the influence on the pairing impulse of
+stimuli acting through the ear. They are fairly simple and uncomplicated;
+they suggest few obscure problems which call for analysis; they do not
+bring before us any remarkable perversions of feeling.
+
+At the same time, the stimuli to sexual excitement received through the
+sense of hearing, although very seldom of exclusive or preponderant
+influence, are yet somewhat more important than is usually believed.
+Primarily the voice, and secondarily instrumental music, exert a distinct
+effect in this direction, an effect representing a specialization of a
+generally stimulating physiological influence which all musical sounds
+exercise upon the organism. There is, however, in this respect, a definite
+difference between the sexes. It is comparatively rare to find that the
+voice or instrumental music, however powerful its generally emotional
+influence, has any specifically sexual effect on men. On the other hand,
+it seems probable that the majority of women, at all events among the
+educated classes, are liable to show some degree of sexual sensibility to
+the male voice or to instrumental music.
+
+It is not surprising to find that music should have some share in arousing
+sexual emotion when we bear in mind that in the majority of persons the
+development of sexual life is accompanied by a period of special interest
+in music. It is not unexpected that the specifically sexual effects of the
+voice and music should be chiefly experienced by women when we remember
+that not only in the human species is it the male in whom the larynx and
+voice are chiefly modified at puberty, but that among mammals generally it
+is the male who is chiefly or exclusively vocal at the period of sexual
+activity; so that any sexual sensibility to vocal manifestations must be
+chiefly or exclusively manifested in female mammals.
+
+At the best, however, although æsthetic sensibility to sound is highly
+developed and emotional sensibility to it profound and widespread,
+although women may be thrilled by the masculine voice and men charmed by
+the feminine voice, it cannot be claimed that in the human species hearing
+is a powerful factor in mating. This sense has here suffered between the
+lower senses of touch and smell, on the one hand, with their vague and
+massive appeal, and the higher sense, vision, on the other hand, with its
+exceedingly specialized appeal. The position of touch as the primary and
+fundamental sense is assured. Smell, though in normal persons it has no
+decisive influence on sexual attraction, acts by virtue of its emotional
+sympathies and antipathies, while, by virtue of the fact that among man's
+ancestors it was the fundamental channel of sexual sensibility, it
+furnishes a latent reservoir of impressions to which nervously abnormal
+persons, and even normal persons under the influence of excitement or of
+fatigue, are always liable to become sensitive. Hearing, as a sense for
+receiving distant perceptions has a wider field than is in man possessed
+by either touch or smell. But here it comes into competition with vision,
+and vision is, in man, the supreme and dominant sense.[129] We are always
+more affected by what we see than by what we hear. Men and women seldom
+hear each other without speedily seeing each other, and then the chief
+focus of interest is at once transferred to the visual centre.[130] In
+human sexual selection, therefore, hearing plays a part which is nearly
+always subordinated to that of vision.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[129] Nietzsche has even suggested that among primitive men delicacy of
+hearing and the evolution of music can only have been produced under
+conditions which made it difficult for vision to come into play: "The ear,
+the organ of fear, could only have developed, as it has, in the night and
+in the twilight of dark woods and caves.... In the brightness the ear is
+less necessary. Hence the character of music as an art of night and
+twilight." (_Morgenröthe_, p. 230.)
+
+[130] At a concert most people are instinctively anxious to _see_ the
+performers, thus distracting the purely musical impression, and the
+reasonable suggestion of Goethe that the performers should be invisible is
+still seldom carried into practice.
+
+
+
+
+VISION
+
+I.
+
+Primacy of Vision in Man--Beauty as a Sexual Allurement--The Objective
+Element in Beauty--Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World--Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of
+View--Savages often Admire European Beauty--The Appeal of Beauty to some
+Extent Common even to Animals and Man.
+
+
+Vision is the main channel by which man receives his impressions. To a
+large extent it has slowly superseded all the other senses. Its range is
+practically infinite; it brings before us remote worlds, it enables us to
+understand the minute details of our own structure. While apt for the most
+abstract or the most intimate uses, its intermediate range is of universal
+service. It furnishes the basis on which a number of arts make their
+appeal to us, and, while thus the most æsthetic of the senses, it is the
+sense on which we chiefly rely in exercising the animal function of
+nutrition. It is not surprising, therefore, that from the point of view of
+sexual selection vision should be the supreme sense, and that the
+love-thoughts of men have always been a perpetual meditation of beauty.
+
+It would be out of place here to discuss comparatively the origins of our
+ideas of beauty. That is a question which belongs to æsthetics, not to
+sexual psychology, and it is a question on which æstheticians are not
+altogether in agreement. We need not even be concerned to make any
+definite assertion on the question whether our ideas of sexual beauty have
+developed under the influence of more general and fundamental laws, or
+whether sexual ideals themselves underlie our more general conceptions of
+beauty. Practically, so far as man and his immediate ancestors are
+concerned, the sexual and the extra-sexual factors of beauty have been
+interwoven from the first. The sexually beautiful object must have
+appealed to fundamental physiological aptitudes of reaction; the
+generally beautiful object must have shared in the thrill which the
+specifically sexual object imparted. There has been an inevitable action
+and reaction throughout. Just as we found that the sexual and the
+non-sexual influences of agreeable odors throughout nature are
+inextricably mingled, so it is with the motives that make an object
+beautiful to our eyes.[131]
+
+    The sexual element in the constitution of beauty is well
+    recognized even by those writers who concern themselves
+    exclusively with the æsthetic conception of beauty or with its
+    relation to culture. It is enough to quote two or three
+    testimonies on this point. "The whole sentimental side of our
+    æsthetic sensibility," remarks Santayana, "--without which it
+    would be perceptive and mathematical rather than æsthetic,--is
+    due to our sexual organization remotely stirred.... If anyone
+    were desirous to produce a being with a great susceptibility to
+    beauty, he could not invent an instrument better designed for
+    that object than sex. Individuals that need not unite for the
+    birth and rearing of each generation might retain a savage
+    independence. For them it would not be necessary that any vision
+    should fascinate, or that any languor should soften, the prying
+    cruelty of the eye. But sex endows the individual with a dumb and
+    powerful instinct, which carries his body and soul continually
+    toward another; makes it one of the dearest enjoyments of his
+    life to select and pursue a companion, and joins to possession
+    the keenest pleasure, to rivalry the fiercest rage, and to
+    solitude an eternal melancholy. What more could be needed to
+    suffuse the world with the deepest meaning and beauty? The
+    attention is fixed upon a well-defined object, and all the
+    effects it produces in the mind are easily regarded as powers or
+    qualities of that object.... To a certain extent this kind of
+    interest will center in the proper object of sexual passion, and
+    in the special characteristics of the opposite sex[131]; and we
+    find, accordingly, that woman is the most lovely object to man,
+    and man, if female modesty would confess it, the most interesting
+    to woman. But the effects of so fundamental and primitive a
+    reaction are much more general. Sex is not the only object of
+    sexual passion. When love lacks its specific object, when it does
+    not yet understand itself, or has been sacrificed to some other
+    interest, we see the stifled fire bursting out in various
+    directions.... Passion then overflows and visibly floods those
+    neighboring regions which it had always secretly watered. For the
+    same nervous organization which sex involves, with its
+    necessarily wide branchings and associations in the brain, must
+    be partially stimulated by other objects than its specific or
+    ultimate one; especially in man, who, unlike some of the lower
+    animals, has not his instincts clearly distinct and intermittent,
+    but always partially active, and never active in isolation. We
+    may say, then, that for man all nature is a secondary object of
+    sexual passion, and that to this fact the beauty of nature is
+    largely due." (G. Santayana, _The Sense of Beauty_, pp. 59-62.)
+
+    Not only is the general fact of sexual attraction an essential
+    element of æsthetic contemplation, as Santayana remarks, but we
+    have to recognize also that specific sexual emotion properly
+    comes within the æsthetic field. It is quite erroneous, as Groos
+    well points out, to assert that sexual emotion has no æsthetic
+    value. On the contrary, it has quite as much value as the emotion
+    of terror or of pity. Such emotion, must, however, be duly
+    subordinated to the total æsthetic effect. (K. Groos, _Der
+    Æsthetische Genuss_, p. 151.)
+
+    "The idea of beauty," Remy de Gourmont says, "is not an unmixed
+    idea; it is intimately united with the idea of carnal pleasure.
+    Stendhal obscurely perceived this when he defined beauty as 'a
+    promise of happiness.' Beauty is a woman, and women themselves
+    have carried docility to men so far as to accept this aphorism
+    which they can only understand in extreme sexual perversion....
+    Beauty is so sexual that the only uncontested works of art are
+    those that simply show the human body in its nudity. By its
+    perseverance in remaining purely sexual Greek statuary has placed
+    itself forever above all discussion. It is beautiful because it
+    is a beautiful human body, such a one as every man or every woman
+    would desire to unite with in the perpetuation of the race....
+    That which inclines to love seems beautiful; that which seems
+    beautiful inclines to love. This intimate union of art and of
+    love is, indeed, the only explanation of art. Without this
+    genital echo art would never have been born and never have been
+    perpetuated. There is nothing useless in these deep human depths;
+    everything which has endured is necessary. Art is the accomplice
+    of love. When love is taken away there is no art; when art is
+    taken away love is nothing but a physiological need." (Remy de
+    Gourmont, _Culture des Idées_, 1900, p. 103, and _Mercure de
+    France_, August, 1901, pp. 298 et seq.)
+
+    Beauty as incarnated in the feminine body has to some extent
+    become the symbol of love even for women. Colin Scott finds that
+    it is common among women who are not inverted for female beauty
+    whether on the stage or in art to arouse sexual emotion to a
+    greater extent than male beauty, and this is confirmed by some of
+    the histories I have recorded in the Appendix to the third
+    volume of these _Studies_. Scott considers that female beauty has
+    come to be regarded as typical of ideal beauty, and thus tends to
+    produce an emotional effect on both sexes alike. It is certainly
+    rare to find any æsthetic admiration of men among women, except
+    in the case of women who have had some training in art. In this
+    matter it would seem that woman passively accepts the ideals of
+    man. "Objects which excite a man's desire," Colin Scott remarks,
+    "are often, if not generally, the same as those affecting woman.
+    The female body has a sexually stimulating effect upon both
+    sexes. Statues of female forms are more liable than those of male
+    form to have a stimulating effect upon women as well as men. The
+    evidence of numerous literary expressions seems to show that
+    under the influence of sexual excitement a woman regards her body
+    as made for man's gratification, and that it is this complex
+    emotion which forms the initial stage, at least, of her own
+    pleasure. Her body is the symbol for her partner, and indirectly
+    for her, through his admiration of it, of their mutual joy and
+    satisfaction." (Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 206; also private letter.)
+
+    At the same time it must be remembered that beauty and the
+    conception of beauty have developed on a wider basis than that of
+    the sexual impulse only, and also that our conceptions of the
+    beautiful, even as concerns the human form, are to some extent
+    objective, and may thus be in part reduced to law. Stratz, in his
+    books on feminine beauty, and notably in _Die Schönheit des
+    Weiblichen Körpers_, insists on the objective element in beauty.
+    Papillault, again, when discussing the laws of growth and the
+    beauty of the face, argues that beauty of line in the face is
+    objective, and not a creation of fancy, since it is associated
+    with the highest human functions, moral and social. He remarks on
+    the contrast between the prehistoric man of
+    Chancelade,--delicately made, with elegant face and high
+    forehead,--who created the great Magdalenian civilization, and
+    his seemingly much more powerful, but less beautiful,
+    predecessor, the man of Spy, with enormous muscles and powerful
+    jaws. (_Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_, 1899, p. 220.)
+
+    The largely objective character of beauty is further indicated by
+    the fact that to a considerable extent beauty is the expression
+    of health. A well and harmoniously developed body, tense muscles,
+    an elastic and finely toned skin, bright eyes, grace and
+    animation of carriage--all these things which are essential to
+    beauty are the conditions of health. It has not been demonstrated
+    that there is any correlation between beauty and longevity, and
+    the proof would not be easy to give, but it is quite probable
+    that such a correlation may exist, and various indications point
+    in this direction. One of the most delightful of Opie's pictures
+    is the portrait of Pleasance Reeve (afterward Lady Smith) at the
+    age of 17. This singularly beautiful and animated brunette lived
+    to the age of 104. Most people are probably acquainted with
+    similar, if less marked, cases of the same tendency.
+
+The extreme sexual importance of beauty, so far, at all events, as
+conscious experience is concerned is well illustrated by the fact that,
+although three other senses may and often do play a not inconsiderable
+part in the constitution of a person's sexual attractiveness,--the tactile
+element being, indeed, fundamental,--yet in nearly all the most elaborate
+descriptions of attractive individuals it is the visible elements that are
+in most cases chiefly emphasized. Whether among the lowest savages or in
+the highest civilization, the poet and story-teller who seeks to describe
+an ideally lovely and desirable woman always insists mainly, and often
+exclusively, on those characters which appeal to the eye. The richly laden
+word _beauty_ is a synthesis of complex impressions obtained through a
+single sense, and so simple, comparatively, and vague are the impressions
+derived from the other senses that none of them can furnish us with any
+corresponding word.
+
+    Before attempting to analyze the conception of beauty, regarded
+    in its sexual appeal to the human mind, it may be well to bring
+    together a few fairly typical descriptions of a beautiful woman
+    as she appears to the men of various nations.
+
+    In an Australian folklore story taken down from the lips of a
+    native some sixty years ago by W. Dunlop (but evidently not in
+    the native's exact words) we find this description of an
+    Australian beauty: "A man took as his wife a beautiful girl who
+    had long, glossy hair hanging around her face and down her
+    shoulders, which were plump and round. Her face was adorned with
+    red clay and her person wrapped in a fine large opossum rug
+    fastened by a pin formed from the small bone of the kangaroo's
+    leg, and also by a string attached to a wallet made of rushes
+    neatly plaited of small strips skinned from their outside after
+    they had been for some time exposed to the heat of the fire;
+    which being thrown on her back, the string passing under one arm
+    and across her breast, held the soft rug in a fanciful position
+    of considerable elegance; and she knew well how to show to
+    advantage her queenlike figure when she walked with her polished
+    yam stick held in one of her small hands and her little feet
+    appearing below the edge of the rug" (W. Dunlop, "Australian
+    Folklore Stories," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August and November, 1898, p. 27).
+
+    A Malay description of female beauty is furnished by Skeat. "The
+    brow (of the Malay Helen for whose sake a thousand desperate
+    battles are fought in Malay romances) is like the one-day-old
+    moon; her eyebrows resemble 'pictured clouds,' and are 'arched
+    like the fighting-cock's (artificial) spur'; her cheek resembles
+    the 'sliced-off cheek of a mango'; her nose, 'an opening jasmine
+    bud'; her hair, the 'wavy blossom shoots of the areca-palm';
+    slender is her neck, 'with a triple row of dimples'; her bosom
+    ripening, her waist 'lissom as the stalk of a flower,' her head;
+    'of a perfect oval' (literally, bird's-egg shaped), her fingers
+    like the leafy 'spears of lemon-grass' or the 'quills of the
+    porcupine,' her eyes 'like the splendor of the planet Venus,' and
+    her lips 'like the fissure of a pomegranate.'" (W.W. Skeat,
+    _Malay Magic_, 1900, p. 363.)
+
+    In Mitford's _Tales of Old Japan_ (vol. i, p. 215) a "peerlessly
+    beautiful girl of 16" is thus described: "She was neither too fat
+    nor too thin, neither too tall nor too short; her face was oval,
+    like a melon-seed, and her complexion fair and white;; her eyes
+    were narrow and bright, her teeth small and even; her nose was
+    aquiline, and her mouth delicately formed, with lovely red lips;
+    her eyebrows were long and fine; she had a profusion of long
+    black hair; she spoke modestly, with a soft, sweet voice, and
+    when she smiled, two lovely dimples appeared in her cheeks; in
+    all her movements she was gentle and refined." The Japanese belle
+    of ancient times, Dr. Nagayo Sensai remarks (_Lancet_, February
+    15, 1890) had a white face, a long, slender throat and neck, a
+    narrow chest, small thighs, and small feet and hands. Bälz, also,
+    has emphasized the ethereal character of the Japanese ideal of
+    feminine beauty, delicate, pale and slender, almost uncanny; and
+    Stratz, in his interesting book, _Die Körperformen in Kunst und
+    Leben der Japaner_ (second edition, 1904), has dealt fully with
+    the subject of Japanese beauty.
+
+    The Singalese are great connoisseurs of beauty, and a Kandyan
+    deeply learned in the matter gave Dr. Davy the following
+    enumeration of a woman's points of beauty: "Her hair should be
+    voluminous, like the tail of the peacock, long, reaching to her
+    knees, and terminating in graceful curls; her eyebrows should
+    resemble the rainbow, her eyes, the blue sapphire and the petals
+    of the blue manilla-flower. Her nose should be like the bill of
+    the hawk; her lips should be bright and red, like coral or the
+    young leaf of the iron-tree. Her teeth should be small, regular,
+    and closely set, and like jessamine buds. Her neck should be
+    large and round, resembling the berrigodea. Her chest should be
+    capacious; her breasts, firm and conical, like the yellow
+    cocoa-nut, and her waist small--almost small enough to be clasped
+    by the hand. Her hips should be wide; her limbs tapering; the
+    soles of her feet, without any hollow, and the surface of her
+    body in general soft, delicate, smooth, and rounded, without the
+    asperities of projecting bones and sinews." (J. Davy, _An
+    Account of the Interior of Ceylon_, 1821, p. 110.)
+
+    The "Padmini," or lotus-woman, is described by Hindu writers as
+    the type of most perfect feminine beauty. "She in whom the
+    following signs and symptoms appear is called a _Padmini_: Her
+    face is pleasing as the full moon; her body, well clothed with
+    flesh, is as soft as the Shiras or mustard flower; her skin is
+    fine, tender, and fair as the yellow lotus, never dark colored.
+    Her eyes are bright and beautiful as the orbs of the fawn, well
+    cut, and with reddish corners. Her bosom is hard, full, and high;
+    she; has a good neck; her nose is straight and lovely; and three
+    folds or wrinkles cross her middle--about the umbilical region.
+    Her _yoni_ [vulva] resembles the opening lotus bud, and her
+    love-seed is perfumed like the lily that has newly burst. She
+    walks with swanlike [more exactly, flamingolike] gait, and her
+    voice is low and musical as the note of the Kokila bird [the
+    Indian cuckoo]; she delights in white raiment, in fine jewels,
+    and in rich dresses. She eats little, sleeps lightly, and being
+    as respectful and religious as she is clever and courteous, she
+    is ever anxious to worship the gods and to enjoy the conversation
+    of Brahmans. Such, then, is the Padmini, or lotus-woman." (_The
+    Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana_, 1883, p. 11.)
+
+    The Hebrew ideal of feminine beauty is set forth in various
+    passages of the _Song of Songs_. The poem is familiar, and it
+    will suffice to quote one  passage:--
+
+         "How beautiful are thy feet in sandals, O prince's daughter!
+         Thy rounded thighs are like jewels,
+         The work of the hands of a cunning workman.
+         Thy navel is like a rounded goblet
+         Wherein no mingled wine is wanting;
+         Thy belly is like a heap of wheat
+         Set about with lilies.
+         Thy two breasts are like two fawns
+         They are twins of a roe.
+         Thy neck is like the tower of ivory;
+         Thine eyes as the pools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim;
+         Thy nose is like the tower of Lebanon
+         That looketh toward Damascus.
+         Thine head upon thee is like Carmel
+         And the hair of thine head like purple;
+         The king is held captive in the tresses thereof.
+         This thy stature is like to a palm-tree,
+         And thy breasts to clusters of grapes,
+         And the smell of thy breath like apples,
+         And thy mouth like the best wine."
+
+    And the man is thus described in the same poem:--
+
+         "My beloved is fair and ruddy,
+         The chiefest among ten thousand.
+         His head as the most fine gold,
+         His locks are bushy (or curling), and black as a raven.
+         His eyes are like doves beside the water-brooks,
+         Washed with milk and fitly set.
+         His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as banks of sweet herbs;
+         His lips are as lilies, dropping liquid myrrh.
+         His hands are as rings of gold, set with beryl;
+         His body is as ivory work, overlaid with sapphires.
+         His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold.
+         His aspect is like Lebanon, excellent as the cedars.
+         His mouth is most sweet; yea, he is altogether lovely."
+
+    "The maiden whose loveliness inspires the most impassioned
+    expressions in Arabic poetry," Lane states, "is celebrated for
+    her slender figure: She is like the cane among plants, and is
+    elegant as a twig of the oriental willow. Her face is like the
+    full moon, presenting the strongest contrast to the color of her
+    hair, which is of the deepest hue of night, and falls to the
+    middle of her back (Arab ladies are extremely fond of full and
+    long hair). A rosy blush overspreads the center of each cheek;
+    and a mole is considered an additional charm. The Arabs, indeed,
+    are particularly extravagant in their admiration of this natural
+    beauty spot, which, according to its place, is compared to a drop
+    of ambergris upon a dish of alabaster or upon the surface of a
+    ruby. The eyes of the Arab beauty are intensely black,[132]
+    large, and long, of the form of an almond: they are full of
+    brilliancy; but this is softened by long silken lashes, giving a
+    tender and languid expression that is full of enchantment and
+    scarcely to be improved by the adventitious aid of the black
+    border of kohl; for this the lovely maiden adds rather for the
+    sake of fashion than necessity, having what the Arabs term
+    natural kohl. The eyebrows are thin and arched; the forehead is
+    wide and fair as ivory; the nose straight; the mouth, small; the
+    lips of a brilliant red; and the teeth, like pearls set in coral.
+    The forms of the bosom are compared to two pomegranates; the
+    waist is slender; the hips are wide and large; the feet and
+    hands, small; the fingers, tapering, and their extremities dyed
+    with the deep orange tint imparted by the leaves of the henna."
+
+    Lane adds a more minute analysis from an unknown author quoted by
+    El-Ishákee: "Four things in a woman should be _black_--the hair
+    of the head, the eyebrows, the eyelashes, and the dark part of
+    the eyes; four _white_--the complexion of the skin, the white of
+    the eyes, the teeth, and the legs; four _red_--the tongue, the
+    lips, the middle of the cheeks, and the gums; four _round_--the
+    head, the neck, the forearms, and the ankles; four _long_--the
+    back, the fingers, the arms, and the legs; four _wide_--the
+    forehead, the eyes, the bosom, and the hips; four _fine_--the
+    eyebrows, the nose, the lips, and the fingers; four _thick_--the
+    lower part of the back, the thighs, the calves of the legs, and
+    the knees; four _small_--the ears, the breasts, the hands, and
+    the feet." (E.W. Lane, _Arabian Society in the Middle Ages_,
+    1883, pp. 214-216.)
+
+    A Persian treatise on the figurative terms relating to beauty
+    shows that the hair should be black, abundant, and wavy, the
+    eyebrows dark and arched. The eyelashes also must be dark, and
+    like arrows from the bow of the eyebrows. There is, however, no
+    insistence on the blackness of the eyes. We hear of four
+    varieties of eye: the dark-gray eye (or narcissus eye); the
+    narrow, elongated eye of Turkish beauties; the languishing, or
+    love-intoxicated, eye; and the wine-colored eye. Much stress is
+    laid on the quality of brilliancy. The face is sometimes
+    described as brown, but more especially as white and rosy. There
+    are many references to the down on the lips, which is described
+    as greenish (sometimes bluish) and compared to herbage. This down
+    and that on the cheeks and the stray hairs near the ears were
+    regarded as very great beauties. A beauty spot on the chin,
+    cheek, or elsewhere was also greatly admired, and evoked many
+    poetic comparisons. The mouth must be very small. In stature a
+    beautiful woman must be tall and erect, like the cypress or the
+    maritime pine. While the Arabs admired the rosiness of the legs
+    and thighs, the Persians insisted on white legs and compared them
+    to silver and crystal. (_Anis El-Ochchâq_, by Shereef-Eddin Romi,
+    translated by Huart, _Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes_,
+    Paris, fasc. 25, 1875.)
+
+    In the story of Kamaralzaman in the _Arabian Nights_ El-Sett
+    Budur is thus described: "Her hair is so brown that it is blacker
+    than the separation of friends. And when it is arrayed in three
+    tresses that reach to her feet I seem to see three nights at
+    once.
+
+    "Her face is as white as the day on which friends meet again. If
+    I look on it at the time of the full moon I see two moons at
+    once.
+
+    "Her cheeks are formed of an anemone divided into two corollas;
+    they have the purple tinge of wine, and her nose is straighter
+    and more delicate than the finest sword-blade.
+
+    "Her lips are colored agate and coral; her tongue secretes
+    eloquence; her saliva is more desirable than the juice of
+    grapes.
+
+    "But her bosom, blessed be the Creator, is a living seduction. It
+    bears twin breasts of the purest ivory, rounded, and that may be
+    held within the five fingers of one hand.
+
+    "Her belly has dimples full of shade and arranged with the
+    harmony of the Arabic characters on the seal of a Coptic scribe
+    in Egypt. And the belly gives origin to her finely modeled and
+    elastic waist.
+
+    "At the thought of her flanks I shudder, for thence depends a
+    mass so weighty that it obliges its owner to sit down when she
+    has risen and to rise when she lies.
+
+    "Such are her flanks, and from them descend, like white marble,
+    her glorious thighs, solid and straight, united above beneath
+    their crown. Then come the legs and the slender feet, so small
+    that I am astounded they can bear so great a weight."
+
+    An Egyptian stela in the Louvre sings the praise of a beautiful
+    woman, a queen who died about 700 B.C., as follows: "The beloved
+    before all women, the king's daughter who is sweet in love, the
+    fairest among women, a maid whose like none has seen. Blacker is
+    her hair than the darkness of night, blacker than the berries of
+    the blackberry bush (?). Harder are her teeth (?) than the flints
+    on the sickle. A wreath of flowers is each of her breasts, close
+    nestling on her arms." Wiedemann, who quotes this, adds: "During
+    the whole classic period of Egyptian history with few exceptions
+    (such, for example, as the reign of that great innovator,
+    Amenophis IV) the ideal alike for the male and the female body
+    was a slender and but slightly developed form. Under the
+    Ethiopian rule and during the Ptolemaic period in Egypt itself we
+    find, for the first time, that the goddesses are represented with
+    plump and well-developed outlines. Examination of the mummies
+    shows that the earlier ideal was based upon actual facts, and
+    that in ancient Egypt slender, sinewy forms distinguished both
+    men and women. Intermarriage with other races and harem life may
+    have combined in later times to alter the physical type, and with
+    it to change also the ideal of beauty." (A. Wiedemann, _Popular
+    Literature in Ancient Egypt_, p. 7.)
+
+    Commenting on Plato's ideas of beauty in the _Banquet_
+    Eméric-David gives references from Greek literature showing that
+    the typical Greek beautiful woman must be tall, her body supple,
+    her fingers long, her foot small and light, the eyes clear and
+    moderately large, the eyebrows slightly arched and almost
+    meeting, the nose straight and firm, nearly--but not
+    quite--aquiline, the breath sweet as honey. (Eméric-David,
+    _Recherches sur l'Art Statuaire_, new edition, 1863, p. 42.)
+
+    At the end of classic antiquity, probably in the fifth century,
+    Aristænetus in his first Epistle thus described his mistress
+    Lais: "Her cheeks are white, but mixed in imitation of the
+    splendor of the rose; her lips are thin, by a narrow space
+    separated from the cheeks, but more red; her eyebrows are black
+    and divided in the middle; the nose straight and proportioned to
+    the thin lips; the eyes large and bright, with very black pupils,
+    surrounded by the clearest white, each color more brilliant by
+    contrast. Her hair is naturally curled, and, as Homer's saying
+    is, like the hyacinth. The neck is white and proportioned to the
+    face, and though unadorned more conspicuous by its delicacy; but
+    a necklace of gems encircles it, on which her name is written in
+    jewels. She is tall and elegantly dressed in garments fitted to
+    her body and limbs. When dressed her appearance is beautiful;
+    when undressed she is all beauty. Her walk is composed and slow;
+    she looks like a cypress or a palm stirred by the wind. I cannot
+    describe how the swelling, symmetrical breasts raise the
+    constraining vest, nor how delicate and supple her limbs are. And
+    when she speaks, what sweetness in her discourse!"
+
+    Renier has studied the feminine ideal of the Provençal poets, the
+    troubadours who used the "langue d'oc." "They avoid any
+    description of the feminine type. The indications refer in great
+    part to the slender, erect, fresh appearance of the body, and to
+    the white and rosy coloring. After the person generally, the eyes
+    receive most praise; they are sweet, amorous, clear, smiling, and
+    bright. The color is never mentioned. The mouth is laughing, and
+    vermilion, and, smiling sweetly, it reveals the white teeth and
+    calls for the delights of the kiss. The face is clear and fresh,
+    the hand white and the hair constantly blonde. The troubadours
+    seldom speak of the rest of the body. Peire Vidal is an
+    exception, and his reference to the well-raised breasts may be
+    placed beside a reference by Bertran de Born. The general
+    impression conveyed by the love lyrics of the langue d'oc is one
+    of great convention. There seemed to be no salvation outside
+    certain phrases and epithets. The woman of Provence, sung by
+    hundreds of poets, seems to have been composed all of milk and
+    roses, a blonde Nuremburg doll." (R. Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico
+    della Donna nel Medioevo_, 1885, pp. 1-24.)
+
+    The conventional ideal of the troubadours is, again, thus
+    described: "She is a lady whose skin is white as milk, whiter
+    than the driven snow, of peculiar purity in whiteness. Her
+    cheeks, on which vermilion hues alone appear, are like the
+    rosebud in spring, when it has not yet opened to the full. Her
+    hair, which is nearly always bedecked and adorned with flowers,
+    is invariably of the color of flax, as soft as silk, and
+    shimmering with a sheen of the finest gold." (J.F. Rowbotham,
+    _The Troubadours and Courts of Love_, p. 228.)
+
+    In the most ancient Spanish romances, Renier remarks, the
+    definite indications of physical beauty are slight. The hair is
+    "of pure gold," or simply fair (_rudios_, which is equal to
+    _blondos_, a word of later introduction), the face white and
+    rosy, the hand soft, white, and fragrant; in one place we find a
+    reference to the uncovered breasts, whiter than crystal. But
+    usually the ancient Castilian romances do not deal with these
+    details. The poet contents himself with the statement that a lady
+    is the sweetest woman in the world, "_la mas linda mujer del
+    mundo_." (R. Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico della Donna nel Medioevo_,
+    pp. 68 et seq.)
+
+    In a detailed and well-documented thesis, Alwin Schultz describes
+    the characteristics of the beautiful woman as she appealed to the
+    German authors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. She must
+    be of medium height and slender. Her hair must be fair, like
+    gold; long, bright, and curly; a man's must only reach to his
+    shoulders. Dark hair is seldom mentioned and was not admired. The
+    parting of the hair must be white, but not too broad. The
+    forehead must be white and bright and rounded, without wrinkles.
+    The eyebrows must be darker than the hair, arched, and not too
+    broad, as though drawn with a pencil, the space between them not
+    too broad. The eyes must be bright, clear, and sparkling, not too
+    large or too small; nothing definite was said of the color, but
+    they were evidently usually blue. The nose must be of medium
+    size, straight, and not curved. The cheeks must be white, tinged
+    with red; if the red was absent by nature women used rouge. The
+    mouth must be small; the lips full and red. The teeth must be
+    small, white, and even. The chin must be white, rounded, lovable,
+    dimpled; the ears small and beautiful; the neck of medium size,
+    soft, white, and spotless; the arm small; the hands and fingers
+    long; the joints small, the nails white and bright and well cared
+    for. The bosom must be white and large; the breasts high and
+    rounded, like apples or pears, small and soft. The body generally
+    must be slender and active. The lower parts of the body are very
+    seldom mentioned, and many poets are even too modest to mention
+    the breasts. The buttocks must be rounded, one poet, indeed,
+    mentions, and the thighs soft and white, the _meinel_ (mons)
+    brown. The legs must be straight and narrow, the calves full, the
+    feet small and narrow, with high instep. The color of the skin
+    generally must be clear and of a tempered rosiness. (A. Schultz,
+    _Quid de Perfecta Corporis Humani Pulchritudine Germani Soeculi
+    XII et XIII Senserint_, 1866.) A somewhat similar, but shorter,
+    account is given by K. Weinhold (_Die Deutschen Frauen im
+    Mittelalter_, 1882, bd. 1, pp. 219 et seq.). Weinhold considers
+    that, like the French, the Germans admired the mixed eye, _vair_
+    or gray.
+
+    Adam de la Halle, the Artois _trouvère_ of the thirteenth
+    century, in a piece ("Li Jus Adan ou de la feuillie") in which he
+    brings himself forward, thus describes his mistress: "Her hair
+    had the brilliance of gold, and was twisted into rebellious
+    curls. Her forehead was very regular, white, and smooth; her
+    eyebrows, delicate and even, were two brown arches, which seemed
+    traced with a brush. Her eyes, bright and well cut, seemed to me
+    _vairs_ and full of caresses; they were large beneath, and their
+    lids like little sickles, adorned by twin folds, veiled or
+    revealed at her will her loving gaze. Between her eyes descended
+    the pipe of her nose, straight and beautiful, mobile when she was
+    gay; on either side were her rounded, white cheeks, on which
+    laughter impressed two dimples, and which one could see blushing
+    beneath her veil. Beneath the nose opened a mouth with blossoming
+    lips; this mouth, fresh and vermilion as a rose, revealed the
+    white teeth, in regular array; beneath the chin sprang the white
+    neck, descending full and round to the shoulder. The powerful
+    nape, white and without any little wandering hairs, protruded a
+    little over the dress. To her sloping shoulders were attached
+    long arms, large or slender where they so should be. What shall I
+    say of her white hands, with their long fingers, and knuckles
+    without knots, delicately ending in rosy nails attached to the
+    flesh by a clear and single line? I come to her bosom with its
+    firm breasts, but short and high pointed, revealing the valley of
+    love between them, to her round belly, her arched flanks. Her
+    hips were flat, her legs round, her calf large; she had a slender
+    ankle, a lean and arched foot. Such she was as I saw her, and
+    that which her chemise hid was not of less worth." (Houdoy, _La
+    Beauté des Femmes_, p. 125, who quotes the original of this
+    passage, considers it the ideal model of the mediæval woman.)
+
+    In the twelfth century story of _Aucassin et Nicolette_,
+    "Nicolette had fair hair, delicate and curling; her eyes were
+    gray (_vairs_) and smiling; her face admirably modeled. Her nose
+    was high and well placed; her lips small and more vermilion than
+    the cherry or the rose in summer; her teeth were small and white;
+    her firm little breasts raised her dress as would two walnuts.
+    Her figure was so slender that you could inclose it with your two
+    hands, and the flowers of the marguerite, which her toes broke as
+    she walked with naked feet, seemed black in comparison with her
+    feet and legs, so white was she."
+
+    "Her hair was divided into a double tress," says Alain of Lille
+    in the twelfth century, "which was long enough to kiss the
+    ground; the parting, white as the lily and obliquely traced,
+    separated the hair, and this want of symmetry, far from hurting
+    her face, was one of the elements of her beauty. A golden comb
+    maintained that abundant hair whose brilliance rivaled it, so
+    that the fascinated eye could scarce distinguish the gold of the
+    hair from the gold of the comb. The expanded forehead had the
+    whiteness of milk, and rivaled the lily; her bright eyebrows
+    shone like gold, not standing up in a brush, and, without being
+    too scanty, orderly arranged. The eyes, serene and brilliant in
+    their friendly light, seemed twin stars, her nostrils embalsamed
+    with the odor of honey, neither too depressed in shape nor too
+    prominent, were of distinguished form; the nard of her mouth
+    offered to the smell a treat of sweet odors, and her half-open
+    lips invited a kiss. The teeth seemed cut in ivory; her cheeks,
+    like the carnation of the rose, gently illuminated her face and
+    were tempered by the transparent whiteness of her veil. Her chin,
+    more polished than crystal, showed silver reflections, and her
+    slender neck fitly separated her head from the shoulders. The
+    firm rotundity of her breasts attested the full expansion of
+    youth; her charming arms, advancing toward you, seemed to call
+    for caresses; the regular curve of her flanks, justly
+    proportioned, completed her beauty. All the visible traits of her
+    face and form thus sufficiently told what those charms must be
+    that the bed alone knew." (The Latin text is given by Houdoy, _La
+    Beauté des Femmes du XIIe au XVIe Siècle_, p. 119. Robert de
+    Flagy's portrait of Blanchefleur in _Sarin-le-Loherain_, written
+    in same century, reveals very similar traits.)
+
+    "The young woman appeared with twenty brightly polished daggers
+    and swords," we read in the Irish _Tain Bo Cuailgne_ of the
+    Badhbh or Banshee who appeared to Meidhbh, "together with seven
+    braids for the dead, of bright gold, in her right hand; a
+    speckled garment of green ground, fastened by a bodkin at the
+    breast under her fair, ruddy countenance, enveloped her form; her
+    teeth were so new and bright that they appeared like pearls
+    artistically set in her gums; like the ripe berry of the mountain
+    ash were her lips; sweeter was her voice than the notes of the
+    gentle harp-strings when touched by the most skillful fingers,
+    and emitting the most enchanting melody; whiter than the snow of
+    one night was her skin, and beautiful to behold were her
+    garments, which reached to her well molded, bright-nailed feet;
+    copious tresses of her tendriled, glossy, golden hair hung
+    before, while others dangled behind and reached the calf of her
+    leg." (_Ossianio Transactions_, vol. ii, p. 107.)
+
+    An ancient Irish hero is thus described: "They saw a great hero
+    approaching them; fairest of the heroes of the world; larger and
+    taller than any man; bluer than ice his eye; redder than the
+    fresh rowan berries his lips; whiter than showers of pearl his
+    teeth; fairer than the snow of one night his skin; a protecting
+    shield with a golden border was upon him, two battle-lances in
+    his hands; a sword with knobs of ivory [teeth of the sea-horse],
+    and ornamented with gold, at his side; he had no other
+    accoutrements of a hero besides these; he had golden hair on his
+    head, and had a fair, ruddy countenance." (_The Banquet of Dun na
+    n-gedh_, translated by O'Donovan, _Irish Archæological Society_,
+    1842.)
+
+    The feminine ideal of the Italian poets closely resembles that of
+    those north of the Alps. Petrarch's Laura, as described in the
+    _Canzoniere_, is white as snow; her eyes, indeed, are black, but
+    the fairness of her hair is constantly emphasized; her lips are
+    rosy; her teeth white; her cheeks rosy; her breast youthful; her
+    hands white and slender. Other poets insist on the tall, white,
+    delicate body; the golden or blonde hair; the bright or starry
+    eyes (without mention of color), the brown or black arched
+    eyebrows, the straight nose, the small mouth, the thin vermilion
+    lips, the small and firm breasts. (Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico_,
+    pp. 87 et seq.)
+
+    Marie de France, a French mediæval writer of the twelfth century,
+    who spent a large part of her life in England, in the _Lai of
+    Lanval_ thus described a beautiful woman: "Her body was
+    beautiful, her hips low, the neck whiter than snow, the eyes gray
+    (_vairs_), the face white, the mouth beautiful, the nose well
+    placed, the eyebrows brown, the forehead beautiful, the head
+    curly and blonde; the gleam of gold thread was less bright than
+    her hair beneath the sun."
+
+    The traits of Boccaccio's ideal of feminine beauty, a voluptuous
+    ideal as compared with the ascetic mediæval ideal which had
+    previously prevailed, together with the characteristics of the
+    very beautiful and almost classic garments in which he arrayed
+    women, have been brought together by Hortis (_Studi sulle opere
+    Latine del Boccaccio_, 1879, pp. 70 et seq.). Boccaccio admired
+    fair and abundant wavy hair, dark and delicate eyebrows, and
+    brown or even black eyes. It was not until some centuries later,
+    as Hortis remarks, that Boccaccio's ideal woman was embodied by
+    the painter in the canvases of Titian.
+
+    The first precise description of a famous beautiful woman was
+    written by Niphus in the sixteenth century in his _De Pulchro et
+    Amore_, which is regarded as the first modern treatise on
+    æsthetics. The lady described is Joan of Aragon, the greatest
+    beauty of her time, whose portrait by Raphael (or more probably
+    Giulio Romano) is in the Louvre. Niphus, who was the philosopher
+    of the pontifical court and the friend of Leo X, thus describes
+    this princess, whom, as a physician, he had opportunities of
+    observing accurately: "She is of medium stature, straight, and
+    elegant, and possesses the grace which can only be imparted by an
+    assemblage of characteristics which are individually faultless.
+    She is neither fat nor bony, but succulent; her complexion is not
+    pale, but white tinged with rose; her long hair is golden; her
+    ears are small and in proportion with the size of her mouth. Her
+    brown eyebrows are semicircular, not too bushy, and the
+    individual hairs short. Her eyes are blue (_oæsius_), brighter
+    than stars, radiant with grace and gaiety beneath the dark-brown
+    eyelashes, which are well spaced and not too long. The nose,
+    symmetrical and of medium size, descends perpendicularly from
+    between the eyebrows. The little valley separating the nose from
+    the upper lip is divinely proportioned. The mouth, inclined to be
+    rather small, is always stirred by a sweet smile; the rather
+    thick lips are made of honey and coral. The teeth are small,
+    polished as ivory, and symmetrically ranged, and the breath has
+    the odor of the sweetest perfumes. Her voice is that of a
+    goddess. The chin is divided by a dimple; the whole face
+    approximates to a virile rotundity. The straight long neck, white
+    and full, rises gracefully from the shoulders. On the ample
+    bosom, revealing no indication of the bones, arise the rounded
+    breasts, of equal and fitting size, and exhaling the perfume of
+    the peaches they resemble. The rather plump hands, on the back
+    like snow, on the palm like ivory, are exactly the length of the
+    face; the full and rounded fingers are long and terminating in
+    round, curved nails of soft color. The chest as a whole has the
+    form of a pear, reversed, but a little compressed, and the base
+    attached to the neck in a delightfully well-proportioned manner.
+    The belly, the flanks, and the secret parts are worthy of the
+    chest; the hips are large and rounded; the thighs, the legs, and
+    the arms are in just proportion. The breadth of the shoulders is
+    also in the most perfect relation to the dimensions of the other
+    parts of the body; the feet, of medium length, terminate in
+    beautifully arranged toes." (Houdoy reproduces this passage in
+    _La Beauté des Femmes_; cf. also Stratz, _Die Schönheit des
+    Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter III.)
+
+    Gabriel de Minut, who published in 1587 a treatise of no very
+    great importance, _De la Beauté_, also wrote under the title of
+    _La Paulegraphie_ a very elaborate description, covering sixty
+    pages, of Paule de Viguier, a Gascon lady of good family and
+    virtuous life living at Toulouse. Minut was her devoted admirer
+    and addressed an affectionate poem to her just before his death.
+    She was seventy years of age when he wrote the elaborate account
+    of her beauty. She had blue eyes and fair hair, though belonging
+    to one of the darkest parts of France.
+
+    Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, bd. 1, sec. 3) have independently
+    brought together a number of passages from the writers of many
+    countries describing their ideals of beauty. On this collection I
+    have not drawn.
+
+When we survey broadly the ideals of feminine beauty set down by the
+peoples of many lands, it is interesting to note that they all contain
+many features which appeal to the æsthetic taste of the modern European,
+and many of them, indeed, contain no features which obviously clash with
+his canons of taste. It may even be said that the ideals of some savages
+affect us more sympathetically than some of the ideals of our own mediæval
+ancestors. As a matter of fact, European travelers in all parts of the
+world have met with women who were gracious and pleasant to look on, and
+not seldom even in the strict sense beautiful, from the standpoint of
+European standards. Such individuals have been found even among those
+races with the greatest notoriety for ugliness.
+
+    Even among so primitive and remote a people as the Australians
+    beauty in the European sense is sometimes found. "I have on two
+    occasions," Lumholtz states, "seen what might be called beauties
+    among the women of western Queensland. Their hands were small,
+    their feet neat and well shaped, with so high an instep that one
+    asked oneself involuntarily where in the world they had acquired
+    this aristocratic mark of beauty. Their figure was above
+    criticism, and their skin, as is usually the case among the young
+    women, was as soft as velvet. When these black daughters of Eve
+    smiled and showed their beautiful white teeth, and when their
+    eyes peeped coquettishly from beneath the curly hair which hung
+    in quite the modern fashion down their foreheads," Lumholtz
+    realized that even here women could exert the influence ascribed
+    by Goethe to women generally. (C. Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_, p.
+    132.) Much has, again, been written about the beauty of the
+    American Indians. See, e.g., an article by Dr. Shufeldt, "Beauty
+    from an Indian's Point of View," _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, April,
+    1895. Among the Seminole Indians, especially, it is said that
+    types of handsome and comely women are not uncommon. (_Clay_
+    MacCauley, "Seminole Indians of Florida," _Fifth Annual Report of
+    the Bureau of Ethnology_, 1883-1884, pp. 493 et seq.)
+
+    There is much even in the negress which appeals to the European
+    as beautiful. "I have met many negresses," remarks Castellani
+    (_Les Femmes au Congo_, p. 2), "who could say proudly in the
+    words of the Song of Songs, 'I am black, but comely.' Many of our
+    peasant women have neither the same grace nor the same delicate
+    skin as some natives of Cassai or Songha. As to color, I have
+    seen on the African continent creatures of pale gold or even red
+    copper whose fine and satiny skin rivals the most delicate white
+    skins; one may, indeed, find beauties among women of the darkest
+    ebony." He adds that, on the whole, there is no comparison with
+    white women, and that the negress soon becomes hideous.
+
+    The very numerous quotations from travelers concerning the women
+    of all lands quoted by Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, seventh
+    edition, bd. i, pp. 88-106) amply suffice to show how frequently
+    some degree of beauty is found even among the lowest human races.
+    Cf., also, Mantegazza's survey of the women of different races
+    from this point of view, _Fisiologia della Donna_, Cap. IV.
+
+The fact that the modern European, whose culture may be supposed to have
+made him especially sensitive to æsthetic beauty, is yet able to find
+beauty among even the women of savage races serves to illustrate the
+statement already made that, whatever modifying influences may have to be
+admitted, beauty is to a large extent an objective matter. The existence
+of this objective element in beauty is confirmed by the fact that it is
+sometimes found that the men of the lower races admire European women more
+than women of their own race. There is reason to believe that it is among
+the more intelligent men of lower race--that is to say those whose
+æsthetic feelings are more developed--that the admiration for white women
+is most likely to be found.
+
+    "Mr. Winwood Reade," stated Darwin, "who has had ample
+    opportunities for observation, not only with the negroes of the
+    West Coast of Africa, but with those of the interior who have
+    never associated with Europeans, is convinced that their ideas of
+    beauty are, _on the whole_, the same as ours; and Dr. Rohlfs
+    writes to me to the same effect with respect to Bornu and the
+    countries inhabited by the Pullo tribes. Mr. Reade found that he
+    agreed with the negroes in their estimation of the beauty of the
+    native girls; and that their appreciation of the beauty of
+    European women corresponded with ours.... The Fuegians, as I have
+    been informed by a missionary who long resided with them,
+    considered European women as extremely beautiful ... I should add
+    that a most experienced observer, Captain [Sir R.] Burton,
+    believes that a woman whom we consider beautiful is admired
+    throughout the world." (Darwin, _Descent of Man_, Chapter XIX.)
+
+    Mantegazza quotes a conversation between a South American chief
+    and an Argentine who had asked him which he preferred, the women
+    of his own people or Christian women; the chief replied that he
+    admired Christian women most, and when asked the reason said that
+    they were whiter and taller, had finer hair and smoother skin.
+    (Mantegazza, _Fisiologia della Donna_, Appendix to Cap. VIII.)
+
+    Nordenskjöld, as quoted by Ploss and Bartels, states that the
+    Eskimo regard their own type as more ugly than that produced by
+    crossing with white persons, and, according to Kropf, the Nosa
+    Kaffers admire and seek the fairer half-castes in preference to
+    their own women of pure race (Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_,
+    seventh edition, bd. 1, p. 78). There is a widespread admiration
+    for fairness, it may be added, among dark peoples. Fair men are
+    admired by the Papuans at Torres Straits (_Reports of the
+    Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. v, p. 327). The
+    common use of powder among the women of dark-skinned peoples
+    bears witness to the existence of the same ideal.
+
+    Stratz, in his books _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_ and
+    _Die Rassenschönheit des Weibes_, argues that the ideal of beauty
+    is fundamentally the same throughout the world, and that the
+    finest persons among the lower races admire and struggle to
+    attain the type which is found commonly and in perfection among
+    the white peoples of Europe. When in Japan he found that among
+    the numerous photographs of Japanese beauties everywhere to be
+    seen, his dragoman, a Japanese of low birth, selected as the most
+    beautiful those which displayed markedly the Japanese type with
+    narrow-slitted eyes and broad nose. When he sought the opinion of
+    a Japanese photographer, who called himself an artist and had
+    some claim to be so considered, the latter selected as most
+    beautiful three Japanese girls who in Europe also would have been
+    considered pretty. In Java, also, when selecting from a large
+    number of Javanese girls a few suitable for photographing, Stratz
+    was surprised to find that a Javanese doctor pointed out as most
+    beautiful those which most closely corresponded to the European
+    type. (Stratz, _Die Rassenschönheit des Weibes_, fourth edition,
+    1903, p. 3; id., _Die Körperformen der Japaner_, 1904, p. 78.)
+
+    Stratz reproduces (Rassenschönheit, pp. 36 et seq.) a
+    representation of Kwan-yin, the Chinese goddess of divine love,
+    and quotes some remarks of Borel's concerning the wide deviation
+    of the representations of the goddess, a type of gracious beauty,
+    from the Chinese racial type. Stratz further reproduces the
+    figure of a Buddhistic goddess from Java (now in the
+    Archæological Museum of Leyden) which represents a type of
+    loveliness corresponding to the most refined and classic European
+    ideal.
+
+Not only is there a fundamentally objective element in beauty throughout
+the human species, but it is probably a significant fact that we may find
+a similar element throughout the whole animated world. The things that to
+man are most beautiful throughout Nature are those that are intimately
+associated with, or dependent upon, the sexual process and the sexual
+instinct. This is the case in the plant world. It is so throughout most of
+the animal world, and, as Professor Poulton, in referring to this often
+unexplained and indeed unnoticed fact, remarks, "the song or plume which
+excites the mating impulse in the hen is also in a high proportion of
+cases most pleasing to man himself. And not only this, but in their past
+history, so far as it has been traced (e.g., in the development of the
+characteristic markings of the male peacock and argus pheasant), such
+features have gradually become more and more pleasing to us as they have
+acted as stronger and stronger stimuli to the hen."[133]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[131] "It is likely that all visible parts of the organism, even those
+with a definite physiological meaning, appeal to the æsthetic sense of the
+opposite sex," Poulton remarks, speaking primarily of insects, in words
+that apply still more accurately to the human species. E. Poulton, _The
+Colors of Animals_, 1890, p. 304.
+
+[132] "The Arabs in general," Lane remarks, "entertain a prejudice against
+blue eyes--a prejudice said to have arisen from the great number of
+blue-eyed persons among certain of their northern enemies."
+
+[133] _Nature_, April 14, 1898, p. 55.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters--The Sexual Organs--Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments--Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such
+Devices--The Religious Element--Unæsthetic Character of the Sexual
+Organs--Importance of the Secondary Sexual Characters--The Pelvis and
+Hips--Steatopygia--Obesity--Gait--The Pregnant Woman as a Mediæval Type of
+Beauty--The Ideals of the Renaissance--The Breasts--The Corset--Its
+Object--Its History--Hair--The Beard--The Element of National or Racial
+Type in Beauty--The Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes--The General
+European Admiration for Blondes--The Individual Factors in the
+Constitution of the Idea of Beauty--The Love of the Exotic.
+
+
+In the constitution of our ideals of masculine and feminine beauty it was
+inevitable that the sexual characters should from a very early period in
+the history of man form an important element. From a primitive point of
+view a sexually desirable and attractive person is one whose sexual
+characters are either naturally prominent or artificially rendered so. The
+beautiful woman is one endowed, as Chaucer expresses it,
+
+    "With buttokes brode and brestës rounde and hye";
+
+that is to say, she is the woman obviously best fitted to bear children
+and to suckle them. These two physical characters, indeed, since they
+represent aptitude for the two essential acts of motherhood, must
+necessarily tend to be regarded as beautiful among all peoples and in all
+stages of culture, even in high stages of civilization when more refined
+and perverse ideals tend to find favor, and at Pompeii as a decoration on
+the east side of the Purgatorium of the Temple of Isis we find a
+representation of Perseus rescuing Andromeda, who is shown as a woman with
+a very small head, small hands and feet, but with a fully developed body,
+large breasts, and large projecting nates.[134]
+
+To a certain extent--and, as we shall see, to a certain extent only--the
+primary sexual characters are objects of admiration among primitive
+peoples. In the primitive dances of many peoples, often of sexual
+significance, the display of the sexual organs on the part of both men and
+women is frequently a prominent feature. Even down to mediæval times in
+Europe the garments of men sometimes permitted the sexual organs to be
+visible. In some parts of the world, also, the artificial enlargement of
+the female sexual organs is practised, and thus enlarged they are
+considered an important and attractive feature of beauty.
+
+    Sir Andrew Smith informed Darwin that the elongated nymphæ (or
+    "Hottentot apron") found among the women of some South African
+    tribes was formerly greatly admired by the men (_Descent of Man_,
+    Chapter XIX). This formation is probably a natural peculiarity of
+    the women of these races which is very much exaggerated by
+    intentional manipulation due to the admiration it arouses. The
+    missionary Merensky reported the prevalence of the practice of
+    artificial elongation among the Basuto and other peoples, and the
+    anatomical evidence is in favor of its partly artificial
+    character. (The Hottentot apron is fully discussed by Ploss and
+    Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. I, sec. vi.)
+
+    In the Jaboo country on the Bight of Benin in West Africa,
+    Daniell stated, it was considered ornamental to elongate the
+    labia and the clitoris artificially; small weights were appended
+    to the clitoris and gradually increased. (W.F. Daniell,
+    _Topography of Gulf of Guinea_, 1849, pp. 24, 53.)
+
+    Among the Bawenda of the northern Transvaal, the missionary
+    Wessmann states, it is customary for young girls from the age of
+    8 to spend a certain amount of time every day in pulling the
+    _labia majora_ in order to elongate them; in selecting a wife the
+    young men attach much importance to this elongation, and the girl
+    whose labia stand out most is most attractive. (_Zeitschrift für
+    Ethnologie_, 1894, ht. 4, p. 363.)
+
+    It may be added that in various parts of the world mutilations of
+    the sexual organs of men and women, or operations upon them, are
+    practiced, for reasons which are imperfectly known, since it
+    usually happens that the people who practice them are unable to
+    give the reason for this practice, or they assign a reason which
+    is manifestly not that which originally prompted the practice.
+    Thus, the excision of the clitoris, practiced in many parts of
+    East Africa and frequently supposed to be for the sake of dulling
+    sexual feeling (J.S. King _Journal of the Anthropological
+    Society_, Bombay, 1890, p. 2), seems very doubtfully accounted
+    for thus, for the women have it done of their own accord; "all
+    Sobo women [Niger coast] have their clitoris cut off; unless they
+    have this done they are looked down upon, as slave women who do
+    not get cut; as soon, therefore, as a Sobo woman has collected
+    enough money, she goes to an operating woman and pays her to do
+    the cutting." (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August-November, 1898, p. 117.) The Comte de Cardi investigated
+    this matter in the Niger Delta: "I have questioned both native
+    men and women," he states, "to try and get the natives' reason
+    for this rite, but the almost universal answer to my queries was,
+    'it is our country's fashion.'" One old man told him it was
+    practiced because favorable to continence, and several old women
+    said that once the women of the land used to suffer from a
+    peculiar kind of madness which this rite reduced. (_Journal of
+    the Anthropological Institute_, August-November, 1899, p. 59.) In
+    the same way the subincision of the urethra (mika operation of
+    Australia) is frequently supposed to be for the purpose of
+    preventing conception (See, e.g., the description of the
+    operation by J.G. Garson, _Medical Press_, February 21, 1894),
+    but this is very doubtful, and E.C. Stirling found that
+    subincised natives often had large families. (_Intercolonial
+    Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery_, 1894.)
+
+    A passage in the _Mainz Chronicle_ for 1367 (as quoted by
+    Schultz, _Das Höfische Leben_, p. 297) shows that at that time
+    the tunics of the men were so made that it was always possible
+    for the sexual organs to be seen in walking or sitting.
+
+This insistence on the naked sexual organs as objects of attraction is,
+however, comparatively rare, and confined to peoples in a low state of
+culture. Very much more widespread is the attempt to beautify and call
+attention to the sexual organs by tattooing,[135] by adornment and by
+striking peculiarities of clothing. The tendency for beauty of clothing to
+be accepted as a substitute for beauty of body appears early in the
+history of mankind, and, as we know, tends to be absolutely accepted in
+civilization.[136] "We exclaim," as Goethe remarks, "'What a beautiful
+little foot!' when we have merely seen a pretty shoe; we admire the lovely
+waist when nothing has met out eyes but an elegant girdle." Our realities
+and our traditional ideals are hopelessly at variance; the Greeks
+represented their statues without pubic hair because in real life they had
+adopted the oriental custom of removing the hairs; we compel our sculptors
+and painters to make similar representations, though they no longer
+correspond either to realities or to our own ideas of what is beautiful
+and fitting in real life. Our artists are themselves equally ignorant and
+confused, and, as Stratz has repeatedly shown, they constantly reproduce
+in all innocence the deformations and pathological characters of defective
+models. If we were honest, we should say--like the little boy before a
+picture of the Judgment of Paris, in answer to his mother's question as to
+which of the three goddesses he thought most beautiful--"I can't tell,
+because they haven't their clothes on."
+
+The concealment actually attained was not, however, it would appear,
+originally sought. Various authors have brought together evidence to show
+that the main primitive purpose of adornment and clothing among savages is
+not to conceal the body, but to draw attention to it and to render it more
+attractive. Westermarck, especially, brings forward numerous examples of
+savage adornments which serve to attract attention to the sexual regions
+of man and woman.[137] He further argues that the primitive object of
+various savage peoples in practicing circumcision, as other similar
+mutilations, is really to secure sexual attractiveness, whatever religious
+significance they may sometimes have developed subsequently. A more recent
+view represents the magical influence of both adornment and mutilation as
+primary, as a method of guarding and insulating dangerous bodily
+functions. Frazer, in _The Golden Bough_, is the most able and brilliant
+champion of this view, which undoubtedly embodies a large element of
+truth, although it must not be accepted to the absolute exclusion of the
+influence of sexual attractiveness. The two are largely woven in
+together.[138]
+
+There is, indeed, a general tendency for the sexual functions to take on a
+religious character and for the sexual organs to become sacred at a very
+early period in culture. Generation, the reproductive force in man,
+animals, and plants, was realized by primitive man to be a fact of the
+first magnitude, and he symbolized it in the sexual organs of man and
+woman, which thus attained to a solemnity which was entirely independent
+of purposes of sexual allurement. Phallus worship may almost be said to be
+a universal phenomenon; it is found even among races of high culture,
+among the Romans of the Empire and the Japanese to-day; it has, indeed,
+been thought by some that one of the origins of the cross is to be found
+in the phallus.
+
+    "Hardly any other object," remarks Dr. Richard Andree, "has been
+    with such great unanimity represented by nearly all peoples as
+    the phallus, the symbol of procreative force in the religions of
+    the East and an object of veneration at public festivals. In the
+    Moabitic Baal Peor, in the cult of Dionysos, everywhere, indeed,
+    except in Persia, we meet with Priapic representations and the
+    veneration accorded to the generative organ. It is needless to
+    refer to the great significance of the _Linga puja_, the
+    procreative organ of the god Siva, in India, a god to whom more
+    temples were erected than to any other Indian deity. Our museums
+    amply show how common phallic representations are in Africa, East
+    Asia, the Pacific, frequently in connection with religious
+    worship." (R. Andree, "Amerikansche Phallus-Darstellungen,"
+    _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1895, ht. 6, p. 678.)
+
+    Women have no external generative organ like the phallus to play
+    a large part in life as a sacred symbol. There is, however, some
+    reason to believe that the triangle is to some extent such a
+    symbol. Lejeune ("La Representation Sexuelle en Religion, Art, et
+    Pédagogie," _Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_, Paris,
+    October 3, 1901) brings forward reasons in favor of the view that
+    the triangular hair-covered region of the mons veneris has had
+    considerable significance in this respect, and he presents
+    various primitive figures in illustration.
+
+Apart from the religions and magical properties so widely accorded to the
+primary sexual characters, there are other reasons why they should not
+often have gained or long retained any great importance as objects of
+sexual allurement. They are unnecessary and inconvenient for this purpose.
+The erect attitude of man gives them here, indeed, an advantage possessed
+by very few animals, among whom it happens with extreme rarity that the
+primary sexual characters are rendered attractive to the eye of the
+opposite sex, though they often are to the sense of smell. The sexual
+regions constitute a peculiarly vulnerable spot, and remain so even in
+man, and the need for their protection which thus exists conflicts with
+the prominent display required for a sexual allurement. This end is far
+more effectively attained, with greater advantage and less disadvantage,
+by concentrating the chief ensigns of sexual attractiveness on the upper
+and more conspicuous parts of the body. This method is well-nigh universal
+among animals as well as in man.
+
+There is another reason why the sexual organs should be discarded as
+objects of sexual allurement, a reason which always proves finally
+decisive as a people advances in culture. They are not æsthetically
+beautiful. It is fundamentally necessary that the intromittent organ of
+the male and the receptive canal of the female should retain their
+primitive characteristics; they cannot, therefore, be greatly modified by
+sexual or natural selection, and the exceedingly primitive character they
+are thus compelled to retain, however sexually desirable and attractive
+they may become to the opposite sex under the influence of emotion, can
+rarely be regarded as beautiful from the point of view of æsthetic
+contemplation. Under the influence of art there is a tendency for the
+sexual organs to be diminished in size, and in no civilized country has
+the artist ever chosen to give an erect organ to his representations of
+ideal masculine beauty. It is mainly because the unæsthetic character of a
+woman's sexual region is almost imperceptible in any ordinary and normal
+position of the nude body that the feminine form is a more æsthetically
+beautiful object of contemplation than the masculine. Apart from this
+character we are probably bound, from a strictly æsthetic point of view,
+to regard the male form as more æsthetically beautiful.[139] The female
+form, moreover, usually overpasses very swiftly the period of the climax
+of its beauty, often only retaining it during a few weeks.
+
+    The following communication from a correspondent well brings out
+    the divergences of feeling in this matter:
+
+    "You write that the sex organs, in an excited condition, cannot
+    be called æsthetic. But I believe that they are a source, not
+    only of curiosity and wonder to many persons, but also objects of
+    admiration. I happen to know of one man, extremely intellectual
+    and refined, who delights in lying between his mistress's thighs
+    and gazing long at the dilated vagina. Also another man, married,
+    and not intellectual, who always tenderly gazes at his wife's
+    organs, in a strong light, before intercourse, and kisses her
+    there and upon the abdomen. The wife, though amative, confessed
+    to another woman that she could not understand the attraction. On
+    the other hand, two married men have told me that the sight of
+    their wives' genital parts would disgust them, and that they have
+    never seen them.
+
+    "If the sexual parts cannot be called æsthetic, they have still a
+    strong charm for many passionate lovers, of both sexes, though
+    not often, I believe, among the unimaginative and the uneducated,
+    who are apt to ridicule the organs or to be repelled by them.
+    Many women confess that they are revolted by the sight of even a
+    husband's complete nudity, though they have no indifference for
+    sexual embraces. I think that the stupid bungle of Nature in
+    making the generative organs serve as means of relieving the
+    bladder has much to do with this revulsion. But some women of
+    erotic temperament find pleasure in looking at the penis of a
+    husband or lover, in handling it, and kissing it. Prostitutes do
+    this in the way of business; some chaste, passionate wives act
+    thus voluntarily. This is scarcely morbid, as the mammalia of
+    most species smell and lick each others' genitals. Probably
+    primitive man did the same."
+
+    Brantôme (_Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II) has some remarks
+    to much the same effect concerning the difference between men,
+    some of whom take no pleasure in seeing the private parts of
+    their wives or mistresses, while others admire them and delight
+    to kiss them.
+
+    I must add that, however natural or legitimate the attraction of
+    the sexual parts may be to either sex, the question of their
+    purely æsthetic beauty remains unaffected.
+
+    Remy de Gourmont, in a discussion of the æsthetic element in
+    sexual beauty, considers that the invisibility of the sexual
+    organs is the decisive fact in rendering women more beautiful
+    than men. "Sex, which is sometimes an advantage, is always a
+    burden and always a flaw; it exists for the race and not for the
+    individual. In the human male, and precisely because of his erect
+    attitude, sex is the predominantly striking and visible fact, the
+    point of attack in a struggle at close quarters, the point aimed
+    at from a distance, an obstacle for the eye, whether regarded as
+    a rugosity on the surface or as breaking the middle of a line.
+    The harmony of the feminine body is thus geometrically much more
+    perfect, especially when we consider the male and the female at
+    the moment of desire when they present the most intense and
+    natural expression of life. Then the woman, whose movements are
+    all interior, or only visible by the undulation of her curves,
+    preserves her full æsthetic value, while the man, as it were, all
+    at once receding toward the primitive state of animality, seems
+    to throw off all beauty and become reduced to the simple and
+    naked condition of a genital organism." (Remy de Gourmont,
+    _Physique de l'Amour_, p. 69.) Remy de Gourmont proceeds,
+    however, to point out that man has his revenge after a woman has
+    become pregnant, and that, moreover, the proportions of the
+    masculine body are more beautiful than those of the feminine
+    body.
+
+The primary sexual characters of man and woman have thus never at any time
+played a very large part in sexual allurement. With the growth of culture,
+indeed, the very methods which had been adopted to call attention to the
+sexual organs were by a further development retained for the purpose of
+concealing them. From the first the secondary sexual characters have been
+a far more widespread method of sexual allurement than the primary sexual
+characters, and in the most civilized countries to-day they still
+constitute the most attractive of such methods to the majority of the
+population.
+
+    The main secondary sexual characters in woman and the type which
+    they present in beautiful and well-developed persons are
+    summarized as follows by Stratz, who in his book on the beauty of
+    the body in woman sets forth the reasons for the characteristics
+    here  given:--
+
+        Delicate bony structure.
+        Rounded forms and breasts.
+        Broad pelvis.
+        Long and abundant hair.
+        Low and narrow boundary of pubic hair.
+        Sparse hair in armpit.
+        No hair on body.
+        Delicate skin.
+        Rounded skull.
+        Small face.
+        Large orbits.
+        High and slender eyebrows.
+        Low and small lower jaw.
+        Soft transition from cheek to neck.
+        Rounded neck.
+        Slender wrist.
+        Small hand, with long index finger.
+        Rounded shoulders.
+        Straight, small clavicle.
+        Small and long thorax.
+        Slender waist.
+        Hollow sacrum.
+        Prominent and domed nates.
+        Sacral dimples.
+        Rounded and thick thighs.
+        Low and obtuse pubic arch.
+        Soft contour of knee.
+        Rounded calves.
+        Slender ankle.
+        Small toes.
+        Long second and short fifth toe.
+        Broad middle incisor teeth.
+
+    (Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, fourteenth
+    edition, 1903, p. 200. This statement agrees at most points with
+    my own exposition of the secondary sexual characters: _Man and
+    Woman_, fourth edition, revised and enlarged, 1904.)
+
+Thus we find, among most of the peoples of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the
+chief continents of the world, that the large hips and buttocks of women
+are commonly regarded as an important feature of beauty. This secondary
+sexual character represents the most decided structural deviation of the
+feminine type from the masculine, a deviation demanded by the reproductive
+function of women, and in the admiration it arouses sexual selection is
+thus working in a line with natural selection. It cannot be said that,
+except in a very moderate degree, it has always been regarded as at the
+same time in a line with claims of purely æsthetic beauty. The European
+artist frequently seeks to attenuate rather than accentuate the
+protuberant lines of the feminine hips, and it is noteworthy that the
+Japanese also regard small hips as beautiful. Nearly everywhere else
+large hips and buttocks are regarded as a mark of beauty, and the average
+man is of this opinion even in the most æsthetic countries. The contrast
+of this exuberance with the more closely knit male form, the force of
+association, and the unquestionable fact that such development is the
+condition needed for healthy motherhood, have served as a basis for an
+ideal of sexual attractiveness which appeals to nearly all people more
+strongly than a more narrowly æsthetic ideal, which must inevitably be
+somewhat hermaphroditic in character.
+
+Broad hips, which involve a large pelvis, are necessarily a characteristic
+of the highest human races, because the races with the largest heads must
+be endowed also with the largest pelvis to enable their large heads to
+enter the world. The white race, according to Bacarisse, has the broadest
+sacrum, the yellow race coming next, the black race last. The white race
+is also stated to show the greatest curvature of the sacrum, the yellow
+race next, while the black race has the flattest sacrum.[140] The black
+race thus possesses the least developed pelvis, the narrowest, and the
+flattest. It is certainly not an accidental coincidence that it is
+precisely among people of black race that we find a simulation of the
+large pelvis of the higher races admired and cultivated in the form of
+steatopygia. This is an enormously exaggerated development of the
+subcutaneous layer of fat which normally covers the buttocks and upper
+parts of the thighs in woman, and in this extreme form constitutes a kind
+of natural fatty tumor. Steatopygia cannot be said to exist, according to
+Deniker, unless the projection of the buttocks exceeds 4 per cent of the
+individual's height; it frequently equals 10 per cent. True steatopygia
+only exists among Bushman and Hottentot women, and among the peoples who
+are by blood connected with them. An unusual development of the buttocks
+is, however, found among the Woloffs and many other African peoples.[141]
+There can be no doubt that among the black peoples of Africa generally,
+whether true steatopygia exists among them or not, extreme gluteal
+development is regarded as a very important, if not the most important,
+mark of beauty, and Burton stated that a Somali man was supposed to choose
+his wife by ranging women in a row and selecting her who projected
+farthest _a tergo_.[142] In Europe, it must be added, clothing enables
+this feature of beauty to be simulated. Even by some African peoples the
+posterior development has been made to appear still larger by the use of
+cushions, and in England in the sixteenth century we find the same
+practice well recognized, and the Elizabethan dramatists refer to the
+"bum-roll," which in more recent times has become the bustle, devices
+which bear witness to what Watts, the painter, called "the persistent
+tendency to suggest that the most beautiful half of humanity is furnished
+with tails."[143] In reality, as we see, it is simply a tendency, not to
+simulate an animal character, but to emphasize the most human and the most
+feminine of the secondary sexual characters, and therefore, from the
+sexual point of view, a beautiful feature.[144]
+
+Sometimes admiration for this characteristic is associated with admiration
+for marked obesity generally, and it may be noted that a somewhat greater
+degree of fatness may also be regarded as a feminine secondary sexual
+character. This admiration is specially marked among several of the black
+peoples of Africa, and here to become a beauty a woman must, by drinking
+enormous quantities of milk, seek to become very fat. Sonnini noted that
+to some extent the same thing might be found among the Mohammedan women of
+Egypt. After bright eyes and a soft, polished, hairless skin, an Egyptian
+woman, he stated, most desired to obtain _embonpoint_; men admired fat
+women and women sought to become fat. "The idea of a very fat woman,"
+Sonnini adds, "is nearly always accompanied in Europe by that of softness
+of flesh, effacement of form, and defect of elasticity in the outlines. It
+would be a mistake thus to represent the women of Turkey in general, where
+all seek to become fat. It is certain that the women of the East, more
+favored by Nature, preserve longer than others the firmness of the flesh,
+and this precious property, joined to the freshness and whiteness of their
+skin, renders them very agreeable. It must be added that in no part of the
+world is cleanliness carried so far as by the women of the East."[145]
+
+The special characteristics of the feminine hips and buttocks become
+conspicuous in walking and may be further emphasized by the special method
+of walking or carriage. The women of some southern countries are famous
+for the beauty of their way of walk; "the goddess is revealed by her
+walk," as Virgil said. In Spain, especially, among European countries, the
+walk very notably gives expression to the hips and buttocks. The spine is
+in Spain very curved, producing what is termed _ensellure_, or
+saddle-back--a characteristic which gives great flexibility to the back
+and prominence to the gluteal regions, sometimes slightly simulating
+steatopygia. The vibratory movement naturally produced by walking and
+sometimes artificially heightened thus becomes a trait of sexual beauty.
+Outside of Europe such vibration of the flanks and buttocks is more
+frankly displayed and cultivated as a sexual allurement. The Papuans are
+said to admire this vibratory movement of the buttocks in their women.
+Young girls are practiced in it by their mothers for hours at a time as
+soon as they have reached the age of 7 or 8, and the Papuan maiden walks
+thus whenever she is in the presence of men, subsiding into a simpler gait
+when no men are present. In some parts of tropical Africa the women walk
+in this fashion. It is also known to the Egyptians, and by the Arabs is
+called _ghung_.[146] As Mantegazza remarks, the essentially feminine
+character of this gait makes it a method of sexual allurement. It should
+be observed that it rests on feminine anatomical characteristics, and that
+the natural walk of a femininely developed woman is inevitably different
+from that of a man.
+
+    In an elaborate discussion of beauty of movement Stratz
+    summarizes the special characters of the gait in woman as
+    follows: "A woman's walk is chiefly distinguished from a man's by
+    shorter steps, the more marked forward movement of the hips, the
+    greater length of the phase of rest in relation to the phase of
+    motion, and by the fact that the compensatory movements of the
+    upper parts of the body are less powerfully supported by the
+    action of the arms and more by the revolution of the flanks. A
+    man's walk has a more pushing and active character, a woman's a
+    more rolling and passive character; while a man seems to seek to
+    catch his fleeing equilibrium, a woman seems to seek to preserve
+    the equilibrium she has reached.... A woman's walk is beautiful
+    when it shows the definitely feminine and rolling character, with
+    the greatest predominance of the moment of extension over that of
+    flexion." (Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_,
+    fourteenth edition, p. 275.)
+
+An occasional development of the idea of sexual beauty as associated with
+developed hips is found in the tendency to regard the pregnant woman as
+the most beautiful type. Stratz observes that a woman artist once remarked
+to him that since motherhood is the final aim of woman, and a woman
+reaches her full flowering period in pregnancy, she ought to be most
+beautiful when pregnant. This is so, Stratz replied, if the period of her
+full physical bloom chances to correspond with the early months of
+pregnancy, for with the onset of pregnancy metabolism is heightened, the
+tissues become active, the tone of the skin softer and brighter, the
+breasts firmer, so that the charm of fullest bloom is increased until the
+moment when the expansion of the womb begins to destroy the harmony of the
+form. At one period of European culture, however,--at a moment and among a
+people not very sensitive to the most exquisite æsthetic sensations,--the
+ideal of beauty has even involved the character of advanced pregnancy. In
+northern Europe during the centuries immediately preceding the Renaissance
+the ideal of beauty, as we may see by the pictures of the time, was a
+pregnant woman, with protuberant abdomen and body more or less extended
+backward. This is notably apparent in the work of the Van Eycks: in the
+Eve in the Brussels Gallery; in the wife of Arnolfini in the highly
+finished portrait group in the National Gallery; even the virgins in the
+great masterpiece of the Van Eycks in the Cathedral at Ghent assume the
+type of the pregnant woman.
+
+    "Through all the middle ages down to Dürer and Cranach," quite
+    truly remarks Laura Marholm (as quoted by I. Bloch, _Beiträge zur
+    Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 154), "we find a
+    very peculiar type which has falsely been regarded as one of
+    merely ascetic character. It represents quiet, peaceful, and
+    cheerful faces, full of innocence; tall, slender, young figures;
+    the shoulders still scanty; the breasts small, with slender legs
+    beneath their garments; and round the upper part of the body
+    clothing that is tight almost to the point of constriction. The
+    waist comes just under the bosom, and from this point the broad
+    skirts in folds give to the most feminine part of the feminine
+    body full and absolutely unhampered power of movement and
+    expansion. The womanly belly even in saints and virgins is very
+    pronounced in the carriage of the body and clearly protuberant
+    beneath the clothing. It is the maternal function, in sacred and
+    profane figures alike, which marks the whole type--indeed, the
+    whole conception--of woman." For a brief period this fashion
+    reappeared in the eighteenth century, and women wore pads and
+    other devices to increase the size of the abdomen.
+
+With the Renaissance this ideal of beauty disappeared from art. But in
+real life we still seem to trace its survival in the fashion for that
+class of garments which involved an immense amount of expansion below the
+waist and secured such expansion by the use of whalebone hoops and similar
+devices. The Elizabethan farthingale was such a garment. This was
+originally a Spanish invention, as indicated by the name (from
+_verdugardo_, provided with hoops), and reached England through France. We
+find the fashion at its most extreme point in the fashionable dress of
+Spain in the seventeenth century, such as it has been immortalized by
+Velasquez. In England hoops died out during the reign of George III but
+were revived for a time, half a century later, in the Victorian
+crinoline.[147]
+
+Only second to the pelvis and its integuments as a secondary sexual
+character in woman we must place the breasts.[148] Among barbarous and
+civilized peoples the beauty of the breast is usually highly esteemed.
+Among Europeans, indeed, the importance of this region is so highly
+esteemed that the general rule against the exposure of the body is in its
+favor abrogated, and the breasts are the only portion of the body, in the
+narrow sense, which a European lady in full dress is allowed more or less
+to uncover. Moreover, at various periods and notably in the eighteenth
+century, women naturally deficient in this respect have sometimes worn
+artificial busts made of wax. Savages, also, sometimes show admiration for
+this part of the body, and in the Papuan folk-tales, for instance, the
+sole distinguishing mark of a beautiful woman is breasts that stand
+up.[149] On the other hand, various savage peoples even appear to regard
+the development of the breasts as ugly and adopt devices for flattening
+this part of the body.[150] The feeling that prompts this practice is not
+unknown in modern Europe, for the Bulgarians are said to regard developed
+breasts as ugly; in mediæval Europe, indeed, the general ideal of feminine
+slenderness was opposed to developed breasts, and the garments tended to
+compress them. But in a very high degree of civilization this feeling is
+unknown, as, indeed, it is unknown to most barbarians, and the beauty of a
+woman's breasts, and of any natural or artificial object which suggests
+the gracious curves of the bosom, is a universal source of pleasure.
+
+    The casual vision of a girl's breasts may, in the chastest youth,
+    evoke a strange perturbation. (Cf., e.g., a passage in an early
+    chapter of Marcelle Tinayre's _La Maison du Péché_.) We need not
+    regard this feeling as of purely sexual origin; and in addition
+    even to the æsthetic element it is probably founded to some
+    extent on a reminiscence of the earliest associations of life.
+    This element of early association was very well set forth long
+    ago by Erasmus Darwin:--
+
+    "When the babe, soon after it is born into this cold world, is
+    applied to its mother's bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth is
+    first agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted
+    with the odor of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the
+    flavor of it; afterward the appetites of hunger and of thirst
+    afford pleasure by the possession of their object, and by the
+    subsequent digestion of the aliment; and, last, the sense of
+    touch is delighted by the softness and smoothness of the milky
+    fountain, the source of such variety of happiness.
+
+    "All these various kinds of pleasure at length become associated
+    with the form of the mother's breast, which the infant embraces
+    with its hands, presses with its lips, and watches with its eyes;
+    and thus acquires more accurate ideas of the form of its mother's
+    bosom than of the odor, flavor, and warmth which it perceives by
+    its other senses. And hence at our maturer years, when any object
+    of vision is presented to us which by its wavy or spiral lines
+    bears any similitude to the form of the female bosom, whether it
+    be found in a landscape with soft gradations of raising and
+    descending surface, or in the forms of some antique vases, or in
+    other works of the pencil or the chisel, we feel a general glow
+    of delight which seems to influence all our senses; and if the
+    object be not too large we experience an attraction to embrace it
+    with our lips as we did in our early infancy the bosom of our
+    mothers." (E. Darwin, _Zoönomia_, 1800, vol. i, p. 174.)
+
+The general admiration accorded to developed breasts and a developed
+pelvis is evidenced by a practice which, as embodied in the corset, is all
+but universal in many European countries, as well as the extra-European
+countries inhabited by the white race, and in one form or another is by no
+means unknown to peoples of other than the white race.
+
+The tightening of the waist girth was little known to the Greeks of the
+best period, but it was practiced by the Greeks of the decadence and by
+them transmitted to the Romans; there are many references in Latin
+literature to this practice, and the ancient physician wrote against it in
+the same sense as modern doctors. So far as Christian Europe is concerned
+it would appear that the corset arose to gratify an ideal of asceticism
+rather than of sexual allurement. The bodice in early mediæval days bound
+and compressed the breasts and thus tended to efface the specifically
+feminine character of a woman's body. Gradually, however, the bodice was
+displaced downward, and its effect, ultimately, was to render the breasts
+more prominent instead of effacing them. Not only does the corset render
+the breasts more prominent; it has the further effect of displacing the
+breathing activity of the lungs in an upward direction, the advantage from
+the point of sexual allurement thus gained being that additional attention
+is drawn to the bosom from the respiratory movement thus imparted to it.
+So marked and so constant is this artificial respiratory effect, under the
+influence of the waist compression habitual among civilized women, that
+until recent years it was commonly supposed that there is a real and
+fundamental difference in breathing between men and women, that women's
+breathing is thoracic and men's abdominal. It is now known that under
+natural and healthy conditions there is no such difference, but that men
+and women breathe in a precisely identical manner. The corset may thus be
+regarded as the chief instrument of sexual allurement which the armory of
+costume supplies to a woman, for it furnishes her with a method of
+heightening at once her two chief sexual secondary characters, the bosom
+above, the hips and buttocks below. We cannot be surprised that all the
+scientific evidence in the world of the evil of the corset is powerless
+not merely to cause its abolition, but even to secure the general adoption
+of its comparatively harmless modifications.
+
+    Several books have been written on the history of the corset.
+    Léoty (_Le Corset à travers les Ages_, 1893) accepts Bouvier's
+    division of the phases through which the corset has passed: (1)
+    the bands, or fasciæ, of Greek and Roman ladies; (2) period of
+    transition during greater part of middle ages, classic traditions
+    still subsisting; (3) end of middle ages and beginning of
+    Renaissance, when tight bodices were worn; (4) the period of
+    whalebone bodices, from middle of sixteenth to end of eighteenth
+    centuries; (5) the period of the modern corset. We hear of
+    embroidered girdles in Homer. Even in Rome, however, the fasciæ
+    were not in general use, and were chiefly employed either to
+    support the breasts or to compress their excessive development,
+    and then called _mamillare_. The _zona_ was a girdle, worn
+    usually round the hips, especially by young girls. The modern
+    corset is a combination of the _fascia_ and the _zona_. It was at
+    the end of the fourteenth century that Isabeau of Bavaria
+    introduced the custom of showing the breasts uncovered, and the
+    word "corset" was then used for the first time.
+
+    Stratz, in his _Frauenkleidung_ (pp. 366 et seq.), and in his
+    _Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapters VIII, X, and XVI,
+    also deals with the corset, and illustrates the results of
+    compression on the body. For a summary of the evidence concerning
+    the difference of respiration in man and woman, its causes and
+    results, see Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition,
+    1904, pp. 228-244. With reference to the probable influence of
+    the corset and unsuitable clothing generally during early life in
+    impeding the development of the mammary glands, causing inability
+    to suckle properly, and thus increasing infant mortality, see
+    especially a paper by Professor Bollinger (_Correspondenz-blatt
+    Deutsch. Gesell. Anthropologie_, October, 1899).
+
+    The compression caused by the corset, it must be added, is not
+    usually realized or known by those who wear it. Thus, Rushton
+    Parker and Hugh Smith found, in two independent series of
+    measurements, that the waist measurement was, on the average, two
+    inches less over the corset than round the naked waist; "the
+    great majority seemed quite unaware of the fact." In one case the
+    difference was as much as five inches. (_British Medical
+    Journal_, September 15 and 22, 1900.)
+
+The breasts and the developed hips are characteristics of women and are
+indications of functional effectiveness as well as sexual allurement.
+Another prominent sexual character which belongs to man, and is not
+obviously an index of function, is furnished by the hair on the face. The
+beard may be regarded as purely a sexual adornment, and thus comparable to
+the somewhat similar growth on the heads of many male animals. From this
+point of view its history is interesting, for it illustrates the tendency
+with increase of civilization not merely to dispense with sexual
+allurement in the primary sexual organs, but even to disregard those
+growths which would appear to have been developed solely to act as sexual
+allurements. The cultivation of the beard belongs peculiarly to barbarous
+races. Among these races it is frequently regarded as the most sacred and
+beautiful part of the person, as an object to swear by, an object to which
+the slightest insult must be treated as deadly. Holding such a position,
+it must doubtless act as a sexual allurement. "Allah has specially created
+an angel in Heaven," it is said in the _Arabian Nights_, "who has no other
+occupation than to sing the praises of the Creator for giving a beard to
+men and long hair to women." The sexual character of the beard and the
+other hirsute appendage is significantly indicated by the fact that the
+ascetic spirit in Christianity has always sought to minimize or to hide
+the hair. Altogether apart, however, from this religious influence,
+civilization tends to be opposed to the growth of hair on the masculine
+face and especially to the beard. It is part of the well-marked tendency
+with civilization to the abolition of sexual differences. We find this
+general tendency among the Greeks and Romans, and, on the whole, with
+certain variations and fluctuations of fashion, in modern Europe also.
+Schopenhauer frequently referred to this disappearance of the beard as a
+mark of civilization, "a barometer of culture."[151] The absence of facial
+hair heightens æsthetic beauty of form, and is not felt to remove any
+substantial sexual attraction.
+
+    That even the Egyptians regarded the beard as a mark of beauty
+    and an object of veneration is shown by the fact that the priests
+    wore it long and cut it off in grief (Herodotus, _Euterpe_,
+    Chapter XXXVI). The respect with which the beard was regarded
+    among the ancient Hebrews is indicated in the narrative (II
+    Samuel, Chapter X) which tells how, when David sent his servants
+    to King Hanun the latter shaved off half their beards; they were
+    too ashamed to return in this condition, and remained at Jericho
+    until their beards had grown again. A passage in Ordericus
+    Vitalis (_Ecclesiastical History_, Book VIII, Chapter X) is
+    interesting both as regards the fashions of the twelfth century
+    in England and Normandy and the feeling that prompted Ordericus.
+    Speaking of the men of his time, he wrote: "The forepart of
+    their head is bare after the manner of thieves, while at the back
+    they nourish long hair like harlots. In former times penitents,
+    captives and pilgrims usually went unshaved and wore long beards,
+    as an outward mark of their penance or captivity or pilgrimage.
+    Now almost all the world wear crisped hair and beards, carrying
+    on their faces the token of their filthy lust like stinking
+    goats. Their locks are curled with hot irons, and instead of
+    wearing caps they bind their heads with fillets. A knight seldom
+    appears in public with his head uncovered, and properly shaved,
+    according to the apostolic precept (I Corinthians, Chapter XI,
+    verses 7 and 14)."
+
+We have seen that there is good reason for assuming a certain fundamental
+tendency whereby the most various peoples of the world, at all events in
+the person of their most intelligent members, recognize and accept a
+common ideal of feminine beauty, so that to a certain extent beauty may be
+said to have an objectively æsthetic basis. We have further found that
+this æsthetic human ideal is modified, and very variously modified in
+different countries and even in the same country at different periods, by
+a tendency, prompted by a sexual impulse which is not necessarily in
+harmony with æsthetic cannons, to emphasize, or even to repress, one or
+other of the prominent secondary sexual characters of the body. We now
+come to another tendency which is apt to an even greater extent to limit
+the cultivation of the purely æsthetic ideal of beauty: the influences of
+national or racial type.
+
+To the average man of every race the woman who most completely embodies
+the type of his race is usually the most beautiful, and even mutilations
+and deformities often have their origin, as Humboldt long since pointed
+out, in the effort to accentuate the racial type.[152] Eastern women
+possess by nature large and conspicuous eyes, and this characteristic
+they seek still further to heighten by art. The Ainu are the hairiest of
+races, and there is nothing which they consider so beautiful as hair. It
+is difficult to be sexually attracted to persons who are fundamentally
+unlike ourselves in racial constitution.[153]
+
+It frequently happens that this admiration for racial characteristics
+leads to the idealization of features which are far removed from æsthetic
+beauty. The firm and rounded breast is certainly a feature of beauty, but
+among many of the black peoples of Africa the breasts fall at a very early
+period, and here we sometimes find that the hanging breast is admired as
+beautiful.
+
+    The African Baganda, the Rev. J. Roscoe states (_Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, January-June, 1902, p. 72), admire
+    hanging breasts to such an extent that their young women tie them
+    down in order to hasten the arrival of this condition.
+
+    "The most remarkable trait of beauty in the East," wrote Sonnini,
+    "is to have large black eyes, and nature has made this a
+    characteristic sign of the women of these countries. But, not
+    content with this, the women of Egypt wish their eyes to be still
+    larger and blacker. To attain this Mussulmans, Jewesses, and
+    Christians, rich and poor, all tint their eyelids with galena.
+    They also blacken the lashes (as Juvenal tells us the Roman
+    ladies did) and mark the angles of the eye so that the fissure
+    appears larger." (Sonnini, _Voyage dans la Haute et Basse
+    Egypte_, 1799, vol. i, p. 290.) Kohl is thus only used by the
+    women who have what the Arabs call "natural kohl." As Flinders
+    Petrie has found, the women of the so-called "New Race," between
+    the sixth and tenth dynasties of ancient Egypt, used galena and
+    malachite for painting their faces. Jewish women in the days of
+    the prophets painted their eyes with kohl, as do some Hindu women
+    to-day.
+
+    "The Ainu have a great affection for their beards. They regard
+    them as a sign of manhood and strength and consider them as
+    especially handsome. They look upon them, indeed, as a great and
+    highly prized treasure." (J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their
+    Folklore_, p. 162.)
+
+    A great many theories have been put forward to explain the
+    Chinese fashion of compressing and deforming the foot. The
+    Chinese are great admirers of the feminine foot, and show
+    extreme sexual sensitiveness in regard to it. Chinese women
+    naturally possess very small feet, and the main reason for
+    binding them is probably to be found in the desire to make them
+    still smaller. (See, e.g., Stratz, _Die Frauenkleidung_, 1904, p.
+    101.)
+
+An interesting question, which in part finds its explanation here and is
+of considerable significance from the point of view of sexual selection,
+concerns the relative admiration bestowed on blondes and brunettes. The
+question is not, indeed, one which is entirely settled by racial
+characteristics. There is something to be said on the matter from the
+objective standpoint of æsthetic considerations. Stratz, in a chapter on
+beauty of coloring in woman, points out that fair hair is more beautiful
+because it harmonizes better with the soft outlines of woman, and, one may
+add, it is more brilliantly conspicuous; a golden object looks larger than
+a black object. The hair of the armpit, also, Stratz considers should be
+light. On the other hand, the pubic hair should be dark in order to
+emphasize the breadth of the pelvis and the obtusity of the angle between
+the mons veneris and the thighs. The eyebrows and eyelashes should also be
+dark in order to increase the apparent size of the orbits. Stratz adds
+that among many thousand women he has only seen one who, together with an
+otherwise perfect form, has also possessed these excellencies in the
+highest measure. With an equable and matt complexion she had blonde, very
+long, smooth hair, with sparse, blonde, and curly axillary hair; but,
+although her eyes were blue, the eyebrows and eyelashes were black, as
+also was the not overdeveloped pubic hair.[154]
+
+We may accept it as fairly certain that, so far as any objective standard
+of æsthetic beauty is recognizable, that standard involves the supremacy
+of the fair type of woman. Such supremacy in beauty has doubtless been
+further supported by the fact that in most European countries the ruling
+caste, the aristocratic class, whose superior energy has brought it to the
+top, is somewhat blonder than the average population.
+
+The main cause, however, in determining the relative amount of admiration
+accorded in Europe to blondes and to brunettes is the fact that the
+population of Europe must be regarded as predominantly fair, and that our
+conception of beauty in feminine coloring is influenced by an instinctive
+desire to seek this type in its finest forms. In the north of Europe there
+can, of course, be no question concerning the predominant fairness of the
+population, but in portions of the centre and especially in the south it
+may be considered a question. It must, however, be remembered that the
+white population occupying all the shores of the Mediterranean have the
+black peoples of Africa immediately to the south of them. They have been
+liable to come in contact with the black peoples and in contrast with them
+they have tended not only to be more impressed with their own whiteness,
+but to appraise still more highly its blondest manifestations as
+representing a type the farthest removed from the negro. It must be added
+that the northerner who comes into the south is apt to overestimate the
+darkness of the southerner because of the extreme fairness of his own
+people. The differences are, however, less extreme than we are apt to
+suppose; there are more dark people in the north than we commonly assume,
+and more fair people in the south. Thus, if we take Italy, we find in its
+fairest part, Venetia, according to Raseri, that there are 8 per cent.
+communes in which fair hair predominates, 81 per cent. in which brown
+predominates, and only 11 per cent. in which black predominates; as we go
+farther south black hair becomes more prevalent, but there are in most
+provinces a few communes in which fair hair is not only frequent, but even
+predominant. It is somewhat the same with light eyes, which are also most
+abundant in Venetia and decrease to a slighter extent as we go south. It
+is possible that in former days the blondes prevailed to a greater degree
+than to-day in the south of Europe. Among the Berbers of the Atlas
+Mountains, who are probably allied to the South Europeans, there appears
+to be a fairly considerable proportion of blondes,[155] while on the other
+hand there is some reason to believe that blondes die out under the
+influence of civilization as well as of a hot climate.
+
+However this may be, the European admiration for blondes dates back to
+early classic times. Gods and men in Homer would appear to be frequently
+described as fair.[156] Venus is nearly always blonde, as was Milton's
+Eve. Lucian refers to women who dye their hair. The Greek sculptors gilded
+the hair of their statues, and the figurines in many cases show very fair
+hair.[157] The Roman custom of dyeing the hair light, as Renier has shown,
+was not due to the desire to be like the fair Germans, and when Rome fell
+it would appear that the custom of dyeing the hair persisted, and never
+died out; it is mentioned by Anselm, who died at the beginning of the
+twelfth century.[158]
+
+In the poetry of the people in Italy brunettes, as we should expect,
+receive much commendation, though even here the blondes are preferred.
+When we turn to the painters and poets of Italy, and the æsthetic writers
+on beauty from the Renaissance onward, the admiration for fair hair is
+unqualified, though there is no correspondingly unanimous admiration for
+blue eyes. Angelico and most of the pre-Raphaelite artists usually painted
+their women with flaxen and light-golden hair, which often became brown
+with the artists of the Renaissance period. Firenzuola, in his admirable
+dialogue on feminine beauty, says that a woman's hair should be like gold
+or honey or the rays of the sun. Luigini also, in his _Libro della bella
+Donna_, says that hair must be golden. So also thought Petrarch and
+Ariosto. There is, however, no corresponding predilection among these
+writers for blue eyes. Firenzuola said that the eyes must be dark, though
+not black. Luigini said that they must be bright and black. Niphus had
+previously said that the eyes should be "black like those of Venus" and
+the skin ivory, even a little brown. He mentions that Avicenna had praised
+the mixed, or gray eye.
+
+In France and other northern countries the admiration for very fair hair
+is just as marked as in Italy, and dates back to the earliest ages of
+which we have a record. "Even before the thirteenth century," remarks
+Houdoy, in his very interesting study of feminine beauty in northern
+France during mediæval times, "and for men as well as for women, fair hair
+was an essential condition of beauty; gold is the term of comparison
+almost exclusively used."[159] He mentions that in the _Acta Sanctorum_ it
+is stated that Saint Godelive of Bruges, though otherwise beautiful, had
+black hair and eyebrows and was hence contemptuously called a crow. In the
+_Chanson de Roland_ and all the French mediæval poems the eyes are
+invariably _vairs_. This epithet is somewhat vague. It comes from
+_varius_, and signifies mixed, which Houdoy regards as showing various
+irradiations, the same quality which later gave rise to the term _iris_ to
+describe the pupillary membrane.[160] _Vair_ would thus describe not so
+much the color of the eye as its brilliant and sparkling quality. While
+Houdoy may have been correct, it still seems probable that the eye
+described as _vair_ was usually assumed to be "various" in color also, of
+the kind we commonly call gray, which is usually applied to blue eyes
+encircled with a ring of faintly sprinkled brown pigment. Such eyes are
+fairly typical of northern France and frequently beautiful. That this was
+the case seems to be clearly indicated by the fact that, as Houdoy himself
+points out, a few centuries later the _vair_ eye was regarded as _vert_,
+and green eyes were celebrated as the most beautiful.[161] The etymology
+was false, but a false etymology will hardly suffice to change an ideal.
+At the Renaissance Jehan Lemaire, when describing Venus as the type of
+beauty, speaks of her green eyes, and Ronsard, a little later, sang:
+
+    "Noir je veux l'oeil et brun le teint,
+    Bien que l'oeil verd toute la France adore."
+
+Early in the sixteenth century Brantôme quotes some lines current in
+France, Spain, and Italy according to which a woman should have a white
+skin, but black eyes and eyebrows, and adds that personally he agrees with
+the Spaniard that "a brunette is sometimes equal to a blonde,"[162] but
+there is also a marked admiration for green eyes in Spanish literature;
+not only in the typical description of a Spanish beauty in the _Celestina_
+(Act. I) are the eyes green, but Cervantes, for example, when referring to
+the beautiful eyes of a woman, frequently speaks of them as green.
+
+It would thus appear that in Continental Europe generally, from south to
+north, there is a fair uniformity of opinion as regards the pigmentary
+type of feminine beauty. Such variation as exists seemingly involves a
+somewhat greater degree of darkness for the southern beauty in harmony
+with the greater racial darkness of the southerner, but the variations
+fluctuate within a narrow range; the extremely dark type is always
+excluded, and so it would seem probable is the extremely fair type, for
+blue eyes have not, on the whole, been considered to form part of the
+admired type.
+
+If we turn to England no serious modification of this conclusion is called
+for. Beauty is still fair. Indeed, the very word "fair" in England itself
+means beautiful. That in the seventeenth century it was generally held
+essential that beauty should be blonde is indicated by a passage in the
+_Anatomy of Melancholy_, where Burton argues that "golden hair was ever
+in great account," and quotes many examples from classic and more modern
+literature.[163] That this remains the case is sufficiently evidenced by
+the fact that the ballet and chorus on the English stage wear yellow wigs,
+and the heroine of the stage is blonde, while the female villain of
+melodrama is a brunette.
+
+While, however, this admiration of fairness as a mark of beauty
+unquestionably prevails in England, I do not think it can be said--as it
+probably can be said of the neighboring and closely allied country of
+France--that the most beautiful women belong to the fairest group of the
+community. In most parts of Europe the coarse and unbeautiful plebeian
+type tends to be very dark; in England it tends to be very fair. England
+is, however, somewhat fairer generally than most parts of Europe; so that,
+while it may be said that a very beautiful woman in France or in Spain may
+belong to the blondest section of the community, a very beautiful woman in
+England, even though of the same degree of blondness as her Continental
+sister, will not belong to the extremely blonde section of the English
+community. It thus comes about that when we are in northern France we find
+that gray eyes, a very fair but yet unfreckled complexion, brown hair,
+finely molded features, and highly sensitive facial expression combine to
+constitute a type which is more beautiful than any other we meet in
+France, and it belongs to the fairest section of the French population.
+When we cross over to England, however, unless we go to a so-called
+"Celtic" district, it is hopeless to seek among the blondest section of
+the community for any such beautiful and refined type. The English
+beautiful woman, though she may still be fair, is by no means very fair,
+and from the English standpoint she may even sometimes appear somewhat
+dark:[164] In determining what I call the index of pigmentation--or degree
+of darkness of the eyes and hair--of different groups in the National
+Portrait Gallery I found that the "famous beauties" (my own personal
+criterion of beauty not being taken into account) was somewhat nearer to
+the dark than to the light end of the scale.[165] If we consider, at
+random, individual instances of famous English beauties they are not
+extremely fair. Lady Venetia Stanley, in the early seventeenth century,
+who became the wife of Sir Kenelm Digby, was somewhat dark, with brown
+hair and eyebrows. Mrs. Overall, a little later in the same century, a
+Lancashire woman, the wife of the Dean of St. Paul's, was, says Aubrey,
+"the greatest beauty in her time in England," though very wanton, with
+"the loveliest eyes that were ever seen"; if we may trust a ballad given
+by Aubrey she was dark with black hair. The Gunnings, the famous beauties
+of the eighteenth century, were not extremely fair, and Lady Hamilton, the
+most characteristic type of English beauty, had blue, brown-flecked eyes
+and dark chestnut hair. Coloration is only one of the elements of beauty,
+though an important one. Other things being equal, the most blonde is most
+beautiful; but it so happens that among the races of Great Britain the
+other things are very frequently not equal, and that, notwithstanding a
+conviction ingrained in the language, with us the fairest of women is not
+always the "fairest." So magical, however, is the effect of brilliant
+coloring that it serves to keep alive in popular opinion an unqualified
+belief in the universal European creed of the beauty of blondness.
+
+We have seen that underlying the conception of beauty, more especially as
+it manifests itself in woman to man, are to be found at least three
+fundamental elements: First there is the general beauty of the species as
+it tends to culminate in the white peoples of European origin; then there
+is the beauty due to the full development or even exaggeration of the
+sexual and more especially the secondary sexual characters; and last there
+is the beauty due to the complete embodiment of the particular racial or
+national type. To make the analysis fairly complete must be added at least
+one other factor: the influence of individual taste. Every individual, at
+all events in civilization, within certain narrow limits, builds up a
+feminine ideal of his own, in part on the basis of his own special
+organization and its demands, in part on the actual accidental attractions
+he has experienced. It is unnecessary to emphasize the existence of this
+factor, which has always to be taken into account in every consideration
+of sexual selection in civilized man. But its variations are numerous and
+in impassioned lovers it may even lead to the idealization of features
+which are in reality the reverse of beautiful. It may be said of many a
+man, as d'Annunzio says of the hero of his _Trionfo della Morte_ in
+relation to the woman he loved, that "he felt himself bound to her by the
+real qualities of her body, and not only by those which were most
+beautiful, but specially by _those which were least beautiful_" (the
+novelist italicizes these words), so that his attention was fixed upon her
+defects, and emphasized them, thus arousing within himself an impetuous
+state of desire. Without invoking defects, however, there are endless
+personal variations which may all be said to come within the limits of
+possible beauty or charm. "There are no two women," as Stratz remarks,
+"who in exactly the same way stroke back a rebellious lock from their
+brows, no two who hold the hand in greeting in exactly the same way, no
+two who gather up their skirts as they walk with exactly the same
+movement."[166] Among the multitude of minute differences--which yet can
+be seen and felt--the beholder is variously attracted or repelled
+according to his own individual idiosyncrasy, and the operations of sexual
+selection are effected accordingly.
+
+Another factor in the constitution of the ideal of beauty, but one perhaps
+exclusively found under civilized conditions, is the love of the unusual,
+the remote, the exotic. It is commonly stated that rarity is admired in
+beauty. This is not strictly true, except as regards combinations and
+characters which vary only in a very slight degree from the generally
+admired type. "_Jucundum nihil est quod non reficit variatas_," according
+to the saying of Publilius Syrus. The greater nervous restlessness and
+sensibility of civilization heightens this tendency, which is not
+infrequently found also among men of artistic genius. One may refer, for
+instance, to Baudelaire's profound admiration for the mulatto type of
+beauty.[167] In every great centre of civilization the national ideal of
+beauty tends to be somewhat modified in exotic directions, and foreign
+ideals, as well as foreign fashions, become preferred to those that are
+native. It is significant of this tendency that when, a few years since,
+an enterprising Parisian journal hung in its _salle_ the portraits of one
+hundred and thirty-one actresses, etc., and invited the votes of the
+public by ballot as to the most beautiful of them, not one of the three
+women who came out at the head of the poll was French. A dancer of Belgian
+origin (Cléo de Merode) was by far at the head with over 3000 votes,
+followed by an American from San Francisco (Sybil Sanderson), and then a
+Polish woman.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[134] Figured in Mau's _Pompeii_, p. 174.
+
+[135] As a native of Lukunor said to the traveler Mertens, "It has the
+same object as your clothes, to please the women."
+
+[136] "The greatest provocations of lust are from our apparel," as Burton
+states (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II, Subs. III),
+illustrating this proposition with immense learning. Stanley Hall
+(_American Journal of Psychology_, vol. ix, Part III, pp. 365 _et seq._)
+has some interesting observations on the various psychic influences of
+clothing; cf. Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+Teil II, pp. 330 et seq.
+
+[137] _History of Human Marriage_, Chapter IX, especially p, 201. We have
+a striking and comparatively modern European example of an article of
+clothing designed to draw attention to the sexual sphere in the codpiece
+(the French _braguette_), familiar to us through fifteenth and sixteenth
+century pictures and numerous allusions in Rabelais and in Elizabethan
+literature. This was originally a metal box for the protection of the
+sexual organs in war, but subsequently gave place to a leather case only
+worn by the lower classes, and became finally an elegant article of
+fashionable apparel, often made of silk and adorned with ribbons, even
+with gold and jewels. (See, e.g., Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 159.)
+
+[138] A correspondent in Ceylon has pointed out to me that in the Indian
+statues of Buddha, Vishnu, goddesses, etc., the necklace always covers the
+nipples, a sexually attractive adornment being thus at the same time the
+guardian of the orifices of the body. Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, p. 135)
+regards mutilations as in the nature of permanent amulets or charms.
+
+[139] Mantegazza, in his discussion of this point, although an ardent
+admirer of feminine beauty, decides that woman's form is not, on the
+whole, more beautiful than man's. See Appendix to Cap. IV of _Fisiologia
+della Donna_.
+
+[140] For a discussion of the anthropology of the feminine pelvis, see
+Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. 1. Sec. VI.
+
+[141] Ploss and Bartels, loc. cit.; Deniker, _Revue d'Anthropologie_,
+January 15, 1889, and _Races of Man_, p. 93.
+
+[142] Darwin.
+
+[143] G.F. Watts, "On Taste in Dress," _Nineteenth Century_, 1883.
+
+[144] From mediæval times onwards there has been a tendency to treat the
+gluteal region with contempt, a tendency well marked in speech and custom
+among the lowest classes in Europe to-day, but not easily traceable in
+classic times. Dühren (_Das Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. II, pp. 359
+et seq.) brings forward quotations from æsthetic writers and others
+dealing with the beauty of this part of the body.
+
+[145] Sonnini, _Voyage, etc._, vol. i, p. 308.
+
+[146] Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. 1, Sec. III; Mantegazza,
+_Fisiologia della Donna_, Chapter III.
+
+[147] Bloch brings together various interesting quotations concerning the
+farthingale and the crinoline. (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 156.) He states that, like most other feminine
+fashions in dress, it was certainly invented by prostitutes.
+
+[148] The racial variations in the form and character of the breasts are
+great, and there are considerable variations even among Europeans. Even as
+regards the latter our knowledge is, however, still very vague and
+incomplete; there is here a fruitful field for the medical anthropologist.
+Ploss and Bartels have brought together the existing data (_Das Weib_, bd.
+I, Sec. VIII). Stratz also discusses the subject (_Die Schönheit das
+Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter X).
+
+[149] _Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, p.
+28.
+
+[150] These devices are dealt with and illustrations given by Ploss and
+Bartels, _Das Weib_ (loc. cit.).
+
+[151] See, e.g., _Parerga und Paralipomena_, bd. I, p. 189, and bd. 2, p.
+482. Moll has also discussed this point (_Untersuchungen über die Libido
+Sexualis_, bd. I, pp. 384 et seq.).
+
+[152] Speaking of some South American tribes, he remarks (_Travels_,
+English translations, 1814, vol. iii. p. 236) that they "have as great an
+antipathy to the beard as the Eastern nations hold it in reverence. This
+antipathy is derived from the same source as the predilection for flat
+foreheads, which is seen in so singular a manner in the statues of the
+Aztec heroes and divinities. Nations attach the idea of beauty to
+everything which particularly characterizes their own physical
+conformation, their natural physiognomy." See also Westermarck, _History
+of Marriage_, p. 261. Ripley (_Races of Europe_, pp. 49, 202) attaches
+much importance to the sexual selection founded on a tendency of this
+kind.
+
+[153] "Differences of race are irreducible," Abel Hermant remarks
+(_Confession d'un Enfant d'Hier_, p. 209), "and between two beings who
+love each other they cannot fail to produce exceptional and instructive
+reactions. In the first superficial ebullition of love, indeed, nothing
+notable may be manifested, but in a fairly short time the two lovers,
+innately hostile, in striving to approach each other strike against an
+invisible partition which separates them. Their sensibilities are
+divergent; everything in each shocks the other; even their anatomical
+conformation, even the language of their gestures; all is foreign."
+
+[154] C.H. Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, fourteenth
+edition, Chapter XII.
+
+[155] See, e.g., Sergi, _The Mediterranean Race_, pp. 59-75.
+
+[156] Sergi (_The Mediterranean Race_, Chapter 1), by an analysis of
+Homer's color epithets, argues that in very few cases do they involve
+fairness; but his attempt scarcely seems successful, although most of
+these epithets are undoubtedly vague and involve a certain range of
+possible color.
+
+[157] Léchat's study of the numerous realistic colored statues recently
+discovered in Greece (summarized in _Zentralblatt für Anthropologie_,
+1904, ht. 1, p. 22) shows that with few exceptions the hair is fair.
+
+[158] Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico_, pp. 127 et seq. In another book, _Les
+Femmes Blondes selon les Peintres de l'Ecole de Venise_, par deux
+Venitiens (one of these "Venetians" being Armand Baschet), is brought
+together much information concerning the preference for blondes in
+literature, together with a great many of the recipes anciently used for
+making the hair fair.
+
+[159] J. Houdoy, _La Beauté des Femmes dans la Littérature et dans l'Art
+du XIIe au XVIe Siècle_, 1876, pp. 32 et seq.
+
+[160] Houdoy, op. cit., pp. 41 et seq.
+
+[161] Houdoy, op. cit., p. 83.
+
+[162] Brantôme, _Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II.
+
+[163] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II, Subs. II.
+
+[164] It is significant that Burton (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, loc. cit.),
+while praising golden hair, also argues that "of all eyes black are moist
+amiable," quoting many examples to this effect from classic and later
+literature.
+
+[165] "Relative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly Review_,
+August, 1901; cf. H. Ellis, _A Study of British Genius_, p. 215.
+
+[166] Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, p. 217.
+
+[167] Bloch (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II,
+pp. 261 et seq.) brings together some facts bearing on the admiration for
+negresses in Paris and elsewhere.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Beauty not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision--Movement--The
+Mirror--Narcissism--Pygmalionism--Mixoscopy--The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty--The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength--The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.
+
+
+Our discussion of the sensory element of vision in human sexual selection
+has been mainly an attempt to disentangle the chief elements of beauty in
+so far as beauty is a stimulus to the sexual instinct. Beauty by no means
+comprehends the whole of the influences which make for sexual allurement
+through vision, but it is the point at which all the most powerful and
+subtle of these are focussed; it represents a fairly definite complexus,
+appealing at once to the sexual and to the æsthetic impulses, to which no
+other sense can furnish anything in any degree analogous. It is because
+this conception of beauty has arisen upon it that vision properly occupies
+the supreme position in man from the point of view which we here occupy.
+
+Beauty is thus the chief, but it is not the sole, element in the sexual
+appeal of vision. In all parts of the world this has always been well
+understood, and in courtship, in the effort to arouse tumescence, the
+appeals to vision have been multiplied and at the same time aided by
+appeals to the other senses. Movement, especially in the form of dancing,
+is the most important of the secondary appeals to vision. This is so well
+recognized that it is scarcely necessary to insist upon it here; it may
+suffice to refer to a single typical example. The most decent of
+Polynesian dances, according to William Ellis, was the _hura_, which was
+danced by the daughters of chiefs in the presence of young men of rank
+with the hope of gaining a future husband. "The daughters of the chiefs,
+who were the dancers on these occasions, at times amounted to five or six,
+though occasionally only one exhibited her symmetry of figure and
+gracefulness of action. Their dress was singular, but elegant. The head
+was ornamented with a fine and beautiful braid of human hair, wound round
+the head in the form of a turban. A triple wreath of scarlet, white, and
+yellow flowers adorned the head-dress. A loose vest of spotted cloth
+covered the lower part of the bosom. The tihi, of fine white stiffened
+cloth frequently edged with a scarlet border, gathered like a large frill,
+passed under the arms and reached below the waist; while a handsome fine
+cloth, fastened round the waist with a band or sash, covered the feet. The
+breasts were ornamented with rainbow-colored mother-of-pearl shells, and a
+covering of curiously wrought network and feathers. The music of the hura
+was the large and small drum and occasionally the flute. The movements
+were generally slow, but always easy and natural, and no exertion on the
+part of the performers was wanting to render them graceful and
+attractive."[168] We see here, in this very typical example, how the
+extraneous visual aids of movement, color, and brilliancy are invoked in
+conjunction with music to make the appeal of beauty more convincing in the
+process of sexual selection.
+
+    It may be in place here to mention, in passing, the considerable
+    place which vision occupies in normal and abnormal methods of
+    heightening tumescence under circumstances which exclude definite
+    selection by beauty. The action of mirrors belongs to this group
+    of phenomena. Mirrors are present in profusion in high-class
+    brothels--on the walls and also above the beds. Innocent youths
+    and girls are also often impelled to contemplate themselves in
+    mirrors and sometimes thus, produce the first traces of sexual
+    excitement. I have referred to the developed forms of this kind
+    of self-contemplation in the Study of Auto-erotism, and in this
+    connection have alluded to the fable of Narcissus, whence Näcke
+    has since devised the term Narcissism for this group of
+    phenomena. It is only necessary to mention the enormous
+    production of photographs, representing normal and abnormal
+    sexual actions, specially prepared for the purpose of exciting or
+    of gratifying sexual appetites, and the frequency with which even
+    normal photographs of the nude appeal to the same lust of the
+    eyes.
+
+    Pygmalionism, or falling in love with statues, is a rare form of
+    erotomania founded on the sense of vision and closely related to
+    the allurement of beauty. (I here use "pygmalionism" as a general
+    term for the sexual love of statues; it is sometimes restricted
+    to cases in which a man requires of a prostitute that she shall
+    assume the part of a statue which gradually comes to life, and
+    finds sexual gratification in this performance alone; Eulenburg
+    quotes examples, _Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 107.) An emotional
+    interest in statues is by no means uncommon among young men
+    during adolescence. Heine, in _Florentine Nights_, records the
+    experiences of a boy who conceived a sentimental love for a
+    statue, and, as this book appears to be largely autobiographical,
+    the incident may have been founded on fact. Youths have sometimes
+    masturbated before statues, and even before the image of the
+    Virgin; such cases are known to priests and mentioned in manuals
+    for confessors. Pygmalionism appears to have been not uncommon
+    among the ancient Greeks, and this has been ascribed to their
+    æsthetic sense; but the manifestation is due rather to the
+    absence than to the presence of æsthetic feeling, and we may
+    observe among ourselves that it is the ignorant and uncultured
+    who feel the indecency of statues and thus betray their sense of
+    the sexual appeal of such objects. We have to remember that in
+    Greece statues played a very prominent part in life, and also
+    that they were tinted, and thus more lifelike than with us.
+    Lucian, Athenæus, Ælian, and others refer to cases of men who
+    fell in love with statues. Tarnowsky (_Sexual Instinct_, English
+    edition, p. 85) mentions the case of a young man who was arrested
+    in St. Petersburg for paying moonlight visits to the statue of a
+    nymph on the terrace of a country house, and Krafft-Ebing quotes
+    from a French newspaper the case which occurred in Paris during
+    the spring of 1877 of a gardener who fell in love with a Venus in
+    one of the parks. (I. Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+    Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp. 297-305, brings together
+    various facts bearing on this group of manifestations.)
+
+    Necrophily, or a sexual attraction for corpses, is sometimes
+    regarded as related to pygmalionism. It is, however, a more
+    profoundly morbid manifestation, and may perhaps he regarded as a
+    kind of perverted sadism.
+
+    Founded on the sense of vision also we find a phenomenon,
+    bordering on the abnormal, which is by Moll termed mixoscopy.
+    This means the sexual pleasure derived from the spectacle of
+    other persons engaged in natural or perverse sexual actions.
+    (Moll, _Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, p. 308. Moll
+    considers that in some cases mixoscopy is related to masochism.
+    There is, however, no necessary connection between the two
+    phenomena.) Brothels are prepared to accommodate visitors who
+    merely desire to look on, and for their convenience carefully
+    contrived peepholes are provided; such visitors are in Paris
+    termed "_voyeurs_." It is said by Coffignon that persons hide at
+    night in the bushes in the Champs Elysées in the hope of
+    witnessing such scenes between servant girls and their lovers. In
+    England during a country walk I have come across an elderly man
+    carefully ensconced behind a bush and intently watching through
+    his field-glass a couple of lovers reclining on a bank, though
+    the actions of the latter were not apparently marked by any
+    excess of indecorum. Such impulses are only slightly abnormal,
+    whatever may be said of them from the point of view of good
+    taste. They are not very far removed from the legitimate
+    curiosity of the young woman who, believing herself unobserved,
+    turns her glass on to a group of young men bathing naked. They
+    only become truly perverse when the gratification thus derived is
+    sought in preference to natural sexual gratification. They are
+    also not normal when they involve, for instance, a man desiring
+    to witness his wife in the act of coitus with another man. I have
+    been told of the case of a scientific man who encouraged his wife
+    to promote the advances of a young friend of his own, in his own
+    drawing-room, he himself remaining present and apparently taking
+    no notice; the younger man was astonished, but accepted the
+    situation. In such a case, when the motives that led up to the
+    episode are obscure, we must not too hastily assume that
+    masochism or even mixoscopy is involved. For information on some
+    of the points mentioned above see, e.g., I. Bloch, _Beiträge zur
+    Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, pp. 200 _et seq._;
+    Teil II, pp. 195 et seq.
+
+Wide, however, as is the appeal of beauty in sexual selection, it cannot
+be said to cover by any means the whole of the visual field in its sexual
+relationship. Beauty in the human species is, above all, a feminine
+attribute, making its appeal to men. Even for women, as has already been
+noted, beauty is still a feminine quality, which they usually admire, and
+in cases of inversion worship with an ardor which equals, if it does not
+surpass, that experienced by normal men. But the normal woman experiences
+no corresponding cult for the beauty of man. The perfection of the body of
+man is not behind that of woman in beauty, but the study of it only
+appeals to the artist or the æsthetician; it arouses sexual enthusiasm
+almost exclusively in the male sexual invert. Whatever may be the case
+among animals or even among savages, in civilization the man is most
+successful with women is not the most handsome man, and may be the
+reverse of handsome.[169] The maiden, according to the old saying, who has
+to choose between Adonis and Hercules, will turn to Hercules.
+
+    A correspondent writes: "Men are generally attracted in the first
+    instance by a woman's beauty, either of face or figure.
+    Frequently this is the highest form of love they are capable of.
+    Personally, my own love is always prompted by this. In the case
+    of my wife there was certainly a leaven of friendship and moral
+    sympathies but these alone would never have been translated into
+    love had she not been young and good-looking. Moreover, I have
+    felt intense passion for other women, in my relations with whom
+    the elements of moral or mental sympathy have not entered. And
+    always, as youth and beauty went, I believe I should transfer my
+    love to some one else.
+
+    "Now, in woman I fancy this element of beauty and youth does not
+    enter so much. I have questioned a large number of women--some
+    married, some unmarried, young and old ladies, shopgirls,
+    servants, prostitutes, women whom I have known only as friends,
+    others with whom I have had sexual relations--and I cannot
+    recollect one instance when a woman said she had fallen in love
+    with a man for his looks. The nearest approach to any sign of
+    this was in the instance of one, who noticed a handsome man
+    sitting near us in a hotel, and said to me: 'I should like him to
+    kiss me.'
+
+    "I have also noticed that women do not like looking at my body,
+    when naked, as I like looking at theirs. My wife has, on a few
+    occasions, put her hand over my body, and expressed pleasure at
+    the feeling of my skin. (I have very fair, soft skin.) But I have
+    never seen women exhibit the excitement that is caused in me by
+    the sight of their bodies, which I love to look at, to stroke, to
+    kiss all over."
+
+    It is interesting to point out, in this connection, that the
+    admiration of strength is not confined to the human female. It is
+    by the spectacle of his force that the male among many of the
+    lower animals sexually affects the female. Darwin duly allows for
+    this fact, while some evolutionists, and notably Wallace,
+    consider that it covers the whole field of sexual selection. When
+    choice exists, Wallace states, "all the facts appear to be
+    consistent with the choice depending on a variety of male
+    characteristics, with some of which color is often correlated.
+    Thus, it is the opinion of some of the best observers that vigor
+    and liveliness are most attractive, and these are, no doubt,
+    usually associated with some intensity of color, ... There is
+    reason to believe that it is his [the male bird's] persistency
+    and energy rather than his beauty which wins the day." (A.R.
+    Wallace, _Tropical Nature_, 1898, p. 199.) In his later book,
+    _Darwinism_ (p. 295), Wallace reaffirms his position that sexual
+    selection means that in the rivalry of males for the female the
+    most vigorous secures the advantage; "ornament," he adds, "is the
+    natural product and direct outcome of superabundant health and
+    vigor." As regards woman's love of strength, see Westermarck,
+    _History of Marriage_, p. 255.
+
+Women admire a man's strength rather than his beauty. This statement is
+commonly made, and with truth, but, so far as I am aware, its meaning is
+never analyzed. When we look into it, I think, we shall find that it leads
+us into a special division of the visual sphere of sexual allurement. The
+spectacle of force, while it remains strictly within the field of vision,
+really brings to us, although unconsciously, impressions that are
+correlated with another sense--that of touch. We instinctively and
+unconsciously translate visible energy into energy of pressure. In
+admiring strength we are really admiring a tactile quality which has been
+made visible. It may therefore be said that, while through vision men are
+sexually affected mainly by the more purely visual quality of beauty,
+women are more strongly affected by visual impressions which express
+qualities belonging to the more fundamentally sexual sense of touch.
+
+The distinction between the man's view and the woman's view, here pointed
+out, is not, it must be added, absolute. Even for a man, beauty, with all
+these components which we have already analyzed in it, is not the sole
+sexual allurement of vision. A woman is not necessarily sexually
+attractive in the ratio of her beauty, and with even a high degree of
+beauty may have a low degree of attraction. The addition of vivacity or
+the addition of languor may each furnish a sexual allurement, and each of
+these is a translated tactile quality which possesses an obscure potency
+from vague sexual implications.[170] But while in the man the demand for
+these translated pressure qualities in the visible attractiveness of a
+woman are not usually quite clearly realized, in a woman the corresponding
+craving for the visual expression of pressure energy is much more
+pronounced and predominant. It is not difficult to see why this should be
+so, even without falling back on the usual explanation that natural
+selection implies that the female shall choose the male who will be the
+most likely father of strong children and the best protector of his
+family. The more energetic part in physical love belongs to the man, the
+more passive part to the woman; so that, while energy in a woman is no
+index to effectiveness in love, energy in a man furnishes a seeming index
+to the existence of the primary quality of sexual energy which a woman
+demands of a man in the sexual embrace. It may be a fallacious index, for
+muscular strength is not necessarily correlated with sexual vigor, and in
+its extreme degrees appears to be more correlated with its absence. But it
+furnishes, in Stendhal's phrase, a probability of passion, and in any case
+it still remains a symbol which cannot be without its effect. We must not,
+of course, suppose that these considerations are always or often present
+to the consciousness of the maiden who "blushingly turns from Adonis to
+Hercules," but the emotional attitude is rooted in more or less unerring
+instincts. In this way it happens that even in the field of visual
+attraction sexual selection influences women on the underlying basis of
+the more primitive sense of touch, the fundamentally sexual sense.
+
+    Women are very sensitive to the quality of a man's touch, and
+    appear to seek and enjoy contact and pressure to a greater extent
+    than do men, although in early adolescence this impulse seems to
+    be marked in both sexes. "There is something strangely winning to
+    most women," remarks George Eliot, in _The Mill on the Floss_,
+    "in that offer of the firm arm; the help is not wanted physically
+    at that moment, but the sense of help--the presence of strength
+    that is outside them and yet theirs--meets a continual want of
+    the imagination."
+
+    Women are often very critical concerning a man's touch and his
+    method of shaking hands. Stanley Hall (_Adolescence_, vol. ii, p.
+    8) quotes a gifted lady as remarking: "I used to say that,
+    however much I liked a man, I could never marry him if I did not
+    like the touch of his hand, and I feel so yet."
+
+    Among the elements of sexual attractiveness which make a special
+    appeal to women, extreme personal cleanliness would appear to
+    take higher rank than it takes in the eyes of a man, some men,
+    indeed, seeming to make surprisingly small demands of a woman in
+    this respect. If this is so we may connect it with the fact that
+    beauty in a woman's eye is to a much greater extent than in a
+    man's a picture of energy, in other words, a translation of
+    pressure contracts, with which the question of physical purity is
+    necessarily more intimately associated than it is with the
+    picture of purely visual beauty. It is noteworthy that Ovid (_Ars
+    Amandi_, lib. I) urges men who desire to please women to leave
+    the arts of adornment and effeminacy to those whose loves are
+    homosexual, and to practice a scrupulous attention to extreme
+    neatness and cleanliness of body and garments in every detail, a
+    sun-browned skin, and the absence of all odor. Some two thousand
+    years later Brummell in an age when extravagance and effeminacy
+    often marked the fashions of men, introduced a new ideal of
+    unobtrusive simplicity, extreme cleanliness (with avoidance of
+    perfumes), and exquisite good taste; he abhorred all
+    eccentricity, and may be said to have constituted a tradition
+    which Englishmen have ever since sought, more or less
+    successfully to follow; he was idolized by women.
+
+    It may be added that the attentiveness of women to tactile
+    contacts is indicated by the frequency with which in them it
+    takes on morbid forms, as the _délire du contact_, the horror of
+    contamination, the exaggerated fear of touching dirt. (See, e.g.,
+    Raymond and Janet, _Les Obsessions et la Psychasthénie_.)
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[168] William Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, second edition, 1832, vol.
+1, p. 215.
+
+[169] Stendhal (_De l'Amour_, Chapter XVIII) has some remarks on this
+point, and refers to the influence over women possessed by Lekain, the
+famous actor, who was singularly ugly. "It is _passion_," he remarks,
+"which we demand; beauty only furnishes _probabilities_."
+
+[170] The charm of a woman's garments to a man is often due in part to
+their expressiveness in rendering impressions of energy, vivacity, or
+languor. This has often been realized by the poets, and notably by
+Herrick, who was singularly sensitive to these qualities in a woman's
+garments.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction--The Admiration for
+High Stature--The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation--The Charm of
+Parity--Conjugal Mating--The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards
+General Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married
+Couples--Preferential Mating and Assortative Mating--The Nature of the
+Advantage Attained by the Fair in Sexual Selection--The Abhorrence of
+Incest and the Theories of its Cause--The Explanation in Reality
+Simple--The Abhorrence of Incest in Relation to Sexual Selection--The
+Limits to the Charm of Parity in Conjugal Mating--The Charm of Disparity
+in Secondary Sexual Characters.
+
+
+When we are dealing with the senses of touch, smell, and hearing it is
+impossible at present, and must always remain somewhat difficult, to
+investigate precisely the degree and direction of their influence in
+sexual selection. We can marshal in order--as has here been attempted--the
+main facts and considerations which clearly indicate that there is and
+must be such an influence, but we cannot even attempt to estimate its
+definite direction and still less to measure it precisely. With regard to
+vision, we are in a somewhat better position. It is possible to estimate
+the direction of the influence which certain visible characters exert on
+sexual selection, and it is even possible to attempt their actual
+measurement, although there must frequently be doubt as to the
+interpretation of such measurements.
+
+Two facts render it thus possible to deal more exactly with the influence
+of vision on sexual selection than with the influence of the other senses.
+In the first place, men and women consciously seek for certain visible
+characters in the persons to whom they are attracted; in other words,
+their "ideals" of a fitting mate are visual rather than tactile,
+olfactory, or auditory. In the second place, whether such "ideals" are
+potent in actual mating, or whether they are modified or even inhibited by
+more potent psychological or general biological influences, it is in
+either case possible to measure and compare the visible characters of
+mated persons.
+
+The two visible characters which are at once most frequently sought in a
+mate and most easily measurable are degree of stature and degree of
+pigmentation. Every youth or maiden pictures the person he or she would
+like for a lover as tall or short, fair or dark, and such characters are
+measurable and have on a large scale been measured. It is of interest in
+illustration of the problem of sexual selection in man to consider briefly
+what results are at present obtainable regarding the influence of these
+two characters.
+
+It has long been a widespread belief that short people are sexually
+attracted to tall people, and tall people to short; that in the matter of
+stature men and women are affected by what Bain called the "charm of
+disparity." It has not always prevailed. Many centuries ago Leonardo da
+Vinci, whose insight at so many points anticipated our most modern
+discoveries, affirmed clearly and repeatedly the charm of parity. After
+remarking that painters tend to delineate the figures that resemble
+themselves he adds that men also fall in love with and marry those who
+resemble themselves; "_chi s'innamora voluntieri s'innamorano de cose a
+loro simiglianti_," he elsewhere puts it.[171] But from that day to this,
+it would seem Leonardo's statements have remained unknown or unnoticed.
+Bernardin de Saint-Pierre said that "love is the result of contrasts," and
+Schopenhauer affirmed the same point very decisively; various scientific
+and unscientific writers have repeated this statement.[172]
+
+So far as stature is concerned, there appears to be very little reason to
+suppose that this "charm of disparity" plays any notable part in
+constituting the sexual ideals of either men or women. Indeed, it may
+probably be affirmed that both men and women seek tallness in the person
+to whom they are sexually attracted. Darwin quotes the opinion of Mayhew
+that among dogs the females are strongly attracted to males of large
+size.[173] I believe this is true, and it is probably merely a particular
+instance of a general psychological tendency.
+
+    It is noteworthy as an indication of the direction of the sexual
+    ideal in this matter that the heroines of male novelists are
+    rarely short and the heroes of female novelists almost invariably
+    tall. A reviewer of novels addressing to lady novelists in the
+    _Speaker_ (July 26, 1890) "A Plea for Shorter Heroes," publishes
+    statistics on this point. "Heroes," he states, "are longer this
+    year than ever. Of the 192 of whom I have had my word to say
+    since October of last year, 27 were merely tall, and 11 were only
+    slightly above the middle height. No less than 85 stood exactly
+    six feet in their stocking soles, and the remainder were
+    considerably over the two yards. I take the average to be six
+    feet three."
+
+    As a slight test alike of the supposed "charm of disparity" as
+    well as of the general degree in which tall and short persons are
+    sought as mates by those of the opposite sex I have examined a
+    series of entries in the _Round-About_, a publication issued by a
+    club, of which the president is Mr. W.T. Stead, having for its
+    object the purpose of promoting correspondence, friendship, and
+    marriage between its members. There are two classes, of entries,
+    one inserted with a view to "intellectual friendship," the other
+    with a view to marriage. I have not thought it necessary to
+    recognize this distinction here; if a man describes his own
+    physical characteristics and those of the lady he would like as a
+    friend, I assume that, from the point of view of the present
+    inquiry, he is much on the same footing as the man who seeks a
+    wife. In the series of entries which I have examined 35 men and
+    women state approximately the height of the man or woman they
+    seek to know; 30 state in addition their own height. The results
+    are expressed in the table on the following page.
+
+    Although the cases are few, the results are, in two main
+    respects, sufficiently clear without multiplication of data. In
+    the first place, those who seek parity, whether men or women, are
+    in a majority over those who seek disparity. In the second place,
+    the existence of any disparity at all is due only to the
+    universal desire to find a tall person. Not one man or woman sets
+    down shortness as his or her ideal. The very fact that no man in
+    these initial announcements ventures to set himself down as short
+    (although a considerable proportion describe themselves as tall)
+    indicates a consciousness that shortness is undesirable, as also
+    does the fact that the women very frequently describe themselves
+    as tall.
+
+The same charm of disparity which has been supposed to rule in selective
+attraction as regards stature has also been assumed as regards
+pigmentation. The fair, it is said, are attracted to the dark, the dark to
+the fair. Again, it must be said that this common assumption is not
+confirmed either by introspection or by any attempt to put the matter on a
+statistical basis.[174]
+
+        WOMEN.                        MEN.              TOTALS.
+
+Tall women seek tall men.. 8  Tall men seek tall women.. 6  14
+Short women seek short men 0  Short men seek short women 0   0
+Medium-sized women seek       Medium-sized men seek
+  medium-sized men ....... 0    medium-sized women ....  3   3
+
+    Seek parity........... 8      Seek parity........... 9  17
+
+Tall women seek short men. 0  Tall men seek short women. 0   0
+Short women seek tall men. 4  Short men seek tall women. 0   4
+Medium-sized woman seeks      Medium-sized men seek tall
+  tall man................ 1    women .................. 8   9
+
+    Seek disparity........ 5      Seek disparity........ 8  13
+
+                              Men of unknown height seek
+                                tall women.............. 5   5
+
+Most people who will carefully introspect their own feelings and ideals in
+this matter will find that they are not attracted to persons of the
+opposite sex who are strikingly unlike themselves in pigmentary
+characters. Even when the abstract ideal of a sexually desirable person
+is endowed with certain pigmentary characters, such as blue eyes or
+darkness,--either of which is liable to make a vaguely romantic appeal to
+the imagination,--it is usually found, on testing the feeling for
+particular persons, that the variation from the personal type of the
+subject is usually only agreeable within narrow limits, and that there is
+a very common tendency for persons of totally opposed pigmentary types,
+even though they may sometimes be considered to possess a certain æsthetic
+beauty, to be regarded as sexually unattractive or even repulsive. With
+this feeling may perhaps be associated the feeling, certainly very widely
+felt, that one would not like to marry a person of foreign, even though
+closely allied, race.
+
+    From the same number of the _Round-About_ from which I have
+    extracted the data on stature, I have obtained corresponding data
+    on pigmentation, and have embodied them in the following table.
+    They are likewise very scanty, but they probably furnish as good
+    a general indication of the drift of ideals in this matter as we
+    should obtain from more extensive data of the same character.
+
+        WOMEN.                       MEN.              TOTALS.
+
+Fair women seek fair men. 2  Fair men seek fair women 2   4
+Dark woman seeks dark man 1  Dark men seek dark women 7   8
+
+    Seek parity.......... 3      Seek parity......... 9  12
+
+Fair women seek dark men. 4  Fair men seek dark women 3   7
+Dark woman seeks fair man 1  Dark men seek fair women 4   5
+                             Medium-colored man seeks
+    Seek disparity....... 5    dark woman ........... 1   1
+                             Medium-colored man seeks
+                               fair woman ........... 1   1
+
+                                 Seek disparity...... 9  14
+
+                             Men of unknown color seek
+                               dark women ........... 3   3
+
+    It will be seen that in the case of pigmentation there is not as
+    in the case of stature a decided charm of parity in the formation
+    of sexual ideals. The phenomenon, however, remains essentially
+    analogous. Just as in regard to stature there is without
+    exception an abstract admiration for tall persons, so here,
+    though to a less marked extent, there is a general admiration for
+    dark persons. As many as 6 out of 8 women and 14 out of 21 men
+    seek a dark partner. This tendency ranges itself with the
+    considerations already brought forward (p. 182), leading us to
+    believe that, in England at all events, the admiration of
+    fairness is not efficacious to promote any sexual selection, and
+    that if there is actually any such selection it must be put down
+    to other causes. No doubt, even in England the abstract æsthetic
+    admiration of fairness is justifiable and may influence the
+    artist. Probably also it influences the poet, who is affected by
+    a long-established convention in favor of fairness, and perhaps
+    also by a general tendency on the part of our poets to be
+    themselves fair and to yield to the charm of parity,--the
+    tendency to prefer the women of one's own stock,--which we have
+    already found to be a real force.[175] But, as a matter of fact,
+    our famous English beauties are not very fair; probably our
+    handsomest men are not very fair, and the abstract sexual ideals
+    of both our men and our women thus go out toward the dark.
+
+The formation of a sexual ideal, while it furnishes a predisposition to be
+attracted in a certain direction, and undoubtedly has a certain weight in
+sexual choice, is not by any means the whole of sexual selection. It is
+not even the whole of the psychic element in sexual selection. Let us
+take, for instance, the question of stature. There would seem to be a
+general tendency for both men and women, apart from and before experience,
+to desire sexually large persons of the opposite sex. It may even be that
+this is part of a wider zoölogical tendency. In the human species it shows
+itself also on the spiritual plane, in the desire for the infinite, in the
+deep and unreasoning feeling that it is impossible to have too much of a
+good thing. But it not infrequently happens that a man in whose youthful
+dreams of love the heroine has always been large, has not been able to
+calculate what are the special nervous and other characteristics most
+likely to be met in large women, nor how far these correlated
+characteristics would suit his own instinctive demands. He may, and
+sometimes does, find that in these other demands, which prove to be more
+important and insistent than the desire for stature, the tall women he
+meets are less likely to suit him than the medium or short women.[176] It
+may thus happen that a man whose ideal of woman has always been as tall
+may yet throughout life never be in intimate relationship with a tall
+woman because he finds that practically he has more marked affinities in
+the case of shorter women. His abstract ideals are modified or negatived
+by more imperative sympathies or antipathies.
+
+In one field such sympathies have long been recognized, especially by
+alienists, as leading to sexual unions of parity, notwithstanding the
+belief in the generally superior attraction of disparity. It has often
+been pointed out that the neuropathic, the insane and criminal,
+"degenerates" of all kinds, show a notable tendency to marry each other.
+This tendency has not, however, been investigated with any precision.[177]
+
+The first attempt on a statistical basis to ascertain what degree of
+parity or disparity is actually attained by sexual selection was made by
+Alphonse de Candolle.[178] Obtaining his facts from Switzerland, North
+Germany, and Belgium, he came to the conclusion that marriages are most
+commonly contracted between persons with different eye-colors, except in
+the case of brown-eyed women, who (as Schopenhauer stated, and as is seen
+in the English data of the sexual ideal I have brought forward) are found
+more attractive than others.
+
+The first series of serious observations tending to confirm the result
+reached by the genius of Leonardo da Vinci and to show that sexual
+selection results in the pairing of like rather than of unlike persons was
+made by Hermann Fol, the embryologist.[179] He set out with the popular
+notion that married people end by resembling each other, but when at Nice,
+which is visited by many young married couples on their honeymoons, he was
+struck by the resemblances already existing immediately after marriage. In
+order to test the matter he obtained the photographs of 251 young and old
+married couples not personally known to him. The results were as follows:
+
+                    RESEMBLANCES      NONRESEMBLANCES
+    COUPLES.        (PERCENTAGE).      (PERCENTAGE).   TOTAL.
+
+Young.............. 132, about 66,66   66, about 33.33   198
+Old ................ 38, about 71.70   15, about 28.30    53
+
+He concluded that in the immense majority of marriages of inclination the
+contracting parties are attracted by similarities, and not by
+dissimilarities, and that, consequently, the resemblances between aged
+married couples are not acquired during conjugal life. Although Fol's
+results were not obtained by good methods, and do not cover definite
+points like stature and eye-color, they represented the conclusions of a
+highly skilled and acute observer and have since been amply confirmed.
+
+Galton could not find that the average results from a fairly large number
+of cases indicated that stature, eye-color, or other personal
+characteristics notably influenced sexual selection, as evidenced by a
+comparison of married couples.[180] Karl Pearson, however, in part making
+use of a large body of data obtained by Galton, referring to stature and
+eye-color, has reached the conclusion that sexual selection ultimately
+results in a marked degree of parity so far as these characters are
+concerned.[181] As regards stature, he is unable to find evidence of what
+he terms "preferential mating"; that is to say, it does not appear that
+any preconceived ideals concerning the desirability of tallness in sexual
+mates leads to any perceptibly greater tallness of the chosen mate;
+husbands are not taller than men in general, nor wives than women in
+general. In regard to eye-color, however, there appeared to be evidence of
+preferential mating. Husbands are very decidedly fairer than men in
+general, and though there is no such marked difference in women, wives are
+also somewhat fairer than women in general. As regards "assortative
+mating" as it is termed by Pearson,--the tendency to parity or to
+disparity between husbands and wives,--the result were in both cases
+decisive. Tall men marry women who are somewhat above the average in
+height; short men marry women who are somewhat below the average, so that
+husband and wife resemble each other in stature as closely as uncle and
+niece. As regards eye-color there is also a tendency for like to marry
+like; the light-eyed men tend to marry light-eyed women more often than
+dark-eyed women; the dark-eyed men tend to marry dark-eyed women more
+often than light-eyed. There remains, however, a very considerable
+difference in the eye-color of husband and wife; in the 774 couples dealt
+with by Pearson there are 333 dark-eyed women to only 251 dark-eyed men,
+and 523 light-eyed men to only 441 light-eyed women. The women in the
+English population are darker-eyed than the men;[182] but the difference
+is scarcely so great as this; so that even if wives are not so dark-eyed
+as women generally it would appear that the ideal admiration for the
+dark-eyed may still to some extent make itself felt in actual mating.
+
+While we have to recognize that the modification and even total inhibition
+of sexual ideals in the process of actual mating is largely due to psychic
+causes, such causes do not appear to cover the whole of the phenomena.
+Undoubtedly they count for much, and the man or the woman who, from
+whatever causes, has constituted a sexual ideal with certain characters
+may in the actual contacts of life find that individuals with other and
+even opposed characters most adequately respond to his or her psychic
+demands. There are, however, other causes in play here which at first
+sight may seem to be not of a purely psychic character. One unquestionable
+cause of this kind comes into action in regard to pigmentary selection.
+Fair people, possibly as a matter of race more than from absence of
+pigment, are more energetic than dark people. They possess a sanguine
+vigor and impetuosity which, in most, though not in all, fields and
+especially in the competition of practical life, tend to give them some
+superiority over their darker brethren. The greater fairness of husbands
+in comparison with men in general, as found by Karl Pearson, is thus
+accounted for; fair men are most likely to obtain wives. Husbands are
+fairer than men in general for the same reason that, as I have shown
+elsewhere,[183] created peers are fairer than either hereditary peers or
+even most groups of intellectual persons; they have possessed in higher
+measure the qualities that insure success. It may be added that with the
+recognition of this fact we have not really left the field of sexual
+psychology, for, as has already been pointed out, that energy which thus
+insures success in practical life is itself a sexual allurement to women.
+Energy in a woman in courtship is less congenial to her sexual attitude
+than to a man's, and is not attractive to men; thus it is not surprising,
+even apart from the probably greater beauty of dark women, that the
+preponderance of fairness among wives as compared to women generally,
+indicated by Karl Pearson's data, is very slight. It may possibly be
+accounted for altogether by homogamy--the tendency of like to marry
+like--in the fair husbands.
+
+The energy and vitality of fair people is not, however, it is probable,
+merely an indirect cause of the greater tendency of fair men to become
+husbands; that is to say, it is not merely the result of the generally
+somewhat greater ability of the fair to attain success in temporal
+affairs. In addition to this, fair men, if not fair women, would appear to
+show a tendency to a greater activity in their specifically sexual
+proclivities. This is a point which we shall encounter in a later _Study_
+and it is therefore unnecessary to discuss it here.
+
+In dealing with the question of sexual selection in man various writers
+have been puzzled by the problem presented by that abhorrence of incest
+which is usually, though not always so clearly marked among the different
+races of mankind.[184] It was once commonly stated, as by Morgan and by
+Maine, that this abhorrence was the result of experience; the marriages of
+closely related persons were found to be injurious to offspring and were
+therefore avoided. This theory, however, is baseless because the marriages
+of closely related persons are not injurious to the offspring.
+Consanguineous marriages, so closely as they can be investigated on a
+large scale,--that is to say, marriages between cousins,--as Huth was the
+first to show, develop no tendency to the production of offspring of
+impaired quality provided the parents are sound; they are only injurious
+in this respect in so far as they may lead to the union of couples who are
+both defective in the same direction. According to another theory, that of
+Westermarck, who has very fully and ably discussed the whole
+question,[185] "there is an innate aversion to sexual intercourse between
+persons living very closely together from early youth, and, as such
+persons are in most cases related, this feeling displays itself chiefly
+as a horror of intercourse between near kin." Westermarck points out very
+truly that the prohibition of incest could not be founded on experience
+even if (as he is himself inclined to believe) consanguineous marriages
+are injurious to the offspring; incest is prevented "neither by laws, nor
+by customs, nor by education, but by an _instinct_ which under normal
+circumstances makes sexual love between the nearest kin a psychic
+impossibility." There is, however, a very radical objection to this
+theory. It assumes the existence of a kind of instinct which can with
+difficulty be accepted. An instinct is fundamentally a more or less
+complicated series of reflexes set in action by a definite stimulus. An
+innate tendency at once so specific and so merely negative, involving at
+the same time deliberate intellectual processes, can only with a certain
+force be introduced into the accepted class of instincts. It is as awkward
+and artificial an instinct as would be, let us say, an instinct to avoid
+eating the apples that grew in one's own yard.[186]
+
+The explanation of the abhorrence to incest is really, however,
+exceedingly simple. Any reader who has followed the discussion of sexual
+selection in the present volume and is also familiar with the "Analysis of
+the Sexual Impulse" set forth in the previous volume of these _Studies_
+will quickly perceive that the normal failure of the pairing instinct to
+manifest itself in the case of brothers and sisters, or of boys and girls
+brought up together from infancy, is a merely negative phenomenon due to
+the inevitable absence under those circumstances of the conditions which
+evoke the pairing impulse. Courtship is the process by which powerful
+sensory stimuli proceeding from a person of the opposite sex gradually
+produce the physiological state of tumescence, with its psychic
+concomitant of love and desire, more or less necessary for mating to be
+effected. But between those who have been brought up together from
+childhood all the sensory stimuli of vision, hearing, and touch have been
+dulled by use, trained to the calm level of affection, and deprived of
+their potency to arouse the erethistic excitement which produces sexual
+tumescence.[187] Brothers and sisters in relation to each other have at
+puberty already reached that state to which old married couples by the
+exhaustion of youthful passion and the slow usage of daily life gradually
+approximate. Passion between brother and sister is, indeed, by no means so
+rare as is sometimes supposed, and it may be very strong, but it is
+usually aroused by the aid of those conditions which are normally required
+for the appearance of passion, more especially by the unfamiliarity caused
+by a long separation. In reality, therefore, the usual absence of sexual
+attraction between brothers and sisters requires no special explanation;
+it is merely due to the normal absence under these circumstances of the
+conditions that tend to produce sexual tumescence and the play of those
+sensory allurements which lead to sexual selection.[188] It is a purely
+negative phenomenon and it is quite unnecessary, even if it were
+legitimate, to invoke any instinct for its explanation. It is probable
+that the same tendency also operates among animals to some extent, tending
+to produce a stronger sexual attraction toward those of their species to
+whom they have not become habituated.[189] In animals, and in man also
+when living under primitive conditions, sexual attraction is not a
+constant phenomenon[190]; it is an occasional manifestation only called
+out by the powerful stimulation. It is not its absence which we need to
+explain; it is its presence which needs explanation, and such an
+explanation we find in the analysis of the phenomena of courtship.
+
+The abhorrence of incest is an interesting and significant phenomenon from
+our present point of view, because it instructively points out to us the
+limits to that charm of parity which apparently makes itself felt to some
+considerable extent in the constitution of the sexual ideal and still more
+in the actual homogamy which seems to predominate over heterogamy. This
+homogamy is, it will be observed, a _racial_ homogamy; it relates to
+anthropological characters which mark stocks. Even in this racial field,
+it is unnecessary to remark, the homogamy attained is not, and could not
+be, absolute; nor would it appear that such absolute racial homogamy is
+even desired. A tall man who seeks a tall woman can seldom wish her to be
+as tall as himself; a dark man who seeks a dark woman, certainly will not
+be displeased at the inevitably greater or less degree of pigment which he
+finds in her eyes as compared to his own.
+
+But when we go outside the racial field this tendency to homogamy
+disappears at once. A man marries a woman who, with slight, but agreeable,
+variations, belongs to a like stock to himself. The abhorrence of incest
+indicates that even the sexual attraction to people of the same stock has
+its limits, for it is not strong enough to overcome the sexual
+indifference between persons of near kin. The desire for novelty shown in
+this sexual indifference to near kin and to those who have been housemates
+from childhood, together with the notable sexual attractiveness often
+possessed by a strange youth or maiden who arrives in a small town or
+village, indicates that slight differences in stock, if not, indeed, a
+positive advantage from this point of view, are certainly not a
+disadvantage. When we leave the consideration of racial differences to
+consider sexual differences, not only do we no longer find any charm of
+parity, but we find that there is an actual charm of disparity. At this
+point it is necessary to remember all that has been brought forward in
+earlier pages[191] concerning the emphasis of the secondary sexual
+characters in the ideal of beauty. All those qualities which the woman
+desires to see emphasized in the man are the precise opposite of the
+qualities which the man desires to see emphasized in the woman. The man
+must be strong, vigorous, energetic, hairy, even rough, to stir the
+primitive instincts of the woman's nature; the woman who satisfies this
+man must be smooth, rounded, and gentle. It would be hopeless to seek for
+any homogamy between the manly man and the virile woman, between the
+feminine woman and the effeminate man. It is not impossible that this
+tendency to seek disparity in sexual characters may exert some disturbing
+influences on the tendency to seek parity in anthropological racial
+characters, for the sexual difference to some extent makes itself felt in
+racial characters. A somewhat greater darkness of women is a secondary
+(or, more precisely, tertiary) sexual character, and on this account
+alone, it is possible, somewhat attractive to men[192]. A difference in
+size and stature is a very marked secondary sexual character. In the
+considerable body of data concerning the stature of married couples
+reproduced by Pearson from Galton's tables, although the tall on the
+average tend to marry the tall, and the short the short, it is yet
+noteworthy that, while the men of 5 ft. 4 ins. have more wives at 5 ft. 2
+ins. than at any other height, men of 6 ft. show, in an exactly similar
+manner, more wives at 5 ft. 2 ins. than at any other height, although for
+many intermediate heights the most numerous groups of wives are
+taller[193].
+
+In matters of carriage, habit, and especially clothing the love of sexual
+disparity is instinctive, everywhere well marked, and often carried to
+very great lengths. To some extent such differences are due to the
+opposing demands of more fundamental differences in custom and occupation.
+But this cause by no means adequately accounts for them, since it may
+sometimes happen that what in one land is the practice of the men is in
+another the practice of the women, and yet the practices of the two sexes
+are still opposed[194]. Men instinctively desire to avoid doing things in
+women's ways, and women instinctively avoid doing things in men's ways,
+yet both sexes admire in the other sex those things which in themselves
+they avoid. In the matter of clothing this charm of disparity reaches its
+highest point, and it has constantly happened that men have even called in
+the aid of religion to enforce a distinction which seemed to them so
+urgent[195]. One of the greatest of sex allurements would be lost and the
+extreme importance of clothes would disappear at once if the two sexes
+were to dress alike; such identity of dress has, however, never come about
+among any people.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[171] L. da Vinci, _Frammenti_, selected by Solmi, pp. 177-180.
+
+[172] Westermarck, who accepts the "charm of disparity," gives references,
+_History of Human Marriage_, p. 354.
+
+[173] _Descent of Man_. Part II, Chapter XVIII.
+
+[174] Bloch (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II,
+pp. 260 et seq.) refers to the tendency to admixture of races and to the
+sexual attraction occasionally exerted by the negress and sometimes the
+negro on white persons as evidence in favor of such charm of disparity. In
+part, however, we are here concerned with vague statements concerning
+imperfectly known facts, in part with merely individual variations, and
+with that love of the exotic under the stimulation of civilized conditions
+to which reference has already been made (p. 184).
+
+[175] In this connection the exceptional case of Tennyson is of interest.
+He was born and bred in the very fairest part of England (Lincolnshire),
+but he himself and the stock from which he sprang were dark to a very
+remarkable degree. In his work, although it reveals traces of the
+conventional admiration for the fair, there is a marked and unusual
+admiration for distinctly dark women, the women resembling the stock to
+which he himself belonged. See Havelock Ellis, "The Color Sense in
+Literature," _Contemporary Review_, May, 1896.
+
+[176] It is noteworthy that in the _Round-About_, already referred to,
+although no man expresses a desire to meet a short woman, when he refers
+to announcements by women as being such as would be likely to suit him,
+the persons thus pointed out are in a notable proportion short.
+
+[177] It has been discussed by F.J. Debret, _La Selection Naturelle dans
+l'espèce humaine_ (Thèse de Paris), 1901. Debret regards it as due to
+natural selection.
+
+[178] "Hérédité de la Couleur des Yeux dans l'espèce humaine," _Archives
+des Sciences physiques et naturelles_, sér. iii, vol. xii, 1884, p. 109.
+
+[179] _Revue Scientifique_, Jan., 1891.
+
+[180] F. Galton, _Natural Inheritance_, p. 85. It may be remarked that
+while Galton's tables on page 206 show a slight excess of disparity as
+regards sexual selection in stature, in regard to eye color they
+anticipate Karl Pearson's more extensive data and in marriages of
+disparity show a decided deficiency of observed over chance results. In
+_English Men of Science_ (pp. 28-33), also, Galton found that among the
+parents parity decidedly prevailed over disparity (78 to 31) alike as
+regards temperament, hair color, and eye color.
+
+[181] Karl Pearson, _Phil. Trans. Royal Society_, vol. clxxxvii, p. 273,
+and vol. cxcv, p. 113; _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, vol. lxvi, p.
+28; _Grammar of Science_, second edition, 1900, pp. 425 _et seq._;
+_Biometrika_, November, 1903. The last-named periodical also contains a
+study on "Assortative Mating in Man," bringing forward evidence to show
+that, apart from environmental influence, "length of life is a character
+which is subject to selection;" that is to say, the long-lived tend to
+marry the long-lived, and the short-lived to marry the short-lived.
+
+[182] For a summary of the evidence on this point see Havelock Ellis, _Man
+and Woman_, fourth edition, 1904, pp. 256-264.
+
+[183] "The Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly
+Review_, August, 1901.
+
+[184] The fact that even in Europe the abhorrence to incest is not always
+strongly felt is brought out by Bloch, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp. 263 et seq.
+
+[185] Westermarck, _History of Marriage_, Chapters XIV and XV.
+
+[186] Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, p. 446) has pointed out that it is not
+legitimate to assume the possibility of an "instinct" of this character;
+instinct has "nothing in its character but a response of function to
+environment."
+
+[187] Fromentin, in his largely autobiographic novel _Dominique_, makes
+Olivier say: "Julie is my cousin, which is perhaps a reason why she should
+please me less than anyone else. I have always known her. We have, as it
+were, slept in the same cradle. There may be people who would be attracted
+by this almost fraternal relationship. To me the very idea of marrying
+someone whom I knew as a baby is as absurd as that of coupling two dolls."
+
+[188] It may well be, as Crawley argues (_The Mystic Rose_, Chapter XVII),
+that sexual taboo plays some part among primitive people in preventing
+incestuous union, as, undoubtedly, training and moral ideas do among
+civilized peoples.
+
+[189] The remarks of the Marquis de Brisay, an authority on doves, as
+communicated to Giard (_L'Intermédiare des Biologistes_, November 20,
+1897), are of much interest on this point, since they correspond to what
+we find in the human species: "Two birds from the same nest rarely couple.
+Birds coming from the same nest behave as though they regarded coupling as
+prohibited, or, rather, they know each other too well, and seem to be
+ignorant of their difference in sex, remaining unaffected in their
+relations by the changes which make them adults." Westermarck (op. cit.,
+p. 334) has some remarks on a somewhat similar tendency sometimes observed
+in dogs and horses.
+
+[190] See Appendix to vol. lii of these _Studies_, "The Sexual Impulse
+among Savages."
+
+[191] See, especially, _ante_, pp. 163 et seq.
+
+[192] Kistemaecker, as quoted by Bloch (_Beiträge, etc._, ii. p. 340),
+alludes in this connection to the dark clothes of men and to the tendency
+of women to wear lighter garments, to emphasize the white underlinen, to
+cultivate pallor of the face, to use powder. "I am white and you are
+brown; ergo, you must love me"; this affirmation, he states, may be found
+in the depths of every woman's heart.
+
+[193] K. Pearson, _Grammar of Science_, second edition, p. 430.
+
+[194] In _Man and Woman_ (fourth edition, p. 65) I have referred to a
+curious example of this tendency to opposition, which is of almost
+worldwide extent. Among some people it is, or has been, the custom for the
+women to stand during urination, and in these countries it is usually the
+custom for the man to squat; in most countries the practices of the sexes
+in this matter are opposed.
+
+[195] It is sufficient to quote one example. At the end of the sixteenth
+century it was a serious objection to the fashionable wife of an English
+Brownist pastor in Amsterdam that she had "bodies [a bodice or corset]
+tied to the petticoat with points [laces] as men do their doublets and
+their hose, contrary to I Thess., v, 22, conferred with Deut. xxii, 5; and
+I John ii, 16."
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.
+
+
+The consideration of vision has led us into a region in which, more
+definitely and precisely than is the case with any other sense, we can
+observe and even hope to measure the operation of sexual selection in man.
+In the conception of feminine beauty we possess an instrument of universal
+extension by which it seems possible to measure the nature and extent of
+such selection as exercised by men on women. This conception, with which
+we set out, is, however, by no means so precise, so easily available for
+the attainment of sound conclusions, as at first it may seem to be.
+
+It is true that beauty is not, as some have supposed, a mere matter of
+caprice. It rests in part on (1) an objective basis of æsthetic character
+which holds all its variations together and leads to a remarkable
+approximation among the ideals of feminine beauty cherished by the most
+intelligent men of all races. But beyond this general objective basis we
+find that (2) the specific characters of the race or nation tend to cause
+divergence in the ideals of beauty, since beauty is often held to consist
+in the extreme development of these racial or national anthropological
+features; and it would, indeed, appear that the full development of racial
+characters indicates at the same time the full development of health and
+vigor. We have further to consider that (3) in most countries an important
+and usually essential element of beauty lies in the emphasis of the
+secondary and tertiary sexual characters: the special characters of the
+hair in woman, her breasts, her hips, and innumerable other qualities of
+minor saliency, but all apt to be of significance from the point of view
+of sexual selection. In addition we have (4) the factor of individual
+taste, constituted by the special organization and the peculiar
+experiences of the individual and inevitably affecting his ideal of
+beauty. Often this individual factor is merged into collective shapes,
+and in this way are constituted passing fashions in the matter of beauty,
+certain influences which normally affect only the individual having become
+potent enough to affect many individuals. Finally, in states of high
+civilization and in individuals of that restless and nervous temperament
+which is common in civilization, we have (5) a tendency to the appearance
+of an exotic element in the ideal of beauty, and in place of admiring that
+kind of beauty which most closely approximates to the type of their own
+race men begin to be agreeably affected by types which more or less
+deviate from that with which they are most familiar.
+
+While we have these various and to some extent conflicting elements in a
+man's ideal of feminine beauty, the question is still further complicated
+by the fact that sexual selection in the human species is not merely the
+choice of the woman by the man, but also the choice of the man by the
+woman. And when we come to consider this we find that the standard is
+altogether different, that many of the elements of beauty as it exists in
+woman for man have here fallen away altogether, while a new and
+preponderant element has to be recognized in the shape of a regard for
+strength and vigor. This, as I have pointed out, is not a purely visual
+character, but a tactile pressure character translated into visual terms.
+
+When we have stated the sexual ideal we have not yet, however, by any
+means stated the complete problem of human sexual selection. The ideal
+that is desired and sought is, in a large measure, not the outcome of
+experience; it is not even necessarily the expression of the individual's
+temperament and idiosyncrasy. It may be largely the result of fortuitous
+circumstances, of slight chance attractions in childhood, of accepted
+traditions consecrated by romance. In the actual contacts of life the
+individual may find that his sexual impulse is stirred by sensory stimuli
+which are other than those of the ideal he had cherished and may even be
+the reverse of them.
+
+Beyond this, also, we have reason for believing that factors of a still
+more fundamentally biological character, to some extent deeper even than
+all these psychic elements, enter into the problem of sexual selection.
+Certain individuals, apart altogether from the question of whether they
+are either ideally or practically the most fit mates, display a greater
+energy and achieve a greater success than others in securing partners.
+These individuals possess a greater constitutional vigor, physical or
+mental, which conduces to their success in practical affairs generally,
+and probably also heightens their specifically philogamic activities.
+
+Thus, the problem of human sexual selection is in the highest degree
+complicated. When we gather together such scanty data of precise nature as
+are at present available, we realize that, while generally according with
+the results which the evidence not of a quantitative nature would lead us
+to accept, their precise significance is not at present altogether clear.
+It would appear on the whole that in choosing a mate we tend to seek
+parity of racial and individual characters together with disparity of
+secondary sexual characters. But we need a much larger number of groups of
+evidence of varying character and obtained under varying conditions. Such
+evidence will doubtless accumulate now that its nature is becoming defined
+and the need for it recognized. In the meanwhile we are, at all events, in
+a position to assert, even with the evidence before us, that now that the
+real meaning of sexual selection is becoming clear its efficacy in human
+evolution can no longer be questioned.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+THE ORIGINS OF THE KISS.
+
+
+Manifestations resembling the kiss, whether with the object of expressing
+affection or sexual emotion, are found among various animals much lower
+than man. The caressing of the antennæ practiced by snails and various
+insects during sexual intercourse is of the nature of a kiss. Birds use
+their bills for a kind of caress. Thus, referring to guillemots and their
+practice of nibbling each other's feet, and the interest the mate always
+takes in this proceeding, which probably relieves irritation caused by
+insects, Edmund Selous remarks: "When they nibble and preen each other
+they may, I think, be rightly said to cosset and caress, the expression
+and pose of the bird receiving the benefit being often beatific."[196]
+Among mammals, such as the dog, we have what closely resembles a kiss, and
+the dog who smells, licks, and gently bites his master or a bitch,
+combines most of the sensory activities involved in the various forms of
+the human kiss.
+
+As practiced by man, the kiss involves mainly either the sense of touch or
+that of smell. Occasionally it involves to some extent both sensory
+elements.[197]
+
+The tactile kiss is certainly very ancient and primitive. It is common
+among mammals generally. The human infant exhibits, in a very marked
+degree, the impulse to carry everything to the mouth and to lick or
+attempt to taste it, possibly, as Compayre suggests,[198] from a memory of
+the action of the lips protruded to seize the maternal nipple. The
+affectionate child, as Mantegazza remarks,[199] not only applies inanimate
+objects to its lips or tongue, but of its own impulse licks the people it
+likes. Stanley Hall, in the light of a large amount of information he
+obtained on this point, found that "some children insist on licking the
+cheeks, necks, and hands of those they wish to caress," or like having
+animals lick them.[200] This impulse in children may be associated with
+the maternal impulse in animals to lick the young. "The method of licking
+the young practiced by the mother," remarks S.S. Buckman, "would cause
+licking to be associated with happy feelings. And, further, there is the
+allaying of parasitical irritation which is afforded by the rubbing and
+hence results in pleasure. It may even be suggested that the desire of the
+mother to lick her young was prompted in the first place by a desire to
+bestow on her offspring a pleasure she felt herself." The licking impulse
+in the child may thus, it is possible, be regarded as the evanescent
+manifestation of a more fundamental animal impulse,[201] a manifestation
+which is liable to appear in adult life under the stress of strong sexual
+emotion. Such an association is of interest if, as there is some reason to
+believe, the kiss of sexual love originated as a development of the more
+primitive kiss bestowed by the mother on her child, for it is sometimes
+found that the maternal kiss is practiced where the sexual kiss is
+unknown.
+
+The impulse to bite is also a part of the tactile element which lies at
+the origin of kissing. As Stanley Hall notes, children are fond of biting,
+though by no means always as a method of affection. There is, however, in
+biting a distinctly sexual origin to invoke, for among many animals the
+teeth (and among birds the bill) are used by the male to grasp the female
+more firmly during intercourse. This point has been discussed in the
+previous volume of these _Studies_ in reference to "Love and Pain," and
+it is unnecessary to enter into further details here. The heroine of
+Kleist's _Penthesilea_ remarks: "Kissing (Küsse) rhymes with biting
+(Bisse), and one who loves with the whole heart may easily confound the
+two."
+
+The kiss, as known in Europe, has developed on a sensory basis that is
+mainly tactile, although an olfactory element may sometimes coexist. The
+kiss thus understood is not very widely spread and is not usually found
+among rude and uncultured peoples. We can trace it in Aryan and Semitic
+antiquity, but in no very pronounced form; Homer scarcely knew it, and the
+Greek poets seldom mention it. Today it may be said to be known all over
+Europe except in Lapland. Even in Europe it is probably a comparatively
+modern discovery; and in all the Celtic tongues, Rhys states, there is no
+word for "kiss," the word employed being always borrowed from the Latin
+_pax_.[202] At a fairly early historic period, however, the Welsh Cymri,
+at all events, acquired a knowledge of the kiss, but it was regarded as a
+serious matter and very sparingly used, being by law only permitted on
+special occasions, as at a game called rope-playing or a carousal;
+otherwise a wife who kissed a man not her husband could be repudiated.
+Throughout eastern Asia it is unknown; thus, in Japanese literature kisses
+and embraces have no existence. "Kisses, and embraces are simply unknown
+in Japan as tokens of affection," Lafcadio Hearn states, "if we except the
+solitary fact that Japanese mothers, like mothers all over the world, lip
+and hug their little ones betimes. After babyhood there is no more hugging
+or kisses; such actions, except in the case of infants, are held to be
+immodest. Never do girls kiss one another; never do parents kiss or
+embrace their children who have become able to walk." This holds true, and
+has always held true, of all classes; hand-clasping is also foreign to
+them. On meeting after a long absence, Hearn remarks, they smile, perhaps
+cry a little, they may even stroke each other, but that is all. Japanese
+affection "is chiefly shown in acts of exquisite courtesy and
+kindness."[203] Among nearly all of the black races of Africa lovers never
+kiss nor do mothers usually kiss their babies.[204] Among the American
+Indians the tactile kiss is, for the most part, unknown, though here and
+there, as among the Fuegians, lovers rub their cheeks together.[205]
+Kissing is unknown to the Malays. In North Queensland, however, Roth
+states, kissing takes place between mothers (not fathers) and infants,
+also between husbands and wives; but whether it is an introduced custom
+Roth is unable to say; he adds that the Pitta-pitta language possesses a
+word for kissing.[206]
+
+It must be remarked, however, that in many parts of the world where the
+tactile kiss, as we understand it, is usually said to be unknown, it still
+exists as between a mother and her baby, and this seems to support the
+view advocated by Lombroso that the lovers' kiss is developed from the
+maternal kiss. Thus, the Angoni Zulus to the north of the Zambesi, Wiese
+states, kiss their small children on both cheeks[207] and among the
+Fuegians, according to Hyades, mothers kiss their small children.
+
+Even in Europe the kiss in early mediæval days was, it seems probable, not
+widely known as an expression of sexual love; it would appear to have been
+a refinement of love only practiced by the more cultivated classes. In the
+old ballad of Glasgerion the lady suspected that her secret visitor was
+only a churl, and not the knight he pretended to be, because when he came
+in his master's place to spend the night with her he kissed her neither
+coming nor going, but simply got her with child. It is only under a
+comparatively high stage of civilization that the kiss has been emphasized
+and developed in the art of love. Thus the Arabic author of the _Perfumed
+Garden_, a work revealing the existence of a high degree of social
+refinement, insists on the great importance of the kiss, especially if
+applied to the inner part of the mouth, and he quotes a proverb that "A
+moist kiss is better than a hasty coitus." Such kisses, as well as on the
+face generally, and all over the body, are frequently referred to by
+Hindu, Latin, and more modern erotic writers as among the most efficacious
+methods of arousing love.[208]
+
+A reason which may have stood in the way of the development of the kiss in
+a sexual direction has probably been the fact that in the near East the
+kiss was largely monopolized for sacred uses, so that its erotic
+potentialities were not easily perceived. Among the early Arabians the
+gods were worshiped by a kiss.[209] This was the usual way of greeting the
+house gods on entering or leaving.[210] In Rome the kiss was a sign of
+reverence and respect far more than a method of sexual excitation.[211]
+Among the early Christians it had an all but sacramental significance. It
+retains its ancient and serious meaning in many usages of the Western and
+still more the Eastern Churches; the relics of saints, the foot of the
+pope, the hands of bishops, are kissed, just as the ancient Greeks kissed
+the images of the gods. Among ourselves we still have a legally recognized
+example of the sacredness of the kiss in the form of taking an oath by
+kissing the Testament.[212]
+
+So far we have been concerned mainly with the tactile kiss, which is
+sometimes supposed to have arisen in remote times to the east of the
+Mediterranean--where the vassal kissed his suzerain and where the kiss of
+love was known, as we learn from the Songs of Songs, to the Hebrews--and
+has now conquered nearly the whole of Europe. But over a much larger part
+of the world and even in one corner of Europe (Lapland, as well as among
+the Russian Yakuts) a different kind of salutation rules, the olfactory
+kiss. This varies in form in different regions and sometimes simulates a
+tactile kiss, but, as it exists in a typical form in China, where it has
+been carefully studied by d'Enjoy, it may be said to be made up of three
+phases: (1) the nose is applied to the cheek of the beloved person; (2)
+there is a long nasal inspiration accompanied by lowering of the eyelids;
+(3) there is a slight smacking of the lips without the application of the
+mouth to the embraced cheek. The whole process, d'Enjoy considers, is
+founded on sexual desire and the desire for food, smell being the sense
+employed in both fields. In the form described by d'Enjoy, we have the
+Mongolian variety of the olfactory kiss. The Chinese regard the European
+kiss as odious, suggesting voracious cannibals, and yellow mothers in the
+French colonies still frighten children by threatening to give them the
+white man's kiss. Their own kiss the Chinese regard as exclusively
+voluptuous; it is only befitting as between lovers, and not only do
+fathers refrain from kissing their children except when very young, but
+even the mothers only give their children a rare and furtive kiss. Among
+some of the hill-tribes of south-east India the olfactory kiss is found,
+the nose being applied to the cheek during salutation with a strong
+inhalation; instead of saying "Kiss me," they here say "Smell me." The
+Tamils, I am told by a medical correspondent in Ceylon, do not kiss during
+coitus, but rub noses and also lick each other's mouth and tongue. The
+olfactory kiss is known in Africa; thus, on the Gambia in inland Africa
+when a man salutes a woman he takes her hand and places it to his nose,
+twice smelling the back of it. Among the Jekris of the Niger coast mothers
+rub their babies with their cheeks or mouths, but they do not kiss them,
+nor do lovers kiss, though they squeeze, cuddle, and embrace.[213] Among
+the Swahilis a smell kiss exists, and very young boys are taught to raise
+their clothes before women visitors, who thereupon playfully smell the
+penis; the child who does this is said to "give tobacco."[214] Kissing of
+any kind appears to be unknown to the Indians throughout a large part of
+America: Im Thurn states that it is unknown to the Indians of Guiana, and
+at the other end of South America Hyades and Deniker state that it is
+unknown to the Fuegians. In Forth America the olfactory kiss is known to
+the Eskimo, and has been noted among some Indian tribes, as the Blackfeet.
+It is also known in Polynesia. At Samoa kissing was smelling.[215] In New
+Zealand, also, the _hongi_, or nose-pressing, was the kiss of welcome, of
+mourning, and of sympathy.[216] In the Malay archipelago, it is said, the
+same word is used for "greeting" and "smelling." Among the Dyaks of the
+Malay archipelago, however, Vaughan Stevens states that any form of
+kissing is unknown.[217] In Borneo, Breitenstein tells us, kissing is a
+kind of smelling, the word for smelling being used, but he never himself
+saw a man kiss a woman; it is always done in private.[218]
+
+The olfactory kiss is thus seen to have a much wider extension over the
+world than the European (or Mediterranean) tactile kiss. In its most
+complete development, however, it is mainly found among the people of
+Mongolian race, or those yellow peoples more or less related to them.
+
+The literature of the kiss is extensive. So far, however, as that
+literature is known to me, the following list includes everything that may
+be profitably studied: Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_; Ling
+Roth, "Salutations," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, November,
+1889; K. Andree, "Nasengruss," _Ethnographische Parallelen_, second
+series, 1889, pp. 223-227; Alfred Kirchhoff, "Vom Ursprung des Küsses,"
+_Deutsche Revue_, May, 1895; Lombroso, "L'Origine du Baiser," _Nouvelle
+Revue_, 1897, p. 153; Paul d'Enjoy, "Le Baiser en Europe et en Chine,"
+_Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie_, Paris, 1897, fasc. 2. Professor
+Nyrop's book, _The Kiss and its History_ (translated from the Danish by
+W.F. Harvey), deals rather with the history of the kiss in civilization
+and literature than with its biological origins and psychological
+significance.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[196] E. Selous, _Bird Watching_, 1901, p. 191. This author adds: "It
+seems probable indeed that the conferring a practical benefit of the kind
+indicated may be the origin of the caress throughout nature."
+
+[197] Tylor terms the kiss "the salute by tasting," and d'Enjoy defines it
+as "a bite and a suction"; there seems, however, little evidence to show
+that the kiss contains any gustatory element in the strict sense.
+
+[198] Compayre, _L'Evolution intellectuelle et morale de l'enfant_, p. 9.
+
+[199] Mantegazza, _Physiognomy and Expression_, p. 144.
+
+[200] G. Stanley Hall, "The Early Sense of Self," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 361.
+
+[201] In some parts of the world the impulse persists into adult life. Sir
+S. Baker (_Ismailia_, p. 472) mentions licking the eyes as a sign of
+affection.
+
+[202] _Book of Common Prayer in Manx Gaelic_, edited by A.W. Moore and J.
+Rhys, 1895.
+
+[203] L. Hearn, _Out of the East_, 1895, p. 103.
+
+[204] See, e.g., A.B. Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples_, p. 288. Among the
+Swahili the kiss is practiced, but exclusively between married people and
+with very young children. Velten believes they learned it from the Arabs.
+
+[205] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii, p.
+245.
+
+[206] W. Roth, _Ethnological Notes Among the Queensland Aborigines_, p.
+184.
+
+[207] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. 5, p. 200.
+
+[208] E.g., the _Kama Sutra_ of Vatsyayana, Bk. III, Chapter I.
+
+[209] Hosea, Chapter xiii, v. 2; I Kings, Chapter xix, v. 18.
+
+[210] Wellhausen, _Reste Arabischen Heidentums_, p. 109.
+
+[211] The Romans recognized at least three kinds of kiss: the _osculum_,
+for friendship, given on the face; the _basium_, for affection, given on
+the lips; the _suavium_, given between the lips, reserved for lovers.
+
+[212] In other parts of the world it would appear that the kiss sometimes
+has a sacred or ritual character. Thus, according to Rev. J. Macdonald
+(_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, November, 1890, p. 118), it
+is part of the initiation ceremony of a girl at her first menstruation
+that the women of the village should kiss her on the cheek, and on the
+mons veneris and labia.
+
+[213] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, August and November,
+1898, p. 107.
+
+[214] Velten, _Sitten und Gebraüche der Suaheli_, p. 142.
+
+[215] Turner, _Samoa_, p. 45.
+
+[216] Tregear, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1889.
+
+[217] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1896, ht. 4, p. 272.
+
+[218] Breitenstein, _21 Jahre in India_, vol. i, p. 224.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.
+
+
+The histories here recorded are similar in character to those given in
+Appendix B of the previous volume.
+
+    HISTORY I.--C.D., clergyman, age, 34. Height about 5 ft. 8 in.
+    Weight, 8st. 8lb. Complexion, fair. Physical infirmities, very
+    myopic, tendency to consumption.
+
+    "My family is of old lineage on both sides. My parents were
+    normal and fairly healthy; but I consider that heredity, though
+    not vitiated, is somewhat overrefined, and there is a neuropathic
+    tendency, which has appeared in myself and in one or two other
+    members of the family. As a child, I suffered, though not very
+    frequently, from nocturnal enuresis. My sexual nature, though
+    normal, has been keenly alive and sensitive as far back as I can
+    remember; and as I look back I discern within myself in early
+    childhood what I now understand to be a decided masochistic or
+    passively algolagnic tendency. So far as I remember, this
+    manifested itself in me in two aspects; one psychic or
+    sentimental and free from carnality, expressing itself in
+    imaginative visions such as the following: I used, to imagine
+    myself kneeling before a young and beautiful woman and being
+    sentenced by her to some punishment, and even threatened with
+    death. At other times I would picture myself as a wounded soldier
+    watched over on his sickbed by queenly women. These visions
+    always included an imagination of something heroic in my own
+    personality. No doubt they were the same kind of dreamings as are
+    present in multitudes of imaginative children; they are only of
+    interest in so far as a sexual element was present; and that was
+    algolagnic in character.
+
+    "I had a small fund of natural common sense; and my surroundings
+    were not favorable to sentimental imaginings; consequently I
+    believe I began to throw them off at an early age, though the
+    temperament which produced them is still a part of my nature.
+
+    "On the carnal side, the sexual instinct was decidedly
+    algolagnic. Masturbation is one of my earliest recollections;
+    indeed, it was not at first, so far as I remember, associated
+    with any sexual ideas at all; but began as a reflex animal act. I
+    do not remember its first occurrence. It soon, however, became
+    associated in my mind with algolagnic excitement, giving rise to
+    reveries which took the ordinary form of imagining oneself
+    stripped and whipped, etc., by persons of the opposite sex. The
+    _dramatis personæ_ in my own algolagnic reveries were elderly
+    women; somewhat strangely, I did not associate physical sexuality
+    at this period with young and attractive women. If scientific
+    light on these matters were generally available in the practical
+    bringing up of children, persons in charge of young children
+    might refrain from exciting an algolagnic tendency or doing
+    anything calculated to awake sexual emotions prematurely. In my
+    own case, I recollect acts performed by older persons in
+    ignorance and thoughtlessness which undoubtedly tended to foster
+    and strengthen my algolagnic instinct.
+
+    "Little or nothing was done to prevent, discover, or remedy the
+    pernicious habit into which I was falling unknowingly.
+    Circumcision was perhaps little thought of in those days as a
+    preventive of juvenile masturbation; at any rate, it was not
+    resorted to in my case. I remember, indeed, that a nurse
+    discovered that I was practicing masturbation, and I think she
+    made a few half-hearted attempts to stop it. It was probably
+    these attempts which gave me a growing feeling that there was
+    something wrong about masturbation, and that it must be practiced
+    secretly. But they were unsuccessful in their main object. The
+    practice continued.
+
+    "I went to school at the age of 10. There I came in contact
+    almost without warning, with the ordinary lewdness and grossness
+    of school conversation, and took to it readily. I soon became
+    conversant with the theory of sexual relations; but never got the
+    opportunity of sexual intercourse, and probably should have felt
+    some moral restraint even had such opportunity presented itself,
+    for coitus, however interesting it might be to talk about, was a
+    bigger thing to practice than masturbation. I masturbated fairly
+    frequently, occasionally producing two orgasms in quick
+    succession. I seldom masturbated with the hand; my method was to
+    lie face downward. There was probably little or no homosexuality
+    at my first school. I never heard of it till later, and it was
+    always repugnant to me, though surrounded with a certain morbid
+    interest. Masturbation was discountenanced openly at the school,
+    but was, I believe, extensively practiced, both at that school
+    and at the two others I afterward attended. The boys often talked
+    about the hygiene of it; and the general theory was that it was
+    somehow physically detrimental; but I heard no arguments advanced
+    sufficiently cogent to make me see the necessity for a real moral
+    effort against the habit, though, as I neared puberty, I was
+    indulging more moderately and with greater misgivings.
+
+    "The fact of becoming acquainted with the theory of sexual
+    intercourse tended to diminish the algolagnia, and to impel my
+    sexual instinct into an ordinary channel. On one occasion
+    circumstances brought me into close contact with a woman for
+    about three or four weeks, I being a mere boy and she very much
+    my senior. I felt sexually attracted by this woman, and allowed
+    myself a degree of familiarity with her which I have since
+    recognized as undue and have deeply regretted. It did not,
+    however, go to the length of seduction, and I trust may have
+    passed away without leaving any permanent harm. It should,
+    indeed, be remarked here that I never knew a woman sexually till
+    my marriage; and with the one exception mentioned I do not recall
+    any instance of conduct on my part toward a woman which could be
+    described as giving her an impulse downhill.
+
+    "On the psychic side my sexual emotions awoke in early childhood;
+    and though my love affairs as a boy were not frequent and were
+    kept to myself, they attained a considerable degree of emotional
+    power. Leaving out of account the precocious movements of the
+    sexual instinct to which I have already referred as colored by
+    psychic algolagnia, I may say that somewhat later, from the age
+    of puberty and onward, I had three or four love affairs, devoid
+    of any algolagnic tendency, and considerably more developed on
+    the psychic and emotional, than on the physical, side. In fact,
+    my experience has been that when deeply in love, when the mind is
+    full of the love ecstasy, the physical element of sexuality is
+    kept--doubtless only temporarily--in abeyance.
+
+    "To return now to the subject of masturbation. Here befell the
+    chief moral struggle of my early life; and no terms that I have
+    at command will adequately describe the stress of it.
+
+    "A casual remark heard one day as I was arriving at puberty
+    convinced me that there must be truth in the vague schoolboy
+    theory that masturbation was _weakening_. It was to the effect
+    that the evil results of masturbation practiced in boyhood would
+    manifest themselves in later life. I then realized that I must
+    relinquish masturbation, and I set myself to fight it; but with
+    grave misgivings that, owing to the early age at which I had
+    formed the habit, I had already done myself serious harm.
+
+    "Before many weeks had passed, I had formed a resolution to
+    abstain, which I kept thereafter without--so far as I
+    remember--more than one conscious lapse into my former habit.
+    Here it must be said at once that, so far as touches my own
+    experience of a struggle of this kind, the religious factor is of
+    primary importance as strengthening and sustaining the moral
+    effort which has to be made. I am writing an account of my
+    sexual, not my spiritual, experiences; but I should not only be
+    untrue to my convictions, but unable to give an accurate and
+    penetrating survey of the development of my sex life, unless I
+    were clearly to state that it was to a large extent on that life
+    that my strongest and most valuable religious experiences
+    arose.[219] It is to the endeavor to discipline the sexual
+    instinct, and to grapple with the difficulties and anxieties of
+    the sex life, that I owe what I possess of spiritual religion, of
+    the consciousness that my life has been brought into contact with
+    Divine love and power.
+
+    "My early habits, after they were broken off, left me none the
+    less a legacy of sexual neurasthenia and a slight varicocele. My
+    nocturnal pollutions were overfrequent; and I brooded over them,
+    being too reticent and too much afraid of exposure at school and
+    possible expulsion to confide in a doctor. Far better for me had
+    I done so, for a few years later I received the truest kindness
+    and sympathy in regard to sexual matters at the hands of more
+    than one medical man. But while at school I was afraid to speak
+    of the trouble which so unnerved and depressed me; and as a
+    consequence my morbid fears grew stronger, being intensified by
+    generalities which I met with from time to time in my reading on
+    the subject of the punishment which nature metes out to impurity.
+
+    "On leaving school my sex life continued for some years on the
+    same lines: a struggle for chastity, morbid fears and regrets
+    about the past, efforts to cope with the neurasthenia, and a
+    haunting dread of coming insanity. These troubles were increased
+    by my sedentary life. However I obtained medical aid, and put as
+    good a face on matters as possible.
+
+    "But the most trying thing of all has yet to be mentioned--the
+    discovery that I had not yet got fully clear of the habit of
+    masturbation. I had, indeed, repudiated it as far as my conscious
+    waking moments were concerned, even though strongly impelled by
+    sexual desire; but one night, about a year after I had
+    relinquished the practice, I found myself again giving way to it
+    in those moments between sleeping and waking when the will is
+    only semiconscious. It was as if a race took place for
+    wakefulness between my physical instinct, on the one side, and my
+    moral sense and inhibitory nerves on the other; and very
+    frequently the physical instinct won. This, perhaps, is not an
+    uncommon experience, but it distressed me greatly; and I never
+    felt safe from it until marriage. I resorted to various
+    expedients to combat this tendency, at length having to tie
+    myself in a certain position every night with a cord round my
+    legs, so as to render it impossible to turn over upon my face.
+
+    "In my early manhood the strain on my constitution was
+    considerable from causes other than the sexual neurasthenia,
+    which, indeed, I am now well aware I exaggerated in importance.
+    Medical advisers whom I consulted in that period assured me that
+    this was so; and, though at the time I often thought that they
+    were concealing the real facts from me out of kindness, my own
+    reading has since convinced me that they spoke nothing but
+    scientific truth.
+
+    "The years went on. I went through a university course, and in
+    spite of my poor health took a good degree. The agony of my
+    struggle for chastity seemed to come to a climax about four years
+    later when for a long period, partly owing to overstudy and
+    partly to the sexual strain, I fell into a condition of severe
+    nervous exhaustion, one of the most distressing symptoms of which
+    was insomnia. The dreaded cloud of insanity seemed to come
+    closer. I had to use alcohol freely at nights; and might by now
+    have become a drunkard, had I not been casually--or I must say,
+    Providentially--directed to the common sense plan of measuring my
+    whisky in a dram glass; so that the alcohol could not steal a
+    march upon me.
+
+    "This period was one of acute mental suffering. One cause of the
+    nervous tension was--as I have now no doubt--the need of healthy
+    sexual intercourse. I proved this eventually. My circumstances,
+    which had long been adverse to marriage, at length were shaped in
+    that direction. I renewed acquaintance with a lady whom I had
+    known well some years before; and our friendship ripened until,
+    after much perplexity on my side, owing to the uncertainty of my
+    health and prospects, I decided that it was right to speak. We
+    were married after a few months; and I realized that I had gained
+    an excellent wife. We did not come together sexually for some
+    nights after marriage; but, having once tasted the pleasure of
+    the marriage bed, I have to admit that, partly owing to ignorance
+    of the hygiene of marriage, I was for some time rather
+    unrestrained in conjugal relations, requiring intercourse as
+    often as eight or nine times a month. This was not unnatural when
+    one considers that I had now for the first time free access to a
+    woman, after a long and weary struggle to preserve chastity.
+    Married life, however, tends naturally--or did so in my case--to
+    regulate desire; and when I began to understand the ethics and
+    hygiene of sex, as I did a year or two after marriage, I was
+    enabled to exercise increasing self-restraint. We are now sparing
+    in our enjoyment of conjugal pleasure. We have had no children;
+    and I attribute this chiefly to the remaining sexual weakness in
+    myself.[220] But I may say that not only my sexual power, but my
+    nerve-power and general health, were greatly improved by
+    marriage; and though I have fallen back, the last year or two,
+    into a poor state of health, the cause of this is probably
+    overwork rather than anything to do with sex. Not but what it
+    must be said that, had it not been for the juvenile masturbation
+    superadded to a neuropathic temperament, my constitution would no
+    doubt have endured the general strain of life better than it has
+    done. The algolagnia, being one of the congenital conditions of
+    my sexual instinct, must be considered fundamental, and certainly
+    has not been eliminated. If I were to allow myself indulgence in
+    algolagnic reveries they would even now excite me without
+    difficulty; but I have systematically discouraged them, so that
+    they give me little or no practical trouble. My erotic dreams,
+    which years ago were (to the best of my remembrance) frequently
+    algolagnic, are now almost invariably normal.
+
+    "My conjugal relations have always been on the lines of strictly
+    normal sexuality. I have a deep sense of the obligations of
+    monogamous marriage, besides a sincere affection for my wife;
+    consequently I repress as far as possible all sexual
+    inclinations, such as will come involuntarily sometimes, toward
+    other women.
+
+    "From what I have disclosed, it will be seen that I am but a
+    frail man; but for many years I have striven honestly and hard to
+    discipline sexuality within myself, and to regulate it according
+    to right reason, pure hygiene, and the moral law; and I can but
+    hope and believe that the Divine Power in which I have endeavored
+    to trust will in the future, as it has done in the past, working
+    by natural methods and through the current events of my life,
+    amend and control my sex life and conduct it to safe and
+    honorable issues."
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--A.B., married, good general health, dark hair, fair
+    complexion, short-sighted, and below medium height. Parents both
+    belong to healthy families, but the mother suffered from nerves
+    during early years of married life, and the father, a very
+    energetic and ambitious man, was cold, passionless, and
+    unscrupulous. A.B. is the oldest child; two of the brothers and
+    sisters are slightly abnormal, nervously. But, so far as is
+    known, none of the family has ever been sexually abnormal.
+
+    A.B. was a bright, intelligent child, though inclined to be
+    melancholy (and in later years prone to self-analysis). At
+    preparatory school was fairly forward in studies, at public
+    school somewhat backward, at University suddenly took a liking to
+    intellectual pursuits. Throughout he was slack at games. Has
+    never been able to learn to swim from nervousness. Can whistle
+    well. Has always been fond of reading, and would like to have
+    been an author by profession. He married at 24, and has had two
+    children, both of whom showed congenital physical abnormalities.
+
+    Before the age of 7 or 8 A.B. can remember various trifling
+    incidents. "One of the games I used to play with my sister," he
+    writes, "consisted in pretending we were 'father and mother' and
+    were relieving ourselves at the w.c. We would squat down in
+    various parts of the room, prolong the simulated act, and talk. I
+    do not remember what our conversation was about, nor whether I
+    had an erection. I used also to make water from a balcony into
+    the garden, and in other unusual places.
+
+    "The first occasion on which I can recollect experiencing
+    sensations or emotions similar in character to later and more
+    developed feelings of desire was at the age of about 7 or 8, when
+    I was a dayboy at a large school in a country town and absolutely
+    innocent as to deed, thought, or knowledge. I fell in love with a
+    boy with whom I was brought in contact in my class, about my own
+    age. I remember thinking him pretty. He paid me no attention. I
+    had no distinct desire, except a wish to be near him, to touch
+    him, and to kiss him. I blushed if I suddenly saw him, and
+    thought of him when absent and speculated on my chances of seeing
+    him again. I was put into a state of high ecstasy when he invited
+    me to join him and some friends one summer evening in a game of
+    rounders.
+
+    "At the age of 8 I was told by my father's groom where babies
+    came from and how they were produced. (I already knew the
+    difference in sexual organs, as my sister and I were bathed in
+    the same room.) He told me no details about erection, semen, etc.
+    Nor did he take any liberties with me. I used to notice him
+    urinating; he used to push back the foreskin and I thought his
+    penis large.
+
+    "When about 8 years old the nursemaid told me that the boy at her
+    last place had intercourse with his sister. I thought it
+    disgusting. About a year later I told the nurse I thought the
+    story of Adam and Eve was not true and that when Eve gave Adam
+    the apple he had intercourse with her and she was punished by
+    having children. I don't know if I had thought this out, or if it
+    had been suggested to me by others. This nurse used often to talk
+    about my 'tassel.'
+
+    "A family of several brothers went to the same school with me,
+    and we used to indulge in dirty stories, chiefly, however, of the
+    w.c. type rather than sexual.
+
+    "When I was about 10 I learned much from my father's coachman. He
+    used to talk about the girls he had had intercourse with, and how
+    he would have liked this with my nursemaid.
+
+    "A year later I went to a large day school. I think most of the
+    boys, if not nearly all, were very ignorant and innocent in
+    sexual matters. The only incident in this connection I can
+    recollect is asking a boy to let me see his penis; he did so.
+
+    "During the summer holidays, at a watering place I attended a
+    theatrical performance and fell in love with a girl of about 12
+    who acted a part. I bought a photograph of her, which I kept and
+    kissed for several years after. About the same time I thought
+    rather tenderly of a girl of my own age whose parents knew mine.
+    I remember feeling that I should like to kiss her. Once I
+    furtively touched her hair.
+
+    "When I was 12 I was sent to a small preparatory boarding
+    school, in the country. During the holidays I used to talk about
+    sexual things with my father's footman. He must have told me a
+    good deal. I used to have erections. One evening, when I was in
+    bed and everyone else out (my mother and the children in the
+    country) he came up to my room and tried to put his hand on my
+    penis. I had been thinking of sexual matters and had an erection.
+    I resisted, but he persisted, and when he succeeded in touching
+    me I gave in. He then proceeded to masturbate me. I sank back,
+    overcome by the pleasant sensation. He then stopped and I went on
+    myself. In the meantime he had taken out his penis and
+    masturbated himself before me until the orgasm occurred. I was
+    disgusted at the sight of his large organ and the semen. He then
+    left me. I could hardly sleep from excitement. I felt I had been
+    initiated into a great and delightful mystery.
+
+    "I at once fell into the habit of masturbation. It was some
+    months before I could produce the orgasm; at about 13 a slight
+    froth came; at about 14 a little semen. I do not know how
+    frequently I did it--perhaps once or twice a week. I used to feel
+    ashamed of myself afterward. I told the man I was doing it and he
+    expressed surprise I had not known about it before he told me. He
+    warned me to stop doing it or it would injure my health. I
+    pretended later that I had stopped doing it.
+
+    "I practiced solitary masturbation for some months. At first the
+    semen was small in amount and watery.
+
+    "I had not at this time ever succeeded in drawing the foreskin
+    below the 'corona.' After masturbation I would sometimes feel
+    local pain in the penis, sometimes pains in the testicles, and
+    generally a feeling of shame, but not, I think, any lassitude.
+    The shame was a vague sense of discomfort at having done what I
+    knew others would regard as dirty. I also experienced fears that
+    I was injuring my health.
+
+    "It was not long before I found other boys at the preparatory
+    school with whom I talked of sexual things and in some cases
+    proceeded to acts. The boys were between the ages of 9 and 14;
+    they left at 14 or 15 for the public schools. We slept in
+    bedrooms--several in one room.
+
+    "There was no general conversation on sexual matters. Few of the
+    boys knew anything about things--perhaps 7 or 8 out of 40. Before
+    describing my experiences at the school I may mention that I
+    cannot remember having at this period any wish to experience
+    heterosexual intercourse; I knew as yet nothing of homosexual
+    practices; and I did not have, except in one case, any love or
+    affection for any of the boys.
+
+    "One night, in my bedroom--there were about six of us--we were
+    talking till rather late. My recollection commences with being
+    aware that all the boys were asleep except myself and one other,
+    P. (the son of a clergyman), who was in a bed at exactly the
+    opposite end of the room. I suppose we must have been talking
+    about this sort of thing, for I vividly remember having an
+    erection, and suddenly--as if by premonition--getting out of my
+    bed, and, with heart beating, going softly over to P.'s bed. He
+    exhibited no surprise at my presence; a few whispered words took
+    place; I placed my hand on his penis, and found he had an
+    erection. I started masturbating him, but he said he had just
+    finished. I then suggested, getting into bed with him. (I had
+    never heard at that time of such a thing being done, the idea
+    arose spontaneously.) He said it was not safe, and placed his
+    hand on my penis, I think with the object of satisfying and
+    getting rid of me. He masturbated me till the orgasm occurred.
+
+    "I had no further relations with him, except on one occasion,
+    shortly afterward, when one day, in the w.c. he asked me to
+    masturbate him. I did so. He did not offer to do the same to me.
+
+    "He was a delicate, feeble boy; not good at work; womanish in his
+    ways; inclined to go in for petty bullying, until a boy showed
+    fight, when he discovered himself to be an arrant coward. Four or
+    five years later I met him at the university. His greeting was
+    cool. My next affair was with a boy who was about my age (13),
+    strong, full-blooded, coarse, always in 'hot water.' He was the
+    son of the headmaster of one of the best-known public schools. It
+    was reported that two brothers had been expelled from this public
+    school for what we called 'beastliness.' He told me his older
+    brother used to have intercrural intercourse with him. This was
+    the first I had heard of this. We used to masturbate mutually. I
+    had, however, no affection or desire for him.
+
+    "With E., another boy, I had no relations, but I remember him as
+    the first person of the same sex for whom I experienced love. He
+    was a small, fair, thin, and little boy, some two years younger
+    than myself, so my inferior in the social hierarchy of a school.
+
+    "At the end of my last term I had two disappointments. I was
+    beaten by a younger and clever boy for the first place in the
+    school, and also beaten by one point in the competition for the
+    Athletic Cup by a stronger boy who had only come to the school
+    that very term. However, as a consolation prize, and as I was
+    leaving, the headmaster gave me a second prize. This soothed my
+    hurt feelings, and I remember, just after the 'head' had read out
+    the prizes, on the last day of term, E., coming up to me, putting
+    his arm on my shoulder, looking at me rather pensively, and in a
+    voice that thrilled me and made me wish to kiss and hug him, tell
+    me he was so glad I had got a prize and that it was a shame that
+    other chap had beaten me for the cup.
+
+    "I was three years (aged 12 to 15) at the preparatory school. I
+    started in the bottom form and ended second in the school. My
+    reports were generally good, and I was keen to do well in work. I
+    was considerably influenced by the 'head.' He was a clergyman,
+    but a man of wide reading, broad opinion, great scholarship, and
+    great enthusiasm. We became very friendly.
+
+    "During the holidays I now first practiced intercrural
+    intercourse with a younger brother. I started touching his penis,
+    and causing erections, when he was about 5. Afterward I got him
+    to masturbate me and I masturbated him; I used to get him into
+    bed with me. On one occasion I spontaneously (never having heard
+    of such a thing) made him take my penis in his mouth.
+
+    "This went on for several years. When I was about 16 and he about
+    10, the old family nurse spoke to me about it. She told me he had
+    complained of my doing it. I was in great fear that my parents
+    might hear of it. I went to him; told him I was sorry, but I had
+    not understood he disliked it, but that I would not do it again.
+
+    "About a year later (having persisted in this promise) I made
+    overtures to him, but he refused. I then commended his conduct,
+    and said I knew he was quite right, and begged him to refuse
+    again if I should ever suggest it. I did not ever suggest it
+    again. For many years I bitterly reproached myself for having
+    corrupted him. However, I do not think any harm has been done
+    him. But my self-reproaches have caused me to feel I owe some
+    reparation to him. I also have more affection for him than for my
+    other brothers and sisters.
+
+    "At the age of 15 I went to one of the large public schools. I
+    was fairly forward for my age, and entered high. But I made small
+    progress. I had bad reports; I was 'slack in games,' and not
+    popular among the boys. In fact, I stood still, so that when I
+    left I was backward in comparison with other boys of even less
+    natural intelligence.
+
+    "The teaching was certainly bad. Moreover, I had not any friends,
+    and this made me very sensitive. It was to a great extent my
+    fault. When I first went there I was taken up by a set above
+    me--boys who were 'senior' to me in standing. When they left I
+    found myself alone.
+
+    "My unpopularity was increased by my being considered to put on
+    'side'; also because I paid attention to my dress.
+
+    "At the public school I had homosexual relations with various
+    boys, usually without any passion. With one boy, however, I was
+    deeply in love for over a year; I thought of him, dreamed of him,
+    would have been content only to kiss him. But my courtship met
+    with no success.
+
+    "When carrying on with other boys the desire to reach the crisis
+    was not always strong, perhaps out of shyness or modesty.
+    Occasionally I had intercrural connection, which gave me the
+    first intimation of what intercourse with a woman was like. When
+    I masturbated in solitude I used to continue till the orgasm.
+
+    "My housemaster one day sent for me and said he had walked
+    through my cubicle and noticed a stain on the sheet. At this time
+    I used to have nocturnal emissions. I cannot remember whether on
+    this occasion the stain was due to one, or to masturbation. But I
+    imagined that one did not have 'wet dreams' unless one
+    masturbated. So when he went on to say that this was a proof that
+    I was immoral I acknowledged I masturbated. He then told me I
+    would injure my health--possibly 'weaken my heart,' or 'send
+    myself mad'; he said that he would ask me to promise never to do
+    it again.
+
+    "I promised. I left humiliated and ashamed of myself; also
+    generally frightened. He used to send for me every now and then,
+    and ask me if I had kept my promise. For some months I did. Then
+    I relapsed, and told him when he asked me. Ultimately he ceased
+    sending for me--apparently convinced either that I was cured or
+    that I was incorrigible.
+
+    "A year or so afterward he discovered in my study (for I was now
+    in the upper school and had a study) a French photograph that a
+    boy had given me, entitled '_Qui est dans ma chambre?_' It
+    represented a man going by mistake into the wrong bedroom; inside
+    the room was a woman, in nightdress, in an attitude that
+    suggested she had just been relieving herself. My housemaster
+    told me the picture was terribly indecent, and that, taken with
+    what he knew of my habits, it showed I was not a safe boy to be
+    in the school. He added that he did not wish to make trouble at
+    home, but that he advised me to get my parents to remove me at
+    the end of that term, instead of the following term, when, in the
+    ordinary course of things, I should have left.
+
+    "I wrote to my people to say I was miserable at school, and I was
+    removed at the end of that term.
+
+    "My first case of true heterosexual passion was with a girl
+    called D., whom I first knew when she was about 16. My family and
+    hers were friendly. My attraction to her soon became a matter of
+    common knowledge and joking to members of my family. She was a
+    dark, passionate-looking child, with large eyes that--to
+    me--seemed full of an inner knowledge of sexual mysteries.
+    Precocious, vain, jealous, untruthful--those were qualities in
+    her that I myself soon recognized. But the very fact that she was
+    not conventionally 'goody-goody' proved an attraction to me.
+
+    "I never openly made love to her, but I delighted to be near her.
+    Our ages were sufficiently separated for this to be noticeable. I
+    dreamed of her, and my highest ideal of blessedness was to kiss
+    her and tell her I loved her. I heard that she had been
+    discovered talking indecently in a w.c. to some little boys, sons
+    of a friend of my family's. The knowledge of this precocity on
+    her part intensified my fascination for her.
+
+    "When I left home to return to school I kissed her--the only
+    time. Absence did nothing to diminish my affection. I thought of
+    her all day long, at work or at play. I wrote her a letter--not
+    openly passionate, but my real feelings toward her must have been
+    apparent. I found out afterward that her mother opened the
+    letter.
+
+    "When I returned home for the holidays her mother asked me not;
+    to write her any letters and not to pay attentions to her, as I
+    might 'spoil her.' I promised. I was, of course, greatly
+    distressed.
+
+    "D. used to come to our house to see my younger sister. She had
+    clearly been warned by her mother not to allow me to speak to
+    her. I was too nervous to make any advances; besides, I had
+    promised. As I grew older, my passion died out. I have hardly
+    ever seen her since. She married some years ago. I still retain
+    sentimental feelings toward her.
+
+    "I was now 18; I had stopped growing and was fairly broad and
+    healthy. Intellectually I was rather precocious, though not
+    ambitious. But I was no good at games, had no tastes for physical
+    exercises, and no hobbies.
+
+    "During the holidays, in my last year at school, I had gone to
+    the Royal Aquarium with a school companion. This was followed by
+    one or two visits to the Empire Theatre. It was then that I first
+    discovered that sexual intercourse took place outside the limits
+    of married life. On one occasion my friend talked to one of the
+    women who were walking about. This same friend spoke to a
+    prostitute at Oxford. (At this time I went up to the university.)
+    Once or twice I met this girl. She used to ask about my friend.
+    My feelings toward her were a combination of admiration for her
+    physical beauty, a sense of the 'mystery' of her life, and pity
+    for her isolated position.
+
+    "On the whole, my first university term produced considerable
+    improvement in me. I began to be interested in my work and to
+    read a fair amount of general literature. I learned to bicycle
+    and to row. I also made one intimate friend.
+
+    "In my first holiday I went to the Empire and made the
+    acquaintance of a girl there, W.H. She attracted me by her quiet
+    appearance. I eventually made arrangements to pay her a visit. My
+    apprehensions consisted of: 1. Fear of catching venereal disease.
+    This I decided to safeguard by using a 'French letter.' 2. Fear
+    that she might have a 'bully.'
+
+    "The girl showed no sexual desire; but at that time this did not
+    attract my attention.
+
+    "I got very much 'gone' on her, paid her several visits, gave her
+    some presents I could ill afford, and felt very distressed when
+    she informed me she was to be married and therefore could not see
+    me any more.
+
+    "My experiences with prostitutes cover a period of twelve years.
+    During three years of this period I was continually in their
+    company. I have had intercourse with some two dozen; in some
+    cases only once; in others on numerous occasions. They have
+    usually been of the class that frequent Piccadilly, St. James
+    Restaurant, the Continental Hotel, and the Dancing Clubs. Usual
+    fee, £2 for the night; in one case, £5.
+
+    "1. Not one of them, as far as I knew, was a drunkard.
+
+    "2. As a rule, they were not mercenary or dishonest.
+
+    "3. In their language and general behavior they compared
+    favorably with respectable women.
+
+    "4. I never caught venereal disease.
+
+    "5. I twice caught pediculi.
+
+    "6. I did not find them, as a rule, very sensual or fond of
+    indecent talk. As a rule, they objected to stripping naked; they
+    did not touch my organs; they did not suggest masturbation,
+    sodomy, or _fellatio_. They seldom exhibited transports, but the
+    better among them seemed sentimental and affectionate.
+
+    "7. Their accounts of their first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' often by his addressing
+    them in the street; he took them about to dinners and theatres;
+    they were quite innocent and even ignorant; on one occasion they
+    drank too much; and before they knew what was happening they were
+    no longer virgins. They do not, however, apparently round on the
+    man or expose him or refuse to have anything more to do with him.
+
+    "8. They state--in common with the outwardly 'respectable' women
+    whom I have had a chance of catechising--that before the first
+    intercourse they did not feel any conscious desire for
+    intercourse and hardly devoted any thought to it, that it was
+    very painful the first time, and that some time elapsed before
+    they commenced to derive pleasure from it or to experience the
+    orgasm.
+
+    "E.B. was the second woman I had intercourse with. She was a
+    prostitute, but very young (about 18) and had only been in London
+    a few months. I met her first in the St. James Restaurant. I
+    spoke a few words to her. The next day I saw her in the
+    Burlington Arcade. I was not much attracted to her; she was
+    pretty, in a coarse, buxom style; vulgar in manners, voice, and
+    dress. She asked me to go home with her; I refused. She pressed
+    me; I said I had no money. She still urged me, just to drive home
+    with her and talk to her while she dressed for the evening. I
+    consented. We drove to lodgings in Albany Street. We went in. She
+    proceeded to kiss me. I remained cold, and told her again I had
+    no money. She then said: 'That does not matter. You remind me of
+    a boy I love. I want you to be my fancy boy.' I was flattered by
+    this. I saw a good deal of her. She was sentimental. I never gave
+    her any money. When I had some, she refused to take it, but
+    allowed me to spend a little in buying her a present. On the
+    night before I left London she wept. She wrote me illiterate, but
+    affectionate letters. One day she wrote to me that she was to be
+    kept by a man, but that she had made it a condition with him that
+    she should be allowed to have me. I had never been in love with
+    her, because of her vulgarity. I therefore took the earliest
+    opportunity of letting matters cool, by not writing often, etc.
+    The next thing I remember was my fascination, a few months later,
+    for S.H.
+
+    "She was not a regular prostitute. She had taken a very minor
+    part in light opera. She was American by birth, young, slim, and
+    spoke like a lady. Her hair was dyed; her breasts padded. She
+    acted sentiment, but was less affectionate than E.B. I met her
+    when she was out of a job. I gave her £2 whenever I met her. She
+    was not mercenary. She was sensual. I became very much in love
+    with her. I discovered her, however, writing letters to a fellow
+    whom I had met one day when I was walking with her. He was only
+    an acquaintance, but the brother of my most intimate friend. What
+    I objected to was that in this letter to him she protested she
+    did not care for me, but could not afford to give me up. She had
+    to plead guilty, but I was so fascinated by her I still kept in
+    with her, for a time, until she was kept by a man, and I had
+    found other women to interest me.
+
+    "Owing to the strict regulations made by the university
+    authorities, prostitutes find it hard to make a living there, and
+    I never had anything to do with one. My adventures were among the
+    shopgirl class, and were of a comparatively innocent nature. One
+    of them, however, M.S., a very undemonstrative shopgirl, was the
+    only girl not a prostitute with whom I had so far had
+    intercourse.
+
+    "About this time I made the acquaintance of three other
+    prostitutes, who, however, were nice, gentle, quiet girls,
+    neither vulgar nor mercenary. A night passed with them always
+    meant to me much more than mere intercourse. They
+    were--especially two of them--of a sentimental nature, and would
+    go to sleep in my arms. There was, on my part, not any passion,
+    but a certain sympathy with them, and pity and affection. I
+    remained faithful to the first, J.H., until she was kept by a
+    man, and gave up her gentlemen friends. Then came D.V. She got in
+    the family way and left London. Last, M.P. She was not pretty,
+    but a good figure, well dressed, a bright conversationalist, and
+    an intelligent mind. Her regular price for the night was £5, but
+    when she got to know one she would take one for less and take
+    one 'on tick.' She was very sensual. On one occasion, between 11
+    P.M. and about midday the following day I experienced the orgasm
+    eleven or twelve times.
+
+    "During term time I was often prevented from having women by want
+    of money and absence from London. I considered myself lucky if I
+    could have a woman once or twice a month. My allowance was not
+    large enough to admit of such luxuries; and I was only able to do
+    what I did by being economical in my general expenditure and
+    living, and by running up bills for whatever I could get on
+    credit. I lived in the hopes of picking up 'amateurs' who would
+    give me what I wanted for the love of it and without payment. My
+    efforts were not very successful at present, except in the case
+    of M.S. I considered myself very lucky in having discovered her,
+    and I should have stuck to her for longer but for the rival
+    attraction of another. There was, however, no deep sentiment on
+    either side.
+
+    "But in order to preserve a continuity in my account of the
+    women, I have left out two cases of temporary reversion to
+    homosexual practices. During the periods when I could not get a
+    woman I had recourse once more to masturbation. At times I had
+    'wet dreams' in which boys figured; and my thoughts, in waking
+    hours, sometimes reverted to memories of my school experiences. I
+    think, however, that I should have preferred a woman."
+
+    The homosexual reversions were as follows:--
+
+    "1. I had arranged to meet a shopgirl one evening, outside the
+    town. She did not turn up. The meeting place was a railway
+    bridge. Waiting there too, a few feet from me, was a boy of about
+    15. He was employed (I afterward found) by a gardener, and was
+    waiting to meet his brother, who was engaged on the line. I got
+    into casual conversation with him, and suddenly found myself
+    wondering whether he ever masturbated. With a feeling, that I can
+    only describe by calling it an intuition, I moved nearer him, and
+    asked: 'Do you ever play with yourself?' He did not seem
+    surprised at the abruptness of my question, and answered 'yes.' I
+    thereupon touched his penis, and _found he had an erection_! I
+    suggested retiring to a bench that was near. We sat down. I
+    masturbated him till he experienced the orgasm; then
+    intercrurally. I gave him a shilling, and said good night.
+
+    "2. During my last summer at the university I took to gardening.
+    There was a small piece of garden behind the house in which I had
+    lodgings. My landlady suggested getting a cousin of hers,
+    employed by a nurseryman, to supply me with plants, etc. He was a
+    youth of about 16 or 17, tall, dark, not bad favored in looks. I
+    forget how many times I saw him--not many, perhaps twice or
+    thrice; but one day, when he came to see me in my room, about
+    something connected with the garden, I gave him some old clothes
+    of mine. He was a great deal taller than myself, and I suggested
+    his trying on the trousers to see if they would fit. I do not
+    know whether I made this suggestion with any ulterior motive or
+    whether I had ever before thought of him in connection with any
+    sexual relations. I only know that once more, as if guided by
+    instinct, I felt he would not rebuff me, although certainly no
+    indecent talk had ever taken place between us. I pretended to
+    help him to pull up the trousers, and let my hand touch his
+    penis. He did not resist; and I felt his penis for a few seconds.
+    I then proposed he should come upstairs to my bedroom. No one was
+    in the house. We went up. He did not at first have an erection. I
+    asked why. He said 'because you are strange to me.' He then felt
+    my penis. Eventually we mutually masturbated one another. I gave
+    him half a crown.
+
+    "Some short time afterward he came again to the house. On this
+    occasion I attempted _fellatio_. I don't think I had at that time
+    ever heard of such a practice. He said, however, he did not like
+    it. He masturbated intercrurally. He said he had never done this
+    before, although he had had girls. (The other boy also told me he
+    had had girls.)
+
+    "3. On another occasion I was out bicycling. A boy, of about 10
+    years of age, offered me a bunch of violets for a penny. I told
+    him I would give him a shilling to pick me a large bunch. I am
+    not sure if I had any ulterior motive. He proceeded into a wood
+    on the side of the road; I dismounted from my machine and
+    followed him. He was a pretty, dark boy. He made water. I went up
+    to him and asked him to let me feel his penis. He at once jumped
+    away, and ran off shrieking. I was frightened, mounted my
+    bicycle, and rode as fast as I could home.
+
+    "There was no sentiment in the above cases. It is also to be
+    noted that in neither instance did I make any arrangements to see
+    the person again. As far as I can remember, when once I was
+    satisfied I felt disgust for my act. In the case of women this
+    was never so.
+
+    "Two of the women described in the foregoing pages stand out
+    above the others. Perhaps I have not sufficiently shown that in
+    the cases of W.H. and S.H. I felt a considerable degree of
+    _passion_. W.H. was the first woman with whom I had had
+    intercourse; this invested her in my heart, with a peculiar
+    sentiment. In neither case can I be accused of fickleness.
+    Indeed, I may say that up to this time I had had no opportunity
+    of being fickle. I never saw enough, or had enough, of a woman to
+    get a surfeit of her.
+
+    "The case I now come to presents the features of the cases of
+    W.H. and S.H. in a stronger form. I was then 20; I have since
+    then married; I am a father; my experiences have been many and
+    varied; but still I must confess that no other woman has ever
+    stirred my emotions more than--I doubt if as much as--D.C. Up to
+    date, if there has been any grand passion in my life, it is my
+    love for her. D.C., when I got to know her--by talking to her in
+    the street--was a girl of about 20. She was short and plump; dark
+    hair; dark, mischievous eyes; a fair complexion; small features;
+    quiet manners, and a sensual _ensemble_. I do not know what her
+    father was. He was dead, her mother kept a university lodging
+    house. She spoke and behaved like a lady. She dressed quietly;
+    was absolutely unmercenary; her intelligence--i.e., her
+    intellectual calibre--was not great. Her master-passion was one
+    thing. The first evening I walked out with her she put her hand
+    down on my penis, before I had even kissed her, and proposed
+    intercourse. I was surprised, almost embarrassed; she herself led
+    me to a wall, and standing up made me do it.
+
+    "Next day we went away for the day together. I may say she was
+    _always_ ready and never satisfied. She was sensual rather than
+    sentimental. She was ready to shower her favors anywhere and to
+    anyone. My feelings toward her soon became affectionate and
+    sentimental, and then passionate. I thought of nothing else all
+    day long; wrote her long letters daily; simply lived to see her.
+
+    "I found she was engaged to be married. Her _fiancé_, a
+    schoolmaster, himself used to have intercourse with her, but he
+    had taken a religious turn and thought it was wicked to do it
+    until they married. I had intercourse with her on every possible
+    occasion: in private rooms at hotels, in railway carriages, in a
+    field, against a wall, and--when the holidays came--she stayed a
+    night with me in London. She had apparently no fear of getting in
+    the family way, and never used any precaution. Sensual as she
+    was, she did not show her feelings by outward demonstration.
+
+    "On one occasion she proposed _fellatio_. She said she had done
+    it to her _fiancé_ and liked it. This is the only case I have
+    known of a woman wishing to do it for the love of it.
+
+    "The emotional tension on my nerves--the continual jealousy I was
+    in, the knowledge that before long she would marry and we must
+    part--eventually caused me to get ill. She never told me she
+    loved me more than any other man; yet, owing to my importunity,
+    she saw much more of me than anyone else. It came to the ears of
+    her _fiancé_ that she was in my company a great deal; there was a
+    meeting of the three of us--convened at his wish--at which she
+    had formally, before him, to say 'good-bye' to me. Yet we still
+    continued to meet and to have intercourse.
+
+    "Then the date of her marriage drew near. She wrote me saying that
+    she could not see me any more. I forced myself, however, on her,
+    and our relations still continued. Her elder sister interviewed
+    me and said she would inform the authorities unless I gave her
+    up; a brother, too, came to see me and made a row.
+
+    "I had what I seriously intended to be a last meeting with her.
+    But after that she came up to London to see me, we went to a
+    hotel together. We arranged to see one another again, but she did
+    not write. I had now left the university. I heard she was
+    married.
+
+    "It was now four years since I had first had intercourse with a
+    woman. During this time I was almost continually under the
+    influence, either of a definite love affair or of a general
+    lasciviousness and desire for intercourse with women. My
+    character and life were naturally affected by this. My studies
+    were interfered with; I had become extravagant and had run into
+    debt. It is worthy of note that I had never up to this time
+    considered the desirability of marriage. This was perhaps chiefly
+    because I had no means to marry. But even in the midst of my
+    affairs I always retained sufficient sense to criticise the moral
+    and intellectual calibre of the women I loved, and I held strong
+    views on the advisability of mental and moral sympathies and
+    congenital tastes existing between people who married. In my
+    amours I had hitherto found no intellectual equality or
+    sympathies. My passion for D.C. was prompted by (1) the bond that
+    sexual intercourse with a woman has nearly always produced in my
+    feelings, (2) her physical beauty, (3) that she was sensual, (4)
+    that she was a lady, (5) that she was young, (6) that she was not
+    mercenary. It was kept alive by the obstacles in the way of my
+    seeing her enough and by her engagement to another.
+
+    "The D.C. affair left me worn out emotionally. I reviewed my life
+    of the last four years. It seemed to show much more heartache,
+    anxiety, and suffering than pleasure. I concluded that this
+    unsatisfactory result was inseparable from the pursuit of
+    illegitimate amours. I saw that my work had been interfered with,
+    and that I was in debt, owing to the same cause. Yet I felt that
+    I could never do without a woman. In this quandary I found myself
+    thinking that marriage was the only salvation for me. Then I
+    should always have a woman by me. I was sufficiently sensible to
+    know that unless there were congenial tastes and sympathies, a
+    marriage could not turn out happily, especially as my chief
+    interests in life (after woman) were literature, history, and
+    philosophy. But I imagined that if I could find a girl who would
+    satisfy the condition of being an intellectual companion to me,
+    all my troubles would be over; my sexual desire would be
+    satisfied, and I could devote myself to work.
+
+    "In this frame of mind I turned my thoughts more seriously in the
+    direction of a girl whom I had known for some two years. Her age
+    was nearly the same as mine. My family and hers were acquainted
+    with one another. I had established a platonic friendship with
+    her. Undoubtedly the prime attraction was that she was young and
+    pretty. But she was also a girl of considerable character.
+    Without being as well educated as I was, she was above the
+    average girl in general intelligence. She was fond of reading;
+    books formed our chief subject of conversation and common
+    interest. She was, in fact, a girl of more intelligence than I
+    had yet encountered. On her side, as I afterward discovered, the
+    interest in me was less purely platonic. Our relations toward one
+    another were absolutely correct. Yet we were intimate, informal,
+    and talked on subjects that would be considered forbidden topics
+    between two young persons by most people. I felt she was a true
+    friend. She, too, confided to me her troubles.
+
+    "We corresponded with one another frequently. Sometimes it
+    occurred, to me that it was rather strange she should be so keen
+    to write to me, to hear from me, and to see me; but I had never
+    thought of her, consciously, except as a friend; I never for a
+    moment imagined she thought of me except as an interesting and
+    intelligent friend. Nor did the idea of illicit love ever suggest
+    itself to me. She was one of those women whose face and
+    expression put aside any such thought. I was, indeed, inclined to
+    regard her as a good influence on me, but as passionless. I
+    confided to her the affair of D.C., which took place during our
+    acquaintance. She was distressed, but sympathetic and not
+    prudish. I did not suspect the cause of her distress; I thought
+    it was owing to her disappointment in the ideals she had formed
+    of me. She invited me to join her and her family for a part of
+    the summer (I had now left the university, having obtained my
+    degree in low honors) and I decided to join them. At this stage
+    there began to impress itself on my mind the possibility that she
+    cared for me; also the desirability, if that were so, of becoming
+    engaged to her. I found my feelings became warmer. On several
+    occasions we found ourselves alone. Then, one day, our talk
+    became more personal, more tender; and I kissed her. I do
+    recollect distinctly the thought flashing through my mind, as she
+    allowed me to kiss her, that she was not after all the
+    passionless and 'straight' girl I had thought. But the idea must
+    have been a very temporary one; it did not return; she declared
+    her love for me; and without any express 'proposal' on my part we
+    walked home that afternoon mutually taking it for granted that we
+    were engaged. I was happy, and calmly happy; proud and elated.
+
+    "Circumstances now made it necessary for me to make money for
+    myself and I was forced to enter a profession for which I had
+    never felt any attraction; indeed, I had never considered the
+    possibility of it, until I became engaged, and saw I must support
+    myself if I were ever to marry. I worked hard, and rapidly
+    improved my position.
+
+    "I think I am correct in stating that from the day I became
+    engaged my sexual troubles seemed to have ceased. My thoughts and
+    passions were centred on one woman. We wrote to one another
+    twice every week, and as far as I was concerned every thought and
+    feeling I had I told her, and the receipt of her letters was for
+    me the event of my life for nearly three years. My anxiety in
+    connection with my work used up a great deal of my energy, and,
+    although I looked forward to the time when I should have a woman
+    at my side every night, my sexual desires were in abeyance. Nor
+    did I feel any desire or temptation for other women.
+
+    "I masturbated, but not frequently. Generally I did it to the
+    accompaniment of images or scenes associated with my betrothed,
+    sometimes the act was purely auto-erotic. My leisure time was
+    devoted to reading.
+
+    "On only one occasion did I have intercourse with a woman during
+    my engagement (three years); it was with a girl whose
+    acquaintance I had made at the university and who asked me to
+    come to see her.
+
+    "I married at the age of 24. Looking back on the early days of my
+    married life it is now a matter of surprise to me that I was so
+    far from exhibiting the transports of passion which since then
+    have accompanied any intercourse with a new woman. Partly I was
+    frightened of shocking her; partly my three years of comparative
+    abstinence had chastened me. It was some weeks before I ever saw
+    my wife entirely naked; I never touched her parts with my hand
+    for many months; and after the first few weeks I did not have
+    intercourse with her frequently.
+
+    "Perhaps this was to be expected. The basis of my affection for
+    her had always been a moral or mental one rather than physical,
+    although she was a handsome, well-made girl. Besides, money and
+    other worries kept my thoughts busy, as well as struggles to make
+    both ends meet.
+
+    "Indeed, I may say my sexual nature seemed to be dying out. When
+    I had been married less than six months I discovered that sexual
+    intercourse with my wife no longer meant what sexual intercourse
+    used to mean--no excitement or exaltation or ecstasy. My wife
+    perhaps contributed to this by her attitude. She confessed
+    afterward to me that for the first week or so she positively
+    dreaded bedtime, so physically painful was intercourse to her;
+    that it was many weeks, if not months, before she experienced the
+    orgasm. For the first year and more of marriage she could not
+    endure touching my penis. This at first disappointed me; then
+    annoyed and finally almost disgusted me.
+
+    "Later on, she learned to experience the orgasm. But she was very
+    undemonstrative during the act, and it was seldom that the orgasm
+    occurred simultaneously; she took a much longer time.
+
+    "I ceased to think about sexual matters. When I had been married
+    about three years I was aware that, in my case, marriage meant
+    the loss of all mad ecstasy in the act. I knew that if I had no
+    work to do, and plenty of money, and temptation came my way, I
+    should like to have another woman. But there was no particular
+    woman to enchain my fancy and I did not have time or money or
+    inclination to hunt for one.
+
+    "At times I masturbated. Sometimes I did this to the
+    accompaniment of homosexual desires or memories of the past. Then
+    I got my wife to masturbate me.
+
+    "About four years after marriage I got a woman from Piccadilly
+    Circus to do _fellatio_. I had never had this done before. She
+    did not do it genuinely, but used her fingers.
+
+    "As stated above various anxieties, the fact that I could always
+    satisfy my physical desires, all served to calm me. I was also
+    interested in my work and had become ambitious to improve my
+    position and was very energetic.
+
+    "On the whole, notwithstanding money worries, the first four or
+    five years of my married life were the happiest in my life.
+    Certainly I was very free from sexual desires; and the general
+    effect of marriage was to make me economical, energetic,
+    ambitious, and unselfish. I was certainly overworked. I seldom
+    got to bed before 1 or 2; my meals were irregular; and I became
+    worried and nervous. At the beginning of my fifth year of married
+    life I got run down, and had a severe illness, and at one time my
+    life was in danger, but I had a fairly rapid convalescence.
+
+    "My illness was critical, in more senses than one. My
+    convalescence was accompanied by a remarkable recrudescence of my
+    sexual feelings. I will trace this in detail: 1. As I got
+    well--but while still in bed--I found myself experiencing, almost
+    continually, violent erections. These were at first of an
+    auto-erotic character, and I masturbated myself, thus gaining
+    relief to my nerves. 2. I also found my thoughts tending toward
+    sexual images, and I felt a desire toward my nurse. I first
+    became conscious of this when I noticed that I experienced an
+    erection during the time that she was washing me. I mentioned the
+    matter to my doctor, who told me not to worry, and said the
+    symptoms were usual in the circumstances. 3. When I got up and
+    about I found myself desiring very keenly to have intercourse
+    with my wife. I can almost say that I felt more sexually excited
+    than I had done for four or five years. As soon, however, as I
+    had had intercourse with my wife a few times I felt my desire
+    toward her cease. 4. My thoughts now centered on having a woman
+    to do _fellatio_, and as soon as I was well enough to go out I
+    got a prostitute to do this.
+
+    "Just before I was ill my wife had a child, which was born with
+    more than one abnormality. No doubt the shock and worry caused by
+    this got me into a low state and predisposed me to my illness.
+    But the consequences were farther reaching still. The child
+    underwent an operation, and my wife had to take her away into the
+    country for nearly six weeks, so as to give her better air. I was
+    left alone in London, for the first time since my marriage. The
+    worry in connection with the child, and the heavy expense, served
+    to keep me nervously upset after I had apparently recovered
+    physically from the illness. Once more I found myself thinking
+    about women. As an additional factor in the situation I became
+    friendly with an old college-chum whom I had not seen much of for
+    many years. He lived the life of a fashionable young bachelor and
+    was at the time keeping a woman. The only common interest between
+    us was women. I found myself reverting to the old condition of
+    rampant lust that had been such a curse to me in my university
+    days. Some books he lent me had a decided effect. They gave me
+    erections; and it was on top of the excitement thus engendered
+    that one day I got a woman to do _fellatio_, as already
+    mentioned. Moreover, since my illness, I found all my previous
+    energy and ambition had gone.
+
+    "I have stated that I was in London alone with two servants. The
+    housemaid was a young girl; nice looking, with beautiful eyes and
+    a sensual expression. She had been with us for about a year. I
+    cannot remember when I first thought of her in a sexual way. But
+    one evening I suddenly felt a desire for her. I talked to her; I
+    found my voice trembling; I let my hand, as if by accident, touch
+    hers; she did not withdraw it; and in a second I had kissed her.
+    She did not resist. I took her on my knee, and tried to take
+    liberties, which she resisted, and I desisted.
+
+    "Next day I kissed her again, and put my hand inside her breasts.
+    The same evening I took her to an exhibition. On the way home, in
+    a hansom cab, I made her masturbate me. This was followed by a
+    feeling of great relief, elation, and _pride_.
+
+    "Next morning, when she came up to my bedroom to call me, I
+    kissed and embraced her; she allowed me to take liberties, and,
+    reassuring her by saying I would use a preventive, I had
+    intercourse with her. She flinched somewhat. She then told me she
+    was at her period and that she had never had intercourse with a
+    man before.
+
+    "During the next few weeks I found her an adept pupil, though
+    always shy and undemonstrative. I took her to a hotel, and
+    experienced the intensest pleasure I had ever had in undressing
+    her. I had lately heard about _cunnilingus_. I now did it to her.
+    I soon found I experienced very great pleasure in this, as did
+    she. (I had attempted it with my wife, but found it disgusted
+    me.) I also had intercourse _per anum_. (This again was an act I
+    had heard about, but had never been able to regard as
+    pleasurable. But books I had been reading stated it was most
+    pleasant both to man and woman.) She resisted at first, finding
+    it hurt her much; it excited me greatly; and when I had done it
+    in this way several times she herself seemed to like it,
+    especially if I kept my hand on her clitoris at the same time.
+
+    "My relations with the housemaid, with whom I cannot pretend that
+    I was in love, were only put an end to by satiety, and when I
+    went away for my holidays I was utterly exhausted. This was,
+    however, only the first of a series of relationships, at least
+    one of which deeply stirred my emotional nature. These
+    experiences, however, it is unnecessary to detail. There have
+    also been occasional homosexual episodes.
+
+    "I think I am now in a much healthier condition than I have been
+    for some years. (I assume that it is _not_ healthy for all one's
+    thoughts to be always occupied on sexual subjects.) The
+    conclusion I come to is that I can live a normal, healthy life,
+    devoting my thoughts to my work, and finding pleasure in
+    friendship, in my children, in reading, and in other sources of
+    amusement, as long as I can have occasional relations with a
+    young girl--i.e., about once a week. But if this outlet for my
+    sexual emotions is stopped sexual thoughts obsess my brain; I
+    become both useless and miserable.
+
+    "I have never regretted my marriage. Not only do I feel that life
+    without a wife and home and children would be miserable, but I
+    entertain feelings of great affection toward my wife. We are well
+    suited to one another; she is a woman of character and
+    intelligence; she looks after my home well, is a sensible and
+    devoted mother, and understands me. I have never met a woman I
+    would have sooner married. We have many tastes and likings in
+    common, and--what is not possible with most women--I can, as a
+    rule, speak to her about my feelings and find a listener who
+    understands.
+
+    "On the other hand, all passion and sentiment have died out. It
+    seems to me that this is inevitable. Perhaps it is a good thing
+    this should be so. If men and women remained in the state of
+    erotic excitement they are in when they marry, the business and
+    work of the world would go hang. Unfortunately, in my case this
+    very erotic excitement is the chief thing in life that appeals to
+    me!
+
+    "The factors that in my case have produced this death of passion
+    and sentiment are as follows:--
+
+    "1. Familiarity. When one is continually in the company of a
+    person all novelty dies out. In the case of husband and wife, the
+    husband sees his wife every day; at all times and seasons;
+    dressed, undressed; ill; good tempered, bad tempered. He sees her
+    wash and perform other functions; he sees her naked whenever he
+    likes; he can have intercourse with her whenever he feels
+    inclined. How can love (as I use the expression--i.e., sexual
+    passion) continue?
+
+    "2. Satiety. I am of a 'hot,' sensual disposition, inclined to
+    excess, as far as my health and nerves are concerned. The
+    appetite gets jaded.
+
+    "3. Absence of strong sexual reciprocity on the part of my wife.
+    I have referred to this above. She likes intercourse, but she is
+    never outwardly demonstrative. She has naturally a chaste mind.
+    She never is guilty of those little indecencies which affect some
+    men a great deal. She does not like talking of these things; and
+    she tells me that if I died, she would never want to have
+    intercourse again with anyone. At times, especially recently, she
+    has even asked me to have intercourse with her, or to masturbate
+    her; but it is seldom that the orgasm occurs contemporaneously.
+    In this respect she is different from other women I knew, in whom
+    the mere fact that the orgasm was occurring in me at once
+    produced it in them. At the same time I doubt whether even strong
+    sexual reciprocity would have retained my passion for long.
+
+    "4. During the early years of our married life money worries
+    caused at times disagreements, reproaches and quarrels. Passion
+    and sentiment are fragile and cannot stand these things.
+
+    "5. The fact that I had already had other women diminished the
+    feeling of awe with which many regard the sexual act and the
+    violation of sexual conventions.
+
+    "6. Loss of beauty. Loss of figure is, I fear, inseparable from
+    childbearing especially if the woman works hard. We have always
+    had servants, still my wife has always worked hard, at sewing,
+    etc.
+
+    "I have stated that I entertain feelings of respect and
+    admiration for my wife. But I almost _loathe_ the idea of
+    intercourse with her. I would sooner masturbate, and think of
+    another woman than have intercourse with her. It causes nausea in
+    me to touch her private parts. Yet with other women it affords me
+    mad pleasure to kiss them, every part of their bodies. But my
+    wife still feels for me the love she had when we first married.
+    There lies the tragedy."
+
+The following narrative is a continuation of History XII in the previous
+volume:--
+
+    HISTORY III.--I had become good looking. For a time I knew what
+    it was to have loving looks from every woman I met, and being
+    saner and healthier I would seem to be moving in a divine
+    atmosphere of color and fragrance, pearly teeth and bright eyes.
+    Even the old women with daughters looked at me amiably--married
+    women with challenge and maidens with Paradise in their eyes.
+
+    "I was standing one morning at St. Peter's corner, with two young
+    friends, when a girl went by, coming over from the Roman Catholic
+    cathedral. When she had passed she looked back, with that
+    imperious swing that is almost a command, at me, as my friends
+    distinctly admitted. They advised me to follow her; I did so, and
+    she turned a pretty, blushing face and pair of dark gray eyes,
+    with just the kind of eyebrows I liked: brown, very level, rather
+    thick, but long. Her teeth and mouth were perfect, and she spoke
+    with a slight Irish brogue. She let me do all the talking while
+    she took my measure. God knows what she saw in me! I spoke in an
+    affected manner, I remember, imitating some swell character I had
+    seen on the stage a night or two before, but I was wise enough
+    not to talk too much and to behave myself. She promised to meet
+    me again and made the appointment. She was a school-teacher and
+    engaged to be married to some one else. She meant to amuse
+    herself her own way before she married. The second night I met
+    her she allowed me to kiss her as much as I liked and promised
+    all her favors for the third night. We took a long walk, and in
+    the dark she gave herself to me, but I hurt her so much I had to
+    stop two or three times. She had had connection only once, years
+    before, when at school herself. She was inclined to be sensual,
+    but she was young, fresh, and pretty, and her kisses turned my
+    head. I fell genuinely in love with her and told her so, one
+    night when she was particularly fascinating, with the tears in my
+    eyes; and her face met mine with equal love. The first night or
+    two I had felt no pleasure--whether through years of self-abuse
+    or not I do not know,--but this night my whole being was excited.
+    I met her once and sometimes twice a week and was always thinking
+    of her. My sister saw me looking love-sick one day and I heard
+    her say 'He's in love,' which rather flattered me, and I looked
+    more love-sick and idiotic than ever. It was all wrong and
+    perverted. She continued to meet her _fiancé_, and intended to
+    marry him. We both spoke of 'him' as an adultress speaks of her
+    husband. That high level of tears and childlike joy in our youth
+    and love was never reached again. But I realized her _sex_, her
+    kisses, her presence--after all those years of horror (if she had
+    only known)--more even than the sexual act itself; while she, as
+    time went on, commenced to show a curiosity which I thought
+    desecrating; she liked to examine--to 'let her hand stray,' were
+    her words. Even her beauty seemed impaired some nights and I
+    caught a gleam in her eye and a curve of her lip I thought
+    vulgar. But perhaps the next night I met her she would be as
+    bright as ever.
+
+    "I introduced her to my friends, who knew our relations, for I
+    blabbed everything. But she did not mind their knowing and if we
+    met would give them all a kiss, so that I felt I had been rather
+    too profuse in my hospitality, though I still would say: 'Have
+    another one, Bert; I don't mind.' But whatever ass I made of
+    myself she forgave me anything, and was fonder of me every time
+    we met, while I, although I did not know it for a long time, was
+    less fond of her. She knew how to revive my love, however. Some
+    nights she would not meet me, and I would be like a madman. Other
+    nights she would meet me, but not let me raise her dress. She
+    would lie on me, on a moonlit night, and her young face in shadow
+    like a siren's in its frame of hair, merely to kiss me. But what
+    kisses! Slow, cold kisses changing to clinging, passionate ones.
+    She would leave my mouth to look around, as if frightened, and
+    come back, open-mouthed, with a side-contact of lips that brought
+    out unexpected felicities.
+
+    "One night her _fiancé_ saw us together, and followed me after I
+    left her, but on turning a corner I ran. I ridiculed him to her
+    and despised him. I should have found it difficult to say why.
+    Another night her brother attacked me, and it would have gone
+    hard with me, but Annie pulled me in and banged the door. We were
+    in a friend's house, but her father came around soon and laid a
+    stick about her shoulders, in my presence. I tried to talk big,
+    and said something idiotic about being as good a man as her
+    betrothed, as though my intentions were honorable, which for one
+    brief moment made Anne look at me, paler faced and changed, such
+    a strange glance. But he beat her home, enjoying my rage, and she
+    went away, crying in her hands. I was allowed to go unmolested.
+
+    "I soon received a letter from her asking me not to mind and
+    making an appointment, at which she turned up cheerful and
+    unconcerned. She went to confession, and would meet me
+    afterwards; and her faith in that, and the difference of our
+    religions (if I had any religion) would make her seem strange and
+    alien to me at times, even banal. At last our meetings became a
+    mere habit of sensuality, with all charm, and suggestion of
+    better things eliminated....
+
+    "I went with my friend George (who shared my room) one afternoon
+    and called at Annie's school; she kept an infants' school of her
+    own. She came to the door herself. It was the first time I had
+    seen her in daylight, and I thought her cheek-bones bigger; she
+    certainly was not so pretty as on the first evening I met her.
+    George had told me he would sleep away if I wanted the room, and
+    when next I met her she promised to come and sleep with me.
+    Before I had always met her on the grass, under trees. She came,
+    and the sight of her young limbs and breasts revived something of
+    my love for her, my better love. But she was insatiable and more
+    sensual every day. One day she came when I was not well, and
+    would not go away disappointed. I had met a very pretty girl
+    about this time, and now resolved to give Annie up, which I did
+    in the cruelest manner, cutting her dead, and refusing to answer
+    her letters and touching messages. I heard that she would cry for
+    hours, but I was harder than adamant....
+
+    "I thought myself very much in love with the very pretty girl for
+    whom I had thrown up Annie. She lived with her mother and two
+    sisters, one older than herself, the other a mere child. The
+    eldest sister, a handsome, dark girl like a Spaniard, was not
+    virtuous. She was good natured; too much so, and took her
+    pleasure with several of us, dying, not long after, of
+    consumption. I thought her sister, my girl, was virtuous, and I
+    meant to marry her--some day. At any rate, I saw her mother, who
+    lived in a well-furnished house and was a superior woman. This
+    did not prevent my trying to seduce her daughter. I did not
+    succeed for a long time, though she did not cease meeting me. The
+    sisters came to see us. I knew, one night, her sister was
+    upstairs with D. and I guessed what they were at, so I suggested
+    to her she should creep up on them for fun. She did so, came
+    back, excited and pale--and gave herself to me. But she was not a
+    virgin and in time I had a glimpse of her unhappy fate and her
+    mother's position. Her father was dead or divorced, and her
+    mother, I believe, was mistress to some wealthy bookmaker. I am
+    not sure, there was always a mystery hanging over the mother, nor
+    am I certain that she connived at her daughter's seduction, but
+    the girl's account was that after some successful Cup day there
+    had been too much champagne drunk all around, and that a man she
+    looked on as a friend came into her bedroom that night when she
+    was _tête montée_ and seduced or violated her--whichever word you
+    like to choose. Since then his visits had been frequent until she
+    met me, she said, and if I would be true to her she would be a
+    true wife to me, and I believed her and still believe she meant
+    what she said. But I left Melbourne shortly after this, our
+    letters got few and far between, and ultimately I heard she was
+    married to a young man who had always been in love with her....
+
+    "Among the inmates of the boarding house was a 'married' couple
+    who stayed for some time; he was an insignificant, ugly, little,
+    crosseyed commercial traveler; she was a pretty, little creature
+    who looked as innocent and was as merry as a child; we all vied
+    in paying her attentions and waiting on her like slaves, the
+    husband always smiling a cryptic smile. After they had left it
+    was hinted they were not married at all; the oldest hands had
+    been taken in.... One afternoon I met Dolly, the commercial
+    traveler's wife, and she stopped and spoke to me. I remembered
+    what I had heard and ventured on some pleasantry at which she
+    laughed, and on my proposing that we should go for a walk she
+    consented. She had left the commercial traveler, it came out in
+    conversation, and we went on talking and walking, one idea only
+    in my mind now; could I detain her till dark? Dolly, who was very
+    pretty indeed, amused herself with me for hours, playing hot and
+    cold, snubbing me one minute, encouraging me with her eyed
+    another. Hour after hour went and she found this game so
+    entertaining that she accompanied me to the park behind the
+    Botanical Gardens, and it was not until it was too late for me to
+    catch a train home that she gave herself to me. In fact, we
+    stayed out the whole of that warm summer night. As the hours went
+    by she told me of her home in London and how she first went
+    wrong. She had been a good girl till one day on an excursion she
+    drank some rum or gin, which seemingly revived some dormant taint
+    of heritage; when she went home that night she fell flat at her
+    mother's feet. Her parents, well-to-do shopkeepers, who had
+    forgiven her several times before, turned her out. She became one
+    man's mistress and then another's. She began early, and was
+    scarcely 19 now. She would leave off the drink for a time and try
+    to be respectable. She loved her father and mother, but she could
+    not help drinking at times. She spoke cheerfully and laughingly
+    about it all; she was young, strong, good natured, and careless.
+    We went to sleep for a little while and then wandered in the
+    early morning down toward the cemetery, when she tried to tidy
+    her hair, asking me how I had enjoyed myself and not waiting for
+    an answer. She was thirsty, she said, and when the public houses
+    opened we went and had a drink. It was the first time I had seen
+    her drink alcohol,--at the boarding house she had always been the
+    picture of health and sweetness,--and I saw a change come over
+    her at once, so that I understood all that she had told me. The
+    sleepless night may have made it worse, but the look that came
+    into her eyes, and the looseness of the fibres not only of her
+    tell-tale wet mouth, but of every muscle of her face was
+    startling and piteous to see. She saw my look and laughed, but
+    her laugh was equally piteous to hear, and when she spoke again
+    her voice had changed too, and was equally piteous. She asked for
+    another. 'No, don't,' I begged, for the pretty girl I had
+    flattered myself I had passed a summer's night with that most
+    young men would envy, showed signs of changing, like some siren,
+    into a flabby, blear-eyed boozer. That hurt my vanity.
+
+    "I met her another night and she took, me to her lodgings, and I
+    slept with her all night. I no longer tried to stop her drinking,
+    but drank with her. I ceased to treat her with courtesy and
+    gallantry; she noticed it, but only drank the more, drank till
+    she became dirty in her ways, till her good looks vanished. I
+    left her, too drunk to stand, as some friend, a woman, called on
+    her.
+
+    "She came to see me once more, like her old self, so well dressed
+    and well behaved, and chatted so cheerfully to my landlady that
+    the latter afterward congratulated me on having such a friend.
+    Dolly carried a parcel of underclothing she had made, with a few
+    toys, for the children of a poor man in the suburbs, and I
+    accompanied her to the house. There was great excitement among
+    the ragged children; in fact, the atmosphere became so
+    dangerously full of love and charity that I commenced to feel
+    uncomfortable,--the shower of roses again,--and was glad to find
+    myself in the open air. We went for a walk and had several
+    drinks, which made the usual change in Dolly. I got tired of her,
+    determined I would leave her, spoke cruelly, and finally--after
+    having connection with her on the dry seaweed--rose and left her
+    brutally, walked away faster and faster, deaf to her
+    remonstrances, and careless whether or how she reached the
+    station....
+
+    "I had gone to lodge with a family whom I had been accustomed to
+    visit as a friend; there were two daughters; the elder, engaged
+    to a young German who was away with a survey party, had a rather
+    plain face, but a strong one and was herself a strong character,
+    and I came to like her in spite of myself; the second girl had
+    light golden hair, a fresh complexion, a short nose, and rather
+    large mouth, which contained beautiful teeth; they were both
+    good, obedient, innocent church-going daughters. As there was
+    plenty of amusement there of an evening, singing and dancing, I
+    did not go out, got into better ways, and gradually gave up
+    drinking to excess. I was so improved in appearance that an old
+    acquaintance did not recognize me. My anecdotes and fun amused
+    Mrs. S., the mother of the girls. She could be very violent on
+    occasions, I found, and I learned that there had been terrible
+    scenes at times, and that from time to time it had been necessary
+    to place her in an asylum. I went for drives with the girls and
+    to theatres, and ought to have been happy and glad to find myself
+    in such good quarters. The mother trusted me so entirely that she
+    left me for hours with the girls, the younger one of whom I would
+    kiss sometimes. She was engaged to a young fellow whom I spoke to
+    patronizingly, but whose shoes I was not worthy to fasten. I was
+    the cause of quarrels between them. They made it up again but I
+    think he noticed the change that was taking place in Alice. For
+    from kissing her I had gone on--all larking at first. We formed
+    the habit of sitting down on the sofa when alone and kissing
+    steadily for ten minutes or more at a time. She was excited
+    without knowing what was the matter with her--but I knew. And one
+    day when our mouths were together I drew her to me and commenced
+    to stroke her legs gently down. She trembled like a string bow,
+    and allowed my hand to go farther. And then she was frightened
+    and ashamed and commenced to laugh and cry together. She had
+    these hysterical attacks several times and they always frightened
+    me. It ended in my seducing her. She broke off her engagement,
+    and then was sorry; but soon she thought only of me.... One day
+    Alice and I were nearly caught. I had just left her on the sofa
+    and had commenced drawing at a table with my back to her when
+    suddenly her mother came in without her shoes, while Alice had
+    one hand up her clothes arranging her underclothing. The mother
+    stopped dead and shot me one glance I shall never forget. 'Why,
+    Alice, you frighten me!' she said. I feigned surprise and asked
+    'What is the matter?' Alice, although she was frightened out of
+    her wits, managed to stammer: 'He couldn't see me--you couldn't
+    see me, could you?' appealing to me. But I had managed to collect
+    my senses a bit and although still under that maternal eye I
+    asked,--at last turning slowly around to Alice: 'See? What do you
+    mean? See what?' And I looked so mystified that the mother was
+    deceived, and contented herself with scolding Alice and telling
+    her to run no risks of that sort. I breathed again.
+
+    "But I was near the end of my tether. Alice and I talked about
+    everything now. She told me about her life at boarding school and
+    the strange ideas some of the girls had about men and marriage.
+    After leaving school she had been sent to a large millinery or
+    drapery establishment to learn sewing and dressmaking. Here, she
+    said, the talk was awful at times, and one girl had a book with
+    pictures of men's organs of generation, which was passed around
+    and excited their curiosity to the highest pitch.
+
+    "I had days of tenderness and contrition, and even told her I
+    would get on and marry her. Then the tears would come into her
+    eyes and she would say: 'I seem to feel as if you were my husband
+    now.' ...
+
+    "I had to see a man on business and went to his cottage. The door
+    was opened by his wife, a handsome, dark-eyed young woman, who
+    looked as if butter would not melt in her mouth. After leaving a
+    message I went on talking to her on other subjects. She piqued my
+    vanity in some way, and made me feel curious and restless. I
+    found myself thinking of her after I left and looking back I saw
+    she was still looking at me.
+
+    "To make a long story short, she encouraged me. It ended by my
+    leaving the S. family and going to board with them. T.D., the
+    husband, was glad of my company and my money. They had a little
+    boy--whose father T. was not. I soon understood her inviting
+    looks at me. For she was a general lover, and an old man, in a
+    good government billet, visited her often when T.D. was away: I
+    will call him Silenus. There was also a dark, handsome man who
+    built organs. The latter came one day and sent for some beer. I
+    was working in my room, and it so happened that before he knocked
+    she had been going further than usual in her talk with me; in
+    fact, as good as giving me the word. When her friend was admitted
+    he had to pass my open door and he gave me a look with his black
+    eyes and I gave him a look which told each what the other's game
+    was. It is wonderful what a lot can be learned from a single
+    glance of the eyes. When I saw the little boy bringing in the
+    beer I felt that he had bested me. But she brought me in a glass
+    first, and putting her down on the sofa I scored first. It was
+    done so suddenly, so brutally, that, accustomed as she must have
+    been to such scenes she turned red and bit her under lip. But she
+    sent the other man away in a few minutes. After that she was
+    insatiable; it was every day and sometimes twice in one day. I
+    commenced to be gloomy and miserable again. And there was not
+    even a pretense of love. There was no deception about her; she
+    even introduced me to Silenus and we made excursions together,
+    for which he paid, as he had plenty of money. We were always
+    drinking, until at last I could eat nothing unless I had two or
+    three whiskies. I became very thin, my horizon seemed black and
+    all things at an end. (But T.D. enjoyed his meals and was really
+    fond of his wife and her boy and his work; life was pleasant to
+    him.) She would go up to town with me and to a certain hotel;
+    after drinking she would leave me waiting while she retired with
+    the handsome young landlord for a short time. She told me when
+    she came back that he was a great favorite with married women.
+
+    "She told me that Silenus visited a woman who practiced
+    _fellatio_ on him. Mrs. D. thought such practices abominable and
+    could not imagine how a woman could like doing such a thing.
+
+    "When she was out walking with me one day T.D.'s name came up and
+    she said in a slightly altered voice: 'He told me he loved me!'
+    It was a word seldom used by her except in jest. I threw a
+    startled look at her and caught an inquisitive and apologetic
+    look in return, such a strange and touching glance that I saw I
+    had not yet understood her,--there was an enigma somewhere. When,
+    bit by bit, she told me her life, I understood, or thought I
+    understood, that strange childlike glance in this young woman
+    steeped to her eyes in sin. No one had ever made love to her or
+    spoken to her of love in her life.
+
+    "It had commenced at school. She must have been a particularly
+    fine and handsome girl, judging from her photographs. She had
+    seen boys playing with girls' privates under the form and felt
+    jealous that they did not play with her's. She had no mother to
+    look after her and she soon found plenty of boys to play with
+    her, and young men, too, as she grew older. She took it as she
+    took her meals. She had been really fond of her child's father,
+    but as he had shown no tenderness for her, nothing but a craving
+    for sensual gratification, she would rather have died than let
+    him know. She soon tired of her attachments, she told me. She did
+    not like T.D. He was not the complacent husband; he was spirited
+    enough, but he believed everything she told him. One day he came
+    home unexpectedly when we were together on the bare palliass in
+    her room. It was a critical moment when his knocks were heard,
+    and in the hurry and excitement some moisture was left on the
+    bed. The knocks became louder, but she was calmer than I, and
+    bade me run down to the closet. I could hear her cheerful and
+    chaffing voice greeting him. When I walked in back to my own room
+    she called out: 'Here's T. home!' I learned afterward that he had
+    been surly and suspicious, and had seen the moisture on the bed,
+    and asked about it, whereupon she had turned the tables upon him
+    completely; he ought to be ashamed of himself; she knew what he
+    meant by his insinuations; if he must know how that moisture come
+    on the bed, why she put the soap there in a hurry to catch a
+    flea. He believed her and brought her a present next day in
+    atonement for his suspicions.
+
+    "During her monthly periods, when I could not touch her, she
+    would come in and play with me until emissions occurred, and my
+    feelings had become so perverted that I even preferred this to
+    coitus. The orgasm would occur twice in her to once in me, and
+    though her eyes were rather hard and her mouth too, she always
+    looked well and cheerful, while I was gloomy and depressed. In
+    her side, however, was a hard lump, which pained her at times,
+    and which, doubtless, was waiting its time....
+
+    "One day I felt so low in health that I proposed to T.D. that we
+    should take a boat and sail out in the bay for a day or two. The
+    sea, the change, the open air revived me, and I even made
+    sketches of the black sailor as he steered the boat. One day when
+    I was left alone in charge of the boat, as I felt the time
+    hanging on my hands, for the sea, the blue sky, the lovely day
+    gave me no real pleasure, I remember abusing myself, the old
+    habit reasserting itself as soon as I was alone and idle. When
+    T.D. came back he brought Mrs. D. with him, laughing and jolly as
+    usual. She was surprised when lying next to me under the deck on
+    our return I did not respond to her advances. It would have
+    pleased her, with her husband only a few feet away. After that I
+    spent a night with her, but she was getting tired of me. I did
+    not care for her, but it hurt my vanity and I made a few attempts
+    to be impertinent. She looked at me coldly and threatened to
+    complain to T....
+
+    "I want to relate an impression I received one night about this
+    time when with several friends we called at a brothel. I forget
+    my companion, but I remember two faces. It was winter, and great
+    depression prevailed in Adelaide. We had been talking to the
+    mistress as we drank some beer and were pretending to be jolly
+    fellows, although we were wet, cold, and had not enjoyed
+    ourselves (at least, I had not), and she was speaking harshly and
+    jeeringly about two girls she had now who had not earned a penny
+    for the past week. Just then we heard footsteps and she said in a
+    lower tone: 'Here they are,' They came in, unattended, having
+    ascertained which the brothel-keeper snorted and turned her back
+    to them. The faces of the girls, who were quite young, looked so
+    miserable that even I pitied them. The look on the face of one of
+    those girls as she stood by the hearth drawing off her gloves
+    lives in my memory. Too deep for tears was its sorrow, shame, and
+    hopelessness....
+
+    "I had given up drink and was living in the bush. To anyone with
+    normal nerves it would have been a happy time of quiet, rustic
+    peace, beauty, and relief from city life. With me it was restless
+    vanity amounting to madness. In every relation, action, or
+    possible event in which I figured or might figure in the future,
+    I always instantaneously called up an imaginary audience. And
+    then this imaginary audience admired everything I did or might
+    do, and put the most heroic, gallant, and romantic construction
+    on my acts, appearance, lineage, and breeding. Suppose I saw a
+    pretty girl on a bush road. Instead of thinking 'There is a
+    pretty girl; I should like to know her or kiss her,' as I suppose
+    a healthy, normal young man would think, I thought after this
+    fashion: 'There is a pretty girl; now, as I pass her she will
+    think I am a handsome and aristocratic-looking stranger, and, as
+    I carry a sketch-book, an artist--"A landscape painter! How
+    romantic!" she will say, and then she will fall in love with me,'
+    etc. This preoccupation with what other people might think or
+    would think so engrossed all my time that I had no means of
+    enjoying the presence, thought, or favor of the divine creatures
+    I met, and I must have appeared 'cracked' to them with my
+    reticence, pride, and silly airs.
+
+    "I met girls as foolish as myself sometimes. Once at a _table
+    d'hôte_ I met a young girl who went for a walk with me and let me
+    know her carnally although she was little more than a schoolgirl.
+    She was going down to town soon, she said, and would meet me at a
+    certain hotel (belonging to relations of hers) in Adelaide on a
+    certain date, some time ahead; if I took a room there she would
+    come into it during the night. In the meanwhile I had given way
+    to drink again and abused myself at intervals. I came down to
+    town, drunk, in the coach, and kept my appointment with the young
+    girl at the hotel, expecting a night of pleasure; but she merely
+    stared at me coldly as if she had never seen me before. I abused
+    myself twice in my solitary room....
+
+    "I met a middle-aged schoolteacher (who had once been an officer
+    in the army) down for his holidays. As he spoke well, and was a
+    'gentleman,' I cultivated him. One night he asked me to meet a
+    girl he had an appointment with and tell her he was not well
+    enough to meet her. He foolishly told me the purpose of their
+    intended meeting. I went to the trysting-place, at the back of
+    the hotel, and met the girl. On delivering my message she smiled,
+    made some joke about her friend, and looked at me as much as to
+    say: 'You will do as well.' I had been drinking, and in the most
+    brutal manner I took her into a closet. By some strange chance or
+    state of nerves she gave me exquisite pleasure, but the orgasm
+    came with me before it did with her, and in spite of her
+    disappointment and protests I stood up and pulled her out of the
+    place for fear some one should find us there. Still protesting
+    she followed me, but her foot slipped on the paved court, and she
+    fell down on her face. When she rose I saw that her front teeth
+    were broken. I looked at her without pity, with impatience, and
+    abruptly leaving her I went into the hotel to 'the colonel.' I
+    commenced to tell him lies, when he asked me with a weak laugh
+    what had been keeping me. I smiled with low cunning and drunken
+    vanity, evading the question. Then he accused me directly. I only
+    laughed; but, drunk as I was, I remember the look of the ageing
+    bachelor as he saw he had been betrayed by a younger man. He had
+    known her for years....
+
+    "I was now living in the home of a woman who was separated from
+    her husband and kept lodgers. She had a daughter, with whom I
+    walked out, a pretty girl who drank like a fish, as her mother
+    also did. There were other lodgers coming and going. I would lie
+    down all day and keep myself saturated with beer. I commenced to
+    get fat and bloated, with the ways of a brothel bully. A
+    broken-down, drunken old woman who visited the house and had been
+    a beautiful lady in her youth told me I should end my days on the
+    gallows trap. The same woman when drunk would lift up her dress,
+    sardonically, exposing herself. Other old women would congregate
+    in the neglected and dirty bedrooms and tell fortunes with the
+    cards. One little woman, an onanist, was like a character out of
+    Dickens, exaggerated, affected, unnatural, with remains of
+    gentility and society manners. Amidst all this drunkenness and
+    abandonment May, the landlady's daughter, preserved her
+    virginity. Young lodgers would take liberties with her, but at a
+    certain stage would receive a stinger on the face. The girl liked
+    me and would kiss me, but nothing else. And then--out of this
+    home of drunkenness and shame--May fell in love with some pretty
+    boy she met by chance, whom she never asked to her home. She
+    began to neglect me, even to neglect drink, and to dream,
+    preoccupied. I felt a restless jealousy, but she would look at
+    me, without resentment, without recognition, without seeing me,
+    look me straight in the eyes as I was talking to her, and dream
+    and dream. This same pretty boy seduced her, I believe. When next
+    I met her she was 'on the town,' her one dream of spring over....
+
+    "About this time I had one of those salutary turns that have
+    marked epochs in my life, and as a result I left that house and
+    resolutely abstained from drink.... I was now in a small
+    up-country town. I commenced to play croquet and to ride out.
+    Sometimes I was invited to dinner by a young man at the bank,
+    whose house was kept by his sister. She had a small figure, a
+    pretty but rather narrow face, and well-bred manners; but there
+    was a look in her asymmetrical eyes, in the shape of her thin
+    hands, even in the stoop of her shoulders, that seemed
+    passionate. One day--when her brother, a fine, sweet-blooded
+    manly young athlete, was absent--I commenced to pull her about.
+    She gave me one passionate kiss, but said: 'No! Do you know what
+    keeps me straight? It is the thought of my brother.' I refrained
+    from molesting her further. I met other girls, some pretty and
+    arrogant, others plain and hungry-eyed; it was a country town
+    where there were four or five females to every male. But I could
+    not speak frankly and candidly to a young woman as the young
+    banker did....
+
+    "I remember that one night, when I was living at the Port, I
+    slept all night with a prostitute who had taken a fancy to me and
+    who used to cry on my shoulder, much to my impatience and
+    annoyance. In the same bed with us, lying beside me, was a girl
+    aged about 12. On my expressing surprise I was told she was used
+    to it and noticed nothing. But in the morning I turned my head
+    and looked at her, and even in the dim light of that dirty
+    bedroom I could see that her eyes had noticed and understood. She
+    pressed herself against me and smiled; it was not the smile of an
+    infant. I could record many instances I have observed of the
+    precocity of children.
+
+    "At one time I made the acquaintance of three young men, two in
+    the customs, the other in a surveyor's office. At the first
+    glance you would have said they were ordinary nice young clerks,
+    but on becoming better acquainted you would notice certain
+    peculiarities, a looseness of mouth, a restless, nervous
+    inquietude of manner, an indescribable gleam of the eye. They
+    were very fond of performing and singing at amateur minstrel
+    shows and developed a certain comic vein they thought original,
+    though it reminded me of professional corner-men. However, I
+    enjoyed their singing and drinking habits and went to their
+    lodgings several nights to play cards, drink beer, and tell funny
+    stories. One night they asked me to stay all night and on going
+    to a room with two beds I was told to have one. Presently one of
+    the young men came in and commenced to undress. But before going
+    to his bed he made a remark which, though I had been drinking,
+    opened my eyes. I told him to shut up and go to bed, speaking
+    firmly and rather coldly, and he went reluctantly to his own bed.
+    But another night when they had shifted their lodgings and were
+    all sleeping in the same room I was drunk and went to bed with
+    the same fair-haired young man. On waking up in the night I found
+    my bedmate tampering with me. The old force came over me and I
+    abused him, but refused to commit the crime he wanted me to. His
+    penis was small and pointed. I rose early in the morning,
+    sobered, suffering, and covered with shame, and went hastily
+    away, refusing to stay for breakfast. I thought I caught an
+    amazed and evil smile on the faces of the other two. Meeting the
+    three the same evening in the street, I passed them blushing, and
+    my bedmate of the previous night blushed also....
+
+    "I now took cheap lodgings in North Adelaide. Here I had slight
+    recurrences of the strangeness and fear of going mad which I had
+    experienced once before. I led such a solitary life and fell into
+    such a queer state that I turned to religion and attended church
+    regularly. It was approaching the time for those young men and
+    women who wished to be confirmed to prepare themselves, and a
+    struggle now ensued between my pride and my wish to gain rest and
+    peace of mind in Jesus. I was self-conscious to an incredible
+    degree, and dreaded exposure or making an exhibition of myself,
+    but still went to church, hoping the grace of God would descend
+    on me. I had no other resources. I had no pleasure in life, and
+    was so shattered and in such misery of dread that I welcomed the
+    only refuge that seemed open to me. At last, one Sunday, I had
+    what I thought was a call; I shed a few tears, and although
+    tingling all down my spine I went up in the cathedral and joined
+    those who were going to be confirmed. I attended special meetings
+    and shocked the good bishop very much by telling him I had never
+    been baptized. I had to be baptized first and went one day to the
+    cathedral and he baptized me. When the critical awful moment came
+    the bishop, whose faith even then surprised me somehow, held my
+    hand in his cold palm, and gave it a pressure, eyeing me,
+    expectantly, inquisitively, to see any change for the better.
+    But, it so happened, that morning I was in a horrible temper and
+    black mood, hard and dry-eyed, and no change came. Still, I tried
+    to believe there was a change.
+
+    "I was confirmed with others, had a prayer-book given me with
+    prayers for nearly every hour in the day, and was always kneeling
+    and praying. I procured a long, white surplice, and assisted at
+    suburban services, even conducting small ones myself, reading the
+    sermons out of books. But my mood of rage increased, and one
+    Sunday I had to walk a long way in a new pair of boots. I shall
+    never forget that hot Sunday afternoon. My feet commenced to ache
+    and a murderous humor seized me. I swore and blasphemed one
+    moment and prayed to God to forgive me the next. When I reached
+    the chapel where I had to assist the chaplain I was exhausted
+    with rage, pain, fear, and religious mania. I thought it probable
+    I had offended the Holy Ghost. When, next Sunday, I went to try
+    my hand at Sunday-school teaching I wore a pair of boots so old
+    that the little boys laughed. I was always talking of my
+    conversion and the spirit of our Saviour. I do not know what the
+    clergymen I met thought of me. I thought I should like to be a
+    minister myself, and questioned a Church of England parson as to
+    the amount of study necessary. He received my question rather
+    coldly, I thought, which discouraged me. As my dread gradually
+    diminished, though I still felt strange, I made excuses for not
+    conducting services, although I continued to read my Bible and
+    prayer-book, and really believed I had been 'born again.'
+
+    "Surely now, I thought, that I had Christ's aid, I shall be able
+    to break off my habit of self-abuse that had been the curse of my
+    youth. What was my horror and dismay to find that, when the mood
+    came on me next, I went down the same as ever. And after all my
+    suffering and dread and fear of fits! What could I do? Was I mad,
+    or what? I was really frightened at my helplessness in the matter
+    and decided on a course of conduct that ultimately brought me
+    past this danger to better health and comparative happiness. I
+    said to myself that there is always a certain amount of
+    preliminary thought and dalliance before I do this deed;
+    doubtless this it is that renders me incapable of resisting. I
+    decided, therefore, never to let my thoughts _commence_ to dwell
+    on lustful things, but to think of something else on the _first_
+    intimation of their appearance in my mind. I rigorously followed
+    this rule; and it proved successful, and I recommend it to others
+    in the same predicament as myself. After suffering weeks and
+    months of dread and illness once more, falling away in flesh and
+    turning yellow, I gradually mended a little. I had a better color
+    and tone, and was something like other young men, barring a
+    strange alternate exaltation and depression. Even this gradually
+    became less noticeable, and my moods more even and reliable."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[219] My Christian faith is of a somewhat nonemotional, intellectual type,
+with a considerable element of agnostic reserve.
+
+[220] On having connection with my wife I frequently exhibit sufficient
+sexual power to produce orgasm in her; but on occasion, especially during
+the first year or so of married life, I have been unable to do this, owing
+to the too rapid action of the reflexes in myself, and have even, now and
+again, had emissions _ante portam_.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Adachi
+Adam, Madame
+Adler
+Ælian
+Allbutt, Gifford
+Allen, Grant
+Allin, A.
+Alrutz
+Andree
+Anselm, St.
+Arbuthnot
+Ariosto
+Aristænetus
+Aristophanes
+Aristotle
+Athenæus
+Aubert
+Audeoud
+Avicenna
+Ayrton
+
+Bacarisse
+Backhouse
+Bain, A.
+Baker, Sir S.
+Bälz
+
+Baschet, Armand
+Batchelor, J.
+Baudelaire
+Bazan, Pardo
+Beatson
+Beauregard
+Bendix
+Benedikt
+Bernard, L.
+Bernardin de St. Pierre
+Bianchi, L.
+Biérent
+Binet
+Bloch, A.G.
+Bloch, I.
+Boccaccio
+Bollinger
+Borel
+Botallus
+Brantôme
+Breitenstein
+Brisay, Marquis de
+Bronson
+Broune, R.
+Brown, H.
+Brunton, Sir Lauder
+Bücher
+Buckman, S.S.
+Bulkley
+Bullen, F. St. John
+Burckhardt
+Burdach
+Burton, Sir R.
+Burton, R.
+
+Cabanès
+Cabanis
+Cadet-Devaux
+Candolle, A. de
+Cardano
+Cardi, Comte di
+Casanova
+Castellani
+Cervantes
+Chadwick
+Chamfort
+Chaucer
+Clement of Alexandria
+Cloquet
+Cocke, J.
+Coffignon
+Cohn, Jonas
+Colegrove
+Colenso, W.
+Collet
+Compayre
+Cook, Captain
+Cornish
+Courtier
+Crawley
+Cyples, W.
+
+Daniell, W.F.
+D'Annunzio
+Dante
+Darlington, L.
+Darwin, C.
+Darwin, E.
+Davy, J.
+Deniker
+D'Enjoy
+Digby, Sir K.
+Dillon, E.
+Distant
+Dogiel
+Donaldson, H.H.
+D'Orbigny
+Duffield
+Dufour
+Dühren, E.
+Dunlop, W.
+
+Edinger
+Eliot, George
+Ellis, A.B.
+Ellis, A.J.
+Ellis, Havelock
+Ellis, W.
+Eloy
+Eméric-David
+Emin Pasha
+Endriss, J.
+Engelmann, I.J.
+Epstein
+Esquirol
+Eulenburg
+
+Féré
+Ferrand
+Ferrero
+Filhés, Margarethe
+Fillmore
+Firenzuola
+Flagy, R. de
+Fletcher, A.C.
+Fliess
+Fol, H.
+Foley
+Forster, J.B.
+Franklin, A.
+Frazer, J.G.
+Friedländer
+Friedreich, J.B.
+Fromentin
+Frumerie, G. de
+
+Galopin
+Galton, F.
+Garbini
+Garson
+Giard
+Giessler
+Gilman
+Goblot
+Goethe
+Goncourt, E. de
+Görres
+Gould
+Gourmont, Remy de
+Griffith, W.D.A.
+Griffiths, A.B.
+Grimaldi
+Groos, K.
+Guibaud
+
+Hack
+Häcker
+Hagen
+Hall, G. Stanley
+Halle, A. de la
+Haller
+Harrison, F.
+Hart, D. Berry
+Harvey, W.F.
+Hawkesworth
+Haycraft
+Hearn, Lafcadio
+Heine
+Hellier, J.B.
+Helmholtz
+Henry, C.
+Hermant, Abel
+Herodotus
+Herrick, C.L.
+Herrick, R.
+Heschl
+Hildebrandt
+Hippocrates
+Holder, A.B.
+Hortis
+Houdoy
+Houzeau
+Huart
+Humboldt, W. von
+Hutchinson, W.F.
+Hutchinson, Woods
+Huysmans
+Hyades
+
+Jäger
+James, W.
+Janet
+Jerome, St.
+Joal
+Joest
+Johnston, Sir H.H.
+Jorg
+Jouin
+Juvenal
+
+Kaan
+Kate, H. ten
+Kennedy
+Kiernan, J.G.
+King, J.S.
+Kirchhoff, A.
+Kistemaecker
+Klein, G.
+Kleist
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss
+Kubary
+Külpe
+
+Lane, E.W.
+Lancaster, E.
+Latcham
+Laycock
+Layet
+Léchat
+Lecky
+Lejeune
+Lemaire, J.
+Léoty
+Lewin
+Lewis, A.T.
+Linnæus
+Lombard
+Lombroso, C.
+Lombroso, Gina
+Lucian
+Lucretius
+Luigini
+Lumholtz
+
+MacCauley
+MacDonald, J.
+MacDougall, B.
+MacKenzie, J.N.
+MacKenzie, S.
+Man, E.H.
+Mantegazza
+Marholm, L.
+Marie de France
+Marro
+Marston, J.
+Martial
+Martineau, Harriet
+Massinger
+Matusch
+Mau
+Maudsley, H.
+Maxim, Sir H.
+McBride
+McDougall, W.
+McKendrick
+Melle, Van
+Menander
+Mentz
+Merensky
+Mertens
+Michelet
+Milton
+Miner, J.B.
+Minut, G. de
+Mironoff
+Mitford
+Möbius
+Moll
+Moncelon
+Monin
+Moore, A.W.
+Moore, F.
+Moraglia
+Motannabi
+Muir, Sir W.
+Myers, C.S.
+
+Näcke
+Newman, W.L.
+Nietzsche
+Niphus
+Nordenskjöld
+Norman, Conolly
+Nuttall
+Nyrop
+
+O'Donovan
+Ordericus Vitalis
+Ovid
+
+Papillault
+Parke, T.H.
+Parker, Rushton
+Passy, J.
+Patrick, G.T.W.
+Patrizi, M.L.
+Paulhan
+
+Pearson, K.
+Penta
+Perls
+Petrarch
+Petrie, Flinders
+Piéron
+Piesse
+Pillon, E.
+Plateau
+Plato
+Ploss
+Plutarch
+Potwin, E.
+Pouchet
+Poulton, E.B.
+Pruner Bey
+Pyle
+
+Raciborski
+Raffalovich
+Ramsey, Sir W.
+Raseri
+Raymond
+Reade, Winwood
+Remfry
+Renier, R.
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Rhys, J.
+Ribbert
+Ribot
+Ries
+Ripley
+Robinson, Louis
+Rochas, A. de
+Roger, J.L.
+Rohlfs
+Romi, Shereef-Eddin
+Ronsard
+Roscoe, J.
+Rosenbaum
+Roth, H. Ling
+Roth, W.
+Roubaud
+Rousseau
+Routh, A.
+Rowbotham, J.F.
+Rudeck
+Rutherford
+
+Salmuth, P.
+Sanborn, L.
+Santayana, G.
+Savage, G.
+Savill
+Schellong
+Schiff
+Schopenhauer
+Schultz, A.
+Schurigius
+Scott, Colin
+Scripture, E.W.
+Seligmann
+Selous, E.
+Semon, Sir F.
+Sénancour
+Sensai, Nagayo
+Sergi
+Shakespeare
+Sharp, D.
+Shelley
+Shields, T.E.
+Shipley
+Shufeldt
+Simpson, Sir J.Y.
+Skeat, W.W.
+Smith, Sir A.
+Smith, G. Elliot
+Smith, H.
+Smyth, Brough
+Sonnini
+Southerden
+Spencer, Herbert
+Spinoza
+Stanley, Hiram
+Stendhal
+Stevens, Vaughan
+Stirling, E.C.
+Stoddart, W.H.B.
+Stratz, C.H.
+Swift
+Symonds, J.A.
+Syrus, Publilius
+
+Talbot, E.B.
+Talbot, E.S.
+Tarchanoff
+Tardif
+Tarnowsky
+Temesvary
+Tennyson
+Tinayre, Marcelle
+Tolstoy
+Toulouse
+Tourdes, G.
+Tregear
+Tuckey
+Turner
+Tylor, E.B.
+
+Varigny, O. de
+Vaschide
+Vatsyayana
+Velten
+Venturi
+Vinci, L. de
+Vineberg
+Volkelt
+Vurpas
+
+Waits
+Wallace, A.E.
+Wallaschek
+Waller, A.
+Walther, P. von
+Wartanoff
+Watts, G.F.
+Weinhold, K.
+Wellhausen
+Wessmann
+Westermarck
+Whytt
+Wiedemann, A.
+Wiese
+Wilks, Sir S.
+Wright, T.
+Wundt
+
+Yellowlees
+Yung, E.
+
+Zola
+Zurcher
+Zwaardemaker
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Acne in relation to sexual development
+Æsthetics,
+  standard modified by love
+  in region of smell
+  in relation to the sexual impulse
+Ainu
+Alexander the Great,
+  odor of
+Ambergris
+American Indians
+  types of beauty
+  ideas of beauty
+  seldom acquainted with kiss
+Anæsthesia produced by tuning forks
+Antisexual instinct
+Arabs,
+  ideal of beauty
+  kissing among
+Armpit,
+  odor of
+Asafoetida
+Assortative mating
+Australians
+  ideal of beauty
+  kissing among
+
+Bath,
+  its history in modern Europe
+  opposed by early Christians
+  also by Mohammed
+Baudelaire's olfactory sensibility
+Beard in relation to beauty
+Beauty,
+  as the symbol of love
+  the chief agent in sexual selection
+  the sexual element in æsthetic
+  its largely objective character
+  ideals of, among various peoples
+  sometimes found in lowest races
+  primary sex characters as an element of
+Beauty, clothing in relation to
+  secondary sexual characters as an element of
+  in relation to pigmentation
+  the individual element in ideal of
+  the exotic element
+  in relation to stature
+Bird song,
+  origin of
+Biting in relation to origin of kissing
+Blind,
+  sense of smell in the
+  sensitiveness to voice
+Blondes,
+  the admiration for
+Breasts,
+  as an element of beauty
+  as a tactile sexual focus
+Breath,
+  odor of
+Brothels,
+  public baths once synonymous with
+Brummell
+Brunettes,
+  the admiration for
+Bustle
+
+Capryl odors
+Carbolic acid disliked by savages
+Castoreum
+Cataglottism
+Catholic theologians,
+  on danger of tactile contacts
+  opposed bathing
+_Chenopodium vulvaria_
+Chinese ideal of beauty
+  odor of
+  music among
+  practice the olfactory kiss
+Christianity,
+  its use of the kiss
+  opposition to bathing
+Civet
+Cleanliness and Christianity
+Cleanliness in relation to sexual attraction
+Clitoris,
+  deformation of
+Clothing,
+  sexual attraction of
+Codpiece
+Coitus,
+  body odor during
+Comic sense
+Continence,
+  odor of
+Corset
+Crinoline
+Cumarine
+_Cunnilingus_
+Cutaneous excitation,
+  tonic effects of
+
+Dancing in sexual selection
+Death,
+  odor of
+Degenerates sexually attracted to one another
+Disparity,
+  the sexual charm of
+Dogs practice _cunnilingus_
+  predominance of smell in mental life of
+  susceptibility to music
+Doves,
+  sexual attraction among
+Dyeing the hair,
+  origin of
+
+Egyptian ideal of beauty
+Emotional memory
+English type of beauty
+Erogenous zone
+Eskimo
+Eunuchs,
+  odor of
+Europeans,
+  odor of
+Exotic element in ideal of beauty
+Eyes as a factor of beauty
+
+Fairness in relation to vigor
+  the admiration for
+Farthingale
+_Fellatio_
+Fetichism,
+  olfactory
+  urinary
+  shoe
+Flowers,
+  occasional injurious effect of perfumes of
+  sexual character of their perfume
+French ideal of beauty
+Fuegians
+
+German ideal of beauty
+Goethe's olfactory sensibility
+Gray eyes,
+  admiration for
+Greeks,
+  conception of music
+  ideal of beauty
+  pygmalionism among
+Green eyes,
+  admiration for
+Gunnings, the
+
+Hair as an element of beauty
+  sexual development of
+  suggested function of
+  odor of
+Hallucinations of smell
+Hamilton, Lady
+Hebrews acquainted with kiss
+  ideal of beauty
+Henna plant,
+  odor of
+Heterogamy
+Hindu ideal of beauty
+Hips as a feature of beauty
+Homogamy
+Hottentot apron as a feature of beauty
+Hura dance
+Hypnosis,
+  effect of music during
+Hysteria and the skin
+
+Immorality and bathing
+Incest, origin of the abhorrence of
+Incontinence,
+  odor of
+Indians, American,
+  ideas of beauty
+  odor of
+  types of beauty
+  seldom acquainted with kiss
+Infants,
+  odor of
+Insects and music
+  smell in their sexual life
+Inversion,
+  influence of odor in sexual
+Irish ideal of beauty
+Italian ideal of beauty
+Itching,
+  its parallelism to sexual tumescence
+
+Japanese,
+  ideal of beauty
+  odor of
+  perfumes among
+  unacquainted with kiss
+Javanese
+Jewish ideal of beauty
+Joan of Aragon as a type of beauty
+
+Kiss, the
+Kwan-yin as a type of beauty
+
+Lactation,
+  controlling influences on
+  in relation to menstruation
+Larynx at puberty
+Laughter as a form of detumescence
+Leather,
+  odor of
+Lily,
+  odor of
+Longevity and beauty
+
+Malays,
+  ideals of beauty
+ the kiss among
+Maoris
+Married couples,
+  degree of resemblance between
+Massage as a sexual stimulant
+Masturbation,
+  in relation to acne
+  in relation to bleeding of nose
+  in relation to hallucinations of smell
+Melody,
+  the nature of
+Memories,
+  olfactory
+  tactile
+Menstruation,
+  in relation to acne
+  in relation to lactation
+  in relation to body odors
+  in relation to bleeding of nose
+Mirror as a method of heightening tumescence
+Mixoscopy
+Modesty in relation to ticklishness
+Mohammed,
+  his love of perfumes
+  his opinion of public baths
+Mohammedans,
+  attitude toward bath
+  preference for musk perfume
+Mosquitoes,
+  attracted by music
+Moths,
+  sexual odors of
+Movement,
+  beauty of
+Music,
+  among Chinese and Greeks
+  origins of
+  effects of, during hypnosis
+  physiological influence of
+Music,
+  why it is pleasurable
+  its sexual attraction among animals
+  in man
+  supposed therapeutic effects
+Musk
+Mutilations,
+  among savages for magic purposes
+  for sake of beauty
+
+Narcissism
+Nasal mucous membrane and genital sphere
+Nates as a feature of beauty
+Necklace,
+  significance of
+Necrophily
+Negress,
+  beauty of
+  odor of
+Negro ideas of beauty
+  odor of
+  mode of kissing
+Neopallium
+Neurasthenia and olfactory susceptibility
+  in relation to pruritus
+Nicobarese
+Nietzsche's supposed olfactory sensibility
+Nipple as a sexual focus
+Nose and sexual organs,
+  supposed connection, between
+
+Obesity,
+  the oriental admiration for
+Odors,
+  artificial
+  classification of
+  as stimulants
+  as medicines
+  distinctive of various human races
+  of sanctity
+Odors of death
+  of the body
+Olfaction in relation to sexual selection
+    (See "Odors" and "Smells.")
+  the study of
+Olfactory area of brain
+Oöphorectomy and sense of smell
+Orgasm as a skin reflex
+  founded on tactile sensations
+  produced by various tactile contacts
+Ornament,
+  its religious significance
+  sexual significance of
+Overall, Mrs.
+
+_Padmini_
+Papuans
+Parity,
+  the sexual charm of
+Peasants,
+  odor of
+Peau d'Espagne
+Perfume,
+  ancient use of
+  sexual influence of
+  results of excessive stimulation by
+Persian ideal of beauty
+Phallus worship
+Pigmentation connected with intensity of odor
+  in relation to beauty
+  in relation to vigor
+Polynesian dancing
+Pompeii
+Preferential mating
+Pregnancy as an ideal of beauty
+Primary sex characters as an element of beauty
+Provençal ideal of beauty
+Pruritus
+Puberty,
+  accompanied by increased interest in art
+  olfactory sensibility at
+Pygmalionism
+
+Reeve, Pleasance
+Renaissance type of beauty
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Rhinencephalon
+Rhythm,
+  as a stimulant
+  the sense of
+
+Saddleback as a feature of beauty
+Salutation by smelling
+Samoans
+Sanctity, odor of
+Savages,
+  important part played by odor in their mental life
+  sometimes beautiful
+  their ideals of beauty
+Secondary sexual characters in relation to sexual attraction
+Semen,
+  odor of
+Sexual differences in admiration of beauty
+  in olfactory acuteness
+  in urination
+Shoe fetichism
+Singalese ideal of beauty
+Singing as affected by sexual emotion
+Skin,
+  complexity of its functions
+Smell,
+  antipathies aroused by
+  its evolution
+  sexual significance in animals
+  its significance in man
+  theory of
+  special characteristics of
+  as the sense of the imagination
+  as distinctive of races and individuals
+  hallucinations of
+  in part the foundation of kiss
+  results of its excessive stimulation
+Sneezing and sexual stimulation
+Spanish ideal of beauty
+  saddle-back as an element of
+Stanley, Lady Venetia
+Statues, sexual love of
+Statue in relation to beauty
+Steatopygia
+Strength,
+  the admiration of women for
+Suckling as a cause of perversion
+  as a source of sexual emotion
+Swahilis
+
+Tahiti
+Tallness,
+  the admiration of
+Taste no part in sexual selection
+Tattooing
+Tennyson
+Thure-Brandt system of massage as a sexual stimulant
+Ticklishness
+  not a simple reflex
+  explainable by summation-irradiation theory
+  in relation to the sexual embrace
+  diminishes with age
+  also after marriage
+Touch,
+  of kiss
+Touch,
+  in part, foundation of kiss
+  the most primitive of all senses
+  the first to prove pleasurable
+  the most emotional sense
+  foundation of sexual orgasm
+Triangle as a sexual symbol
+Tumescence as a necessary preliminary to sexual influence of odors
+  the chief stimuli of
+
+Urinary fetichism
+Urination,
+  habits of sexes in
+Uterus,
+  its relations to breast
+
+_Vair_, significance of term
+Valerianic acid
+Vanilla
+Viguier, Paule de
+Violet perfume
+Voice as a source of sexual stimulation
+Vulvar odor,
+  alleged function of
+
+Wagner's music,
+  emotional effects of
+Walk,
+  beauty of
+Whitman,
+  odor of Walt
+
+Zola's olfactory sensibility
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis</h1>
+<pre class="pg">
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4 (of 6)</p>
+<p>Author: Havelock Ellis</p>
+<p>Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13613]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME 4 (OF 6)***</p>
+<br><br><h3>E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland<br>
+            and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br>
+            (https://www.pgdp.net)</h3><br><br>
+<hr class="pg" noshade>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name='4_Page_iii'></a>
+<h1>STUDIES<br />
+<br />
+IN THE<br />
+<br />
+PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX</h1>
+<br />
+<h2>VOLUME IV</h2>
+<br />
+<h3>SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN<br />
+<br />
+I. TOUCH. II. SMELL. III. HEARING. IV. VISION.</h3>
+<br />
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<br />
+<h2>HAVELOCK ELLIS</h2>
+<br />
+<h5>1927</h5><br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<br>
+<a name='4_Page_iv'></a>
+<a name='4_PREFACE'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_v'></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>As in many other of these <i>Studies</i>, and perhaps more than in most, the
+task attempted in the present volume is mainly of a tentative and
+preliminary character. There is here little scope yet for the presentation
+of definite scientific results. However it may be in the physical
+universe, in the cosmos of science our knowledge must be nebulous before
+it constellates into definitely measurable shapes, and nothing is gained
+by attempting to anticipate the evolutionary process. Thus it is that
+here, for the most part, we have to content ourselves at present with the
+task of mapping out the field in broad and general outlines, bringing
+together the facts and considerations which indicate the direction in
+which more extended and precise results will in the future be probably
+found.</p>
+
+<p>In his famous <i>Descent of Man</i>, wherein he first set forth the doctrine of
+sexual selection, Darwin injured an essentially sound principle by
+introducing into it a psychological confusion whereby the physiological
+sensory stimuli through which sexual selection operates were regarded as
+equivalent to &aelig;sthetic preferences. This confusion misled many, and it is
+only within recent years (as has been set forth in the &quot;Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse&quot; in the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>) that the
+investigations and criticisms of numerous workers have placed the doctrine
+of sexual selection on a firm basis by eliminating its hazardous &aelig;sthetic
+element. Love springs up as a response to a number of stimuli to
+tumescence, the object that most adequately arouses tumescence being that
+which evokes love; the question of &aelig;sthetic beauty, although it develops
+on this basis, is not itself fundamental and need not even be consciously
+present at all. When we look at these phenomena in their broadest
+biological aspects, love is only to a limited extent a response to beauty;
+to a greater extent beauty is simply a name for the complexus of stimuli
+which most adequately arouses love. If <a name='4_Page_vi'></a>we analyze these stimuli to
+tumescence as they proceed from a person of the opposite sex we find that
+they are all appeals which must come through the channels of four senses:
+touch, smell, hearing, and, above all, vision. When a man or a woman
+experiences sexual love for one particular person from among the multitude
+by which he or she is surrounded, this is due to the influences of a group
+of stimuli coming through the channels of one or more of these senses.
+There has been a sexual selection conditioned by sensory stimuli. This is
+true even of the finer and more spiritual influences that proceed from one
+person to another, although, in order to grasp the phenomena adequately,
+it is best to insist on the more fundamental and less complex forms which
+they assume. In this sense sexual selection is no longer a hypothesis
+concerning the truth of which it is possible to dispute; it is a
+self-evident fact. The difficulty is not as to its existence, but as to
+the methods by which it may be most precisely measured. It is
+fundamentally a psychological process, and should be approached from the
+psychological side. This is the reason for dealing with it here. Obscure
+as the psychological aspects of sexual selection still remain, they are
+full of fascination, for they reveal to us the more intimate sides of
+human evolution, of the process whereby man is molded into the shapes we
+know.</p>
+
+<p>HAVELOCK ELLIS.</p>
+
+<p>Carbis Water,</p>
+
+<p>Lelant, Cornwall, England.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_CONTENTS'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_vii'></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_PREFACE'>PREFACE.</a></h4>
+<h4><a href='#4_CONTENTS'>CONTENTS.</a></h4>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#4_SEXUAL_SELECTION_IN_MAN'>SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.</a></h4>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man. The Four Senses
+Involved.</p></div>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_TOUCH'>TOUCH.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitive Character of the Skin. Its Qualities. Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure. The Characteristics of Touch. As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection. The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of Touch.
+Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch. Sexual Hyper&aelig;sthesia to Touch.
+The Sexual Associations of Acne.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Ticklishness. Its Origin and Significance. The Psychology of Tickling.
+Laughter. Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence. The Sexual Relationships of
+Itching. The Pleasure of Tickling. Its Decrease with Age and Sexual
+Activity.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres. Orificial Contacts. Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio. The Kiss. The Nipples. The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres. This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood. The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual Centres.
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Significance of the Association between
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Bath. Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the Skin.
+Its Cult of Personal Filth. The Reasons which Justified this Attitude. The
+World-wide Tendency to Association between<a name='4_Page_viii'></a> Extreme Cleanliness and Sexual
+Licentiousness. The Immorality Associated with Public Baths in Europe down
+to Modern Times.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_T_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary. Fundamental Importance of Touch. The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.</p></div>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_SMELL'>SMELL.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitiveness of Smell. The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory Centres.
+Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals. Its Diminished Importance
+in Man. The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Rise of the Study of Olfaction. Cloquet. Zwaardemaker. The Theory of
+Smell. The Classification of Odors. The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man. Smell as the Sense of Imagination. Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants. Vasomotor and Muscular Effects. Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples. The Negro, etc. The European.
+The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell. The Odor of Sanctity. The
+Odor of Death. The Odors of Different Parts of the Body. The Appearance of
+Specific Odors at Puberty. The Odors of Sexual Excitement. The Odors of
+Menstruation. Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual Character. The Custom of
+Salutation by Smell. The Kiss. Sexual Selection by Smell. The Alleged
+Association between Size of Nose and Sexual Vigor. The Probably Intimate
+Relationship between the Olfactory and Genital Spheres. Reflex Influences
+from the Nose. Reflex Influences from the Genital Sphere. Olfactory
+Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to Sexual States. The Olfactive
+Type. The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and Allied States. In Certain
+Poets and Novelists. Olfactory Fetichism. The Part Played by Olfaction in
+Normal Sexual Attraction. In the East, etc. In Modern Europe. The Odor of
+the Armpit and its Variations. As a Sexual and General Stimulant. Body
+Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause<a name='4_Page_ix'></a> Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree
+of Tumescence is Already Present. The Question whether Men or Women are
+more Liable to Feel Olfactory Influences. Women Usually more Attentive to
+Odors. The Special Interest in Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Influence of Perfumes. Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors. This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers. The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes. The Sexual Effects of Perfumes. Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors. The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor. Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and Man.
+Musk a Powerful Stimulant. Its Widespread Use as a Perfume. Peau
+d'Espagne. The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects. The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers. The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors. The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation. The Symptoms of
+Vanillism. The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of Flowers.
+Effects of Flowers on the Voice.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_S_VI'>VI.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections. It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance. It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.</p></div>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_HEARING'>HEARING.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#4_H_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Physiological Basis of Rhythm. Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus. The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement. The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc. The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals. Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals. The Larynx and Voice in Man. The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes. Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education and Medicine. Its Therapeutic
+Uses. Significance of the Romantic Interest <a name='4_Page_x'></a>in Music at Puberty. Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music.
+Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of Hearing. The
+Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship. Women Notably Susceptible to
+the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_H_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary. Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.</p></div>
+
+<h4><a href='#4_VISION'>VISION</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Primacy of Vision in Man. Beauty as a Sexual Allurement. The Objective
+Element in Beauty. Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World. Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of View.
+Savages often Admire European Beauty. The Appeal of Beauty to some Extent
+Common even to Animals and Man.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters. The Sexual Organs. Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments. Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such Devices. The
+Religious Element. Un&aelig;sthetic Character of the Sexual Organs. Importance
+of the Secondary Sexual Characters. The Pelvis and Hips. Steatopygia.
+Obesity. Gait. The Pregnant Woman as a Medi&aelig;val Type of Beauty. The Ideals
+of the Renaissance. The Breasts. The Corset. Its Object. Its History.
+Hair. The Beard. The Element of National or Racial Type in Beauty. The
+Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes. The General European Admiration
+for Blondes. The Individual Factors in the Constitution of the Idea of
+Beauty. The Love of the Exotic.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Beauty Not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision. Movement. The
+Mirror. Narcissism. Pygmalionism. Mixoscopy. The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty. The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength. The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<a name='4_Page_xi'></a><div class='blkquot'><p>The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction. The Admiration for
+High Stature. The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation. The Charm of Parity.
+Conjugal Mating. The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards General
+Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married Couples. Preferential
+Mating and Assortative Mating. The Nature of the Advantage Attained by the
+Fair in Sexual Selection. The Abhorrence of Incest and the Theories of its
+Cause. The Explanation in Reality Simple. The Abhorrence of Incest in
+Relation to Sexual Selection. The Limits to the Charm of Parity in
+Conjugal Mating. The Charm of Disparity in Secondary Sexual Characters.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#4_V_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.</p></div>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#4_APPENDIX_A'>APPENDIX A.</a></h4>
+<center>The Origins of the Kiss.</center>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#4_APPENDIX_B'>APPENDIX B.</a></h4>
+<center>Histories of Sexual Development.</center>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#4_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</a></h4>
+<h4><a href='#4_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</a></h4>
+
+
+
+
+<a name='4_Page_xii'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_SEXUAL_SELECTION_IN_MAN'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_1'></a>SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.</h2>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man&mdash;The Four Senses
+Involved.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Tumescence&mdash;the process by which the organism is brought into the physical
+and psychic state necessary to insure conjugation and detumescence&mdash;to
+some extent comes about through the spontaneous action of internal forces.
+To that extent it is analogous to the physical and psychic changes which
+accompany the gradual filling of the bladder and precede its evacuation.
+But even among animals who are by no means high in the zo&ouml;logical scale
+the process is more complicated than this. External stimuli act at every
+stage, arousing or heightening the process of tumescence, and in normal
+human beings it may be said that the process is never completed without
+the aid of such stimuli, for even in the auto-erotic sphere external
+stimuli are still active, either actually or in imagination.</p>
+
+<p>The chief stimuli which influence tumescence and thus direct sexual choice
+come chiefly&mdash;indeed, exclusively&mdash;through the four senses of touch,
+smell, hearing, and sight. All the phenomena of sexual selection, so far
+as they are based externally, act through these four senses.<a name='4_FNanchor_1'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_1'><sup>[1]</sup></a> The
+reality of the influence thus exerted may be demonstrated statistically
+even in civilized <a name='4_Page_2'></a>man, and it has been shown that, as regards, for
+instance, eye-color, conjugal partners differ sensibly from the unmarried
+persons by whom they are surrounded. When, therefore, we are exploring the
+nature of the influence which stimuli, acting through the sensory
+channels, exert on the strength and direction of the sexual impulse, we
+are intimately concerned with the process by which the actual form and
+color, not alone of living things generally, but of our own species, have
+been shaped and are still being shaped. At the same time, it is probable,
+we are exploring the mystery which underlies all the subtle appreciations,
+all the emotional undertones, which are woven in the web of the whole
+world as it appeals to us through those sensory passages by which alone it
+can reach us. We are here approaching, therefore, a fundamental subject of
+unsurpassable importance, a subject which has not yet been accurately
+explored save at a few isolated points and one which it is therefore
+impossible to deal with fully and adequately. Yet it cannot be passed
+over, for it enters into the whole psychology of the sexual instinct.</p>
+
+<p>Of the four senses&mdash;touch, smell, hearing, and sight&mdash;with which we are
+here concerned, touch is the most primitive, and it may be said to be the
+most important, though it is usually the last to make its appeal felt.
+Smell, which occupies the chief place among many animals, is of
+comparatively less importance, though of considerable interest, in man; it
+is only less intimate and final than touch. Sight occupies an intermediate
+position, and on this account, and also on account of the very great part
+played by vision in life generally as well as in art, it is the most
+important of all the senses from the human sexual point of view. Hearing,
+from the same point of view, is the most remote of all the senses in its
+appeal to the sexual impulse, and on that account it is, when it
+intervenes, among the first to make its influence felt.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_1'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_1'>[1]</a><div class='note'><p> Taste must, I believe, be excluded, for if we abstract the
+parts of touch and smell, even in those abnormal sexual acts in which it
+may seem to be affected, taste could scarcely have any influence. Most of
+our &quot;tasting,&quot; as Waller puts it, is done by the nose, which, in man, is
+in specially close relationship, posteriorly, with the mouth. There are at
+most four taste sensations&mdash;sweet, bitter, salt, and sour&mdash;if even all of
+these are simple tastes. What commonly pass for taste sensations, as shown
+by some experiments of G. T. W. Patrick (<i>Psychological Review</i>, 1898, p.
+160), are the composite results of the mingling of sensations of smell,
+touch, temperature, sight, and taste.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_TOUCH'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_3'></a>TOUCH.</h2>
+
+<a name='4_T_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitive Character of the Skin&mdash;Its Qualities&mdash;Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure&mdash;The Characteristics of Touch&mdash;As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection&mdash;The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of
+Touch&mdash;Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch&mdash;Sexual Hyper&aelig;sthesia to
+Touch&mdash;The Sexual Associations of Acne.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We are accustomed to regard the skin as mainly owing its existence to the
+need for the protection of the delicate vessels, nerves, viscera, and
+muscles underneath. Undoubtedly it performs, and by its tough and elastic
+texture is well fitted to perform, this extremely important service. But
+the skin is not merely a method of protection against the external world;
+it is also a method of bringing us into sensitive contact with the
+external world. It is thus, as the organ of touch, the seat of the most
+widely diffused sense we possess, and, moreover, the sense which is the
+most ancient and fundamental of all&mdash;the mother of the other senses.</p>
+
+<p>It is scarcely necessary to insist that the primitive nature of the
+sensory function of the skin with the derivative nature of the other
+senses, is a well ascertained and demonstrable fact. The lower we descend
+in the animal scale, the more varied we find the functions of the skin to
+be, and if in the higher animals much of the complexity has disappeared,
+that is only because the specialization of the various skin regions into
+distinct organs has rendered this complexity unnecessary. Even yet,
+however, in man himself the skin still retains, in a more or less latent
+condition, much of its varied and primary power, and the analysis of
+pathological and even normal phenomena serves to bring these old powers
+into clear light.</p><a name='4_Page_4'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Woods Hutchinson (<i>Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology</i>,
+    1901, Chapters VII and VIII) has admirably set forth the immense
+    importance of the skin, as in the first place &quot;a tissue which is
+    silk to the touch, the most exquisitely beautiful surface in the
+    universe to the eye, and yet a wall of adamant against hostile
+    attack. Impervious alike, by virtue of its wonderful responsive
+    vitality, to moisture and drought, cold and heat, electrical
+    changes, hostile bacteria, the most virulent of poisons and the
+    deadliest of gases, it is one of the real Wonders of the World.
+    More beautiful than velvet, softer and more pliable than silk,
+    more impervious than rubber, and more durable under exposure than
+    steel, well-nigh as resistant to electric currents as glass, it
+    is one of the toughest and most dangerproof substances in the
+    three kingdoms of nature&quot; (although, as this author adds, we
+    &quot;hardly dare permit it to see the sunlight or breathe the open
+    air&quot;). But it is more than this. It is, as Woods Hutchinson
+    expresses it, the creator of the entire body; its embryonic
+    infoldings form the alimentary canal, the brain, the spinal cord,
+    while every sense is but a specialization of its general organic
+    activity. It is furthermore a kind of &quot;skin-heart,&quot; promoting the
+    circulation by its own energy; it is the great heat-regulating
+    organ of the body; it is an excretory organ only second to the
+    kidneys, which descend from it, and finally it still remains the
+    seat of touch.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that the extreme beauty of the skin as a surface
+    is very clearly brought out by the inadequacy of the comparisons
+    commonly used in order to express its beauty. Snow, marble,
+    alabaster, ivory, milk, cream, silk, velvet, and all the other
+    conventional similes furnish surfaces which from any point of
+    view are incomparably inferior to the skin itself. (<i>Cf.</i> Stratz,
+    <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapter XII.)</p>
+
+<p>    With reference to the extraordinary vitality of the skin,
+    emphasized by Woods Hutchinson, it may be added that, when
+    experimenting on the skin with the electric current, Waller found
+    that healthy skin showed signs of life ten days or more after
+    excision. It has been found also that fragments of skin which
+    have been preserved in sterile fluid for even as long as nine
+    months may still be successfully transplanted on to the body.
+    (<i>British Medical Journal</i>, July 19, 1902.)</p>
+
+<p>    Everything indicates, remark Stanley Hall and Donaldson (&quot;Motor
+    Sensations in the Skin,&quot; <i>Mind</i>, 1885), that the skin is &quot;not
+    only the primeval and most reliable source of our knowledge of
+    the external world or the arch&aelig;ological field of psychology,&quot; but
+    a field in which work may shed light on some of the most
+    fundamental problems of psychic action. Groos (<i>Spiele der
+    Menschen</i>, pp. 8-16) also deals with the primitive character of
+    touch sensations.</p><a name='4_Page_5'></a>
+
+<p>    Touch sensations are without doubt the first of all the sensory
+    impressions to prove pleasurable. We should, indeed, expect this
+    from the fact that the skin reflexes have already appeared before
+    birth, while a pleasurable sensitiveness of the lips is doubtless
+    a factor in the child's response to the contact of the maternal
+    nipple. Very early memories of sensory pleasure seem to be
+    frequently, perhaps most frequently, tactile in character, though
+    this fact is often disguised in recollection, owing to tactile
+    impression being vague and diffused; there is thus in Elizabeth
+    Potwin's &quot;Study of Early Memories&quot; (<i>Psychological Review</i>,
+    November, 1901) no separate group of tactile memories, and the
+    more elaborate investigation by Colegrove (&quot;Individual Memories,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, January, 1899) yields no
+    decisive results under this head. See, however, Stanley Hall's
+    valuable study, &quot;Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898. K&uuml;lpe has a
+    discussion of the psychology of cutaneous sensations (<i>Outlines
+    of Psychology</i> [English translation], pp. 87 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    Harriet Martineau, at the beginning of her <i>Autobiography</i>,
+    referring to the vivid character of tactile sensations in early
+    childhood, remarks, concerning an early memory of touching a
+    velvet button, that &quot;the rapture of the sensation was really
+    monstrous.&quot; And a lady tells me that one of her earliest memories
+    at the age of 3 is of the exquisite sensation of the casual
+    contact of a cool stone with the vulva in the act of urinating.
+    Such sensations, of course, cannot be termed specifically sexual,
+    though they help to furnish the tactile basis on which the
+    specifically sexual sensations develop.</p>
+
+<p>    The elementary sensitiveness of the skin is shown by the fact
+    that moderate excitation suffices to raise the temperature, while
+    Heidenhain and others have shown that in animals cutaneous
+    stimuli modify the sensibility of the brain cortex, slight
+    stimulus increasing excitability and strong stimulus diminishing
+    it. F&eacute;r&eacute; has shown that the slight stimulus to the skin furnished
+    by placing a piece of metal on the arm or elsewhere suffices to
+    increase the output of work with the ergograph. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Comptes
+    Rendus Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, July 12, 1902; <i>id.</i>, <i>Pathologic
+    des Emotions</i>, pp. 40 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    F&eacute;r&eacute; found that the application of a mustard plaster to the skin,
+    or an icebag, or a hot-water bottle, or even a light touch with a
+    painter's brush, all exerted a powerful effect in increasing
+    muscular work with the ergograph. &quot;The tonic effect of cutaneous
+    excitation,&quot; he remarks, &quot;throws light on the psychology of the
+    caress. It is always the most sensitive parts of the body which
+    seek to give or to receive caresses. Many animals rub or lick
+    each other. The mucous surfaces share in this irritability of the
+    skin. The kiss is not only an expression of feeling; it is a
+    means of provoking it. Cataglottism is by <a name='4_Page_6'></a>no means confined to
+    pigeons. The tonic value of cutaneous stimulation is indeed a
+    commonly accepted idea. Wrestlers rub their hands or limbs, and
+    the hand-shake also is not without its physiological basis.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Cutaneous excitations may cause painful sensations to cease. Many
+    massage practices which favor work act chiefly as sensorial
+    stimulants; on this account many nervous persons cannot abandon
+    them, and the Greeks and Romans found in massage not only health,
+    but pleasure. Lauder Brunton regards many common man&oelig;uvres,
+    like scratching the head and pulling the mustache, as
+    methods of dilating the bloodvessels of the brain by stimulating
+    the facial nerve. The motor reactions of cutaneous excitations
+    favor this hypothesis.&quot; (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, Chapter XV,
+    &quot;Influence des Excitations du Toucher sur le Travail.&quot;)</p></div>
+
+<p>The main characteristics of the primitive sense of touch are its wide
+diffusion over the whole body and the massive vagueness and imprecision of
+the messages it sends to the brain. This is the reason, why it is, of all
+the senses, the least intellectual and the least &aelig;sthetic; it is also the
+reason why it is, of all the senses, the most-profoundly emotional.
+&quot;Touch,&quot; wrote Bain in his <i>Emotions and Will</i>, &quot;is both the alpha and the
+omega of affection,&quot; and he insisted on the special significance in this
+connection of &quot;tenderness&quot;&mdash;a characteristic emotional quality of
+affection which is directly founded on sensations of touch. If tenderness
+is the alpha of affection, even between the sexes, its omega is to be
+found in the sexual embrace, which may be said to be a method of
+obtaining, through a specialized organization of the skin, the most
+exquisite and intense sensations of touch.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;We believe nothing is so exciting to the instinct or mere
+    passions as the presence of the hand or those tactile caresses
+    which mark affection,&quot; states the anonymous author of an article
+    on &quot;Woman in her Psychological Relations,&quot; in the <i>Journal of
+    Psychological Medicine</i>, 1851. &quot;They are the most general stimuli
+    in lower animals. The first recourse in difficulty or danger, and
+    the primary solace in anguish, for woman is the bosom of her
+    husband or her lover. She seeks solace and protection and repose
+    on that part of the body where she herself places the objects of
+    her own affection. Woman appears to have the same instinctive
+    impulse in this respect all over the world.&quot;</p></div><a name='4_Page_7'></a>
+
+<p>It is because the sexual orgasm is founded on a special adaptation and
+intensification of touch sensations that the sense of touch generally is
+to be regarded as occupying the very first place in reference to the
+sexual emotions. F&eacute;r&eacute;, Mantegazza, Penta, and most other writers on this
+question are here agreed. Touch sensations constitute a vast gamut for the
+expression of affection, with at one end the note of minimum personal
+affection in the brief and limited touch involved by the conventional
+hand-shake and the conventional kiss, and at the other end the final and
+intimate contact in which passion finds the supreme satisfaction of its
+most profound desire. The intermediate region has its great significance
+for us because it offers a field in which affection has its full scope,
+but in which every road may possibly lead to the goal of sexual love. It
+is the intimacy of touch contacts, their inevitable approach to the
+threshold of sexual emotion, which leads to a jealous and instinctive
+parsimony in the contact of skin and skin and to the tendency with the
+increased sensitiveness of the nervous system involved by civilization to
+restrain even the conventional touch manifestation of ordinary affection
+and esteem. In China fathers leave off kissing their daughters while they
+are still young children. In England the kiss as an ordinary greeting
+between men and women&mdash;a custom inherited from classic and early Christian
+antiquity&mdash;still persisted to the beginning of the eighteenth century. In
+France the same custom existed in the seventeenth century, but in the
+middle of that century was beginning to be regarded as dangerous,<a name='4_FNanchor_2'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_2'><sup>[2]</sup></a> while
+at the present time the conventional kiss on the cheek is strictly
+differentiated from the kiss on the mouth, which is reserved for lovers.
+Touch contacts between person and person, other than those limited and
+defined by custom, tend to become either unpleasant&mdash;as an undesired
+intrusion into an intimate sphere&mdash;or else, when occurring between man and
+woman at some peculiar moment, they may make a powerful reverberation in
+the emotional and more specifically sexual sphere. One <a name='4_Page_8'></a>man falls in love
+with his future wife because he has to carry her upstairs with a sprained
+ankle. Another dates his love-story from a romp in which his cheek
+accidentally came in contact with that of his future wife. A woman will
+sometimes instinctively strive to attract the attention of the man who
+appeals to her by a peculiar and prolonged pressure of the hand&mdash;the only
+touch contact permitted to her. Dante, as Penta has remarked, refers to
+&quot;sight or touch&quot; as the two channels through which a woman's love is
+revived (<i>Purgatorio</i>, VIII, 76). Even the hand-shake of a sympathetic man
+is enough in some chaste and sensitive women to produce sexual excitement
+or sometimes even the orgasm. The cases in which love arises from the
+influence of stimuli coming through the sense of touch are no doubt
+frequent, and they would be still more frequent if it were not that the
+very proximity of this sense to the sexual sphere causes it to be guarded
+with a care which in the case of the other senses it is impossible to
+exercise. This intimacy of touch and the reaction against its sexual
+approximations leads to what James has called &quot;the <i>antisexual instinct</i>,
+the instinct of personal isolation, the actual repulsiveness to us of the
+idea of intimate contact with most of the persons we meet, especially
+those of our own sex.&quot; He refers in this connection to the unpleasantness
+of the sensation felt on occupying a seat still warm from the body of
+another person.<a name='4_FNanchor_3'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_3'><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Catholic Church has always recognized the risks of
+vuluptuous emotion involved in tactile contacts, and the facility with
+which even the most innocent contacts may take on a libidinous
+character.<a name='4_FNanchor_4'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_4'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The following observations were written by a lady (aged 30) who
+    has never had sexual relationships: &quot;I am only conscious of a
+    very sweet and pleasurable emotion when coming in contact with
+    honorable men, and consider that a comparison can be made between
+    the idealism of such emotions and those of music, of beauties of
+    Nature, and of productions of art. While studying and writing
+    articles upon a new subject<a name='4_Page_9'></a> I came in contact with a specialist,
+    who rendered me considerable aid, and, one day, while jointly
+    correcting a piece of work, he touched my hand. This produced a
+    sweet and pure sensation of thrill through the whole system. I
+    said nothing; in fact, was too thrilled for speech; and never to
+    this day have shown any responsive action, but for months at
+    certain periods, generally twice a month, I have experienced the
+    most pleasurable emotions. I have seen this friend twice since,
+    and have a curious feeling that I stand on one side of a hedge,
+    while he is on the other, and, as neither makes an approach,
+    pleasure of the highest kind is experienced, but not allowed to
+    go beyond reasonable and health-giving bounds. In some moments I
+    feel overcome by a sense of mastery by this man, and yet, feeling
+    that any approach would be undignified, some pleasure is
+    experienced in restraining and keeping within proper bounds this
+    passional emotion. All these thrills of pleasurable emotion
+    possess a psychic value, and, so long as the nervous system is
+    kept in perfect health, they do not seem to have the power to
+    injure, but rather one is able to utilize the passionate emotions
+    as weapons for pleasure and work.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Various parts of the skin surface appear to have special sexual
+    sensitiveness, peculiarly marked in many individuals, especially
+    women; so that, as F&eacute;r&eacute; remarks (<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second
+    edition, 1902, p. 130), contact stimulation of the lips, lobe of
+    ear, nape of neck, little finger, knee, etc., may suffice even to
+    produce the orgasm. Some sexually hyper&aelig;sthetic women, as has
+    already been noted, experience this when shaking hands with a man
+    who is attractive to them. In some neurotic persons this
+    sensibility, as F&eacute;r&eacute; shows, may exist in so morbid a degree that
+    even the contact of the sensitive spot with unattractive persons
+    or inanimate objects may produce the orgasm. In this connection
+    reference may be made to the well-known fact that in some
+    hysterical subjects there are so-called &quot;erogenous zones&quot; simple
+    pressure on which suffices to evoke the complete orgasm. There
+    is, perhaps, some significance, from our present point of view,
+    in the fact that, as emphasized by Savill (&quot;Hysterical Skin
+    Symptoms,&quot; <i>Lancet</i>, January 30, 1904), the skin is one of the
+    very best places to study hysteria.</p>
+
+<p>    The intimate connection between the skin and the sexual sphere is
+    also shown in pathological conditions of the skin, especially in
+    acne as well as simple pimples on the face. The sexual
+    development of puberty involves a development of hair in various
+    regions of the body which previously were hairless. As, however,
+    the sebaceous glands on the face and elsewhere are the vestiges
+    of former hairs and survive from a period when the whole body was
+    hairy, they also tend to experience in an abortive manner this
+    same impulse. Thus, we may say that, with the development of the
+    sexual organs at puberty, there is correlated excitement <a name='4_Page_10'></a>of the
+    whole pilo-sebaceous apparatus. In the regions where this
+    apparatus is vestigial, and notably in the face, this abortive
+    attempt of the hair-follicles and their sebaceous appendages to
+    produce hairs tends only to disorganization, and simple
+    <i>comedones</i> or pustular acne pimples are liable to occur. As a
+    rule, acne appears about puberty and dies out slowly during
+    adolescence. While fairly common in young women, it is usually
+    much less severe, but tends to be exacerbated at the menstrual
+    periods; it is also apt to appear at the change of life. (Stephen
+    Mackenzie, &quot;The Etiology and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris,&quot;
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, September 29, 1894. Laycock [<i>Nervous
+    Diseases of Women</i>, 1840, p. 23] pointed out that acne occurs
+    chiefly in those parts of the surface covered by sexual hair. A
+    lucid account of the origin of acne will be found in Woods
+    Hutchinson's <i>Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology</i>, pp.
+    179-184. G. J. Engelmann [&quot;The Hystero-neuroses,&quot; <i>Gyn&aelig;cological
+    Transactions</i>, 1887, pp. 124 <i>et seq.</i>] discusses various
+    pathological disorders of the skin as reflex disturbances
+    originating in the sexual sphere.)</p>
+
+<p>    The influence of menstruation in exacerbating acne has been
+    called in question, but it seems to be well established. Thus,
+    Bulkley (&quot;Relation between Certain Diseases of the Skin and the
+    Menstrual Function,&quot; <i>Transactions of the Medical Society of New
+    York</i>, 1901, p. 328) found that, in 510 cases of acne in women,
+    145, or nearly one-third, were worse about the monthly period.
+    Sometimes it only appeared during menstruation. The exacerbation
+    occurred much more frequently just before than just after the
+    period. There was usually some disturbance of menstruation.
+    Various other disorders of the skin show a similar relationship
+    to menstruation.</p>
+
+<p>    It has been asserted that masturbation is a frequent or constant
+    cause of acne at puberty. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, discussion in <i>British
+    Medical Journal</i>, July, 1882.) This cannot be accepted. Acne very
+    frequently occurs without masturbation, and masturbation is very
+    frequently practiced without producing acne. At the same time we
+    may well believe that at the period of puberty, when the
+    pilo-sebaceous system is already in sensitive touch with the
+    sexual system, the shock of frequently repeated masturbation may
+    (in the same way as disordered menstruation) have its
+    repercussion on the skin. Thus, a lady has informed me that at
+    about the age of 18 she found that frequently repeated
+    masturbation was followed by the appearance of <i>comedones</i>.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_2'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_2'>[2]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Franklin, <i>Les Soins de Toilette</i>, p. 81.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_3'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_3'>[3]</a><div class='note'><p> W. James, <i>Principles of Psychology</i>, vol. ii. p. 347.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_4'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_4'>[4]</a><div class='note'><p> Numerous passages from the theologians bearing on this point
+are brought together in <i>M&oelig;chialogia</i>, pp. 221-220.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_T_II'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_11'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Ticklishness&mdash;Its Origin and Significance&mdash;The Psychology of
+Tickling&mdash;Laughter&mdash;Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence&mdash;The Sexual
+Relationships of Itching&mdash;The Pleasure of Tickling&mdash;Its Decrease with Age
+and Sexual Activity.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Touch, as has already been remarked, is the least intellectual of the
+senses. There is, however, one form of touch sensation&mdash;that is to say,
+ticklishness&mdash;which is of so special and peculiar a nature that it has
+sometimes been put aside in a class apart from all other touch sensations.
+Scaliger proposed to class titillation as a sixth, or separate, sense.
+Alrutz, of Upsala, regards tickling as a milder degree of itching, and
+considers that the two together constitute a sensation of distinct quality
+with distinct end-organs, for the mediation of that quality.<a name='4_FNanchor_5'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_5'><sup>[5]</sup></a> However we
+may regard this extreme view, tickling is certainly a specialized
+modification of touch and it is at the same time the most intellectual
+mode of touch sensation and that with the closest connection with the
+sexual sphere. To regard tickling as an intellectual manifestation may
+cause surprise, more especially when it is remembered that ticklishness is
+a form of sensation which reaches full development very early in life, and
+it has to be admitted that, as compared even with the messages that may be
+sent through smell and taste, the intellectual element in ticklishness
+remains small. But its presence here has been independently recognized by
+various investigators. Groos points out the psychic factor in tickling as
+evidenced by the impossibility of self-tickling.<a name='4_FNanchor_6'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_6'><sup>[6]</sup></a> Louis Robinson
+considers that ticklishness &quot;appears to be one of the simplest
+developments of mechanical and automatic nervous processes in the
+direction of the complex functioning of <a name='4_Page_12'></a>the higher centres which comes
+within the scope of psychology,&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_7'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_7'><sup>[7]</sup></a> Stanley Hall and Allin remark that
+&quot;these minimal touch excitations represent the very oldest stratum of
+psychic life in the soul.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_8'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_8'><sup>[8]</sup></a> Hirman Stanley, in a somewhat similar
+manner, pushes the intellectual element in ticklishness very far back and
+associates it with &quot;tentacular experience.&quot; &quot;By temporary self-extension,&quot;
+he remarks, &quot;even low am&oelig;boid organisms have slight, but
+suggestive, touch experiences that stimulate very general and violent
+reactions, and in higher organisms extended touch-organs, as tentacles,
+antenn&aelig;, hair, etc., become permanent and very delicately sensitive
+organs, where minimal contacts have very distinct and powerful reactions.&quot;
+Thus ticklishness would be the survival of long passed ancestral
+tentacular experience, which, originally a stimulation producing intense
+agitation and alarm, has now become merely a play activity and a source of
+keen pleasure.<a name='4_FNanchor_9'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_9'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We need not, however, go so far back in the zo&ouml;logical series to explain
+the origin and significance of tickling in the human species. Sir J. Y.
+Simpson suggested, in an elaborate study of the position of the child in
+the womb, that the extreme excitomotory sensibility of the skin in various
+regions, such as the sole of the foot, the knee, the sides, which already
+exists before birth, has for its object the excitation and preservation of
+the muscular movements necessary to keep the f&oelig;tus in the most
+favorable position in the womb.<a name='4_FNanchor_10'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_10'><sup>[10]</sup></a> It is, in fact, certainly the case
+that the stimulation of all the ticklish regions in the body tends to
+produce exactly that curled up position of extreme muscular flexion and
+general ovoid shape which is the normal position of the f&oelig;tus in
+the womb. We may well believe that in this early developed reflex activity
+we have the <a name='4_Page_13'></a>basis of that somewhat more complex ticklishness which
+appears somewhat later.</p>
+
+<p>The mental element in tickling is indicated by the fact that even a child,
+in whom ticklishness is highly developed, cannot tickle himself; so that
+tickling is not a simple reflex. This fact was long ago pointed out by
+Erasmus Darwin, and he accounted for it by supposing that voluntary
+exertion diminishes the energy of sensation.<a name='4_FNanchor_11'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_11'><sup>[11]</sup></a> This explanation is,
+however, inadmissible, for, although we cannot easily tickle ourselves by
+the contact of the skin with our own fingers, we can do so with the aid of
+a foreign body, like a feather. We may perhaps suppose that, as
+ticklishness has probably developed under the influence of natural
+selection as a method of protection against attack and a warning of the
+approach of foreign bodies, its end would be defeated if it involved a
+simple reaction to the contact of the organism with itself. This need of
+protection it is which involves the necessity of a minimal excitation
+producing a maximal effect, though the mechanism whereby this takes place
+has caused considerable discussion. We may, it is probable, best account
+for it by invoking the summation-irradiation theory of pain-pleasure, the
+summation of the stimuli in their course through the nerves, aided by
+capillary congestion, leading to irradiation due to anastomoses between
+the tactile corpuscles, not to speak of the much wider irradiation which
+is possible by means of central nervous connections.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Prof. C. L. Herrick adopts this explanation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, and rests it, in part, on Dogiel's study of the tactile
+    corpuscles (&quot;Psychological Corollaries of Modern Neurological
+    Discoveries,&quot; <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>, March, 1898).
+    The following remarks of Prof. A. Allin may also be quoted in
+    further explanation of the same theory: &quot;So far as ticklishness
+    is concerned, a very important factor in the production of this
+    feeling is undoubtedly that of the summation of stimuli. In a
+    research of Stirling's, carried on under Ludwig's direction, it
+    was shown that reflex contractions only occur from repeated
+    shocks to the nerve-centres&mdash;that is, through summation of
+    successive stimuli. That this result is also due in some degree
+    to an alternating increase <a name='4_Page_14'></a>in the sensibility of the various
+    areas in question from altered supply of blood is reasonably
+    certain. As a consequence of this summation-process there would
+    result in many cases and in cases of excessive nervous discharge
+    the opposite of pleasure, namely: pain. A number of instances
+    have been recorded of death resulting from tickling, and there is
+    no reason to doubt the truth of the statement that Simon de
+    Montfort, during the persecution of the Albigenses, put some of
+    them to death by tickling the soles of their feet with a feather.
+    An additional causal factor in the production of tickling may lie
+    in the nature and structure of the nervous process involved in
+    perception in general. According to certain histological
+    researches of recent years we know that between the sense-organs
+    and the central nervous system there exist closely connected
+    chains of conductors or neurons, along which an impression
+    received by a single sensory cell on the periphery is propagated
+    avalanchelike through an increasing number of neurons until the
+    brain is reached. If on the periphery a single cell is excited
+    the avalanchelike process continues until finally hundreds or
+    thousands of nerve-cells in the cortex are aroused to
+    considerable activity. Golgi, Ram&oacute;n y Cajal, Koelliker, Held,
+    Retzius, and others have demonstrated the histological basis of
+    this law for vision, hearing, and smell, and we may safely assume
+    from the phenomena of tickling that the sense of touch is not
+    lacking in a similar arrangement. May not a suggestion be
+    offered, with some plausibility, that even in ideal or
+    representative tickling, where tickling results, say, from
+    someone pointing a finger at the ticklish places, this
+    avalanchelike process may be incited from central centres, thus
+    producing, although in a modified degree, the pleasant phenomena
+    in question? As to the deepest causal factor, I should say that
+    tickling is the result of vasomotor shock.&quot; (A. Allin, &quot;On
+    Laughter,&quot; <i>Psychological Review</i>, May, 1903.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The intellectual element in tickling conies out in its connection with
+laughter and the sense of the comic, of which it may be said to constitute
+the physical basis. While we are not here concerned with laughter and the
+comic sense,&mdash;a subject which has lately attracted considerable
+attention,&mdash;it may be instructive to point out that there is more than an
+analogy between laughter and the phenomena of sexual tumescence and
+detumescence. The process whereby prolonged tickling, with its nervous
+summation and irradiation and accompanying hyper&aelig;mia, finds sudden relief
+in an explosion of laughter is a real example of tumescence&mdash;as it has
+been defined in the study in another volume entitled &quot;An Analysis of the
+Sexual<a name='4_Page_15'></a> Impulse&quot;&mdash;resulting finally in the orgasm of detumescence. The
+reality of the connection between the sexual embrace and tickling is
+indicated by the fact that in some languages, as in that of the
+Fuegians,<a name='4_FNanchor_12'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_12'><sup>[12]</sup></a> the same word is applied to both. That ordinary tickling is
+not sexual is due to the circumstances of the case and the regions to
+which the tickling is applied. If, however, the tickling is applied within
+the sexual sphere, then there is a tendency for orgasm to take place
+instead of laughter. The connection which, through the phenomena of
+tickling, laughter thus bears to the sexual sphere is well indicated, as
+Groos has pointed out, by the fact that in sexually-minded people sexual
+allusions tend to produce laughter, this being the method by which they
+are diverted from the risks of more specifically sexual detumescence.<a name='4_FNanchor_13'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_13'><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Reference has been made to the view of Alrutz, according to which
+    tickling is a milder degree of itching. It is more convenient and
+    probably more correct to regard itching or pruritus, as it is
+    termed in its pathological forms, as a distinct sensation, for it
+    does not arise under precisely the same conditions as tickling
+    nor is it relieved in the same way. There is interest, however,
+    in pointing out in this connection that, like tickling, itching
+    has a real parallelism to the specialized sexual sensations.
+    Bronson, who has very ably interpreted the sensations of itching
+    (New York Neurological Society, October 7, 1890; <i>Medical News</i>,
+    February 14, 1903, and summarized in the <i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, March 7, 1903; and elsewhere), regards it as a
+    perversion of the sense of touch, a dys&aelig;sthesia due to obstructed
+    nerve-excitation with imperfect conduction of the generated force
+    into correlated nervous energy. The scratching which relieves
+    itching directs the nervous energy into freer channels, sometimes
+    substituting for the pruritus either painful or voluptuous
+    sensations. Such voluptuous sensations may be regarded as a
+    generalized aphrodisiac sense comparable to the specialized
+    sexual orgasm. Bronson refers to the significant fact that
+    itching occurs so frequently in the sexual region, and states
+    that sexual neurasthenia is sometimes the only discoverable cause
+    of genital and anal pruritus. (<i>Cf.</i> discussion on pruritus,
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>,<a name='4_Page_16'></a> November 30, 1895.) Gilman, again
+    (<i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, vi, p. 22), considers that
+    scratching, as well as sneezing, is comparable to coitus.</p></div>
+
+<p>The sexual embrace has an intimate connection with the phenomena of
+ticklishness which could not fail to be recognized. This connection is,
+indeed, the basis of Spinoza's famous definition of love,&mdash;&quot;<i>Amor est
+titillatio qu&aelig;dam concomitante idea caus&aelig; extern&aelig;</i>,&quot;&mdash;a statement which
+seems to be reflected in Chamfort's definition of love as &quot;<i>l'&eacute;change de
+deux fantaisies, et le contact de deux epidermes</i>.&quot; The sexual act, says
+Gowers, is, in fact, a skin reflex.<a name='4_FNanchor_14'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_14'><sup>[14]</sup></a> &quot;The sexual parts,&quot; Hall and Allin
+state, &quot;have a ticklishness as unique as their function and as keen as
+their importance.&quot; Herrick finds the supreme illustration of the summation
+and irradiation theory of tickling in the phenomena of erotic excitement,
+and points out that in harmony with this the skin of the sexual region is,
+as Dogiel has shown, that portion of the body in which the tactile
+corpuscles are most thoroughly and elaborately provided with anastomosing
+fibres. It has been pointed out<a name='4_FNanchor_15'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_15'><sup>[15]</sup></a> that, when ordinary tactile
+sensibility is partially abolished,&mdash;especially in hemian&aelig;sthesia in the
+insane,&mdash;some sexual disturbance is specially apt to be found in
+association.</p>
+
+<p>In young children, in girls even when they are no longer children, and
+occasionally in men, tickling may be a source of acute pleasure, which in
+very early life is not sexual, but later tends to become so under
+circumstances predisposing to the production of erotic emotion, and
+especially when the nervous system is keyed up to a high tone favorable
+for the production of the maximum effect of tickling.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;When young,&quot; writes a lady aged 28, &quot;I was extremely fond of
+    being tickled, and I am to some extent still. Between the ages of
+    10 and 12 it gave me exquisite pleasure, which I now regard as
+    sexual <a name='4_Page_17'></a>in character. I used to bribe my younger sister to tickle
+    my feet until she was tired.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Stanley Hall and Allin in their investigation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, largely carried out among young women teachers, found
+    that in 60 clearly marked cases ticklishness was more marked at
+    one time than another, &quot;as when they have been 'carrying on,' or
+    are in a happy mood, are nervous or unwell, after a good meal,
+    when being washed, when in perfect health, when with people they
+    like, etc.&quot; (Hall and Allin, &quot;Tickling and Laughter,&quot; <i>American
+    Journal of Psychology</i>, October, 1897.) It will be observed that
+    most of the conditions mentioned are such as would be favorable
+    to excitations of an emotionally sexual character.</p>
+
+<p>    The palms of the hands may be very ticklish during sexual
+    excitement, especially in women, and Moll (<i>Kontr&auml;re
+    Sexualempfindung</i>, p. 180) remarks that in some men titillation
+    of the skin of the back, of the feet, and even of the forehead
+    evokes erotic feelings.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that, as might be expected, titillation of the
+    skin often has the same significance in animals as in man. &quot;In
+    some animals,&quot; remarks Louis Robinson (art. &quot;Ticklishness,&quot;
+    <i>Dictionary of Psychological Medicine</i>), &quot;local titillation of
+    the skin, though in parts remote from the reproductive organs,
+    plainly acts indirectly upon them as a stimulus. Thus, Harvey
+    records that, by stroking the back of a favorite parrot (which he
+    had possessed for years and supposed to be a male), he not only
+    gave the bird gratification,&mdash;which was the sole intention of the
+    illustrious physiologist,&mdash;but also caused it to reveal its sex
+    by laying an egg.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>The sexual significance of tickling is very clearly indicated by the fact
+that the general ticklishness of the body, which is so marked in children
+and in young girls, greatly diminishes, as a rule, after sexual
+relationships have been established. Dr. Gina Lombroso, who investigated
+the cutaneous reflexes, found that both the abdominal and plantar
+reflexes, which are well marked in childhood and in young people between
+the ages of 15 and 18, were much diminished in older persons, and to a
+greater extent in women than in men, to a greater extent in the abdominal
+region than on the soles of the feet;<a name='4_FNanchor_16'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_16'><sup>[16]</sup></a> her results do not directly show
+the influence of sexual relationship, but they have an indirect bearing
+which is worth noting.</p>
+<a name='4_Page_18'></a>
+<p>The difference in ticklishness between the unmarried woman and the married
+woman corresponds to their difference in degree of modesty. Both modesty
+and ticklishness may be said to be characters which are no longer needed.
+From this point of view the general ticklishness of the skin is a kind of
+body modesty. It is so even apart from any sexual significance of
+tickling, and Louis Robinson has pointed out that in young apes, puppies,
+and other like animals the most ticklish regions correspond to the most
+vulnerable spots in a fight, and that consequently in the mock fights of
+early life skill in defending these spots is attained.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Iceland, according to Margarethe Filh&eacute;s (as quoted by Max
+    Bartels, <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1900, ht. 2-3, p. 57), it
+    may be known whether a youth is pure or a maid is intact by their
+    susceptibility to tickling. It is considered a bad sign if that
+    is lost.</p>
+
+<p>    I am indebted to a medical correspondent for the following
+    communication: &quot;Married women have told me that they find that
+    after marriage they are not ticklish under the arms or on the
+    breasts, though before marriage any tickling or touching in these
+    regions, especially by a man, would make them jump or get
+    hysterical or 'queer,' as they call it. Before coitus the sexual
+    energy seems to be dissipated along all the nerve-channels and
+    especially along the secondary sexual routes,&mdash;the breasts, nape
+    of neck, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, armpits, and hair thereon,
+    etc.,&mdash;but after marriage the surplus energy is diverted from
+    these secondary channels, and response to tickling is diminished.
+    I have often noted in insane cases, especially mania in
+    adolescent girls, that they are excessively ticklish. Again, in
+    ordinary routine practice I have observed that, though married
+    women show no ticklishness during auscultation and percussion of
+    the chest, this is by no means always so in young girls. Perhaps
+    ticklishness in virgins is Nature's self-protection against rape
+    and sexual advances, and the young girl instinctively wishing to
+    hide the armpits, breasts, and other ticklish regions, tucks
+    herself up to prevent these parts being touched. The married
+    woman, being in love with a man, does not shut up these parts, as
+    she reciprocates the advances that he makes; she no longer
+    requires ticklishness as a protection against sexual aggression.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_5'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_5'>[5]</a><div class='note'><p> Alrutz's views are summarized in <i>Psychological Review</i>,
+Sept., 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_6'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_6'>[6]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Die Spiele der Menschen</i>, 1899, p. 206.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_7'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_7'>[7]</a><div class='note'><p> L. Robinson, art. &quot;Ticklishness,&quot; Tuke's <i>Dictionary of
+Psychological Medicine</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_8'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_8'>[8]</a><div class='note'><p> Stanley Hall and Allin, &quot;Tickling and Laughter,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Psychology</i>, October, 1897.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_9'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_9'>[9]</a><div class='note'><p> H. M. Stanley, &quot;Remarks on Tickling and Laughter,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Psychology</i>, vol. ix, January, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_10'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_10'>[10]</a><div class='note'><p> Simpson, &quot;On the Attitude of the F&oelig;tus in Utero,&quot;
+<i>Obstetric Memoirs</i>, 1856, vol. ii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_11'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_11'>[11]</a><div class='note'><p> Erasmus Darwin, <i>Zo&ouml;nomia</i>, Sect. XVII, 4.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_12'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_12'>[12]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyades and Deniker, <i>Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn</i>, vol.
+vii. p. 296.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_13'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_13'>[13]</a><div class='note'><p> Such an interpretation is supported by the arguments of W.
+McDougall (&quot;The Theory of Laughter,&quot; <i>Nature</i>, February 5, 1903), who
+contends, without any reference to the sexual field, that one of the
+objects of laughter is automatically to &quot;disperse our attention.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_14'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_14'>[14]</a><div class='note'><p> Even the structure of the vaginal mucous membrane, it may be
+noted, is analogous to that of the skin. D. Berry Hart, &quot;Note on the
+Development of the Clitoris, Vagina, and Hymen,&quot; <i>Transactions of the
+Edinburgh Obstetrical Society</i>, vol. xxi, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_15'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_15'>[15]</a><div class='note'><p> W. H. B. Stoddart, &quot;An&aelig;sthesia in the Insane,&quot; <i>Journal of
+Mental Science</i>, October, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_16'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_16'>[16]</a><div class='note'><p> Gina Lombroso, &quot;Sur les R&eacute;flexes Cutan&eacute;s,&quot; International
+Congress of Criminal Anthropology, Amsterdam, <i>Comptes Rendus</i>, p. 295.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_T_III'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_19'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres&mdash;Orificial Contacts&mdash;Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio&mdash;The Kiss&mdash;The Nipples&mdash;The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres&mdash;This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood&mdash;The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual
+Centres&mdash;Suckling and Sexual Emotion&mdash;The Significance of the Association
+between Suckling and Sexual Emotion&mdash;This Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have seen that the skin generally has a high degree of sensibility,
+which frequently tends to be in more or less definite association with the
+sexual centres. We have seen also that the central and specific sexual
+sensation, the sexual embrace itself, is, in large measure, a specialized
+kind of skin reflex. Between the generalized skin sensations and the great
+primary sexual centre of sensation there are certain secondary sexual
+centres which, on account of their importance, may here be briefly
+considered.</p>
+
+<p>These secondary centres have in common the fact that they always involve
+the entrances and the exits of the body&mdash;the regions, that is, where skin
+merges into mucous membrane, and where, in the course of evolution,
+tactile sensibility has become highly refined. It may, indeed, be said
+generally of these frontier regions of the body that their contact with
+the same or a similar frontier region in another person of opposite sex,
+under conditions otherwise favorable to tumescence, will tend to produce a
+minimum and even sometimes a maximum degree of sexual excitation. Contact
+of these regions with each other or with the sexual region itself so
+closely simulates the central sexual reflex that channels are set up for
+the same nervous energy and secondary sexual centres are constituted.</p>
+
+<p>It is important to remember that the phenomena we are here concerned with
+are essentially normal. Many of them are commonly spoken of as
+perversions. In so far, however, as they are aids to tumescence they must
+be regarded as coming <a name='4_Page_20'></a>within the range of normal variation. They may be
+considered un&aelig;sthetic, but that is another matter. It has, moreover, to be
+remembered that &aelig;sthetic values are changed under the influence of sexual
+emotion; from the lover's point of view many things are beautiful which
+are unbeautiful from the point of view of him who is not a lover, and the
+greater the degree to which the lover is swayed by his passion the greater
+the extent to which his normal &aelig;sthetic standard is liable to be modified.
+A broad consideration of the phenomena among civilized and uncivilized
+peoples amply suffices to show the fallacy of the tendency, so common
+among unscientific writers on these subjects, to introduce normal &aelig;sthetic
+standards into the sexual sphere. From the normal standpoint of ordinary
+daily life, indeed, the whole process of sex is un&aelig;sthetic, except the
+earlier stages of tumescence.<a name='4_FNanchor_17'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_17'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>So long as they constitute a part of the phase of tumescence, the
+utilization of the sexual excitations obtainable through these channels
+must be considered within the normal range of variation, as we may
+observe, indeed, among many animals. When, however, such contacts of the
+orifices of the body, other than those of the male and female sexual
+organs proper, are used to procure not merely tumescence, but
+detumescence, they become, in the strict and technical sense, perversions.
+They are perversions in exactly the same sense as are the methods of
+intercourse which involve the use of checks to prevent fecundation. The
+&aelig;sthetic question, however, remains the same as if we were dealing with
+tumescence. It is necessary that this should be pointed out clearly, even
+at the risk of misapprehension, as confusions are here very common.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The essentially sexual character of the sensitivity of the
+    orificial contacts is shown by the fact that it may sometimes be
+    accidentally developed even in early childhood. This is well
+    illustrated in a case recorded <a name='4_Page_21'></a>by F&eacute;r&eacute;. A little girl of 4, of
+    nervous temperament and liable to fits of anger in which she
+    would roll on the ground and tear her clothes, once ran out into
+    the garden in such a fit of temper and threw herself on the lawn
+    in a half-naked condition. As she lay there two dogs with whom
+    she was accustomed to play came up and began to lick the
+    uncovered parts of the body. It so happened that as one dog
+    licked her mouth the other licked her sexual parts. She
+    experienced a shock of intense sensation which she could never
+    forget and never describe, accompanied by a delicious tension of
+    the sexual organs. She rose and ran away with a feeling of shame,
+    though she could not comprehend what had happened. The impression
+    thus made was so profound that it persisted throughout life and
+    served as the point of departure of sexual perversions, while the
+    contact of a dog's tongue with her mouth alone afterward sufficed
+    to evoke sexual pleasure. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, 1903,
+    No. 90.)</p>
+
+<p>    I do not purpose to discuss here either <i>cunnilingus</i> (the
+    apposition of the mouth to the female pudendum) or <i>fellatio</i>
+    (the apposition of the mouth to the male organ), the agent in the
+    former case being, in normal heterosexual relationships, a man,
+    in the latter a woman; they are not purely tactile phenomena, but
+    involve various other physical and psychic elements.
+    <i>Cunnilingus</i> was a very familiar manifestation in classic times,
+    as shown by frequent and mostly very contemptuous references in
+    Aristophanes, Juvenal, and many other Greek and Roman writers;
+    the Greeks regarded it as a Ph&oelig;nician practice, just as
+    it is now commonly considered French; it tends to be especially
+    prevalent at all periods of high civilization. <i>Fellatio</i> has
+    also been equally well known, in both ancient and modern times,
+    especially as practiced by inverted men. It may be accepted that
+    both <i>cunnilingus</i> and <i>fellatio</i>, as practiced by either sex,
+    are liable to occur among healthy or morbid persons, in
+    heterosexual or homosexual relationships. They have little
+    psychological significance, except to the extent that when
+    practiced to the exclusion of normal sexual relationships they
+    become perversions, and as such tend to be associated with
+    various degenerative conditions, although such associations are
+    not invariable.</p>
+
+<p>    The essentially normal character of <i>cunnilingus</i> and <i>fellatio</i>,
+    when occurring as incidents in the process of tumescence, is
+    shown by the fact that they are practiced by many animals. This
+    is the case, for instance, among dogs. Moll points out that not
+    infrequently the bitch, while under the dog, but before
+    intromission, will change her position to lick the dog's
+    penis&mdash;apparently from an instinctive impulse to heighten her own
+    and his excitement&mdash;and then return to the normal position, while
+    <i>cunnilingus</i> is of constant occurrence among animals, and on
+    account of its frequency among dogs was called by the Greeks
+    &#963;&#954;&#8017;&#955;&#945;&#958; (Rosenbaum, <i>Geschichte der Lustseuche im
+    Altertume</i>, fifth edition, pp. 260-278; also notes in Moll,
+    <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber pie<a name='4_Page_22'></a> Libido Sexualis</i>, Bd. I, pp. 134, 369;
+    and Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>,
+    Teil II, pp. 216 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    The occurrence of <i>cunnilingus</i> as a sexual episode of tumescence
+    among lower human races is well illustrated by a practice of the
+    natives of the Caroline Islands (as recorded by Kubary in his
+    ethnographic study of this people and quoted by Ploss and
+    Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i). It is here customary for a man to
+    place a piece of fish between the labia, while he stimulates the
+    latter by his tongue and teeth until under stress of sexual
+    excitement the woman urinates; this is regarded as an indication
+    that the proper moment for intercourse has arrived. Such a
+    practice rests on physiologically sound facts whatever may be
+    thought of it from an &aelig;sthetic standpoint.</p>
+
+<p>    The contrast between the normal &aelig;sthetic standpoint in this
+    matter and the lover's is well illustrated by the following
+    quotations: Dr. A. B. Holder, in the course of his description of
+    the American Indian <i>bot&eacute;</i>, remarks, concerning <i>fellatio</i>: &quot;Of
+    all the many varieties of sexual perversion, this, it seems to
+    me, is the most debased that could be conceived of.&quot; On the other
+    hand, in a communication from a writer and scholar of high
+    intellectual distinction occurs the statement: &quot;I affirm that, of
+    all sexual acts, <i>fellatio</i> is most an affair of imagination and
+    sympathy.&quot; It must be pointed out that there is no contradiction
+    in these two statements, and that each is justified, according as
+    we take the point of view of the ordinary onlooker or of the
+    impassioned lover eager to give a final proof of his or her
+    devotion. It must be added that from a scientific point of view
+    we are not entitled to take either side.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of the whole of this group of phenomena, the most typical and the most
+widespread example is certainly the kiss. We have in the lips a highly
+sensitive frontier region between skin and mucous membrane, in many
+respects analogous to the vulvo-vaginal orifice, and reinforcible,
+moreover, by the active movements of the still more highly sensitive
+tongue. Close and prolonged contact of these regions, therefore, under
+conditions favorable to tumescence sets up a powerful current of nervous
+stimulation. After those contacts in which the sexual regions themselves
+take a direct part, there is certainly no such channel for directing
+nervous force into the sexual sphere as the kiss. This is nowhere so well
+recognized as in France, where a young girl's lips are religiously kept
+for her lover, to such an extent, indeed, that young girls sometimes come
+to believe that the whole physical side of love is comprehended in a kiss
+on the mouth; so highly intelligent a woman as Madam Adam <a name='4_Page_23'></a>has described
+the agony she felt as a girl when kissed on the lips by a man, owing to
+the conviction that she had thereby lost her virtue. Although the lips
+occupy this highly important position as a secondary sexual focus in the
+sphere of touch, the kiss is&mdash;unlike <i>cunnilingus</i> and
+<i>fellatio</i>&mdash;confined to man and, indeed, to a large extent, to civilized
+man. It is the outcome of a compound evolution which had its beginning
+outside the sphere of touch, and it would therefore be out of place to
+deal with the interesting question of its development in this place. It
+will be discussed elsewhere.<a name='4_FNanchor_18'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_18'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>There is yet another orificial frontier region which is a highly important
+tactile sexual focus: the nipple. The breasts raise, indeed, several
+interesting questions in their intimate connection with the sexual sphere
+and it may be worth while to consider them at this point.</p>
+
+<p>The breasts have from the present point of view this special significance
+among the sexual centres that they primarily exist, not for the contact of
+the lover, but the contact of the child. This is doubtless, indeed, the
+fundamental fact on which all the touch contacts we are here concerned
+with have grown up. The sexual sensitivity of the lover's lips to
+orificial contacts has been developed from the sensitivity of the infant's
+lips to contact with his mother's nipple. It is on the ground of that
+evolution that we are bound to consider here the precise position of the
+breasts as a sexual centre.</p>
+
+<p>As the great secreting organs of milk, the function of the breasts must
+begin immediately the child is cut off from the nutrition derived from
+direct contact with his mother's blood. It is therefore essential that the
+connection between the sexual organs proper, more especially the womb, and
+the breasts should be exceedingly intimate, so that the breasts may be in
+a condition to respond adequately to the demand of the child's sucking
+lips at the earliest moment after birth. As a matter of fact, this
+connection is very intimate, so intimate that it takes place in two
+totally distinct ways&mdash;by the nervous system and by the blood.</p>
+<a name='4_Page_24'></a>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The breasts of young girls sometimes become tender at puberty in
+    sympathy with the evolution of the sexual organs, although the
+    swelling of the breasts at this period is not normally a
+    glandular process. At the recurring periods of menstruation,
+    again, sensations in the breasts are not uncommon.</p>
+
+<p>    It is not, however, until impregnation occurs that really
+    decisive changes take place in the breasts. &quot;As soon as the ovum
+    is impregnated, that is to say within a few days,&quot; as W. D. A.
+    Griffith states it (&quot;The Diagnosis of Pregnancy,&quot; <i>British
+    Medical Journal</i>, April 11, 1903), &quot;the changes begin to occur in
+    the breast, changes which are just as well worked out as are the
+    changes in the uterus and the vagina, which, from the
+    commencement of pregnancy, prepare for the labor which ought to
+    follow nine months afterward. These are changes in the direction
+    of marked activity of function. An organ which was previously
+    quite passive, without activity of circulation and the effects of
+    active circulation, begins to grow and continues to grow in
+    activity and size as pregnancy progresses.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The association between breasts and womb is so obvious that it
+    has not escaped many savage peoples, who are often, indeed,
+    excellent observers. Among one primitive people at least the
+    activity of the breast at impregnation seems to be clearly
+    recognized. The Sinangolo of British New Guinea, says Seligmann
+    (<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, July-December, 1902,
+    p. 298) believe that conception takes place in the breasts; on
+    this account they hold that coitus should never take place before
+    the child is weaned or he might imbibe semen with the milk.</p>
+
+<p>    It is natural to assume that this connection between the activity
+    of the womb and the glandular activity of the breasts is a
+    nervous connection, by means of the spinal cord, and such a
+    connection certainly exists and plays a very important part in
+    the stimulating action of the breasts on the sexual organs. But
+    that there is a more direct channel of communication even than
+    the nervous system is shown by the fact that the secretion of
+    milk will take place at parturition, even when the nervous
+    connection has been destroyed. Mironoff found that, when the
+    mammary gland is completely separated from the central nervous
+    system, secretion, though slightly diminished, still continued.
+    In two goats he cut the nerves shortly before parturition and
+    after birth the breasts still swelled and functioned normally
+    (<i>Archives des Sciences Biologiques</i>, St. Petersburg, 1895,
+    summarized in <i>L'Ann&eacute;e Biologique</i>; 1895, p. 329). Ribbert,
+    again, cut out the mammary gland of a young rabbit and
+    transplanted it into the ear; five months after the rabbit bore
+    young and the gland secreted milk freely. The case has been
+    reported of a woman whose spinal cord was destroyed by an
+    accident at the level of the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebr&aelig;,
+    <a name='4_Page_25'></a>yet lactation was perfectly normal (<i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+    August 5, 1899, p. 374). We are driven to suppose that there is
+    some chemical change in the blood, some internal secretion from
+    the uterus or the ovaries, which acts as a direct stimulant to
+    the breasts. (See a comprehensive discussion of the phenomena of
+    the connection between the breasts and sexual organs, though the
+    conclusions are not unassailable, by Temesvary, <i>Journal of
+    Obstetrics and Gyn&aelig;cology of the British Empire</i>, June, 1903).
+    That this hypothetical secretion starts from the womb rather than
+    the ovaries seems to be indicated by the fact that removal of
+    both ovaries during pregnancy will not suffice to prevent
+    lactation. In favor of the ovaries, see Beatson, <i>Lancet</i>, July,
+    1896; in favor of the uterus, Armand Routh, &quot;On the Interaction
+    between the Ovaries and the Mammary Glands,&quot; <i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, September 30, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<p>While, however, the communications from the sexual organs to the breast
+are of a complex and at present ill understood character, the
+communication from the breasts to the sexual organs is without doubt
+mainly and chiefly nervous. When the child is put to the breast after
+birth the suction of the nipple causes a reflex contraction of the womb,
+and it is held by many, though not all, authorities that in a woman who
+does not suckle her child there is some risk that the womb will not return
+to its normal involuted size. It has also been asserted that to put a
+child to the breast during the early months of pregnancy causes so great a
+degree of uterine contraction that abortion may result.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Freund found in Germany that stimulation of the nipples by an
+    electrical cupping apparatus brought about contraction of the
+    pregnant uterus. At an earlier period it was recommended to
+    irritate the nipple in order to excite the uterus to parturient
+    action. Simpson, while pointing out that this was scarcely
+    adequate to produce the effect desired, thought that placing a
+    child to the breast after labor had begun might increase uterine
+    action. (J. Y. Simpson, <i>Obstetric Memoirs</i>, vol. i, p. 836; also
+    F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 132).</p>
+
+<p>    The influence of lactation over the womb in preventing the return
+    of menstruation during its continuance is well known. According
+    to Remfry's investigation of 900 cases in England, in 57 per
+    cent. of cases there is no menstruation during lactation. (L.
+    Remfry, in paper read before Obstetrical Society of London,
+    summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, January 11, 1896, p.
+    86). Bendix, in Germany, found among<a name='4_Page_26'></a> 140 cases that in about 40
+    per cent. there was no menstruation during lactation (paper read
+    before D&uuml;sseldorf meeting of the Society of German Naturalists
+    and Physicians, 1899). When the child is not suckled menstruation
+    tends to reappear about six months after parturition.</p>
+
+<p>    It is possible that the divergent opinions of authorities
+    concerning the necessarily favorable influence of lactation in
+    promoting the return of the womb to its normal size may be due to
+    a confusion of two distinct influences: the reflex action of the
+    nipple on the womb and the effects of prolonged glandular
+    secretion of the breasts in debilitated persons. The act of
+    suckling undoubtedly tends to promote uterine contraction, and in
+    healthy women during lactation the womb may even (according to
+    Vineberg) be temporarily reduced to a smaller size than before
+    impregnation, thus producing what is known as &quot;lactation
+    atrophy.&quot; In debilitated women, however, the strain of
+    milk-production may lead to general lack of muscular tone, and
+    involution of the womb thus be hindered rather than aided by
+    lactation.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the objective side, then, the nipple is to be regarded as an erectile
+organ, richly supplied with nerves and vessels, which, under the
+stimulation of the infant's lips&mdash;or any similar compression, and even
+under the influence of emotion or cold,&mdash;becomes firm and projects, mainly
+as a result of muscular contraction; for, unlike the penis and the
+clitoris, the nipple contains no true erectile tissue and little capacity
+for vascular engorgement.<a name='4_FNanchor_19'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_19'><sup>[19]</sup></a> We must then suppose that an impetus tends
+to be transmitted through the spinal cord to the sexual organs, setting up
+a greater or less degree of nervous and muscular excitement with uterine
+contraction. These being the objective manifestations, what manifestations
+are to be noted on the subjective side?</p>
+
+<p>It is a remarkable proof of the general indifference with which in Europe
+even the fairly constant and prominent characteristics of the psychology
+of women have been treated until recent times that, so far as I am
+aware,&mdash;though I have made no special research to this end,&mdash;no one before
+the end of the eighteenth century had recorded the fact that the act of
+suckling tends to produce in women voluptuous sexual emotions.<a name='4_Page_27'></a> Cabanis in
+1802, in the memoir on &quot;Influence des Sexes&quot; in his <i>Rapports du Physique
+et du Moral de l'Homme</i>, wrote that several suckling women had told him
+that the child in sucking the breast made them experience a vivid
+sensation of pleasure, shared in some degree by the sexual organs. There
+can be no doubt that in healthy suckling women this phenomenon is
+exceedingly common, though in the absence of any methodical and precise
+investigation it cannot be affirmed that it is experienced by every woman
+in some degree, and it is highly probable that this is not the case. One
+lady, perfectly normal, states that she has had stronger sexual feelings
+in suckling her children than she has ever experienced with her husband,
+but that so far as possible she has tried to repress them, as she regards
+them as brutish under these circumstances. Many other women state
+generally that suckling is the most delicious physical feeling they have
+ever experienced. In most cases, however, it does not appear to lead to a
+desire for intercourse, and some of those who make this statement have no
+desire for coitus during lactation, though they may have strong sexual
+needs at other times. It is probable that this corresponds to the normal
+condition, and that the voluptuous sensations aroused by suckling are
+adequately gratified by the child. It may be added that there are probably
+many women who could say, with a lady quoted by F&eacute;r&eacute;,<a name='4_FNanchor_20'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_20'><sup>[20]</sup></a> that the only
+real pleasures of sex they have ever known are those derived from their
+suckling infants.</p>
+
+<p>It is not difficult to see why this normal association of sexual emotion
+with suckling should have come about. It is essential for the preservation
+of the lives of young mammals that the mothers should have an adequate
+motive in pleasurable sensation for enduring the trouble of suckling. The
+most obvious method for obtaining the necessary degree of pleasurable
+sensation lay in utilizing the reservoir of sexual emotion, with which
+channels of communication might already be said to be open through the
+action of the sexual organs on the breasts <a name='4_Page_28'></a>during pregnancy. The
+voluptuous element in suckling may thus be called a merciful provision of
+Nature for securing the maintenance of the child.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Cabanis seems to have realized the significance of this
+    connection as the basis of the sympathy between mother and child,
+    and more recently Lombroso and Ferrero have remarked (<i>La Donna
+    Delinquente</i>, p. 438) on the fact that maternal love has a sexual
+    basis in the element of venereal pleasure, though usually
+    inconsiderable, experienced during suckling. Houzeau has referred
+    to the fact that in the majority of animals the relation between
+    mother and offspring is only close during the period of
+    lactation, and this is certainly connected with the fact that it
+    is only during lactation that the female animal can derive
+    physical gratification from her offspring. When living on a farm
+    I have ascertained that cows sometimes, though not frequently,
+    exhibit slight signs of sexual excitement, with secretion of
+    mucus, while being milked; so that, as the dairymaid herself
+    observed, it is as if they were being &quot;bulled.&quot; The sow, like
+    some other mammals, often eats her own young after birth,
+    mistaking them, it is thought, for the placenta, which is
+    normally eaten by most mammals; it is said that the sow never
+    eats her young when they have once taken the teat.</p>
+
+<p>    It occasionally happens that this normal tendency for suckling to
+    produce voluptuous sexual emotions is present in an extreme
+    degree, and may lead to sexual perversions. It does not appear
+    that the sexual sensations aroused by suckling usually culminate
+    in the orgasm; this however, was noted in a case recorded by
+    F&eacute;r&eacute;, of a slightly neurotic woman in whom intense sexual
+    excitement occurred during suckling, especially if prolonged; so
+    far as possible, she shortened the periods of suckling in order
+    to prevent, not always successfully, the occurrence of the orgasm
+    (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Archives de Neurologie</i> No. 30, 1903). Icard refers to
+    the case of a woman who sought to become pregnant solely for the
+    sake of the voluptuous sensations she derived from suckling, and
+    Yellowlees (Art. &quot;Masturbation,&quot; <i>Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine</i>) speaks of the overwhelming character of &quot;the storms of
+    sexual feeling sometimes observed during lactation.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It may be remarked that the frequency of the association between
+    lactation and the sexual sensations is indicated by the fact
+    that, as Savage remarks, lactational insanity is often
+    accompanied by fancies regarding the reproductive organs.</p></div>
+
+<p>When we have realized the special sensitivity of the orificial regions and
+the peculiarly close relationships between the breasts and the sexual
+organs we may easily understand the considerable part which they normally
+play in the art of love.<a name='4_Page_29'></a> As one of the chief secondary sexual characters
+in women, and one of her chief beauties, a woman's breasts offer
+themselves to the lover's lips with a less intimate attraction than her
+mouth only because the mouth is better able to respond. On her side, such
+contact is often instinctively desired. Just as the sexual disturbance of
+pregnancy is accompanied by a sympathetic disturbance in the breasts, so
+the sexual excitement produced by the lover's proximity reacts on the
+breasts; the nipple becomes turgid and erect in sympathy with the
+clitoris; the woman craves to place her lover in the place of the child,
+and experiences a sensation in which these two supreme objects of her
+desire are deliciously mingled.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The powerful effect which stimulation of the nipple produces on
+    the sexual sphere has led to the breasts playing a prominent part
+    in the erotic art of those lands in which this art has been most
+    carefully cultivated. Thus in India, according to Vatsyayana,
+    many authors are of the opinion that in approaching a woman a
+    lover should begin by sucking the nipples of her breasts, and in
+    the songs of the Bayaderes of Southern India sucking the nipple
+    is mentioned as one of the natural preliminaries of coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    In some cases, and more especially in neurotic persons, the
+    sexual pleasure derived from manipulation of the nipple passes
+    normal limits and, being preferred even to coitus, becomes a
+    perversion. In girls' schools, it is said, especially in France,
+    sucking and titillation of the breasts are not uncommon; in men,
+    also, titillation of the nipples occasionally produces sexual
+    sensations (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 132).
+    Hildebrandt recorded the case of a young woman whose nipples had
+    been sucked by her lover; by constantly drawing her breasts she
+    became able to suck them herself and thus attained extreme sexual
+    pleasure. A. J. Bloch, of New Orleans, has noted the case of a
+    woman who complained of swelling of the breasts; the gentlest
+    manipulation produced an orgasm, and it was found that the
+    swelling had been intentionally produced for the sake of this
+    manipulation. Moraglia in Italy knew a very beautiful woman who
+    was perfectly cold in normal sexual relationships, but madly
+    excited when her husband pressed or sucked her breasts. Lombroso
+    (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1885, fasc. IV) has described the
+    somewhat similar case of a woman who had no sexual sensitivity in
+    the clitoris, vagina, or labia, and no pleasure in coitus except
+    in very strange positions, but possessed intense sexual feelings
+    in the right nipple as well as in the upper third of the thigh.</p><a name='4_Page_30'></a>
+
+<p>    It is remarkable that not only is suckling apt to be accompanied
+    by sexual pleasure in the mother, but that, in some cases, the
+    infant also appears to have a somewhat similar experience. This
+    is, at all events, indicated in a remarkable case recorded by
+    F&eacute;r&eacute; (<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 257). A female
+    infant child of slightly neurotic heredity was weaned at the age
+    of 14 months, but so great was her affection for her mother's
+    breasts, though she had already become accustomed to other food,
+    that this was only accomplished with great difficulty and by
+    allowing her still to caress the naked breasts several times a
+    day. This went on for many months, when the mother, becoming
+    again pregnant, insisted on putting an end to it. So jealous was
+    the child, however, that it was necessary to conceal from her the
+    fact that her younger sister was suckled at her mother's breasts,
+    and once at the age of 3, when she saw her father aiding her
+    mother to undress, she became violently jealous of him. This
+    jealousy, as well as the passion for her mother's breasts,
+    persisted to the age of puberty, though she learned to conceal
+    it. At the age of 13, when menstruation began, she noticed in
+    dancing with her favorite girl friends that when her breasts came
+    in contact with theirs she experienced a very agreeable
+    sensation, with erection of the nipples; but it was not till the
+    age of 16 that she observed that the sexual region took part in
+    this excitement and became moist. From this period she had erotic
+    dreams about young girls. She never experienced any attraction
+    for young men, but eventually married; though having much esteem
+    and affection for her husband, she never felt any but the
+    slightest sexual enjoyment in his arms, and then only by evoking
+    feminine images. This case, in which the sensations of an infant
+    at the breast formed the point of departure of a sexual
+    perversion which lasted through life, is, so far as I am aware,
+    unique.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_17'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_17'>[17]</a><div class='note'><p> Jonas Cohn (<i>Allgemeine &AElig;sthetik</i>, 1901, p. 11) lays it down
+that psychology has nothing to do with good or bad taste. &quot;The distinction
+between good and bad taste has no meaning for psychology. On this account,
+the fundamental conceptions of &aelig;sthetics cannot arise from psychology.&quot; It
+may be a question whether this view can be accepted quite absolutely.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_18'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_18'>[18]</a><div class='note'><p> See Appendix A: &quot;The Origins of the Kiss.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_19'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_19'>[19]</a><div class='note'><p> See J. B. Hellier, &quot;On the Nipple Reflex,&quot; <i>British Medical
+Journal</i>, November 7, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_20'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_20'>[20]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 147.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_T_IV'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_31'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Bath&mdash;Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the
+Skin&mdash;Its Cult of Personal Filth&mdash;The Reasons which Justified this
+Attitude&mdash;The World-wide Tendency to Association between Extreme
+Cleanliness and Sexual Licentiousness&mdash;The Immorality Associated with
+Public Baths in Europe down to Modern Times.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The hygiene of the skin, as well as its special cult, consists in bathing.
+The bath, as is well known, attained under the Romans a degree of
+development which, in Europe at all events, it has never reached before or
+since, and the modern visitor to Rome carries away with him no more
+impressive memory than that of the Baths of Caracalla. Since the coming of
+Christianity the cult of the skin, and even its hygiene, have never again
+attained the same general and unquestioned exaltation. The Church killed
+the bath. St. Jerome tells us with approval that when the holy Paula noted
+that any of her nuns were too careful in this matter she would gravely
+reprove them, saying that &quot;the purity of the body and its garments means
+the impurity of the soul.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_21'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_21'><sup>[21]</sup></a> Or, as the modern monk of Mount Athos still
+declares: &quot;A man should live in dirt as in a coat of mail, so that his
+soul may sojourn more securely within.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Our knowledge of the bathing arrangements of Roman days is
+    chiefly derived from Pompeii. Three public baths (two for both
+    men and women, who were also probably allowed to use the third
+    occasionally) have so far been excavated in this small town, as
+    well as at least three private bathing establishments (at least
+    one of them for women), while about a dozen houses contain
+    complete baths for private use. Even in a little farm house at
+    Boscoreale (two miles out of Pompeii) there was an elaborate
+    series of bathing rooms. It may be added that Pompeii was well
+    supplied with water. All houses but the poorest had <a name='4_Page_32'></a>flowing
+    jets, and some houses had as many as ten jets. (See Man's
+    <i>Pompeii</i>, Chapters XXVI-XXVIII.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Church succeeded to the domination of imperial Rome, and
+    adopted many of the methods of its predecessor. But there could
+    be no greater contrast than is presented by the attitude of
+    Paganism and of Christianity toward the bath.</p>
+
+<p>    As regards the tendencies of the public baths in imperial Rome,
+    some of the evidence is brought together in the section on this
+    subject in Rosenbaum's <i>Geschichte der Lustseuche im Alterthume</i>.
+    As regards the attitude of the earliest Christian ascetics in
+    this matter I may refer the reader to an interesting passage in
+    Lecky's <i>History of European Morals</i> (vol. ii, pp. 107-112), in
+    which are brought together a number of highly instructive
+    examples of the manner in which many of the most eminent of the
+    early saints deliberately cultivated personal filth.</p>
+
+<p>    In the middle ages, when the extreme excesses of the early
+    ascetics had died out, and monasticiam became regulated, monks
+    generally took two baths a year when in health; in illness they
+    could be taken as often as necessary. The rules of Cluny only
+    allowed three towels to the community: one for the novices, one
+    for the professed, and one for the lay brothers. At the end of
+    the seventeenth century Madame de Mazarin, having retired to a
+    convent of Visitandines, one day desired to wash her feet, but
+    the whole establishment was set in an uproar at such an idea, and
+    she received a direct refusal. In 1760 the Dominican Richard
+    wrote that in itself the bath is permissible, but it must be
+    taken solely for necessity, not for pleasure. The Church taught,
+    and this lesson is still inculcated in convent schools, that it
+    is wrong to expose the body even to one's own gaze, and it is not
+    surprising that many holy persons boasted that they had never
+    even washed their hands. (Most of these facts have been taken
+    from A. Franklin, <i>Les Soins de Toilette</i>, one of the <i>Vie Priv&eacute;e
+    d'Autrefois</i> series, in which further details may be found.)</p>
+
+<p>    In sixteenth-century Italy, a land of supreme elegance and
+    fashion, superior even to France, the conditions were the same,
+    and how little water found favor even with aristocratic ladies we
+    may gather from the contemporary books on the toilet, which
+    abound with recipes against itch and similar diseases. It should
+    be added that Burckhardt (<i>Die Cultur der Renaissance in
+    Italien</i>, eighth edition, volume ii, p. 92) considers that in
+    spite of skin diseases the Italians of the Renaissance were the
+    first nation in Europe for cleanliness.</p>
+
+<p>    It is unnecessary to consider the state of things in other
+    European countries. The aristocratic conditions of former days
+    are the plebeian conditions of to-day. So far as England is
+    concerned, such documents as Chadwick's <i>Report on the Sanitary
+    Condition of the Laboring Population <a name='4_Page_33'></a>of Great Britain</i> (1842)
+    sufficiently illustrate the ideas and the practices as regards
+    personal cleanliness which prevailed among the masses during the
+    nineteenth century and which to a large extent still prevail.</p></div>
+
+<p>A considerable amount of opprobrium has been cast upon the Catholic Church
+for its direct and indirect influence in promoting bodily uncleanliness.
+Nietzsche sarcastically refers to the facts, and Mr. Frederick Harrison
+asserts that &quot;the tone of the middle ages in the matter of dirt was a form
+of mental disease.&quot; It would be easy to quote many other authors to the
+same effect.</p>
+
+<p>It is necessary to point out, however, that the writers who have committed
+themselves to such utterances have not only done an injustice to
+Christianity, but have shown a lack of historical insight. Christianity
+was essentially and fundamentally a rebellion against the classic world,
+against its vices, and against their concomitant virtues, against both its
+practices and its ideals. It sprang up in a different part of the
+Mediterranean basin, from a different level of culture; it found its
+supporters in a new and lower social stratum. The cult of charity,
+simplicity, and faith, while not primarily ascetic, became inevitably
+allied with asceticism, because from its point of view: sexuality was the
+very stronghold of the classic world. In the second century the genius of
+Clement of Alexandria and of the great Christian thinkers who followed him
+seized on all those elements in classic life and philosophy which could be
+amalgamated with Christianity without, as they trusted, destroying its
+essence, but in the matter of sexuality there could be no compromise, and
+the condemnation of sexuality involved the condemnation of the bath. It
+required very little insight and sagacity for the Christians to
+see&mdash;though we are now apt to slur over the fact&mdash;that the cult of the
+bath was in very truth the cult of the flesh.<a name='4_FNanchor_22'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_22'><sup>[22]</sup></a> However profound their
+ignorance <a name='4_Page_34'></a>of anatomy, physiology, and psychology might be, they had
+before them ample evidence to show that the skin is an outlying sexual
+zone and that every application which promoted the purity, brilliance, and
+healthfulness of the skin constituted a direct appeal, feeble or strong as
+the case might be, to those passions against which they were warring. The
+moral was evident: better let the temporary garment of your flesh be
+soaked with dirt than risk staining the radiant purity of your immortal
+soul. If Christianity had not drawn that moral with clear insight and
+relentless logic Christianity would never have been a great force in the
+world.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>If any doubt is felt as to the really essential character of the
+    connection between cleanliness and the sexual impulse it may be
+    dispelled by the consideration that the association is by no
+    means confined to Christian Europe. If we go outside Europe and
+    even Christendom altogether, to the other side of the world, we
+    find it still well marked. The wantonness of the luxurious people
+    of Tahiti when first discovered by European voyagers is
+    notorious. The Areoi of Tahiti, a society largely constituted on
+    a basis of debauchery, is a unique institution so far as
+    primitive peoples are concerned. Cook, after giving one of the
+    earliest descriptions of this society and its objects at Tahiti
+    (Hawkesworth, <i>An Account of Voyages</i>, etc., 1775, vol. ii, p.
+    55), immediately goes on to describe the extreme and scrupulous
+    cleanliness of the people of Tahiti in every respect; they not
+    only bathed their bodies and clothes every day, but in all
+    respects they carried cleanliness to a higher point than even
+    &quot;the politest assembly in Europe.&quot; Another traveler bears similar
+    testimony: &quot;The inhabitants of the Society Isles are, among all
+    the nations of the South Seas, the most cleanly; and the better
+    sort of them carry cleanliness to a very great length&quot;; they
+    bathe morning and evening in the sea, he remarks, and afterward
+    in fresh water to remove the particles of salt, wash their hands
+    before and after meals, etc. (J. R. Forster, &quot;<i>Observations made
+    during a Voyage round the World</i>,&quot; 1798, p. 398.) And William
+    Ellis, in his detailed description of the people of Tahiti
+    (<i>Polynesian Researches</i>, 1832, vol. i, especially Chapters VI
+    and IX), while emphasizing their extreme cleanliness, every
+    person of every class bathing at least once or twice a day,
+    dwells on what he considers their unspeakable moral debasement;
+    &quot;notwithstanding the apparent mildness of their disposition and
+    the cheerful vivacity of their conversation, no portion of the
+    human race was ever perhaps sunk lower in brutal licentiousness
+    and moral degradation.&quot;</p><a name='4_Page_35'></a>
+
+<p>    After leaving Tahiti Cook went on to New Zealand. Here he found
+    that the people were more virtuous than at Tahiti, and also, he
+    found, less clean.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is, however, a mistake to suppose that physical uncleanliness ruled
+supreme through medi&aelig;val and later times. It is true that the eighteenth
+century, which saw the birth of so much that marks our modern world,
+witnessed a revival of the old ideal of bodily purity. But the struggle
+between two opposing ideals had been carried on for a thousand years or
+more before this. The Church, indeed, was in this matter founded on an
+impregnable rock. But there never has been a time when influences outside
+the Church have not found a shelter somewhere. Those traditions of the
+classic world which Christianity threw aside as useless or worse quietly
+reappeared. In no respect was this more notably the case than in regard to
+the love of pure water and the cult of the bath. Islam adopted the
+complete Roman bath, and made it an institution of daily life, a necessity
+for all classes. Granada is the spot in Europe where to-day we find the
+most exquisite remains of Mohammedan culture, and, though the fury of
+Christian conquest dragged the harrow over the soil of Granada, even yet
+streams and fountains spring up there and gush abundantly and one seldom
+loses the sound of the plash of water. The flower of Christian chivalry
+and Christian intelligence went to Palestine to wrest the Holy Sepulchre
+from the hands of pagan Mohammedans. They found there many excellent
+things which they had not gone out to seek, and the Crusaders produced a
+kind of premature and abortive Renaissance, the shadow of lost classic
+things reflected on Christian Europe from the mirror of Islam.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Yet it is worth while to point out, as bearing on the
+    associations of the bath here emphasized, that even in Islam we
+    may trace the existence of a religious attitude unfavorable to
+    the bath. Before the time of Mohammed there were no public baths
+    in Arabia, and it was and is believed that baths are specially
+    haunted by the djinn&mdash;the evil spirits. Mohammed himself was at
+    first so prejudiced against public baths that he forbade both men
+    and women to enter them. Afterward, however, he permitted men to
+    use them provided they wore a <a name='4_Page_36'></a>cloth round the loins, and women
+    also when they could not conveniently bathe at home. Among the
+    Prophet's sayings is found the assertion: &quot;Whatever woman enters
+    a bath the devil is with her,&quot; and &quot;All the earth is given to me
+    as a place of prayer, and as pure, except the burial ground and
+    the bath.&quot; (See, <i>e.g.</i>, E. W. Lane, <i>Arabian Society in the
+    Middle Ages</i>, 1883, pp. 179-183.) Although, therefore, the bath,
+    or <i>hammam</i>, on grounds of ritual ablution, hygiene, and
+    enjoyment speedily became universally popular in Islam among all
+    classes and both sexes, Mohammed himself may be said to have
+    opposed it.</p></div>
+
+<p>Among the discoveries which the Crusaders made and brought home with them
+one of the most notable was that of the bath, which in its more elaborate
+forms seems to have been absolutely forgotten in Europe, though Roman
+baths might everywhere have been found underground. All authorities seem
+to be agreed in finding here the origin of the revival of the public bath.
+It is to Rome first, and later to Islam, the lineal inheritor of classic
+culture, that we owe the cult of water and of physical purity. Even to-day
+the Turkish bath, which is the most popular of elaborate methods of
+bathing, recalls by its characteristics and its name the fact that it is a
+Mohammedan survival of Roman life.</p>
+
+<p>From the twelfth century onward baths have repeatedly been introduced from
+the East, and reintroduced afresh in slightly modified forms, and have
+flourished with varying degrees of success. In the thirteenth century they
+were very common, especially in Paris, and though they were often used,
+more especially in Germany, by both sexes in common, every effort was made
+to keep them orderly and respectable. These efforts were, however, always
+unsuccessful in the end. A bath always tended in the end to become a
+brothel, and hence either became unfashionable or was suppressed by the
+authorities. It is sufficient to refer to the reputation in England of
+&quot;hot-houses&quot; and &quot;bagnios.&quot; It was not until toward the end of the
+eighteenth century that it began to be recognized that the claims of
+physical cleanliness were sufficiently imperative to make it necessary
+that the fairly avoidable risks to morality in bathing should be avoided
+and the unavoidable risks bravely incurred. At the present day, now that
+we are accustomed to <a name='4_Page_37'></a>weave ingeniously together in the texture of our
+lives the conflicting traditions of classic and Christian days, we have
+almost persuaded ourselves that the pagan virtue of cleanliness comes next
+after godliness, and we bathe, forgetful of the great moral struggle which
+once went on around the bath. But we refrain from building ourselves
+palaces to bathe in, and for the most part we bathe with exceeding
+moderation.<a name='4_FNanchor_23'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_23'><sup>[23]</sup></a> It is probable that we may best harmonize our conflicting
+traditions by rejecting not only the Christian glorification of dirt, but
+also, save for definitely therapeutic purposes, the excessive heat,
+friction, and stimulation involved by the classic forms of bathing. Our
+reasonable ideal should render it easy and natural for every man, woman,
+and child to have a simple bath, tepid in winter, cold in summer, all the
+year round.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>For the history of the bath in medi&aelig;val times and later Europe,
+    see A. Franklin, <i>Les Soins de Toilette</i>, in the <i>Vie Priv&eacute;e
+    d'Autrefois</i> series; Rudeck, <i>Geschichte der &ouml;ffentlichen
+    Sittlichkeit in Deutschland</i>; T. Wright, <i>The Homes of Other
+    Days</i>; E. D&uuml;hren, <i>Das Geschlechtsleben in England</i>, bd. 1.</p>
+
+<p>    Outside the Church, there was a greater amount of cleanliness
+    than we are sometimes apt to suppose. It may, indeed, be said
+    that the uncleanliness of holy men and women would have attracted
+    no attention if it had corresponded to the condition generally
+    prevailing. Before public baths were established bathing in
+    private was certainly practiced; thus Ordericus Vitalis, in
+    narrating the murder of Mabel, the Countess de Montgomery, in
+    Normandy in 1082, casually mentions that she was lying on the bed
+    after her bath (<i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book V, Chapter XIII).
+    In warm weather, it would appear, medi&aelig;val ladies bathed in
+    streams, as we may still see countrywomen do in Russia, Bohemia,
+    and occasionally nearer home. The statement of the historian
+    Michelet, therefore, that Percival, Iseult, and the other
+    ethereal personages of medi&aelig;val times &quot;certainly never washed&quot;
+    (<i>La Sorci&egrave;re</i>, p. 110) requires some qualification.</p>
+
+<p>    In 1292 there were twenty-six bathing establishments in Paris,
+    and an attendant would go through the streets in the morning
+    announcing that they were ready. One could have a vapor bath only
+    or a hot bath to succeed it, as in the East. No woman of bad
+    reputation, <a name='4_Page_38'></a>leper, or vagabond was at this time allowed to
+    frequent the baths, which were closed on Sundays and feast-days.
+    By the fourteenth century, however, the baths began to have a
+    reputation for immorality, as well as luxury, and, according to
+    Dufour, the baths of Paris &quot;rivaled those of imperial Rome: love,
+    prostitution, and debauchery attracted the majority to the
+    bathing establishments, where everything was covered by a decent
+    veil.&quot; He adds that, notwithstanding the scandal thus caused and
+    the invectives of preachers, all went to the baths, young and
+    old, rich and poor, and he makes the statement, which seems to
+    echo the constant assertion of the early Fathers, that &quot;a woman
+    who frequented the baths returned home physically pure only at
+    the expense of her moral purity.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In Germany there was even greater freedom of manners in bathing,
+    though, it would seem, less real licentiousness. Even the
+    smallest towns had their baths, which were frequented by all
+    classes. As soon as the horn blew to announce that the baths were
+    ready all hastened along the street, the poorer folk almost
+    completely undressing themselves before leaving their homes.
+    Bathing was nearly always in common without any garment being
+    worn, women attendants commonly rubbed and massaged both sexes,
+    and the dressing room was frequently used by men and women in
+    common; this led to obvious evils. The Germans, as Weinhold
+    points out (<i>Die Deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter</i>, 1882, bd. ii,
+    pp. 112 <i>et seq.</i>), have been fond of bathing in the open air in
+    streams from the days of Tacitus and C&aelig;sar until comparatively
+    modern times, when the police have interfered. It was the same in
+    Switzerland. Poggio, early in the sixteenth century, found it the
+    custom for men and women to bathe together at Baden, and said
+    that he seemed to be assisting at the <i>floralia</i> of ancient Rome,
+    or in Plato's Republic. S&eacute;nancour, who quotes the passage (<i>De
+    l'Amour</i>, 1834, vol. i, p. 313), remarks that at the beginning of
+    the nineteenth century there was still great liberty at the Baden
+    baths.</p>
+
+<p>    Of the thirteenth century in England Thomas Wright (<i>Homes of
+    Other Days</i>, 1871, p. 271) remarks: &quot;The practice of warm bathing
+    prevailed very generally in all classes of society, and is
+    frequently alluded to in the medi&aelig;val romances and stories. For
+    this purpose a large bathing-tub was used. People sometimes
+    bathed immediately after rising in the morning, and we find the
+    bath used after dinner and before going to bed. A bath was also
+    often prepared for a visitor on his arrival from a journey; and,
+    what seems still more singular, in the numerous stories of
+    amorous intrigues the two lovers usually began their interviews
+    by bathing together.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In England the association between bathing and immorality was
+    established with special rapidity and thoroughness. Baths were
+    here officially recognized as brothels, and this as early as the
+    twelfth century, <a name='4_Page_39'></a>under Henry II. These organized bath-brothels
+    were confined to Southwark, outside the walls of the city, a
+    quarter which was also given up to various sports and amusements.
+    At a later period, &quot;hot-houses,&quot; bagnios, and hummums (the
+    eastern <i>hammam</i>) were spread all over London and remained
+    closely identified with prostitution, these names, indeed,
+    constantly tending to become synonymous with brothels. (T.
+    Wright, <i>Homes of Other Days</i>, 1871, pp. 494-496, gives an
+    account of them.)</p>
+
+<p>    In France the baths, being anathematized by both Catholics and
+    Huguenots, began to lose vogue and disappear. &quot;Morality gained,&quot;
+    remarks Franklin, &quot;but cleanliness lost.&quot; Even the charming and
+    elegant Margaret of Navarre found it quite natural for a lady to
+    mention incidentally to her lover that she had not washed her
+    hands for a week. Then began an extreme tendency to use
+    cosmetics, essences, perfumes, and a fierce war with vermin, up
+    to the seventeenth century, when some progress was made, and
+    persons who desired to be very elegant and refined were
+    recommended to wash their faces &quot;nearly every day.&quot; Even in 1782,
+    however, while a linen cloth was advised for the purpose of
+    cleaning the face and hands, the use of water was still somewhat
+    discountenanced. The use of hot and cold baths was now, however,
+    beginning to be established in Paris and elsewhere, and the
+    bathing establishments at the great European health resorts were
+    also beginning to be put on the orderly footing which is now
+    customary. When Casanova, in the middle of the eighteenth
+    century, went to the public baths at Berne he was evidently
+    somewhat surprised when he found that he was invited to choose
+    his own attendant from a number of young women, and when he
+    realized that these attendants were, in all respects, at the
+    disposition of the bathers. It is evident that establishments of
+    this kind were then already dying out, although it may be added
+    that the customs described by Casanova appear to have persisted
+    in Budapest and St. Petersburg almost or quite up to the present.
+    The great European public baths have long been above suspicion in
+    this respect (though homosexual practices are not quite
+    excluded), while it is well recognized that many kinds of hot
+    baths now in use produce a powerfully stimulating action upon the
+    sexual system, and patients taking such baths for medical
+    purposes are frequently warned against giving way to these
+    influences.</p>
+
+<p>    The struggle which in former ages went on around bathing
+    establishments has now been in part transferred to massage
+    establishments. Massage is an equally powerful stimulant to the
+    skin and the sexual sphere,&mdash;acting mainly by friction instead of
+    mainly by heat,&mdash;and it has not yet attained that position of
+    general recognition and popularity which, in the case of bathing
+    establishments, renders it bad policy to court disrepute.</p><a name='4_Page_40'></a>
+
+<p>    Like bathing, massage is a hygienic and therapeutic method of
+    influencing the skin and subjacent tissues which, together with
+    its advantages, has certain concomitant disadvantages in its
+    liability to affect the sexual sphere. This influence is apt to
+    be experienced by individuals of both sexes, though it is perhaps
+    specially marked in women. Jouin (quoted in Paris <i>Journal de
+    M&eacute;decine</i>, April 23, 1893) found that of 20 women treated by
+    massage, of whom he made inquiries, 14 declared that they
+    experienced voluptuous sensations; 8 of these belonged to
+    respectable families; the other 6 were women of the <i>demimonde</i>
+    and gave precise details; Jouin refers in this connection to the
+    <i>aliptes</i> of Rome. It is unnecessary to add that the
+    gyn&aelig;cological massage introduced in recent years by the Swedish
+    teacher of gymnastics, Thure-Brandt, as involving prolonged
+    rubbing and kneading of the pelvic regions, &quot;<i>pression glissante
+    du vagin</i>&quot; etc. (<i>Massage Gyn&eacute;cologique</i>, by G. de Frumerie,
+    1897), whatever its therapeutic value, cannot fail in a large
+    proportion of cases to stimulate the sexual emotions. (Eulenburg
+    remarks that for sexual an&aelig;sthesia in women the Thure-Brandt
+    system of massage may &quot;naturally&quot; be recommended, <i>Sexuale
+    Neuropathie</i>, p. 78.) I have been informed that in London and
+    elsewhere massage establishments are sometimes visited by women
+    who seek sexual gratification by massage of the genital regions
+    by the <i>masseuse</i>.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_21'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_21'>[21]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;<i>Dicens munditiam corporis atque vestitus anim&aelig; esse
+immunditiam</i>&quot;&mdash;St. Jerome, <i>Ad Eustochium Virginem</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_22'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_22'>[22]</a><div class='note'><p> With regard to the physiological mechanism by which bathing
+produces its tonic and stimulating effects Woods Hutchinson has an
+interesting discussion (Chapter VII) in his <i>Studies in Human and
+Comparative Pathology</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_23'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_23'>[23]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus among the young women admitted to the Chicago Normal
+School to be trained as teachers, Miss Lura Sanborn, the director of
+physical training, states (<i>Doctor's Magazine</i>, December, 1900) that a
+bath once a fortnight is found to be not unusual.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_T_V'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_41'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary&mdash;Fundamental Importance of Touch&mdash;The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The sense of touch is so universally diffused over the whole skin, and in
+so many various degrees and modifications, and it is, moreover, so truly
+the Alpha and the Omega of affection, that a broken and fragmentary
+treatment of the subject has been inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>The skin is the arch&aelig;ological field of human and prehuman experience, the
+foundation on which all forms of sensory perception have grown up, and as
+sexual sensibility is among the most ancient of all forms of sensibility,
+the sexual instinct is necessarily, in the main, a comparatively slightly
+modified form of general touch sensibility. This primitive character of
+the great region of tactile sensation, its vagueness and diffusion, the
+comparatively unintellectual as well as un&aelig;sthetic nature of the mental
+conceptions which arise on the tactile basis make it difficult to deal
+precisely with the psychology of touch. The very same qualities, however,
+serve greatly to heighten the emotional intensity of skin sensations. So
+that, of all the great sensory fields, the field of touch is at once the
+least intellectual and the most massively emotional. These qualities, as
+well as its intimate and primitive association with the apparatus of
+tumescence and detumescence, make touch the readiest and most powerful
+channel by which the sexual sphere may be reached.</p>
+
+<p>In disentangling the phenomena of tactile sensibility ticklishness has
+been selected for special consideration as a kind of sensation, founded on
+reflexes developing even before birth, which is very closely related to
+sexual phenomena. It is, as it were, a play of tumescence, on which
+laughter supervenes as a play of detumescence. It leads on to the more
+serious phenomena of tumescence, and it tends to die out after
+adolescence, <a name='4_Page_42'></a>at the period during which sexual relationships normally
+begin. Such a view of ticklishness, as a kind of modesty of the skin,
+existing merely to be destroyed, need only be regarded as one of its
+aspects. Ticklishness certainly arose from a non-sexual starting-point,
+and may well have protective uses in the young animal.</p>
+
+<p>The readiness with which tactile sensibility takes on a sexual character
+and forms reflex channels of communication with the sexual sphere proper
+is illustrated by the existence of certain secondary sexual foci only
+inferior in sexual excitability to the genital region. We have seen that
+the chief of these normal foci are situated in the orificial regions where
+skin and mucous membrane meet, and that the contact of any two orificial
+regions between two persons of different sex brought together under
+favorable conditions is apt, when prolonged, to produce a very intense
+degree of sexual erethism. This is a normal phenomenon in so far as it is
+a part of tumescence, and not a method of obtaining detumescence. The kiss
+is a typical example of these contacts, while the nipple is of special
+interest in this connection, because we are thereby enabled to bring the
+psychology of lactation into intimate relationship with the psychology of
+sexual love.</p>
+
+<p>The extreme sensitiveness of the skin, the readiness with which its
+stimulation reverberates into the sexual sphere, clearly brought out by
+the present study, enable us to understand better a very ancient
+contest&mdash;the moral struggle around the bath. There has always been a
+tendency for the extreme cultivation of physical purity to lead on to the
+excessive stimulation of the sexual sphere; so that the Christian ascetics
+were entirely justified, on their premises, in fighting against the bath
+and in directly or indirectly fostering a cult of physical uncleanliness.
+While, however, in the past there has clearly been a general tendency for
+the cult of physical purity to be associated with moral licentiousness,
+and there are sufficient grounds for such an association, it is important
+to remember that it is not an inevitable and fatal association; a
+scrupulously clean person is by no means necessarily impelled to
+licentiousness; <a name='4_Page_43'></a>a physically unclean person is by no means necessarily
+morally pure. When we have eliminated certain forms of the bath which must
+be regarded as luxuries rather than hygienic necessities, though they
+occasionally possess therapeutic virtues, we have eliminated the most
+violent appeals of the bath to the sexual impulse. So imperative are the
+demands of physical purity now becoming, in general opinion, that such
+small risks to moral purity as may still remain are constantly and wisely
+disregarded, and the immoral traditions of the bath now, for the most
+part, belong to the past.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_SMELL'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_44'></a>SMELL.</h2>
+
+<a name='4_S_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Primitiveness of Smell&mdash;The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory
+Centres&mdash;Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals&mdash;Its Diminished
+Importance in Man&mdash;The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The first more highly organized sense to arise on the diffused tactile
+sensitivity of the skin is, in most cases, without doubt that of smell. At
+first, indeed, olfactory sensibility is not clearly differentiated from
+general tactile sensibility; the pit of thickened and ciliated epithelium
+or the highly mobile antenn&aelig; which in many lower animals are sensitive to
+odorous stimuli are also extremely sensitive to tactile stimuli; this is,
+for instance, the case with the snail, in whom at the same time olfactive
+sensibility seems to be spread over the whole body.<a name='4_FNanchor_24'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_24'><sup>[24]</sup></a> The sense of smell
+is gradually specialized, and when taste also begins to develop a kind of
+chemical sense is constituted. The organ of smell, however, speedily
+begins to rise in importance as we ascend the zo&ouml;logical scale. In the
+lower vertebrates, when they began to adopt a life on dry land, the sense
+of smell seems to have been that part of their sensory equipment which
+proved most useful under the new conditions, and it developed with
+astonishing rapidity. Edinger finds that in the brain of reptiles the
+&quot;area olfactoria&quot; is of enormous extent, covering, indeed, the greater
+part of the cortex, though it may be quite true, as Herrick remarks, that,
+while smell is preponderant, it is perhaps not correct to attribute an
+exclusively olfactory tone to the cerebral activities of the <i>Sauropsida</i>
+or even the<a name='4_Page_45'></a> <i>Ichthyopsida</i>. Among most mammals, however, in any case,
+smell is certainly the most highly developed of the senses; it gives the
+first information of remote objects that concern them; it gives the most
+precise information concerning the near objects that concern them; it is
+the sense in terms of which most of their mental operations must be
+conducted and their emotional impulses reach consciousness. Among the apes
+it has greatly lost importance and in man it has become almost
+rudimentary, giving place to the supremacy of vision.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Prof. G. Elliot Smith, a leading authority on the brain, has well
+    summarized the facts concerning the predominance of the olfactory
+    region in the mammal brain, and his conclusions may be quoted. It
+    should be premised that Elliot Smith divides the brain into
+    rhinencephalon and neopallium. Rhinencephalon designates the
+    regions which are pre-eminently olfactory in function: the
+    olfactory bulb, its peduncle, the tuberculum olfactorium and
+    locus perforatus, the pyriform lobe, the paraterminal body, and
+    the whole hippocampal formation. The neopallium is the dorsal cap
+    of the brain, with frontal, parietal, and occipital areas,
+    comprehending all that part of the brain which is the seat of the
+    higher associative activities, reaching its fullest development
+    in man.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In the early mammals the olfactory areas form by far the greater
+    part of the cerebral hemisphere, which is not surprising when it
+    is recalled that the forebrain is, in the primitive brain,
+    essentially an appendage, so to speak, of the smell apparatus.
+    When the cerebral hemisphere comes to occupy such a dominant
+    position in the brain it is perhaps not unnatural to find that
+    the sense of smell is the most influential and the chief source
+    of information to the animal; or, perhaps, it would be more
+    accurate to say that the olfactory sense, which conveys general
+    information to the animal such as no other sense can bring
+    concerning its prey (whether near or far, hidden or exposed), is
+    much the most serviceable of all the avenues of information to
+    the lowly mammal leading a terrestrial life, and therefore
+    becomes predominant; and its particular domain&mdash;the
+    forebrain&mdash;becomes the ruling portion of the nervous system.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This early predominance of the sense of smell persists in most
+    mammals (unless an aquatic mode of life interferes and deposes
+    it: compare the <i>Cetacea, Sirenia</i>, and <i>Pinnipedia</i>, for
+    example) even though a large neopallium develops to receive
+    visual, auditory, tactile, and other impressions pouring into the
+    forebrain. In the <i>Anthropoidea</i> alone of nonaquatic mammals the
+    olfactory regions undergo an absolute (and not only relative, as
+    in the <i>Carnivora</i> and <i>Ungulata</i>) dwindling, <a name='4_Page_46'></a>which is equally
+    shared by the human brain, in common with those of the other
+    <i>Simiid&aelig;</i>, the <i>Cercopithecid&aelig;</i>, and the <i>Cebid&aelig;</i>. But all the
+    parts of the rhinencephalon, which are so distinct in macrosmatic
+    mammals, can also be recognized in the human brain. The small
+    ellipsoidal olfactory bulb is moored, so to speak, on the
+    cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone by the olfactory nerves; so
+    that, as the place of attachment of the olfactory peduncle to the
+    expanding cerebral hemisphere becomes removed (as a result of the
+    forward extension of the hemisphere) progressively farther and
+    farther backward, the peduncle becomes greatly stretched and
+    elongated. And, as this stretching involves the gray matter
+    without lessening the number of nerve-fibres in the olfactory
+    tract, the peduncle becomes practically what it is usually
+    called&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, the olfactory 'tract.' The tuberculum olfactorium
+    becomes greatly reduced and at the same time flattened; so that
+    it is not easy to draw a line of demarcation between it and the
+    anterior perforated space. The anterior rhinal fissure, which is
+    present in the early human f&oelig;tus, vanishes (almost, if
+    not altogether) in the adult. Part of the posterior rhinal
+    fissure is always present in the 'incisura temporalis,' and
+    sometimes, especially in some of the non-European races, the
+    whole of the posterior rhinal fissure is retained in that typical
+    form which we find in the anthropoid apes.&quot; (G. Elliot Smith, in
+    <i>Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological
+    Series of Comparative Anatomy Contained in the Museum of the
+    Royal College of Surgeons of England</i>, second edition, vol. ii.)
+    A full statement of Elliot Smith's investigations, with diagrams,
+    is given by Bullen, <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, July, 1899. It
+    may be added that the whole subject of the olfactory centres has
+    been thoroughly studied by Elliot Smith, as well as by Edinger,
+    Mayer, and C. L. Herrick. In the <i>Journal of Comparative
+    Neurology</i>, edited by the last named, numerous discussions and
+    summaries bearing on the subject will be found from 1896 onward.
+    Regarding the primitive sense-organs of smell in the various
+    invertebrate groups some information will be found in A. B.
+    Griffiths's <i>Physiology of the Invertebrata</i>, Chapter XI.</p></div>
+
+<p>The predominance of the olfactory area in the nervous system of the
+vertebrates generally has inevitably involved intimate psychic
+associations between olfactory stimuli and the sexual impulse. For most
+mammals not only are all sexual associations mainly olfactory, but the
+impressions received by this sense suffice to dominate all others. An
+animal not only receives adequate sexual excitement from olfactory
+stimuli, but those stimuli often suffice to counterbalance all the
+evidence of the other senses.</p><a name='4_Page_47'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>We may observe this very well in the case of the dog. Thus, a
+    young dog, well known to me, who had never had connection with a
+    bitch, but was always in the society of its father, once met the
+    latter directly after the elder dog had been with a bitch. He
+    immediately endeavored to behave toward the elder dog, in spite
+    of angry repulses, exactly as a dog behaves toward a bitch in
+    heat. The messages received by the sense of smell were
+    sufficiently urgent not only to set the sexual mechanism in
+    action, but to overcome the experiences of a lifetime. There is
+    an interesting chapter on the sense of smell in the mental life
+    of the dog in Giessler's <i>Psychologie des Geruches</i>, 1894,
+    Chapter XI, Passy (in the appendix to his memoir on olfaction,
+    <i>L'Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, 1895) gives the result of some
+    interesting experiments as to the effects of perfume on dogs;
+    civet and castoreum were found to have the most powerfully
+    exciting effect.</p>
+
+<p>    The influences of smell are equally omnipotent in the sexual life
+    of many insects. Thus, F&eacute;r&eacute; has found that in cockchafers sexual
+    coupling failed to take place when the antenn&aelig;, which are the
+    organs of smell, were removed; he also found that males, after
+    they had coupled with females, proved sexually attractive to
+    other males (<i>Comptes Rendus de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, May 21,
+    1898). F&eacute;r&eacute; similarly found that, in a species of <i>Bombyx</i>, males
+    after contact with females sometimes proved attractive to other
+    males, although no abnormal relationships followed. (<i>Soc. de
+    Biol</i>, July 30, 1898.)</p></div>
+
+<p>With the advent of the higher apes, and especially of man, all this has
+been changed. The sense of smell, indeed, still persists universally and
+it is still also exceedingly delicate, though often neglected.<a name='4_FNanchor_25'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_25'><sup>[25]</sup></a> It is,
+moreover, a useful auxiliary in the exploration of the external world,
+for, in contrast to the very few sensations furnished to us by touch and
+by taste, we are acquainted with a vast number of smells, though the
+information they give us is frequently vague. An experienced perfumer,
+says Piesse, will have two hundred odors in his laboratory and can
+distinguish them all. To a sensitive nose nearly everything smells. Passy
+goes so far as to state that he has &quot;never met with any object that is
+really inodorous when one pays attention to it, not even excepting glass,&quot;
+and, though we can scarcely accept this statement absolutely,&mdash;especially
+in <a name='4_Page_48'></a>view of the careful experiments of Ayrton, which show that, contrary
+to a common belief, metals when perfectly clean and free from traces of
+contact with the skin or with salt solutions have no smell,&mdash;odor is still
+extremely widely diffused. This is especially the case in hot countries,
+and the experiments of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition on the
+sense of smell of the Papuans were considerably impeded by the fact that
+at Torres Straits everything, even water, seemed to have a smell. Savages
+are often accused more or less justly of indifference to bad odors. They
+are very often, however, keenly alive to the significance of smells and
+their varieties, though it does not appear that the sense of smell is
+notably more developed in savage than in civilized peoples. Odors also
+continue to play a part in the emotional life of man, more especially in
+hot countries. Nevertheless both in practical life and in emotional life,
+in science and in art, smell is, at the best, under normal conditions,
+merely an auxiliary. If the sense of smell were abolished altogether the
+life of mankind would continue as before, with little or no sensible
+modification, though the pleasures of life, and especially of eating and
+drinking, would be to some extent diminished.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In New Ireland, Duffield remarks (<i>Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute</i>, 1886, p. 118), the natives have a very keen sense of
+    smell; unusual odors are repulsive to them, and &quot;carbolic acid
+    drove them wild.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The New Caledonians, according to Foley (<i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute;
+    d'Anthropologie</i>, November 6, 1879), only like the smells of meat
+    and fish which are becoming &quot;high,&quot; like <i>popoya</i>, which smells
+    of fowl manure, and <i>kava</i>, of rotten eggs. Fruits and vegetables
+    which are beginning to go bad seem the best to them, while the
+    fresh and natural odors which we prefer seem merely to say to
+    them: &quot;We are not yet eatable.&quot; (A taste for putrefying food,
+    common among savages, by no means necessarily involves a distaste
+    for agreeable scents, and even among Europeans there is a
+    widespread taste for offensively smelling and putrid foods,
+    especially cheese and game.)</p>
+
+<p>    The natives of Torres Straits were carefully examined by Dr. C. S.
+    Myers with regard to their olfactory acuteness and olfactory
+    preferences. It was found that acuteness was, if anything,
+    slightly greater than among Europeans. This appeared to be
+    largely due to the careful <a name='4_Page_49'></a>attention they pay to odors. The
+    resemblances which they detected among different odorous
+    substances were frequently found to rest on real chemical
+    affinities. The odors they were observed to dislike most
+    frequently were asaf&oelig;tida, valerianic acid, and civet,
+    the last being regarded as most repulsive of all on account of
+    its resemblance to f&aelig;cal odor, which these people regard with
+    intense disgust. Their favorite odors were musk, thyme, and
+    especially violet. (<i>Report of the Cambridge Anthropological
+    Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, vol. ii, Part II, 1903.)</p>
+
+<p>    In Australia Lumholtz (<i>Among Cannibals</i>, p. 115) found that the
+    blacks had a keener sense of smell than he possessed.</p>
+
+<p>    In New Zealand the Maoris, as W. Colenso shows, possessed,
+    formerly at all events, a very keen sense of smell or else were
+    very attentive to smell, and their taste as regarded agreeable
+    and disagreeable odors corresponded very closely to European
+    taste, although it must be added that some of their common
+    articles of food possessed a very offensive odor. They are not
+    only sensitive to European perfumes, but possessed various
+    perfumes of their own, derived from plants and possessing a
+    pleasant, powerful, and lasting odor; the choicest and rarest was
+    the gum of the <i>taramea</i> (<i>Aciphylla Colensoi</i>), which was
+    gathered by virgins after the use of prayers and charms. Sir
+    Joseph Banks noted that Maori chiefs wore little bundles of
+    perfumes around their necks, and Cook made the same observation
+    concerning the young women. References to the four chief Maori
+    perfumes are contained in a stanza which is still often hummed to
+    express satisfaction, and sung by a mother to her child:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;My little neck-satchel of sweet-scented moss,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>My little neck-satchel of fragrant fern,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>My little neck-satchel of odoriferous gum,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>My sweet-smelling neck-locket of sharp-pointed <i>taramea</i>.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In the summer season the sleeping houses of Maori chiefs were
+    often strewed with a large, sweet-scented, flowering grass of
+    powerful odor. (W. Colenso, <i>Transactions of the New Zealand
+    Institute</i>, vol. xxiv, reprinted in <i>Nature</i>, November 10, 1892.)</p>
+
+<p>    Javanese women rub themselves with a mixture of chalk and strong
+    essence which, when rubbed off, leaves a distinct perfume on the
+    body. (Stratz, <i>Die Frauenkleidung</i>, p. 84.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Samoans, Friedl&auml;nder states (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>,
+    1899, p. 52), are very fond of fragrant and aromatic odors. He
+    gives a list of some twenty odorous plants which they use, more
+    especially as garlands for the head and neck, including
+    ylang-ylang and gardenia; he remarks that of one of these plants
+    (cordyline) he could not himself detect the odor.</p><a name='4_Page_50'></a>
+
+<p>    The Nicobarese, Man remarks (<i>Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute</i>, 1889, p. 377), like the natives of New Zealand,
+    particularly dislike the smell of carbolic acid. Both young men
+    and women are very partial to scents; the former say they find
+    their use a certain passport to the favor of their wives, and
+    they bring home from the jungle the scented leaves of a certain
+    creeper to their sweethearts and wives.</p>
+
+<p>    Swahili women devote much attention to perfuming themselves. When
+    a woman wishes to make herself desirable she anoints herself all
+    over with fragrant ointments, sprinkles herself with rose-water,
+    puts perfume into her clothes, strews jasmine flowers on her bed
+    as well as binding them round her neck and waist, and smokes
+    <i>&ucirc;di</i>, the perfumed wood of the aloe; &quot;every man is glad when his
+    wife smells of <i>&ucirc;di</i>&quot; (Velten, <i>Sitten und Gebra&uuml;che der
+    Suaheli</i>, pp. 212-214).</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_24'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_24'>[24]</a><div class='note'><p> Emile Yung, &quot;Le Sens Olfactif de l'Escargot (Helix Pomata),&quot;
+<i>Archives de Psychologie</i>, November, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_25'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_25'>[25]</a><div class='note'><p> The sensitiveness of smell in man generally exceeds that of
+chemical reaction or even of spectral analysis; see Passy, <i>L'Ann&eacute;e
+Psychologique</i>, second year, 1895, p. 380.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_II'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_51'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Rise of the Study of Olfaction&mdash;Cloquet&mdash;Zwaardemaker&mdash;The Theory of
+Smell&mdash;The Classification of Odors&mdash;The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man&mdash;Smell as the Sense of Imagination&mdash;Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants&mdash;Vasomotor and Muscular Effects&mdash;Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>During the eighteenth century a great impetus was given to the
+physiological and psychological study of the senses by the philosophical
+doctrines of Locke and the English school generally which then prevailed
+in Europe. These thinkers had emphasized the immense importance of the
+information derived through the senses in building up the intellect, so
+that the study of all the sensory channels assumed a significance which it
+had never possessed before. The olfactory sense fully shared in the
+impetus thus given to sensory investigation. At the beginning of the
+nineteenth century a distinguished French physician, Hippolyte Cloquet, a
+disciple of Cabanis, devoted himself more especially to this subject.
+After publishing in 1815 a preliminary work, he issued in 1821 his
+<i>Osphr&eacute;siologie, ou Trait&eacute; des odeurs, du sens et des organes de
+l'Olfaction</i>, a complete monograph on the anatomy, physiology, psychology,
+and pathology of the olfactory organ and its functions, and a work that
+may still be consulted with profit, if indeed it can even yet be said to
+be at every point superseded. After Cloquet's time the study of the sense
+of smell seems to have fallen into some degree of discredit. For more than
+half a century no important progress was made in this field. Serious
+investigators seemed to have become shy of the primitive senses generally,
+and the subject of smell was mainly left to those interested in &quot;curious&quot;
+subjects. Many interesting observations were, however, incidentally made;
+thus Laycock, who was a pioneer in so many by-paths of psychology and
+anthropology, showed a special interest in the olfactory sense, and
+frequently <a name='4_Page_52'></a>touched on it in his <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i> and
+elsewhere. The writer who more than any other has in recent years restored
+the study of the sense of smell from a by-path to its proper position as a
+highway for investigation is without doubt Professor Zwaardemaker, of
+Utrecht. The invention of his first olfactometer in 1888 and the
+appearance in 1895 of his great work <i>Die Physiologie des Geruchs</i> have
+served to give the physiology of the sense of smell an assured status and
+to open the way anew for much fruitful investigation, while a number of
+inquirers in many countries have had their attention directed to the
+elucidation of this sense.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding, however, the amount of work which has been done in this
+field during recent years, it cannot be said that the body of assured
+conclusions so far reached is large. The most fundamental principles of
+olfactory physiology and psychology are still somewhat vague and
+uncertain. Although sensations of smell are numerous and varied, in this
+respect approaching the sensations of vision and hearing, smell still
+remains close to touch in the vagueness of its messages (while the most
+sensitive of the senses, remarks Passy, it is the least precise), the
+difficulty of classifying them, the impossibility of so controlling them
+as to found upon them any art. It seems better, therefore, not to attempt
+to force the present study of a special aspect of olfaction into any
+general scheme which may possibly not be really valid.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The earliest and most general tendency in regard to the theory of
+    smell was to regard it as a kind of chemical sense directly
+    stimulated by minute particles of solid substance. A vibratory
+    theory of smell, however, making it somewhat analogous to
+    hearing, easily presents itself. When I first began the study of
+    physiology in 1881, a speculation of this kind presented itself
+    to my mind. Long before Philipp von Walther, a professor at
+    Landshut, had put forward a dynamic theory of olfaction
+    (<i>Physiologie des Menschen</i>, 1807-8, vol. ii, p. 278). &quot;It is a
+    purely dynamic operation of the odorous substance in the
+    olfactory organ,&quot; he stated. Odor is conveyed by the air, he
+    believed, in the same way as heat. It must be added that his
+    reasons for this theory will not always bear examination. More
+    recently a similar theory has been seriously put forward in
+    various quarters. Sir William Ramsay tentatively suggested such a
+    theory (<i>Nature</i>, vol. xxv, p. 187) in analogy with light and
+    sound. Haycraft (<i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>,
+    <a name='4_Page_53'></a>1883-87, and <i>Brain</i>, 1887-88), largely starting from
+    Mendelieff's law of periodicity, similarly sought to bring smell
+    into line with the higher senses, arguing that molecules with the
+    same vibration have the same smell. Rutherford (<i>Nature</i>, August
+    11, 1892, p. 343), attaching importance to the evidence brought
+    forward by von Brunn showing that the olfactory cells terminate
+    in very delicate short hairs, also stated his belief that the
+    different qualities of smell result from differences in the
+    frequency and form of the vibrations initiated by the action of
+    the chemical molecules on these olfactory cells, though he
+    admitted that such a conception involved a very subtle conception
+    of molecular vibration. Vaschide and Van Melle (Paris Academy of
+    Sciences, December 26, 1899) have, again, argued that smell is
+    produced by rays of short wave-lengths, analogous to light-rays,
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays, etc. Chemical action is however, a very important
+    factor in the production of odors; this has been well shown by
+    Ayrton (<i>Nature</i>, September 8, 1898). We seem to be forced in the
+    direction of a chemico-vibratory theory, as pointed out by
+    Southerden (<i>Nature</i>, March 26, 1903), the olfactory cells being
+    directly stimulated, not by the ordinary vibrations of the
+    molecules, but by the agitations accompanying chemical changes.</p>
+
+<p>    The vibratory hypothesis of the action of odors has had some
+    influence on the recent physiologists who have chiefly occupied
+    themselves with olfaction. &quot;It is probable,&quot; Zwaardemaker writes
+    (<i>L'Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, 1898), &quot;that aroma is a
+    physico-chemical attribute of the molecules&quot;; he points out that
+    there is an intimate analogy between color and odor, and remarks
+    that this analogy leads us to suppose in an aroma ether
+    vibrations of which the period is determined by the structure of
+    the molecule.</p>
+
+<p>    Since the physiology of olfaction is yet so obscure it is not
+    surprising that we have no thoroughly scientific classification
+    of smells, notwithstanding various ambitious attempts to reach a
+    classification. The classification adopted by Zwaardemaker is
+    founded on the ancient scheme of Linn&aelig;us, and may here be
+    reproduced:&mdash;</p>
+
+<ul><li>    I. Ethereal odors (chiefly esters; Rimmel's fruity series).</li>
+
+<li>    II. Aromatic odors (terpenes, camphors, and the spicy,
+    herbaceous, rosaceous, and almond series; the chemical types are
+    well determined: cineol, eugenol, anethol, geraniol,
+    benzaldehyde).</li>
+
+<li>    III. The balsamic odors (chiefly aldehydes, Rimmel's jasmin,
+    violet, and balsamic series, with the chemical types: terpineol,
+    ionone, vanillin).</li>
+
+<li>    IV. The ambrosiacal odors (ambergris and musk).</li>
+
+<li>    V. The alliaceous odors, with the cacodylic group (asaf&oelig;tida,
+     ichthyol, etc.).</li>
+
+<li>    VI. Empyreumatic odors.<a name='4_Page_54'></a></li>
+
+<li>    VII. Valerianaceous odors (Linn&aelig;us's <i>Odores hircini</i>, the capryl
+    group, largely composed of sexual odors).</li>
+
+<li>    VIII. Narcotic odors (Linn&aelig;us's <i>Odores tetri</i>).</li>
+
+<li>    IX. Stenches.</li></ul>
+
+<p>    A valuable and interesting memoir, &quot;Revue G&eacute;n&eacute;rale sur les
+    Sensations Olfactives,&quot; by J. Passy, the chief French authority
+    on this subject, will be found in the second volume of <i>L'Ann&eacute;e
+    Psychologique</i>, 1895. In the fifth issue of the same year-book
+    (for 1898) Zwaardemaker presents a full summary of his work and
+    views, &quot;Les Sensations Olfactives, leurs Combinaisons et leurs
+    Compensations.&quot; A convenient, but less authoritative, summary of
+    the facts of normal and pathological olfaction will be found in a
+    little volume of the &quot;Actualit&eacute;s M&eacute;dicales&quot; series by Dr. Collet,
+    <i>L'Odorat et ses Troubles</i>, 1904. In a little book entitled
+    <i>Wegweiser zu einer Psychologie des Geruches</i> (1894) Giessler has
+    sought to outline a psychology of smell, but his sketch can only
+    be regarded as tentative and provisional.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the outset, nevertheless, it seems desirable that we should at least
+have some conception of the special characteristics which mark the great
+and varied mass of sensations reaching the brain through the channel of
+the olfactory organ. The main special character of olfactory images seems
+to be conditioned by the fact that they are intermediate in character
+between those of touch or taste and those of sight or sound, that they
+have much of the vagueness of the first and something of the richness and
+variety of the second. &AElig;sthetically, also, they occupy an intermediate
+position between the higher and the lower senses.<a name='4_FNanchor_26'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_26'><sup>[26]</sup></a> They are, at the
+same time, less practically useful than either the lower or the higher
+senses. They furnish us with a great mass of what we may call
+by-sensations, which are of little practical use, but inevitably become
+intimately mixed with the experiences of life by association and thus
+acquire an emotional significance which is often very considerable. Their
+emotional force, it may well be, is connected with the fact that their
+anatomical seat is the <a name='4_Page_55'></a>most ancient part of the brain. They lie in a
+remote almost disused storehouse of our minds and show the fascination or
+the repulsiveness of all vague and remote things. It is for this reason
+that they are&mdash;to an extent that is remarkable when we consider that they
+are much more precise than touch sensations&mdash;subject to the influence of
+emotional associations. The very same odor may be at one moment highly
+pleasant, at the next moment highly unpleasant, in accordance with the
+emotional attitude resulting from its associations. Visual images have no
+such extreme flexibility; they are too definite to be so easily
+influenced. Our feelings about the beauty of a flower cannot oscillate so
+easily or so far as may our feelings about the agreeableness of its odor.
+Our olfactory experiences thus institute a more or less continuous series
+of by-sensations accompanying us through life, of no great practical
+significance, but of considerable emotional significance from their
+variety, their intimacy, their associational facility, their remote
+ancestral reverberations through our brains.</p>
+
+<p>It is the existence of these characteristics&mdash;at once so vague and so
+specific, so useless and so intimate&mdash;which led various writers to
+describe the sense of smell as, above all others, the sense of
+imagination. No sense has so strong a power of suggestion, the power of
+calling up ancient memories with a wider and deeper emotional
+reverberation, while at the same time no sense furnishes impressions which
+so easily change emotional color and tone, in harmony with the recipient's
+general attitude. Odors are thus specially apt both to control the
+emotional life and to become its slaves. With the use of incense religions
+have utilized the imaginative and symbolical virtues of fragrance. All the
+legends of the saints have insisted on the odor of sanctity that exhales
+from the bodies of holy persons, especially at the moment of death. Under
+the conditions of civilization these primitive emotional associations of
+odor tend to be dispersed, but, on the other hand, the imaginative side of
+the olfactory sense becomes accentuated, and personal idiosyncrasies of
+all kinds tend to manifest themselves in the sphere of smell.</p><a name='4_Page_56'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Rousseau (in <i>Emile</i>, Bk. II) regarded smell as the sense of the
+    imagination. So, also, at an earlier period, it was termed
+    (according to Cloquet) by Cardano. Cloquet frequently insisted on
+    the qualities of odors which cause them to appeal to the
+    imagination; on their irregular and inconstant character; on
+    their power of intoxicating the mind on some occasions; on the
+    curious individual and racial preferences in the matter of odors.
+    He remarked on the fact that the Persians employed asaf&oelig;tida
+    as a seasoning, while valerian was accounted a perfume in
+    antiquity. (Cloquet, <i>Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp. 28, 45, 71, 112.) It
+    may be added, as a curious example familiar to most people of the
+    dependence of the emotional tone of a smell on its associations,
+    that, while the exhalations of other people's bodies are
+    ordinarily disagreeable to us, such is not the case with our own;
+    this is expressed in the crude and vigorous dictum of the
+    Elizabethan poet, Marston, &quot;Every man's dung smell sweet i' his
+    own nose.&quot; There are doubtless many implications, moral as well
+    as psychological, in that statement.</p>
+
+<p>    The modern authorities on olfaction, Passy and Zwaardemaker, both
+    alike insist on the same characteristics of the sense of smell:
+    its extreme acuity and yet its vagueness. &quot;We live in a world of
+    odor,&quot; Zwaardemaker remarks (<i>L'Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, 1898, p.
+    203), &quot;as we live in a world of light and of sound. But smell
+    yields us no distinct ideas grouped in regular order, still less
+    that are fixed in the memory as a grammatical discipline.
+    Olfactory sensations awake vague and half-understood perceptions,
+    which are accompanied by very strong emotion. The emotion
+    dominates us, but the sensation which was the cause of it remains
+    unperceived.&quot; Even in the same individual there are wide
+    variations in the sensitiveness to odors at different times, more
+    especially as regards faint odors; Passy (<i>L'Ann&eacute;e
+    Psychologique</i>, 1895, p. 387) brings forward some observations on
+    this point.</p>
+
+<p>    Maudsley noted the peculiarly suggestive power of odors; &quot;there
+    are certain smells,&quot; he remarked, &quot;which never fail to bring back
+    to me instantly and visibly scenes of my boyhood&quot;; many of us
+    could probably say the same. Another writer (E. Dillon, &quot;A
+    Neglected Sense,&quot; <i>Nineteenth Century</i>, April, 1894) remarks that
+    &quot;no sense has a stronger power of suggestion.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Ribot has made an interesting investigation as to the prevalence
+    and nature of the emotional memory of odors (<i>Psychology of the
+    Emotions</i>, Chapter XI). By &quot;emotional memory&quot; is meant the
+    spontaneous or voluntary revivability of the image, olfactory or
+    other. (For the general question, see an article by F. Pillon,
+    &quot;La M&eacute;moire Affective, son Importance Th&eacute;orique et Pratique,&quot;
+    <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, February, 1901; also Paulhan, &quot;Sur la
+    M&eacute;moire Affective,&quot; <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, December, 1902 and
+    January, 1903.) Ribot found that 40 per cent. of persons are
+    unable to revive any such images of taste or smell; 48 <a name='4_Page_57'></a>per cent,
+    could revive some; 12 per cent, declared themselves capable of
+    reviving all, or nearly all, at pleasure. In some persons there
+    is no necessary accompanying revival of visual or tactile
+    representations, but in the majority the revived odor ultimately
+    excites a corresponding visual image. The odors most frequently
+    recalled were pinks, musk, violets, heliotrope, carbolic acid,
+    the smell of the country, of grass, etc. Pi&eacute;ron (<i>Revue
+    Philosophique</i>, December, 1902) has described the special power
+    possessed by vague odors, in his own case, of evoking ancient
+    impressions.</p>
+
+<p>    Dr. J. N. Mackenzie (<i>American Journal of the Medical Sciences</i>,
+    January, 1886) considers that civilization exerts an influence in
+    heightening or encouraging the influence of olfaction as it
+    affects our emotions and judgment, and that, in the same way, as
+    we ascend the social scale the more readily our minds are
+    influenced and perhaps perverted by impressions received through
+    the sense of smell.</p></div>
+
+<p>Odors are powerful stimulants to the whole nervous system, causing, like
+other stimulants, an increase of energy which, if excessive or prolonged,
+leads to nervous exhaustion. Thus, it is well recognized in medicine that
+the aromatics containing volatile oils (such as anise, cinnamon,
+cardamoms, cloves, coriander, and peppermint) are antispasmodics and
+an&aelig;sthetics, and that they stimulate digestion, circulation, and the
+nervous system, in large doses producing depression. The carefully
+arranged plethysmographic experiments of Shields, at the Johns Hopkins
+University, have shown that olfactory sensations, by their action on the
+vasomotor system, cause an increase of blood in the brain and sometimes in
+addition stimulation of the heart; musk, wintergreen, wood violet, and
+especially heliotrope were found to act strongly in these ways.<a name='4_FNanchor_27'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_27'><sup>[27]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>F&eacute;r&eacute;'s experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph have greatly
+contributed to illustrate the stimulating effects of odors. Thus, he found
+that smelling musk suffices to double muscular effort. With a number of
+odorous substances he has found that muscular work is temporarily
+heightened; when taste stimulation was added the increase of energy,
+notably <a name='4_Page_58'></a>when using lemon was &quot;colossal.&quot; A kind of &quot;sensorial
+intoxication&quot; could be produced by the inhalation of odors and the whole
+system stimulated to greater activity; the visual acuity was increased,
+and electric and general excitability heightened.<a name='4_FNanchor_28'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_28'><sup>[28]</sup></a> Such effects may be
+obtained in perfectly healthy persons, though both Shields and F&eacute;r&eacute; have
+found that in highly nervous persons the effects are liable to be much
+greater. It is doubtless on this account that it is among civilized
+peoples that attention is chiefly directed to perfumes, and that under the
+conditions of modern life the interest in olfaction and its study has been
+revived.</p>
+
+<p>It is the genuinely stimulant qualities of odorous substances which led to
+the widespread use of the more potent among them by ancient physicians,
+and has led a few modern physicians to employ them still. Thus, vanilla,
+according to Eloy, deserves to be much more frequently used
+therapeutically than it is, on account of its excitomotor properties; he
+states that its qualities as an excitant of sexual desire have long been
+recognized and that Fonssagrives used to prescribe it for sexual
+frigidity.<a name='4_FNanchor_29'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_29'><sup>[29]</sup></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_26'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_26'>[26]</a><div class='note'><p> The opinions of psychologists concerning the &aelig;sthetic
+significance of smell, not on the whole very favorable, are brought
+together and discussed by J. V. Volkelt, &quot;Der &AElig;sthetische Wert der niederen
+Sinne,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane</i>,
+1902, ht. 3.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_27'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_27'>[27]</a><div class='note'><p> T. E. Shields, &quot;The Effect of Odors, etc., upon the
+Blood-flow,&quot; <i>Journal of Experimental Medicine</i>, vol. i, November, 1896.
+In France, O. Henry and Tardif have made somewhat similar experiments on
+respiration and circulation. See the latter's <i>Les Odeurs et les Parfums</i>,
+Chapter III.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_28'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_28'>[28]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Sensation et Mouvement</i>, Chapter VI; <i>ib.</i>, <i>Comptes
+Rendus de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, November 3, December 15 and 22, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_29'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_29'>[29]</a><div class='note'><p> Eloy, art. &quot;Vanille,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_III'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_59'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples&mdash;The Negro, etc.&mdash;The
+European&mdash;The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell&mdash;The Odor of
+Sanctity&mdash;The Odor of Death&mdash;The Odors of Different Parts of the Body&mdash;The
+Appearance of Specific Odors at Puberty&mdash;The Odors of Sexual
+Excitement&mdash;The Odors of Menstruation&mdash;Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual
+Character&mdash;The Custom of Salutation by Smell&mdash;The Kiss&mdash;Sexual Selection
+by Smell&mdash;The Alleged Association between Size of Nose and Sexual
+Vigor&mdash;The Probably Intimate Relationship between the Olfactory and
+Genital Spheres&mdash;Reflex Influences from the Nose&mdash;Reflex Influences from
+the Genital Sphere&mdash;Olfactory Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to
+Sexual States&mdash;The Olfactive Type&mdash;The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and
+Allied States&mdash;In Certain Poets and Novelists&mdash;Olfactory Fetichism&mdash;The
+Part Played by Olfaction in Normal Sexual Attraction&mdash;In the East,
+etc.&mdash;In Modern Europe&mdash;The Odor of the Armpit and its Variations&mdash;As a
+Sexual and General Stimulant&mdash;Body Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause
+Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree of Tumescence is Already Present&mdash;The
+Question whether Men or Women are more Liable to Feel Olfactory
+Influences&mdash;Women Usually more Attentive to Odors&mdash;The Special Interest in
+Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In approaching the specifically sexual aspect of odor in the human species
+we may start from the fundamental fact&mdash;a fact we seek so far as possible
+to disguise in our ordinary social relations&mdash;that all men and women are
+odorous. This is marked among all races. The powerful odor of many, though
+not all, negroes is well known; it is by no means due to uncleanly habits,
+and Joest remarks that it is even increased by cleanliness, which opens
+the pores of the skin; according to Sir H. Johnston, it is most marked in
+the armpits and is stronger in men than in women. Pruner Bey describes it
+as &quot;ammoniacal and rancid; it is like the odor of the he-goat.&quot; The odor
+varies not only individually, but according to the tribe; Castellani
+states that the negress of the Congo has merely a slight &quot;<i>go&ucirc;t de
+noisette</i>&quot; which is agreeable rather than otherwise. Monbuttu women,
+according to Parke, have a strong Gorgonzola perfume, and Emin told Parke
+that he could distinguish <a name='4_Page_60'></a>the members of different tribes by their
+characteristic odor. In the same way the Nicobarese, according to Man, can
+distinguish a member of each of the six tribes of the archipelago by
+smell. The odor of Australian blacks is less strong than that of negroes
+and has been described as of a phosphoric character. The South American
+Indians, d'Orbigny stated, have an odor stronger than that of Europeans,
+though not as strong as most negroes; it is marked, Latcham states, even
+among those who, like the Araucanos, bathe constantly. The Chinese have a
+musky odor. The odor of many peoples is described as being of garlic.<a name='4_FNanchor_30'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_30'><sup>[30]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A South Sea Islander, we are told by Charles de Varigny, on coming to
+Sydney and seeing the ladies walking about the streets and apparently
+doing nothing, expressed much astonishment, adding, with a gesture of
+contempt, &quot;and they have no smell!&quot; It is by no means true, however, that
+Europeans are odorless. They are, indeed, considerably more odorous than
+are many other races,&mdash;for instance, the Japanese,&mdash;and there is doubtless
+some association between the greater hairiness of Europeans and their
+marked odor, since the sebaceous glands are part of the hair apparatus. A
+Japanese anthropologist, Adachi, has published an interesting study on the
+odor of Europeans,<a name='4_FNanchor_31'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_31'><sup>[31]</sup></a> which he describes as a strong and pungent
+smell,&mdash;sometimes sweet, sometimes bitter,&mdash;of varying strength in
+different individuals, absent in children and the aged, and having its
+chief focus in the armpits, which, however carefully they are washed,
+immediately become odorous again. Adachi has found that the sweat-glands
+are larger in Europeans than in the Japanese, among whom a strong personal
+odor is so <a name='4_Page_61'></a>uncommon that &quot;armpit stink&quot; is a disqualification for the
+army. It is certainly true that the white races smell less strongly than
+most of the dark races, odor seeming to be correlated to some extent with
+intensity of pigmentation, as well as with hairiness; but even the most
+scrupulously clean Europeans all smell. This fact may not always be
+obvious to human nostrils, apart from intimate contact, but it is well
+known to dogs, to whom their masters are recognizable by smell. When Hue
+traveled in Tibet in Chinese disguise he was not detected by the natives,
+but the dogs recognized him as a foreigner by his smell and barked at him.
+Many Chinese can tell by smell when a European has been in a room.<a name='4_FNanchor_32'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_32'><sup>[32]</sup></a>
+There are, however, some Europeans who can recognize and distinguish their
+friends by smell. The case has been recorded of a man who with bandaged
+eyes could recognize his acquaintances, at the distance of several paces,
+the moment they entered the room. In another case a deaf and blind mute
+woman in Massachusetts knew all her acquaintances by smell, and could sort
+linen after it came from the wash by the odor alone. Governesses have been
+known to be able when blindfolded to recognize the ownership of their
+pupil's garments by smell; such a case is known to me. Such odor is
+usually described as being agreeable, but not one person in fifty, it is
+stated, is able to distinguish it with sufficient precision to use it as a
+method of recognition. Among some races, however this aptitude would
+appear to be better developed. Dr. C. S. Myers at Sarawak noted that his
+Malay boy sorted the clean linen according to the skin-odor of the
+wearer.<a name='4_FNanchor_33'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_33'><sup>[33]</sup></a> Chinese servants are said to do the same, as well as
+Australians and natives of Luzon.<a name='4_FNanchor_34'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_34'><sup>[34]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Although the distinctively individual odor of most persons is not
+    sufficiently marked to be generally perceptible, there are cases
+    in which <a name='4_Page_62'></a>it is more distinct to all nostrils. The most famous
+    case of this kind is that of Alexander the Great, who, according
+    to Plutarch, exhaled so sweet an odor that his tunics were soaked
+    with aromatic perfume (<i>Convivalium Disputationum</i>, lib. I,
+    quest. 6). Malherbe, Cujas, and Haller are said to have diffused
+    a musky odor. The agreeable odor of Walt Whitman has been
+    remarked by Kennedy and others. The perfume exhaled by many holy
+    men and women, so often noted by ancient writers (discussed by
+    G&ouml;rres in the second volume of his <i>Christliche Mystik</i>) and
+    which has entered into current phraseology as a merely
+    metaphorical &quot;odor of sanctity,&quot; was doubtless due, as Hammond
+    first pointed out, to abnormal nervous conditions, for it is well
+    known that such conditions affect the odor, and in insanity, for
+    instance, the presence is noted of bodily odors which have
+    sometimes even been considered of diagnostic importance. J. B.
+    Friedreich, <i>Allgemeine Diagnostik der Psychischen Krankheiten</i>,
+    second edition, 1832, pp. 9-10, quotes passages from various
+    authors on this point, which he accepts; various writers of more
+    recent date have made similar observations.</p>
+
+<p>    The odor of sanctity was specially noted at death, and was
+    doubtless confused with the <i>odor mortis</i>, which frequently
+    precedes death and by some is regarded as an almost certain
+    indication of its approach. In the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, for
+    May and June, 1898, will be found letters from several
+    correspondents substantiating this point. One of these
+    correspondents (Dr. Tuckey, of Tywardwreath, Cornwall) mentions
+    that he has in Cornwall often seen ravens flying over houses in
+    which persons lay dying, evidently attracted by a characteristic
+    odor.</p></div>
+
+<p>It must be borne in mind, however, that, while every person has, to a
+sensitive nose, a distinguishing odor, we must regard that odor either as
+but one of the various sensations given off by the body, or else as a
+combination of two or more of these emanations. The body in reality gives
+off a number of different odors. The most important of these are: (1) the
+general skin odor, a faint, but agreeable, fragrance often to be detected
+on the skin even immediately after washing; (2) the smell of the hair and
+scalp; (3) the odor of the breath; (4) the odor of the armpit; (5) the
+odor of the feet; (6) the perineal odor; (7) in men the odor of the
+preputial smegma; (8) in women the odor of the mons veneris, that of
+vulvar smegma, that of vaginal mucus, and the menstrual odor. All these
+are odors which may usually be detected, though sometimes only in a very
+faint degree, in healthy and well-washed <a name='4_Page_63'></a>persons under normal conditions.
+It is unnecessary here to take into account the special odors of various
+secretions and excretions.<a name='4_FNanchor_35'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_35'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is a significant fact, both as regards the ancestral sexual connections
+of the body odors and their actual sexual associations to-day, that, as
+Hippocrates long ago noted, it is not until puberty that they assume their
+adult characteristics. The infant, the adult, the aged person, each has
+his own kind of smell, and, as Monin remarks, it might be possible, within
+certain limits, to discover the age of a person by his odor. Jorg in 1832
+pointed out that in girls the appearance of a specific smell of the
+excreta indicates the establishment of puberty, and Kaan, in his
+<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, remarked that at puberty &quot;the sweat gives out a
+more acrid odor resembling musk.&quot; In both sexes puberty, adolescence,
+early manhood and womanhood are marked by a gradual development of the
+adult odor of skin and excreta, in general harmony with the secondary
+sexual development of hair and pigment. Venturi, indeed, has, not without
+reason, described the odor of the body as a secondary sexual
+character.<a name='4_FNanchor_36'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_36'><sup>[36]</sup></a> It may be added that, as is the case with the pigment in
+various parts of the body in women, some of these odors tend to become
+exaggerated in sympathy with sexual and other emotional states.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The odor of the infant is said to be of butyric acid; that of old
+    people to resemble dry leaves. Continent young men have been said
+    by many ancient writers to smell more strongly than the unchaste,
+    and some writers have described as &quot;seminal odor&quot;&mdash;an odor
+    resembling that of animals in heat, faintly recalling that of the
+    he-goat, according to Venturi&mdash;the exhalations of the skin at
+    such times.</p>
+
+<p>    During sexual excitement, as women can testify, a man very
+    frequently, if not normally, gives out an odor which, as usually
+    described, proceeds from the skin, the breath, or both. Grimaldi
+    states that it is as of rancid butter; others say it resembles
+    chloroform. It is said to be sometimes perceptible for a distance
+    of several feet and to last for several hours after coitus.
+    (Various quotations are given by Gould <a name='4_Page_64'></a>and Pyle, <i>Anomalies and
+    Curiosities of Medicine</i>, section on &quot;Human Odors,&quot; pp. 397-403.)
+    St. Philip Neri is said to have been able to recognize a chaste
+    man by smell.</p>
+
+<p>    During menstruation girls and young women frequently give off an
+    odor which is quite distinct from that of the menstrual fluid,
+    and is specially marked in the breath, which may smell of
+    chloroform or violets. Pouchet (confirmed by Raciborski, <i>Trait&eacute;
+    de la Menstruation</i>, 1868, p. 74) stated that about a day before
+    the onset of menstruation a characteristic smell is exuded.
+    Menstruating girls are also said sometimes to give off a smell of
+    leather. Aubert, of Lyons (as quoted by Galopin), describes the
+    odor of the skin of a woman during menstruation as an agreeable
+    aromatic or acidulous perfume of chloroform character. By some
+    this is described as emanating especially from the armpits.
+    Sandras (quoted by Raciborski) knew a lady who could always tell
+    by a sensation of faintness and <i>malaise</i>&mdash;apparently due to a
+    sensation of smell&mdash;when she was in contact with a menstruating
+    woman. I am acquainted with a man, having strong olfactory
+    sympathies and antipathies, who detects the presence of
+    menstruation by smell. It is said that Hortense Bar&eacute;, who
+    accompanied her lover, the botanist Commerson, to the Pacific
+    disguised as a man, was recognized by the natives as a woman by
+    means of smell.</p>
+
+<p>    Women, like men, frequently give out an odor during coitus or
+    strong sexual excitement. This odor may be entirely different
+    from that normally emanating from the woman, of an acid or
+    hircine character, and sufficiently strong to remain in a room
+    for a considerable period. Many of the ancient medical writers
+    (as quoted by Schurigius, <i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 286) described the
+    goaty smell produced by venery, especially in women; they
+    regarded it as specially marked in harlots and in the newly
+    married, and sometimes even considered it a certain sign of
+    defloration. The case has been recorded of a woman who emitted a
+    rose odor for two days after coitus (McBride, quoted by Kiernan
+    in an interesting summary, &quot;Odor in Pathology,&quot; <i>Doctor's
+    Magazine</i>, December, 1900). There was, it is said (<i>Journal des
+    Savans</i> 1684, p. 39, quoting from the <i>Journal d'Angleterre</i>) a
+    monk in Prague who could recognize by smell the chastity of the
+    women who approached him. (This monk, it is added, when he died,
+    was composing a new science of odors.)</p>
+
+<p>    Gustav Klein (as quoted by Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte
+    Geschlechtsempfindungen des Weibes</i>, p. 25) argues that the
+    special function of the glands at the vulvar orifice&mdash;the
+    <i>glandul&aelig; vestibulares majores</i>&mdash;is to give out an odorous
+    secretion to act as an attraction to the male, this relic of
+    sexual periodicity no longer, however, playing an important part
+    in the human species. The vulvar secretion, however, it may be
+    added, still has a more aromatic odor than the vaginal secretion,
+    with its simple mucous odor, very clearly perceived during
+    parturition.</p><a name='4_Page_65'></a>
+
+<p>    It may be added that we still know extremely little concerning
+    the sexual odors of women among primitive peoples. Ploss and
+    Bartels are only able to bring forward (<i>Das Weib</i>, 1901, bd. 1,
+    p. 218) a statement concerning the women of New Caledonia, who,
+    according to Moncelon, when young and ardent, give out during
+    coitus a powerful odor which no ablution will remove. In abnormal
+    states of sexual excitement such odor may be persistent, and,
+    according to an ancient observation, a nymphomaniac, whose
+    periods of sexual excitement lasted all through the spring-time,
+    at these periods always emitted a goatlike odor. It has been said
+    (G. Tourdes, art. &quot;Aphrodisie,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+    Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>) that the erotic temperament is characterized
+    by a special odor.</p></div>
+
+<p>If the body odors tend to develop at puberty, to be maintained during
+sexual life, especially in sympathy with conditions of sexual disturbance,
+and to become diminished in old age, being thus a kind of secondary sexual
+character, we should expect them to be less marked in those cases in which
+the primary sexual characters are less marked. It is possible that this is
+actually the case. Hagen, in his <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, quotes from
+Roubaud's <i>Trait&eacute; de l'Impuissance</i> the statement that the body odor of
+the castrated differs from that of normal individuals. Burdach had
+previously stated that the odor of the eunuch is less marked than that of
+the normal man.</p>
+
+<p>It is thus possible that defective sexual development tends to be
+associated with corresponding olfactory defect. Heschl<a name='4_FNanchor_37'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_37'><sup>[37]</sup></a> has reported a
+case in which absence of both olfactory nerves coincided with defective
+development of the sexual organs. F&eacute;r&eacute; remarks that the impotent show a
+repugnance for sexual odors. Dr. Kiernan informs me that in women after
+o&ouml;phorectomy he has noted a tendency to diminished (and occasionally
+increased) sense of smell. These questions, however, await more careful
+and extended observation.</p>
+
+<p>A very significant transition from the phenomena of personal odor to those
+of sexual attraction by personal odor is to be found in the fact that
+among the peoples inhabiting a large part of the world's surface the
+ordinary salutation between friends is by mutual smelling of the person.
+In some form or <a name='4_Page_66'></a>another the method of salutation by applying the nose to
+the nose, face, or hand of a friend in greeting is found throughout a
+large part of the Pacific, among the Papuans, the Eskimo, the hill tribes
+of India, in Africa, and elsewhere.<a name='4_FNanchor_38'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_38'><sup>[38]</sup></a> Thus, among a certain hill tribe
+in India, according to Lewin, they smell a friend's cheek: &quot;in their
+language, they do not say, 'Give me a kiss,' but they say 'Smell me.'&quot; And
+on the Gambia, according to F. Moore, &quot;When the men salute the women,
+they, instead of shaking their hands, put it up to their noses, and smell
+twice to the back of it.&quot; Here we have very clearly a recognition of the
+emotional value of personal odor widely prevailing throughout the world.
+The salutation on an olfactory basis may, indeed, be said to be more
+general than the salutation on a tactile basis on which European
+handshaking rests, each form involving one of the two most intimate and
+emotional senses. The kiss may be said to be a development proceeding both
+from the olfactory and the tactile bases, with perhaps some other elements
+as well, and is too complex to be regarded as a phenomenon of either
+purely tactile or purely olfactory origin.<a name='4_FNanchor_39'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_39'><sup>[39]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>As the sole factor in sexual selection olfaction must be rare. It is said
+that Asiatic princes have sometimes caused a number of the ladies to race
+in the seraglio garden until they were heated; their garments have then
+been brought to the prince, who has selected one of them solely by the
+odor.<a name='4_FNanchor_40'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_40'><sup>[40]</sup></a> There was here a sexual selection mainly by odor. Any exclusive
+efficacy of the olfactory sense is rare, not so much because the
+impressions of this sense are inoperative, but because agreeable personal
+odors are not sufficiently powerful, and the olfactory organ is too
+obtuse, to enable smell to take precedence of sight. Nevertheless, in many
+people, it is probable that certain odors, especially those that are
+correlated with a healthy and sexually desirable person, tend to be
+agreeable; they are fortified by <a name='4_Page_67'></a>their association with the loved person,
+sometimes to an irresistible degree; and their potency is doubtless
+increased by the fact, to which reference has already been made, that many
+odors, including some bodily odors, are nervous stimulants.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that the sexual associations of odors have been still
+further fortified by a tendency to correlation between a high development
+of the olfactory organ and a high development of the sexual apparatus. An
+association between a large nose and a large male organ is a very ancient
+observation and has been verified occasionally in recent times. There is
+normally at puberty a great increase in the septum of the nose, and it is
+quite conceivable, in view of the sympathy, which, as we shall see,
+certainly exists between the olfactory and sexual region, that the two
+regions may develop together under a common influence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Romans firmly believed in the connection between a large nose
+    and a large penis. &quot;Noscitur e naso quanta sit hasta viro,&quot;
+    stated Ovid. This belief continued to prevail, especially in
+    Italy, through the middle ages; the physiognomists made much of
+    it, and licentious women (like Joanna of Naples) were, it
+    appears, accustomed to bear it in mind, although disappointment
+    is recorded often to have followed. (See <i>e.g.</i>, the quotations
+    and references given by J. N. Mackenzie, &quot;Physiological and
+    Pathological Relations between the Nose and the Sexual Apparatus
+    in Man.&quot; <i>Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin</i>, No. 82, January,
+    1898; also Hagen, <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp. 15-19.) A
+    similar belief as to the association between the sexual impulse
+    in women and a long nose was evidently common in England in the
+    sixteenth century, for in Massinger's <i>Emperor of the East</i> (Act
+    II, Scene I) we read,</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;Her nose, which by its length assures me<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Of storms at midnight if I fail to pay her<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>The tribute she expects.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>At the present day, a proverb of the Venetian people still
+    embodies the belief in the connection between a large nose and a
+    large sexual member.</p>
+
+<p>    The probability that such an association tends in many cases to
+    prevail is indicated not only by the beliefs of antiquity, when
+    more careful attention was paid to these matters, but by the
+    testimony of various modern observers, although it does not
+    appear that any series of exact observations have yet been made.</p><a name='4_Page_68'></a>
+
+<p>    It may be noted that Marro, in his careful anthropological study
+    of criminals (<i>I Caratteri dei Delinquenti</i>), found no class of
+    criminals with so large a proportion alike of anomalies of the
+    nose and anomalies of the genital organs as sexual offenders.</p></div>
+
+<p>However this may be, it is less doubtful that there is a very intimate
+relation both in men and women between the olfactory mucous membrane of
+the nose and the whole genital apparatus, that they frequently show a
+sympathetic action, that influences acting on the genital sphere will
+affect the nose, and occasionally, it is probable, influences acting on
+the nose reflexly affect the genital sphere. To discuss these
+relationships would here be out of place, since specialists are not
+altogether in agreement concerning the matter. A few are inclined to
+regard the association as extremely intimate, so that each region is
+sensitive even to slight stimuli applied to the other region, while, on
+the other hand, many authorities ignore altogether the question of the
+relationship. It would appear, however, that there really is, in a
+considerable number of people at all events, a reflex connection of this
+kind. It has especially been noted that in many cases congestion of the
+nose precedes menstruation.</p>
+
+<p>Bleeding of the nose is specially apt to occur at puberty and during
+adolescence, while in women it may take the place of menstruation and is
+sometimes more apt to occur at the menstrual periods; disorders of the
+nose have also been found to be aggravated at these periods. It has even
+been possible to control bleeding of the nose, both in men and women, by
+applying ice to the sexual regions. In both men and women, again, cases
+have been recorded in which sexual excitement, whether of coitus or
+masturbation, has been followed by bleeding of the nose. In numerous cases
+it is followed by slight congestive conditions of the nasal passages and
+especially by sneezing. Various authors have referred to this phenomenon;
+I am acquainted with a lady in whom it is fairly constant.<a name='4_FNanchor_41'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_41'><sup>[41]</sup></a><a name='4_Page_69'></a> F&eacute;r&eacute;
+records the case of a lady, a nervous subject, who began to experience
+intense spontaneous sexual excitement shortly after marriage, accompanied
+by much secretion from the nose.<a name='4_FNanchor_42'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_42'><sup>[42]</sup></a> J. N. Mackenzie is acquainted with a
+number of such cases, and he considers that the popular expression
+&quot;bride's cold&quot; indicates that this effect of strong sexual excitement is
+widely recognized.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The late Professor Hack, of Freiburg, in 1884, called general
+    medical attention to the intimate connection between the nose and
+    states of nervous hyperexcitability in various parts of the body,
+    although such a connection had been recognized for many centuries
+    in medical literature. While Hack and his disciples thus gave
+    prominence to this association, they undoubtedly greatly
+    exaggerated its importance and significance. (Sir Felix Semon,
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, November 9, 1901.) Even many workers
+    who have more recently further added to our knowledge have also,
+    as sometimes happens with enthusiasts, unduly strained their own
+    data. Starting from the fact that in women during menstruation
+    examination of the nose reveals a degree of congestion not found
+    during the rest of the month, Fliess (<i>Die Beziehungen zwischen
+    Nase und Weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen</i>, 1897), with the help of
+    a number of elaborate and prolonged observations, has reached
+    conclusions which, while they seem to be hazardous at some
+    points, have certainly contributed to build up our knowledge of
+    this obscure subject. Schiff (<i>Wiener klinische Wochenschrift</i>,
+    1900, p. 58, summarized in <i>British Medical Journal</i>, February
+    16, 1901), starting from a skeptical standpoint, has confirmed
+    some of Fliess's results, and in a large number of cases
+    controlled painful menstruation by painting with cocaine the
+    so-called &quot;genital spots&quot; in the nose, all possibility of
+    suggestion being avoided. Ries, of Chicago, has been similarly
+    successful with the method of Fliess (<i>American Gyn&aelig;cology</i>, vol.
+    iii, No. 4, 1903). Benedikt (<i>Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift</i>,
+    No. 8, 1901, summarized in <i>Journal of Medical Science</i>, October,
+    1901), while pointing out that the nose is not the only organ in
+    sympathetic relation with the sexual sphere, suggests that the
+    mechanism of the relationship is involved in the larger problem
+    of the harmony in growth and in nutrition of the different parts
+    of the organism. In this way, probably, we may attach
+    considerable significance to the existence of a kind of erectile
+    tissue in the nose.</p>
+
+<p>    An interesting example of a reflex influence from the nose
+    affecting the genital sphere has been brought forward by Dr. E. S.
+    Talbot, <a name='4_Page_70'></a>of Chicago: &quot;A 56-year-old man was operated on
+    (September 1, 1903) for the removal of the left cartilage of the
+    septum of the nose owing to a previous traumatic fracture at the
+    sixteenth year. No pain was experienced until two years ago, when
+    a continual soreness occurred at the apical end of the fracture
+    during the winter months. The operation was decided upon fearing
+    more serious complications. The parts were cocainized. No pain
+    was experienced in the operation except at one point at the lower
+    posterior portion near the floor of the nose. A profound shock to
+    the general system followed. The reflex influence of the pain
+    upon the genital organs caused semen to flow continually for
+    three weeks. Treatment of general motor irritability with camphor
+    monobromate and conium, on consultation with Dr. Kiernan, checked
+    the flow. The discharge produced spinal neurasthenia. The legs
+    and feet felt heavy. Erythromelalgia caused uneasiness. The
+    patient walked with difficulty. The tired feeling in the feet and
+    limbs was quite noticeable four months after the operation,
+    although the pain had, to a great extent diminished.&quot; (Chicago
+    Academy of Medicine, January, 1904, and private letter.)</p>
+
+<p>    J. N. Mackenzie has brought together a great many original
+    observations, together with interesting quotations from old
+    medical literature, in his two papers: &quot;The Pathological Nasal
+    Reflex&quot; (<i>New York Medical Journal</i>, August 20, 1887) and &quot;The
+    Physiological and Pathological Relations between the Nose and the
+    Sexual Apparatus of Man&quot; (<i>Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin</i>,
+    January 1, 1898). A number of cases have also been brought
+    together from the literature by G. Endriss in his Inaugural
+    Dissertation, <i>Die bisherigen Beobachtungen von Physiologischen
+    und Pathologischen Beziehungen der oberen Luftwege zu den
+    Sexualorganen</i>, Teil. II, W&uuml;rzburg, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<p>The intimate association between the sexual centers and the olfactory
+tract is well illustrated by the fact that this primitive and ancient
+association tends to come to the surface in insanity. It is recognized by
+many alienists that insanity of a sexual character is specially liable to
+be associated with hallucinations of smell.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Many eminent alienists in various countries are very decidedly of
+    the opinion that there is a special tendency to the association
+    of olfactory hallucinations with sexual manifestations, and,
+    although one or two authorities have expressed doubt on the
+    matter, the available evidence clearly indicates such an
+    association. Hallucinations of smell are comparatively rare as
+    compared to hallucinations of sight and hearing; they are
+    commoner in women than in men and they not infrequently <a name='4_Page_71'></a>occur at
+    periods of sexual disturbance, at adolescence, in puerperal
+    fever, at the change of life, in women with ovarian troubles, and
+    in old people troubled with sexual desires or remorse for such
+    desires. They have often been noted as specially frequent in
+    cases of excessive masturbation.</p>
+
+<p>    Krafft-Ebing, who found olfactory hallucinations common in
+    various sexual states, considers that they are directly dependent
+    on sexual excitement (<i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>,
+    bd. 34, ht. 4, 1877). Conolly Norman believes in a distinct and
+    frequent association between olfactory hallucinations and sexual
+    disturbance (<i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, July, 1899, p. 532).
+    Savage is also impressed by the close association between sexual
+    disturbance or changes in the reproductive organs and
+    hallucinations of smell as well as of touch. He has found that
+    persistent hallucinations of smell disappeared when a diseased
+    ovary was removed, although the patient remained insane. He
+    considers that such hallucinations of smell are allied to
+    reversions. (G. H. Savage, &quot;Smell, Hallucinations of,&quot; Tuke's
+    <i>Dictionary of Psychological Medicine</i>; <i>cf.</i> the same author's
+    manual of <i>Insanity and Allied Neuroses</i>.) Matusch, while not
+    finding olfactory hallucinations common at the climacteric,
+    states that when they are present they are connected with uterine
+    trouble and sexual craving. He finds them more common in young
+    women. (Matusch, &quot;Der Einfluss des Climacterium auf Entstchung
+    und Form der Geistesst&ouml;rung,&quot; <i>Allgemeine Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Psychiatrie</i>, vol. xlvi, ht. 4). F&eacute;r&eacute; has related a significant
+    case of a young man in whom hallucinations of smell accompanied
+    the sexual orgasm; he subsequently developed epilepsy, to which
+    the hallucination then constituted the aura (<i>Comptes Rendus de
+    la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, December, 1896). The prevalence of a
+    sexual element in olfactory hallucinations has been investigated
+    by Bullen, who examined into 95 cases of hallucinations of smell
+    among the patients in several asylums. (In a few cases there were
+    reasons for believing that peripheral conditions existed which
+    would render these hallucinations more strictly illusions.) Of
+    these, 64 were women. Sixteen of the women were climacteric
+    cases, and 3 of them had sexual hallucinations or delusions.
+    Fourteen other women (chiefly cases of chronic delusional
+    insanity) had sexual delusions. Altogether, 31 men and women had
+    sexual delusions. This is a large proportion. Bullen is not,
+    however, inclined to admit any direct connection between the
+    reproductive system and the sense of smell. He finds that other
+    hallucinations are very frequently associated with the olfactory
+    hallucinations, and considers that the co-existence of olfactory
+    and sexual troubles simply indicates a very deep and widespread
+    nervous disturbance. (F. St. John Bullen, &quot;Olfactory
+    Hallucinations in the Insane,&quot; <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, July,
+    1899.) In order to elucidate the matter fully we require further
+    precise inquiries on the lines Bullen has laid down.</p><a name='4_Page_72'></a>
+
+<p>    It may be of interest to note, in this connection, that smell and
+    taste hallucinations appear to be specially frequent in forms of
+    religious insanity. Thus, Dr. Zurcher, in her inaugural
+    dissertation on Joan of Arc (<i>Jeanne d'Arc</i>, Leipzig, 1895, p.
+    72), estimates that on the average in such insanity nearly 50 per
+    cent, of the hallucinations affect smell and taste; she refers
+    also to the olfactory hallucinations of great religious leaders,
+    Francis of Assisi, Katherina Emmerich, Lazzaretti, and the
+    Anabaptists.</p></div>
+
+<p>It may well be, as Zwaardemaker has suggested in his <i>Physiologie des
+Geruchs</i>, that the nasal congestion at menstruation and similar phenomena
+are connected with that association of smell and sexuality which is
+observable throughout the whole animal world, and that the congestion
+brings about a temporary increase of olfactory sensitiveness during the
+stage of sexual excitation.<a name='4_FNanchor_43'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_43'><sup>[43]</sup></a> Careful investigation of olfactory
+acuteness would reveal the existence of such menstrual heightening of its
+acuity.</p>
+
+<p>In a few exceptional, but still quite healthy people, smell would appear
+to possess an emotional predominance which it cannot be said to possess in
+the average person. These exceptional people are of what Binet in his
+study of sexual fetichism calls olfactive type; such persons form a group
+which, though of smaller size and less importance, is fairly comparable to
+the well-known groups of visual type, of auditory type, and of psychomotor
+type. Such people would be more attentive to odors, more moved by
+olfactory sympathies and antipathies, than are ordinary people. For these,
+it may well be, the supremacy accorded to olfactory influences in J&auml;ger's
+<i>Entdeckung der Seele</i>, though extravagantly incorrect for ordinary
+persons, may appear quite reasonable.</p>
+
+<p>It is certain also that a great many neurasthenic people, and particularly
+those who are sexually neurasthenic, are peculiarly susceptible to
+olfactory influences. A number of eminent <a name='4_Page_73'></a>poets and
+novelists&mdash;especially, it would appear, in France&mdash;seem to be in this
+case. Baudelaire, of all great poets, has most persistently and most
+elaborately emphasized the imaginative and emotional significance of odor;
+the <i>Fleurs du Mal</i> and many of the <i>Petits Po&egrave;mes en Prose</i> are, from
+this point of view, of great interest. There can be no doubt that in
+Baudelaire's own imaginative and emotional life the sense of smell played
+a highly important part; and that, in his own words, odor was to him what
+music is to others. Throughout Zola's novels&mdash;and perhaps more especially
+in <i>La Faute de l'Abb&eacute; Mouret</i>&mdash;there is an extreme insistence on odors of
+every kind. Prof. Leopold Bernard wrote an elaborate study of this aspect
+of Zola's work<a name='4_FNanchor_44'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_44'><sup>[44]</sup></a>; he believed that underlying Zola's interest in odors
+there was an abnormally keen olfactory sensibility and large development
+of the olfactory region of the brain. Such a supposition is, however,
+unnecessary, and, as a matter of fact, a careful examination of Zola's
+olfactory sensibility, conducted by M. Passy, showed that it was somewhat
+below normal.<a name='4_FNanchor_45'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_45'><sup>[45]</sup></a> At the same time it was shown that Zola was really a
+person of olfactory psychic type, with a special attention to odors and a
+special memory for them; as is frequently the case with perfumers with
+less than normal olfactory acuity he possessed a more than normal power of
+discriminating odors; it is possible that in early life his olfactory
+acuity may also have been above normal. In the same way Nietzsche, in his
+writings, shows a marked sensibility, and especially antipathy, as regards
+odors, which has by some been regarded as an index to a real physical
+sensibility of abnormal keenness; according to M&ouml;bius, however, there was
+no reason for supposing this to be the case.<a name='4_FNanchor_46'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_46'><sup>[46]</sup></a> Huysmans, who throughout
+his books reveals a very intense preoccupation with the exact shades of
+many kinds of sensory impressions, and an apparently abnormally keen
+sensibility to them, has shown a great interest in odors, more especially
+in an oft-quoted passage in <i>A Rebours</i>. The blind Milton of &quot;Paradise<a name='4_Page_74'></a>
+Lost&quot; (as the late Mr. Grant Allen once remarked to me), dwells much on
+scents; in this case it is doubtless to the blindness and not to any
+special organic predisposition that we must attribute this direction of
+sensory attention.<a name='4_FNanchor_47'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_47'><sup>[47]</sup></a> Among our older English poets, also, Herrick
+displays a special interest in odors with a definite realization of their
+sexual attractiveness.<a name='4_FNanchor_48'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_48'><sup>[48]</sup></a> Shelley, who was alive to so many of the
+unusual &aelig;sthetic aspects of things, often shows an enthusiastic delight in
+odors, more especially those of flowers. It may, indeed, be said that most
+poets&mdash;though to a less degree than those I have mentioned&mdash;devote a
+special attention to odors, and, since it has been possible to describe
+smell as the sense of imagination, this need not surprise us. That
+Shakespeare, for instance, ranked this sense very high indeed is shown by
+various passages in his works and notably by Sonnet LIV: &quot;O, how much more
+doth beauty beauteous seem?&quot;&mdash;in which he implicitly places the attraction
+of odor on at least as high a level as that of vision.<a name='4_FNanchor_49'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_49'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A neurasthenic sensitiveness to odors, specially sexual odors, is
+frequently accompanied by lack of sexual vigor. In this way we may account
+for the numerous cases in which old men in whom sexual desire survives the
+loss of virile powers&mdash;probably somewhat abnormal persons at the
+outset&mdash;find satisfaction in sexual odors. Here, also, we have the basis
+for olfactory fetichism. In such fetichism the odor of the woman alone,
+whoever she may be and however unattractive she may be, suffices to
+furnish complete sexual satisfaction. In many, although not all, of those
+cases in which articles of women's <a name='4_Page_75'></a>clothing become the object of
+fetichistic attraction, there is certainly an olfactory element due to the
+personal odor attaching to the garments.<a name='4_FNanchor_50'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_50'><sup>[50]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Olfactory influences play a certain part in various sexually
+    abnormal tendencies and practices which do not proceed from an
+    exclusively olfactory fascination. Thus, <i>cunnilingus</i> and
+    <i>fellatio</i> derive part of their attraction, more especially in
+    some individuals, from a predilection for the odors of the sexual
+    parts. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido
+    Sexualis</i>, bd. 1, p. 134.) In many cases smell plays no part in
+    the attraction; &quot;I enjoy <i>cunnilingus</i>, if I like the girl very
+    much,&quot; a correspondent writes, &quot;<i>in spite</i> of the smell.&quot; We may
+    associate this impulse with the prevalence of these practices
+    among sexual inverts, in whom olfactory attractions are often
+    specially marked. Those individuals, also, who are sexually
+    affected by the urinary and alvine excretions (&quot;<i>renifleurs</i>,&quot;
+    &quot;<i>stereoraires</i>,&quot; etc.) are largely, though not necessarily
+    altogether, moved by olfactory impressions. The attraction was,
+    however, exclusively olfactory in the case of the young woman
+    recorded by Moraglia (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1892, p. 267),
+    who was irresistibly excited by the odor of the fermented urine
+    of men, and possibly also in the case narrated to Moraglia by
+    Prof. L. Bianchi (<i>ib.</i> p. 568), in which a wife required flatus
+    from her husband.</p>
+
+<p>    The sexual pleasure derived from partial strangulation (discussed
+    in the study of &quot;Love and Pain&quot; in a previous volume) may be
+    associated with heightened olfactory sexual excitation. Dr.
+    Kiernan, who points this out to me, has investigated a few
+    neuropathic patients who like to have their necks squeezed, as
+    they express it, and finds that in the majority the olfactory
+    sensibility is thus intensified.</p></div>
+
+<p>Even in ordinary normal persons, however, there can be no doubt that
+personal odor tends to play a not inconsiderable part in sexual
+attractions and sexual repulsions. As a sexual excitant, indeed, it comes
+far behind the stimuli received through the sense of sight. The
+comparative bluntness of the sense of smell in man makes it difficult for
+olfactory influence to be felt, as a rule, until the preliminaries of
+courtship are already over; so that it is impossible for smell ever to
+possess the same significance in sexual attraction in man that it
+possesses <a name='4_Page_76'></a>in the lower animals. With that reservation there can be no
+doubt that odor has a certain favorable or unfavorable influence in sexual
+relationships in all human races from the lowest to the highest. The
+Polynesian spoke with contempt of those women of European race who &quot;have
+no smell,&quot; and in view of the pronounced personal odor of so many savage
+peoples as well as of the careful attention which they so often pay to
+odors, we may certainly assume, even in the absence of much definite
+evidence, that smell counts for much in their sexual relationships. This
+is confirmed by such practices as that found among some primitive
+peoples&mdash;as, it is stated, in the Philippines&mdash;of lovers exchanging their
+garments to have the smell of the loved one about them. In the barbaric
+stages of society this element becomes self-conscious and is clearly
+avowed; personal odors are constantly described with complacency,
+sometimes as mingled with the lavish use of artificial perfumes, in much
+of the erotic literature produced in the highest stages of barbarism,
+especially by Eastern peoples living in hot climates; it is only necessary
+to refer to the <i>Song of Songs</i>, the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, and the Indian
+treatises on love. Even in some parts of Europe the same influence is
+recognized in the crudest animal form, and Krauss states that among the
+Southern Slavs it is sometimes customary to leave the sexual parts
+unwashed because a strong odor of these parts is regarded as a sexual
+stimulant. Under the usual conditions of life in Europe personal odor has
+sunk into the background; this has been so equally under the conditions of
+classic, medi&aelig;val, and modern life. Personal odor has been generally
+regarded as un&aelig;sthetic; it has, for the most part, only been mentioned to
+be reprobated, and even those poets and others who during recent centuries
+have shown a sensitive delight and interest in odors&mdash;Herrick, Shelley,
+Baudelaire, Zola, and Huysmans&mdash;have seldom ventured to insist that a
+purely natural and personal odor can be agreeable. The fact that it may be
+so, and that for most people such odors cannot be a matter of indifference
+in the most intimate of all relationships, is usually only to be learned
+casually and incidentally. There can be no doubt, <a name='4_Page_77'></a>however, that, as
+Kiernan points out, the extent to which olfaction influences the sexual
+sphere in civilized man has been much underestimated. We need not,
+therefore, be surprised at the greater interest which has recently been
+taken in this subject. As usually happens, indeed, there has been in some
+writers a tendency to run to the opposite extreme, and we cannot, with
+Gustav J&auml;ger, regard the sexual instinct as mainly or altogether an
+olfactory matter.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Of the Padmini, the perfect woman, the &quot;lotus woman,&quot; Hindu
+    writers say that &quot;her sweat has the odor of musk,&quot; while the
+    vulgar woman, they say, smells of fish (<i>Kama Sutra of
+    Vatsyayana</i>). Ploss and Bartels (<i>Das Weib</i>, 1901, p. 218) bring
+    forward a passage from the Tamil <i>Kokk&ocirc;gam</i>, minutely describing
+    various kinds of sexual odor in women, which they regard as
+    resting on sound observation.</p>
+
+<p>    Four things in a woman, says the Arab, should be perfumed: the
+    mouth, the armpits, the pudenda, and the nose. The Persian poets,
+    in describing the body, delighted to use metaphors involving
+    odor. Not only the hair and the down on the face, but the chin,
+    the mouth, the beauty spots, the neck, all suggested odorous
+    images. The epithets applied to the hair frequently refer to
+    musk, ambergris, and civet. (<i>Anis El-Ochch&acirc;q</i> translated by
+    Huart, <i>Biblioth&egrave;que de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes</i>, fasc. 25,
+    1875.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Hebrew <i>Song of Songs</i> furnishes a typical example of a very
+    beautiful Eastern love-poem in which the importance of the appeal
+    to the sense of smell is throughout emphasized. There are in this
+    short poem as many as twenty-four fairly definite references to
+    odors,&mdash;personal odors, perfumes, and flowers,&mdash;while numerous
+    other references to flowers, etc., seem to point to olfactory
+    associations. Both the lover and his sweetheart express pleasure
+    in each other's personal odor.</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;My beloved is unto me,&quot; she sings, &quot;as a bag of myrrh<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>That lieth between my breasts;<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>My beloved is unto me as a cluster of henna flowers<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>In the vineyard of En-gedi.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>And again: &quot;His cheeks are as a bed of spices [or balsam], as
+    banks of sweet herbs.&quot; While of her he says: &quot;The smell of thy
+    breath [or nose] is like apples.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Greek and Roman antiquity, which has so largely influenced the
+    traditions of modern Europe, was lavish in the use of perfumes,
+    but showed no sympathy with personal odors. For the Roman
+    satirists, like Martial, a personal odor is nearly always an
+    unpleasant odor, <a name='4_Page_78'></a>though, there are a few allusions in classic
+    literature recognizing bodily smell as a sexual attraction. Ovid,
+    in his <i>Ars Amandi</i> (Book III), says it is scarcely necessary to
+    remind a lady that she must not keep a goat in her armpits: &quot;<i>ne
+    trux caper iret in alas</i>.&quot; &quot;<i>Mulier tum bene olet ubi nihil
+    olet</i>&quot; is an ancient dictum, and in the sixteenth century
+    Montaigne still repeated the same saying with complete approval.</p>
+
+<p>    A different current of feeling began to appear with the new
+    emotional movement during the eighteenth century. Rousseau called
+    attention to the importance of the olfactory sense, and in his
+    educational work, <i>Emile</i> (Bk. II), he referred to the odor of a
+    woman's &quot;<i>cabinet de toilette</i>&quot; as not so feeble a snare as is
+    commonly supposed. In the same century Casanova wrote still more
+    emphatically concerning the same point; in the preface to his
+    <i>M&eacute;moires</i> he states: &quot;I have always found sweet the odor of the
+    women I have loved&quot;; and elsewhere: &quot;There is something in the
+    air of the bedroom of the woman one loves, something so intimate,
+    so balsamic, such voluptuous emanations, that if a lover had to
+    choose between Heaven and this place of delight his hesitation
+    would not last for a moment&quot; (<i>M&eacute;moires</i>, vol. iii). In the
+    previous century, in England, Sir Kenelm Digby, in his
+    interesting and remarkable <i>Private Memoirs</i>, when describing a
+    visit to Lady Venetia Stanley, afterward his wife, touches on
+    personal odor as an element of attraction; he had found her
+    asleep in bed and on her breasts &quot;did glisten a few drops of
+    sweatlike diamond sparks, and had a more fragrant odor than the
+    violets or primroses whose season was newly passed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In 1821 Cadet-Devaux published, in the <i>Revue Encyclop&eacute;dique</i>, a
+    study entitled &quot;De l'atmosph&egrave;re de la Femme et de sa Puissance,&quot;
+    which attracted a great deal of attention in Germany as well as
+    in France; he considered that the exhalations of the feminine
+    body are of the first importance in sexual attraction.</p>
+
+<p>    Prof. A. Galopin in 1886 wrote a semiscientific book, <i>Le Parfum
+    de la Femme</i>, in which the sexual significance of personal odor
+    is developed to its fullest. He writes with enthusiasm concerning
+    the sweet and health-giving character of the natural perfume of a
+    beloved woman, and the mischief done both to health and love by
+    the use of artificial perfumes. &quot;The purest marriage that can be
+    contracted between a man and a woman,&quot; he asserts (p. 157) &quot;is
+    that engendered by olfaction and sanctioned by a common
+    assimilation in the brain of the animated molecules due to the
+    secretion and evaporation of two bodies in contact and sympathy.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In a book written during the first half of the nineteenth century
+    which contains various subtle observations on love we read, with
+    reference to the sweet odor which poets have found in the breath
+    of women: &quot;In reality many women have an intoxicatingly agreeable
+    <a name='4_Page_79'></a>breath which plays no small part in the love-compelling
+    atmosphere which they spread around them&quot; (<i>Eros oder W&ouml;rterbuch
+    &uuml;ber die Physiologie</i>, 1849, Bd. 1, p. 45).</p>
+
+<p>    Most of the writers on the psychology of love at this period,
+    however, seem to have passed over the olfactory element in sexual
+    attraction, regarding it probably as too un&aelig;sthetic. It receives
+    no emphasis either in S&eacute;nancour's <i>De l'Amour</i> or Stendhal's <i>De
+    l'Amour</i> or Michelet's <i>L'Amour</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    The poets within recent times have frequently referred to odors,
+    personal and other, but the novelists have more rarely done so.
+    Zola and Huysmans, the two novelists who have most elaborately
+    and insistently developed the olfactory side of life, have dwelt
+    more on odors that are repulsive than on those that are
+    agreeable. It is therefore of interest to note that in a few
+    remarkable novels of recent times the attractiveness of personal
+    odor has been emphasized. This is notably so in Tolstoy's <i>War
+    and Peace</i>, in which Count Peter suddenly resolves to marry
+    Princess Helena after inhaling her odor at a ball. In
+    d'Annunzio's <i>Trionfo della Morte</i> the seductive and consoling
+    odor of the beloved woman's skin is described in several
+    passages; thus, when Giorgio kissed Ippolita's arms and
+    shoulders, we are told, &quot;he perceived the sharp and yet delicate
+    perfume of her, the perfume of the skin that in the hour of joy
+    became intoxicating as that of the tuberose, and a terrible lash
+    to desire.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>When we are dealing with the sexual significance of personal odors in man
+there is at the outset an important difference to be noticed in comparison
+with the lower mammals. Not only is the significance of odor altogether
+very much less, but the focus of olfactory attractiveness has been
+displaced. The centre of olfactory attractiveness is not, as usually among
+animals, in the sexual region, but is transferred to the upper part of the
+body. In this respect the sexual olfactory allurement in man resembles
+what we find in the sphere of vision, for neither the sexual organs of man
+nor of woman are usually beautiful in the eyes of the opposite sex, and
+their exhibition is not among us regarded as a necessary stage in
+courtship. The odor of the body, like its beauty, in so far as it can be
+regarded as a possible sexual allurement, has in the course of development
+been transferred to the upper parts. The careful concealment of the sexual
+region has doubtless favored this transfer. It has thus happened that when
+personal odor acts <a name='4_Page_80'></a>as a sexual allurement it is the armpit, in any case
+normally the chief focus of odor in the body, which mainly comes into
+play, together with the skin and the hair.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Aubert, of Lyons, noted that during menstruation the odor of the
+    armpits may become more powerful, and describes it as being at
+    this time an aromatic odor of acidulous or chloroform character.
+    Galopin remarks that, while some women's armpits smell of sheep
+    in rut, others, when exposed to the air, have a fragrance of
+    ambergris or violet. Dark persons (according to Gould and Pyle)
+    are said sometimes to exhale a prussic acid odor, and blondes
+    more frequently musk; Galopin associates the ambergris odor more
+    especially with blondes.</p>
+
+<p>    While some European poets have faintly indicated the woman's
+    armpit as a centre of sexual attraction, it is among Eastern
+    poets that we may find the idea more directly and naturally
+    expressed. Thus, in a Chinese drama (&quot;The Transmigration of
+    Yo-Chow,&quot; <i>Mercure de France</i>, No. 8, 1901) we find a learned
+    young doctor addressing the following poem to his betrothed:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;When I have climbed to the bushy summit of Mount Chao,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>I have still not reached to the level of your odorous armpit.<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>I must needs mount to the sky<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Before the breeze brings to me<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>The perfume of that embalsamed nest!&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>This poet seems, however, to have been carried to a pitch of
+    enthusiasm unusual even in China, for his future mother-in-law,
+    after expressing her admiration for the poem, remarks: &quot;But who
+    would have thought one could find so many beautiful things under
+    my daughter's armpit!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The odor of the armpit is the most powerful in the body,
+    sufficiently powerful to act as a muscular stimulant even in the
+    absence of any direct sexual association. This is indicated by an
+    observation made by F&eacute;r&eacute;, who noticed, when living opposite a
+    laundry, that an old woman who worked near the window would,
+    toward the close of the day, introduce her right hand under the
+    sleeve of the other to the armpit and then hold it to her nose;
+    this she would do about every five minutes. It was evident that
+    the odor acted as a stimulant to her failing energies. F&eacute;r&eacute; has
+    been informed by others who have had occasion to frequent
+    workrooms that this proceeding is by no means uncommon among
+    persons of both sexes. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second
+    edition, p. 135.) I have myself noticed the same gesture very
+    deliberately made in the street by a young English woman of the
+    working class, under circumstances which suggested that it acted
+    as an immediate stimulant in fatigue.</p><a name='4_Page_81'></a>
+
+<p>    Huysmans&mdash;who in his novels has insisted on odors, both those of
+    a personal kind and perfumes, with great precision&mdash;has devoted
+    one of the sketches, &quot;Le Gousset,&quot; in his <i>Croquis Parisiens</i>
+    (1880) to the varying odors of women's armpits. &quot;I have followed
+    this fragrance in the country,&quot; he remarks, &quot;behind a group of
+    women gleaners under the bright sun. It was excessive and
+    terrible; it stung your nostrils like an unstoppered bottle of
+    alkali; it seized you, irritating your mucous membrane with a
+    rough odor which had in it something of the relish of wild duck
+    cooked with olives and the sharp odor of the shallot. On the
+    whole, it was not a vile or repugnant emanation; it united, as an
+    anticipated thing, with the formidable odors of the landscape; it
+    was the pure note, completing with the human animals' cry of heat
+    the odorous melody of beasts and woods.&quot; He goes on to speak of
+    the perfume of feminine arms in the ball-room. &quot;There the aroma
+    is of ammoniated valerian, of chlorinated urine, brutally
+    accentuated sometimes, even with a slight scent of prussic acid
+    about it, a faint whiff of overripe peaches.&quot; These
+    &quot;spice-boxes,&quot; however, Huysmans continues, are more seductive
+    when their perfume is filtered through the garments. &quot;The appeal
+    of the balsam of their arms is then less insolent, less cynical,
+    than at the ball where they are more naked, but it more easily
+    uncages the animal in man. Various as the color of the hair, the
+    odor of the armpit is infinitely divisible; its gamut covers the
+    whole keyboard of odors, reaching the obstinate scents of syringa
+    and elder, and sometimes recalling the sweet perfume of the
+    rubbed fingers that have held a cigarette. Audacious and
+    sometimes fatiguing in the brunette and the black woman, sharp
+    and fierce in the red woman, the armpit is heady as some sugared
+    wines in the blondes.&quot; It will be noted that this very exact
+    description corresponds at various points with the remarks of
+    more scientific observers.</p>
+
+<p>    Sometimes the odor of the armpit may even become a kind of fetich
+    which is craved for its own sake and in itself suffices to give
+    pleasure. F&eacute;r&eacute; has recorded such a case, in a friend of his own,
+    a man of 60, with whom at one time he used to hunt, of robust
+    health and belonging to a healthy family. On these hunting
+    expeditions he used to tease the girls and women he met
+    (sometimes even rather old women) in a surprising manner, when he
+    came upon them walking in the fields with their short-sleeved
+    chemises exposed. When he had succeeded in introducing his hand
+    into the woman's armpit he went away satisfied, and frequently
+    held the hand to his nose with evident pleasure. After long
+    hesitation F&eacute;r&eacute; asked for an explanation, which was frankly
+    given. As a child he had liked the odor, without knowing why. As
+    a young man women with strong odors had stimulated him to
+    extraordinary sexual exploits, and now they were the only women
+    who had any influence on him. He professed to be able to
+    <a name='4_Page_82'></a>recognize continence by the odor, as well as the most favorable
+    moment for approaching a woman. Throughout life a cold in the
+    head had always been accompanied by persistent general
+    excitement. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, 1902, p. 134.)</p></div>
+
+<p>We not only have to recognize that in the course of evolution the specific
+odors of the sexual region have sunk into the background as a source of
+sexual allurements, we have further to recognize the significant fact that
+even those personal odors which are chiefly liable under normal
+circumstances to come occasionally within the conscious sexual sphere, and
+indeed purely personal odors of all kinds, fail to exert any attraction,
+but rather tend to cause antipathy, unless some degree of tumescence has
+already been attained. That is to say, our olfactory experiences of the
+human body approximate rather to our tactile experiences of it than to our
+visual experiences. Sight is our most intellectual sense, and we trust
+ourselves to it with comparative boldness without any undue dread that its
+messages will hurt us by their personal intimacy; we even court its
+experiences, for it is the chief organ of our curiosity, as smell is of a
+dog's. But smell with us has ceased to be a leading channel of
+intellectual curiosity. Personal odors do not, as vision does, give us
+information that is very largely intellectual; they make an appeal that is
+mainly of an intimate, emotional, imaginative character. They thus tend,
+when we are in our normal condition, to arouse what James calls the
+antisexual instinct.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;I cannot understand how people do not see how the senses are
+    connected,&quot; said Jenny Lind to J. A. Symonds (Horatio Brown, <i>J. A.
+    Symonds</i>, vol. i, p. 207). &quot;What I have suffered from my sense of
+    smell! My youth was misery from my acuteness of sensibility.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Mantegazza discusses the strength of olfactory antipathies
+    (<i>Fisiologia dell' Odio</i>, p. 101), and mentions that once when
+    ill in Paraguay he was nursed by an Indian girl of 16, who was
+    fresh as a peach and extremely clean, but whose odor&mdash;&quot;a mixture
+    of wild beast's lair and decayed onions&quot;&mdash;caused nausea and
+    almost made him faint.</p>
+
+<p>    Moll (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 135)
+    records the case of a neuropathic man who was constantly rendered
+    impotent by his antipathy to personal body odors. It had very
+    frequently <a name='4_Page_83'></a>happened to him to be attracted by the face and
+    appearance of a girl, but at the last moment potency was
+    inhibited by the perception of personal odor.</p>
+
+<p>    In the case of a man of distinguished ability known to me,
+    belonging to a somewhat neuropathic family, there is extreme
+    sensitiveness to the smell of a woman, which is frequently the
+    most obvious thing to him about her. He has seldom known a woman
+    whose natural perfume entirely suits him, and his olfactory
+    impressions have frequently been the immediate cause of a rupture
+    of relationships.</p>
+
+<p>    It was formerly discussed whether strong personal odor
+    constituted adequate ground for divorce. Hagen, who brings
+    forward references on this point (<i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp.
+    75-83), considers that the body odors are normally and naturally
+    repulsive because they are closely associated with the capryl
+    group of odors, which are those of many of the excretions.</p>
+
+<p>    Olfactory antipathies are, however, often strictly subordinated
+    to the individual's general emotional attitude toward the object
+    from which they emanate. This is illustrated in the case, known
+    to me, of a man who on a hot day entering a steamboat with a
+    woman to whom he was attached seated himself between her and a
+    man, a stranger. He soon became conscious of an axillary odor
+    which he concluded to come from the man and which he felt as
+    disagreeable. But a little later he realized that it proceeded
+    from his own companion, and with this discovery the odor at once
+    lost its disagreeable character.</p>
+
+<p>    In this respect a personal odor resembles a personal touch. Two
+    intimate touches of the hand, though of precisely similar
+    physical quality, may in their emotional effects be separated by
+    an immeasurable interval, in dependence on our attitude toward
+    the person from whom they proceed.</p></div>
+
+<p>Personal odor, in order to make its allurement felt, and not to arouse
+antipathy, must, in normal persons, have been preceded by conditions which
+have inhibited the play of the antisexual instinct. A certain degree of
+tumescence must already have been attained. It is even possible, when we
+bear in mind the intimate sympathy between the sexual sphere and the nose,
+that the olfactory organ needs to have its sensibility modified in a form
+receptive to sexual messages, though such an assumption is by no means
+necessary. It is when such a faint preliminary degree of tumescence has
+been attained, however it may have been attained,&mdash;for the methods of
+tumescence, as we know, are innumerable,&mdash;that a sympathetic personal odor
+<a name='4_Page_84'></a>is enabled to make its appeal. If we analyze the cases in which olfactory
+perceptions have proved potent in love, we shall nearly always find that
+they have been experienced under circumstances favorable for the
+occurrence of tumescence. When this is not the case we may reasonably
+suspect the presence of some degree of perversion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In the oft-quoted case of the Austrian peasant who found that he
+    was aided in seducing young women by dancing with them and then
+    wiping their faces with a handkerchief he had kept in his armpit,
+    we may doubtless regard the preliminary excitement of the dance
+    as an essential factor in the influence produced.</p>
+
+<p>    In the same way, I am acquainted with the ease of a lady not
+    usually sensitive to simple body odors (though affected by
+    perfumes and flowers) who on one occasion, when already in a
+    state of sexual erethism, was highly excited when perceiving the
+    odor of her lover's axilla.</p>
+
+<p>    The same influence of preliminary excitement may be seen in
+    another instance known to me, that of a gentlemen who when
+    traveling abroad fell in with three charming young ladies during
+    a long railway journey. He was conscious of a pleasurable
+    excitement caused by the prolonged intimacy of the journey, but
+    this only became definitely sexual when the youngest of the
+    ladies, stretching before him to look out of the window and
+    holding on to the rack above, accidentally brought her axilla
+    into close proximity with his face, whereupon erection was
+    caused, although he himself regards personal odors, at all events
+    when emanating from strangers, as indifferent or repulsive.</p>
+
+<p>    A medical correspondent, referring to the fact that with many men
+    (indeed women also) sexual excitement occurs after dancing for a
+    considerable time, remarks that he considers the odor of the
+    woman's sweat is here a considerable factor.</p></div>
+
+<p>The characteristics of olfaction which our investigation has so far
+revealed have not, on the whole, been favorable to the influence of
+personal odors as a sexual attraction in civilized men. It is a primitive
+sense which had its flowering time before men arose; it is a comparatively
+un&aelig;sthetic sense; it is a somewhat obtuse sense which among Europeans is
+usually incapable of perceiving the odor of the &quot;human flower&quot;&mdash;to use
+Goethe's phrase&mdash;except on very close contact, and on this account, and on
+account of the fact that it is a predominantly <a name='4_Page_85'></a>emotional sense, personal
+odors in ordinary social intercourse are less likely to arouse the sexual
+instinct than the antisexual instinct. If a certain degree of tumescence
+is required before a personal odor can exert an attractive influence, a
+powerful personal odor, strong enough to be perceived before any degree of
+tumescence is attained, will tend to cause repulsion, and in so doing
+tend, consciously or unconsciously, to excite prejudice against personal
+odor altogether. This is actually the case in civilization, and most
+people, it would appear, view with more or less antipathy the personal
+odors of those persons to whom they are not sexually attracted, while
+their attitude is neutral in this respect toward the individuals to whom
+they are sexually attracted.<a name='4_FNanchor_51'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_51'><sup>[51]</sup></a> The following statement by a
+correspondent seems to me to express the experience of the majority of men
+in this respect: &quot;I do not notice that different people have different
+smells. Certain women I have known have been in the habit of using
+particular scents, but no associations could be aroused if I were to smell
+the same scent now, for I should not identify it. As a boy I was very fond
+of scent, and I associate this with my marked sexual proclivities. I like
+a woman to use a little scent. It rouses my sexual feelings, but not to
+any large extent. I dislike the smell of a woman's vagina.&quot; While the last
+statement seems to express the feeling of many if not most men, it may be
+proper to add that there seems no natural reason why the vulvar odor of a
+clean and healthy woman should be other than agreeable to a normal man who
+is her lover.</p>
+
+<p>In literature it is the natural odor of women rather than men which
+receives attention. We should expect this to be the case since literature
+is chiefly produced by men. The question as to whether men or women are
+really more apt to be sexually influenced in this way cannot thus be
+decided. Among animals, it seems probable, both sexes are alike influenced
+by odors, for, while it is usually the male whose sexual regions <a name='4_Page_86'></a>are
+furnished with special scent glands, when such occur, the peculiar odor of
+the female during the sexual season is certainly not less efficacious as
+an allurement to the male. If we compare the general susceptibility of men
+and women to agreeable odors, apart from the question of sexual
+allurement, there can be little doubt that it is most marked among women.
+As Groos points out, even among children little girls are more interested
+in scents than boys, and the investigations of various workers, especially
+Garbini, have shown that there is actually a greater power of
+discriminating odors among girls than among boys. Marro has gone further,
+and in an extended series of observations on girls before and after the
+establishment of puberty&mdash;which is of considerable interest from the point
+of view of the sexual significance of olfaction&mdash;he has shown reason to
+believe that girls acquire an increased susceptibility to odors when
+sexual life begins, although they show no such increased powers as regards
+the other senses.<a name='4_FNanchor_52'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_52'><sup>[52]</sup></a> On the whole, it would appear that, while women are
+not apt to be seriously affected, in the absence of any preliminary
+excitation, by crude body odors, they are by no means insusceptible to the
+sexual influence of olfactory impressions. It is probable, indeed, that
+they are more affected, and more frequently affected, in this way, than
+are men.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Edouard de Goncourt, in his novel <i>Ch&eacute;rie</i>&mdash;the intimate history
+    of a young girl, founded, he states, on much personal
+    observation&mdash;describes (Chapter LXXXV) the delight with which
+    sensuous, but chaste young girls often take in strong perfumes.
+    &quot;Perfume and love,&quot; he remarks, &quot;impart delights which are
+    closely allied.&quot; In an earlier chapter (XLIV) he writes of his
+    heroine at the age of 15: &quot;The intimately happy emotion which the
+    young girl experienced in reading <i>Paul et Virginie</i> and other
+    honestly amorous books she sought to make more complete and
+    intense and penetrating by soaking the book with scent, and the
+    love-story reached her senses and imagination through pages moist
+    with liquid perfume.&quot;</p><a name='4_Page_87'></a>
+
+<p>    Carbini (<i>Archivio per l'Antropologia</i>, 1896, fasc. 3) in a very
+    thorough investigation of a large number of children, found that
+    the earliest osmo-gustative sensations occurred in the fourth
+    week in girls, the fifth week in boys; the first real and
+    definite olfactory sensations appeared in the fifteenth month in
+    girls, in the sixteenth in boys; while experiments on several
+    hundred children between the ages of 3 and 6 years showed the
+    girls slightly, but distinctly, superior to the boys. It may, of
+    course, be argued that these results merely show a somewhat
+    greater precocity of girls. I have summarized the main
+    investigations into this question in <i>Man and Woman</i>, revised and
+    enlarged edition, 1904, pp. 134-138. On the whole, they seem to
+    indicate greater olfactory acuteness on the part of women, but
+    the evidence is by no means altogether concordant in this sense.
+    Popular and general scientific opinion is also by no means always
+    in harmony. Thus, Tardif, in his book on odors in relation to the
+    sexual instinct, throughout assumes, as a matter of course, that
+    the sense of smell is most keen in men; while, on the other hand,
+    I note that in a pamphlet by Mr. Martin Perls, a manufacturing
+    perfumer, it is stated with equal confidence that &quot;it is a
+    well-known fact that ladies have, even without a practice of long
+    standing, a keener sense of smell than men,&quot; and on this account
+    he employs a staff of young ladies for testing perfumes by smell
+    in the laboratory by the glazed paper test.</p>
+
+<p>    It is sometimes said that the use of strong perfumes by women
+    indicates a dulled olfactory organ. On the other hand, it is said
+    that the use of tobacco deadens the sensitiveness of the
+    masculine nose. Both these statements seem to be without
+    foundation. The use of a large amount of perfume is rather a
+    question of taste than a question of sensory acuteness (not to
+    mention that those who live in an atmosphere of perfume are, of
+    course, only faintly conscious of it), and the chemist perfumer
+    in his laboratory surrounded by strong odors can distinguish them
+    all with great delicacy. As regards tobacco, in Spain the
+    <i>cigarreras</i> are women and girls who live perpetually in an
+    atmosphere of tobacco, and Se&ntilde;ora Pardo Bazan, who knows them
+    well, remarks in her novel, <i>La Tribuna</i>, which deals with life
+    in a tobacco factory, that &quot;the acuity of the sense of smell of
+    the <i>cigarreras</i> is notable, and it would seem that instead of
+    blunting the nasal membrane the tobacco makes the olfactory
+    nerves keener.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It was the same as if I was in a sweet apple garden, from the
+    sweetness that came to me when the light wind passed over them
+    and stirred their clothes,&quot; a woman is represented as saying
+    concerning a troop of handsome men in the Irish sagas (<i>Cuchulain
+    of Muirthemne</i>, p. 161). The pleasure and excitement experienced
+    by a woman in the odor of her lover is usually felt concerning a
+    vague and mixed odor which may be characteristic, but is not
+    definitely traceable to any <a name='4_Page_88'></a>specific bodily sexual odor. The
+    general odor of the man she loves, one woman states, is highly,
+    sometimes even overwhelmingly, attractive to her; but the
+    specific odor of the male sexual organs which she describes as
+    fishy has no attraction. A man writes that in his relations with
+    women he has never been able to detect that they were influenced
+    by the axillary or other specific odors. A woman writes: &quot;To me
+    any personal odor, as that of perspiration, is very disagreeable,
+    and the healthy <i>naked</i> human body is very free from any odor.
+    Fresh perspiration has no disagreeable smell; it is only by
+    retention in the clothing that it becomes objectionable. The
+    faint smell of smoke which lingers round men who smoke much is
+    rather exciting to me, but only when it is <i>very</i> faint. If at
+    all strong it becomes disagreeable. As most of the men who have
+    attracted me have been great smokers, there is doubtless a direct
+    association of ideas. It has only once occurred to me that an
+    indifferent unpleasant smell became attractive in connection with
+    some particular person. In this case it was the scent of stale
+    tobacco, such as comes from the end of a cold cigar or cigarette.
+    It was, and is now, very disagreeable to me, but, for the time
+    and in connection with a particular person, it seemed to me more
+    delightful and exciting than the most delicious perfume. I think,
+    however, only a very strong attraction could overcome a dislike
+    of this sort, and I doubt if I could experience such a
+    twist-round if it had been a personal odor. Stale tobacco, though
+    nasty, conveys no mentally disagreeable idea. I mean it does not
+    suggest dirt or unhealthiness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It is probably significant of the somewhat considerable part
+    which, in one way or another, odors and perfumes play in the
+    emotional life of women, that, of the 4 women whose sexual
+    histories are recorded in Appendix B of vol. iii of these
+    <i>Studies</i>, all are liable to experience sexual effects from
+    olfactory stimuli, 3 of them from personal odors (though this
+    fact is not in every case brought out in the histories as
+    recorded), while of the 8 men not one has considered his
+    olfactory experiences in this respect as worthy of mention.</p>
+
+<p>    The very marked sexual fascination which odor, associated with
+    the men they love, exerts on women has easily passed unperceived,
+    since women have not felt called upon to proclaim it. In sexual
+    inversion, however, when the woman takes a more active and
+    outspoken part than in normal love, it may very clearly be
+    traced. Here, indeed, it is often exaggerated, in consequence of
+    the common tendency for neurotic and neurasthenic persons to be
+    more than normally susceptible to the influence of odors. In the
+    majority of inverted women, it may safely be said, the odor of
+    the beloved person plays a very considerable part. Thus, one
+    inverted woman asks the woman she loves to send her some of her
+    hair that she may intoxicate herself in solitude with its perfume
+    (<i>Archivio di Psicopatie Sessuali</i>, vol. i, fasc. 3, p. 36).
+    Again, <a name='4_Page_89'></a>a young girl with some homosexual tendencies, was apt to
+    experience sexual emotions when in ordinary contact with
+    schoolfellows whose body odor was marked (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct
+    Sexuel</i>, p. 260). Such examples are fairly typical.</p>
+
+<p>    That the body odor of men may in a large number of cases be
+    highly agreeable and sexually attractive is shown by the
+    testimony of male sexual inverts. There is abundant evidence to
+    this effect. Raffalovich (<i>L'Uranisme et l'Unisexualit&eacute;</i>, p. 126)
+    insists on the importance of body odors as a sexual attraction to
+    the male invert, and is inclined to think that the increased odor
+    of the man's own body during sexual excitement may have an
+    auto-aphrodisiacal effect which is reflected on the body of the
+    loved person. The odor of peasants, of men who work in the open
+    air, is specially apt to be found attractive. Moll mentions the
+    case of an inverted man who found the &quot;forest, mosslike odor&quot; of
+    a schoolfellow irresistibly attractive.</p>
+
+<p>    The following passage from a letter written by an Italian marquis
+    has been sent to me: &quot;Bonifazio stripped one evening, to give me
+    pleasure. He has the full, rounded flesh and amber coloring which
+    painters of the Giorgione school gave to their S. Sebastians.
+    When he began to dress, I took up an old <i>fascia</i>, or girdle of
+    netted silk, which was lying under his breeches, and which still
+    preserved the warmth of his body. I buried my face in it, and was
+    half inebriated by its exquisite aroma of young manhood and fresh
+    hay. He told me he had worn it for two years. No wonder it was
+    redolent of him. I asked him to let me keep it as a souvenir. He
+    smiled and said: 'You like it because it has lain so long upon my
+    <i>panoia</i>.' 'Yes, just so,' I replied; 'whenever I kiss it, thus
+    and thus, it will bring you back to me.' Sometimes I tie it round
+    my naked waist before I go to bed. The smell of it is enough to
+    cause a powerful erection, and the contact of its fringes with my
+    testicles and phallus has once or twice produced an involuntary
+    emission.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    I may here reproduce a communication which has reached me
+    concerning the attractiveness of the odor of peasants: &quot;One
+    predominant attraction of these men is that they are pure and
+    clean; their bodies in a state of healthy normal function. Then
+    they possess, if they are temperate, what the Greek poet Straton
+    called the &#966;&#965;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#8052; &#967;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#8056;&#962; (a quality which, according
+    to this authority, is never found in women). This 'natural fair
+    perfume of the flesh' is a peculiar attribute of young men who
+    live in the open air and deal with natural objects. Even their
+    perspiration has an odor very different from that of girls in
+    ball-rooms: more refined, ethereal, pervasive, delicate, and
+    difficult to seize. When they have handled hay&mdash;in the time of
+    hay-harvest, or in winter, when they bring hay down from mountain
+    huts&mdash;the youthful peasants carry about with them the smell of 'a
+    field the<a name='4_Page_90'></a> Lord hath blessed.' Their bodies and their clothes
+    exhale an indefinable fragrance of purity and sex combined. Every
+    gland of the robust frame seems to have accumulated scent from
+    herbs and grasses, which slowly exudes from the cool, fresh skin
+    of the lad. You do not perceive it in a room. You must take the
+    young man's hands and bury your face in them, or be covered with
+    him under the same blanket in one bed, to feel this aroma. No
+    sensual impression on the nerves of smell is more poignantly
+    impregnated with spiritual poetry&mdash;the poetry of adolescence, and
+    early hours upon the hills, and labor cheerfully accomplished,
+    and the harvest of God's gifts to man brought home by human
+    industry. It is worth mentioning that Aristophanes, in his
+    description of the perfect Athenian Ephebus, dwells upon his
+    being redolent of natural perfumes.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In a passage in the second part of <i>Faust</i> Goethe (who appears to
+    have felt considerable interest in the psychology of smell) makes
+    three women speak concerning the ambrosiacal odor of young men.</p>
+
+<p>    In this connection, also, I note a passage in a poem (&quot;Appleton
+    House&quot;) by our own English poet Marvell, which it is of interest
+    to quote:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;And now the careless victors play,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Dancing the triumphs of the hay,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>When every mower's wholesome heat<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Smells like an Alexander's sweat.<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Their females fragrant as the mead<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Which they in fairy circles tread,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>When at their dance's end they kiss,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Their new-mown hay not sweeter is.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_30'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_30'>[30]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Andree, &quot;V&ouml;lkergeruch,&quot; in <i>Ethnographische Parallelen</i>,
+Neue Folge, 1889, pp. 213-222, brings together many passages describing
+the odors of various peoples. Hagen, <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp. 166
+<i>et seq.</i>, has a chapter on the subject; Joest, supplement to
+<i>International Archiv f&uuml;r Ethnographie</i>, 1893, p. 53, has an interesting
+passage on the smells of various races, as also Waitz, <i>Introduction to
+Anthropology</i>, p. 103. <i>Cf.</i> Sir H. H. Johnston, <i>British Central Africa</i>,
+p. 395; T. H. Parke, <i>Experiences in Equatorial Africa</i>, p. 409; E. H. Man,
+<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, 1889, p. 391; Brough Smyth,
+<i>Aborigines of Victoria</i>, vol. i, p. 7; d'Orbigny, <i>L'Homme Am&eacute;ricain</i>,
+vol. i, p. 87, etc.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_31'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_31'>[31]</a><div class='note'><p> B. Adachi &quot;Geruch der Europaer,&quot; <i>Globus</i>, 1903, No. 1.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_32'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_32'>[32]</a><div class='note'><p> Hagen quotes testimonies on this point, <i>Sexuelle
+Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, p. 173. The negro, Castellani states, considers that
+Europeans have a smell of death.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_33'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_33'>[33]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition</i>, vol.
+ii, p. 181.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_34'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_34'>[34]</a><div class='note'><p> Waitz, <i>Introduction to Anthropology</i>, p. 103.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_35'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_35'>[35]</a><div class='note'><p> Monin, <i>Les Odeurs du Corps Humain</i>, second edition, Paris,
+1886, discusses briefly but comprehensively the normal and more especially
+the pathological odors of the body and of its secretions and excretions.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_36'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_36'>[36]</a><div class='note'><p> Venturi, <i>Degenerazione Psicho-sessuale</i>, p. 417.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_37'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_37'>[37]</a><div class='note'><p> Quoted by F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, 1902, p. 133.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_38'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_38'>[38]</a><div class='note'><p> H. Ling Roth, &quot;On Salutations,&quot; <i>Journal of the
+Anthropological Institute</i>, November, 1889.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_39'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_39'>[39]</a><div class='note'><p> See Appendix A: &quot;The Origins of the Kiss.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_40'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_40'>[40]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, passage quoted by I. Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur
+&AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, p. 205.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_41'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_41'>[41]</a><div class='note'><p> It must at the same time be remembered that the more or less
+degree of exposure involved by sexual intercourse is itself a cause of
+nasal congestion and sneezing.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_42'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_42'>[42]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Pathologie des Emotions</i>, p. 81</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_43'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_43'>[43]</a><div class='note'><p> J. N. Mackenzie similarly suggests (<i>Johns Hopkins Hospital
+Bulletin</i>, No. 82, 1898) that &quot;irritation and congestion of the nasal
+mucous membrane precede, or are the excitants of, the olfactory impression
+that forms the connecting link between the sense of smell and erethism of
+the reproductive organs exhibited in the lower animals.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_44'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_44'>[44]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Les Odeurs dans les Romans de Zola</i>, Montpellier, 1889.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_45'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_45'>[45]</a><div class='note'><p> Toulouse, <i>Emile Zola</i>, pp. 163-165, 173-175.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_46'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_46'>[46]</a><div class='note'><p> P. J. M&ouml;bius, <i>Das Pathologische bei Nietzsche</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_47'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_47'>[47]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll has a passage on the sense of smell in the blind, more
+especially in sexual respects, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>,
+bd. 1, pp. 137 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_48'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_48'>[48]</a><div class='note'><p> See, for instance, his poem, &quot;Love Perfumes all Parts,&quot; in
+which he declares that &quot;Hands and thighs and legs are all richly
+aromatical.&quot; And compare the lyrics entitled &quot;A Song to the Maskers,&quot; &quot;On
+Julia's Breath,&quot; &quot;Upon Julia's Unlacing Herself,&quot; &quot;Upon Julia's Sweat,&quot;
+and &quot;To Mistress Anne Soame.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_49'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_49'>[49]</a><div class='note'><p> There are various indications that Goethe was attentive to
+the attraction of personal odors; and that he experienced this attraction
+himself is shown by the fact that, as he confessed, when he once had to
+leave Weimar on an official journey for two days he took a bodice of Frau
+von Stein's away in order to carry the scent of her body with him.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_50'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_50'>[50]</a><div class='note'><p> Hagen has brought together from the literature of the
+subject a number of typical cases of olfactory fetichism, <i>Sexuelle
+Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, 1901, pp. 82 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_51'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_51'>[51]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll's inquiries among normal persons have also shown that
+few people are conscious of odor as a sexual attraction. (<i>Untersuchungen
+&uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>. Bd. I, p. 133.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_52'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_52'>[52]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro, <i>La, Pubert&agrave;</i>, 1898, Chapter II. Tardif found in boys
+that perfumes exerted little or no influence on circulation and
+respiration before puberty, though his observations on this point were too
+few to carry weight.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_IV'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_91'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Influence of Perfumes&mdash;Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors&mdash;This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers&mdash;The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes&mdash;The Sexual Effects of Perfumes&mdash;Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors&mdash;The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor&mdash;Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and
+Man&mdash;Musk a Powerful Stimulant&mdash;Its Widespread Use as a Perfume&mdash;Peau
+d'Espagne&mdash;The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects&mdash;The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers&mdash;The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors&mdash;The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>So far we have been mainly concerned with purely personal odors. It is,
+however, no longer possible to confine the discussion of the sexual
+significance of odor within the purely animal limit. The various
+characteristics of personal odor which have been noted&mdash;alike those which
+tend to make it repulsive and those which tend to make it attractive&mdash;have
+led to the use of artificial perfumes, to heighten the natural odor when
+it is regarded as attractive, to disguise it when it is regarded as
+repellent; while at the same time, happily covering both of these
+impulses, has developed the pure delight in perfume for its own
+agreeableness, the &aelig;sthetic side of olfaction. In this way&mdash;although in a
+much less constant and less elaborate manner&mdash;the body became adorned to
+the sense of smell just as by clothing and ornament it is adorned to the
+sense of sight.</p>
+
+<p>But&mdash;and this is a point of great significance from our present
+standpoint&mdash;we do not really leave the sexual sphere by introducing
+artificial perfumes. The perfumes which we extract from natural products,
+or, as is now frequently the case, produce by chemical synthesis, are
+themselves either actually animal sexual odors or allied in character or
+composition, to the personal odors they are used to heighten or disguise.
+Musk is the product of glands of the male <i>Moschus moschiferus</i> which
+correspond to preputial sebaceous glands; <a name='4_Page_92'></a>castoreum is the product of
+similar sexual glands in the beaver, and civet likewise from the civet;
+ambergris is an intestinal calculus found in the rectum of the
+cachelot.<a name='4_FNanchor_53'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_53'><sup>[53]</sup></a> Not only, however, are nearly all the perfumes of animal
+origin, in use by civilized man, odors which have a specially sexual
+object among the animals from which they are derived, but even the
+perfumes of flowers may be said to be of sexual character. They are given
+out at the reproductive period in the lives of plants, and they clearly
+have very largely as their object an appeal to the insects who secure
+plant fertilization, such appeal having as its basis the fact that among
+insects themselves olfactory sensibility has in many cases been developed
+in their own mating.<a name='4_FNanchor_54'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_54'><sup>[54]</sup></a> There is, for example, a moth in which both sexes
+are similarly and inconspicuously marked, but the males diffuse an
+agreeable odor, said to be like pineapple, which attracts the females.<a name='4_FNanchor_55'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_55'><sup>[55]</sup></a>
+If, therefore, the odors of flowers have developed because they proved
+useful to the plant by attracting insects or other living creatures, it is
+obvious that the advantage would lie with those plants which could put
+forth an animal sexual odor of agreeable character, since such an odor
+would prove fascinating to animal creatures. We here have a very simple
+explanation of the fundamental identity of odors in the animal and
+vegetable worlds. It thus comes about that from a psychological point of
+view we are not really entering a new field when we begin to discuss the
+influence of perfumes other than those of the animal body. We are merely
+concerned with somewhat more complex or somewhat more refined sexual
+odors; they are not specifically different from the human odors and they
+mingle with them harmoniously. Popular language bears <a name='4_Page_93'></a>witness to the
+truth of this statement, and the normal and abnormal human odors, as we
+have already seen, are constantly compared to artificial, animal, and
+plant odors, to chloroform, to musk, to violet, to mention only those
+similitudes which seem to occur most frequently.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The methods now employed for obtaining the perfumes universally
+    used in civilized lands are three: (1) the extraction of
+    odoriferous compounds from the neutral products in which they
+    occur; (2) the artificial preparation of naturally occurring
+    odoriferous compounds by synthetic processes; (3) the manufacture
+    of materials which yield odors resembling those of pleasant
+    smelling natural objects. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, &quot;Natural and Artificial
+    Perfumes,&quot; <i>Nature</i>, December 27, 1900.) The essential principles
+    of most of our perfumes belong to the complex class of organic
+    compounds known as terpenes. During recent years a number of the
+    essential elements of natural perfumes have been studied, in many
+    cases the methods of preparing them artificially discovered, and
+    they are largely replacing the use of natural perfumes not only
+    for soaps, etc., but for scent essences, though it appears to be
+    very difficult to imitate exactly the delicate fragrance achieved
+    by Nature. Artificial musk was discovered accidentally by Bauer
+    when studying the butyltoluenes contained in a resin extractive.
+    Vanillin, the odoriferous principle of the vanilla bean, is an
+    aldehyde which was first artificially prepared by Tiemann and
+    Haarmann in 1874 by oxidizing coniferin, a glucoside contained in
+    the sap of various conifer&aelig;, but it now appears to be usually
+    manufactured from eugenol, a phenol contained in oil of cloves.
+    Piperonal, an aldehyde closely allied to vanillin, is used in
+    perfumery under the name of heliotropin and is prepared from oil
+    of sassafras and oil of camphor. Cumarine, the material to which
+    tonka bean, sweet woodruff, and new-mown hay owe their
+    characteristic odors, was synthetically prepared by W. H. Parkin
+    in 1868 by heating sodiosalicylic aldehyde with acetic anhydride,
+    though now more cheaply prepared from an herb growing in Florida.
+    Irone, which has the perfume of violets, was isolated in 1893
+    from a ketone contained in orris-root; and ionone, another ketone
+    which has a very closely similar odor of fresh violets and was
+    isolated after some years' further work, is largely used in the
+    preparation of violet perfume. Irone and ionone are closely
+    similar in composition to oil of turpentine which when taken into
+    the body is partly converted into perfume and gives a strong odor
+    of violets to the urine. &quot;Little has yet been accomplished toward
+    ascertaining the relation between the odor and the chemical
+    constitution of substances in general. Hydrocarbons as a class
+    possess considerable similarity in odor, so also do the organic
+    sulphides and, to a much <a name='4_Page_94'></a>smaller extent, the ketones. The
+    subject waits for some one to correlate its various
+    physiological, psychological and physical aspects in the same way
+    that Helmholtz did for sound. It seems, as yet, impossible to
+    assign any probable reason to the fact that many substances have
+    a pleasant odor. It may, however, be worth suggesting that
+    certain compounds, such as the volatile sulphides and the
+    indoles, have very unpleasant odors because they are normal
+    constituents of mammalian excreta and of putrefied animal
+    products; the repulsive odors may be simply necessary results of
+    evolutionary processes.&quot; (<i>Loc. cit.</i>, <i>Nature</i>, December 27,
+    1900.)</p>
+
+<p>    Many of the perfumes in use are really combinations of a great
+    many different odors in varying proportions, such as oil of rose,
+    lavender oil, ylang-ylang, etc. The most highly appreciated
+    perfumes are often made up of elements which in stronger
+    proportion would be regarded as highly unpleasant.</p>
+
+<p>    In the study and manufacture of perfumes Germany and France have
+    taken the lead in recent times. The industry is one of great
+    importance. In France alone the trade in perfumes amounts to
+    &pound;4,000,000.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is doubtless largely owing to the essential and fundamental identity of
+odors&mdash;to the chemical resemblances even of odors from the most widely
+remote sources&mdash;that we find that perfumes in many cases have the same
+sexual effects as are primitively possessed by the body odors. In northern
+countries, where the use of perfumes is chiefly cultivated by women, it is
+by women that this sexual influence is most liable to be felt. In the
+South and in the East it appears to be at least equally often experienced
+by men. Thus, in Italy Mantegazza remarks that &quot;many men of strong sexual
+temperament cannot visit with impunity a laboratory of essences and
+perfumes.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_56'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_56'><sup>[56]</sup></a> In the East we find it stated in the Islamic book entitled
+<i>The Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui</i> that the use of perfumes by women,
+as well as by men, excites to the generative act. It is largely in
+reliance on this fact that in many parts of the world, especially among
+Eastern peoples and occasionally among ourselves in Europe, women have
+been accustomed to perfume the body and especially the vulva.<a name='4_FNanchor_57'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_57'><sup>[57]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_95'></a>
+<p>It seems highly probable that, as has been especially emphasized by Hagen,
+perfumes were primitively used by women, not as is sometimes the case in
+civilization, with the idea of disguising any possible natural odor, but
+with the object of heightening and fortifying the natural odor.<a name='4_FNanchor_58'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_58'><sup>[58]</sup></a> If the
+primitive man was inclined to disparage a woman whose odor was slight or
+imperceptible,&mdash;turning away from her with contempt, as the Polynesian
+turned away from the ladies of Sydney: &quot;They have no smell!&quot;&mdash;women would
+inevitably seek to supplement any natural defects in this respect, and to
+accentuate their odorous qualities, in the same way as by corsets and
+bustles, even in civilization, they have sought to accentuate the sexual
+saliencies of their bodies. In this way we may, as Hagen suggests, explain
+the fact that until recent times the odors preferred by women have not
+been the most delicate or exquisite, but the strongest, the most animal,
+the most sexual: musk, castoreum, civet, and ambergris.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In that interesting novel&mdash;dealing with the adventures of a
+    Jewish maiden at the Persian court of Xerxes&mdash;which under the
+    title of <i>Esther</i> has found its way into the Old Testament we are
+    told that it was customary in the royal harem at Shushan to
+    submit the women to a very prolonged course of perfuming before
+    they were admitted to the king: &quot;six months with oil of myrrh and
+    six months with sweet odors.&quot; (<i>Esther</i>, Chapter II, v. 12.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the <i>Arabian Nights</i> there are many allusions to the use of
+    perfumes by women with a more or less definitely stated
+    aphrodisiacal intent. Thus we read in the story of Kamaralzaman:
+    &quot;With fine incense I will perfume my breasts, my belly, my whole
+    body, so that my skin may melt more sweetly in thy mouth, O apple
+    of my eye!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Even among savages the perfuming of the body is sometimes
+    practiced with the object of inducing love in the partner.
+    Schellong states that the Papuans of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land rub
+    various fragrant plants into their bodies for this purpose.
+    (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1899, ht. i, p. 19.) The
+    significance of this practice is more fully revealed by Haddon
+    when studying the Papuans of Torres Straits among whom the
+    initiative in courtship is taken by the women. It was by scenting
+    <a name='4_Page_96'></a>himself with a pungent odorous substance that a young man
+    indicated that he was ready to be sued by the girls. A man would
+    wear this scent at the back of his neck during a dance in order
+    to attract the attention of a particular girl; it was believed to
+    act with magical certainty, after the manner of a charm (<i>Reports
+    of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>,
+    vol. v, pp. 211, 222, and 328).</p></div>
+
+<p>The perfume which is of all perfumes the most interesting from the present
+point of view is certainly musk. With ambergris, musk is the chief member
+of Linn&aelig;us's group of <i>Odores ambrosiac&aelig;</i>, a group which in sexual
+significances, as Zwaardemaker remarks, ranks besides the capryl group of
+odors. It is a perfume of ancient origin; its name is Persian<a name='4_FNanchor_59'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_59'><sup>[59]</sup></a>
+(indicating doubtless the channel whence it reached Europe) and ultimately
+derived from the Sanskrit word for testicle in allusion to the fact that
+it was contained in a pouch removed from the sexual parts of the male
+musk-deer. Musk odors, however, often of considerable strength, are very
+widely distributed in Nature, alike among animals and plants. This is
+indicated by the frequency with which the word &quot;musk&quot; forms part of the
+names of animals and plants which are by no means always nearly related.
+We have the musk-ox, the musky mole, several species called musk-rat, the
+musk-duct, the musk-beetle; while among plants which have received their
+names from a real or supposed musky odor are, besides several that are
+called musk-plant, the musk-rose, the musk-hyacinth, the musk-mallow, the
+musk-orchid, the musk-melon, the musk-cherry, the musk-pear, the
+musk-plum, muskat and muscatels, musk-seed, musk-tree, musk-wood, etc.<a name='4_FNanchor_60'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_60'><sup>[60]</sup></a>
+But a musky odor is not merely widespread in Nature among plants and the
+lower animals, it is peculiarly associated with man. Incidentally we have
+already seen how it is regarded as characteristic of some races of man,
+especially the Chinese. Moreover, the smell of the negress is said to be
+musky in character, and <a name='4_Page_97'></a>among Europeans a musky odor is said to be
+characteristic of blondes. Laycock, in his <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i>,
+stated his opinion that &quot;the musk odor is certainly the sexual odor of
+man&quot;; and F&eacute;r&eacute; states that the musk odor is that among natural perfumes
+most nearly approaching the odor of the sexual secretions. We have seen
+that the Chinese poet vaunts the musky odor of his mistress's armpits,
+while another Oriental saying concerning the attractive woman is that &quot;her
+navel is filled with musk.&quot; Persian literature contains many references to
+musk as an attractive body odor, and Firdusi speaks of a woman's hair as
+&quot;a crown of musk,&quot; while the Arabian poet Motannabi says of his mistress
+that &quot;her hyacinthine hair smells sweeter than Scythian musk.&quot; Galopin
+stated that he knew women whose natural odor of musk (and less frequently
+of ambergris) was sufficiently strong to impart to a bath in less than an
+hour a perfume due entirely to the exhalations of the musky body; it must
+be added that Galopin was an enthusiast in this matter.</p>
+
+<p>The special significance of musk from our present point of view lies not
+only in the fact that we here have a perfume, widely scattered throughout
+nature and often in an agreeable form, which is at the same time a very
+frequent personal odor in man. Musk is the odor which not only in the
+animals to which it has given a name, but in many others, is a
+specifically sexual odor, chiefly emitted during the sexual season. The
+sexual odors, indeed, of most animals seem to be modifications of musk.
+The Sphinx moth has a musky odor which is confined to the male and is
+doubtless sexual. Some lizards have a musky odor which is heightened at
+the sexual season; crocodiles during the pairing season emit from their
+submaxillary glands a musky odor which pervades their haunts. In the same
+way elephants emit a musky odor from their facial glands during the
+rutting season. The odor of the musk-duck is chiefly confined to the
+breeding season.<a name='4_FNanchor_61'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_61'><sup>[61]</sup></a> The musky odor of the negress is said to be
+heightened during sexual excitement.</p>
+<a name='4_Page_98'></a>
+<p>The predominance of musk as a sexual odor is associated with the fact that
+its actual nervous influence, apart from the presence of sexual
+association, is very considerable. F&eacute;r&eacute; found it to be a powerful muscular
+stimulant. In former times musk enjoyed a high reputation as a cardiac
+stimulant; it fell into disuse, but in recent years its use in asthenic
+states has been revived, and excellent results, it has been claimed, have
+followed its administration in cases of collapse from Asiatic cholera. For
+sexual torpor in women it still has (like vanilla and sandal) a certain
+degree of reputation, though it is not often used, and some of the old
+Arabian physicians (especially Avicenna) recommended it, with castoreum
+and myrrh, for amenorrh&oelig;a. Its powerful action is indicated by
+the experience of Esquirol, who stated that he had seen cases in which
+sensory stimulation by musk in women during lactation had produced mania.
+It has always had the reputation, more especially in the Mohammedan East,
+of being a sexual stimulant to men; &quot;the noblest of perfumes,&quot; it is
+called in <i>El Ktab</i>, &quot;and that which most provokes to venery.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>It is doubtless a fact significant of the special sexual effects of musk
+that, as Laycock remarked, in cases of special idiosyncrasy to odors, musk
+appears to be that odor which is most liked or disliked. Thus, the old
+English physician Whytt remarked that &quot;several delicate women who could
+easily bear the stronger smell of tobacco have been thrown into fits by
+musk, ambergris, or a pale rose.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_62'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_62'><sup>[62]</sup></a> It may be remarked that in the
+<i>Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui</i> it is stated that it is by their
+sexual effects that perfumes tend to throw women into a kind of swoon, and
+Lucretius remarks that a woman who smells castoreum, another animal sexual
+perfume, at the time of her menstrual period may swoon.<a name='4_FNanchor_63'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_63'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_99'></a>
+<p>Not only is musk the most cherished perfume of the Islamic world, and the
+special favorite of the Prophet himself, who greatly delighted in perfumes
+(&quot;I love your world,&quot; he is reported to have said in old age, &quot;for its
+women and its perfumes&quot;),<a name='4_FNanchor_64'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_64'><sup>[64]</sup></a> it is the only perfume generally used by the
+women of a land in which the refinements of life have been carried so far
+as Japan, and they received it from the Chinese.<a name='4_FNanchor_65'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_65'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Moreover, musk is still the most popular of European perfumes. It is the
+perfumes containing musk, Piesse states in his well-known book on the <i>Art
+of Perfumery</i>, which sell best. It is certainly true that in its simple
+form the odor of musk is not nowadays highly considered in Europe. This
+fact is connected with the ever-growing refinement in accordance with
+which the specific odors of the sexual regions in human beings tend to
+lose their primitive attractiveness and bodily odors generally become
+mingled with artificial perfumes and so disguised. But, although musk in
+its simple form, and under its ancient name, has lost its hold in Europe,
+it is an interesting and significant fact that it is still the perfumes
+which contain musk that are the most widely popular.</p>
+
+<p>Peau d'Espagne may be mentioned as a highly complex and luxurious perfume,
+often the favorite scent of sensuous persons, which really owes a large
+part of its potency to the presence of the crude animal sexual odors of
+musk and civet. It consists of wash-leather steeped in ottos of neroli,
+rose, santal, lavender, verbena, bergamot, cloves, and cinnamon,
+subsequently smeared with civet and musk. It is said by some, probably
+with a certain degree of truth, that Peau d'Espagne is of <a name='4_Page_100'></a>all perfumes
+that which most nearly approaches the odor of a woman's skin; whether it
+also suggests the odor of leather is not so clear.</p>
+
+<p>There is, however, no doubt that the smell of leather has a curiously
+stimulating sexual influence on many men and women. It is an odor which
+seems to occupy an intermediate place between the natural body odors and
+the artificial perfumes for which it sometimes serves as a basis; possibly
+it is to this fact that its occasional sexual influence is owing, for, as
+we have already seen, there is a tendency for sexual allurement to attach
+to odors which are not the specific personal body odors but yet are
+related to them. Moll considers, no doubt rightly, that shoe fetichism,
+perhaps the most frequent of sexual fetichistic perversions, is greatly
+favored, if, indeed, it does not owe its origin to, the associated odor of
+the feet and of the shoes.<a name='4_FNanchor_66'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_66'><sup>[66]</sup></a> He narrates a case of shoe fetichism in a
+man in which the perversion began at the age of 6; when for the first time
+he wore new shoes, having previously used only the left-off shoes of his
+elder brother; he felt and smelt these new shoes with sensations of
+unmeasured pleasure; and a few years later began to use shoes as a method
+of masturbation.<a name='4_FNanchor_67'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_67'><sup>[67]</sup></a> N&auml;cke has also recorded the case of a shoe fetichist
+who declared that the sexual attraction of shoes (usually his wife's) lay
+largely in the odor of the leather.<a name='4_FNanchor_68'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_68'><sup>[68]</sup></a> Krafft-Ebing, again, brings
+forward a case of shoe fetichism in which the significant fact is
+mentioned that the subject bought a pair of leather cuffs to smell while
+masturbating.<a name='4_FNanchor_69'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_69'><sup>[69]</sup></a> Restif de la Bretonne, who was somewhat of a shoe
+fetichist, appears to have enjoyed smelling shoes. It is not probable that
+the odor of leather explains the whole of shoe fetichism,&mdash;as we shall see
+when, in another &quot;Study,&quot; this question comes before us&mdash;and in many cases
+it cannot be said to enter at all; it is, however, one of the factors.
+Such a conclusion <a name='4_Page_101'></a>is further supported by the fact that by many the odor
+of new shoes is sometimes desired as an adjuvant to coitus. It is in the
+experience of prostitutes that such a device is not infrequent. N&auml;cke
+mentions that a colleague of his was informed by a prostitute that several
+of her clients desired the odor of new shoes in the room, and that she was
+accustomed to obtain the desired perfume by holding her shoes for a moment
+over the flame of a spirit lamp.</p>
+
+<p>The direct sexual influence of the odor of leather is, however, more
+conclusively proved by those instances in which it exists apart from shoes
+or other objects having any connection with the human body. I have
+elsewhere in these &quot;Studies&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_71'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_71'><sup>[71]</sup></a> recorded the case of a lady, entirely
+normal in sexual and other respects, who is conscious of a considerable
+degree of pleasurable sexual excitement in the presence of the smell of
+leather objects, more especially of leather-bound ledgers and in shops
+where leather objects are sold. She thinks this dates from the period
+when, as a child of 9, she was sometimes left alone for a time on a high
+stool in an office. A possible explanation in this case lies in the
+supposition that on one of these early occasions sexual excitement was
+produced by the contact with the stool (in a way that is not infrequent in
+young girls) and that the accidentally associated odor of leather
+permanently affected the nervous system, while the really significant
+contact left no permanent impression. Even on such a supposition it might,
+however, still be maintained that a real potency of the leather odor is
+illustrated by this case, and this is likewise suggested by the fact that
+the same subject is also sexually affected by various perfumes and odorous
+flowers not recalling leather.<a name='4_FNanchor_70'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_70'><sup>[70]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_102'></a>
+<p>It has been suggested to me by a lady that the odor of leather suggests
+that of the sexual organs. The same suggestion is made by Hagen,<a name='4_FNanchor_72'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_72'><sup>[72]</sup></a> and I
+find it stated by Gould and Pyle that menstruating girls sometimes smell
+of leather. The secret of its influence may thus be not altogether
+obscure; in the fact that leather is animal skin, and that it may thus
+vaguely stir the olfactory sensibilities which had been ancestrally
+affected by the sexual stimulus of the skin odor lies the probable
+foundation of the mystery.</p>
+
+<p>In the absence of all suggestion of personal or animal odors, in its most
+exquisite forms in the fragrance of flowers, olfactory sensations are
+still very frequently of a voluptuous character. Mantegazza has remarked
+that it is a proof of the close connection between the sense of smell and
+the sexual organs that the expression of pleasure produced by olfaction
+resembles the expression of sexual pleasures.<a name='4_FNanchor_73'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_73'><sup>[73]</sup></a> Make the chastest woman
+smell the flowers she likes best, he remarks, and she will close her eyes,
+breathe deeply, and, if very sensitive, tremble all over, presenting an
+intimate picture which otherwise she never shows, except perhaps to her
+lover. He mentions a lady who said: &quot;I sometimes feel such pleasure in
+smelling flowers that I seem to be committing a sin.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_74'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_74'><sup>[74]</sup></a> It is really the
+case that in many persons&mdash;usually, if not exclusively, women&mdash;the odor of
+flowers produces not only a highly pleasurable, but a distinctly and
+specifically sexual, effect. I have met with numerous cases in which this
+effect was well marked. It is usually white flowers with heavy,
+penetrating odors which exert this influence. Thus, one lady (who is
+similarly affected by various perfumes, forget-me-nots, ylang-ylang,
+<a name='4_Page_103'></a>etc.) finds that a number of flowers produce on her a definite sexual
+effect, with moistening of the pudenda. This effect is especially produced
+by white flowers like the gardenia, tuberose, etc. Another lady, who lives
+in India, has a similar experience with flowers. She writes: A scent to
+cause me sexual excitement must be somewhat heavy and <i>penetrating</i>.
+Nearly all white flowers so affect me and many Indian flowers with heavy,
+almost pungent scents. (All the flower scents are quite unconnected with
+me with any individual.) Tuberose, lilies of the valley, and frangipani
+flowers have an almost intoxicating effect on me. Violets, roses,
+mignonette, and many others, though very delicious, give me no sexual
+feeling at all. For this reason the line, 'The lilies and languors of
+virtue for the roses and raptures of vice' seems all wrong to me. The lily
+seems to me a very sensual flower, while the rose and its scent seem very
+good and countrified and virtuous. Shelley's description of the lily of
+the valley, 'whom youth makes so fair and <i>passion</i> so pale,' falls in
+much more with my ideas. &quot;I can quite understand,&quot; she adds, &quot;that
+leather, especially of books, might have an exciting effect, as the smell
+has this <i>penetrating</i> quality, but I do not think it produces any special
+feeling in me.&quot; This more sensuous character of white flowers is fairly
+obvious to many persons who do not experience from them any specifically
+sexual effects. To some people lilies have an odor which they describe as
+sexual, although these persons may be quite unaware that Hindu authors
+long since described the vulvar secretion of the <i>Padmini</i>, or perfect
+woman, during coitus, as &quot;perfumed like the lily that has newly
+burst.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_75'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_75'><sup>[75]</sup></a> It is noteworthy that it was more especially the white
+flowers&mdash;lily, tuberose, etc.&mdash;which were long ago noted by Cloquet as
+liable to cause various unpleasant nervous effects, cardiac oppression and
+syncope.<a name='4_FNanchor_76'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_76'><sup>[76]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>When we are concerned with the fragrances of flowers it would seem that we
+are far removed from the human sexual field, and that their sexual effects
+are inexplicable. It is not <a name='4_Page_104'></a>so. The animal and vegetable odors, as,
+indeed, we have already seen, are very closely connected. The recorded
+cases are very numerous in which human persons have exhaled from their
+skins&mdash;sometimes in a very pronounced degree&mdash;the odors of plants and
+flowers, of violets, of roses, of pineapple, of vanilla. On the other
+hand, there are various plant odors which distinctly recall, not merely
+the general odor of the human body, but even the specifically sexual
+odors. A rare garden weed, the stinking goosefoot, <i>Chenopodium vulvaria</i>,
+it is well known, possesses a herring brine or putrid fish odor&mdash;due, it
+appears, to propylamin, which is also found in the flowers of the common
+white thorn or mayflower (<i>Crat&aelig;gus oxyacantha</i>) and many others of the
+<i>Rosace&aelig;</i>&mdash;which recalls the odor of the animal and human sexual
+regions.<a name='4_FNanchor_77'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_77'><sup>[77]</sup></a> The reason is that both plant and animal odors belong
+chemically to the same group of capryl odors (Linn&aelig;us's <i>Odores hircini</i>),
+so called from the goat, the most important group of odors from the sexual
+point of view. Caproic and capryl acid are contained not only in the odor
+of the goat and in human sweat, and in animal products as many cheeses,
+but also in various plants, such as Herb Robert (<i>Geranium robertianum</i>),
+and the Stinking St. John's worts (<i>Hypericum hircinum</i>), as well as the
+<i>Chenopodium</i>. Zwaardemaker considers it probable that the odor of the
+vagina belongs to the same group, as well as the odor of semen (which
+Haller called <i>odor aphrodisiacus</i>), which last odor is also found, as
+Cloquet pointed out, in the flowers of the common berberry (<i>Berberis
+vulgaris</i>) and in the chestnut. A very remarkable and significant example
+of the same odor seems to occur in the case of the flowers of the henna
+plant, the white-flowered Lawsonia (<i>Lawsonia inermis</i>), so widely used in
+some Mohammedan lands for dyeing the nails and other parts of the body.
+&quot;These flowers diffuse the sweetest odor,&quot; wrote Sonnini in Egypt a
+century ago; &quot;the women delight <a name='4_Page_105'></a>to wear them, to adorn their houses with
+them, to carry them to the baths, to hold them in their hands, and to
+perfume their bosoms with them. They cannot patiently endure that
+Christian and Jewish women shall share the privilege with them. It is very
+remarkable that the perfume of the henna flowers, when closely inhaled, is
+almost entirely lost in a very decided spermatic odor. If the flowers are
+crushed between the fingers this odor prevails, and is, indeed, the only
+one perceptible. It is not surprising that so delicious a flower has
+furnished Oriental poetry with many charming traits and amorous similes.&quot;
+Such a simile Sonnini finds in the <i>Song of Songs</i>, i. 13-14.<a name='4_FNanchor_78'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_78'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The odor of semen has not been investigated, but, according to
+Zwaardemaker, artificially produced odors (like cadaverin) resemble it.
+The odor of the leguminous fenugreek, a botanical friend considers,
+closely approaches the odor given off in some cases by the armpit in
+women. It is noteworthy that fenugreek contains cumarine, which imparts
+its fragrance to new-mown hay and to various flowers of somewhat similar
+odor. On some persons these have a sexually exciting effect, and it is of
+considerable interest to observe that they recall to many the odor of
+semen. &quot;It seems very natural,&quot; a lady writes, &quot;that flowers, etc., should
+have an exciting effect, as the original and by far the pleasantest way of
+love-making was in the open among flowers and fields; but a more purely
+physical reason may, I think, be found in the exact resemblance between
+the scent of semen and that of the pollen of flowering grasses. The first
+time I became aware of this resemblance it came on me with a rush that
+here was the explanation of the very exciting effect of a field of
+flowering grasses and, perhaps through them, of the scents of other
+flowers. If I am right, I suppose flower scents should affect women more
+powerfully than men in a sexual way. I do not think anyone would be likely
+to notice the odor of semen in this connection unless they had been
+greatly struck by the exciting effects of the pollen of <a name='4_Page_106'></a>grasses. I had
+often noticed it and puzzled over it.&quot; As pollen is the male sexual
+element of flowers, its occasionally stimulating effect in this direction
+is perhaps but an accidental result of a unity running through the organic
+world, though it may be perhaps more simply explained as a special form of
+that nasal irritation which is felt by so many persons in a hay-field.
+Another correspondent, this time a man, tells me that he has noted the
+resemblance of the odor of semen to that of crushed grasses. A scientific
+friend who has done much work in the field of organic chemistry tells me
+he associates the odor of semen with that produced by diastasic action on
+mixing flour and water, which he regards as sexual in character. This
+again brings us to the starchy products of the leguminous plants. It is
+evident that, subtle and obscure as many questions in the physiology and
+psychology of olfaction still remain, we cannot easily escape from their
+sexual associations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_53'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_53'>[53]</a><div class='note'><p> H. Beauregard, <i>Mati&egrave;re M&eacute;dicale Zo&ouml;logique: Histoire des
+Drogues d'origine Animate</i>, 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_54'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_54'>[54]</a><div class='note'><p> Professor Plateau, of Ghent, has for many years carried on a
+series of experiments which would even tend to show that insects are
+scarcely attracted by the colors of flowers at all, but mainly influenced
+by a sense which would appear to be smell. His experiments have been
+recorded during recent years (from 1887) in the <i>Bulletins de l'Acad&eacute;mie
+Royale de Belgique</i>, and have from time to time been summarized in
+<i>Nature</i>, <i>e.g.</i>, February 5, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_55'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_55'>[55]</a><div class='note'><p> David Sharp, <i>Cambridge Natural History: Insects</i>, Part II,
+p. 398.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_56'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_56'>[56]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza, <i>Fisiologia dell' Amore</i>, 1873, p. 176.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_57'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_57'>[57]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza (<i>L'Amour dans l'Humanit&eacute;</i>, p. 94) refers to
+various peoples who practice this last custom. Egypt was a great centre of
+the practice more than 3000 years ago.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_58'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_58'>[58]</a><div class='note'><p> Hagen, <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, 1901, p. 226. It has been
+suggested to me by a medical correspondent that one of the primitive
+objects of the hair, alike on head, mons veneris, and axilla, was to
+collect sweat and heighten its odor to sexual ends.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_59'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_59'>[59]</a><div class='note'><p> The names of all our chief perfumes are Arabic or Persian:
+civet, musk, ambergris, attar, camphor, etc.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_60'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_60'>[60]</a><div class='note'><p> Cloquet (<i>Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, pp. 73-76) has an interesting
+passage on the prevalence of the musk odor in animals, plants, and even
+mineral substances.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_61'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_61'>[61]</a><div class='note'><p> Laycock brings together various instances of the sexual
+odors of animals, insisting on their musky character (<i>Nervous Diseases of
+Women</i>; section, &quot;Odors&quot;). See also a section in the <i>Descent of Man</i>
+(Part II, Chapter XVIII), in which Darwin argues that &quot;the most
+odoriferous males are the most successful in winning the females.&quot; Distant
+also has an interesting paper on this subject, &quot;Biological Suggestions,&quot;
+<i>Zo&ouml;logist</i>, May, 1902; he points out the significant fact that musky
+odors are usually confined to the male, and argues that animal odors
+generally are more often attractive than protective.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_62'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_62'>[62]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Whytt, <i>Works</i>, 1768, p. 543.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_63'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_63'>[63]</a><div class='note'><p> Lucretius, VI, 790-5.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_64'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_64'>[64]</a><div class='note'><p> Mohammed, said Ayesha, was very fond of perfumes, especially
+&quot;men's scents,&quot; musk and ambergris. He used also to burn camphor on
+odoriferous wood and enjoy the fragrant smell, while he never refused
+perfumes when offered them as a present. The things he cared for most,
+said Ayesha, were women, scents, and foods. Muir, <i>Life of Mahomet</i>, vol.
+iii, p. 297.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_65'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_65'>[65]</a><div class='note'><p> H. ten Kate, <i>International Centralblatt f&uuml;r Anthropologie</i>,
+Ht. 6, 1902. This author, who made observations on Japanese with
+Zwaardemaker's olfactometer, found that, contrary to an opinion sometimes
+stated, they have a somewhat defective sense of smell. He remarks that
+there are no really native Japanese perfumes.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_66'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_66'>[66]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll: <i>Die Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, 1890,
+p. 306.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_67'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_67'>[67]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll: <i>Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. 1, p. 284.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_68'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_68'>[68]</a><div class='note'><p> P. N&auml;cke, &quot;Un Cas de Fetichisme de Souliers,&quot; <i>Bulletin de
+la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de M&eacute;decine Mentale de Belgique</i>, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_69'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_69'>[69]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English edition, p. 167.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_70'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_70'>[70]</a><div class='note'><p> Philip Salmuth (<i>Observationes Medic&aelig;</i>, Centuria II, no. 63)
+in the seventeenth century recorded a case in which a young girl of noble
+birth (whose sister was fond of eating chalk, cinnamon, and cloves)
+experienced extreme pleasure in smelling old books. It would appear,
+however, that in this case the fascination lay not so much in the odor of
+the leather as in the mouldy odor of worm-eaten books; &quot;<i>f&aelig;tore veterum
+liborum, a blattis et tineis exesorum, situque prorsus corruptorum</i>&quot; are
+Salmuth's words.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_71'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_71'>[71]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Studies in the Psychology of Sex</i>, vol. iii, &quot;Appendix B,
+History VIII.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_72'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_72'>[72]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Sexuelle Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, p. 106.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_73'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_73'>[73]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza, <i>Fisiologia dell' Amore</i>, p. 176.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_74'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_74'>[74]</a><div class='note'><p> In this connection I may quote the remark of the writer of a
+thoughtful article in the <i>Journal of Psychological Medicine</i>, 1851: &quot;The
+use of scents, especially those allied to the musky, is one of the
+luxuries of women, and in some constitutions cannot be indulged without
+some danger to the morals, by the excitement to the ovaria which results.
+And although less potent as aphrodisiacs in their action on the sexual
+system of women than of men, we have reason to think that they cannot be
+used to excess with impunity by most.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_75'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_75'>[75]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Kama Sutra</i> of Vatsyayana, 1883, p. 5.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_76'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_76'>[76]</a><div class='note'><p> Cloquet, <i>Osphr&eacute;siologie</i>, p. 95.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_77'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_77'>[77]</a><div class='note'><p> In Normandy the <i>Chenopodium</i>, it is said, is called
+&quot;conio,&quot; and in Italy erba connina (con, cunnus), on account of its vulvar
+odor. The attraction of dogs to this plant has been noted. In the same way
+cats are irresistibly attracted to preparations of valerian because their
+own urine contains valerianic acid.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_78'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_78'>[78]</a><div class='note'><p> Sonnini, <i>Voyage dans la Haute et Basse Egypte</i>, 1799, vol.
+i. p. 298.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_V'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_107'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation&mdash;The Symptoms of
+Vanillism&mdash;The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of
+Flowers&mdash;Effects of Flowers on the Voice.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The reality of the olfactory influences with which we have been concerned,
+however slight they may sometimes appear, is shown by the fact that odors,
+both agreeable and disagreeable, are stimulants, obeying the laws which
+hold good for stimulants generally. They whip up the nervous energies
+momentarily, but in the end, if the excitation is excessive and prolonged,
+they produce fatigue and exhaustion. This is clearly shown by F&eacute;r&eacute;'s
+elaborate experiments on the influences of odors, as compared with other
+sensory stimulants, on the amount of muscular work performed with the
+ergograph.<a name='4_FNanchor_79'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_79'><sup>[79]</sup></a> Commenting on the remark of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, that
+&quot;man uses perfumes to impart energy to his passion,&quot; F&eacute;r&eacute; remarks: &quot;But
+perfumes cannot keep up the fires which they light.&quot; Their prolonged use
+involves fatigue, which is not different from that produced by excessive
+work, and reproduces all the bodily and psychic accompaniments of
+excessive work.<a name='4_FNanchor_80'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_80'><sup>[80]</sup></a> It is well known that workers in perfumes are apt to
+suffer from the inhalation of the odors amid which they live. Dealers in
+musk are said to be specially liable to precocious dementia. The symptoms
+generally experienced by the men and women who work in vanilla factories
+where the crude fruit is prepared for commerce have often been studied and
+are well known. They are due to the inhalation of the scent, which has all
+the properties of the aromatic aldehydes, and include <a name='4_Page_108'></a>skin eruptions,<a name='4_FNanchor_81'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_81'><sup>[81]</sup></a>
+general excitement, sleeplessness, headache, excessive menstruation, and
+irritable bladder. There is nearly always sexual excitement, which may be
+very pronounced.<a name='4_FNanchor_82'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_82'><sup>[82]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We are here in the presence, it may be insisted, not of a nervous
+influence only, but of a direct effect of odor on the vital processes. The
+experiments of Tardif on the influence of perfumes on frogs and rabbits
+showed that a poisonous effect was exerted;<a name='4_FNanchor_83'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_83'><sup>[83]</sup></a> while F&eacute;r&eacute;, by incubating
+fowls' eggs in the presence of musk, found repeatedly that many
+abnormalities occurred, and that development was retarded even in the
+embryos that remained normal; while he obtained somewhat similar results
+by using essences of lavender, cloves, etc.<a name='4_FNanchor_84'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_84'><sup>[84]</sup></a> The influence of odors is
+thus deeper than is indicated by their nervous effects; they act directly
+on nutrition. We are led, as Passy remarks, to regard odors as very
+intimately related to the physiological properties of organic substances,
+and the sense of smell as a detached fragment of generally sensibility,
+reacting to the same stimuli as general sensibility, but highly
+specialized in view of its protective function.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The reality and subtlety of the influence of odors is further
+    shown, by the cases in which very intense effects are produced
+    even by the temporary inhalation of flowers or perfumes or other
+    odors. Such cases of idiosyncrasy in which a person&mdash;frequently
+    of somewhat neurotic temperament&mdash;becomes acutely sensitive to
+    some odor or odors have been recorded in medical literature for
+    many centuries. In these cases the obnoxious odor produces
+    congestion of the respiratory passages, sneezing, headache,
+    fainting, etc., but occasionally, it has been recorded, even
+    death. (Dr. J. N. Mackenzie, in his interesting and learned paper
+    on &quot;The Production of the so-called 'Rose Cold,' etc.,&quot; <i>American
+    Journal of Medical Sciences</i>, January, 1886, quotes many cases,
+    and gives a number of references to ancient medical authors; see
+    also Layet, art. &quot;Odeur,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+    Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>.)</p><a name='4_Page_109'></a>
+
+<p>    An interesting phenomenon of the group&mdash;though it is almost too
+    common to be described as an idiosyncrasy&mdash;is the tendency of the
+    odor of certain flowers to affect the voice and sometimes even to
+    produce complete loss of voice. The mechanism of the process is
+    not fully understood, but it would appear that congestion and
+    paresis of the larynx is produced and spasm of the bronchial
+    tube. Botallus in 1565 recorded cases in which the scent of
+    flowers brought on difficulty of breathing, and the danger of
+    flowers from this point of view is well recognized by
+    professional singers. Joal has studied this question in an
+    elaborate paper (summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+    March 3, 1895), and Dr. Caban&egrave;s has brought together (<i>Figaro</i>,
+    January 20, 1894) the experiences of a number of well-known
+    singers, teachers of singing, and laryngologists. Thus, Madame
+    Ren&eacute;e Richard, of the Paris Opera, has frequently found that when
+    her pupils have arrived with a bunch of violets fastened to the
+    bodice or even with a violet and iris sachet beneath the corset,
+    the voice has been marked by weakness and, on using the
+    laryngoscope, she has found the vocal cords congested. Madame
+    Calv&eacute; confirmed this opinion, and stated that she was specially
+    sensitive to tuberose and mimosa, and that on one occasion a
+    bouquet of white lilac has caused her, for a time, complete loss
+    of voice. The flowers mentioned are equally dangerous to a number
+    of other singers; the most injurious flower of all is found to be
+    the violet. The rose is seldom mentioned, and artificial perfumes
+    are comparatively harmless, though some singers consider it
+    desirable to be cautious in using them.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_79'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_79'>[79]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, Chapter XIII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_80'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_80'>[80]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, p. 175. It is doubtless true of the
+effects of odors on the sexual sphere. F&eacute;r&eacute; records the case of a
+neurasthenic lady whose sexual coldness toward her husband only
+disappeared after the abandonment of a perfume (in which heliotrope was
+apparently the chief constituent) she had been accustomed to use in
+excessive amounts.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_81'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_81'>[81]</a><div class='note'><p> It is perhaps significant that many colors are especially
+liable to produce skin disorders, especially urticaria; a number of cases
+have been recorded by Joal, <i>Journal de M&eacute;decine</i>, July 10, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_82'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_82'>[82]</a><div class='note'><p> Layet, art. &quot;Vanillisme,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>; <i>cf.</i> Audeoud, <i>Revue M&eacute;dicale de la Suisse Romande</i>,
+October 20, 1899, summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_83'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_83'>[83]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Tardif, <i>Les Odeurs et Parfums</i>, Chapter III.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_84'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_84'>[84]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, March 28, 1896.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_S_VI'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_110'></a>VI.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections&mdash;It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance&mdash;It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>When we survey comprehensively the extensive field we have here rapidly
+traversed, it seems not impossible to gain a fairly accurate view of the
+special place which olfactory sensations play in human sexual selection.
+The special peculiarity of this group of sensations in man, and that which
+gives them an importance they would not otherwise possess, is due to the
+fact that we here witness the decadence of a sense which in man's remote
+ancestors was the very chiefest avenue of sexual allurement. In man, even
+the most primitive man,&mdash;to some degree even in the apes,&mdash;it has declined
+in importance to give place to the predominance of vision.<a name='4_FNanchor_85'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_85'><sup>[85]</sup></a> Yet, at
+that lower threshold of acuity at which it persists in man it still bathes
+us in a more or less constant atmosphere of odors, which perpetually move
+us to sympathy or to antipathy, and which in their finer manifestations we
+do not neglect, but even cultivate with the increase of our civilization.</p>
+
+<p>It thus comes about that the grosser manifestations of sexual allurement
+by smell belong, so far as man is concerned, to a remote animal past which
+we have outgrown and which, on account of the diminished acuity of our
+olfactory organs, we could not completely recall even if we desired to;
+the sense of sight inevitably comes into play long before it is possible
+for close contact to bring into action the sense of smell. But the latent
+possibilities of sexual allurement by olfaction, which are inevitably
+embodied in the nervous structure we have inherited from our animal
+ancestors, still remain <a name='4_Page_111'></a>ready to be called into play. They emerge
+prominently from time to time in exceptional and abnormal persons. They
+tend to play an unusually larger part in the psychic lives of neurasthenic
+persons, with their sensitive and comparatively unbalanced nervous
+systems, and this is doubtless the reason why poets and men of letters
+have insisted on olfactory impressions so frequently and to so notable a
+degree; for the same reason sexual inverts are peculiarly susceptible to
+odors. For a different reason, warmer climates, which heighten all odors
+and also favor the growth of powerfully odorous plants, lead to a
+heightened susceptibility to the sexual and other attractions of smell
+even among normal persons; thus we find a general tendency to delight in
+odors throughout the East, notably in India, among the ancient Hebrews,
+and in Mohammedan lands.</p>
+
+<p>Among the ordinary civilized population in Europe the sexual influences of
+smell play a smaller and yet not altogether negligible part. The
+diminished prominence of odors only enables them to come into action, as
+sexual influences, on close contact, when, in some persons at all events,
+personal odors may have a distinct influence in heightening sympathy or
+arousing antipathy. The range of variation among individuals is in this
+matter considerable. In a few persons olfactory sympathy or antipathy is
+so pronounced that it exerts a decisive influence in their sexual
+relationships; such persons are of olfactory type. In other persons smell
+has no part in constituting sexual relationships, but it comes into play
+in the intimate association of love, and acts as an additional excitant;
+when reinforced by association such olfactory impressions may at times
+prove irresistible. Other persons, again, are neutral in this respect, and
+remain indifferent either to the sympathetic or antipathetic working of
+personal odors, unless they happen to be extremely marked. It is probable
+that the majority of refined and educated people belong to the middle
+group of those persons who are not of predominantly olfactory type, but
+are liable from time to time to be influenced in this manner. Women are
+probably at least as often affected in this manner as men, probably more
+often.</p><a name='4_Page_112'></a>
+
+<p>On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odors play a
+not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest,
+but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection&mdash;whether in
+preferential mating or in assortative mating&mdash;is comparatively small.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_85'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_85'>[85]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll has a passage on this subject, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die
+Libido Sexualis</i>. Bd. I, pp. 376-381.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_HEARING'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_113'></a>HEARING.</h2>
+
+<a name='4_H_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Physiological Basis of Rhythm&mdash;Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus&mdash;The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement&mdash;The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc.&mdash;The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals&mdash;Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals&mdash;The Larynx and Voice in Man&mdash;The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes&mdash;Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education, and Medicine&mdash;Its Therapeutic
+Uses&mdash;Significance of the Romantic Interest in Music at Puberty&mdash;Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of
+Music&mdash;Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of
+Hearing&mdash;The Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship&mdash;Women Notably
+Susceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The sense of rhythm&mdash;on which it may be said that the sensory exciting
+effects of hearing, including music, finally rest&mdash;may probably be
+regarded as a fundamental quality of neuro-muscular tissue. Not only are
+the chief physiological functions of the body, like the circulation and
+the respiration, definitely rhythmical, but our senses insist on imparting
+a rhythmic grouping even to an absolutely uniform succession of
+sensations. It seems probable, although this view is still liable to be
+disputed, that this rhythm is the result of kin&aelig;sthetic
+sensations,&mdash;sensations arising from movement or tension started reflexly
+in the muscles by the external stimuli,&mdash;impressing themselves on the
+sensations that are thus grouped.<a name='4_FNanchor_86'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_86'><sup>[86]</sup></a> We may thus say, with Wilks, that
+music appears to have had its origin in muscular action.<a name='4_FNanchor_87'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_87'><sup>[87]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_114'></a>
+<p>Whatever its exact origin may be, rhythm is certainly very deeply
+impressed on our organisms. The result is that, whatever lends itself to
+the neuro-muscular rhythmical tendency of our organisms, whatever tends
+still further to heighten and develop that rhythmical tendency, exerts
+upon us a very decidedly stimulating and exciting influence.</p>
+
+<p>All muscular action being stimulated by rhythm, in its simple form or in
+its more developed form as music, rhythm is a stimulant to work. It has
+even been argued by B&uuml;cher and by Wundt<a name='4_FNanchor_88'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_88'><sup>[88]</sup></a> that human song had its chief
+or exclusive origin in rhythmical vocal accompaniments to systematized
+work. This view cannot, however, be maintained; systematized work can
+scarcely be said to exist, even to-day, among most very primitive races;
+it is much more probable that rhythmical song arose at a period antecedent
+to the origin of systematized work, in the primitive military, religious,
+and erotic dances, such as exist in a highly developed degree among the
+Australians and other savage races who have not evolved co-ordinated
+systematic labor. There can, however, be no doubt that as soon as
+systematic work appears the importance of vocal rhythm in stimulating its
+energy is at once everywhere recognized. B&uuml;cher has brought together
+innumerable examples of this association, and in the march music of
+soldiers and the heaving and hoisting songs of sailors we have instances
+that have universally persisted into civilization, although in
+civilization the rhythmical stimulation of work, physiologically sound as
+is its basis, tends to die out. Even in the laboratory the influence of
+simple rhythm in increasing the output of work may be demonstrated; and
+F&eacute;r&eacute; found with the ergograph that a rhythmical grouping of the movements
+caused an increase of energy which often more than compensated the loss of
+time caused by the rhythm.<a name='4_FNanchor_89'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_89'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_115'></a>
+<p>Rhythm is the most primitive element of music, and the most fundamental.
+Wallaschek, in his book on <i>Primitive Music</i>, and most other writers on
+the subject are agreed on this point. &quot;Rhythm,&quot; remarks an American
+anthropologist,<a name='4_FNanchor_90'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_90'><sup>[90]</sup></a> &quot;naturally precedes the development of any fine
+perception of differences in pitch, of time-quality, or of tonality.
+Almost, if not all, Indian songs,&quot; he adds, &quot;are as strictly developed out
+of modified repetitions of a motive as are the movements of a Mozart or a
+Beethoven symphony.&quot; &quot;In all primitive music,&quot; asserts Alice C.
+Fletcher,<a name='4_FNanchor_91'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_91'><sup>[91]</sup></a> &quot;rhythm is strongly developed. The pulsations of the drum
+and the sharp crash of the rattles are thrown against each other and
+against the voice, so that it would seem that the pleasure derived by the
+performers lay not so much in the tonality of the song as in the measured
+sounds arrayed in contesting rhythm, and which by their clash start the
+nerves and spur the body to action, for the voice which alone carries the
+tone is often subordinated and treated as an additional instrument.&quot; Groos
+points out that a melody gives us the essential impression of a <i>voice
+that dances</i>;<a name='4_FNanchor_92'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_92'><sup>[92]</sup></a> it is a translation of spatial movement into sound, and,
+as we shall see, its physiological action on the organism is a reflection
+of that which, as we have elsewhere found,<a name='4_FNanchor_93'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_93'><sup>[93]</sup></a> dancing itself produces,
+and thus resembles that produced by the sight of movement. Dancing, music,
+and poetry were primitively so closely allied as to be almost identical;
+they were still inseparable among the early Greeks. The refrains in our
+English ballads indicate the dancer's part in them. The technical use of
+the word &quot;foot&quot; in metrical matters still persists to show that a poem is
+fundamentally a dance.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Aristotle seems to have first suggested that rhythm and melodies
+    are motions, as actions are motions, and therefore signs of
+    feeling.<a name='4_Page_116'></a> &quot;All melodies are motions,&quot; says Helmholtz. &quot;Graceful
+    rapidity, gravel procession, quiet advance, wild leaping, all
+    these different characters of motion and a thousand others can be
+    represented by successions of tones. And as music expresses these
+    motions it gives an expression also to those mental conditions
+    which naturally evoke similar motions, whether of the body and
+    the voice, or of the thinking and feeling principle itself.&quot;
+    (Helmholtz, <i>On the Sensations of Tone</i>, translated by A. J.
+    Ellis, 1885, p. 250.)</p>
+
+<p>    From another point of view the motor stimulus of music has been
+    emphasized by Cyples: &quot;Music connects with the only sense that
+    can be perfectly manipulated. Its emotional charm has struck men
+    as a great mystery. There appears to be no doubt whatever that it
+    gets all the marvelous effects it has beyond the mere pleasing of
+    the ear, from its random, but multitudinous summonses of the
+    efferent activity, which at its vague challenges stirs
+    unceasingly in faintly tumultuous irrelevancy. In this way, music
+    arouses aimlessly, but splendidly, the sheer, as yet unfulfilled,
+    potentiality within us.&quot; (W. Copies, <i>The Process of Human
+    Experience</i>, p. 743.)</p>
+
+<p>    The fundamental element of transformed motion in music has been
+    well brought out in a suggestive essay by Goblot (&quot;La Musique
+    Descriptive,&quot; <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, July, 1901): &quot;Sung or
+    played, melody figures to the ear a successive design, a moving
+    arabesque. We talk of <i>ascending</i> and <i>descending</i> the gamut, of
+    <i>high</i> notes or <i>low</i> notes; the; higher voice of woman is called
+    <i>soprano</i>, or <i>above</i>, the deeper voice of man is called <i>bass</i>.
+    <i>Grave</i> tones were so called by the Greeks because they seemed
+    heavy and to incline downward. Sounds seem to be subject to the
+    action of gravity; so that some rise and others fall. Baudelaire,
+    speaking of the prelude to <i>Lohengrin</i>, remarks: 'I felt myself
+    <i>delivered from the bonds of weight</i>.' And when Wagner sought to
+    represent, in the highest regions of celestial space, the
+    apparition of the angels bearing the Holy Grail to earth, he uses
+    very high notes, and a kind of chorus played exclusively by the
+    violins, divided into eight parts, in the highest notes of their
+    register. The descent to earth of the celestial choir is rendered
+    by lower and lower notes, the progressive disappearance of which
+    represents the reascension to the ethereal regions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Sounds seem to rise and fall; that is a fact. It is difficult to
+    explain it. Some have seen in it a habit derived from the usual
+    notation by which the height of the note corresponds to its
+    height in the score. But the impression is too deep and general
+    to be explained by so superficial and recent a cause. It has been
+    suggested also that high notes are generally produced by small
+    and light bodies, low notes by heavy bodies. But that is not
+    always true. It has been said, again, <a name='4_Page_117'></a>that high notes in nature
+    are usually produced by highly placed objects, while low notes
+    arise from caves and low placed regions. But the thunder is heard
+    in the sky, and the murmur of a spring or the song of a cricket
+    arise from the earth. In the human voice, again, it is said, the
+    low notes seem to resound in the chest, high notes in the head.
+    All this is unsatisfactory. We cannot explain by such coarse
+    analogies an impression which is very precise, and more sensible
+    (this fact has its importance) for an interval of half a tone
+    than for an interval of an octave. It is probable that the true
+    explanation is to be found in the still little understood
+    connection between the elements of our nervous apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Nearly all our emotions tend to produce movement. But education
+    renders us economical of our acts. Most of these movements are
+    repressed, especially in the adult and civilized man, as harmful,
+    dangerous, or merely useless. Some are not completed, others are
+    reduced to a faint incitation which externally is scarcely
+    perceptible. Enough remain to constitute all that is expressive
+    in our gestures, physiognomy, and attitudes. Melodic intervals
+    possess in a high degree this property of provoking impulses of
+    movement, which, even when repressed, leave behind internal
+    sensations and motor images. It would be possible to study these
+    facts experimentally if we had at our disposition a human being
+    who, while retaining his sensations and their motor reactions,
+    was by special circumstances rendered entirely spontaneous like a
+    sensitive automaton, whose movements were neither intentionally
+    produced nor intentionally repressed. In this way, melodic
+    intervals in a hypnotized subject might be very instructive.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    A number of experiments of the kind desired by Goblot had already
+    been made by A. de Rochas in a book, copiously illustrated by
+    very numerous instantaneous photographs, entitled <i>Les
+    Sentiments, la Musique et la Geste</i>, 1900. Chapter III. De Rochas
+    experimented on a single subject, Lina, formerly a model, who was
+    placed in a condition of slight hypnosis, when various simple
+    fragments of music were performed: recitatives, popular airs, and
+    more especially national dances, often from remote parts of the
+    world. The subject's gestures were exceedingly marked and varied
+    in accordance with the character of the music. It was found that
+    she often imitated with considerable precision the actual
+    gestures of dances she could never have seen. The same music
+    always evoked the same gestures, as was shown by instantaneous
+    photographs. This subject, stated to be a chaste and well-behaved
+    girl, exhibited no indications of definite sexual emotion under
+    the influence of any kind of music. Some account is given in the
+    same volume of other hypnotic experiments with music which were
+    also negative as regards specific sexual phenomena.</p></div><a name='4_Page_118'></a>
+
+<p>It must be noted that, as a physiological stimulus, a single musical note
+is effective, even apart from rhythm, as is well shown by F&eacute;r&eacute;'s
+experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph.<a name='4_FNanchor_94'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_94'><sup>[94]</sup></a> It is, however,
+the influence of music on muscular work which has been most frequently
+investigated, and both on brief efforts with the dynamometer and prolonged
+work with the ergograph it has been found to exert a stimulating
+influence. Thus, Scripture found that, while his own maximum thumb and
+finger grip with the dynamometer is 8 pounds, when the giant's motive from
+Wagner's <i>Rheingold</i> is played it rises to 8&frac34; pounds.<a name='4_FNanchor_95'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_95'><sup>[95]</sup></a> With the
+ergograph Tarchanoff found that lively music, in nervously sensitive
+persons, will temporarily cause the disappearance of fatigue, though slow
+music in a minor key had an opposite effect.<a name='4_FNanchor_96'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_96'><sup>[96]</sup></a> The varying influence on
+work with the ergograph of different musical intervals and different keys
+has been carefully studied by F&eacute;r&eacute; with many interesting results. There
+was a very considerable degree of constancy in the results. Discords were
+depressing; most, but not all, major keys were stimulating; and most, but
+not all, minor keys depressing. In states of fatigue, however, the minor
+keys were more stimulating than the major, an interesting result in
+harmony with that stimulating influence of various painful emotions in
+states of organic fatigue which we have elsewhere encountered when
+investigating sadism.<a name='4_FNanchor_97'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_97'><sup>[97]</sup></a> &quot;Our musical culture,&quot; F&eacute;r&eacute; remarks, &quot;only
+renders more perceptible to us the unconscious relationships which exist
+between musical art and our organisms. Those whom we consider more endowed
+in this respect have a deeper penetration of the phenomena accomplished
+within them; they feel more profoundly the marvelous reactions between the
+organism and the principles of musical art, they experience more strongly
+that art is <a name='4_Page_119'></a>within them.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_98'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_98'><sup>[98]</sup></a> Both the higher and the lower muscular
+processes, the voluntary and the involuntary, are stimulated by music.
+Darlington and Talbot, in Titchener's laboratory at Cornell University,
+found that the estimation of relative weights was aided by music.<a name='4_FNanchor_99'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_99'><sup>[99]</sup></a>
+Lombard found, when investigating the normal variations in the knee-jerk,
+that involuntary reflex processes are always reinforced by music; a
+military band playing a lively march caused the knee-jerk to increase at
+the loud passages and to diminish at the soft passages, while remaining
+always above the normal level.<a name='4_FNanchor_100'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_100'><sup>[100]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>With this stimulating influence of rhythm and music on the neuro-muscular
+system&mdash;which may or may not be direct&mdash;there is a concomitant influence
+on the circulatory and breathing apparatus. During recent years a great
+many experiments have been made on man and animals bearing on the effects
+of music on the heart and respiration. Perhaps the earliest of these were
+carried out by the Russian physiologist Dogiel in 1880.<a name='4_FNanchor_101'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_101'><sup>[101]</sup></a> His methods
+were perhaps defective and his results, at all events as regards man,
+uncertain, but in animals the force and rapidity of the heart were
+markedly increased. Subsequent investigations have shown very clearly the
+influence of music on the circulatory and respiratory systems in man as
+well as in animals. That music has an apparently direct influence on the
+circulation of the brain is shown by the observations of Patrizi on a
+youth who had received a severe wound of the head which had removed a
+large portion of the skull wall. The stimulus of <a name='4_Page_120'></a>melody produced an
+immediate increase in the afflux of blood to the brain.<a name='4_FNanchor_102'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_102'><sup>[102]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In Germany the question was investigated at about the same time by
+Mentz.<a name='4_FNanchor_103'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_103'><sup>[103]</sup></a> Observing the pulse with a sphygmograph and Marey tambour he
+found distinct evidence of an effect on the heart; when attention was
+given to the music the pulse was quickened, in the absence of attention it
+was slowed; Mentz also found that pleasurable sensations tended to slow
+the pulse and disagreeable ones to quicken it.</p>
+
+<p>Binet and Courtier made an elaborate series of experiments on the action
+of music on the respiration (with the double pneumograph), the heart, and
+the capillary circulation (with the plethysmograph of Hallion and Comte)
+on a single subject, a man very sensitive to music and himself a cultured
+musician. Simple musical sounds with no emotional content accelerated the
+respiration without changing its regularity or amplitude. Musical
+fragments, mostly sung, usually well known to the subject, and having an
+emotional effect on him, produced respiratory irregularity either in
+amplitude or rapidity of breathing, in two-thirds of the trials. Exciting
+music, such as military marches, accelerated the breathing more than sad
+melodies, but the intensity of the excitation had an effect at least as
+great as its quality, for intense excitations always produced both
+quickened and deeper breathing. The heart was quickened in harmony with
+the quickened breathing. Neither breathing nor heart was ever slowed. As
+regards the capillary pulsation, an influence was exerted chiefly, if not
+exclusively, by gay and exciting melodies, which produced a shrinking.
+Throughout the experiments it was found that the most profound
+physiological effects were exerted by those pieces which the subject found
+to be most emotional in their influence on him.<a name='4_FNanchor_104'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_104'><sup>[104]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_121'></a>
+<p>Guibaud studied the question on a number of subjects, confirming and
+extending the conclusions of Binet and Courtier. He found that the
+reactions of different individuals varied, but that for the same
+individual reactions were constant. Circulatory reaction was more often
+manifest than respiratory reaction. The latter might be either a
+simultaneous modification of depth and of rapidity or of either of these.
+The circulatory reaction was a peripheral vasoconstriction with diminished
+fullness of pulse and slight acceleration of cardiac rhythm; there was
+never any distinct slowing of heart under the influence of music. Guibaud
+remarks that when people say they feel a shudder at some passage of music,
+this sensation of cold finds its explanation in the production of a
+peripheral vasoconstriction which may be registered by the
+plethysmograph.<a name='4_FNanchor_105'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_105'><sup>[105]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Since music thus directly and powerfully affects the chief vital
+processes, it is not surprising that it should indirectly influence
+various viscera and functions. As Tarchanoff and others have demonstrated,
+it affects the skin, increasing the perspiration; it may produce a
+tendency to tears; it sometimes produces desire to urinate, or even actual
+urination, as in Scaliger's case of the Gascon gentleman who was always
+thus affected on hearing the bagpipes. In dogs it has been shown by
+Tarchanoff and Wartanoff that auditory stimulation increases the
+consumption of oxygen 20 per cent., and the elimination of carbonic acid
+17 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the effects of musical sound already mentioned, it may be
+added that, as Epstein, of Berne, has shown,<a name='4_FNanchor_106'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_106'><sup>[106]</sup></a> the other senses are
+stimulated under the influence of sound, and notably there is an increase
+in acuteness of vision which may be experimentally demonstrated. It is
+probable that this effect of music in heightening the impressions received
+by the other senses is of considerable significance from our present point
+of view.</p>
+<a name='4_Page_122'></a>
+<p>Why are musical tones in a certain order and rhythm pleasurable? asked
+Darwin in <i>The Descent of Man</i>, and he concluded that the question was
+insoluble. We see that, in reality, whatever the ultimate answer may be,
+the immediate reason is quite simple. Pleasure is a condition of slight
+and diffused stimulation, in which the heart and breathing are faintly
+excited, the neuro-muscular system receives additional tone, the viscera
+gently stirred, the skin activity increased; and certain combinations of
+musical notes and intervals act as a physiological stimulus in producing
+these effects.<a name='4_FNanchor_107'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_107'><sup>[107]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among animals of all kinds, from insects upward, this physiological action
+appears to exist, for among nearly all of them certain sounds are
+agreeable and attractive, and other sounds indifferent and disagreeable.
+It appears that insects of quite different genera show much appreciation
+of the song of the Cicada.<a name='4_FNanchor_108'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_108'><sup>[108]</sup></a> Birds show intense interest in the singing
+of good performers even of other species. Experiments among a variety of
+animals in the Zo&ouml;logical Gardens with performances on various instruments
+showed that with the exception of seals none were indifferent, and all
+felt a discord as offensive. Many animals showed marked likes and
+dislikes; thus, a tiger, who was obviously soothed by the violin, was
+infuriated by the piccolo; the violin and the flute were preferred by most
+animals.<a name='4_FNanchor_109'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_109'><sup>[109]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Most persons have probably had occasion to observe the
+    susceptibility of dogs to music. It may here suffice to give one
+    personal observation. A dog (of mixed breed, partly collie), very
+    well known to me, on hearing a nocturne of Chopin, whined and
+    howled, especially at the more pathetic passages, once or twice
+    catching and drawing out the actual note played; he panted,
+    walked about anxiously, and now and then placed his head on the
+    player's lap. When the player proceeded <a name='4_Page_123'></a>to a more cheerful piece
+    by Grieg, the dog at once became indifferent, sat down, yawned,
+    and scratched himself; but as soon as the player returned once
+    more to the nocturne the dog at once repeated his accompaniment.</p></div>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt that among a very large number of animals of most
+various classes, more especially among insects and birds, the attraction
+of music is supported and developed on the basis of sexual attraction, the
+musical notes emitted serving as a sexual lure to the other sex. The
+evidence on this point was carefully investigated by Darwin on a very wide
+basis.<a name='4_FNanchor_110'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_110'><sup>[110]</sup></a> It has been questioned, some writers preferring to adopt the
+view of Herbert Spencer,<a name='4_FNanchor_111'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_111'><sup>[111]</sup></a> that the singing of birds is due to
+&quot;overflow of energy,&quot; the relation between courtship and singing being
+merely &quot;a relation of concomitance.&quot; This view is no longer tenable;
+whatever the precise origin of the musical notes of animals may be,&mdash;and
+it is not necessary to suppose that sexual attraction had a large part in
+their first rudimentary beginnings,&mdash;there can now be little doubt that
+musical sounds, and, among birds, singing, play a very large part indeed
+in bringing the male and the female together.<a name='4_FNanchor_112'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_112'><sup>[112]</sup></a> Usually, it would
+appear, it is the performance of the male that attracts the female; it is
+only among very simple and primitive musicians, like some insects, that
+the female thus attracts the male.<a name='4_FNanchor_113'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_113'><sup>[113]</sup></a> The fact that it is nearly always
+one sex only that is thus musically gifted should alone have sufficed to
+throw suspicion on any but a sexual solution of this problem of animal
+song.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, an exceedingly remarkable fact that, although among
+insects and lower vertebrates the sexual influence <a name='4_Page_124'></a>of music is so large,
+and although among mammals and predominantly in man the emotional and
+&aelig;sthetic influence of music is so great, yet neither in man nor any of the
+higher mammals has music been found to exert a predominant sexual
+influence, or even in most cases any influence at all. Darwin, while
+calling attention to the fact that the males of most species of mammals
+use their vocal powers chiefly, and sometimes exclusively, during the
+breeding-season, adds that &quot;it is a surprising fact that we have not as
+yet any good evidence that these organs are used by male mammals to charm
+the female.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_114'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_114'><sup>[114]</sup></a> From a very different standpoint, F&eacute;r&eacute;, in studying the
+pathology of the human sexual instinct in the light of a very full
+knowledge of the available evidence, states that he knows of no detailed
+observations showing the existence of any morbid sexual perversions based
+on the sense of hearing, either in reference to the human voice or to
+instrumental music.<a name='4_FNanchor_115'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_115'><sup>[115]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>When, however, we consider that not only in the animals most nearly
+related to man, but in man himself, the larynx and the voice undergo a
+marked sexual differentiation at puberty, it is difficult not to believe
+that this change has an influence on sexual selection and sexual
+psychology. At puberty there is a slight hyper&aelig;mia of the larynx,
+accompanied by rapid development alike of the larynx itself and of the
+vocal cords, which become larger and thicker, while there is an associated
+change in the voice, which deepens. All these changes are very slight in
+girls, but very pronounced in boys, whose voices are said to &quot;break&quot; and
+then become lower by at least an octave. The feminine larynx at puberty
+only increases in the proportion of 5 to 7, but the masculine larynx in
+the proportion of 5 to 10. The direct dependence of this change on the
+general sexual development is shown not merely by its occurrence at
+puberty, but by the fact that in eunuchs in whom <a name='4_Page_125'></a>the testicles have been
+removed before puberty the voice retains its childlike qualities.<a name='4_FNanchor_116'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_116'><sup>[116]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, I believe that we may attach a considerable degree of
+importance to the voice and to music generally as a method of sexual
+appeal. On this point I agree with Moll, who remarks that &quot;the sense of
+hearing here plays a considerable part, and the stimulation received
+through the ears is much larger than is usually believed.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_117'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_117'><sup>[117]</sup></a> I am not,
+however, inclined to think that this influence is considerable in its
+action on men, although Mantegazza remarks, doubtless with a certain
+truth, that &quot;some women's voices cannot be heard with impunity.&quot; It is
+true that the ancients deprecated the sexual or at all events the
+effeminating influence of some kinds of music, but they seem to have
+regarded it as sedative rather than stimulating; the kind of music they
+approved of as martial and stimulating was the kind most likely to have
+sexual effects in predisposed persons.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Chinese and the Greeks have more especially insisted on the
+    ethical qualities of music and on its moralizing and demoralizing
+    effects. Some three thousand years ago, it is stated, a Chinese
+    emperor, believing that only they who understood music are
+    capable of governing, distributed administrative functions in
+    accordance with this belief. He acted entirely in accordance with
+    Chinese morality, the texts of Confucianism (see translations in
+    the &quot;Sacred Books of the East Series&quot;) show clearly that music
+    and ceremony (or social ritual in a wide sense) are regarded as
+    the two main guiding influences of life&mdash;music as the internal
+    guide, ceremony as the external guide, the former being looked
+    upon as the more important.</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Greeks Menander said that to many people music is a
+    powerful stimulant to love. Plato, in the third book of the
+    <i>Republic</i>, discusses what kinds of music should be encouraged in
+    his ideal state. He does not clearly state that music is ever a
+    sexual stimulant, but he appears to associate plaintive music
+    (mixed Lydian and Hypolydian)<a name='4_Page_126'></a> with drunkenness, effeminacy, and
+    idleness and considers that such music is &quot;useless even to women
+    that are to be virtuously given, not to say to men.&quot; He only
+    admits two kinds of music: one violent and suited to war, the
+    other tranquil and suited to prayer or to persuasion. He sets out
+    the ethical qualities of music with a thoroughness which almost
+    approaches the great Chinese philosopher: &quot;On these accounts we
+    attach such importance to a musical education, because rhythm and
+    harmony sink most deeply into the recesses of the soul, and take
+    most powerful hold of it, bringing gracefulness in their train,
+    and making a man graceful if he be rightly nurtured, ... leading
+    him to commend beautiful objects, and gladly receive them into
+    his soul, and feed upon them, and grow to be noble and good.&quot;
+    Plato is, however, by no means so consistent and thorough as the
+    Chinese moralist, for having thus asserted that it is the
+    influence of music which molds the soul into virtue, he proceeds
+    to destroy his position with the statement that &quot;we shall never
+    become truly musical until we know the essential forms of
+    temperance and courage and liberality and munificence,&quot; thus
+    moving in a circle. It must be added that the Greek conception of
+    music was very comprehensive and included poetry.</p>
+
+<p>    Aristotle took a wider view of music than Plato and admitted a
+    greater variety of uses for it. He was less anxious to exclude
+    those uses which were not strictly ethical. He disapproved,
+    indeed, of the Phrygian harmony as the expression of Bacchic
+    excitement. He accepts, however, the function of music as a
+    &#954;&#8049;&#952;&#945;&#961;&#963;&#953;&#962; of emotion, a notion which is said to have
+    originated with the Pythagoreans. (For a discussion of
+    Aristotle's views on music, see W. L. Newman, <i>The Politics of
+    Aristotle</i>, vol. i, pp. 359-369.)</p>
+
+<p>    Athen&aelig;us, in his frequent allusions to music, attributes to it
+    many intellectual and emotional properties (<i>e.g.</i>, Book XIV,
+    Chapter XXV) and in one place refers to &quot;melodies inciting to
+    lawless indulgence&quot; (Book XIII, Chapter LXXV).</p>
+
+<p>    We may gather from the <i>Priapeia</i> (XXVI) that cymbals and
+    castanets were the special accompaniment in antiquity of wanton
+    songs and dances: &quot;<i>cymbala, cum crotalis, pruriginis arma</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The ancient belief in the moralizing influence of music has
+    survived into modern times mainly in a somewhat more scientific
+    form as a belief in its therapeutic effects in disordered nervous
+    and mental conditions. (This also is an ancient belief as
+    witnessed by the well-known example of David playing to Saul to
+    dispel his melancholia.) In 1729 an apothecary of Oakham, Richard
+    Broune, published a work entitled <i>Medicina Musica</i>, in which he
+    argued that music was beneficial in many maladies. In more recent
+    days there have been various experiments and cases brought
+    forward showing its efficacy in special conditions.</p><a name='4_Page_127'></a>
+
+<p>    An American physician (W. F. Hutchinson) has shown that an&aelig;sthesia
+    may be produced with accurately made tuning forks at certain
+    rates of vibration (summarized in the <i>British Medical Journal</i>,
+    June 4, 1898). Ferrand in a paper read before the Paris Academy
+    of Medicine in September, 1895, gives reasons for classing some
+    kinds of music as powerful antispasmodics with beneficial
+    therapeutic action. The case was subsequently reported of a child
+    in whom night-terrors were eased by calming music in a minor key.
+    The value of music in lunatic asylums is well recognized; see
+    <i>e.g.</i>, N&auml;cke, <i>Revue de Psychiatrie</i>, October, 1897. Vaschide
+    and Vurpas (<i>Comptes Rendus de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, December
+    13, 1902) have recorded the case of a girl of 20, suffering from
+    mental confusion with excitation and central motor
+    disequilibrium, whose muscular equilibrium was restored and
+    movements rendered more co-ordinated and adaptive under the
+    influence of music.</p>
+
+<p>    While there has been much extravagance in the ancient doctrine
+    concerning the effects of music, the real effects are still
+    considerable. Not only is this demonstrated by the experiments
+    already referred to (p. 118), indicating the efficacy of musical
+    sounds as physiological stimulants, but also by anatomical
+    considerations. The roots of the auditory nerves, McKendrick has
+    pointed out, are probably more widely distributed and have more
+    extensive connections than those of any other nerve. The
+    intricate connections of these nerves are still only being
+    unraveled. This points to an explanation of how music penetrates
+    to the very roots of our being, influencing by associational
+    paths reflex mechanisms both cerebral and somatic, so that there
+    is scarcely a function of the body that may not be affected by
+    the rhythmical pulsations, melodic progressions, and harmonic
+    combinations of musical tones. (<i>Nature</i>, June 15, 1899, p. 164.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Just as we are not entitled from the ancient belief in the influence of
+music on morals or the modern beliefs in its therapeutic influence&mdash;even
+though this has sometimes gone to the length of advocating its use in
+impotence<a name='4_FNanchor_118'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_118'><sup>[118]</sup></a>&mdash;to argue that music has a marked influence in exciting the
+specifically sexual instincts, neither are we entitled to find any similar
+argument in the fact that music is frequently associated with the
+love-feelings of youth. Men are often able to associate many of their
+earliest ideas of love in boyhood with women singing or playing; but in
+these cases it will always be found that the fascination was romantic and
+sentimental, and not specifically <a name='4_Page_128'></a>erotic.<a name='4_FNanchor_119'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_119'><sup>[119]</sup></a> In adult life the music
+which often seems to us to be most definitely sexual in its appeal (such
+as much of Wagner's <i>Tristan</i>) really produces this effect in part from
+the association with the story, and in part from the intellectual
+realization of the composer's effort to translate passion into &aelig;sthetic
+terms; the actual effect of the music is not sexual, and it can well be
+believed that the results of experiments as regards the sexual influence
+of the <i>Tristan</i> music on men under the influence of hypnotism have been,
+as reported, negative. Helmholtz goes so far as to state that the
+expression of sexual longing in music is identical with that of religious
+longing. It is quite true, again, that a soft and gentle voice seems to
+every normal man as to Lear &quot;an excellent thing in woman,&quot; and that a
+harsh or shrill voice may seem to deaden or even destroy altogether the
+attraction of a beautiful face. But the voice is not usually in itself an
+adequate or powerful method of evoking sexual emotion in a man. Even in
+its supreme vocal manifestations the sexual fascination exerted by a great
+singer, though certainly considerable, cannot be compared with that
+commonly exerted by the actress. Cases have, indeed, been
+recorded&mdash;chiefly occurring, it is probable, in men of somewhat morbid
+nervous disposition&mdash;in which sexual attraction was exerted chiefly
+through the ear, or in which there was a special sexual sensibility to
+particular inflections or accents.<a name='4_FNanchor_120'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_120'><sup>[120]</sup></a> F&eacute;r&eacute; mentions the case of a young
+man in hospital with acute arthritis who complained of painful erections
+whenever he heard through the door the very agreeable voice of the young
+woman (invisible to him) who superintended the linen.<a name='4_FNanchor_121'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_121'><sup>[121]</sup></a> But these
+phenomena do not appear to be common, or, at all events, very pronounced.
+So far as my own inquiries <a name='4_Page_129'></a>go, only a small proportion of men would
+appear to experience definite sexual feelings on listening to music. And
+the fact that in woman the voice is so slightly differentiated from that
+of the child, as well as the very significant fact that among man's
+immediate or even remote ancestors the female's voice can seldom have
+served to attract the male, sufficiently account for the small part played
+by the voice and by music as a sexual allurement working on men.<a name='4_FNanchor_122'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_122'><sup>[122]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is otherwise with women. It may, indeed, be said at the outset that the
+reasons which make it antecedently improbable that men should be sexually
+attracted through hearing render it probable that women should be so
+attracted. The change in the voice at puberty makes the deeper masculine
+voice a characteristic secondary sexual attribute of man, while the fact
+that among mammals generally it is the male that is most vocal&mdash;and that
+chiefly, or even sometimes exclusively, at the rutting season&mdash;renders it
+antecedently likely that among mammals generally, including the human
+species, there is in the female an actual or latent susceptibility to the
+sexual significance of the male voice,<a name='4_FNanchor_123'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_123'><sup>[123]</sup></a> a susceptibility which, under
+the conditions of human civilization, may be transferred <a name='4_Page_130'></a>to music
+generally. It is noteworthy that in novels written by women there is a
+very frequent attentiveness to the qualities of the hero's voice and to
+its emotional effects on the heroine.<a name='4_FNanchor_124'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_124'><sup>[124]</sup></a> We may also note the special
+and peculiar personal enthusiasm aroused in women by popular musicians, a
+more pronounced enthusiasm than is evoked in them by popular actors.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>As an interesting example of the importance attached by women
+    novelists to the effects of the male voice I may refer to George
+    Eliot's <i>Mill on the Floss</i>, probably the most intimate and
+    personal of George Eliot's works. In Book VI of this novel the
+    influence of Stephen Guest (a somewhat commonplace young man)
+    over Maggie Tulliver is ascribed almost exclusively to the effect
+    of his base voice in singing. We are definitely told of Maggie
+    Tulliver's &quot;sensibility to the supreme excitement of music.&quot;
+    Thus, on one occasion, &quot;all her intentions were lost in the vague
+    state of emotion produced by the inspiring duet&mdash;emotion that
+    seemed to make her at once strong and weak: strong for all
+    enjoyment, weak for all resistance. Poor Maggie! She looked very
+    beautiful when her soul was being played on in this way by the
+    inexorable power of sound. You might have seen the slightest
+    perceptible quivering through her whole frame as she leaned a
+    little forward, clasping her hands as if to steady herself; while
+    her eyes dilated and brightened into that wideopen, childish
+    expression of wondering delight, which always came back in her
+    happiest moments.&quot; George Eliot's novels contain many allusions
+    to the powerful emotional effects of music.</p>
+
+<p>    It is unnecessary to refer to Tolstoy's <i>Kreutzer Sonata</i>, in
+    which music is regarded as the Galeotto to bring lovers
+    together&mdash;&quot;the connecting bond of music, the most refined lust of
+    the senses.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>In primitive human courtship music very frequently plays a considerable
+part, though not usually the sole part, being generally found as the
+accompaniment of the song and the dance at erotic festivals.<a name='4_FNanchor_125'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_125'><sup>[125]</sup></a> The
+Gilas, of New Mexico, among whom courtship consists in a prolonged
+serenade day after day with the flute, furnish a somewhat exceptional
+case. Savage women <a name='4_Page_131'></a>are evidently very attentive to music; Backhouse (as
+quoted, by Ling Roth<a name='4_FNanchor_126'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_126'><sup>[126]</sup></a>) mentions how a woman belonging to the very
+primitive and now extinct Tasmanian race, when shown a musical box,
+listened &quot;with intensity; her ears moved like those of a dog or horse, to
+catch the sound.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>I have found little evidence to show that music, except in occasional
+cases, exerts even the slightest specifically sexual effect on men,
+whether musical or unmusical. But I have ample evidence that it very
+frequently exerts to a slight but definite extent such an influence on
+women, even when quite normal. Judging from my own inquiries it would,
+indeed, seem likely that the majority of normal educated women are liable
+to experience some degree of definite sexual excitement from music; one
+states that orchestral music generally tends to produce this effect;
+another finds it chiefly from Wagner's music; another from military music,
+etc. Others simply state&mdash;what, indeed, probably expresses the experience
+of most persons of either sex&mdash;that it heightens one's mood. One lady
+mentions that some of her friends, whose erotic feelings are aroused by
+music, are especially affected in this way by the choral singing in Roman
+Catholic churches.<a name='4_FNanchor_127'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_127'><sup>[127]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In the typical cases just mentioned, all fairly normal and healthy women,
+the sexual effects of music though definite were usually quite slight. In
+neuropathic subjects they may occasionally be more pronounced. Thus, a
+medical correspondent has communicated to me the case of a married lady
+with one child, a refined, very beautiful, but highly neurotic, woman,
+married to a man with whom she has nothing in common. Her tastes lie in
+the direction of music; she is a splendid pianist, and her highly trained
+voice would have made a fortune. She confesses to strong sexual feelings
+and does not understand <a name='4_Page_132'></a>why intercourse never affords what she knows she
+wants. But the hearing of beautiful music, or at times the excitement of
+her own singing, will sometimes cause intense orgasm.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Vaschide and Vurpas, who emphasize the sexually stimulating
+    effects of music, only bring forward one case in any detail, and
+    it is doubtless significant that this case is a woman. &quot;While
+    listening to a piece of music X changes expression, her eyes
+    become bright, the features are accentuated, a smile begins to
+    form, an expression of pleasure appears, the body becomes more
+    erect, there is a general muscular hypertonicity. X tells us that
+    as she listens to the music she experiences sensations very like
+    those of normal intercourse. The difference chiefly concerns the
+    local genital apparatus, for there is no flow of vaginal mucus.
+    On the psychic side the resemblance is marked.&quot; (Vaschide and
+    Vurpas, &quot;Du Coefficient Sexual de l'Impulsion Musicale,&quot;
+    <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, May, 1904.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is sometimes said, or implied, that a woman (or a man) sings
+    better under the influence of sexual emotion. The writer of an
+    article already quoted, on &quot;Woman in her Psychological Relations&quot;
+    (<i>Journal of Psychological Medicine</i>, 1851), mentions that &quot;a
+    young lady remarkable for her musical and poetical talents
+    na&iuml;vely remarked to a friend who complimented her upon her
+    singing: 'I never sing half so well as when I've had a
+    love-fit.'&quot; And George Eliot says. &quot;There is no feeling, perhaps,
+    except the extremes of fear and grief, that does not make a man
+    sing or play the better.&quot; While, however, it may be admitted that
+    some degree of general emotional exaltation may exercise a
+    favorable influence on the singing voice, it is difficult to
+    believe that definite physical excitement at or immediately
+    before the exercise of the voice can, as a rule, have anything
+    but a deleterious effect on its quality. It is recognized that
+    tenors (whose voices resemble those of women more than basses,
+    who are not called upon to be so careful in this respect) should
+    observe rules of sexual hygiene; and menstruation frequently has
+    a definite influence in impairing the voice (H. Ellis, <i>Man and
+    Woman</i>, fourth edition, p. 290). As the neighborhood of
+    menstruation is also the period when sexual excitement is most
+    likely to be felt, we have here a further indication that sexual
+    emotion is not favorable to singing. I agree with the remarks of
+    a correspondent, a musical amateur, who writes: &quot;Sexual
+    excitement and good singing do not appear to be correlated. A
+    woman's emotional capacity in singing or acting may be remotely
+    associated with hysterical neuroses, but is better evinced for
+    art purposes in the absence of disturbing sexual influences. A
+    woman may, indeed, fancy herself the heroine of a wanton romance
+    and 'let herself go' a little in singing with improved results.
+    But a memory of sexual ardors will help no woman to make the best
+    of <a name='4_Page_133'></a>her voice in training. Some women can only sing their best
+    when they think of the other women they are outsinging. One girl
+    'lets her soul go out into her voice' thinking of jamroll,
+    another thinking of her lover (when she has none), and most, no
+    doubt, when they think of nothing. But no woman is likely to
+    'find herself' in an artistic sense because she has lost herself
+    in another sense&mdash;not even if she has done so quite respectably.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>The reality of the association between the sexual impulse and music&mdash;and,
+indeed, art generally&mdash;is shown by the fact that the evolution of puberty
+tends to be accompanied by a very marked interest in musical and other
+kinds of art. Lancaster, in a study of this question among a large number
+of young people (without reference to difference in sex, though they were
+largely female), found that from 50 to 75 per cent of young people feel an
+impulse to art about the period of puberty, lasting a few months, or at
+most a year or two. It appears that 464 young people showed an increased
+and passionate love for music, against only 102 who experienced no change
+in this respect. The curve culminates at the age of 15 and falls rapidly
+after 16. Many of these cases were really quite unmusical.<a name='4_FNanchor_128'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_128'><sup>[128]</sup></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_86'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_86'>[86]</a><div class='note'><p> This view has been more especially developed by J. B. Miner,
+<i>Motor, Visual, and Applied Rhythms</i>, Psychological Review Monograph
+Supplements, vol. v, No. 4, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_87'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_87'>[87]</a><div class='note'><p> Sir S. Wilks, <i>Medical Magazine</i>, January, 1894; <i>cf.</i>
+Clifford Allbutt, &quot;Music, Rhythm, and Muscle,&quot; <i>Nature</i>, February 8,
+1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_88'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_88'>[88]</a><div class='note'><p> B&uuml;cher, <i>Arbeit und Rhythmus</i>, third edition, 1902; Wundt,
+<i>V&ouml;lkerpsychologie</i>, 1900, Part I, p. 265.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_89'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_89'>[89]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute; deals fully with the question in his book, <i>Travail et
+Plaisir</i>, 1904, Chapter III, &quot;Influence du Rhythme sur le Travail.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_90'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_90'>[90]</a><div class='note'><p> Fillmore, &quot;Primitive Scales and Rhythms,&quot; <i>Proceedings of
+the International Congress of Anthropology</i>, Chicago, 1893.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_91'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_91'>[91]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Love Songs among the Omaha Indians,&quot; in <i>Proceedings</i> of
+same congress.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_92'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_92'>[92]</a><div class='note'><p> Groos, <i>Spiele der Menschen</i>, p. 33.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_93'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_93'>[93]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Analysis of the Sexual Impulse,&quot; <i>Studies in the Psychology
+of Sex</i>, vol. iii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_94'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_94'>[94]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Sensation et Mouvement</i>, Chapter V; <i>id.</i>, <i>Travail
+et Plaisir</i>, Chapter XII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_95'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_95'>[95]</a><div class='note'><p> Scripture, <i>Thinking, Feeling, Doing</i>, p. 85.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_96'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_96'>[96]</a><div class='note'><p> Tarchanoff, &quot;Influence de la Musique sur l'Homme et sur les
+Animaux,&quot; <i>Atti dell' XI Congresso Medico Internationale</i>, Rome, 1894,
+vol. ii, p. 153; also in <i>Archives Italiennes de Biologie</i>, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_97'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_97'>[97]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Love and Pain,&quot; <i>Studies in the Psychology of Sex</i>, vol.
+iii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_98'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_98'>[98]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Travail et Plaisir</i>, Chapter XII, &quot;Action
+Physiologique des Sens Musicaux.&quot; &quot;A practical treatise on harmony,&quot;
+Goblot remarks (<i>Revue Philosophique</i>, July, 1901, p. 61), &quot;ought to tell
+us in what way such an interval, or such a succession of intervals,
+affects us. A theoretical treatise on harmony ought to tell us the
+explanation of these impressions. In a word, musical harmony is a
+psychological science.&quot; He adds that this science is very far from being
+constituted yet; we have hardly even obtained a glimpse of it.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_99'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_99'>[99]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_100'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_100'>[100]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, November, 1887. The
+influence of rhythm on the involuntary muscular system is indicated by the
+occasional effect of music in producing a tendency to contraction of the
+bladder.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_101'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_101'>[101]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archiv f&uuml;r Anatomie und Physiologie</i> (Physiologisches
+Abtheilung), 1880, p. 420.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_102'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_102'>[102]</a><div class='note'><p> M. L. Patrizi, &quot;Primi esperimenti intorno all' influenza
+della musica sulla circolozione del sangue nel cervello umano,&quot;
+<i>International Congress f&uuml;r Psychologie</i>, Munich, 1897, p. 176.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_103'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_103'>[103]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Philosophische Studien</i>, vol. xi.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_104'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_104'>[104]</a><div class='note'><p> Binet and Courtier, &quot;La Vie Emotionelle,&quot; <i>Ann&eacute;e
+Psychologique</i>, Third Year, 1897, pp. 104-125.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_105'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_105'>[105]</a><div class='note'><p> Guibaud, <i>Contribution &agrave; l'&eacute;tude exp&eacute;rimentale de
+l'influence de la musique sur la circulation et la respiration</i>. Th&egrave;se de
+Bordeaux, 1898, summarized in <i>Ann&eacute;e Psychologique</i>, Fifth Year, 1899, pp.
+645-649.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_106'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_106'>[106]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>International Congress of Physiology</i>, Berne, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_107'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_107'>[107]</a><div class='note'><p> The influence of association plays no necessary part in
+these pleasurable influences, for F&eacute;r&eacute;'s experiments show that an
+unmusical subject responds physiologically, with much precision, to
+musical intervals he is unable to recognize. R. MacDougall also finds that
+the effective quality of rhythmical sequences does not appear to be
+dependent on secondary associations (<i>Psychological Review</i>, January,
+1903).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_108'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_108'>[108]</a><div class='note'><p> R. T. Lewis, in <i>Nature Notes</i>, August, 1891.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_109'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_109'>[109]</a><div class='note'><p> Cornish, &quot;Orpheus at the Zoo,&quot; in <i>Life at the Zoo</i>, pp.
+115-138.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_110'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_110'>[110]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Descent of Man</i>, Chapters XIII and XIX.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_111'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_111'>[111]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The Origin of Music&quot; (1857), <i>Essays</i>, vol. ii.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_112'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_112'>[112]</a><div class='note'><p> Anyone who is in doubt on this point, as regards bird song,
+may consult the little book in which the evidence has been well summarized
+by H&auml;cker, <i>Der Gesang der V&ouml;gel</i>, or the discussion in Groos's <i>Spiele
+der Thiere</i>, pp. 274 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_113'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_113'>[113]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus, mosquitoes are irresistibly attracted by music, and
+especially by those musical tones which resemble the buzzing of the
+female; the males alone are thus attracted. (Nuttall and Shipley, and Sir
+Hiram Maxim, quoted in <i>Nature</i>, October 31, 1901, p. 655, and in
+<i>Lancet</i>, February 22, 1902.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_114'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_114'>[114]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Descent of Man</i>, second edition, p. 567. Groos, in his
+discussion of music, also expresses doubt whether hearing plays a
+considerable part in the courtship of mammals, <i>Spiele der Menschen</i>, p.
+22.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_115'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_115'>[115]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p. 137.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_116'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_116'>[116]</a><div class='note'><p> See Bi&eacute;rent, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i> Chapter IV; also Havelock Ellis,
+<i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, pp. 270-272. Endriss (<i>Die Bisherigen
+Beobachtungen von Physiologischen und Pathologischen Beziehungen der
+oberen Luftwege zu den Sexualorganen</i>, Teil III) brings together various
+observations on the normal and abnormal relations of the larynx to the
+sexual sphere.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_117'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_117'>[117]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. 1, p.
+133.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_118'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_118'>[118]</a><div class='note'><p> J. L. Roger, <i>Trait&eacute; des Effets de la Musique</i>, 1803, pp.
+234 and 342.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_119'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_119'>[119]</a><div class='note'><p> A typical example occurs in the early life of History I in
+Appendix B to vol. iii of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_120'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_120'>[120]</a><div class='note'><p> Vaschide and Vurpas state (<i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, May,
+1904) that in their experience music may facilitate sexual approaches in
+some cases of satiety, and that in certain pathological cases the sexual
+act can only be accomplished under the influence of music.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_121'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_121'>[121]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, p. 137. Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge</i>, etc.,
+vol. ii, p. 355) quotes some remarks of Kistemaecker's concerning the
+sound of women's garments and the way in which savages and sometimes
+civilized women cultivate this rustling and clinking. Gutzkow, in his
+<i>Autobiography</i>, said that the <i>frou-frou</i> of a woman's dress was the
+music of the spheres to him.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_122'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_122'>[122]</a><div class='note'><p> The voice is doubtless a factor of the first importance in
+sexual attraction among the blind. On this point I have no data. The
+expressiveness of the voice to the blind, and the extent to which their
+likes and dislikes are founded on vocal qualities, is well shown by an
+interesting paper written by an American physician, blind from early
+infancy, James Cocke, &quot;The Voice as an Index to the Soul,&quot; <i>Arena</i>,
+January, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_123'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_123'>[123]</a><div class='note'><p> Long before Darwin had set forth his theory of sexual
+selection Laycock had pointed out the influence which the voice of the
+male, among man and other animals, exerts on the female (<i>Nervous Diseases
+of Women</i>, p. 74). And a few years later the writer of a suggestive
+article on &quot;Woman in her Psychological Relations&quot; (<i>Journal of
+Psychological Medicine</i>, 1851) remarked: &quot;The sonorous voice of the male
+man is exactly analogous in its effect on woman to the neigh and bellow of
+other animals. This voice will have its effect on an amorous or
+susceptible organization much in the same way as color and the other
+visual ovarian stimuli.&quot; The writer adds that it exercises a still more
+important influence when modulated to music: &quot;in this respect man has
+something in common with insects as well as birds.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_124'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_124'>[124]</a><div class='note'><p> Groos refers more than once to the important part played in
+German novels written by women by what one of them terms the &quot;bearded male
+voice.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_125'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_125'>[125]</a><div class='note'><p> Various instances are quoted in the third volume of these
+<i>Studies</i> when discussing the general phenomena of courtship and
+tumescence, &quot;An Analysis of the Sexual Impulse.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_126'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_126'>[126]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>The Tasmanians</i>, p. 20.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_127'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_127'>[127]</a><div class='note'><p> An early reference to the sexual influence of music on
+women may perhaps be found in a playful passage in Swift's <i>Martinus
+Scriblerus</i> (possibly due to his medical collaborator, Arbuthnot): &quot;Does
+not &AElig;lian tell how the Libyan mares were excited to horsing by music?
+(which ought to be a caution to modest women against frequenting operas).&quot;
+<i>Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus</i>, Book I, Chapter 6. (The reference is to
+&AElig;lian, <i>Hist. Animal</i>, lib. XI, cap. 18, and lib. XII, cap. 44.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_128'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_128'>[128]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Lancaster, &quot;Psychology of Adolescence,&quot; <i>Pedagogical
+Seminary</i>, July, 1897.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_H_II'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_134'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary&mdash;Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have seen that it is possible to set forth in a brief space the facts
+at present available concerning the influence on the pairing impulse of
+stimuli acting through the ear. They are fairly simple and uncomplicated;
+they suggest few obscure problems which call for analysis; they do not
+bring before us any remarkable perversions of feeling.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, the stimuli to sexual excitement received through the
+sense of hearing, although very seldom of exclusive or preponderant
+influence, are yet somewhat more important than is usually believed.
+Primarily the voice, and secondarily instrumental music, exert a distinct
+effect in this direction, an effect representing a specialization of a
+generally stimulating physiological influence which all musical sounds
+exercise upon the organism. There is, however, in this respect, a definite
+difference between the sexes. It is comparatively rare to find that the
+voice or instrumental music, however powerful its generally emotional
+influence, has any specifically sexual effect on men. On the other hand,
+it seems probable that the majority of women, at all events among the
+educated classes, are liable to show some degree of sexual sensibility to
+the male voice or to instrumental music.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising to find that music should have some share in arousing
+sexual emotion when we bear in mind that in the majority of persons the
+development of sexual life is accompanied by a period of special interest
+in music. It is not unexpected that the specifically sexual effects of the
+voice and music should be chiefly experienced by women when we remember
+that not only in the human species is it the male in whom the larynx and
+voice are chiefly modified at puberty, but that among mammals generally it
+is the male who is chiefly or exclusively vocal at the period of sexual
+activity; so that any <a name='4_Page_135'></a>sexual sensibility to vocal manifestations must be
+chiefly or exclusively manifested in female mammals.</p>
+
+<p>At the best, however, although &aelig;sthetic sensibility to sound is highly
+developed and emotional sensibility to it profound and widespread,
+although women may be thrilled by the masculine voice and men charmed by
+the feminine voice, it cannot be claimed that in the human species hearing
+is a powerful factor in mating. This sense has here suffered between the
+lower senses of touch and smell, on the one hand, with their vague and
+massive appeal, and the higher sense, vision, on the other hand, with its
+exceedingly specialized appeal. The position of touch as the primary and
+fundamental sense is assured. Smell, though in normal persons it has no
+decisive influence on sexual attraction, acts by virtue of its emotional
+sympathies and antipathies, while, by virtue of the fact that among man's
+ancestors it was the fundamental channel of sexual sensibility, it
+furnishes a latent reservoir of impressions to which nervously abnormal
+persons, and even normal persons under the influence of excitement or of
+fatigue, are always liable to become sensitive. Hearing, as a sense for
+receiving distant perceptions has a wider field than is in man possessed
+by either touch or smell. But here it comes into competition with vision,
+and vision is, in man, the supreme and dominant sense.<a name='4_FNanchor_129'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_129'><sup>[129]</sup></a> We are always
+more affected by what we see than by what we hear. Men and women seldom
+hear each other without speedily seeing each other, and then the chief
+focus of interest is at once transferred to the visual centre.<a name='4_FNanchor_130'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_130'><sup>[130]</sup></a> In
+human sexual selection, therefore, hearing plays a part which is nearly
+always subordinated to that of vision.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_129'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_129'>[129]</a><div class='note'><p> Nietzsche has even suggested that among primitive men
+delicacy of hearing and the evolution of music can only have been produced
+under conditions which made it difficult for vision to come into play:
+&quot;The ear, the organ of fear, could only have developed, as it has, in the
+night and in the twilight of dark woods and caves.... In the brightness
+the ear is less necessary. Hence the character of music as an art of night
+and twilight.&quot; (<i>Morgenr&ouml;the</i>, p. 230.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_130'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_130'>[130]</a><div class='note'><p> At a concert most people are instinctively anxious to <i>see</i>
+the performers, thus distracting the purely musical impression, and the
+reasonable suggestion of Goethe that the performers should be invisible is
+still seldom carried into practice.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_VISION'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_136'></a>VISION</h2>
+
+<a name='4_V_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Primacy of Vision in Man&mdash;Beauty as a Sexual Allurement&mdash;The Objective
+Element in Beauty&mdash;Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World&mdash;Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of
+View&mdash;Savages often Admire European Beauty&mdash;The Appeal of Beauty to some
+Extent Common even to Animals and Man.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Vision is the main channel by which man receives his impressions. To a
+large extent it has slowly superseded all the other senses. Its range is
+practically infinite; it brings before us remote worlds, it enables us to
+understand the minute details of our own structure. While apt for the most
+abstract or the most intimate uses, its intermediate range is of universal
+service. It furnishes the basis on which a number of arts make their
+appeal to us, and, while thus the most &aelig;sthetic of the senses, it is the
+sense on which we chiefly rely in exercising the animal function of
+nutrition. It is not surprising, therefore, that from the point of view of
+sexual selection vision should be the supreme sense, and that the
+love-thoughts of men have always been a perpetual meditation of beauty.</p>
+
+<p>It would be out of place here to discuss comparatively the origins of our
+ideas of beauty. That is a question which belongs to &aelig;sthetics, not to
+sexual psychology, and it is a question on which &aelig;stheticians are not
+altogether in agreement. We need not even be concerned to make any
+definite assertion on the question whether our ideas of sexual beauty have
+developed under the influence of more general and fundamental laws, or
+whether sexual ideals themselves underlie our more general conceptions of
+beauty. Practically, so far as man and his immediate ancestors are
+concerned, the sexual and the extra-sexual factors of beauty have been
+interwoven from the first. The sexually beautiful object must have
+appealed to fundamental <a name='4_Page_137'></a>physiological aptitudes of reaction; the
+generally beautiful object must have shared in the thrill which the
+specifically sexual object imparted. There has been an inevitable action
+and reaction throughout. Just as we found that the sexual and the
+non-sexual influences of agreeable odors throughout nature are
+inextricably mingled, so it is with the motives that make an object
+beautiful to our eyes.[131]</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The sexual element in the constitution of beauty is well
+    recognized even by those writers who concern themselves
+    exclusively with the &aelig;sthetic conception of beauty or with its
+    relation to culture. It is enough to quote two or three
+    testimonies on this point. &quot;The whole sentimental side of our
+    &aelig;sthetic sensibility,&quot; remarks Santayana, &quot;&mdash;without which it
+    would be perceptive and mathematical rather than &aelig;sthetic,&mdash;is
+    due to our sexual organization remotely stirred.... If anyone
+    were desirous to produce a being with a great susceptibility to
+    beauty, he could not invent an instrument better designed for
+    that object than sex. Individuals that need not unite for the
+    birth and rearing of each generation might retain a savage
+    independence. For them it would not be necessary that any vision
+    should fascinate, or that any languor should soften, the prying
+    cruelty of the eye. But sex endows the individual with a dumb and
+    powerful instinct, which carries his body and soul continually
+    toward another; makes it one of the dearest enjoyments of his
+    life to select and pursue a companion, and joins to possession
+    the keenest pleasure, to rivalry the fiercest rage, and to
+    solitude an eternal melancholy. What more could be needed to
+    suffuse the world with the deepest meaning and beauty? The
+    attention is fixed upon a well-defined object, and all the
+    effects it produces in the mind are easily regarded as powers or
+    qualities of that object.... To a certain extent this kind of
+    interest will center in the proper object of sexual passion, and
+    in the special characteristics of the opposite sex<a name='4_FNanchor_131'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_131'><sup>[131]</sup></a>; and we
+    find, accordingly, that woman is the most lovely object to man,
+    and man, if female modesty would confess it, the most interesting
+    to woman. But the effects of so fundamental and primitive a
+    reaction are much more general. Sex is not the only object of
+    sexual passion. When love lacks its specific object, when it does
+    not yet understand itself, or has been sacrificed to some other
+    interest, we see the stifled fire bursting out in various
+    directions.... Passion then overflows <a name='4_Page_138'></a>and visibly floods those
+    neighboring regions which it had always secretly watered. For the
+    same nervous organization which sex involves, with its
+    necessarily wide branchings and associations in the brain, must
+    be partially stimulated by other objects than its specific or
+    ultimate one; especially in man, who, unlike some of the lower
+    animals, has not his instincts clearly distinct and intermittent,
+    but always partially active, and never active in isolation. We
+    may say, then, that for man all nature is a secondary object of
+    sexual passion, and that to this fact the beauty of nature is
+    largely due.&quot; (G. Santayana, <i>The Sense of Beauty</i>, pp. 59-62.)</p>
+
+<p>    Not only is the general fact of sexual attraction an essential
+    element of &aelig;sthetic contemplation, as Santayana remarks, but we
+    have to recognize also that specific sexual emotion properly
+    comes within the &aelig;sthetic field. It is quite erroneous, as Groos
+    well points out, to assert that sexual emotion has no &aelig;sthetic
+    value. On the contrary, it has quite as much value as the emotion
+    of terror or of pity. Such emotion, must, however, be duly
+    subordinated to the total &aelig;sthetic effect. (K. Groos, <i>Der
+    &AElig;sthetische Genuss</i>, p. 151.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The idea of beauty,&quot; Remy de Gourmont says, &quot;is not an unmixed
+    idea; it is intimately united with the idea of carnal pleasure.
+    Stendhal obscurely perceived this when he defined beauty as 'a
+    promise of happiness.' Beauty is a woman, and women themselves
+    have carried docility to men so far as to accept this aphorism
+    which they can only understand in extreme sexual perversion....
+    Beauty is so sexual that the only uncontested works of art are
+    those that simply show the human body in its nudity. By its
+    perseverance in remaining purely sexual Greek statuary has placed
+    itself forever above all discussion. It is beautiful because it
+    is a beautiful human body, such a one as every man or every woman
+    would desire to unite with in the perpetuation of the race....
+    That which inclines to love seems beautiful; that which seems
+    beautiful inclines to love. This intimate union of art and of
+    love is, indeed, the only explanation of art. Without this
+    genital echo art would never have been born and never have been
+    perpetuated. There is nothing useless in these deep human depths;
+    everything which has endured is necessary. Art is the accomplice
+    of love. When love is taken away there is no art; when art is
+    taken away love is nothing but a physiological need.&quot; (Remy de
+    Gourmont, <i>Culture des Id&eacute;es</i>, 1900, p. 103, and <i>Mercure de
+    France</i>, August, 1901, pp. 298 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    Beauty as incarnated in the feminine body has to some extent
+    become the symbol of love even for women. Colin Scott finds that
+    it is common among women who are not inverted for female beauty
+    whether on the stage or in art to arouse sexual emotion to a
+    greater extent than male beauty, and this is confirmed by some of
+    the histories I have recorded <a name='4_Page_139'></a>in the Appendix to the third
+    volume of these <i>Studies</i>. Scott considers that female beauty has
+    come to be regarded as typical of ideal beauty, and thus tends to
+    produce an emotional effect on both sexes alike. It is certainly
+    rare to find any &aelig;sthetic admiration of men among women, except
+    in the case of women who have had some training in art. In this
+    matter it would seem that woman passively accepts the ideals of
+    man. &quot;Objects which excite a man's desire,&quot; Colin Scott remarks,
+    &quot;are often, if not generally, the same as those affecting woman.
+    The female body has a sexually stimulating effect upon both
+    sexes. Statues of female forms are more liable than those of male
+    form to have a stimulating effect upon women as well as men. The
+    evidence of numerous literary expressions seems to show that
+    under the influence of sexual excitement a woman regards her body
+    as made for man's gratification, and that it is this complex
+    emotion which forms the initial stage, at least, of her own
+    pleasure. Her body is the symbol for her partner, and indirectly
+    for her, through his admiration of it, of their mutual joy and
+    satisfaction.&quot; (Colin Scott, &quot;Sex and Art,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+    Psychology</i>, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 206; also private letter.)</p>
+
+<p>    At the same time it must be remembered that beauty and the
+    conception of beauty have developed on a wider basis than that of
+    the sexual impulse only, and also that our conceptions of the
+    beautiful, even as concerns the human form, are to some extent
+    objective, and may thus be in part reduced to law. Stratz, in his
+    books on feminine beauty, and notably in <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des
+    Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, insists on the objective element in beauty.
+    Papillault, again, when discussing the laws of growth and the
+    beauty of the face, argues that beauty of line in the face is
+    objective, and not a creation of fancy, since it is associated
+    with the highest human functions, moral and social. He remarks on
+    the contrast between the prehistoric man of
+    Chancelade,&mdash;delicately made, with elegant face and high
+    forehead,&mdash;who created the great Magdalenian civilization, and
+    his seemingly much more powerful, but less beautiful,
+    predecessor, the man of Spy, with enormous muscles and powerful
+    jaws. (<i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>, 1899, p. 220.)</p>
+
+<p>    The largely objective character of beauty is further indicated by
+    the fact that to a considerable extent beauty is the expression
+    of health. A well and harmoniously developed body, tense muscles,
+    an elastic and finely toned skin, bright eyes, grace and
+    animation of carriage&mdash;all these things which are essential to
+    beauty are the conditions of health. It has not been demonstrated
+    that there is any correlation between beauty and longevity, and
+    the proof would not be easy to give, but it is quite probable
+    that such a correlation may exist, and various indications point
+    in this direction. One of the most delightful of Opie's <a name='4_Page_140'></a>pictures
+    is the portrait of Pleasance Reeve (afterward Lady Smith) at the
+    age of 17. This singularly beautiful and animated brunette lived
+    to the age of 104. Most people are probably acquainted with
+    similar, if less marked, cases of the same tendency.</p></div>
+
+<p>The extreme sexual importance of beauty, so far, at all events, as
+conscious experience is concerned is well illustrated by the fact that,
+although three other senses may and often do play a not inconsiderable
+part in the constitution of a person's sexual attractiveness,&mdash;the tactile
+element being, indeed, fundamental,&mdash;yet in nearly all the most elaborate
+descriptions of attractive individuals it is the visible elements that are
+in most cases chiefly emphasized. Whether among the lowest savages or in
+the highest civilization, the poet and story-teller who seeks to describe
+an ideally lovely and desirable woman always insists mainly, and often
+exclusively, on those characters which appeal to the eye. The richly laden
+word <i>beauty</i> is a synthesis of complex impressions obtained through a
+single sense, and so simple, comparatively, and vague are the impressions
+derived from the other senses that none of them can furnish us with any
+corresponding word.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Before attempting to analyze the conception of beauty, regarded
+    in its sexual appeal to the human mind, it may be well to bring
+    together a few fairly typical descriptions of a beautiful woman
+    as she appears to the men of various nations.</p>
+
+<p>    In an Australian folklore story taken down from the lips of a
+    native some sixty years ago by W. Dunlop (but evidently not in
+    the native's exact words) we find this description of an
+    Australian beauty: &quot;A man took as his wife a beautiful girl who
+    had long, glossy hair hanging around her face and down her
+    shoulders, which were plump and round. Her face was adorned with
+    red clay and her person wrapped in a fine large opossum rug
+    fastened by a pin formed from the small bone of the kangaroo's
+    leg, and also by a string attached to a wallet made of rushes
+    neatly plaited of small strips skinned from their outside after
+    they had been for some time exposed to the heat of the fire;
+    which being thrown on her back, the string passing under one arm
+    and across her breast, held the soft rug in a fanciful position
+    of considerable elegance; and she knew well how to show to
+    advantage her queenlike figure when she walked with her polished
+    yam stick held in one of her small hands and her little feet
+    appearing below the edge of the rug&quot; (W. Dunlop, &quot;Australian
+    Folklore Stories,&quot; <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>,
+    August and November, 1898, p. 27).</p><a name='4_Page_141'></a>
+
+<p>    A Malay description of female beauty is furnished by Skeat. &quot;The
+    brow (of the Malay Helen for whose sake a thousand desperate
+    battles are fought in Malay romances) is like the one-day-old
+    moon; her eyebrows resemble 'pictured clouds,' and are 'arched
+    like the fighting-cock's (artificial) spur'; her cheek resembles
+    the 'sliced-off cheek of a mango'; her nose, 'an opening jasmine
+    bud'; her hair, the 'wavy blossom shoots of the areca-palm';
+    slender is her neck, 'with a triple row of dimples'; her bosom
+    ripening, her waist 'lissom as the stalk of a flower,' her head;
+    'of a perfect oval' (literally, bird's-egg shaped), her fingers
+    like the leafy 'spears of lemon-grass' or the 'quills of the
+    porcupine,' her eyes 'like the splendor of the planet Venus,' and
+    her lips 'like the fissure of a pomegranate.'&quot; (W. W. Skeat,
+    <i>Malay Magic</i>, 1900, p. 363.)</p>
+
+<p>    In Mitford's <i>Tales of Old Japan</i> (vol. i, p. 215) a &quot;peerlessly
+    beautiful girl of 16&quot; is thus described: &quot;She was neither too fat
+    nor too thin, neither too tall nor too short; her face was oval,
+    like a melon-seed, and her complexion fair and white;; her eyes
+    were narrow and bright, her teeth small and even; her nose was
+    aquiline, and her mouth delicately formed, with lovely red lips;
+    her eyebrows were long and fine; she had a profusion of long
+    black hair; she spoke modestly, with a soft, sweet voice, and
+    when she smiled, two lovely dimples appeared in her cheeks; in
+    all her movements she was gentle and refined.&quot; The Japanese belle
+    of ancient times, Dr. Nagayo Sensai remarks (<i>Lancet</i>, February
+    15, 1890) had a white face, a long, slender throat and neck, a
+    narrow chest, small thighs, and small feet and hands. B&auml;lz, also,
+    has emphasized the ethereal character of the Japanese ideal of
+    feminine beauty, delicate, pale and slender, almost uncanny; and
+    Stratz, in his interesting book, <i>Die K&ouml;rperformen in Kunst und
+    Leben der Japaner</i> (second edition, 1904), has dealt fully with
+    the subject of Japanese beauty.</p>
+
+<p>    The Singalese are great connoisseurs of beauty, and a Kandyan
+    deeply learned in the matter gave Dr. Davy the following
+    enumeration of a woman's points of beauty: &quot;Her hair should be
+    voluminous, like the tail of the peacock, long, reaching to her
+    knees, and terminating in graceful curls; her eyebrows should
+    resemble the rainbow, her eyes, the blue sapphire and the petals
+    of the blue manilla-flower. Her nose should be like the bill of
+    the hawk; her lips should be bright and red, like coral or the
+    young leaf of the iron-tree. Her teeth should be small, regular,
+    and closely set, and like jessamine buds. Her neck should be
+    large and round, resembling the berrigodea. Her chest should be
+    capacious; her breasts, firm and conical, like the yellow
+    cocoa-nut, and her waist small&mdash;almost small enough to be clasped
+    by the hand. Her hips should be wide; her limbs tapering; the
+    soles of her feet, without any hollow, and the surface of her
+    body in general soft, delicate, smooth, and rounded, without the
+    asperities of <a name='4_Page_142'></a>projecting bones and sinews.&quot; (J. Davy, <i>An
+    Account of the Interior of Ceylon</i>, 1821, p. 110.)</p>
+
+<p>    The &quot;Padmini,&quot; or lotus-woman, is described by Hindu writers as
+    the type of most perfect feminine beauty. &quot;She in whom the
+    following signs and symptoms appear is called a <i>Padmini</i>: Her
+    face is pleasing as the full moon; her body, well clothed with
+    flesh, is as soft as the Shiras or mustard flower; her skin is
+    fine, tender, and fair as the yellow lotus, never dark colored.
+    Her eyes are bright and beautiful as the orbs of the fawn, well
+    cut, and with reddish corners. Her bosom is hard, full, and high;
+    she; has a good neck; her nose is straight and lovely; and three
+    folds or wrinkles cross her middle&mdash;about the umbilical region.
+    Her <i>yoni</i> [vulva] resembles the opening lotus bud, and her
+    love-seed is perfumed like the lily that has newly burst. She
+    walks with swanlike [more exactly, flamingolike] gait, and her
+    voice is low and musical as the note of the Kokila bird [the
+    Indian cuckoo]; she delights in white raiment, in fine jewels,
+    and in rich dresses. She eats little, sleeps lightly, and being
+    as respectful and religious as she is clever and courteous, she
+    is ever anxious to worship the gods and to enjoy the conversation
+    of Brahmans. Such, then, is the Padmini, or lotus-woman.&quot; (<i>The
+    Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana</i>, 1883, p. 11.)</p>
+
+<p>    The Hebrew ideal of feminine beauty is set forth in various
+    passages of the <i>Song of Songs</i>. The poem is familiar, and it
+    will suffice to quote one passage:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i6'>&quot;How beautiful are thy feet in sandals, O prince's daughter!<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy rounded thighs are like jewels,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>The work of the hands of a cunning workman.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy navel is like a rounded goblet<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Wherein no mingled wine is wanting;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy belly is like a heap of wheat<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Set about with lilies.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy two breasts are like two fawns<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>They are twins of a roe.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy neck is like the tower of ivory;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thine eyes as the pools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thy nose is like the tower of Lebanon<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>That looketh toward Damascus.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Thine head upon thee is like Carmel<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>And the hair of thine head like purple;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>The king is held captive in the tresses thereof.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>This thy stature is like to a palm-tree,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>And thy breasts to clusters of grapes,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>And the smell of thy breath like apples,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>And thy mouth like the best wine.&quot;<br /></span><a name='4_Page_143'></a>
+</div></div>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>And the man is thus described in the same poem:&mdash;</p></div>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i6'>&quot;My beloved is fair and ruddy,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>The chiefest among ten thousand.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His head as the most fine gold,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His locks are bushy (or curling), and black as a raven.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His eyes are like doves beside the water-brooks,<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>Washed with milk and fitly set.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as banks of sweet herbs;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His lips are as lilies, dropping liquid myrrh.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His hands are as rings of gold, set with beryl;<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His body is as ivory work, overlaid with sapphires.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His aspect is like Lebanon, excellent as the cedars.<br /></span>
+<span class='i6'>His mouth is most sweet; yea, he is altogether lovely.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The maiden whose loveliness inspires the most impassioned
+    expressions in Arabic poetry,&quot; Lane states, &quot;is celebrated for
+    her slender figure: She is like the cane among plants, and is
+    elegant as a twig of the oriental willow. Her face is like the
+    full moon, presenting the strongest contrast to the color of her
+    hair, which is of the deepest hue of night, and falls to the
+    middle of her back (Arab ladies are extremely fond of full and
+    long hair). A rosy blush overspreads the center of each cheek;
+    and a mole is considered an additional charm. The Arabs, indeed,
+    are particularly extravagant in their admiration of this natural
+    beauty spot, which, according to its place, is compared to a drop
+    of ambergris upon a dish of alabaster or upon the surface of a
+    ruby. The eyes of the Arab beauty are intensely black,<a name='4_FNanchor_132'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_132'><sup>[132]</sup></a>
+    large, and long, of the form of an almond: they are full of
+    brilliancy; but this is softened by long silken lashes, giving a
+    tender and languid expression that is full of enchantment and
+    scarcely to be improved by the adventitious aid of the black
+    border of kohl; for this the lovely maiden adds rather for the
+    sake of fashion than necessity, having what the Arabs term
+    natural kohl. The eyebrows are thin and arched; the forehead is
+    wide and fair as ivory; the nose straight; the mouth, small; the
+    lips of a brilliant red; and the teeth, like pearls set in coral.
+    The forms of the bosom are compared to two pomegranates; the
+    waist is slender; the hips are wide and large; the feet and
+    hands, small; the fingers, tapering, and their extremities dyed
+    with the deep orange tint imparted by the leaves of the henna.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Lane adds a more minute analysis from an unknown author quoted by
+    El-Ish&aacute;kee: &quot;Four things in a woman should be <i>black</i>&mdash;the <a name='4_Page_144'></a>hair
+    of the head, the eyebrows, the eyelashes, and the dark part of
+    the eyes; four <i>white</i>&mdash;the complexion of the skin, the white of
+    the eyes, the teeth, and the legs; four <i>red</i>&mdash;the tongue, the
+    lips, the middle of the cheeks, and the gums; four <i>round</i>&mdash;the
+    head, the neck, the forearms, and the ankles; four <i>long</i>&mdash;the
+    back, the fingers, the arms, and the legs; four <i>wide</i>&mdash;the
+    forehead, the eyes, the bosom, and the hips; four <i>fine</i>&mdash;the
+    eyebrows, the nose, the lips, and the fingers; four <i>thick</i>&mdash;the
+    lower part of the back, the thighs, the calves of the legs, and
+    the knees; four <i>small</i>&mdash;the ears, the breasts, the hands, and
+    the feet.&quot; (E. W. Lane, <i>Arabian Society in the Middle Ages</i>,
+    1883, pp. 214-216.)</p>
+
+<p>    A Persian treatise on the figurative terms relating to beauty
+    shows that the hair should be black, abundant, and wavy, the
+    eyebrows dark and arched. The eyelashes also must be dark, and
+    like arrows from the bow of the eyebrows. There is, however, no
+    insistence on the blackness of the eyes. We hear of four
+    varieties of eye: the dark-gray eye (or narcissus eye); the
+    narrow, elongated eye of Turkish beauties; the languishing, or
+    love-intoxicated, eye; and the wine-colored eye. Much stress is
+    laid on the quality of brilliancy. The face is sometimes
+    described as brown, but more especially as white and rosy. There
+    are many references to the down on the lips, which is described
+    as greenish (sometimes bluish) and compared to herbage. This down
+    and that on the cheeks and the stray hairs near the ears were
+    regarded as very great beauties. A beauty spot on the chin,
+    cheek, or elsewhere was also greatly admired, and evoked many
+    poetic comparisons. The mouth must be very small. In stature a
+    beautiful woman must be tall and erect, like the cypress or the
+    maritime pine. While the Arabs admired the rosiness of the legs
+    and thighs, the Persians insisted on white legs and compared them
+    to silver and crystal. (<i>Anis El-Ochch&acirc;q</i>, by Shereef-Eddin Romi,
+    translated by Huart, <i>Biblioth&egrave;que de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes</i>,
+    Paris, fasc. 25, 1875.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the story of Kamaralzaman in the <i>Arabian Nights</i> El-Sett
+    Budur is thus described: &quot;Her hair is so brown that it is blacker
+    than the separation of friends. And when it is arrayed in three
+    tresses that reach to her feet I seem to see three nights at
+    once.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her face is as white as the day on which friends meet again. If
+    I look on it at the time of the full moon I see two moons at
+    once.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her cheeks are formed of an anemone divided into two corollas;
+    they have the purple tinge of wine, and her nose is straighter
+    and more delicate than the finest sword-blade.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her lips are colored agate and coral; her tongue secretes
+    eloquence; her saliva is more desirable than the juice of
+    grapes.</p><a name='4_Page_145'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;But her bosom, blessed be the Creator, is a living seduction. It
+    bears twin breasts of the purest ivory, rounded, and that may be
+    held within the five fingers of one hand.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her belly has dimples full of shade and arranged with the
+    harmony of the Arabic characters on the seal of a Coptic scribe
+    in Egypt. And the belly gives origin to her finely modeled and
+    elastic waist.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the thought of her flanks I shudder, for thence depends a
+    mass so weighty that it obliges its owner to sit down when she
+    has risen and to rise when she lies.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Such are her flanks, and from them descend, like white marble,
+    her glorious thighs, solid and straight, united above beneath
+    their crown. Then come the legs and the slender feet, so small
+    that I am astounded they can bear so great a weight.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    An Egyptian stela in the Louvre sings the praise of a beautiful
+    woman, a queen who died about 700 B.C., as follows: &quot;The beloved
+    before all women, the king's daughter who is sweet in love, the
+    fairest among women, a maid whose like none has seen. Blacker is
+    her hair than the darkness of night, blacker than the berries of
+    the blackberry bush (?). Harder are her teeth (?) than the flints
+    on the sickle. A wreath of flowers is each of her breasts, close
+    nestling on her arms.&quot; Wiedemann, who quotes this, adds: &quot;During
+    the whole classic period of Egyptian history with few exceptions
+    (such, for example, as the reign of that great innovator,
+    Amenophis IV) the ideal alike for the male and the female body
+    was a slender and but slightly developed form. Under the
+    Ethiopian rule and during the Ptolemaic period in Egypt itself we
+    find, for the first time, that the goddesses are represented with
+    plump and well-developed outlines. Examination of the mummies
+    shows that the earlier ideal was based upon actual facts, and
+    that in ancient Egypt slender, sinewy forms distinguished both
+    men and women. Intermarriage with other races and harem life may
+    have combined in later times to alter the physical type, and with
+    it to change also the ideal of beauty.&quot; (A. Wiedemann, <i>Popular
+    Literature in Ancient Egypt</i>, p. 7.)</p>
+
+<p>    Commenting on Plato's ideas of beauty in the <i>Banquet</i>
+    Em&eacute;ric-David gives references from Greek literature showing that
+    the typical Greek beautiful woman must be tall, her body supple,
+    her fingers long, her foot small and light, the eyes clear and
+    moderately large, the eyebrows slightly arched and almost
+    meeting, the nose straight and firm, nearly&mdash;but not
+    quite&mdash;aquiline, the breath sweet as honey. (Em&eacute;ric-David,
+    <i>Recherches sur l'Art Statuaire</i>, new edition, 1863, p. 42.)</p>
+
+<p>    At the end of classic antiquity, probably in the fifth century,
+    Arist&aelig;netus in his first Epistle thus described his mistress
+    Lais: &quot;Her cheeks are white, but mixed in imitation of the
+    splendor of the rose; <a name='4_Page_146'></a>her lips are thin, by a narrow space
+    separated from the cheeks, but more red; her eyebrows are black
+    and divided in the middle; the nose straight and proportioned to
+    the thin lips; the eyes large and bright, with very black pupils,
+    surrounded by the clearest white, each color more brilliant by
+    contrast. Her hair is naturally curled, and, as Homer's saying
+    is, like the hyacinth. The neck is white and proportioned to the
+    face, and though unadorned more conspicuous by its delicacy; but
+    a necklace of gems encircles it, on which her name is written in
+    jewels. She is tall and elegantly dressed in garments fitted to
+    her body and limbs. When dressed her appearance is beautiful;
+    when undressed she is all beauty. Her walk is composed and slow;
+    she looks like a cypress or a palm stirred by the wind. I cannot
+    describe how the swelling, symmetrical breasts raise the
+    constraining vest, nor how delicate and supple her limbs are. And
+    when she speaks, what sweetness in her discourse!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Renier has studied the feminine ideal of the Proven&ccedil;al poets, the
+    troubadours who used the &quot;langue d'oc.&quot; &quot;They avoid any
+    description of the feminine type. The indications refer in great
+    part to the slender, erect, fresh appearance of the body, and to
+    the white and rosy coloring. After the person generally, the eyes
+    receive most praise; they are sweet, amorous, clear, smiling, and
+    bright. The color is never mentioned. The mouth is laughing, and
+    vermilion, and, smiling sweetly, it reveals the white teeth and
+    calls for the delights of the kiss. The face is clear and fresh,
+    the hand white and the hair constantly blonde. The troubadours
+    seldom speak of the rest of the body. Peire Vidal is an
+    exception, and his reference to the well-raised breasts may be
+    placed beside a reference by Bertran de Born. The general
+    impression conveyed by the love lyrics of the langue d'oc is one
+    of great convention. There seemed to be no salvation outside
+    certain phrases and epithets. The woman of Provence, sung by
+    hundreds of poets, seems to have been composed all of milk and
+    roses, a blonde Nuremburg doll.&quot; (R. Renier, <i>Il Tipo Estetico
+    della Donna nel Medi&oelig;vo</i>, 1885, pp. 1-24.)</p>
+
+<p>    The conventional ideal of the troubadours is, again, thus
+    described: &quot;She is a lady whose skin is white as milk, whiter
+    than the driven snow, of peculiar purity in whiteness. Her
+    cheeks, on which vermilion hues alone appear, are like the
+    rosebud in spring, when it has not yet opened to the full. Her
+    hair, which is nearly always bedecked and adorned with flowers,
+    is invariably of the color of flax, as soft as silk, and
+    shimmering with a sheen of the finest gold.&quot; (J. F. Rowbotham,
+    <i>The Troubadours and Courts of Love</i>, p. 228.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the most ancient Spanish romances, Renier remarks, the
+    definite indications of physical beauty are slight. The hair is
+    &quot;of pure gold,&quot; or simply fair (<i>rudios</i>, which is equal to
+    <i>blondos</i>, a word of later <a name='4_Page_147'></a>introduction), the face white and
+    rosy, the hand soft, white, and fragrant; in one place we find a
+    reference to the uncovered breasts, whiter than crystal. But
+    usually the ancient Castilian romances do not deal with these
+    details. The poet contents himself with the statement that a lady
+    is the sweetest woman in the world, &quot;<i>la mas linda mujer del
+    mundo</i>.&quot; (R. Renier, <i>Il Tipo Estetico della Donna nel Medi&oelig;vo</i>,
+    pp. 68 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    In a detailed and well-documented thesis, Alwin Schultz describes
+    the characteristics of the beautiful woman as she appealed to the
+    German authors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. She must
+    be of medium height and slender. Her hair must be fair, like
+    gold; long, bright, and curly; a man's must only reach to his
+    shoulders. Dark hair is seldom mentioned and was not admired. The
+    parting of the hair must be white, but not too broad. The
+    forehead must be white and bright and rounded, without wrinkles.
+    The eyebrows must be darker than the hair, arched, and not too
+    broad, as though drawn with a pencil, the space between them not
+    too broad. The eyes must be bright, clear, and sparkling, not too
+    large or too small; nothing definite was said of the color, but
+    they were evidently usually blue. The nose must be of medium
+    size, straight, and not curved. The cheeks must be white, tinged
+    with red; if the red was absent by nature women used rouge. The
+    mouth must be small; the lips full and red. The teeth must be
+    small, white, and even. The chin must be white, rounded, lovable,
+    dimpled; the ears small and beautiful; the neck of medium size,
+    soft, white, and spotless; the arm small; the hands and fingers
+    long; the joints small, the nails white and bright and well cared
+    for. The bosom must be white and large; the breasts high and
+    rounded, like apples or pears, small and soft. The body generally
+    must be slender and active. The lower parts of the body are very
+    seldom mentioned, and many poets are even too modest to mention
+    the breasts. The buttocks must be rounded, one poet, indeed,
+    mentions, and the thighs soft and white, the <i>meinel</i> (mons)
+    brown. The legs must be straight and narrow, the calves full, the
+    feet small and narrow, with high instep. The color of the skin
+    generally must be clear and of a tempered rosiness. (A. Schultz,
+    <i>Quid de Perfecta Corporis Humani Pulchritudine Germani S&oelig;culi
+    XII et XIII Senserint</i>, 1866.) A somewhat similar, but
+    shorter, account is given by K. Weinhold (<i>Die Deutschen Frauen
+    im Mittelalter</i>, 1882, bd. 1, pp. 219 <i>et seq.</i>). Weinhold
+    considers that, like the French, the Germans admired the mixed
+    eye, <i>vair</i> or gray.</p>
+
+<p>    Adam de la Halle, the Artois <i>trouv&egrave;re</i> of the thirteenth
+    century, in a piece (&quot;Li Jus Adan ou de la feuillie&quot;) in which he
+    brings himself forward, thus describes his mistress: &quot;Her hair
+    had the brilliance of gold, and was twisted into rebellious
+    curls. Her forehead was very <a name='4_Page_148'></a>regular, white, and smooth; her
+    eyebrows, delicate and even, were two brown arches, which seemed
+    traced with a brush. Her eyes, bright and well cut, seemed to me
+    <i>vairs</i> and full of caresses; they were large beneath, and their
+    lids like little sickles, adorned by twin folds, veiled or
+    revealed at her will her loving gaze. Between her eyes descended
+    the pipe of her nose, straight and beautiful, mobile when she was
+    gay; on either side were her rounded, white cheeks, on which
+    laughter impressed two dimples, and which one could see blushing
+    beneath her veil. Beneath the nose opened a mouth with blossoming
+    lips; this mouth, fresh and vermilion as a rose, revealed the
+    white teeth, in regular array; beneath the chin sprang the white
+    neck, descending full and round to the shoulder. The powerful
+    nape, white and without any little wandering hairs, protruded a
+    little over the dress. To her sloping shoulders were attached
+    long arms, large or slender where they so should be. What shall I
+    say of her white hands, with their long fingers, and knuckles
+    without knots, delicately ending in rosy nails attached to the
+    flesh by a clear and single line? I come to her bosom with its
+    firm breasts, but short and high pointed, revealing the valley of
+    love between them, to her round belly, her arched flanks. Her
+    hips were flat, her legs round, her calf large; she had a slender
+    ankle, a lean and arched foot. Such she was as I saw her, and
+    that which her chemise hid was not of less worth.&quot; (Houdoy, <i>La
+    Beaut&eacute; des Femmes</i>, p. 125, who quotes the original of this
+    passage, considers it the ideal model of the medi&aelig;val woman.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the twelfth century story of <i>Aucassin et Nicolette</i>,
+    &quot;Nicolette had fair hair, delicate and curling; her eyes were
+    gray (<i>vairs</i>) and smiling; her face admirably modeled. Her nose
+    was high and well placed; her lips small and more vermilion than
+    the cherry or the rose in summer; her teeth were small and white;
+    her firm little breasts raised her dress as would two walnuts.
+    Her figure was so slender that you could inclose it with your two
+    hands, and the flowers of the marguerite, which her toes broke as
+    she walked with naked feet, seemed black in comparison with her
+    feet and legs, so white was she.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Her hair was divided into a double tress,&quot; says Alain of Lille
+    in the twelfth century, &quot;which was long enough to kiss the
+    ground; the parting, white as the lily and obliquely traced,
+    separated the hair, and this want of symmetry, far from hurting
+    her face, was one of the elements of her beauty. A golden comb
+    maintained that abundant hair whose brilliance rivaled it, so
+    that the fascinated eye could scarce distinguish the gold of the
+    hair from the gold of the comb. The expanded forehead had the
+    whiteness of milk, and rivaled the lily; her bright eyebrows
+    shone like gold, not standing up in a brush, and, without being
+    too scanty, orderly arranged. The eyes, serene and brilliant in
+    their friendly light, seemed twin stars, her nostrils <a name='4_Page_149'></a>embalsamed
+    with the odor of honey, neither too depressed in shape nor too
+    prominent, were of distinguished form; the nard of her mouth
+    offered to the smell a treat of sweet odors, and her half-open
+    lips invited a kiss. The teeth seemed cut in ivory; her cheeks,
+    like the carnation of the rose, gently illuminated her face and
+    were tempered by the transparent whiteness of her veil. Her chin,
+    more polished than crystal, showed silver reflections, and her
+    slender neck fitly separated her head from the shoulders. The
+    firm rotundity of her breasts attested the full expansion of
+    youth; her charming arms, advancing toward you, seemed to call
+    for caresses; the regular curve of her flanks, justly
+    proportioned, completed her beauty. All the visible traits of her
+    face and form thus sufficiently told what those charms must be
+    that the bed alone knew.&quot; (The Latin text is given by Houdoy, <i>La
+    Beaut&eacute; des Femmes du XIIe au XVIe Si&egrave;cle</i>, p. 119. Robert de
+    Flagy's portrait of Blanchefleur in <i>Sarin-le-Loherain</i>, written
+    in same century, reveals very similar traits.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The young woman appeared with twenty brightly polished daggers
+    and swords,&quot; we read in the Irish <i>Tain Bo Cuailgne</i> of the
+    Badhbh or Banshee who appeared to Meidhbh, &quot;together with seven
+    braids for the dead, of bright gold, in her right hand; a
+    speckled garment of green ground, fastened by a bodkin at the
+    breast under her fair, ruddy countenance, enveloped her form; her
+    teeth were so new and bright that they appeared like pearls
+    artistically set in her gums; like the ripe berry of the mountain
+    ash were her lips; sweeter was her voice than the notes of the
+    gentle harp-strings when touched by the most skillful fingers,
+    and emitting the most enchanting melody; whiter than the snow of
+    one night was her skin, and beautiful to behold were her
+    garments, which reached to her well molded, bright-nailed feet;
+    copious tresses of her tendriled, glossy, golden hair hung
+    before, while others dangled behind and reached the calf of her
+    leg.&quot; (<i>Ossianio Transactions</i>, vol. ii, p. 107.)</p>
+
+<p>    An ancient Irish hero is thus described: &quot;They saw a great hero
+    approaching them; fairest of the heroes of the world; larger and
+    taller than any man; bluer than ice his eye; redder than the
+    fresh rowan berries his lips; whiter than showers of pearl his
+    teeth; fairer than the snow of one night his skin; a protecting
+    shield with a golden border was upon him, two battle-lances in
+    his hands; a sword with knobs of ivory [teeth of the sea-horse],
+    and ornamented with gold, at his side; he had no other
+    accoutrements of a hero besides these; he had golden hair on his
+    head, and had a fair, ruddy countenance.&quot; (<i>The Banquet of Dun na
+    n-gedh</i>, translated by O'Donovan, <i>Irish Arch&aelig;ological Society</i>,
+    1842.)</p>
+
+<p>    The feminine ideal of the Italian poets closely resembles that of
+    those north of the Alps. Petrarch's Laura, as described in the
+    <i>Canzoniere</i>, <a name='4_Page_150'></a>is white as snow; her eyes, indeed, are black, but
+    the fairness of her hair is constantly emphasized; her lips are
+    rosy; her teeth white; her cheeks rosy; her breast youthful; her
+    hands white and slender. Other poets insist on the tall, white,
+    delicate body; the golden or blonde hair; the bright or starry
+    eyes (without mention of color), the brown or black arched
+    eyebrows, the straight nose, the small mouth, the thin vermilion
+    lips, the small and firm breasts. (Renier, <i>Il Tipo Estetico</i>,
+    pp. 87 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    Marie de France, a French medi&aelig;val writer of the twelfth century,
+    who spent a large part of her life in England, in the <i>Lai of
+    Lanval</i> thus described a beautiful woman: &quot;Her body was
+    beautiful, her hips low, the neck whiter than snow, the eyes gray
+    (<i>vairs</i>), the face white, the mouth beautiful, the nose well
+    placed, the eyebrows brown, the forehead beautiful, the head
+    curly and blonde; the gleam of gold thread was less bright than
+    her hair beneath the sun.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The traits of Boccaccio's ideal of feminine beauty, a voluptuous
+    ideal as compared with the ascetic medi&aelig;val ideal which had
+    previously prevailed, together with the characteristics of the
+    very beautiful and almost classic garments in which he arrayed
+    women, have been brought together by Hortis (<i>Studi sulle opere
+    Latine del Boccaccio</i>, 1879, pp. 70 <i>et seq.</i>). Boccaccio admired
+    fair and abundant wavy hair, dark and delicate eyebrows, and
+    brown or even black eyes. It was not until some centuries later,
+    as Hortis remarks, that Boccaccio's ideal woman was embodied by
+    the painter in the canvases of Titian.</p>
+
+<p>    The first precise description of a famous beautiful woman was
+    written by Niphus in the sixteenth century in his <i>De Pulchro et
+    Amore</i>, which is regarded as the first modern treatise on
+    &aelig;sthetics. The lady described is Joan of Aragon, the greatest
+    beauty of her time, whose portrait by Raphael (or more probably
+    Giulio Romano) is in the Louvre. Niphus, who was the philosopher
+    of the pontifical court and the friend of Leo X, thus describes
+    this princess, whom, as a physician, he had opportunities of
+    observing accurately: &quot;She is of medium stature, straight, and
+    elegant, and possesses the grace which can only be imparted by an
+    assemblage of characteristics which are individually faultless.
+    She is neither fat nor bony, but succulent; her complexion is not
+    pale, but white tinged with rose; her long hair is golden; her
+    ears are small and in proportion with the size of her mouth. Her
+    brown eyebrows are semicircular, not too bushy, and the
+    individual hairs short. Her eyes are blue (<i>o&aelig;sius</i>), brighter
+    than stars, radiant with grace and gaiety beneath the dark-brown
+    eyelashes, which are well spaced and not too long. The nose,
+    symmetrical and of medium size, descends perpendicularly from
+    between the eyebrows. The little valley separating the nose from
+    the upper lip is divinely proportioned. The mouth, inclined to be
+    rather small, <a name='4_Page_151'></a>is always stirred by a sweet smile; the rather
+    thick lips are made of honey and coral. The teeth are small,
+    polished as ivory, and symmetrically ranged, and the breath has
+    the odor of the sweetest perfumes. Her voice is that of a
+    goddess. The chin is divided by a dimple; the whole face
+    approximates to a virile rotundity. The straight long neck, white
+    and full, rises gracefully from the shoulders. On the ample
+    bosom, revealing no indication of the bones, arise the rounded
+    breasts, of equal and fitting size, and exhaling the perfume of
+    the peaches they resemble. The rather plump hands, on the back
+    like snow, on the palm like ivory, are exactly the length of the
+    face; the full and rounded fingers are long and terminating in
+    round, curved nails of soft color. The chest as a whole has the
+    form of a pear, reversed, but a little compressed, and the base
+    attached to the neck in a delightfully well-proportioned manner.
+    The belly, the flanks, and the secret parts are worthy of the
+    chest; the hips are large and rounded; the thighs, the legs, and
+    the arms are in just proportion. The breadth of the shoulders is
+    also in the most perfect relation to the dimensions of the other
+    parts of the body; the feet, of medium length, terminate in
+    beautifully arranged toes.&quot; (Houdoy reproduces this passage in
+    <i>La Beaut&eacute; des Femmes</i>; <i>cf.</i> also Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des
+    Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapter III.)</p>
+
+<p>    Gabriel de Minut, who published in 1587 a treatise of no very
+    great importance, <i>De la Beaut&eacute;</i>, also wrote under the title of
+    <i>La Paulegraphie</i> a very elaborate description, covering sixty
+    pages, of Paule de Viguier, a Gascon lady of good family and
+    virtuous life living at Toulouse. Minut was her devoted admirer
+    and addressed an affectionate poem to her just before his death.
+    She was seventy years of age when he wrote the elaborate account
+    of her beauty. She had blue eyes and fair hair, though belonging
+    to one of the darkest parts of France.</p>
+
+<p>    Ploss and Bartels (<i>Das Weib</i>, bd. 1, sec. 3) have independently
+    brought together a number of passages from the writers of many
+    countries describing their ideals of beauty. On this collection I
+    have not drawn.</p></div>
+
+<p>When we survey broadly the ideals of feminine beauty set down by the
+peoples of many lands, it is interesting to note that they all contain
+many features which appeal to the &aelig;sthetic taste of the modern European,
+and many of them, indeed, contain no features which obviously clash with
+his canons of taste. It may even be said that the ideals of some savages
+affect us more sympathetically than some of the ideals of our own medi&aelig;val
+ancestors. As a matter of fact, European <a name='4_Page_152'></a>travelers in all parts of the
+world have met with women who were gracious and pleasant to look on, and
+not seldom even in the strict sense beautiful, from the standpoint of
+European standards. Such individuals have been found even among those
+races with the greatest notoriety for ugliness.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Even among so primitive and remote a people as the Australians
+    beauty in the European sense is sometimes found. &quot;I have on two
+    occasions,&quot; Lumholtz states, &quot;seen what might be called beauties
+    among the women of western Queensland. Their hands were small,
+    their feet neat and well shaped, with so high an instep that one
+    asked oneself involuntarily where in the world they had acquired
+    this aristocratic mark of beauty. Their figure was above
+    criticism, and their skin, as is usually the case among the young
+    women, was as soft as velvet. When these black daughters of Eve
+    smiled and showed their beautiful white teeth, and when their
+    eyes peeped coquettishly from beneath the curly hair which hung
+    in quite the modern fashion down their foreheads,&quot; Lumholtz
+    realized that even here women could exert the influence ascribed
+    by Goethe to women generally. (C. Lumholtz, <i>Among Cannibals</i>, p.
+    132.) Much has, again, been written about the beauty of the
+    American Indians. See, <i>e.g.</i>, an article by Dr. Shufeldt,
+    &quot;Beauty from an Indian's Point of View,&quot; <i>Cosmopolitan Magazine</i>,
+    April, 1895. Among the Seminole Indians, especially, it is said
+    that types of handsome and comely women are not uncommon. (<i>Clay</i>
+    MacCauley, &quot;Seminole Indians of Florida,&quot; <i>Fifth Annual Report of
+    the Bureau of Ethnology</i>, 1883-1884, pp. 493 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    There is much even in the negress which appeals to the European
+    as beautiful. &quot;I have met many negresses,&quot; remarks Castellani
+    (<i>Les Femmes au Congo</i>, p. 2), &quot;who could say proudly in the
+    words of the Song of Songs, 'I am black, but comely.' Many of our
+    peasant women have neither the same grace nor the same delicate
+    skin as some natives of Cassai or Songha. As to color, I have
+    seen on the African continent creatures of pale gold or even red
+    copper whose fine and satiny skin rivals the most delicate white
+    skins; one may, indeed, find beauties among women of the darkest
+    ebony.&quot; He adds that, on the whole, there is no comparison with
+    white women, and that the negress soon becomes hideous.</p>
+
+<p>    The very numerous quotations from travelers concerning the women
+    of all lands quoted by Ploss and Bartels (<i>Das Weib</i>, seventh
+    edition, bd. i, pp. 88-106) amply suffice to show how frequently
+    some degree of beauty is found even among the lowest human races.
+    <i>Cf.</i>, also, Mantegazza's survey of the women of different races
+    from this point of view, <i>Fisiologia della Donna</i>, Cap. IV.</p></div><a name='4_Page_153'></a>
+
+<p>The fact that the modern European, whose culture may be supposed to have
+made him especially sensitive to &aelig;sthetic beauty, is yet able to find
+beauty among even the women of savage races serves to illustrate the
+statement already made that, whatever modifying influences may have to be
+admitted, beauty is to a large extent an objective matter. The existence
+of this objective element in beauty is confirmed by the fact that it is
+sometimes found that the men of the lower races admire European women more
+than women of their own race. There is reason to believe that it is among
+the more intelligent men of lower race&mdash;that is to say those whose
+&aelig;sthetic feelings are more developed&mdash;that the admiration for white women
+is most likely to be found.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;Mr. Winwood Reade,&quot; stated Darwin, &quot;who has had ample
+    opportunities for observation, not only with the negroes of the
+    West Coast of Africa, but with those of the interior who have
+    never associated with Europeans, is convinced that their ideas of
+    beauty are, <i>on the whole</i>, the same as ours; and Dr. Rohlfs
+    writes to me to the same effect with respect to Bornu and the
+    countries inhabited by the Pullo tribes. Mr. Reade found that he
+    agreed with the negroes in their estimation of the beauty of the
+    native girls; and that their appreciation of the beauty of
+    European women corresponded with ours.... The Fuegians, as I have
+    been informed by a missionary who long resided with them,
+    considered European women as extremely beautiful ... I should add
+    that a most experienced observer, Captain [Sir R.] Burton,
+    believes that a woman whom we consider beautiful is admired
+    throughout the world.&quot; (Darwin, <i>Descent of Man</i>, Chapter XIX.)</p>
+
+<p>    Mantegazza quotes a conversation between a South American chief
+    and an Argentine who had asked him which he preferred, the women
+    of his own people or Christian women; the chief replied that he
+    admired Christian women most, and when asked the reason said that
+    they were whiter and taller, had finer hair and smoother skin.
+    (Mantegazza, <i>Fisiologia della Donna</i>, Appendix to Cap. VIII.)</p>
+
+<p>    Nordenskj&ouml;ld, as quoted by Ploss and Bartels, states that the
+    Eskimo regard their own type as more ugly than that produced by
+    crossing with white persons, and, according to Kropf, the Nosa
+    Kaffers admire and seek the fairer half-castes in preference to
+    their own women of pure race (Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>,
+    seventh edition, bd. 1, p. 78). There is a widespread admiration
+    for fairness, it may be added, among dark peoples. Fair men are
+    admired by the Papuans at<a name='4_Page_154'></a> Torres Straits (<i>Reports of the
+    Cambridge Anthropological Expedition</i>, vol. v, p. 327). The
+    common use of powder among the women of dark-skinned peoples
+    bears witness to the existence of the same ideal.</p>
+
+<p>    Stratz, in his books <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i> and
+    <i>Die Rassensch&ouml;nheit des Weibes</i>, argues that the ideal of beauty
+    is fundamentally the same throughout the world, and that the
+    finest persons among the lower races admire and struggle to
+    attain the type which is found commonly and in perfection among
+    the white peoples of Europe. When in Japan he found that among
+    the numerous photographs of Japanese beauties everywhere to be
+    seen, his dragoman, a Japanese of low birth, selected as the most
+    beautiful those which displayed markedly the Japanese type with
+    narrow-slitted eyes and broad nose. When he sought the opinion of
+    a Japanese photographer, who called himself an artist and had
+    some claim to be so considered, the latter selected as most
+    beautiful three Japanese girls who in Europe also would have been
+    considered pretty. In Java, also, when selecting from a large
+    number of Javanese girls a few suitable for photographing, Stratz
+    was surprised to find that a Javanese doctor pointed out as most
+    beautiful those which most closely corresponded to the European
+    type. (Stratz, <i>Die Rassensch&ouml;nheit des Weibes</i>, fourth edition,
+    1903, p. 3; <i>id.</i>, <i>Die K&ouml;rperformen der Japaner</i>, 1904, p. 78.)</p>
+
+<p>    Stratz reproduces (Rassensch&ouml;nheit, pp. 36 <i>et seq.</i>) a
+    representation of Kwan-yin, the Chinese goddess of divine love,
+    and quotes some remarks of Borel's concerning the wide deviation
+    of the representations of the goddess, a type of gracious beauty,
+    from the Chinese racial type. Stratz further reproduces the
+    figure of a Buddhistic goddess from Java (now in the
+    Arch&aelig;ological Museum of Leyden) which represents a type of
+    loveliness corresponding to the most refined and classic European
+    ideal.</p></div>
+
+<p>Not only is there a fundamentally objective element in beauty throughout
+the human species, but it is probably a significant fact that we may find
+a similar element throughout the whole animated world. The things that to
+man are most beautiful throughout Nature are those that are intimately
+associated with, or dependent upon, the sexual process and the sexual
+instinct. This is the case in the plant world. It is so throughout most of
+the animal world, and, as Professor Poulton, in referring to this often
+unexplained and indeed unnoticed fact, remarks, &quot;the song or plume which
+excites the mating impulse in the hen is also in a high proportion of
+cases most pleasing to man himself. And not only this, but in their <a name='4_Page_155'></a>past
+history, so far as it has been traced (<i>e.g.</i>, in the development of the
+characteristic markings of the male peacock and argus pheasant), such
+features have gradually become more and more pleasing to us as they have
+acted as stronger and stronger stimuli to the hen.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_133'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_133'><sup>[133]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_156'></a>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_131'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_131'>[131]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;It is likely that all visible parts of the organism, even
+those with a definite physiological meaning, appeal to the &aelig;sthetic sense
+of the opposite sex,&quot; Poulton remarks, speaking primarily of insects, in
+words that apply still more accurately to the human species. E. Poulton,
+<i>The Colors of Animals</i>, 1890, p. 304.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_132'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_132'>[132]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The Arabs in general,&quot; Lane remarks, &quot;entertain a
+prejudice against blue eyes&mdash;a prejudice said to have arisen from the
+great number of blue-eyed persons among certain of their northern
+enemies.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_133'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_133'>[133]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Nature</i>, April 14, 1898, p. 55.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_V_II'></a><h3>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters&mdash;The Sexual Organs&mdash;Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments&mdash;Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such Devices&mdash;The
+Religious Element&mdash;Un&aelig;sthetic Character of the Sexual Organs&mdash;Importance
+of the Secondary Sexual Characters&mdash;The Pelvis and
+Hips&mdash;Steatopygia&mdash;Obesity&mdash;Gait&mdash;The Pregnant Woman as a Medi&aelig;val Type of
+Beauty&mdash;The Ideals of the Renaissance&mdash;The Breasts&mdash;The Corset&mdash;Its
+Object&mdash;Its History&mdash;Hair&mdash;The Beard&mdash;The Element of National or Racial
+Type in Beauty&mdash;The Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes&mdash;The General
+European Admiration for Blondes&mdash;The Individual Factors in the
+Constitution of the Idea of Beauty&mdash;The Love of the Exotic.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In the constitution of our ideals of masculine and feminine beauty it was
+inevitable that the sexual characters should from a very early period in
+the history of man form an important element. From a primitive point of
+view a sexually desirable and attractive person is one whose sexual
+characters are either naturally prominent or artificially rendered so. The
+beautiful woman is one endowed, as Chaucer expresses it,</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;With buttokes brode and brest&euml;s rounde and hye&quot;;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>that is to say, she is the woman obviously best fitted to bear children
+and to suckle them. These two physical characters, indeed, since they
+represent aptitude for the two essential acts of motherhood, must
+necessarily tend to be regarded as beautiful among all peoples and in all
+stages of culture, even in high stages of civilization when more refined
+and perverse ideals tend to find favor, and at Pompeii as a decoration on
+the east side of the Purgatorium of the Temple of Isis we find a
+representation of Perseus rescuing Andromeda, who is shown as a woman with
+a very small head, small hands and feet, but with a fully developed body,
+large breasts, and large projecting nates.<a name='4_FNanchor_134'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_134'><sup>[134]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='4_Page_157'></a>
+<p>To a certain extent&mdash;and, as we shall see, to a certain extent only&mdash;the
+primary sexual characters are objects of admiration among primitive
+peoples. In the primitive dances of many peoples, often of sexual
+significance, the display of the sexual organs on the part of both men and
+women is frequently a prominent feature. Even down to medi&aelig;val times in
+Europe the garments of men sometimes permitted the sexual organs to be
+visible. In some parts of the world, also, the artificial enlargement of
+the female sexual organs is practised, and thus enlarged they are
+considered an important and attractive feature of beauty.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Sir Andrew Smith informed Darwin that the elongated nymph&aelig; (or
+    &quot;Hottentot apron&quot;) found among the women of some South African
+    tribes was formerly greatly admired by the men (<i>Descent of Man</i>,
+    Chapter XIX). This formation is probably a natural peculiarity of
+    the women of these races which is very much exaggerated by
+    intentional manipulation due to the admiration it arouses. The
+    missionary Merensky reported the prevalence of the practice of
+    artificial elongation among the Basuto and other peoples, and the
+    anatomical evidence is in favor of its partly artificial
+    character. (The Hottentot apron is fully discussed by Ploss and
+    Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. I, sec. vi.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the Jaboo country on the Bight of Benin in West Africa,
+    Daniell stated, it was considered ornamental to elongate the
+    labia and the clitoris artificially; small weights were appended
+    to the clitoris and gradually increased. (W. F. Daniell,
+    <i>Topography of Gulf of Guinea</i>, 1849, pp. 24, 53.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Bawenda of the northern Transvaal, the missionary
+    Wessmann states, it is customary for young girls from the age of
+    8 to spend a certain amount of time every day in pulling the
+    <i>labia majora</i> in order to elongate them; in selecting a wife the
+    young men attach much importance to this elongation, and the girl
+    whose labia stand out most is most attractive. (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Ethnologie</i>, 1894, ht. 4, p. 363.)</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that in various parts of the world mutilations of
+    the sexual organs of men and women, or operations upon them, are
+    practiced, for reasons which are imperfectly known, since it
+    usually happens that the people who practice them are unable to
+    give the reason for this practice, or they assign a reason which
+    is manifestly not that which originally prompted the practice.
+    Thus, the excision of the clitoris, practiced in many parts of
+    East Africa and frequently supposed to be for the sake of dulling
+    sexual feeling (J. S. King <i>Journal of the Anthropological
+    Society</i>, Bombay, 1890, p. 2), seems <a name='4_Page_158'></a>very doubtfully accounted
+    for thus, for the women have it done of their own accord; &quot;all
+    Sobo women [Niger coast] have their clitoris cut off; unless they
+    have this done they are looked down upon, as slave women who do
+    not get cut; as soon, therefore, as a Sobo woman has collected
+    enough money, she goes to an operating woman and pays her to do
+    the cutting.&quot; (<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>,
+    August-November, 1898, p. 117.) The Comte de Cardi investigated
+    this matter in the Niger Delta: &quot;I have questioned both native
+    men and women,&quot; he states, &quot;to try and get the natives' reason
+    for this rite, but the almost universal answer to my queries was,
+    'it is our country's fashion.'&quot; One old man told him it was
+    practiced because favorable to continence, and several old women
+    said that once the women of the land used to suffer from a
+    peculiar kind of madness which this rite reduced. (<i>Journal of
+    the Anthropological Institute</i>, August-November, 1899, p. 59.) In
+    the same way the subincision of the urethra (mika operation of
+    Australia) is frequently supposed to be for the purpose of
+    preventing conception (See, <i>e.g.</i>, the description of the
+    operation by J. G. Garson, <i>Medical Press</i>, February 21, 1894),
+    but this is very doubtful, and E. C. Stirling found that
+    subincised natives often had large families. (<i>Intercolonial
+    Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery</i>, 1894.)</p>
+
+<p>    A passage in the <i>Mainz Chronicle</i> for 1367 (as quoted by
+    Schultz, <i>Das H&ouml;fische Leben</i>, p. 297) shows that at that time
+    the tunics of the men were so made that it was always possible
+    for the sexual organs to be seen in walking or sitting.</p></div>
+
+<p>This insistence on the naked sexual organs as objects of attraction is,
+however, comparatively rare, and confined to peoples in a low state of
+culture. Very much more widespread is the attempt to beautify and call
+attention to the sexual organs by tattooing,<a name='4_FNanchor_135'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_135'><sup>[135]</sup></a> by adornment and by
+striking peculiarities of clothing. The tendency for beauty of clothing to
+be accepted as a substitute for beauty of body appears early in the
+history of mankind, and, as we know, tends to be absolutely accepted in
+civilization.<a name='4_FNanchor_136'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_136'><sup>[136]</sup></a> &quot;We exclaim,&quot; as Goethe remarks, &quot;'What a <a name='4_Page_159'></a>beautiful
+little foot!' when we have merely seen a pretty shoe; we admire the lovely
+waist when nothing has met out eyes but an elegant girdle.&quot; Our realities
+and our traditional ideals are hopelessly at variance; the Greeks
+represented their statues without pubic hair because in real life they had
+adopted the oriental custom of removing the hairs; we compel our sculptors
+and painters to make similar representations, though they no longer
+correspond either to realities or to our own ideas of what is beautiful
+and fitting in real life. Our artists are themselves equally ignorant and
+confused, and, as Stratz has repeatedly shown, they constantly reproduce
+in all innocence the deformations and pathological characters of defective
+models. If we were honest, we should say&mdash;like the little boy before a
+picture of the Judgment of Paris, in answer to his mother's question as to
+which of the three goddesses he thought most beautiful&mdash;&quot;I can't tell,
+because they haven't their clothes on.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The concealment actually attained was not, however, it would appear,
+originally sought. Various authors have brought together evidence to show
+that the main primitive purpose of adornment and clothing among savages is
+not to conceal the body, but to draw attention to it and to render it more
+attractive. Westermarck, especially, brings forward numerous examples of
+savage adornments which serve to attract attention to the sexual regions
+of man and woman.<a name='4_FNanchor_137'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_137'><sup>[137]</sup></a> He further argues that the primitive object of
+various savage peoples in practicing circumcision, as other similar
+mutilations, is really to secure sexual attractiveness, whatever religious
+significance they may sometimes have developed subsequently. A more recent
+view <a name='4_Page_160'></a>represents the magical influence of both adornment and mutilation as
+primary, as a method of guarding and insulating dangerous bodily
+functions. Frazer, in <i>The Golden Bough</i>, is the most able and brilliant
+champion of this view, which undoubtedly embodies a large element of
+truth, although it must not be accepted to the absolute exclusion of the
+influence of sexual attractiveness. The two are largely woven in
+together.<a name='4_FNanchor_138'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_138'><sup>[138]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>There is, indeed, a general tendency for the sexual functions to take on a
+religious character and for the sexual organs to become sacred at a very
+early period in culture. Generation, the reproductive force in man,
+animals, and plants, was realized by primitive man to be a fact of the
+first magnitude, and he symbolized it in the sexual organs of man and
+woman, which thus attained to a solemnity which was entirely independent
+of purposes of sexual allurement. Phallus worship may almost be said to be
+a universal phenomenon; it is found even among races of high culture,
+among the Romans of the Empire and the Japanese to-day; it has, indeed,
+been thought by some that one of the origins of the cross is to be found
+in the phallus.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;Hardly any other object,&quot; remarks Dr. Richard Andree, &quot;has been
+    with such great unanimity represented by nearly all peoples as
+    the phallus, the symbol of procreative force in the religions of
+    the East and an object of veneration at public festivals. In the
+    Moabitic Baal Peor, in the cult of Dionysos, everywhere, indeed,
+    except in Persia, we meet with Priapic representations and the
+    veneration accorded to the generative organ. It is needless to
+    refer to the great significance of the <i>Linga puja</i>, the
+    procreative organ of the god Siva, in India, a god to whom more
+    temples were erected than to any other Indian deity. Our museums
+    amply show how common phallic representations are in Africa, East
+    Asia, the Pacific, frequently in connection with religious
+    worship.&quot; (R. Andree, &quot;Amerikansche Phallus-Darstellungen,&quot;
+    <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1895, ht. 6, p. 678.)</p>
+
+<p>    Women have no external generative organ like the phallus to play
+    a large part in life as a sacred symbol. There is, however, some
+    <a name='4_Page_161'></a>reason to believe that the triangle is to some extent such a
+    symbol. Lejeune (&quot;La Representation Sexuelle en Religion, Art, et
+    P&eacute;dagogie,&quot; <i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>, Paris,
+    October 3, 1901) brings forward reasons in favor of the view that
+    the triangular hair-covered region of the mons veneris has had
+    considerable significance in this respect, and he presents
+    various primitive figures in illustration.</p></div>
+
+<p>Apart from the religions and magical properties so widely accorded to the
+primary sexual characters, there are other reasons why they should not
+often have gained or long retained any great importance as objects of
+sexual allurement. They are unnecessary and inconvenient for this purpose.
+The erect attitude of man gives them here, indeed, an advantage possessed
+by very few animals, among whom it happens with extreme rarity that the
+primary sexual characters are rendered attractive to the eye of the
+opposite sex, though they often are to the sense of smell. The sexual
+regions constitute a peculiarly vulnerable spot, and remain so even in
+man, and the need for their protection which thus exists conflicts with
+the prominent display required for a sexual allurement. This end is far
+more effectively attained, with greater advantage and less disadvantage,
+by concentrating the chief ensigns of sexual attractiveness on the upper
+and more conspicuous parts of the body. This method is well-nigh universal
+among animals as well as in man.</p>
+
+<p>There is another reason why the sexual organs should be discarded as
+objects of sexual allurement, a reason which always proves finally
+decisive as a people advances in culture. They are not &aelig;sthetically
+beautiful. It is fundamentally necessary that the intromittent organ of
+the male and the receptive canal of the female should retain their
+primitive characteristics; they cannot, therefore, be greatly modified by
+sexual or natural selection, and the exceedingly primitive character they
+are thus compelled to retain, however sexually desirable and attractive
+they may become to the opposite sex under the influence of emotion, can
+rarely be regarded as beautiful from the point of view of &aelig;sthetic
+contemplation. Under the influence of art there is a tendency for the
+sexual organs to be diminished <a name='4_Page_162'></a>in size, and in no civilized country has
+the artist ever chosen to give an erect organ to his representations of
+ideal masculine beauty. It is mainly because the un&aelig;sthetic character of a
+woman's sexual region is almost imperceptible in any ordinary and normal
+position of the nude body that the feminine form is a more &aelig;sthetically
+beautiful object of contemplation than the masculine. Apart from this
+character we are probably bound, from a strictly &aelig;sthetic point of view,
+to regard the male form as more &aelig;sthetically beautiful.<a name='4_FNanchor_139'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_139'><sup>[139]</sup></a> The female
+form, moreover, usually overpasses very swiftly the period of the climax
+of its beauty, often only retaining it during a few weeks.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The following communication from a correspondent well brings out
+    the divergences of feeling in this matter:</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;You write that the sex organs, in an excited condition, cannot
+    be called &aelig;sthetic. But I believe that they are a source, not
+    only of curiosity and wonder to many persons, but also objects of
+    admiration. I happen to know of one man, extremely intellectual
+    and refined, who delights in lying between his mistress's thighs
+    and gazing long at the dilated vagina. Also another man, married,
+    and not intellectual, who always tenderly gazes at his wife's
+    organs, in a strong light, before intercourse, and kisses her
+    there and upon the abdomen. The wife, though amative, confessed
+    to another woman that she could not understand the attraction. On
+    the other hand, two married men have told me that the sight of
+    their wives' genital parts would disgust them, and that they have
+    never seen them.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;If the sexual parts cannot be called &aelig;sthetic, they have still a
+    strong charm for many passionate lovers, of both sexes, though
+    not often, I believe, among the unimaginative and the uneducated,
+    who are apt to ridicule the organs or to be repelled by them.
+    Many women confess that they are revolted by the sight of even a
+    husband's complete nudity, though they have no indifference for
+    sexual embraces. I think that the stupid bungle of Nature in
+    making the generative organs serve as means of relieving the
+    bladder has much to do with this revulsion. But some women of
+    erotic temperament find pleasure in looking at the penis of a
+    husband or lover, in handling it, and kissing it. Prostitutes do
+    this in the way of business; some chaste, passionate wives act
+    thus voluntarily. This is scarcely morbid, as the mammalia <a name='4_Page_163'></a>of
+    most species smell and lick each others' genitals. Probably
+    primitive man did the same.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Brant&ocirc;me (<i>Vie des Dames Galantes</i>, Discours II) has some remarks
+    to much the same effect concerning the difference between men,
+    some of whom take no pleasure in seeing the private parts of
+    their wives or mistresses, while others admire them and delight
+    to kiss them.</p>
+
+<p>    I must add that, however natural or legitimate the attraction of
+    the sexual parts may be to either sex, the question of their
+    purely &aelig;sthetic beauty remains unaffected.</p>
+
+<p>    Remy de Gourmont, in a discussion of the &aelig;sthetic element in
+    sexual beauty, considers that the invisibility of the sexual
+    organs is the decisive fact in rendering women more beautiful
+    than men. &quot;Sex, which is sometimes an advantage, is always a
+    burden and always a flaw; it exists for the race and not for the
+    individual. In the human male, and precisely because of his erect
+    attitude, sex is the predominantly striking and visible fact, the
+    point of attack in a struggle at close quarters, the point aimed
+    at from a distance, an obstacle for the eye, whether regarded as
+    a rugosity on the surface or as breaking the middle of a line.
+    The harmony of the feminine body is thus geometrically much more
+    perfect, especially when we consider the male and the female at
+    the moment of desire when they present the most intense and
+    natural expression of life. Then the woman, whose movements are
+    all interior, or only visible by the undulation of her curves,
+    preserves her full &aelig;sthetic value, while the man, as it were, all
+    at once receding toward the primitive state of animality, seems
+    to throw off all beauty and become reduced to the simple and
+    naked condition of a genital organism.&quot; (Remy de Gourmont,
+    <i>Physique de l'Amour</i>, p. 69.) Remy de Gourmont proceeds,
+    however, to point out that man has his revenge after a woman has
+    become pregnant, and that, moreover, the proportions of the
+    masculine body are more beautiful than those of the feminine
+    body.</p></div>
+
+<p>The primary sexual characters of man and woman have thus never at any time
+played a very large part in sexual allurement. With the growth of culture,
+indeed, the very methods which had been adopted to call attention to the
+sexual organs were by a further development retained for the purpose of
+concealing them. From the first the secondary sexual characters have been
+a far more widespread method of sexual allurement than the primary sexual
+characters, and in the most civilized countries to-day they still
+constitute the most attractive of such methods to the majority of the
+population.</p><a name='4_Page_164'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The main secondary sexual characters in woman and the type which
+    they present in beautiful and well-developed persons are
+    summarized as follows by Stratz, who in his book on the beauty of
+    the body in woman sets forth the reasons for the characteristics
+    here given:&mdash;</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Delicate bony structure.</li>
+<li>Rounded forms and breasts.</li>
+<li>Broad pelvis.</li>
+<li>Long and abundant hair.</li>
+<li>Low and narrow boundary of pubic hair.</li>
+<li>Sparse hair in armpit.</li>
+<li>No hair on body.</li>
+<li>Delicate skin.</li>
+<li>Rounded skull.</li>
+<li>Small face.</li>
+<li>Large orbits.</li>
+<li>High and slender eyebrows.</li>
+<li>Low and small lower jaw.</li>
+<li>Soft transition from cheek to neck.</li>
+<li>Rounded neck.</li>
+<li>Slender wrist.</li>
+<li>Small hand, with long index finger.</li>
+<li>Rounded shoulders.</li>
+<li>Straight, small clavicle.</li>
+<li>Small and long thorax.</li>
+<li>Slender waist.</li>
+<li>Hollow sacrum.</li>
+<li>Prominent and domed nates.</li>
+<li>Sacral dimples.</li>
+<li>Rounded and thick thighs.</li>
+<li>Low and obtuse pubic arch.</li>
+<li>Soft contour of knee.</li>
+<li>Rounded calves.</li>
+<li>Slender ankle.</li>
+<li>Small toes.</li>
+<li>Long second and short fifth toe.</li>
+<li>Broad middle incisor teeth.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>(Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, fourteenth
+edition, 1903, p. 200. This statement agrees at most points with
+my own exposition of the secondary sexual characters: <i>Man and</i>
+<i>Woman</i>, fourth edition, revised and enlarged, 1904.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Thus we find, among most of the peoples of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the
+chief continents of the world, that the large hips and buttocks of women
+are commonly regarded as an important feature of beauty. This secondary
+sexual character represents the most decided structural deviation of the
+feminine type from the masculine, a deviation demanded by the reproductive
+function of women, and in the admiration it arouses sexual selection is
+thus working in a line with natural selection. It cannot be said that,
+except in a very moderate degree, it has always been regarded as at the
+same time in a line with claims of purely &aelig;sthetic beauty. The European
+artist frequently seeks to attenuate rather than accentuate the
+protuberant lines of the feminine hips, and it is noteworthy that the
+Japanese also regard small hips as beautiful. Nearly <a name='4_Page_165'></a>everywhere else
+large hips and buttocks are regarded as a mark of beauty, and the average
+man is of this opinion even in the most &aelig;sthetic countries. The contrast
+of this exuberance with the more closely knit male form, the force of
+association, and the unquestionable fact that such development is the
+condition needed for healthy motherhood, have served as a basis for an
+ideal of sexual attractiveness which appeals to nearly all people more
+strongly than a more narrowly &aelig;sthetic ideal, which must inevitably be
+somewhat hermaphroditic in character.</p>
+
+<p>Broad hips, which involve a large pelvis, are necessarily a characteristic
+of the highest human races, because the races with the largest heads must
+be endowed also with the largest pelvis to enable their large heads to
+enter the world. The white race, according to Bacarisse, has the broadest
+sacrum, the yellow race coming next, the black race last. The white race
+is also stated to show the greatest curvature of the sacrum, the yellow
+race next, while the black race has the flattest sacrum.<a name='4_FNanchor_140'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_140'><sup>[140]</sup></a> The black
+race thus possesses the least developed pelvis, the narrowest, and the
+flattest. It is certainly not an accidental coincidence that it is
+precisely among people of black race that we find a simulation of the
+large pelvis of the higher races admired and cultivated in the form of
+steatopygia. This is an enormously exaggerated development of the
+subcutaneous layer of fat which normally covers the buttocks and upper
+parts of the thighs in woman, and in this extreme form constitutes a kind
+of natural fatty tumor. Steatopygia cannot be said to exist, according to
+Deniker, unless the projection of the buttocks exceeds 4 per cent of the
+individual's height; it frequently equals 10 per cent. True steatopygia
+only exists among Bushman and Hottentot women, and among the peoples who
+are by blood connected with them. An unusual development of the buttocks
+is, however, found among the Woloffs and many other African peoples.<a name='4_FNanchor_141'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_141'><sup>[141]</sup></a>
+There can be no doubt that among the black <a name='4_Page_166'></a>peoples of Africa generally,
+whether true steatopygia exists among them or not, extreme gluteal
+development is regarded as a very important, if not the most important,
+mark of beauty, and Burton stated that a Somali man was supposed to choose
+his wife by ranging women in a row and selecting her who projected
+farthest <i>a tergo</i>.<a name='4_FNanchor_142'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_142'><sup>[142]</sup></a> In Europe, it must be added, clothing enables
+this feature of beauty to be simulated. Even by some African peoples the
+posterior development has been made to appear still larger by the use of
+cushions, and in England in the sixteenth century we find the same
+practice well recognized, and the Elizabethan dramatists refer to the
+&quot;bum-roll,&quot; which in more recent times has become the bustle, devices
+which bear witness to what Watts, the painter, called &quot;the persistent
+tendency to suggest that the most beautiful half of humanity is furnished
+with tails.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_143'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_143'><sup>[143]</sup></a> In reality, as we see, it is simply a tendency, not to
+simulate an animal character, but to emphasize the most human and the most
+feminine of the secondary sexual characters, and therefore, from the
+sexual point of view, a beautiful feature.<a name='4_FNanchor_144'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_144'><sup>[144]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Sometimes admiration for this characteristic is associated with admiration
+for marked obesity generally, and it may be noted that a somewhat greater
+degree of fatness may also be regarded as a feminine secondary sexual
+character. This admiration is specially marked among several of the black
+peoples of Africa, and here to become a beauty a woman must, by drinking
+enormous quantities of milk, seek to become very fat. Sonnini noted that
+to some extent the same thing might be found among the Mohammedan women of
+Egypt. After bright eyes and a soft, polished, hairless skin, an Egyptian
+woman, he stated, most desired to obtain <i>embonpoint</i>; men admired fat
+<a name='4_Page_167'></a>women and women sought to become fat. &quot;The idea of a very fat woman,&quot;
+Sonnini adds, &quot;is nearly always accompanied in Europe by that of softness
+of flesh, effacement of form, and defect of elasticity in the outlines. It
+would be a mistake thus to represent the women of Turkey in general, where
+all seek to become fat. It is certain that the women of the East, more
+favored by Nature, preserve longer than others the firmness of the flesh,
+and this precious property, joined to the freshness and whiteness of their
+skin, renders them very agreeable. It must be added that in no part of the
+world is cleanliness carried so far as by the women of the East.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_145'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_145'><sup>[145]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The special characteristics of the feminine hips and buttocks become
+conspicuous in walking and may be further emphasized by the special method
+of walking or carriage. The women of some southern countries are famous
+for the beauty of their way of walk; &quot;the goddess is revealed by her
+walk,&quot; as Virgil said. In Spain, especially, among European countries, the
+walk very notably gives expression to the hips and buttocks. The spine is
+in Spain very curved, producing what is termed <i>ensellure</i>, or
+saddle-back&mdash;a characteristic which gives great flexibility to the back
+and prominence to the gluteal regions, sometimes slightly simulating
+steatopygia. The vibratory movement naturally produced by walking and
+sometimes artificially heightened thus becomes a trait of sexual beauty.
+Outside of Europe such vibration of the flanks and buttocks is more
+frankly displayed and cultivated as a sexual allurement. The Papuans are
+said to admire this vibratory movement of the buttocks in their women.
+Young girls are practiced in it by their mothers for hours at a time as
+soon as they have reached the age of 7 or 8, and the Papuan maiden walks
+thus whenever she is in the presence of men, subsiding into a simpler gait
+when no men are present. In some parts of tropical Africa the women walk
+in this fashion. It is also known to the Egyptians, and by the Arabs is
+called <i>ghung</i>.<a name='4_FNanchor_146'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_146'><sup>[146]</sup></a> As Mantegazza remarks, the essentially <a name='4_Page_168'></a>feminine
+character of this gait makes it a method of sexual allurement. It should
+be observed that it rests on feminine anatomical characteristics, and that
+the natural walk of a femininely developed woman is inevitably different
+from that of a man.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In an elaborate discussion of beauty of movement Stratz
+summarizes the special characters of the gait in woman as
+follows: &quot;A woman's walk is chiefly distinguished from a man's by
+shorter steps, the more marked forward movement of the hips, the
+greater length of the phase of rest in relation to the phase of
+motion, and by the fact that the compensatory movements of the
+upper parts of the body are less powerfully supported by the
+action of the arms and more by the revolution of the flanks. A
+man's walk has a more pushing and active character, a woman's a
+more rolling and passive character; while a man seems to seek to
+catch his fleeing equilibrium, a woman seems to seek to preserve
+the equilibrium she has reached.... A woman's walk is beautiful
+when it shows the definitely feminine and rolling character, with
+the greatest predominance of the moment of extension over that of
+flexion.&quot; (Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>,
+fourteenth edition, p. 275.)</p></div>
+
+<p>An occasional development of the idea of sexual beauty as associated with
+developed hips is found in the tendency to regard the pregnant woman as
+the most beautiful type. Stratz observes that a woman artist once remarked
+to him that since motherhood is the final aim of woman, and a woman
+reaches her full flowering period in pregnancy, she ought to be most
+beautiful when pregnant. This is so, Stratz replied, if the period of her
+full physical bloom chances to correspond with the early months of
+pregnancy, for with the onset of pregnancy metabolism is heightened, the
+tissues become active, the tone of the skin softer and brighter, the
+breasts firmer, so that the charm of fullest bloom is increased until the
+moment when the expansion of the womb begins to destroy the harmony of the
+form. At one period of European culture, however,&mdash;at a moment and among a
+people not very sensitive to the most exquisite &aelig;sthetic sensations,&mdash;the
+ideal of beauty has even involved the character of advanced pregnancy. In
+northern Europe during the centuries immediately preceding the Renaissance
+<a name='4_Page_169'></a>the ideal of beauty, as we may see by the pictures of the time, was a
+pregnant woman, with protuberant abdomen and body more or less extended
+backward. This is notably apparent in the work of the Van Eycks: in the
+Eve in the Brussels Gallery; in the wife of Arnolfini in the highly
+finished portrait group in the National Gallery; even the virgins in the
+great masterpiece of the Van Eycks in the Cathedral at Ghent assume the
+type of the pregnant woman.</p>
+
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;Through all the middle ages down to D&uuml;rer and Cranach,&quot; quite
+truly remarks Laura Marholm (as quoted by I. Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur</i>
+<i>&AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, p. 154), &quot;we find a
+very peculiar type which has falsely been regarded as one of
+merely ascetic character. It represents quiet, peaceful, and
+cheerful faces, full of innocence; tall, slender, young figures;
+the shoulders still scanty; the breasts small, with slender legs
+beneath their garments; and round the upper part of the body
+clothing that is tight almost to the point of constriction. The
+waist comes just under the bosom, and from this point the broad
+skirts in folds give to the most feminine part of the feminine
+body full and absolutely unhampered power of movement and
+expansion. The womanly belly even in saints and virgins is very
+pronounced in the carriage of the body and clearly protuberant
+beneath the clothing. It is the maternal function, in sacred and
+profane figures alike, which marks the whole type&mdash;indeed, the
+whole conception&mdash;of woman.&quot; For a brief period this fashion
+reappeared in the eighteenth century, and women wore pads and
+other devices to increase the size of the abdomen.</p></div>
+
+<p>With the Renaissance this ideal of beauty disappeared from art. But in
+real life we still seem to trace its survival in the fashion for that
+class of garments which involved an immense amount of expansion below the
+waist and secured such expansion by the use of whalebone hoops and similar
+devices. The Elizabethan farthingale was such a garment. This was
+originally a Spanish invention, as indicated by the name (from
+<i>verdugardo</i>, provided with hoops), and reached England through France. We
+find the fashion at its most extreme point in the fashionable dress of
+Spain in the seventeenth century, such as it has been immortalized by
+Velasquez. In England hoops died <a name='4_Page_170'></a>out during the reign of George III but
+were revived for a time, half a century later, in the Victorian
+crinoline.<a name='4_FNanchor_147'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_147'><sup>[147]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Only second to the pelvis and its integuments as a secondary sexual
+character in woman we must place the breasts.<a name='4_FNanchor_148'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_148'><sup>[148]</sup></a> Among barbarous and
+civilized peoples the beauty of the breast is usually highly esteemed.
+Among Europeans, indeed, the importance of this region is so highly
+esteemed that the general rule against the exposure of the body is in its
+favor abrogated, and the breasts are the only portion of the body, in the
+narrow sense, which a European lady in full dress is allowed more or less
+to uncover. Moreover, at various periods and notably in the eighteenth
+century, women naturally deficient in this respect have sometimes worn
+artificial busts made of wax. Savages, also, sometimes show admiration for
+this part of the body, and in the Papuan folk-tales, for instance, the
+sole distinguishing mark of a beautiful woman is breasts that stand
+up.<a name='4_FNanchor_149'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_149'><sup>[149]</sup></a> On the other hand, various savage peoples even appear to regard
+the development of the breasts as ugly and adopt devices for flattening
+this part of the body.<a name='4_FNanchor_150'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_150'><sup>[150]</sup></a> The feeling that prompts this practice is not
+unknown in modern Europe, for the Bulgarians are said to regard developed
+breasts as ugly; in medi&aelig;val Europe, indeed, the general ideal of feminine
+slenderness was opposed to developed breasts, and the garments tended to
+compress them. But in a very high degree of civilization this feeling is
+unknown, as, indeed, it is unknown to most barbarians, and the beauty of a
+woman's breasts, and of <a name='4_Page_171'></a>any natural or artificial object which suggests
+the gracious curves of the bosom, is a universal source of pleasure.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The casual vision of a girl's breasts may, in the chastest youth,
+evoke a strange perturbation. (<i>Cf.</i>, <i>e.g.</i>, a passage in an
+early chapter of Marcelle Tinayre's <i>La Maison du P&eacute;ch&eacute;</i>.) We
+need not regard this feeling as of purely sexual origin; and in
+addition even to the &aelig;sthetic element it is probably founded to
+some extent on a reminiscence of the earliest associations of
+life. This element of early association was very well set forth
+long ago by Erasmus Darwin:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When the babe, soon after it is born into this cold world, is
+applied to its mother's bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth is
+first agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted
+with the odor of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the
+flavor of it; afterward the appetites of hunger and of thirst
+afford pleasure by the possession of their object, and by the
+subsequent digestion of the aliment; and, last, the sense of
+touch is delighted by the softness and smoothness of the milky
+fountain, the source of such variety of happiness.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;All these various kinds of pleasure at length become associated
+with the form of the mother's breast, which the infant embraces
+with its hands, presses with its lips, and watches with its eyes;
+and thus acquires more accurate ideas of the form of its mother's
+bosom than of the odor, flavor, and warmth which it perceives by
+its other senses. And hence at our maturer years, when any object
+of vision is presented to us which by its wavy or spiral lines
+bears any similitude to the form of the female bosom, whether it
+be found in a landscape with soft gradations of raising and
+descending surface, or in the forms of some antique vases, or in
+other works of the pencil or the chisel, we feel a general glow
+of delight which seems to influence all our senses; and if the
+object be not too large we experience an attraction to embrace it
+with our lips as we did in our early infancy the bosom of our
+mothers.&quot; (E. Darwin, <i>Zo&ouml;nomia</i>, 1800, vol. i, p. 174.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The general admiration accorded to developed breasts and a developed
+pelvis is evidenced by a practice which, as embodied in the corset, is all
+but universal in many European countries, as well as the extra-European
+countries inhabited by the white race, and in one form or another is by no
+means unknown to peoples of other than the white race.</p>
+
+<p>The tightening of the waist girth was little known to the Greeks of the
+best period, but it was practiced by the Greeks of the decadence and by
+them transmitted to the Romans; <a name='4_Page_172'></a>there are many references in Latin
+literature to this practice, and the ancient physician wrote against it in
+the same sense as modern doctors. So far as Christian Europe is concerned
+it would appear that the corset arose to gratify an ideal of asceticism
+rather than of sexual allurement. The bodice in early medi&aelig;val days bound
+and compressed the breasts and thus tended to efface the specifically
+feminine character of a woman's body. Gradually, however, the bodice was
+displaced downward, and its effect, ultimately, was to render the breasts
+more prominent instead of effacing them. Not only does the corset render
+the breasts more prominent; it has the further effect of displacing the
+breathing activity of the lungs in an upward direction, the advantage from
+the point of sexual allurement thus gained being that additional attention
+is drawn to the bosom from the respiratory movement thus imparted to it.
+So marked and so constant is this artificial respiratory effect, under the
+influence of the waist compression habitual among civilized women, that
+until recent years it was commonly supposed that there is a real and
+fundamental difference in breathing between men and women, that women's
+breathing is thoracic and men's abdominal. It is now known that under
+natural and healthy conditions there is no such difference, but that men
+and women breathe in a precisely identical manner. The corset may thus be
+regarded as the chief instrument of sexual allurement which the armory of
+costume supplies to a woman, for it furnishes her with a method of
+heightening at once her two chief sexual secondary characters, the bosom
+above, the hips and buttocks below. We cannot be surprised that all the
+scientific evidence in the world of the evil of the corset is powerless
+not merely to cause its abolition, but even to secure the general adoption
+of its comparatively harmless modifications.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Several books have been written on the history of the corset.
+L&eacute;oty (<i>Le Corset &agrave; travers les Ages</i>, 1893) accepts Bouvier's
+division of the phases through which the corset has passed: (1)
+the bands, or fasci&aelig;, of Greek and Roman ladies; (2) period of
+transition during greater part of middle ages, classic traditions
+still subsisting; (3) end <a name='4_Page_173'></a>of middle ages and beginning of
+Renaissance, when tight bodices were worn; (4) the period of
+whalebone bodices, from middle of sixteenth to end of eighteenth
+centuries; (5) the period of the modern corset. We hear of
+embroidered girdles in Homer. Even in Rome, however, the fasci&aelig;
+were not in general use, and were chiefly employed either to
+support the breasts or to compress their excessive development,
+and then called <i>mamillare</i>. The <i>zona</i> was a girdle, worn
+usually round the hips, especially by young girls. The modern
+corset is a combination of the <i>fascia</i> and the <i>zona</i>. It was at
+the end of the fourteenth century that Isabeau of Bavaria
+introduced the custom of showing the breasts uncovered, and the
+word &quot;corset&quot; was then used for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>Stratz, in his <i>Frauenkleidung</i> (pp. 366 <i>et seq.</i>), and in his
+<i>Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapters VIII, X, and XVI,
+also deals with the corset, and illustrates the results of
+compression on the body. For a summary of the evidence concerning
+the difference of respiration in man and woman, its causes and
+results, see Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition,
+1904, pp. 228-244. With reference to the probable influence of
+the corset and unsuitable clothing generally during early life in
+impeding the development of the mammary glands, causing inability
+to suckle properly, and thus increasing infant mortality, see
+especially a paper by Professor Bollinger (<i>Correspondenz-blatt</i>
+<i>Deutsch. Gesell. Anthropologie</i>, October, 1899).</p>
+
+<p>The compression caused by the corset, it must be added, is not
+usually realized or known by those who wear it. Thus, Rushton
+Parker and Hugh Smith found, in two independent series of
+measurements, that the waist measurement was, on the average, two
+inches less over the corset than round the naked waist; &quot;the
+great majority seemed quite unaware of the fact.&quot; In one case the
+difference was as much as five inches. (<i>British Medical</i>
+<i>Journal</i>, September 15 and 22, 1900.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The breasts and the developed hips are characteristics of women and are
+indications of functional effectiveness as well as sexual allurement.
+Another prominent sexual character which belongs to man, and is not
+obviously an index of function, is furnished by the hair on the face. The
+beard may be regarded as purely a sexual adornment, and thus comparable to
+the somewhat similar growth on the heads of many male animals. From this
+point of view its history is interesting, for it illustrates the tendency
+with increase of civilization not merely to dispense with sexual
+allurement in the primary sexual organs, but even to disregard those
+growths which would appear <a name='4_Page_174'></a>to have been developed solely to act as sexual
+allurements. The cultivation of the beard belongs peculiarly to barbarous
+races. Among these races it is frequently regarded as the most sacred and
+beautiful part of the person, as an object to swear by, an object to which
+the slightest insult must be treated as deadly. Holding such a position,
+it must doubtless act as a sexual allurement. &quot;Allah has specially created
+an angel in Heaven,&quot; it is said in the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, &quot;who has no other
+occupation than to sing the praises of the Creator for giving a beard to
+men and long hair to women.&quot; The sexual character of the beard and the
+other hirsute appendage is significantly indicated by the fact that the
+ascetic spirit in Christianity has always sought to minimize or to hide
+the hair. Altogether apart, however, from this religious influence,
+civilization tends to be opposed to the growth of hair on the masculine
+face and especially to the beard. It is part of the well-marked tendency
+with civilization to the abolition of sexual differences. We find this
+general tendency among the Greeks and Romans, and, on the whole, with
+certain variations and fluctuations of fashion, in modern Europe also.
+Schopenhauer frequently referred to this disappearance of the beard as a
+mark of civilization, &quot;a barometer of culture.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_151'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_151'><sup>[151]</sup></a> The absence of facial
+hair heightens &aelig;sthetic beauty of form, and is not felt to remove any
+substantial sexual attraction.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>That even the Egyptians regarded the beard as a mark of beauty
+and an object of veneration is shown by the fact that the priests
+wore it long and cut it off in grief (Herodotus, <i>Euterpe</i>,
+Chapter XXXVI). The respect with which the beard was regarded
+among the ancient Hebrews is indicated in the narrative (II
+Samuel, Chapter X) which tells how, when David sent his servants
+to King Hanun the latter shaved off half their beards; they were
+too ashamed to return in this condition, and remained at Jericho
+until their beards had grown again. A passage in Ordericus
+Vitalis (<i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, Book VIII, Chapter X) is
+interesting both as regards the fashions of the twelfth century
+in England and Normandy and the feeling that prompted Ordericus.
+Speaking of the men of his time, he wrote: &quot;The forepart <a name='4_Page_175'></a>of
+their head is bare after the manner of thieves, while at the back
+they nourish long hair like harlots. In former times penitents,
+captives and pilgrims usually went unshaved and wore long beards,
+as an outward mark of their penance or captivity or pilgrimage.
+Now almost all the world wear crisped hair and beards, carrying
+on their faces the token of their filthy lust like stinking
+goats. Their locks are curled with hot irons, and instead of
+wearing caps they bind their heads with fillets. A knight seldom
+appears in public with his head uncovered, and properly shaved,
+according to the apostolic precept (I Corinthians, Chapter XI,
+verses 7 and 14).&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>We have seen that there is good reason for assuming a certain fundamental
+tendency whereby the most various peoples of the world, at all events in
+the person of their most intelligent members, recognize and accept a
+common ideal of feminine beauty, so that to a certain extent beauty may be
+said to have an objectively &aelig;sthetic basis. We have further found that
+this &aelig;sthetic human ideal is modified, and very variously modified in
+different countries and even in the same country at different periods, by
+a tendency, prompted by a sexual impulse which is not necessarily in
+harmony with &aelig;sthetic cannons, to emphasize, or even to repress, one or
+other of the prominent secondary sexual characters of the body. We now
+come to another tendency which is apt to an even greater extent to limit
+the cultivation of the purely &aelig;sthetic ideal of beauty: the influences of
+national or racial type.</p>
+
+<p>To the average man of every race the woman who most completely embodies
+the type of his race is usually the most beautiful, and even mutilations
+and deformities often have their origin, as Humboldt long since pointed
+out, in the effort to accentuate the racial type.<a name='4_FNanchor_152'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_152'><sup>[152]</sup></a> Eastern women
+possess by <a name='4_Page_176'></a>nature large and conspicuous eyes, and this characteristic
+they seek still further to heighten by art. The Ainu are the hairiest of
+races, and there is nothing which they consider so beautiful as hair. It
+is difficult to be sexually attracted to persons who are fundamentally
+unlike ourselves in racial constitution.<a name='4_FNanchor_153'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_153'><sup>[153]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It frequently happens that this admiration for racial characteristics
+leads to the idealization of features which are far removed from &aelig;sthetic
+beauty. The firm and rounded breast is certainly a feature of beauty, but
+among many of the black peoples of Africa the breasts fall at a very early
+period, and here we sometimes find that the hanging breast is admired as
+beautiful.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The African Baganda, the Rev. J. Roscoe states (<i>Journal of the</i>
+<i>Anthropological Institute</i>, January-June, 1902, p. 72), admire
+hanging breasts to such an extent that their young women tie them
+down in order to hasten the arrival of this condition.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The most remarkable trait of beauty in the East,&quot; wrote Sonnini,
+&quot;is to have large black eyes, and nature has made this a
+characteristic sign of the women of these countries. But, not
+content with this, the women of Egypt wish their eyes to be still
+larger and blacker. To attain this Mussulmans, Jewesses, and
+Christians, rich and poor, all tint their eyelids with galena.
+They also blacken the lashes (as Juvenal tells us the Roman
+ladies did) and mark the angles of the eye so that the fissure
+appears larger.&quot; (Sonnini, <i>Voyage dans la Haute et Basse</i>
+<i>Egypte</i>, 1799, vol. i, p. 290.) Kohl is thus only used by the
+women who have what the Arabs call &quot;natural kohl.&quot; As Flinders
+Petrie has found, the women of the so-called &quot;New Race,&quot; between
+the sixth and tenth dynasties of ancient Egypt, used galena and
+malachite for painting their faces. Jewish women in the days of
+the prophets painted their eyes with kohl, as do some Hindu women
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Ainu have a great affection for their beards. They regard
+them as a sign of manhood and strength and consider them as
+especially handsome. They look upon them, indeed, as a great and
+highly prized treasure.&quot; (J. Batchelor, <i>The Ainu and their</i>
+<i>Folklore</i>, p. 162.)</p>
+
+<p>A great many theories have been put forward to explain the
+Chinese fashion of compressing and deforming the foot. The
+Chinese <a name='4_Page_177'></a>are great admirers of the feminine foot, and show
+extreme sexual sensitiveness in regard to it. Chinese women
+naturally possess very small feet, and the main reason for
+binding them is probably to be found in the desire to make them
+still smaller. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Stratz, <i>Die Frauenkleidung</i>, 1904,
+p. 101.)</p></div>
+
+<p>An interesting question, which in part finds its explanation here and is
+of considerable significance from the point of view of sexual selection,
+concerns the relative admiration bestowed on blondes and brunettes. The
+question is not, indeed, one which is entirely settled by racial
+characteristics. There is something to be said on the matter from the
+objective standpoint of &aelig;sthetic considerations. Stratz, in a chapter on
+beauty of coloring in woman, points out that fair hair is more beautiful
+because it harmonizes better with the soft outlines of woman, and, one may
+add, it is more brilliantly conspicuous; a golden object looks larger than
+a black object. The hair of the armpit, also, Stratz considers should be
+light. On the other hand, the pubic hair should be dark in order to
+emphasize the breadth of the pelvis and the obtusity of the angle between
+the mons veneris and the thighs. The eyebrows and eyelashes should also be
+dark in order to increase the apparent size of the orbits. Stratz adds
+that among many thousand women he has only seen one who, together with an
+otherwise perfect form, has also possessed these excellencies in the
+highest measure. With an equable and matt complexion she had blonde, very
+long, smooth hair, with sparse, blonde, and curly axillary hair; but,
+although her eyes were blue, the eyebrows and eyelashes were black, as
+also was the not overdeveloped pubic hair.<a name='4_FNanchor_154'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_154'><sup>[154]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We may accept it as fairly certain that, so far as any objective standard
+of &aelig;sthetic beauty is recognizable, that standard involves the supremacy
+of the fair type of woman. Such supremacy in beauty has doubtless been
+further supported by <a name='4_Page_178'></a>the fact that in most European countries the ruling
+caste, the aristocratic class, whose superior energy has brought it to the
+top, is somewhat blonder than the average population.</p>
+
+<p>The main cause, however, in determining the relative amount of admiration
+accorded in Europe to blondes and to brunettes is the fact that the
+population of Europe must be regarded as predominantly fair, and that our
+conception of beauty in feminine coloring is influenced by an instinctive
+desire to seek this type in its finest forms. In the north of Europe there
+can, of course, be no question concerning the predominant fairness of the
+population, but in portions of the centre and especially in the south it
+may be considered a question. It must, however, be remembered that the
+white population occupying all the shores of the Mediterranean have the
+black peoples of Africa immediately to the south of them. They have been
+liable to come in contact with the black peoples and in contrast with them
+they have tended not only to be more impressed with their own whiteness,
+but to appraise still more highly its blondest manifestations as
+representing a type the farthest removed from the negro. It must be added
+that the northerner who comes into the south is apt to overestimate the
+darkness of the southerner because of the extreme fairness of his own
+people. The differences are, however, less extreme than we are apt to
+suppose; there are more dark people in the north than we commonly assume,
+and more fair people in the south. Thus, if we take Italy, we find in its
+fairest part, Venetia, according to Raseri, that there are 8 per cent.
+communes in which fair hair predominates, 81 per cent. in which brown
+predominates, and only 11 per cent. in which black predominates; as we go
+farther south black hair becomes more prevalent, but there are in most
+provinces a few communes in which fair hair is not only frequent, but even
+predominant. It is somewhat the same with light eyes, which are also most
+abundant in Venetia and decrease to a slighter extent as we go south. It
+is possible that in former days the blondes prevailed to a greater degree
+than to-day in the south of Europe. Among the Berbers of the Atlas
+Mountains, who are probably allied to <a name='4_Page_179'></a>the South Europeans, there appears
+to be a fairly considerable proportion of blondes,<a name='4_FNanchor_155'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_155'><sup>[155]</sup></a> while on the other
+hand there is some reason to believe that blondes die out under the
+influence of civilization as well as of a hot climate.</p>
+
+<p>However this may be, the European admiration for blondes dates back to
+early classic times. Gods and men in Homer would appear to be frequently
+described as fair.<a name='4_FNanchor_156'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_156'><sup>[156]</sup></a> Venus is nearly always blonde, as was Milton's
+Eve. Lucian refers to women who dye their hair. The Greek sculptors gilded
+the hair of their statues, and the figurines in many cases show very fair
+hair.<a name='4_FNanchor_157'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_157'><sup>[157]</sup></a> The Roman custom of dyeing the hair light, as Renier has shown,
+was not due to the desire to be like the fair Germans, and when Rome fell
+it would appear that the custom of dyeing the hair persisted, and never
+died out; it is mentioned by Anselm, who died at the beginning of the
+twelfth century.<a name='4_FNanchor_158'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_158'><sup>[158]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In the poetry of the people in Italy brunettes, as we should expect,
+receive much commendation, though even here the blondes are preferred.
+When we turn to the painters and poets of Italy, and the &aelig;sthetic writers
+on beauty from the Renaissance onward, the admiration for fair hair is
+unqualified, though there is no correspondingly unanimous admiration for
+blue eyes. Angelico and most of the pre-Raphaelite artists usually painted
+their women with flaxen and light-golden hair, which often became brown
+with the artists of the Renaissance period. Firenzuola, in his admirable
+dialogue on feminine beauty, says that a woman's hair should be like gold
+or honey <a name='4_Page_180'></a>or the rays of the sun. Luigini also, in his <i>Libro della bella</i>
+<i>Donna</i>, says that hair must be golden. So also thought Petrarch and
+Ariosto. There is, however, no corresponding predilection among these
+writers for blue eyes. Firenzuola said that the eyes must be dark, though
+not black. Luigini said that they must be bright and black. Niphus had
+previously said that the eyes should be &quot;black like those of Venus&quot; and
+the skin ivory, even a little brown. He mentions that Avicenna had praised
+the mixed, or gray eye.</p>
+
+<p>In France and other northern countries the admiration for very fair hair
+is just as marked as in Italy, and dates back to the earliest ages of
+which we have a record. &quot;Even before the thirteenth century,&quot; remarks
+Houdoy, in his very interesting study of feminine beauty in northern
+France during medi&aelig;val times, &quot;and for men as well as for women, fair hair
+was an essential condition of beauty; gold is the term of comparison
+almost exclusively used.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_159'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_159'><sup>[159]</sup></a> He mentions that in the <i>Acta Sanctorum</i> it
+is stated that Saint Godelive of Bruges, though otherwise beautiful, had
+black hair and eyebrows and was hence contemptuously called a crow. In the
+<i>Chanson de Roland</i> and all the French medi&aelig;val poems the eyes are
+invariably <i>vairs</i>. This epithet is somewhat vague. It comes from
+<i>varius</i>, and signifies mixed, which Houdoy regards as showing various
+irradiations, the same quality which later gave rise to the term <i>iris</i> to
+describe the pupillary membrane.<a name='4_FNanchor_160'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_160'><sup>[160]</sup></a> <i>Vair</i> would thus describe not so
+much the color of the eye as its brilliant and sparkling quality. While
+Houdoy may have been correct, it still seems probable that the eye
+described as <i>vair</i> was usually assumed to be &quot;various&quot; in color also, of
+the kind we commonly call gray, which is usually applied to blue eyes
+encircled with a ring of faintly sprinkled brown pigment. Such eyes are
+fairly typical of northern France and frequently beautiful. That this was
+the case seems to be clearly indicated by the fact that, as Houdoy himself
+points out, a few centuries later the <i>vair</i> eye <a name='4_Page_181'></a>was regarded as <i>vert</i>,
+and green eyes were celebrated as the most beautiful.<a name='4_FNanchor_161'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_161'><sup>[161]</sup></a> The etymology
+was false, but a false etymology will hardly suffice to change an ideal.
+At the Renaissance Jehan Lemaire, when describing Venus as the type of
+beauty, speaks of her green eyes, and Ronsard, a little later, sang:</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;Noir je veux l'&oelig;il et brun le teint,<br /></span>
+<span>Bien que l'&oelig;il verd toute la France adore.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Early in the sixteenth century Brant&ocirc;me quotes some lines current in
+France, Spain, and Italy according to which a woman should have a white
+skin, but black eyes and eyebrows, and adds that personally he agrees with
+the Spaniard that &quot;a brunette is sometimes equal to a blonde,&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_162'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_162'><sup>[162]</sup></a> but
+there is also a marked admiration for green eyes in Spanish literature;
+not only in the typical description of a Spanish beauty in the <i>Celestina</i>
+(Act. I) are the eyes green, but Cervantes, for example, when referring to
+the beautiful eyes of a woman, frequently speaks of them as green.</p>
+
+<p>It would thus appear that in Continental Europe generally, from south to
+north, there is a fair uniformity of opinion as regards the pigmentary
+type of feminine beauty. Such variation as exists seemingly involves a
+somewhat greater degree of darkness for the southern beauty in harmony
+with the greater racial darkness of the southerner, but the variations
+fluctuate within a narrow range; the extremely dark type is always
+excluded, and so it would seem probable is the extremely fair type, for
+blue eyes have not, on the whole, been considered to form part of the
+admired type.</p>
+
+<p>If we turn to England no serious modification of this conclusion is called
+for. Beauty is still fair. Indeed, the very word &quot;fair&quot; in England itself
+means beautiful. That in the seventeenth century it was generally held
+essential that beauty should be blonde is indicated by a passage in the
+<i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, where Burton argues that &quot;golden hair was ever
+<a name='4_Page_182'></a>in great account,&quot; and quotes many examples from classic and more modern
+literature.<a name='4_FNanchor_163'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_163'><sup>[163]</sup></a> That this remains the case is sufficiently evidenced by
+the fact that the ballet and chorus on the English stage wear yellow wigs,
+and the heroine of the stage is blonde, while the female villain of
+melodrama is a brunette.</p>
+
+<p>While, however, this admiration of fairness as a mark of beauty
+unquestionably prevails in England, I do not think it can be said&mdash;as it
+probably can be said of the neighboring and closely allied country of
+France&mdash;that the most beautiful women belong to the fairest group of the
+community. In most parts of Europe the coarse and unbeautiful plebeian
+type tends to be very dark; in England it tends to be very fair. England
+is, however, somewhat fairer generally than most parts of Europe; so that,
+while it may be said that a very beautiful woman in France or in Spain may
+belong to the blondest section of the community, a very beautiful woman in
+England, even though of the same degree of blondness as her Continental
+sister, will not belong to the extremely blonde section of the English
+community. It thus comes about that when we are in northern France we find
+that gray eyes, a very fair but yet unfreckled complexion, brown hair,
+finely molded features, and highly sensitive facial expression combine to
+constitute a type which is more beautiful than any other we meet in
+France, and it belongs to the fairest section of the French population.
+When we cross over to England, however, unless we go to a so-called
+&quot;Celtic&quot; district, it is hopeless to seek among the blondest section of
+the community for any such beautiful and refined type. The English
+beautiful woman, though she may still be fair, is by no means very fair,
+and from the English standpoint she may even sometimes appear somewhat
+dark:<a name='4_FNanchor_164'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_164'><sup>[164]</sup></a> In determining what I call the index of pigmentation&mdash;or degree
+of darkness of the eyes and hair&mdash;of different groups in the National
+Portrait Gallery I found that the &quot;famous beauties&quot;<a name='4_Page_183'></a> (my own personal
+criterion of beauty not being taken into account) was somewhat nearer to
+the dark than to the light end of the scale.<a name='4_FNanchor_165'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_165'><sup>[165]</sup></a> If we consider, at
+random, individual instances of famous English beauties they are not
+extremely fair. Lady Venetia Stanley, in the early seventeenth century,
+who became the wife of Sir Kenelm Digby, was somewhat dark, with brown
+hair and eyebrows. Mrs. Overall, a little later in the same century, a
+Lancashire woman, the wife of the Dean of St. Paul's, was, says Aubrey,
+&quot;the greatest beauty in her time in England,&quot; though very wanton, with
+&quot;the loveliest eyes that were ever seen&quot;; if we may trust a ballad given
+by Aubrey she was dark with black hair. The Gunnings, the famous beauties
+of the eighteenth century, were not extremely fair, and Lady Hamilton, the
+most characteristic type of English beauty, had blue, brown-flecked eyes
+and dark chestnut hair. Coloration is only one of the elements of beauty,
+though an important one. Other things being equal, the most blonde is most
+beautiful; but it so happens that among the races of Great Britain the
+other things are very frequently not equal, and that, notwithstanding a
+conviction ingrained in the language, with us the fairest of women is not
+always the &quot;fairest.&quot; So magical, however, is the effect of brilliant
+coloring that it serves to keep alive in popular opinion an unqualified
+belief in the universal European creed of the beauty of blondness.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen that underlying the conception of beauty, more especially as
+it manifests itself in woman to man, are to be found at least three
+fundamental elements: First there is the general beauty of the species as
+it tends to culminate in the white peoples of European origin; then there
+is the beauty due to the full development or even exaggeration of the
+sexual and more especially the secondary sexual characters; and last there
+is the beauty due to the complete embodiment of the particular racial or
+national type. To make the analysis fairly complete must be added at least
+one other factor: the influence of individual taste. Every individual, at
+all events in <a name='4_Page_184'></a>civilization, within certain narrow limits, builds up a
+feminine ideal of his own, in part on the basis of his own special
+organization and its demands, in part on the actual accidental attractions
+he has experienced. It is unnecessary to emphasize the existence of this
+factor, which has always to be taken into account in every consideration
+of sexual selection in civilized man. But its variations are numerous and
+in impassioned lovers it may even lead to the idealization of features
+which are in reality the reverse of beautiful. It may be said of many a
+man, as d'Annunzio says of the hero of his <i>Trionfo della Morte</i> in
+relation to the woman he loved, that &quot;he felt himself bound to her by the
+real qualities of her body, and not only by those which were most
+beautiful, but specially by <i>those which were least beautiful</i>&quot; (the
+novelist italicizes these words), so that his attention was fixed upon her
+defects, and emphasized them, thus arousing within himself an impetuous
+state of desire. Without invoking defects, however, there are endless
+personal variations which may all be said to come within the limits of
+possible beauty or charm. &quot;There are no two women,&quot; as Stratz remarks,
+&quot;who in exactly the same way stroke back a rebellious lock from their
+brows, no two who hold the hand in greeting in exactly the same way, no
+two who gather up their skirts as they walk with exactly the same
+movement.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_166'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_166'><sup>[166]</sup></a> Among the multitude of minute differences&mdash;which yet can
+be seen and felt&mdash;the beholder is variously attracted or repelled
+according to his own individual idiosyncrasy, and the operations of sexual
+selection are effected accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>Another factor in the constitution of the ideal of beauty, but one perhaps
+exclusively found under civilized conditions, is the love of the unusual,
+the remote, the exotic. It is commonly stated that rarity is admired in
+beauty. This is not strictly true, except as regards combinations and
+characters which vary only in a very slight degree from the generally
+admired type. &quot;<i>Jucundum nihil est quod non reficit variatas</i>,&quot; according
+to the saying of Publilius Syrus. The greater nervous restlessness <a name='4_Page_185'></a>and
+sensibility of civilization heightens this tendency, which is not
+infrequently found also among men of artistic genius. One may refer, for
+instance, to Baudelaire's profound admiration for the mulatto type of
+beauty.<a name='4_FNanchor_167'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_167'><sup>[167]</sup></a> In every great centre of civilization the national ideal of
+beauty tends to be somewhat modified in exotic directions, and foreign
+ideals, as well as foreign fashions, become preferred to those that are
+native. It is significant of this tendency that when, a few years since,
+an enterprising Parisian journal hung in its <i>salle</i> the portraits of one
+hundred and thirty-one actresses, etc., and invited the votes of the
+public by ballot as to the most beautiful of them, not one of the three
+women who came out at the head of the poll was French. A dancer of Belgian
+origin (Cl&eacute;o de Merode) was by far at the head with over 3000 votes,
+followed by an American from San Francisco (Sybil Sanderson), and then a
+Polish woman.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_134'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_134'>[134]</a><div class='note'><p> Figured in Mau's <i>Pompeii</i>, p. 174.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_135'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_135'>[135]</a><div class='note'><p> As a native of Lukunor said to the traveler Mertens, &quot;It
+has the same object as your clothes, to please the women.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_136'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_136'>[136]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The greatest provocations of lust are from our apparel,&quot;
+as Burton states (<i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II,
+Subs. III), illustrating this proposition with immense learning. Stanley
+Hall (<i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, vol. ix, Part III, pp. 365 <i>et
+seq.</i>) has some interesting observations on the various psychic influences
+of clothing; <i>cf.</i> Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, Teil II, pp. 330 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_137'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_137'>[137]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>History of Human Marriage</i>, Chapter IX, especially p, 201.
+We have a striking and comparatively modern European example of an article
+of clothing designed to draw attention to the sexual sphere in the
+codpiece (the French <i>braguette</i>), familiar to us through fifteenth and
+sixteenth century pictures and numerous allusions in Rabelais and in
+Elizabethan literature. This was originally a metal box for the protection
+of the sexual organs in war, but subsequently gave place to a leather case
+only worn by the lower classes, and became finally an elegant article of
+fashionable apparel, often made of silk and adorned with ribbons, even
+with gold and jewels. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, p. 159.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_138'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_138'>[138]</a><div class='note'><p> A correspondent in Ceylon has pointed out to me that in the
+Indian statues of Buddha, Vishnu, goddesses, etc., the necklace always
+covers the nipples, a sexually attractive adornment being thus at the same
+time the guardian of the orifices of the body. Crawley (<i>The Mystic Rose</i>,
+p. 135) regards mutilations as in the nature of permanent amulets or
+charms.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_139'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_139'>[139]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza, in his discussion of this point, although an
+ardent admirer of feminine beauty, decides that woman's form is not, on
+the whole, more beautiful than man's. See Appendix to Cap. IV of
+<i>Fisiologia della Donna</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_140'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_140'>[140]</a><div class='note'><p> For a discussion of the anthropology of the feminine
+pelvis, see Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. 1. Sec. VI.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_141'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_141'>[141]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels, <i>loc. cit.</i>; Deniker, <i>Revue
+d'Anthropologie</i>, January 15, 1889, and <i>Races of Man</i>, p. 93.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_142'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_142'>[142]</a><div class='note'><p> Darwin.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_143'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_143'>[143]</a><div class='note'><p> G. F. Watts, &quot;On Taste in Dress,&quot; <i>Nineteenth Century</i>,
+1883.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_144'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_144'>[144]</a><div class='note'><p> From medi&aelig;val times onwards there has been a tendency to
+treat the gluteal region with contempt, a tendency well marked in speech
+and custom among the lowest classes in Europe to-day, but not easily
+traceable in classic times. D&uuml;hren (<i>Das Geschlechtsleben in England</i>, bd.
+II, pp. 359 <i>et seq.</i>) brings forward quotations from &aelig;sthetic writers and
+others dealing with the beauty of this part of the body.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_145'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_145'>[145]</a><div class='note'><p> Sonnini, <i>Voyage, etc.</i>, vol. i, p. 308.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_146'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_146'>[146]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. 1, Sec. III; Mantegazza,
+<i>Fisiologia della Donna</i>, Chapter III.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_147'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_147'>[147]</a><div class='note'><p> Bloch brings together various interesting quotations
+concerning the farthingale and the crinoline. (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, p. 156.) He states that, like most other
+feminine fashions in dress, it was certainly invented by prostitutes.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_148'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_148'>[148]</a><div class='note'><p> The racial variations in the form and character of the
+breasts are great, and there are considerable variations even among
+Europeans. Even as regards the latter our knowledge is, however, still
+very vague and incomplete; there is here a fruitful field for the medical
+anthropologist. Ploss and Bartels have brought together the existing data
+(<i>Das Weib</i>, bd. I, Sec. VIII). Stratz also discusses the subject (<i>Die
+Sch&ouml;nheit das Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapter X).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_149'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_149'>[149]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>,
+vol. v, p. 28.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_150'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_150'>[150]</a><div class='note'><p> These devices are dealt with and illustrations given by
+Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_151'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_151'>[151]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Parerga und Paralipomena</i>, bd. I, p. 189, and
+bd. 2, p. 482. Moll has also discussed this point (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber
+die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. I, pp. 384 <i>et seq.</i>).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_152'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_152'>[152]</a><div class='note'><p> Speaking of some South American tribes, he remarks
+(<i>Travels</i>, English translations, 1814, vol. iii. p. 236) that they &quot;have
+as great an antipathy to the beard as the Eastern nations hold it in
+reverence. This antipathy is derived from the same source as the
+predilection for flat foreheads, which is seen in so singular a manner in
+the statues of the Aztec heroes and divinities. Nations attach the idea of
+beauty to everything which particularly characterizes their own physical
+conformation, their natural physiognomy.&quot; See also Westermarck, <i>History
+of Marriage</i>, p. 261. Ripley (<i>Races of Europe</i>, pp. 49, 202) attaches
+much importance to the sexual selection founded on a tendency of this
+kind.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_153'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_153'>[153]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Differences of race are irreducible,&quot; Abel Hermant remarks
+(<i>Confession d'un Enfant d'Hier</i>, p. 209), &quot;and between two beings who
+love each other they cannot fail to produce exceptional and instructive
+reactions. In the first superficial ebullition of love, indeed, nothing
+notable may be manifested, but in a fairly short time the two lovers,
+innately hostile, in striving to approach each other strike against an
+invisible partition which separates them. Their sensibilities are
+divergent; everything in each shocks the other; even their anatomical
+conformation, even the language of their gestures; all is foreign.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_154'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_154'>[154]</a><div class='note'><p> C. H. Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>,
+fourteenth edition, Chapter XII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_155'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_155'>[155]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Sergi, <i>The Mediterranean Race</i>, pp. 59-75.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_156'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_156'>[156]</a><div class='note'><p> Sergi (<i>The Mediterranean Race</i>, Chapter 1), by an analysis
+of Homer's color epithets, argues that in very few cases do they involve
+fairness; but his attempt scarcely seems successful, although most of
+these epithets are undoubtedly vague and involve a certain range of
+possible color.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_157'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_157'>[157]</a><div class='note'><p> L&eacute;chat's study of the numerous realistic colored statues
+recently discovered in Greece (summarized in <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r
+Anthropologie</i>, 1904, ht. 1, p. 22) shows that with few exceptions the
+hair is fair.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_158'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_158'>[158]</a><div class='note'><p> Renier, <i>Il Tipo Estetico</i>, pp. 127 <i>et seq.</i> In another
+book, <i>Les Femmes Blondes selon les Peintres de l'Ecole de Venise</i>, par
+deux Venitiens (one of these &quot;Venetians&quot; being Armand Baschet), is brought
+together much information concerning the preference for blondes in
+literature, together with a great many of the recipes anciently used for
+making the hair fair.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_159'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_159'>[159]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Houdoy, <i>La Beaut&eacute; des Femmes dans la Litt&eacute;rature et
+dans l'Art du XIIe au XVIe Si&egrave;cle</i>, 1876, pp. 32 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_160'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_160'>[160]</a><div class='note'><p> Houdoy, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 41 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_161'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_161'>[161]</a><div class='note'><p> Houdoy, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 83.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_162'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_162'>[162]</a><div class='note'><p> Brant&ocirc;me, <i>Vie des Dames Galantes</i>, Discours II.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_163'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_163'>[163]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II, Subs.
+II.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_164'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_164'>[164]</a><div class='note'><p> It is significant that Burton (<i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>,
+<i>loc. cit.</i>), while praising golden hair, also argues that &quot;of all eyes
+black are moist amiable,&quot; quoting many examples to this effect from
+classic and later literature.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_165'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_165'>[165]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Relative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark,&quot; <i>Monthly
+Review</i>, August, 1901; <i>cf.</i> H. Ellis, <i>A Study of British Genius</i>, p.
+215.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_166'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_166'>[166]</a><div class='note'><p> Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, p. 217.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_167'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_167'>[167]</a><div class='note'><p> Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>,
+Teil II, pp. 261 <i>et seq.</i>) brings together some facts bearing on the
+admiration for negresses in Paris and elsewhere.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_V_III'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_186'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Beauty not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision&mdash;Movement&mdash;The
+Mirror&mdash;Narcissism&mdash;Pygmalionism&mdash;Mixoscopy&mdash;The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty&mdash;The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength&mdash;The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Our discussion of the sensory element of vision in human sexual selection
+has been mainly an attempt to disentangle the chief elements of beauty in
+so far as beauty is a stimulus to the sexual instinct. Beauty by no means
+comprehends the whole of the influences which make for sexual allurement
+through vision, but it is the point at which all the most powerful and
+subtle of these are focussed; it represents a fairly definite complexus,
+appealing at once to the sexual and to the &aelig;sthetic impulses, to which no
+other sense can furnish anything in any degree analogous. It is because
+this conception of beauty has arisen upon it that vision properly occupies
+the supreme position in man from the point of view which we here occupy.</p>
+
+<p>Beauty is thus the chief, but it is not the sole, element in the sexual
+appeal of vision. In all parts of the world this has always been well
+understood, and in courtship, in the effort to arouse tumescence, the
+appeals to vision have been multiplied and at the same time aided by
+appeals to the other senses. Movement, especially in the form of dancing,
+is the most important of the secondary appeals to vision. This is so well
+recognized that it is scarcely necessary to insist upon it here; it may
+suffice to refer to a single typical example. The most decent of
+Polynesian dances, according to William Ellis, was the <i>hura</i>, which was
+danced by the daughters of chiefs in the presence of young men of rank
+with the hope of gaining a future husband. &quot;The daughters of the chiefs,
+who were the dancers on these occasions, at times amounted to five or six,
+though occasionally only one exhibited her symmetry of figure and
+<a name='4_Page_187'></a>gracefulness of action. Their dress was singular, but elegant. The head
+was ornamented with a fine and beautiful braid of human hair, wound round
+the head in the form of a turban. A triple wreath of scarlet, white, and
+yellow flowers adorned the head-dress. A loose vest of spotted cloth
+covered the lower part of the bosom. The tihi, of fine white stiffened
+cloth frequently edged with a scarlet border, gathered like a large frill,
+passed under the arms and reached below the waist; while a handsome fine
+cloth, fastened round the waist with a band or sash, covered the feet. The
+breasts were ornamented with rainbow-colored mother-of-pearl shells, and a
+covering of curiously wrought network and feathers. The music of the hura
+was the large and small drum and occasionally the flute. The movements
+were generally slow, but always easy and natural, and no exertion on the
+part of the performers was wanting to render them graceful and
+attractive.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_168'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_168'><sup>[168]</sup></a> We see here, in this very typical example, how the
+extraneous visual aids of movement, color, and brilliancy are invoked in
+conjunction with music to make the appeal of beauty more convincing in the
+process of sexual selection.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be in place here to mention, in passing, the considerable
+    place which vision occupies in normal and abnormal methods of
+    heightening tumescence under circumstances which exclude definite
+    selection by beauty. The action of mirrors belongs to this group
+    of phenomena. Mirrors are present in profusion in high-class
+    brothels&mdash;on the walls and also above the beds. Innocent youths
+    and girls are also often impelled to contemplate themselves in
+    mirrors and sometimes thus, produce the first traces of sexual
+    excitement. I have referred to the developed forms of this kind
+    of self-contemplation in the Study of Auto-erotism, and in this
+    connection have alluded to the fable of Narcissus, whence N&auml;cke
+    has since devised the term Narcissism for this group of
+    phenomena. It is only necessary to mention the enormous
+    production of photographs, representing normal and abnormal
+    sexual actions, specially prepared for the purpose of exciting or
+    of gratifying sexual appetites, and the frequency with which even
+    normal photographs of the nude appeal to the same lust of the
+    eyes.</p><a name='4_Page_188'></a>
+
+<p>    Pygmalionism, or falling in love with statues, is a rare form of
+    erotomania founded on the sense of vision and closely related to
+    the allurement of beauty. (I here use &quot;pygmalionism&quot; as a general
+    term for the sexual love of statues; it is sometimes restricted
+    to cases in which a man requires of a prostitute that she shall
+    assume the part of a statue which gradually comes to life, and
+    finds sexual gratification in this performance alone; Eulenburg
+    quotes examples, <i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, p. 107.) An emotional
+    interest in statues is by no means uncommon among young men
+    during adolescence. Heine, in <i>Florentine Nights</i>, records the
+    experiences of a boy who conceived a sentimental love for a
+    statue, and, as this book appears to be largely autobiographical,
+    the incident may have been founded on fact. Youths have sometimes
+    masturbated before statues, and even before the image of the
+    Virgin; such cases are known to priests and mentioned in manuals
+    for confessors. Pygmalionism appears to have been not uncommon
+    among the ancient Greeks, and this has been ascribed to their
+    &aelig;sthetic sense; but the manifestation is due rather to the
+    absence than to the presence of &aelig;sthetic feeling, and we may
+    observe among ourselves that it is the ignorant and uncultured
+    who feel the indecency of statues and thus betray their sense of
+    the sexual appeal of such objects. We have to remember that in
+    Greece statues played a very prominent part in life, and also
+    that they were tinted, and thus more lifelike than with us.
+    Lucian, Athen&aelig;us, &AElig;lian, and others refer to cases of men who
+    fell in love with statues. Tarnowsky (<i>Sexual Instinct</i>, English
+    edition, p. 85) mentions the case of a young man who was arrested
+    in St. Petersburg for paying moonlight visits to the statue of a
+    nymph on the terrace of a country house, and Krafft-Ebing quotes
+    from a French newspaper the case which occurred in Paris during
+    the spring of 1877 of a gardener who fell in love with a Venus in
+    one of the parks. (I. Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der
+    Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, pp. 297-305, brings together
+    various facts bearing on this group of manifestations.)</p>
+
+<p>    Necrophily, or a sexual attraction for corpses, is sometimes
+    regarded as related to pygmalionism. It is, however, a more
+    profoundly morbid manifestation, and may perhaps he regarded as a
+    kind of perverted sadism.</p>
+
+<p>    Founded on the sense of vision also we find a phenomenon,
+    bordering on the abnormal, which is by Moll termed mixoscopy.
+    This means the sexual pleasure derived from the spectacle of
+    other persons engaged in natural or perverse sexual actions.
+    (Moll, <i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, p. 308. Moll
+    considers that in some cases mixoscopy is related to masochism.
+    There is, however, no necessary connection between the two
+    phenomena.) Brothels are prepared to accommodate visitors who
+    merely desire to look on, and for their convenience <a name='4_Page_189'></a>carefully
+    contrived peepholes are provided; such visitors are in Paris
+    termed &quot;<i>voyeurs</i>.&quot; It is said by Coffignon that persons hide at
+    night in the bushes in the Champs Elys&eacute;es in the hope of
+    witnessing such scenes between servant girls and their lovers. In
+    England during a country walk I have come across an elderly man
+    carefully ensconced behind a bush and intently watching through
+    his field-glass a couple of lovers reclining on a bank, though
+    the actions of the latter were not apparently marked by any
+    excess of indecorum. Such impulses are only slightly abnormal,
+    whatever may be said of them from the point of view of good
+    taste. They are not very far removed from the legitimate
+    curiosity of the young woman who, believing herself unobserved,
+    turns her glass on to a group of young men bathing naked. They
+    only become truly perverse when the gratification thus derived is
+    sought in preference to natural sexual gratification. They are
+    also not normal when they involve, for instance, a man desiring
+    to witness his wife in the act of coitus with another man. I have
+    been told of the case of a scientific man who encouraged his wife
+    to promote the advances of a young friend of his own, in his own
+    drawing-room, he himself remaining present and apparently taking
+    no notice; the younger man was astonished, but accepted the
+    situation. In such a case, when the motives that led up to the
+    episode are obscure, we must not too hastily assume that
+    masochism or even mixoscopy is involved. For information on some
+    of the points mentioned above see, <i>e.g.</i>, I. Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge
+    zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, pp. 200 <i>et
+    seq.</i>; Teil II, pp. 195 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<p>Wide, however, as is the appeal of beauty in sexual selection, it cannot
+be said to cover by any means the whole of the visual field in its sexual
+relationship. Beauty in the human species is, above all, a feminine
+attribute, making its appeal to men. Even for women, as has already been
+noted, beauty is still a feminine quality, which they usually admire, and
+in cases of inversion worship with an ardor which equals, if it does not
+surpass, that experienced by normal men. But the normal woman experiences
+no corresponding cult for the beauty of man. The perfection of the body of
+man is not behind that of woman in beauty, but the study of it only
+appeals to the artist or the &aelig;sthetician; it arouses sexual enthusiasm
+almost exclusively in the male sexual invert. Whatever may be the case
+among animals or even among savages, in civilization the man is most
+successful with women is not the most handsome <a name='4_Page_190'></a>man, and may be the
+reverse of handsome.<a name='4_FNanchor_169'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_169'><sup>[169]</sup></a> The maiden, according to the old saying, who has
+to choose between Adonis and Hercules, will turn to Hercules.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A correspondent writes: &quot;Men are generally attracted in the first
+    instance by a woman's beauty, either of face or figure.
+    Frequently this is the highest form of love they are capable of.
+    Personally, my own love is always prompted by this. In the case
+    of my wife there was certainly a leaven of friendship and moral
+    sympathies but these alone would never have been translated into
+    love had she not been young and good-looking. Moreover, I have
+    felt intense passion for other women, in my relations with whom
+    the elements of moral or mental sympathy have not entered. And
+    always, as youth and beauty went, I believe I should transfer my
+    love to some one else.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Now, in woman I fancy this element of beauty and youth does not
+    enter so much. I have questioned a large number of women&mdash;some
+    married, some unmarried, young and old ladies, shopgirls,
+    servants, prostitutes, women whom I have known only as friends,
+    others with whom I have had sexual relations&mdash;and I cannot
+    recollect one instance when a woman said she had fallen in love
+    with a man for his looks. The nearest approach to any sign of
+    this was in the instance of one, who noticed a handsome man
+    sitting near us in a hotel, and said to me: 'I should like him to
+    kiss me.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have also noticed that women do not like looking at my body,
+    when naked, as I like looking at theirs. My wife has, on a few
+    occasions, put her hand over my body, and expressed pleasure at
+    the feeling of my skin. (I have very fair, soft skin.) But I have
+    never seen women exhibit the excitement that is caused in me by
+    the sight of their bodies, which I love to look at, to stroke, to
+    kiss all over.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It is interesting to point out, in this connection, that the
+    admiration of strength is not confined to the human female. It is
+    by the spectacle of his force that the male among many of the
+    lower animals sexually affects the female. Darwin duly allows for
+    this fact, while some evolutionists, and notably Wallace,
+    consider that it covers the whole field of sexual selection. When
+    choice exists, Wallace states, &quot;all the facts appear to be
+    consistent with the choice depending on a variety of male
+    characteristics, with some of which color is often correlated.
+    Thus, it is the opinion of some of the best observers that vigor
+    and liveliness are most attractive, and these are, no doubt,
+    usually associated with some intensity of color, ... There is
+    reason <a name='4_Page_191'></a>to believe that it is his [the male bird's] persistency
+    and energy rather than his beauty which wins the day.&quot; (A. R.
+    Wallace, <i>Tropical Nature</i>, 1898, p. 199.) In his later book,
+    <i>Darwinism</i> (p. 295), Wallace reaffirms his position that sexual
+    selection means that in the rivalry of males for the female the
+    most vigorous secures the advantage; &quot;ornament,&quot; he adds, &quot;is the
+    natural product and direct outcome of superabundant health and
+    vigor.&quot; As regards woman's love of strength, see Westermarck,
+    <i>History of Marriage</i>, p. 255.</p></div>
+
+<p>Women admire a man's strength rather than his beauty. This statement is
+commonly made, and with truth, but, so far as I am aware, its meaning is
+never analyzed. When we look into it, I think, we shall find that it leads
+us into a special division of the visual sphere of sexual allurement. The
+spectacle of force, while it remains strictly within the field of vision,
+really brings to us, although unconsciously, impressions that are
+correlated with another sense&mdash;that of touch. We instinctively and
+unconsciously translate visible energy into energy of pressure. In
+admiring strength we are really admiring a tactile quality which has been
+made visible. It may therefore be said that, while through vision men are
+sexually affected mainly by the more purely visual quality of beauty,
+women are more strongly affected by visual impressions which express
+qualities belonging to the more fundamentally sexual sense of touch.</p>
+
+<p>The distinction between the man's view and the woman's view, here pointed
+out, is not, it must be added, absolute. Even for a man, beauty, with all
+these components which we have already analyzed in it, is not the sole
+sexual allurement of vision. A woman is not necessarily sexually
+attractive in the ratio of her beauty, and with even a high degree of
+beauty may have a low degree of attraction. The addition of vivacity or
+the addition of languor may each furnish a sexual allurement, and each of
+these is a translated tactile quality which possesses an obscure potency
+from vague sexual implications.<a name='4_FNanchor_170'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_170'><sup>[170]</sup></a> But while <a name='4_Page_192'></a>in the man the demand for
+these translated pressure qualities in the visible attractiveness of a
+woman are not usually quite clearly realized, in a woman the corresponding
+craving for the visual expression of pressure energy is much more
+pronounced and predominant. It is not difficult to see why this should be
+so, even without falling back on the usual explanation that natural
+selection implies that the female shall choose the male who will be the
+most likely father of strong children and the best protector of his
+family. The more energetic part in physical love belongs to the man, the
+more passive part to the woman; so that, while energy in a woman is no
+index to effectiveness in love, energy in a man furnishes a seeming index
+to the existence of the primary quality of sexual energy which a woman
+demands of a man in the sexual embrace. It may be a fallacious index, for
+muscular strength is not necessarily correlated with sexual vigor, and in
+its extreme degrees appears to be more correlated with its absence. But it
+furnishes, in Stendhal's phrase, a probability of passion, and in any case
+it still remains a symbol which cannot be without its effect. We must not,
+of course, suppose that these considerations are always or often present
+to the consciousness of the maiden who &quot;blushingly turns from Adonis to
+Hercules,&quot; but the emotional attitude is rooted in more or less unerring
+instincts. In this way it happens that even in the field of visual
+attraction sexual selection influences women on the underlying basis of
+the more primitive sense of touch, the fundamentally sexual sense.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Women are very sensitive to the quality of a man's touch, and
+    appear to seek and enjoy contact and pressure to a greater extent
+    than do men, although in early adolescence this impulse seems to
+    be marked in both sexes. &quot;There is something strangely winning to
+    most women,&quot; remarks George Eliot, in <i>The Mill on the Floss</i>,
+    &quot;in that offer of the firm arm; the help is not wanted physically
+    at that moment, but the sense of help&mdash;the presence of strength
+    that is outside them and yet theirs&mdash;meets a continual want of
+    the imagination.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Women are often very critical concerning a man's touch and his
+    method of shaking hands. Stanley Hall (<i>Adolescence</i>, vol. ii, p.
+    8) quotes a gifted lady as remarking: &quot;I used to say that,
+    however much I liked a man, I could never marry him if I did not
+    like the touch of his hand, and I feel so yet.&quot;</p><a name='4_Page_193'></a>
+
+<p>    Among the elements of sexual attractiveness which make a special
+    appeal to women, extreme personal cleanliness would appear to
+    take higher rank than it takes in the eyes of a man, some men,
+    indeed, seeming to make surprisingly small demands of a woman in
+    this respect. If this is so we may connect it with the fact that
+    beauty in a woman's eye is to a much greater extent than in a
+    man's a picture of energy, in other words, a translation of
+    pressure contracts, with which the question of physical purity is
+    necessarily more intimately associated than it is with the
+    picture of purely visual beauty. It is noteworthy that Ovid (<i>Ars
+    Amandi</i>, lib. I) urges men who desire to please women to leave
+    the arts of adornment and effeminacy to those whose loves are
+    homosexual, and to practice a scrupulous attention to extreme
+    neatness and cleanliness of body and garments in every detail, a
+    sun-browned skin, and the absence of all odor. Some two thousand
+    years later Brummell in an age when extravagance and effeminacy
+    often marked the fashions of men, introduced a new ideal of
+    unobtrusive simplicity, extreme cleanliness (with avoidance of
+    perfumes), and exquisite good taste; he abhorred all
+    eccentricity, and may be said to have constituted a tradition
+    which Englishmen have ever since sought, more or less
+    successfully to follow; he was idolized by women.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that the attentiveness of women to tactile
+    contacts is indicated by the frequency with which in them it
+    takes on morbid forms, as the <i>d&eacute;lire du contact</i>, the horror of
+    contamination, the exaggerated fear of touching dirt. (See,
+    <i>e.g.</i>, Raymond and Janet, <i>Les Obsessions et la Psychasth&eacute;nie</i>.)</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_168'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_168'>[168]</a><div class='note'><p> William Ellis, <i>Polynesian Researches</i>, second edition,
+1832, vol. 1, p. 215.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_169'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_169'>[169]</a><div class='note'><p> Stendhal (<i>De l'Amour</i>, Chapter XVIII) has some remarks on
+this point, and refers to the influence over women possessed by Lekain,
+the famous actor, who was singularly ugly. &quot;It is <i>passion</i>,&quot; he remarks,
+&quot;which we demand; beauty only furnishes <i>probabilities</i>.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_170'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_170'>[170]</a><div class='note'><p> The charm of a woman's garments to a man is often due in
+part to their expressiveness in rendering impressions of energy, vivacity,
+or languor. This has often been realized by the poets, and notably by
+Herrick, who was singularly sensitive to these qualities in a woman's
+garments.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_V_IV'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_194'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction&mdash;The Admiration for
+High Stature&mdash;The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation&mdash;The Charm of
+Parity&mdash;Conjugal Mating&mdash;The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards
+General Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married
+Couples&mdash;Preferential Mating and Assortative Mating&mdash;The Nature of the
+Advantage Attained by the Fair in Sexual Selection&mdash;The Abhorrence of
+Incest and the Theories of its Cause&mdash;The Explanation in Reality
+Simple&mdash;The Abhorrence of Incest in Relation to Sexual Selection&mdash;The
+Limits to the Charm of Parity in Conjugal Mating&mdash;The Charm of Disparity
+in Secondary Sexual Characters.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>When we are dealing with the senses of touch, smell, and hearing it is
+impossible at present, and must always remain somewhat difficult, to
+investigate precisely the degree and direction of their influence in
+sexual selection. We can marshal in order&mdash;as has here been attempted&mdash;the
+main facts and considerations which clearly indicate that there is and
+must be such an influence, but we cannot even attempt to estimate its
+definite direction and still less to measure it precisely. With regard to
+vision, we are in a somewhat better position. It is possible to estimate
+the direction of the influence which certain visible characters exert on
+sexual selection, and it is even possible to attempt their actual
+measurement, although there must frequently be doubt as to the
+interpretation of such measurements.</p>
+
+<p>Two facts render it thus possible to deal more exactly with the influence
+of vision on sexual selection than with the influence of the other senses.
+In the first place, men and women consciously seek for certain visible
+characters in the persons to whom they are attracted; in other words,
+their &quot;ideals&quot; of a fitting mate are visual rather than tactile,
+olfactory, or auditory. In the second place, whether such &quot;ideals&quot; are
+potent in actual mating, or whether they are modified or even inhibited by
+more potent psychological or general biological influences, it <a name='4_Page_195'></a>is in
+either case possible to measure and compare the visible characters of
+mated persons.</p>
+
+<p>The two visible characters which are at once most frequently sought in a
+mate and most easily measurable are degree of stature and degree of
+pigmentation. Every youth or maiden pictures the person he or she would
+like for a lover as tall or short, fair or dark, and such characters are
+measurable and have on a large scale been measured. It is of interest in
+illustration of the problem of sexual selection in man to consider briefly
+what results are at present obtainable regarding the influence of these
+two characters.</p>
+
+<p>It has long been a widespread belief that short people are sexually
+attracted to tall people, and tall people to short; that in the matter of
+stature men and women are affected by what Bain called the &quot;charm of
+disparity.&quot; It has not always prevailed. Many centuries ago Leonardo da
+Vinci, whose insight at so many points anticipated our most modern
+discoveries, affirmed clearly and repeatedly the charm of parity. After
+remarking that painters tend to delineate the figures that resemble
+themselves he adds that men also fall in love with and marry those who
+resemble themselves; &quot;<i>chi s'innamora voluntieri s'innamorano de cose a
+loro simiglianti</i>,&quot; he elsewhere puts it.<a name='4_FNanchor_171'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_171'><sup>[171]</sup></a> But from that day to this,
+it would seem Leonardo's statements have remained unknown or unnoticed.
+Bernardin de Saint-Pierre said that &quot;love is the result of contrasts,&quot; and
+Schopenhauer affirmed the same point very decisively; various scientific
+and unscientific writers have repeated this statement.<a name='4_FNanchor_172'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_172'><sup>[172]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>So far as stature is concerned, there appears to be very little reason to
+suppose that this &quot;charm of disparity&quot; plays any notable part in
+constituting the sexual ideals of either men or women. Indeed, it may
+probably be affirmed that both men and women seek tallness in the person
+to whom they are sexually attracted. Darwin quotes the opinion of Mayhew
+that <a name='4_Page_196'></a>among dogs the females are strongly attracted to males of large
+size.<a name='4_FNanchor_173'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_173'><sup>[173]</sup></a> I believe this is true, and it is probably merely a particular
+instance of a general psychological tendency.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is noteworthy as an indication of the direction of the sexual
+    ideal in this matter that the heroines of male novelists are
+    rarely short and the heroes of female novelists almost invariably
+    tall. A reviewer of novels addressing to lady novelists in the
+    <i>Speaker</i> (July 26, 1890) &quot;A Plea for Shorter Heroes,&quot; publishes
+    statistics on this point. &quot;Heroes,&quot; he states, &quot;are longer this
+    year than ever. Of the 192 of whom I have had my word to say
+    since October of last year, 27 were merely tall, and 11 were only
+    slightly above the middle height. No less than 85 stood exactly
+    six feet in their stocking soles, and the remainder were
+    considerably over the two yards. I take the average to be six
+    feet three.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    As a slight test alike of the supposed &quot;charm of disparity&quot; as
+    well as of the general degree in which tall and short persons are
+    sought as mates by those of the opposite sex I have examined a
+    series of entries in the <i>Round-About</i>, a publication issued by a
+    club, of which the president is Mr. W. T. Stead, having for its
+    object the purpose of promoting correspondence, friendship, and
+    marriage between its members. There are two classes, of entries,
+    one inserted with a view to &quot;intellectual friendship,&quot; the other
+    with a view to marriage. I have not thought it necessary to
+    recognize this distinction here; if a man describes his own
+    physical characteristics and those of the lady he would like as a
+    friend, I assume that, from the point of view of the present
+    inquiry, he is much on the same footing as the man who seeks a
+    wife. In the series of entries which I have examined 35 men and
+    women state approximately the height of the man or woman they
+    seek to know; 30 state in addition their own height. The results
+    are expressed in the table on the following page.</p>
+
+<p>    Although the cases are few, the results are, in two main
+    respects, sufficiently clear without multiplication of data. In
+    the first place, those who seek parity, whether men or women, are
+    in a majority over those who seek disparity. In the second place,
+    the existence of any disparity at all is due only to the
+    universal desire to find a tall person. Not one man or woman sets
+    down shortness as his or her ideal. The very fact that no man in
+    these initial announcements ventures to set himself down as short
+    (although a considerable proportion describe themselves as tall)
+    indicates a consciousness that shortness is undesirable, as also
+    does the fact that the women very frequently describe themselves
+    as tall.</p></div><a name='4_Page_197'></a>
+
+<p>The same charm of disparity which has been supposed to rule in selective
+attraction as regards stature has also been assumed as regards
+pigmentation. The fair, it is said, are attracted to the dark, the dark to
+the fair. Again, it must be said that this common assumption is not
+confirmed either by introspection or by any attempt to put the matter on a
+statistical basis.<a name='4_FNanchor_174'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_174'><sup>[174]</sup></a></p>
+
+<pre>                    WOMEN.                        MEN.          TOTALS.
+
+        Tall women seek tall men.. 8  Tall men seek tall women.. 6  14
+        Short women seek short men 0  Short men seek short women 0   0
+        Medium-sized women seek       Medium-sized men seek
+          medium-sized men ....... 0    medium-sized women ....  3   3
+
+            Seek parity........... 8      Seek parity........... 9  17
+
+        Tall women seek short men. 0  Tall men seek short women. 0   0
+        Short women seek tall men. 4  Short men seek tall women. 0   4
+        Medium-sized woman seeks      Medium-sized men seek tall
+          tall man................ 1    women .................. 8   9
+
+            Seek disparity........ 5      Seek disparity........ 8  13
+
+                                      Men of unknown height seek
+                                        tall women.............. 5   5</pre>
+
+<p>Most people who will carefully introspect their own feelings and ideals in
+this matter will find that they are not attracted to persons of the
+opposite sex who are strikingly unlike themselves in pigmentary
+characters. Even when the abstract ideal <a name='4_Page_198'></a>of a sexually desirable person
+is endowed with certain pigmentary characters, such as blue eyes or
+darkness,&mdash;either of which is liable to make a vaguely romantic appeal to
+the imagination,&mdash;it is usually found, on testing the feeling for
+particular persons, that the variation from the personal type of the
+subject is usually only agreeable within narrow limits, and that there is
+a very common tendency for persons of totally opposed pigmentary types,
+even though they may sometimes be considered to possess a certain &aelig;sthetic
+beauty, to be regarded as sexually unattractive or even repulsive. With
+this feeling may perhaps be associated the feeling, certainly very widely
+felt, that one would not like to marry a person of foreign, even though
+closely allied, race.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>From the same number of the <i>Round-About</i> from which I have
+    extracted the data on stature, I have obtained corresponding data
+    on pigmentation, and have embodied them in the following table.
+    They are likewise very scanty, but they probably furnish as good
+    a general indication of the drift of ideals in this matter as we
+    should obtain from more extensive data of the same character.</p></div>
+
+<pre>                             WOMEN.                       MEN.        TOTALS.
+
+                 Fair women seek fair men. 2  Fair men seek fair women 2   4
+                 Dark woman seeks dark man 1  Dark men seek dark women 7   8
+
+                     Seek parity.......... 3      Seek parity......... 9  12
+
+                 Fair women seek dark men. 4  Fair men seek dark women 3   7
+                 Dark woman seeks fair man 1  Dark men seek fair women 4   5
+                                              Medium-colored man seeks
+                     Seek disparity....... 5    dark woman ........... 1   1
+                                              Medium-colored man seeks
+                                                fair woman ........... 1   1
+
+                                                  Seek disparity...... 9  14
+
+                                              Men of unknown color seek
+                                                dark women ........... 3   3</pre>
+
+<a name='4_Page_199'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It will be seen that in the case of pigmentation there is not as
+    in the case of stature a decided charm of parity in the formation
+    of sexual ideals. The phenomenon, however, remains essentially
+    analogous. Just as in regard to stature there is without
+    exception an abstract admiration for tall persons, so here,
+    though to a less marked extent, there is a general admiration for
+    dark persons. As many as 6 out of 8 women and 14 out of 21 men
+    seek a dark partner. This tendency ranges itself with the
+    considerations already brought forward (p. 182), leading us to
+    believe that, in England at all events, the admiration of
+    fairness is not efficacious to promote any sexual selection, and
+    that if there is actually any such selection it must be put down
+    to other causes. No doubt, even in England the abstract &aelig;sthetic
+    admiration of fairness is justifiable and may influence the
+    artist. Probably also it influences the poet, who is affected by
+    a long-established convention in favor of fairness, and perhaps
+    also by a general tendency on the part of our poets to be
+    themselves fair and to yield to the charm of parity,&mdash;the
+    tendency to prefer the women of one's own stock,&mdash;which we have
+    already found to be a real force.<a name='4_FNanchor_175'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_175'><sup>[175]</sup></a> But, as a matter of fact,
+    our famous English beauties are not very fair; probably our
+    handsomest men are not very fair, and the abstract sexual ideals
+    of both our men and our women thus go out toward the dark.</p></div>
+
+<p>The formation of a sexual ideal, while it furnishes a predisposition to be
+attracted in a certain direction, and undoubtedly has a certain weight in
+sexual choice, is not by any means the whole of sexual selection. It is
+not even the whole of the psychic element in sexual selection. Let us
+take, for instance, the question of stature. There would seem to be a
+general tendency for both men and women, apart from and before experience,
+to desire sexually large persons of the opposite sex. It may even be that
+this is part of a wider zo&ouml;logical tendency. In the human species it shows
+itself also on the spiritual plane, in the desire for the infinite, in the
+deep and unreasoning feeling that it is impossible to have too much of a
+good thing. But it not <a name='4_Page_200'></a>infrequently happens that a man in whose youthful
+dreams of love the heroine has always been large, has not been able to
+calculate what are the special nervous and other characteristics most
+likely to be met in large women, nor how far these correlated
+characteristics would suit his own instinctive demands. He may, and
+sometimes does, find that in these other demands, which prove to be more
+important and insistent than the desire for stature, the tall women he
+meets are less likely to suit him than the medium or short women.<a name='4_FNanchor_176'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_176'><sup>[176]</sup></a> It
+may thus happen that a man whose ideal of woman has always been as tall
+may yet throughout life never be in intimate relationship with a tall
+woman because he finds that practically he has more marked affinities in
+the case of shorter women. His abstract ideals are modified or negatived
+by more imperative sympathies or antipathies.</p>
+
+<p>In one field such sympathies have long been recognized, especially by
+alienists, as leading to sexual unions of parity, notwithstanding the
+belief in the generally superior attraction of disparity. It has often
+been pointed out that the neuropathic, the insane and criminal,
+&quot;degenerates&quot; of all kinds, show a notable tendency to marry each other.
+This tendency has not, however, been investigated with any precision.<a name='4_FNanchor_177'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_177'><sup>[177]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The first attempt on a statistical basis to ascertain what degree of
+parity or disparity is actually attained by sexual selection was made by
+Alphonse de Candolle.<a name='4_FNanchor_178'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_178'><sup>[178]</sup></a> Obtaining his facts from Switzerland, North
+Germany, and Belgium, he came to the conclusion that marriages are most
+commonly contracted between persons with different eye-colors, except in
+the case of brown-eyed women, who (as Schopenhauer stated, and as is <a name='4_Page_201'></a>seen
+in the English data of the sexual ideal I have brought forward) are found
+more attractive than others.</p>
+
+<p>The first series of serious observations tending to confirm the result
+reached by the genius of Leonardo da Vinci and to show that sexual
+selection results in the pairing of like rather than of unlike persons was
+made by Hermann Fol, the embryologist.<a name='4_FNanchor_179'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_179'><sup>[179]</sup></a> He set out with the popular
+notion that married people end by resembling each other, but when at Nice,
+which is visited by many young married couples on their honeymoons, he was
+struck by the resemblances already existing immediately after marriage. In
+order to test the matter he obtained the photographs of 251 young and old
+married couples not personally known to him. The results were as follows:</p>
+
+<pre>
+                            RESEMBLANCES      NONRESEMBLANCES
+            COUPLES.        (PERCENTAGE).      (PERCENTAGE).   TOTAL.
+
+        Young.............. 132, about 66,66   66, about 33.33   198
+        Old ...............  38, about 71.70   15, about 28.30    53</pre>
+
+<p>He concluded that in the immense majority of marriages of inclination the
+contracting parties are attracted by similarities, and not by
+dissimilarities, and that, consequently, the resemblances between aged
+married couples are not acquired during conjugal life. Although Fol's
+results were not obtained by good methods, and do not cover definite
+points like stature and eye-color, they represented the conclusions of a
+highly skilled and acute observer and have since been amply confirmed.</p>
+
+<p>Galton could not find that the average results from a fairly large number
+of cases indicated that stature, eye-color, or other personal
+characteristics notably influenced sexual selection, as evidenced by a
+comparison of married couples.<a name='4_FNanchor_180'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_180'><sup>[180]</sup></a> Karl<a name='4_Page_202'></a> Pearson, however, in part making
+use of a large body of data obtained by Galton, referring to stature and
+eye-color, has reached the conclusion that sexual selection ultimately
+results in a marked degree of parity so far as these characters are
+concerned.<a name='4_FNanchor_181'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_181'><sup>[181]</sup></a> As regards stature, he is unable to find evidence of what
+he terms &quot;preferential mating&quot;; that is to say, it does not appear that
+any preconceived ideals concerning the desirability of tallness in sexual
+mates leads to any perceptibly greater tallness of the chosen mate;
+husbands are not taller than men in general, nor wives than women in
+general. In regard to eye-color, however, there appeared to be evidence of
+preferential mating. Husbands are very decidedly fairer than men in
+general, and though there is no such marked difference in women, wives are
+also somewhat fairer than women in general. As regards &quot;assortative
+mating&quot; as it is termed by Pearson,&mdash;the tendency to parity or to
+disparity between husbands and wives,&mdash;the result were in both cases
+decisive. Tall men marry women who are somewhat above the average in
+height; short men marry women who are somewhat below the average, so that
+husband and wife resemble each other in stature as closely as uncle and
+niece. As regards eye-color there is also a tendency for like to marry
+like; the light-eyed men tend to marry light-eyed women more often than
+dark-eyed women; the dark-eyed men tend to marry dark-eyed women more
+often than light-eyed. There remains, however, a very considerable
+difference in the eye-color of husband and wife; in the 774 couples dealt
+with by Pearson there are 333 dark-eyed women to only 251 dark-eyed men,
+and 523 light-eyed men to only 441 light-eyed women. The women in the
+English population are darker-eyed than the men;<a name='4_FNanchor_182'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_182'><sup>[182]</sup></a> but the difference
+is scarcely so <a name='4_Page_203'></a>great as this; so that even if wives are not so dark-eyed
+as women generally it would appear that the ideal admiration for the
+dark-eyed may still to some extent make itself felt in actual mating.</p>
+
+<p>While we have to recognize that the modification and even total inhibition
+of sexual ideals in the process of actual mating is largely due to psychic
+causes, such causes do not appear to cover the whole of the phenomena.
+Undoubtedly they count for much, and the man or the woman who, from
+whatever causes, has constituted a sexual ideal with certain characters
+may in the actual contacts of life find that individuals with other and
+even opposed characters most adequately respond to his or her psychic
+demands. There are, however, other causes in play here which at first
+sight may seem to be not of a purely psychic character. One unquestionable
+cause of this kind comes into action in regard to pigmentary selection.
+Fair people, possibly as a matter of race more than from absence of
+pigment, are more energetic than dark people. They possess a sanguine
+vigor and impetuosity which, in most, though not in all, fields and
+especially in the competition of practical life, tend to give them some
+superiority over their darker brethren. The greater fairness of husbands
+in comparison with men in general, as found by Karl Pearson, is thus
+accounted for; fair men are most likely to obtain wives. Husbands are
+fairer than men in general for the same reason that, as I have shown
+elsewhere,<a name='4_FNanchor_183'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_183'><sup>[183]</sup></a> created peers are fairer than either hereditary peers or
+even most groups of intellectual persons; they have possessed in higher
+measure the qualities that insure success. It may be added that with the
+recognition of this fact we have not really left the field of sexual
+psychology, for, as has already been pointed out, that energy which thus
+insures success in practical life is itself a sexual allurement to women.
+Energy in a woman in courtship is less congenial to her sexual attitude
+than to a man's, and is not attractive to men; thus it is not surprising,
+even apart from the probably greater beauty of dark women, <a name='4_Page_204'></a>that the
+preponderance of fairness among wives as compared to women generally,
+indicated by Karl Pearson's data, is very slight. It may possibly be
+accounted for altogether by homogamy&mdash;the tendency of like to marry
+like&mdash;in the fair husbands.</p>
+
+<p>The energy and vitality of fair people is not, however, it is probable,
+merely an indirect cause of the greater tendency of fair men to become
+husbands; that is to say, it is not merely the result of the generally
+somewhat greater ability of the fair to attain success in temporal
+affairs. In addition to this, fair men, if not fair women, would appear to
+show a tendency to a greater activity in their specifically sexual
+proclivities. This is a point which we shall encounter in a later <i>Study</i>
+and it is therefore unnecessary to discuss it here.</p>
+
+<p>In dealing with the question of sexual selection in man various writers
+have been puzzled by the problem presented by that abhorrence of incest
+which is usually, though not always so clearly marked among the different
+races of mankind.<a name='4_FNanchor_184'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_184'><sup>[184]</sup></a> It was once commonly stated, as by Morgan and by
+Maine, that this abhorrence was the result of experience; the marriages of
+closely related persons were found to be injurious to offspring and were
+therefore avoided. This theory, however, is baseless because the marriages
+of closely related persons are not injurious to the offspring.
+Consanguineous marriages, so closely as they can be investigated on a
+large scale,&mdash;that is to say, marriages between cousins,&mdash;as Huth was the
+first to show, develop no tendency to the production of offspring of
+impaired quality provided the parents are sound; they are only injurious
+in this respect in so far as they may lead to the union of couples who are
+both defective in the same direction. According to another theory, that of
+Westermarck, who has very fully and ably discussed the whole
+question,<a name='4_FNanchor_185'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_185'><sup>[185]</sup></a> &quot;there is an innate aversion to sexual intercourse between
+persons living very closely together from early youth, and, as such
+persons are in most cases related, this <a name='4_Page_205'></a>feeling displays itself chiefly
+as a horror of intercourse between near kin.&quot; Westermarck points out very
+truly that the prohibition of incest could not be founded on experience
+even if (as he is himself inclined to believe) consanguineous marriages
+are injurious to the offspring; incest is prevented &quot;neither by laws, nor
+by customs, nor by education, but by an <i>instinct</i> which under normal
+circumstances makes sexual love between the nearest kin a psychic
+impossibility.&quot; There is, however, a very radical objection to this
+theory. It assumes the existence of a kind of instinct which can with
+difficulty be accepted. An instinct is fundamentally a more or less
+complicated series of reflexes set in action by a definite stimulus. An
+innate tendency at once so specific and so merely negative, involving at
+the same time deliberate intellectual processes, can only with a certain
+force be introduced into the accepted class of instincts. It is as awkward
+and artificial an instinct as would be, let us say, an instinct to avoid
+eating the apples that grew in one's own yard.<a name='4_FNanchor_186'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_186'><sup>[186]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The explanation of the abhorrence to incest is really, however,
+exceedingly simple. Any reader who has followed the discussion of sexual
+selection in the present volume and is also familiar with the &quot;Analysis of
+the Sexual Impulse&quot; set forth in the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>
+will quickly perceive that the normal failure of the pairing instinct to
+manifest itself in the case of brothers and sisters, or of boys and girls
+brought up together from infancy, is a merely negative phenomenon due to
+the inevitable absence under those circumstances of the conditions which
+evoke the pairing impulse. Courtship is the process by which powerful
+sensory stimuli proceeding from a person of the opposite sex gradually
+produce the physiological state of tumescence, with its psychic
+concomitant of love and desire, more or less necessary for mating to be
+effected. But between those who have been brought up together from
+childhood all the sensory stimuli of vision, hearing, and touch have been
+dulled by <a name='4_Page_206'></a>use, trained to the calm level of affection, and deprived of
+their potency to arouse the erethistic excitement which produces sexual
+tumescence.<a name='4_FNanchor_187'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_187'><sup>[187]</sup></a> Brothers and sisters in relation to each other have at
+puberty already reached that state to which old married couples by the
+exhaustion of youthful passion and the slow usage of daily life gradually
+approximate. Passion between brother and sister is, indeed, by no means so
+rare as is sometimes supposed, and it may be very strong, but it is
+usually aroused by the aid of those conditions which are normally required
+for the appearance of passion, more especially by the unfamiliarity caused
+by a long separation. In reality, therefore, the usual absence of sexual
+attraction between brothers and sisters requires no special explanation;
+it is merely due to the normal absence under these circumstances of the
+conditions that tend to produce sexual tumescence and the play of those
+sensory allurements which lead to sexual selection.<a name='4_FNanchor_188'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_188'><sup>[188]</sup></a> It is a purely
+negative phenomenon and it is quite unnecessary, even if it were
+legitimate, to invoke any instinct for its explanation. It is probable
+that the same tendency also operates among animals to some extent, tending
+to produce a stronger sexual attraction toward those of their species to
+whom they have not become habituated.<a name='4_FNanchor_189'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_189'><sup>[189]</sup></a> In animals, and in man also
+when living under primitive conditions, <a name='4_Page_207'></a>sexual attraction is not a
+constant phenomenon<a name='4_FNanchor_190'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_190'><sup>[190]</sup></a>; it is an occasional manifestation only called
+out by the powerful stimulation. It is not its absence which we need to
+explain; it is its presence which needs explanation, and such an
+explanation we find in the analysis of the phenomena of courtship.</p>
+
+<p>The abhorrence of incest is an interesting and significant phenomenon from
+our present point of view, because it instructively points out to us the
+limits to that charm of parity which apparently makes itself felt to some
+considerable extent in the constitution of the sexual ideal and still more
+in the actual homogamy which seems to predominate over heterogamy. This
+homogamy is, it will be observed, a <i>racial</i> homogamy; it relates to
+anthropological characters which mark stocks. Even in this racial field,
+it is unnecessary to remark, the homogamy attained is not, and could not
+be, absolute; nor would it appear that such absolute racial homogamy is
+even desired. A tall man who seeks a tall woman can seldom wish her to be
+as tall as himself; a dark man who seeks a dark woman, certainly will not
+be displeased at the inevitably greater or less degree of pigment which he
+finds in her eyes as compared to his own.</p>
+
+<p>But when we go outside the racial field this tendency to homogamy
+disappears at once. A man marries a woman who, with slight, but agreeable,
+variations, belongs to a like stock to himself. The abhorrence of incest
+indicates that even the sexual attraction to people of the same stock has
+its limits, for it is not strong enough to overcome the sexual
+indifference between persons of near kin. The desire for novelty shown in
+this sexual indifference to near kin and to those who have been housemates
+from childhood, together with the notable sexual attractiveness often
+possessed by a strange youth or maiden who arrives in a small town or
+village, indicates that slight differences in stock, if not, indeed, a
+positive advantage from this point of view, are certainly not a
+disadvantage. When we leave the consideration of racial differences to
+consider sexual differences, not only do we no longer find any charm of
+parity, but we find that there <a name='4_Page_208'></a>is an actual charm of disparity. At this
+point it is necessary to remember all that has been brought forward in
+earlier pages<a name='4_FNanchor_191'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_191'><sup>[191]</sup></a> concerning the emphasis of the secondary sexual
+characters in the ideal of beauty. All those qualities which the woman
+desires to see emphasized in the man are the precise opposite of the
+qualities which the man desires to see emphasized in the woman. The man
+must be strong, vigorous, energetic, hairy, even rough, to stir the
+primitive instincts of the woman's nature; the woman who satisfies this
+man must be smooth, rounded, and gentle. It would be hopeless to seek for
+any homogamy between the manly man and the virile woman, between the
+feminine woman and the effeminate man. It is not impossible that this
+tendency to seek disparity in sexual characters may exert some disturbing
+influences on the tendency to seek parity in anthropological racial
+characters, for the sexual difference to some extent makes itself felt in
+racial characters. A somewhat greater darkness of women is a secondary
+(or, more precisely, tertiary) sexual character, and on this account
+alone, it is possible, somewhat attractive to men<a name='4_FNanchor_192'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_192'><sup>[192]</sup></a>. A difference in
+size and stature is a very marked secondary sexual character. In the
+considerable body of data concerning the stature of married couples
+reproduced by Pearson from Galton's tables, although the tall on the
+average tend to marry the tall, and the short the short, it is yet
+noteworthy that, while the men of 5 ft. 4 ins. have more wives at 5 ft. 2
+ins. than at any other height, men of 6 ft. show, in an exactly similar
+manner, more wives at 5 ft. 2 ins. than at any other height, although for
+many intermediate heights the most numerous groups of wives are
+taller<a name='4_FNanchor_193'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_193'><sup>[193]</sup></a>.</p>
+
+<p>In matters of carriage, habit, and especially clothing the love of sexual
+disparity is instinctive, everywhere well marked, and often carried to
+very great lengths. To some extent such <a name='4_Page_209'></a>differences are due to the
+opposing demands of more fundamental differences in custom and occupation.
+But this cause by no means adequately accounts for them, since it may
+sometimes happen that what in one land is the practice of the men is in
+another the practice of the women, and yet the practices of the two sexes
+are still opposed<a name='4_FNanchor_194'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_194'><sup>[194]</sup></a>. Men instinctively desire to avoid doing things in
+women's ways, and women instinctively avoid doing things in men's ways,
+yet both sexes admire in the other sex those things which in themselves
+they avoid. In the matter of clothing this charm of disparity reaches its
+highest point, and it has constantly happened that men have even called in
+the aid of religion to enforce a distinction which seemed to them so
+urgent<a name='4_FNanchor_195'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_195'><sup>[195]</sup></a>. One of the greatest of sex allurements would be lost and the
+extreme importance of clothes would disappear at once if the two sexes
+were to dress alike; such identity of dress has, however, never come about
+among any people.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_171'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_171'>[171]</a><div class='note'><p> L. da Vinci, <i>Frammenti</i>, selected by Solmi, pp. 177-180.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_172'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_172'>[172]</a><div class='note'><p> Westermarck, who accepts the &quot;charm of disparity,&quot; gives
+references, <i>History of Human Marriage</i>, p. 354.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_173'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_173'>[173]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Descent of Man</i>. Part II, Chapter XVIII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_174'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_174'>[174]</a><div class='note'><p> Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>,
+Teil II, pp. 260 <i>et seq.</i>) refers to the tendency to admixture of races
+and to the sexual attraction occasionally exerted by the negress and
+sometimes the negro on white persons as evidence in favor of such charm of
+disparity. In part, however, we are here concerned with vague statements
+concerning imperfectly known facts, in part with merely individual
+variations, and with that love of the exotic under the stimulation of
+civilized conditions to which reference has already been made (p. 184).</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_175'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_175'>[175]</a><div class='note'><p> In this connection the exceptional case of Tennyson is of
+interest. He was born and bred in the very fairest part of England
+(Lincolnshire), but he himself and the stock from which he sprang were
+dark to a very remarkable degree. In his work, although it reveals traces
+of the conventional admiration for the fair, there is a marked and unusual
+admiration for distinctly dark women, the women resembling the stock to
+which he himself belonged. See Havelock Ellis, &quot;The Color Sense in
+Literature,&quot; <i>Contemporary Review</i>, May, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_176'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_176'>[176]</a><div class='note'><p> It is noteworthy that in the <i>Round-About</i>, already
+referred to, although no man expresses a desire to meet a short woman,
+when he refers to announcements by women as being such as would be likely
+to suit him, the persons thus pointed out are in a notable proportion
+short.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_177'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_177'>[177]</a><div class='note'><p> It has been discussed by F. J. Debret, <i>La Selection
+Naturelle dans l'esp&egrave;ce humaine</i> (Th&egrave;se de Paris), 1901. Debret regards it
+as due to natural selection.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_178'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_178'>[178]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;H&eacute;r&eacute;dit&eacute; de la Couleur des Yeux dans l'esp&egrave;ce humaine,&quot;
+<i>Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles</i>, s&eacute;r. iii, vol. xii, 1884,
+p. 109.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_179'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_179'>[179]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Revue Scientifique</i>, Jan., 1891.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_180'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_180'>[180]</a><div class='note'><p> F. Galton, <i>Natural Inheritance</i>, p. 85. It may be remarked
+that while Galton's tables on page 206 show a slight excess of disparity
+as regards sexual selection in stature, in regard to eye color they
+anticipate Karl Pearson's more extensive data and in marriages of
+disparity show a decided deficiency of observed over chance results. In
+<i>English Men of Science</i> (pp. 28-33), also, Galton found that among the
+parents parity decidedly prevailed over disparity (78 to 31) alike as
+regards temperament, hair color, and eye color.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_181'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_181'>[181]</a><div class='note'><p> Karl Pearson, <i>Phil. Trans. Royal Society</i>, vol. clxxxvii,
+p. 273, and vol. cxcv, p. 113; <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>, vol.
+lxvi, p. 28; <i>Grammar of Science</i>, second edition, 1900, pp. 425 <i>et
+seq.</i>; <i>Biometrika</i>, November, 1903. The last-named periodical also
+contains a study on &quot;Assortative Mating in Man,&quot; bringing forward evidence
+to show that, apart from environmental influence, &quot;length of life is a
+character which is subject to selection;&quot; that is to say, the long-lived
+tend to marry the long-lived, and the short-lived to marry the
+short-lived.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_182'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_182'>[182]</a><div class='note'><p> For a summary of the evidence on this point see Havelock
+Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, 1904, pp. 256-264.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_183'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_183'>[183]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark,&quot;
+<i>Monthly Review</i>, August, 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_184'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_184'>[184]</a><div class='note'><p> The fact that even in Europe the abhorrence to incest is
+not always strongly felt is brought out by Bloch, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie
+der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, pp. 263 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_185'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_185'>[185]</a><div class='note'><p> Westermarck, <i>History of Marriage</i>, Chapters XIV and XV.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_186'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_186'>[186]</a><div class='note'><p> Crawley (<i>The Mystic Rose</i>, p. 446) has pointed out that it
+is not legitimate to assume the possibility of an &quot;instinct&quot; of this
+character; instinct has &quot;nothing in its character but a response of
+function to environment.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_187'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_187'>[187]</a><div class='note'><p> Fromentin, in his largely autobiographic novel <i>Dominique</i>,
+makes Olivier say: &quot;Julie is my cousin, which is perhaps a reason why she
+should please me less than anyone else. I have always known her. We have,
+as it were, slept in the same cradle. There may be people who would be
+attracted by this almost fraternal relationship. To me the very idea of
+marrying someone whom I knew as a baby is as absurd as that of coupling
+two dolls.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_188'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_188'>[188]</a><div class='note'><p> It may well be, as Crawley argues (<i>The Mystic Rose</i>,
+Chapter XVII), that sexual taboo plays some part among primitive people in
+preventing incestuous union, as, undoubtedly, training and moral ideas do
+among civilized peoples.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_189'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_189'>[189]</a><div class='note'><p> The remarks of the Marquis de Brisay, an authority on
+doves, as communicated to Giard (<i>L'Interm&eacute;diare des Biologistes</i>,
+November 20, 1897), are of much interest on this point, since they
+correspond to what we find in the human species: &quot;Two birds from the same
+nest rarely couple. Birds coming from the same nest behave as though they
+regarded coupling as prohibited, or, rather, they know each other too
+well, and seem to be ignorant of their difference in sex, remaining
+unaffected in their relations by the changes which make them adults.&quot;
+Westermarck (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 334) has some remarks on a somewhat similar
+tendency sometimes observed in dogs and horses.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_190'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_190'>[190]</a><div class='note'><p> See Appendix to vol. lii of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;The Sexual
+Impulse among Savages.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_191'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_191'>[191]</a><div class='note'><p> See, especially, <i>ante</i>, pp. 163 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_192'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_192'>[192]</a><div class='note'><p> Kistemaecker, as quoted by Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge, etc.</i>, ii. p.
+340), alludes in this connection to the dark clothes of men and to the
+tendency of women to wear lighter garments, to emphasize the white
+underlinen, to cultivate pallor of the face, to use powder. &quot;I am white
+and you are brown; ergo, you must love me&quot;; this affirmation, he states,
+may be found in the depths of every woman's heart.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_193'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_193'>[193]</a><div class='note'><p> K. Pearson, <i>Grammar of Science</i>, second edition, p. 430.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_194'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_194'>[194]</a><div class='note'><p> In <i>Man and Woman</i> (fourth edition, p. 65) I have referred
+to a curious example of this tendency to opposition, which is of almost
+worldwide extent. Among some people it is, or has been, the custom for the
+women to stand during urination, and in these countries it is usually the
+custom for the man to squat; in most countries the practices of the sexes
+in this matter are opposed.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_195'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_195'>[195]</a><div class='note'><p> It is sufficient to quote one example. At the end of the
+sixteenth century it was a serious objection to the fashionable wife of an
+English Brownist pastor in Amsterdam that she had &quot;bodies [a bodice or
+corset] tied to the petticoat with points [laces] as men do their doublets
+and their hose, contrary to I Thess., v, 22, conferred with Deut. xxii, 5;
+and I John ii, 16.&quot;</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_V_V'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_210'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The consideration of vision has led us into a region in which, more
+definitely and precisely than is the case with any other sense, we can
+observe and even hope to measure the operation of sexual selection in man.
+In the conception of feminine beauty we possess an instrument of universal
+extension by which it seems possible to measure the nature and extent of
+such selection as exercised by men on women. This conception, with which
+we set out, is, however, by no means so precise, so easily available for
+the attainment of sound conclusions, as at first it may seem to be.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that beauty is not, as some have supposed, a mere matter of
+caprice. It rests in part on (1) an objective basis of &aelig;sthetic character
+which holds all its variations together and leads to a remarkable
+approximation among the ideals of feminine beauty cherished by the most
+intelligent men of all races. But beyond this general objective basis we
+find that (2) the specific characters of the race or nation tend to cause
+divergence in the ideals of beauty, since beauty is often held to consist
+in the extreme development of these racial or national anthropological
+features; and it would, indeed, appear that the full development of racial
+characters indicates at the same time the full development of health and
+vigor. We have further to consider that (3) in most countries an important
+and usually essential element of beauty lies in the emphasis of the
+secondary and tertiary sexual characters: the special characters of the
+hair in woman, her breasts, her hips, and innumerable other qualities of
+minor saliency, but all apt to be of significance from the point of view
+of sexual selection. In addition we have (4) the factor of individual
+taste, constituted by the special organization and the peculiar
+experiences of the individual and inevitably affecting his ideal of
+beauty. Often this individual factor is merged into <a name='4_Page_211'></a>collective shapes,
+and in this way are constituted passing fashions in the matter of beauty,
+certain influences which normally affect only the individual having become
+potent enough to affect many individuals. Finally, in states of high
+civilization and in individuals of that restless and nervous temperament
+which is common in civilization, we have (5) a tendency to the appearance
+of an exotic element in the ideal of beauty, and in place of admiring that
+kind of beauty which most closely approximates to the type of their own
+race men begin to be agreeably affected by types which more or less
+deviate from that with which they are most familiar.</p>
+
+<p>While we have these various and to some extent conflicting elements in a
+man's ideal of feminine beauty, the question is still further complicated
+by the fact that sexual selection in the human species is not merely the
+choice of the woman by the man, but also the choice of the man by the
+woman. And when we come to consider this we find that the standard is
+altogether different, that many of the elements of beauty as it exists in
+woman for man have here fallen away altogether, while a new and
+preponderant element has to be recognized in the shape of a regard for
+strength and vigor. This, as I have pointed out, is not a purely visual
+character, but a tactile pressure character translated into visual terms.</p>
+
+<p>When we have stated the sexual ideal we have not yet, however, by any
+means stated the complete problem of human sexual selection. The ideal
+that is desired and sought is, in a large measure, not the outcome of
+experience; it is not even necessarily the expression of the individual's
+temperament and idiosyncrasy. It may be largely the result of fortuitous
+circumstances, of slight chance attractions in childhood, of accepted
+traditions consecrated by romance. In the actual contacts of life the
+individual may find that his sexual impulse is stirred by sensory stimuli
+which are other than those of the ideal he had cherished and may even be
+the reverse of them.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this, also, we have reason for believing that factors of a still
+more fundamentally biological character, to some extent deeper even than
+all these psychic elements, enter into the problem <a name='4_Page_212'></a>of sexual selection.
+Certain individuals, apart altogether from the question of whether they
+are either ideally or practically the most fit mates, display a greater
+energy and achieve a greater success than others in securing partners.
+These individuals possess a greater constitutional vigor, physical or
+mental, which conduces to their success in practical affairs generally,
+and probably also heightens their specifically philogamic activities.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the problem of human sexual selection is in the highest degree
+complicated. When we gather together such scanty data of precise nature as
+are at present available, we realize that, while generally according with
+the results which the evidence not of a quantitative nature would lead us
+to accept, their precise significance is not at present altogether clear.
+It would appear on the whole that in choosing a mate we tend to seek
+parity of racial and individual characters together with disparity of
+secondary sexual characters. But we need a much larger number of groups of
+evidence of varying character and obtained under varying conditions. Such
+evidence will doubtless accumulate now that its nature is becoming defined
+and the need for it recognized. In the meanwhile we are, at all events, in
+a position to assert, even with the evidence before us, that now that the
+real meaning of sexual selection is becoming clear its efficacy in human
+evolution can no longer be questioned.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_APPENDICES'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_213'></a>APPENDICES</h2>
+
+<br /><a name='4_Page_214'></a>
+
+<a name='4_APPENDIX_A'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_215'></a>APPENDIX A.</h3>
+
+<h4>THE ORIGINS OF THE KISS.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>Manifestations resembling the kiss, whether with the object of expressing
+affection or sexual emotion, are found among various animals much lower
+than man. The caressing of the antenn&aelig; practiced by snails and various
+insects during sexual intercourse is of the nature of a kiss. Birds use
+their bills for a kind of caress. Thus, referring to guillemots and their
+practice of nibbling each other's feet, and the interest the mate always
+takes in this proceeding, which probably relieves irritation caused by
+insects, Edmund Selous remarks: &quot;When they nibble and preen each other
+they may, I think, be rightly said to cosset and caress, the expression
+and pose of the bird receiving the benefit being often beatific.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_196'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_196'><sup>[196]</sup></a>
+Among mammals, such as the dog, we have what closely resembles a kiss, and
+the dog who smells, licks, and gently bites his master or a bitch,
+combines most of the sensory activities involved in the various forms of
+the human kiss.</p>
+
+<p>As practiced by man, the kiss involves mainly either the sense of touch or
+that of smell. Occasionally it involves to some extent both sensory
+elements.<a name='4_FNanchor_197'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_197'><sup>[197]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The tactile kiss is certainly very ancient and primitive. It is common
+among mammals generally. The human infant exhibits, in a very marked
+degree, the impulse to carry everything to the mouth and to lick or
+attempt to taste it, possibly, as Compayre suggests,<a name='4_FNanchor_198'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_198'><sup>[198]</sup></a> from a memory of
+the action of the lips protruded <a name='4_Page_216'></a>to seize the maternal nipple. The
+affectionate child, as Mantegazza remarks,<a name='4_FNanchor_199'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_199'><sup>[199]</sup></a> not only applies inanimate
+objects to its lips or tongue, but of its own impulse licks the people it
+likes. Stanley Hall, in the light of a large amount of information he
+obtained on this point, found that &quot;some children insist on licking the
+cheeks, necks, and hands of those they wish to caress,&quot; or like having
+animals lick them.<a name='4_FNanchor_200'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_200'><sup>[200]</sup></a> This impulse in children may be associated with
+the maternal impulse in animals to lick the young. &quot;The method of licking
+the young practiced by the mother,&quot; remarks S. S. Buckman, &quot;would cause
+licking to be associated with happy feelings. And, further, there is the
+allaying of parasitical irritation which is afforded by the rubbing and
+hence results in pleasure. It may even be suggested that the desire of the
+mother to lick her young was prompted in the first place by a desire to
+bestow on her offspring a pleasure she felt herself.&quot; The licking impulse
+in the child may thus, it is possible, be regarded as the evanescent
+manifestation of a more fundamental animal impulse,<a name='4_FNanchor_201'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_201'><sup>[201]</sup></a> a manifestation
+which is liable to appear in adult life under the stress of strong sexual
+emotion. Such an association is of interest if, as there is some reason to
+believe, the kiss of sexual love originated as a development of the more
+primitive kiss bestowed by the mother on her child, for it is sometimes
+found that the maternal kiss is practiced where the sexual kiss is
+unknown.</p>
+
+<p>The impulse to bite is also a part of the tactile element which lies at
+the origin of kissing. As Stanley Hall notes, children are fond of biting,
+though by no means always as a method of affection. There is, however, in
+biting a distinctly sexual origin to invoke, for among many animals the
+teeth (and among birds the bill) are used by the male to grasp the female
+more firmly during intercourse. This point has been discussed in the
+<a name='4_Page_217'></a>previous volume of these <i>Studies</i> in reference to &quot;Love and Pain,&quot; and
+it is unnecessary to enter into further details here. The heroine of
+Kleist's <i>Penthesilea</i> remarks: &quot;Kissing (K&uuml;sse) rhymes with biting
+(Bisse), and one who loves with the whole heart may easily confound the
+two.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The kiss, as known in Europe, has developed on a sensory basis that is
+mainly tactile, although an olfactory element may sometimes coexist. The
+kiss thus understood is not very widely spread and is not usually found
+among rude and uncultured peoples. We can trace it in Aryan and Semitic
+antiquity, but in no very pronounced form; Homer scarcely knew it, and the
+Greek poets seldom mention it. Today it may be said to be known all over
+Europe except in Lapland. Even in Europe it is probably a comparatively
+modern discovery; and in all the Celtic tongues, Rhys states, there is no
+word for &quot;kiss,&quot; the word employed being always borrowed from the Latin
+<i>pax</i>.<a name='4_FNanchor_202'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_202'><sup>[202]</sup></a> At a fairly early historic period, however, the Welsh Cymri,
+at all events, acquired a knowledge of the kiss, but it was regarded as a
+serious matter and very sparingly used, being by law only permitted on
+special occasions, as at a game called rope-playing or a carousal;
+otherwise a wife who kissed a man not her husband could be repudiated.
+Throughout eastern Asia it is unknown; thus, in Japanese literature kisses
+and embraces have no existence. &quot;Kisses, and embraces are simply unknown
+in Japan as tokens of affection,&quot; Lafcadio Hearn states, &quot;if we except the
+solitary fact that Japanese mothers, like mothers all over the world, lip
+and hug their little ones betimes. After babyhood there is no more hugging
+or kisses; such actions, except in the case of infants, are held to be
+immodest. Never do girls kiss one another; never do parents kiss or
+embrace their children who have become able to walk.&quot; This holds true, and
+has always held true, of all classes; hand-clasping is also foreign to
+them. On meeting after a long absence, Hearn remarks, they smile, perhaps
+cry a little, they may even stroke each other, but that is all. Japanese
+affection &quot;is chiefly shown in <a name='4_Page_218'></a>acts of exquisite courtesy and
+kindness.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_203'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_203'><sup>[203]</sup></a> Among nearly all of the black races of Africa lovers never
+kiss nor do mothers usually kiss their babies.<a name='4_FNanchor_204'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_204'><sup>[204]</sup></a> Among the American
+Indians the tactile kiss is, for the most part, unknown, though here and
+there, as among the Fuegians, lovers rub their cheeks together.<a name='4_FNanchor_205'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_205'><sup>[205]</sup></a>
+Kissing is unknown to the Malays. In North Queensland, however, Roth
+states, kissing takes place between mothers (not fathers) and infants,
+also between husbands and wives; but whether it is an introduced custom
+Roth is unable to say; he adds that the Pitta-pitta language possesses a
+word for kissing.<a name='4_FNanchor_206'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_206'><sup>[206]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It must be remarked, however, that in many parts of the world where the
+tactile kiss, as we understand it, is usually said to be unknown, it still
+exists as between a mother and her baby, and this seems to support the
+view advocated by Lombroso that the lovers' kiss is developed from the
+maternal kiss. Thus, the Angoni Zulus to the north of the Zambesi, Wiese
+states, kiss their small children on both cheeks<a name='4_FNanchor_207'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_207'><sup>[207]</sup></a> and among the
+Fuegians, according to Hyades, mothers kiss their small children.</p>
+
+<p>Even in Europe the kiss in early medi&aelig;val days was, it seems probable, not
+widely known as an expression of sexual love; it would appear to have been
+a refinement of love only practiced by the more cultivated classes. In the
+old ballad of Glasgerion the lady suspected that her secret visitor was
+only a churl, and not the knight he pretended to be, because when he came
+in his master's place to spend the night with her he kissed her neither
+coming nor going, but simply got her with child. It is only under a
+comparatively high stage of civilization that the kiss has been emphasized
+and developed in the art of love. Thus the Arabic author of the <i>Perfumed
+Garden</i>, a work revealing <a name='4_Page_219'></a>the existence of a high degree of social
+refinement, insists on the great importance of the kiss, especially if
+applied to the inner part of the mouth, and he quotes a proverb that &quot;A
+moist kiss is better than a hasty coitus.&quot; Such kisses, as well as on the
+face generally, and all over the body, are frequently referred to by
+Hindu, Latin, and more modern erotic writers as among the most efficacious
+methods of arousing love.<a name='4_FNanchor_208'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_208'><sup>[208]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A reason which may have stood in the way of the development of the kiss in
+a sexual direction has probably been the fact that in the near East the
+kiss was largely monopolized for sacred uses, so that its erotic
+potentialities were not easily perceived. Among the early Arabians the
+gods were worshiped by a kiss.<a name='4_FNanchor_209'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_209'><sup>[209]</sup></a> This was the usual way of greeting the
+house gods on entering or leaving.<a name='4_FNanchor_210'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_210'><sup>[210]</sup></a> In Rome the kiss was a sign of
+reverence and respect far more than a method of sexual excitation.<a name='4_FNanchor_211'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_211'><sup>[211]</sup></a>
+Among the early Christians it had an all but sacramental significance. It
+retains its ancient and serious meaning in many usages of the Western and
+still more the Eastern Churches; the relics of saints, the foot of the
+pope, the hands of bishops, are kissed, just as the ancient Greeks kissed
+the images of the gods. Among ourselves we still have a legally recognized
+example of the sacredness of the kiss in the form of taking an oath by
+kissing the Testament.<a name='4_FNanchor_212'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_212'><sup>[212]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>So far we have been concerned mainly with the tactile kiss, which is
+sometimes supposed to have arisen in remote times to the east of the
+Mediterranean&mdash;where the vassal kissed his suzerain and where the kiss of
+love was known, as we learn from the Songs of Songs, to the Hebrews&mdash;and
+has now conquered <a name='4_Page_220'></a>nearly the whole of Europe. But over a much larger part
+of the world and even in one corner of Europe (Lapland, as well as among
+the Russian Yakuts) a different kind of salutation rules, the olfactory
+kiss. This varies in form in different regions and sometimes simulates a
+tactile kiss, but, as it exists in a typical form in China, where it has
+been carefully studied by d'Enjoy, it may be said to be made up of three
+phases: (1) the nose is applied to the cheek of the beloved person; (2)
+there is a long nasal inspiration accompanied by lowering of the eyelids;
+(3) there is a slight smacking of the lips without the application of the
+mouth to the embraced cheek. The whole process, d'Enjoy considers, is
+founded on sexual desire and the desire for food, smell being the sense
+employed in both fields. In the form described by d'Enjoy, we have the
+Mongolian variety of the olfactory kiss. The Chinese regard the European
+kiss as odious, suggesting voracious cannibals, and yellow mothers in the
+French colonies still frighten children by threatening to give them the
+white man's kiss. Their own kiss the Chinese regard as exclusively
+voluptuous; it is only befitting as between lovers, and not only do
+fathers refrain from kissing their children except when very young, but
+even the mothers only give their children a rare and furtive kiss. Among
+some of the hill-tribes of south-east India the olfactory kiss is found,
+the nose being applied to the cheek during salutation with a strong
+inhalation; instead of saying &quot;Kiss me,&quot; they here say &quot;Smell me.&quot; The
+Tamils, I am told by a medical correspondent in Ceylon, do not kiss during
+coitus, but rub noses and also lick each other's mouth and tongue. The
+olfactory kiss is known in Africa; thus, on the Gambia in inland Africa
+when a man salutes a woman he takes her hand and places it to his nose,
+twice smelling the back of it. Among the Jekris of the Niger coast mothers
+rub their babies with their cheeks or mouths, but they do not kiss them,
+nor do lovers kiss, though they squeeze, cuddle, and embrace.<a name='4_FNanchor_213'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_213'><sup>[213]</sup></a> Among
+the Swahilis a smell kiss exists, and very young boys are taught to raise
+their clothes before women visitors, who thereupon playfully <a name='4_Page_221'></a>smell the
+penis; the child who does this is said to &quot;give tobacco.&quot;<a name='4_FNanchor_214'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_214'><sup>[214]</sup></a> Kissing of
+any kind appears to be unknown to the Indians throughout a large part of
+America: Im Thurn states that it is unknown to the Indians of Guiana, and
+at the other end of South America Hyades and Deniker state that it is
+unknown to the Fuegians. In Forth America the olfactory kiss is known to
+the Eskimo, and has been noted among some Indian tribes, as the Blackfeet.
+It is also known in Polynesia. At Samoa kissing was smelling.<a name='4_FNanchor_215'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_215'><sup>[215]</sup></a> In New
+Zealand, also, the <i>hongi</i>, or nose-pressing, was the kiss of welcome, of
+mourning, and of sympathy.<a name='4_FNanchor_216'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_216'><sup>[216]</sup></a> In the Malay archipelago, it is said, the
+same word is used for &quot;greeting&quot; and &quot;smelling.&quot; Among the Dyaks of the
+Malay archipelago, however, Vaughan Stevens states that any form of
+kissing is unknown.<a name='4_FNanchor_217'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_217'><sup>[217]</sup></a> In Borneo, Breitenstein tells us, kissing is a
+kind of smelling, the word for smelling being used, but he never himself
+saw a man kiss a woman; it is always done in private.<a name='4_FNanchor_218'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_218'><sup>[218]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The olfactory kiss is thus seen to have a much wider extension over the
+world than the European (or Mediterranean) tactile kiss. In its most
+complete development, however, it is mainly found among the people of
+Mongolian race, or those yellow peoples more or less related to them.</p>
+
+<p>The literature of the kiss is extensive. So far, however, as that
+literature is known to me, the following list includes everything that may
+be profitably studied: Darwin, <i>The Expression of the Emotions</i>; Ling
+Roth, &quot;Salutations,&quot; <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, November,
+1889; K. Andree, &quot;Nasengruss,&quot; <i>Ethnographische Parallelen</i>, second
+series, 1889, pp. 223-227; Alfred Kirchhoff, &quot;Vom Ursprung des K&uuml;sses,&quot;
+<i>Deutsche Revue</i>, May, 1895; Lombroso, &quot;L'Origine du Baiser,&quot; <i>Nouvelle
+Revue</i>, 1897, p. 153; Paul d'Enjoy, &quot;Le Baiser en Europe et en Chine,&quot;
+<i>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>, Paris, 1897, fasc. 2.<a name='4_Page_222'></a> Professor
+Nyrop's book, <i>The Kiss and its History</i> (translated from the Danish by
+W. F. Harvey), deals rather with the history of the kiss in civilization
+and literature than with its biological origins and psychological
+significance.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_196'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_196'>[196]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Selous, <i>Bird Watching</i>, 1901, p. 191. This author adds:
+&quot;It seems probable indeed that the conferring a practical benefit of the
+kind indicated may be the origin of the caress throughout nature.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_197'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_197'>[197]</a><div class='note'><p> Tylor terms the kiss &quot;the salute by tasting,&quot; and d'Enjoy
+defines it as &quot;a bite and a suction&quot;; there seems, however, little
+evidence to show that the kiss contains any gustatory element in the
+strict sense.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_198'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_198'>[198]</a><div class='note'><p> Compayre, <i>L'Evolution intellectuelle et morale de
+l'enfant</i>, p. 9.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_199'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_199'>[199]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza, <i>Physiognomy and Expression</i>, p. 144.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_200'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_200'>[200]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Stanley Hall, &quot;The Early Sense of Self,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898, p. 361.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_201'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_201'>[201]</a><div class='note'><p> In some parts of the world the impulse persists into adult
+life. Sir S. Baker (<i>Ismailia</i>, p. 472) mentions licking the eyes as a
+sign of affection.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_202'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_202'>[202]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Book of Common Prayer in Manx Gaelic</i>, edited by A. W.
+Moore and J. Rhys, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_203'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_203'>[203]</a><div class='note'><p> L. Hearn, <i>Out of the East</i>, 1895, p. 103.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_204'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_204'>[204]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, A. B. Ellis, <i>Tshi-speaking Peoples</i>, p. 288.
+Among the Swahili the kiss is practiced, but exclusively between married
+people and with very young children. Velten believes they learned it from
+the Arabs.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_205'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_205'>[205]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyades and Deniker, <i>Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn</i>,
+vol. vii, p. 245.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_206'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_206'>[206]</a><div class='note'><p> W. Roth, <i>Ethnological Notes Among the Queensland
+Aborigines</i>, p. 184.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_207'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_207'>[207]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1900, ht. 5, p. 200.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_208'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_208'>[208]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>E.g.</i>, the <i>Kama Sutra</i> of Vatsyayana, Bk. III, Chapter
+I.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_209'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_209'>[209]</a><div class='note'><p> Hosea, Chapter xiii, v. 2; I Kings, Chapter xix, v. 18.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_210'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_210'>[210]</a><div class='note'><p> Wellhausen, <i>Reste Arabischen Heidentums</i>, p. 109.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_211'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_211'>[211]</a><div class='note'><p> The Romans recognized at least three kinds of kiss: the
+<i>osculum</i>, for friendship, given on the face; the <i>basium</i>, for affection,
+given on the lips; the <i>suavium</i>, given between the lips, reserved for
+lovers.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_212'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_212'>[212]</a><div class='note'><p> In other parts of the world it would appear that the kiss
+sometimes has a sacred or ritual character. Thus, according to Rev. J.
+Macdonald (<i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, November, 1890, p.
+118), it is part of the initiation ceremony of a girl at her first
+menstruation that the women of the village should kiss her on the cheek,
+and on the mons veneris and labia.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_213'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_213'>[213]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, August and
+November, 1898, p. 107.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_214'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_214'>[214]</a><div class='note'><p> Velten, <i>Sitten und Gebra&uuml;che der Suaheli</i>, p. 142.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_215'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_215'>[215]</a><div class='note'><p> Turner, <i>Samoa</i>, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_216'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_216'>[216]</a><div class='note'><p> Tregear, <i>Journal of the Anthropological Institute</i>, 1889.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_217'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_217'>[217]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1896, ht. 4, p. 272.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_218'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_218'>[218]</a><div class='note'><p> Breitenstein, <i>21 Jahre in India</i>, vol. i, p. 224.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_APPENDIX_B'></a><h3><a name='4_Page_223'></a>APPENDIX B.</h3>
+
+<h4>HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.</h4>
+<br />
+
+<p>The histories here recorded are similar in character to those given in
+Appendix B of the previous volume.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY I.&mdash;</b>C. D., clergyman, age, 34. Height about 5 ft. 8 in.
+    Weight, 8st. 8lb. Complexion, fair. Physical infirmities, very
+    myopic, tendency to consumption.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My family is of old lineage on both sides. My parents were
+    normal and fairly healthy; but I consider that heredity, though
+    not vitiated, is somewhat overrefined, and there is a neuropathic
+    tendency, which has appeared in myself and in one or two other
+    members of the family. As a child, I suffered, though not very
+    frequently, from nocturnal enuresis. My sexual nature, though
+    normal, has been keenly alive and sensitive as far back as I can
+    remember; and as I look back I discern within myself in early
+    childhood what I now understand to be a decided masochistic or
+    passively algolagnic tendency. So far as I remember, this
+    manifested itself in me in two aspects; one psychic or
+    sentimental and free from carnality, expressing itself in
+    imaginative visions such as the following: I used, to imagine
+    myself kneeling before a young and beautiful woman and being
+    sentenced by her to some punishment, and even threatened with
+    death. At other times I would picture myself as a wounded soldier
+    watched over on his sickbed by queenly women. These visions
+    always included an imagination of something heroic in my own
+    personality. No doubt they were the same kind of dreamings as are
+    present in multitudes of imaginative children; they are only of
+    interest in so far as a sexual element was present; and that was
+    algolagnic in character.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had a small fund of natural common sense; and my surroundings
+    were not favorable to sentimental imaginings; consequently I
+    believe I began to throw them off at an early age, though the
+    temperament which produced them is still a part of my nature.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the carnal side, the sexual instinct was decidedly
+    algolagnic. Masturbation is one of my earliest recollections;
+    indeed, it was not at first, so far as I remember, associated
+    with any sexual ideas at all; but began as a reflex animal act. I
+    do not remember its first occurrence. It soon, however, became
+    associated in my mind with algolagnic excitement, giving rise to
+    reveries which took the ordinary form of <a name='4_Page_224'></a>imagining oneself
+    stripped and whipped, etc., by persons of the opposite sex. The
+    <i>dramatis person&aelig;</i> in my own algolagnic reveries were elderly
+    women; somewhat strangely, I did not associate physical sexuality
+    at this period with young and attractive women. If scientific
+    light on these matters were generally available in the practical
+    bringing up of children, persons in charge of young children
+    might refrain from exciting an algolagnic tendency or doing
+    anything calculated to awake sexual emotions prematurely. In my
+    own case, I recollect acts performed by older persons in
+    ignorance and thoughtlessness which undoubtedly tended to foster
+    and strengthen my algolagnic instinct.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Little or nothing was done to prevent, discover, or remedy the
+    pernicious habit into which I was falling unknowingly.
+    Circumcision was perhaps little thought of in those days as a
+    preventive of juvenile masturbation; at any rate, it was not
+    resorted to in my case. I remember, indeed, that a nurse
+    discovered that I was practicing masturbation, and I think she
+    made a few half-hearted attempts to stop it. It was probably
+    these attempts which gave me a growing feeling that there was
+    something wrong about masturbation, and that it must be practiced
+    secretly. But they were unsuccessful in their main object. The
+    practice continued.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I went to school at the age of 10. There I came in contact
+    almost without warning, with the ordinary lewdness and grossness
+    of school conversation, and took to it readily. I soon became
+    conversant with the theory of sexual relations; but never got the
+    opportunity of sexual intercourse, and probably should have felt
+    some moral restraint even had such opportunity presented itself,
+    for coitus, however interesting it might be to talk about, was a
+    bigger thing to practice than masturbation. I masturbated fairly
+    frequently, occasionally producing two orgasms in quick
+    succession. I seldom masturbated with the hand; my method was to
+    lie face downward. There was probably little or no homosexuality
+    at my first school. I never heard of it till later, and it was
+    always repugnant to me, though surrounded with a certain morbid
+    interest. Masturbation was discountenanced openly at the school,
+    but was, I believe, extensively practiced, both at that school
+    and at the two others I afterward attended. The boys often talked
+    about the hygiene of it; and the general theory was that it was
+    somehow physically detrimental; but I heard no arguments advanced
+    sufficiently cogent to make me see the necessity for a real moral
+    effort against the habit, though, as I neared puberty, I was
+    indulging more moderately and with greater misgivings.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The fact of becoming acquainted with the theory of sexual
+    intercourse tended to diminish the algolagnia, and to impel my
+    sexual instinct into an ordinary channel. On one occasion
+    circumstances brought me into close contact with a woman for
+    about three or four <a name='4_Page_225'></a>weeks, I being a mere boy and she very much
+    my senior. I felt sexually attracted by this woman, and allowed
+    myself a degree of familiarity with her which I have since
+    recognized as undue and have deeply regretted. It did not,
+    however, go to the length of seduction, and I trust may have
+    passed away without leaving any permanent harm. It should,
+    indeed, be remarked here that I never knew a woman sexually till
+    my marriage; and with the one exception mentioned I do not recall
+    any instance of conduct on my part toward a woman which could be
+    described as giving her an impulse downhill.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the psychic side my sexual emotions awoke in early childhood;
+    and though my love affairs as a boy were not frequent and were
+    kept to myself, they attained a considerable degree of emotional
+    power. Leaving out of account the precocious movements of the
+    sexual instinct to which I have already referred as colored by
+    psychic algolagnia, I may say that somewhat later, from the age
+    of puberty and onward, I had three or four love affairs, devoid
+    of any algolagnic tendency, and considerably more developed on
+    the psychic and emotional, than on the physical, side. In fact,
+    my experience has been that when deeply in love, when the mind is
+    full of the love ecstasy, the physical element of sexuality is
+    kept&mdash;doubtless only temporarily&mdash;in abeyance.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;To return now to the subject of masturbation. Here befell the
+    chief moral struggle of my early life; and no terms that I have
+    at command will adequately describe the stress of it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A casual remark heard one day as I was arriving at puberty
+    convinced me that there must be truth in the vague schoolboy
+    theory that masturbation was <i>weakening</i>. It was to the effect
+    that the evil results of masturbation practiced in boyhood would
+    manifest themselves in later life. I then realized that I must
+    relinquish masturbation, and I set myself to fight it; but with
+    grave misgivings that, owing to the early age at which I had
+    formed the habit, I had already done myself serious harm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Before many weeks had passed, I had formed a resolution to
+    abstain, which I kept thereafter without&mdash;so far as I
+    remember&mdash;more than one conscious lapse into my former habit.
+    Here it must be said at once that, so far as touches my own
+    experience of a struggle of this kind, the religious factor is of
+    primary importance as strengthening and sustaining the moral
+    effort which has to be made. I am writing an account of my
+    sexual, not my spiritual, experiences; but I should not only be
+    untrue to my convictions, but unable to give an accurate and
+    penetrating survey of the development of my sex life, unless I
+    were clearly to state that it was to a large extent on that life
+    that my strongest and most valuable religious experiences
+    arose.<a name='4_FNanchor_219'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_219'><sup>[219]</sup></a> It is to the <a name='4_Page_226'></a>endeavor to discipline the sexual
+    instinct, and to grapple with the difficulties and anxieties of
+    the sex life, that I owe what I possess of spiritual religion, of
+    the consciousness that my life has been brought into contact with
+    Divine love and power.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My early habits, after they were broken off, left me none the
+    less a legacy of sexual neurasthenia and a slight varicocele. My
+    nocturnal pollutions were overfrequent; and I brooded over them,
+    being too reticent and too much afraid of exposure at school and
+    possible expulsion to confide in a doctor. Far better for me had
+    I done so, for a few years later I received the truest kindness
+    and sympathy in regard to sexual matters at the hands of more
+    than one medical man. But while at school I was afraid to speak
+    of the trouble which so unnerved and depressed me; and as a
+    consequence my morbid fears grew stronger, being intensified by
+    generalities which I met with from time to time in my reading on
+    the subject of the punishment which nature metes out to impurity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On leaving school my sex life continued for some years on the
+    same lines: a struggle for chastity, morbid fears and regrets
+    about the past, efforts to cope with the neurasthenia, and a
+    haunting dread of coming insanity. These troubles were increased
+    by my sedentary life. However I obtained medical aid, and put as
+    good a face on matters as possible.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;But the most trying thing of all has yet to be mentioned&mdash;the
+    discovery that I had not yet got fully clear of the habit of
+    masturbation. I had, indeed, repudiated it as far as my conscious
+    waking moments were concerned, even though strongly impelled by
+    sexual desire; but one night, about a year after I had
+    relinquished the practice, I found myself again giving way to it
+    in those moments between sleeping and waking when the will is
+    only semiconscious. It was as if a race took place for
+    wakefulness between my physical instinct, on the one side, and my
+    moral sense and inhibitory nerves on the other; and very
+    frequently the physical instinct won. This, perhaps, is not an
+    uncommon experience, but it distressed me greatly; and I never
+    felt safe from it until marriage. I resorted to various
+    expedients to combat this tendency, at length having to tie
+    myself in a certain position every night with a cord round my
+    legs, so as to render it impossible to turn over upon my face.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In my early manhood the strain on my constitution was
+    considerable from causes other than the sexual neurasthenia,
+    which, indeed, I am now well aware I exaggerated in importance.
+    Medical advisers whom I consulted in that period assured me that
+    this was so; and, though at the time I often thought that they
+    were concealing the real facts from me out of kindness, my own
+    reading has since convinced me that they spoke nothing but
+    scientific truth.</p><a name='4_Page_227'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;The years went on. I went through a university course, and in
+    spite of my poor health took a good degree. The agony of my
+    struggle for chastity seemed to come to a climax about four years
+    later when for a long period, partly owing to overstudy and
+    partly to the sexual strain, I fell into a condition of severe
+    nervous exhaustion, one of the most distressing symptoms of which
+    was insomnia. The dreaded cloud of insanity seemed to come
+    closer. I had to use alcohol freely at nights; and might by now
+    have become a drunkard, had I not been casually&mdash;or I must say,
+    Providentially&mdash;directed to the common sense plan of measuring my
+    whisky in a dram glass; so that the alcohol could not steal a
+    march upon me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This period was one of acute mental suffering. One cause of the
+    nervous tension was&mdash;as I have now no doubt&mdash;the need of healthy
+    sexual intercourse. I proved this eventually. My circumstances,
+    which had long been adverse to marriage, at length were shaped in
+    that direction. I renewed acquaintance with a lady whom I had
+    known well some years before; and our friendship ripened until,
+    after much perplexity on my side, owing to the uncertainty of my
+    health and prospects, I decided that it was right to speak. We
+    were married after a few months; and I realized that I had gained
+    an excellent wife. We did not come together sexually for some
+    nights after marriage; but, having once tasted the pleasure of
+    the marriage bed, I have to admit that, partly owing to ignorance
+    of the hygiene of marriage, I was for some time rather
+    unrestrained in conjugal relations, requiring intercourse as
+    often as eight or nine times a month. This was not unnatural when
+    one considers that I had now for the first time free access to a
+    woman, after a long and weary struggle to preserve chastity.
+    Married life, however, tends naturally&mdash;or did so in my case&mdash;to
+    regulate desire; and when I began to understand the ethics and
+    hygiene of sex, as I did a year or two after marriage, I was
+    enabled to exercise increasing self-restraint. We are now sparing
+    in our enjoyment of conjugal pleasure. We have had no children;
+    and I attribute this chiefly to the remaining sexual weakness in
+    myself.<a name='4_FNanchor_220'></a><a href='#4_Footnote_220'><sup>[220]</sup></a> But I may say that not only my sexual power, but my
+    nerve-power and general health, were greatly improved by
+    marriage; and though I have fallen back, the last year or two,
+    into a poor state of health, the cause of this is probably
+    overwork rather than anything to do with sex. Not but what it
+    must be said that, had it not been for the juvenile masturbation
+    superadded to a neuropathic temperament, my constitution would no
+    doubt have endured <a name='4_Page_228'></a>the general strain of life better than it has
+    done. The algolagnia, being one of the congenital conditions of
+    my sexual instinct, must be considered fundamental, and certainly
+    has not been eliminated. If I were to allow myself indulgence in
+    algolagnic reveries they would even now excite me without
+    difficulty; but I have systematically discouraged them, so that
+    they give me little or no practical trouble. My erotic dreams,
+    which years ago were (to the best of my remembrance) frequently
+    algolagnic, are now almost invariably normal.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My conjugal relations have always been on the lines of strictly
+    normal sexuality. I have a deep sense of the obligations of
+    monogamous marriage, besides a sincere affection for my wife;
+    consequently I repress as far as possible all sexual
+    inclinations, such as will come involuntarily sometimes, toward
+    other women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;From what I have disclosed, it will be seen that I am but a
+    frail man; but for many years I have striven honestly and hard to
+    discipline sexuality within myself, and to regulate it according
+    to right reason, pure hygiene, and the moral law; and I can but
+    hope and believe that the Divine Power in which I have endeavored
+    to trust will in the future, as it has done in the past, working
+    by natural methods and through the current events of my life,
+    amend and control my sex life and conduct it to safe and
+    honorable issues.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY II.&mdash;</b>A. B., married, good general health, dark hair, fair
+    complexion, short-sighted, and below medium height. Parents both
+    belong to healthy families, but the mother suffered from nerves
+    during early years of married life, and the father, a very
+    energetic and ambitious man, was cold, passionless, and
+    unscrupulous. A. B. is the oldest child; two of the brothers and
+    sisters are slightly abnormal, nervously. But, so far as is
+    known, none of the family has ever been sexually abnormal.</p>
+
+<p>    A. B. was a bright, intelligent child, though inclined to be
+    melancholy (and in later years prone to self-analysis). At
+    preparatory school was fairly forward in studies, at public
+    school somewhat backward, at University suddenly took a liking to
+    intellectual pursuits. Throughout he was slack at games. Has
+    never been able to learn to swim from nervousness. Can whistle
+    well. Has always been fond of reading, and would like to have
+    been an author by profession. He married at 24, and has had two
+    children, both of whom showed congenital physical abnormalities.</p>
+
+<p>    Before the age of 7 or 8 A. B. can remember various trifling
+    incidents. &quot;One of the games I used to play with my sister,&quot; he
+    writes, &quot;consisted in pretending we were 'father and mother' and
+    were relieving ourselves at the w.c. We would squat down in
+    various parts of the room, prolong the simulated act, and talk. I
+    do not remember what our conversation was about, nor whether I
+    had an erection.<a name='4_Page_229'></a> I used also to make water from a balcony into
+    the garden, and in other unusual places.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The first occasion on which I can recollect experiencing
+    sensations or emotions similar in character to later and more
+    developed feelings of desire was at the age of about 7 or 8, when
+    I was a dayboy at a large school in a country town and absolutely
+    innocent as to deed, thought, or knowledge. I fell in love with a
+    boy with whom I was brought in contact in my class, about my own
+    age. I remember thinking him pretty. He paid me no attention. I
+    had no distinct desire, except a wish to be near him, to touch
+    him, and to kiss him. I blushed if I suddenly saw him, and
+    thought of him when absent and speculated on my chances of seeing
+    him again. I was put into a state of high ecstasy when he invited
+    me to join him and some friends one summer evening in a game of
+    rounders.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the age of 8 I was told by my father's groom where babies
+    came from and how they were produced. (I already knew the
+    difference in sexual organs, as my sister and I were bathed in
+    the same room.) He told me no details about erection, semen, etc.
+    Nor did he take any liberties with me. I used to notice him
+    urinating; he used to push back the foreskin and I thought his
+    penis large.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When about 8 years old the nursemaid told me that the boy at her
+    last place had intercourse with his sister. I thought it
+    disgusting. About a year later I told the nurse I thought the
+    story of Adam and Eve was not true and that when Eve gave Adam
+    the apple he had intercourse with her and she was punished by
+    having children. I don't know if I had thought this out, or if it
+    had been suggested to me by others. This nurse used often to talk
+    about my 'tassel.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A family of several brothers went to the same school with me,
+    and we used to indulge in dirty stories, chiefly, however, of the
+    w.c. type rather than sexual.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I was about 10 I learned much from my father's coachman. He
+    used to talk about the girls he had had intercourse with, and how
+    he would have liked this with my nursemaid.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A year later I went to a large day school. I think most of the
+    boys, if not nearly all, were very ignorant and innocent in
+    sexual matters. The only incident in this connection I can
+    recollect is asking a boy to let me see his penis; he did so.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During the summer holidays, at a watering place I attended a
+    theatrical performance and fell in love with a girl of about 12
+    who acted a part. I bought a photograph of her, which I kept and
+    kissed for several years after. About the same time I thought
+    rather tenderly of a girl of my own age whose parents knew mine.
+    I remember feeling that I should like to kiss her. Once I
+    furtively touched her hair.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I was 12 I was sent to a small preparatory boarding
+    <a name='4_Page_230'></a>school, in the country. During the holidays I used to talk about
+    sexual things with my father's footman. He must have told me a
+    good deal. I used to have erections. One evening, when I was in
+    bed and everyone else out (my mother and the children in the
+    country) he came up to my room and tried to put his hand on my
+    penis. I had been thinking of sexual matters and had an erection.
+    I resisted, but he persisted, and when he succeeded in touching
+    me I gave in. He then proceeded to masturbate me. I sank back,
+    overcome by the pleasant sensation. He then stopped and I went on
+    myself. In the meantime he had taken out his penis and
+    masturbated himself before me until the orgasm occurred. I was
+    disgusted at the sight of his large organ and the semen. He then
+    left me. I could hardly sleep from excitement. I felt I had been
+    initiated into a great and delightful mystery.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I at once fell into the habit of masturbation. It was some
+    months before I could produce the orgasm; at about 13 a slight
+    froth came; at about 14 a little semen. I do not know how
+    frequently I did it&mdash;perhaps once or twice a week. I used to feel
+    ashamed of myself afterward. I told the man I was doing it and he
+    expressed surprise I had not known about it before he told me. He
+    warned me to stop doing it or it would injure my health. I
+    pretended later that I had stopped doing it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I practiced solitary masturbation for some months. At first the
+    semen was small in amount and watery.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had not at this time ever succeeded in drawing the foreskin
+    below the 'corona.' After masturbation I would sometimes feel
+    local pain in the penis, sometimes pains in the testicles, and
+    generally a feeling of shame, but not, I think, any lassitude.
+    The shame was a vague sense of discomfort at having done what I
+    knew others would regard as dirty. I also experienced fears that
+    I was injuring my health.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It was not long before I found other boys at the preparatory
+    school with whom I talked of sexual things and in some cases
+    proceeded to acts. The boys were between the ages of 9 and 14;
+    they left at 14 or 15 for the public schools. We slept in
+    bedrooms&mdash;several in one room.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;There was no general conversation on sexual matters. Few of the
+    boys knew anything about things&mdash;perhaps 7 or 8 out of 40. Before
+    describing my experiences at the school I may mention that I
+    cannot remember having at this period any wish to experience
+    heterosexual intercourse; I knew as yet nothing of homosexual
+    practices; and I did not have, except in one case, any love or
+    affection for any of the boys.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One night, in my bedroom&mdash;there were about six of us&mdash;we were
+    talking till rather late. My recollection commences with being
+    aware <a name='4_Page_231'></a>that all the boys were asleep except myself and one other,
+    P. (the son of a clergyman), who was in a bed at exactly the
+    opposite end of the room. I suppose we must have been talking
+    about this sort of thing, for I vividly remember having an
+    erection, and suddenly&mdash;as if by premonition&mdash;getting out of my
+    bed, and, with heart beating, going softly over to P.'s bed. He
+    exhibited no surprise at my presence; a few whispered words took
+    place; I placed my hand on his penis, and found he had an
+    erection. I started masturbating him, but he said he had just
+    finished. I then suggested, getting into bed with him. (I had
+    never heard at that time of such a thing being done, the idea
+    arose spontaneously.) He said it was not safe, and placed his
+    hand on my penis, I think with the object of satisfying and
+    getting rid of me. He masturbated me till the orgasm occurred.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had no further relations with him, except on one occasion,
+    shortly afterward, when one day, in the w.c. he asked me to
+    masturbate him. I did so. He did not offer to do the same to me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;He was a delicate, feeble boy; not good at work; womanish in his
+    ways; inclined to go in for petty bullying, until a boy showed
+    fight, when he discovered himself to be an arrant coward. Four or
+    five years later I met him at the university. His greeting was
+    cool. My next affair was with a boy who was about my age (13),
+    strong, full-blooded, coarse, always in 'hot water.' He was the
+    son of the headmaster of one of the best-known public schools. It
+    was reported that two brothers had been expelled from this public
+    school for what we called 'beastliness.' He told me his older
+    brother used to have intercrural intercourse with him. This was
+    the first I had heard of this. We used to masturbate mutually. I
+    had, however, no affection or desire for him.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With E., another boy, I had no relations, but I remember him as
+    the first person of the same sex for whom I experienced love. He
+    was a small, fair, thin, and little boy, some two years younger
+    than myself, so my inferior in the social hierarchy of a school.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the end of my last term I had two disappointments. I was
+    beaten by a younger and clever boy for the first place in the
+    school, and also beaten by one point in the competition for the
+    Athletic Cup by a stronger boy who had only come to the school
+    that very term. However, as a consolation prize, and as I was
+    leaving, the headmaster gave me a second prize. This soothed my
+    hurt feelings, and I remember, just after the 'head' had read out
+    the prizes, on the last day of term, E., coming up to me, putting
+    his arm on my shoulder, looking at me rather pensively, and in a
+    voice that thrilled me and made me wish to kiss and hug him, tell
+    me he was so glad I had got a prize and that it was a shame that
+    other chap had beaten me for the cup.</p><a name='4_Page_232'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was three years (aged 12 to 15) at the preparatory school. I
+    started in the bottom form and ended second in the school. My
+    reports were generally good, and I was keen to do well in work. I
+    was considerably influenced by the 'head.' He was a clergyman,
+    but a man of wide reading, broad opinion, great scholarship, and
+    great enthusiasm. We became very friendly.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During the holidays I now first practiced intercrural
+    intercourse with a younger brother. I started touching his penis,
+    and causing erections, when he was about 5. Afterward I got him
+    to masturbate me and I masturbated him; I used to get him into
+    bed with me. On one occasion I spontaneously (never having heard
+    of such a thing) made him take my penis in his mouth.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;This went on for several years. When I was about 16 and he about
+    10, the old family nurse spoke to me about it. She told me he had
+    complained of my doing it. I was in great fear that my parents
+    might hear of it. I went to him; told him I was sorry, but I had
+    not understood he disliked it, but that I would not do it again.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About a year later (having persisted in this promise) I made
+    overtures to him, but he refused. I then commended his conduct,
+    and said I knew he was quite right, and begged him to refuse
+    again if I should ever suggest it. I did not ever suggest it
+    again. For many years I bitterly reproached myself for having
+    corrupted him. However, I do not think any harm has been done
+    him. But my self-reproaches have caused me to feel I owe some
+    reparation to him. I also have more affection for him than for my
+    other brothers and sisters.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the age of 15 I went to one of the large public schools. I
+    was fairly forward for my age, and entered high. But I made small
+    progress. I had bad reports; I was 'slack in games,' and not
+    popular among the boys. In fact, I stood still, so that when I
+    left I was backward in comparison with other boys of even less
+    natural intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The teaching was certainly bad. Moreover, I had not any friends,
+    and this made me very sensitive. It was to a great extent my
+    fault. When I first went there I was taken up by a set above
+    me&mdash;boys who were 'senior' to me in standing. When they left I
+    found myself alone.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My unpopularity was increased by my being considered to put on
+    'side'; also because I paid attention to my dress.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At the public school I had homosexual relations with various
+    boys, usually without any passion. With one boy, however, I was
+    deeply in love for over a year; I thought of him, dreamed of him,
+    would have been content only to kiss him. But my courtship met
+    with no success.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When carrying on with other boys the desire to reach the crisis
+    was not always strong, perhaps out of shyness or modesty.
+    Occasionally<a name='4_Page_233'></a> I had intercrural connection, which gave me the
+    first intimation of what intercourse with a woman was like. When
+    I masturbated in solitude I used to continue till the orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My housemaster one day sent for me and said he had walked
+    through my cubicle and noticed a stain on the sheet. At this time
+    I used to have nocturnal emissions. I cannot remember whether on
+    this occasion the stain was due to one, or to masturbation. But I
+    imagined that one did not have 'wet dreams' unless one
+    masturbated. So when he went on to say that this was a proof that
+    I was immoral I acknowledged I masturbated. He then told me I
+    would injure my health&mdash;possibly 'weaken my heart,' or 'send
+    myself mad'; he said that he would ask me to promise never to do
+    it again.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I promised. I left humiliated and ashamed of myself; also
+    generally frightened. He used to send for me every now and then,
+    and ask me if I had kept my promise. For some months I did. Then
+    I relapsed, and told him when he asked me. Ultimately he ceased
+    sending for me&mdash;apparently convinced either that I was cured or
+    that I was incorrigible.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A year or so afterward he discovered in my study (for I was now
+    in the upper school and had a study) a French photograph that a
+    boy had given me, entitled '<i>Qui est dans ma chambre?</i>' It
+    represented a man going by mistake into the wrong bedroom; inside
+    the room was a woman, in nightdress, in an attitude that
+    suggested she had just been relieving herself. My housemaster
+    told me the picture was terribly indecent, and that, taken with
+    what he knew of my habits, it showed I was not a safe boy to be
+    in the school. He added that he did not wish to make trouble at
+    home, but that he advised me to get my parents to remove me at
+    the end of that term, instead of the following term, when, in the
+    ordinary course of things, I should have left.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I wrote to my people to say I was miserable at school, and I was
+    removed at the end of that term.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My first case of true heterosexual passion was with a girl
+    called D., whom I first knew when she was about 16. My family and
+    hers were friendly. My attraction to her soon became a matter of
+    common knowledge and joking to members of my family. She was a
+    dark, passionate-looking child, with large eyes that&mdash;to
+    me&mdash;seemed full of an inner knowledge of sexual mysteries.
+    Precocious, vain, jealous, untruthful&mdash;those were qualities in
+    her that I myself soon recognized. But the very fact that she was
+    not conventionally 'goody-goody' proved an attraction to me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I never openly made love to her, but I delighted to be near her.
+    Our ages were sufficiently separated for this to be noticeable. I
+    dreamed of her, and my highest ideal of blessedness was to kiss
+    her and <a name='4_Page_234'></a>tell her I loved her. I heard that she had been
+    discovered talking indecently in a w.c. to some little boys, sons
+    of a friend of my family's. The knowledge of this precocity on
+    her part intensified my fascination for her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I left home to return to school I kissed her&mdash;the only
+    time. Absence did nothing to diminish my affection. I thought of
+    her all day long, at work or at play. I wrote her a letter&mdash;not
+    openly passionate, but my real feelings toward her must have been
+    apparent. I found out afterward that her mother opened the
+    letter.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I returned home for the holidays her mother asked me not;
+    to write her any letters and not to pay attentions to her, as I
+    might 'spoil her.' I promised. I was, of course, greatly
+    distressed.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;D. used to come to our house to see my younger sister. She had
+    clearly been warned by her mother not to allow me to speak to
+    her. I was too nervous to make any advances; besides, I had
+    promised. As I grew older, my passion died out. I have hardly
+    ever seen her since. She married some years ago. I still retain
+    sentimental feelings toward her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was now 18; I had stopped growing and was fairly broad and
+    healthy. Intellectually I was rather precocious, though not
+    ambitious. But I was no good at games, had no tastes for physical
+    exercises, and no hobbies.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During the holidays, in my last year at school, I had gone to
+    the Royal Aquarium with a school companion. This was followed by
+    one or two visits to the Empire Theatre. It was then that I first
+    discovered that sexual intercourse took place outside the limits
+    of married life. On one occasion my friend talked to one of the
+    women who were walking about. This same friend spoke to a
+    prostitute at Oxford. (At this time I went up to the university.)
+    Once or twice I met this girl. She used to ask about my friend.
+    My feelings toward her were a combination of admiration for her
+    physical beauty, a sense of the 'mystery' of her life, and pity
+    for her isolated position.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the whole, my first university term produced considerable
+    improvement in me. I began to be interested in my work and to
+    read a fair amount of general literature. I learned to bicycle
+    and to row. I also made one intimate friend.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In my first holiday I went to the Empire and made the
+    acquaintance of a girl there, W. H. She attracted me by her quiet
+    appearance. I eventually made arrangements to pay her a visit. My
+    apprehensions consisted of: 1. Fear of catching venereal disease.
+    This I decided to safeguard by using a 'French letter.' 2. Fear
+    that she might have a 'bully.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The girl showed no sexual desire; but at that time this did not
+    attract my attention.</p><a name='4_Page_235'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;I got very much 'gone' on her, paid her several visits, gave her
+    some presents I could ill afford, and felt very distressed when
+    she informed me she was to be married and therefore could not see
+    me any more.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My experiences with prostitutes cover a period of twelve years.
+    During three years of this period I was continually in their
+    company. I have had intercourse with some two dozen; in some
+    cases only once; in others on numerous occasions. They have
+    usually been of the class that frequent Piccadilly, St. James
+    Restaurant, the Continental Hotel, and the Dancing Clubs. Usual
+    fee, &pound;2 for the night; in one case, &pound;5.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;1. Not one of them, as far as I knew, was a drunkard.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;2. As a rule, they were not mercenary or dishonest.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;3. In their language and general behavior they compared
+    favorably with respectable women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;4. I never caught venereal disease.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;5. I twice caught pediculi.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;6. I did not find them, as a rule, very sensual or fond of
+    indecent talk. As a rule, they objected to stripping naked; they
+    did not touch my organs; they did not suggest masturbation,
+    sodomy, or <i>fellatio</i>. They seldom exhibited transports, but the
+    better among them seemed sentimental and affectionate.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;7. Their accounts of their first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' often by his addressing
+    them in the street; he took them about to dinners and theatres;
+    they were quite innocent and even ignorant; on one occasion they
+    drank too much; and before they knew what was happening they were
+    no longer virgins. They do not, however, apparently round on the
+    man or expose him or refuse to have anything more to do with him.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;8. They state&mdash;in common with the outwardly 'respectable' women
+    whom I have had a chance of catechising&mdash;that before the first
+    intercourse they did not feel any conscious desire for
+    intercourse and hardly devoted any thought to it, that it was
+    very painful the first time, and that some time elapsed before
+    they commenced to derive pleasure from it or to experience the
+    orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;E. B. was the second woman I had intercourse with. She was a
+    prostitute, but very young (about 18) and had only been in London
+    a few months. I met her first in the St. James Restaurant. I
+    spoke a few words to her. The next day I saw her in the
+    Burlington Arcade. I was not much attracted to her; she was
+    pretty, in a coarse, buxom style; vulgar in manners, voice, and
+    dress. She asked me to go home with her; I refused. She pressed
+    me; I said I had no money. She still urged me, just to drive home
+    with her and talk to her while she dressed for the evening. I
+    consented. We drove to lodgings in Albany Street. We went in. She
+    proceeded to kiss me. I remained cold, and <a name='4_Page_236'></a>told her again I had
+    no money. She then said: 'That does not matter. You remind me of
+    a boy I love. I want you to be my fancy boy.' I was flattered by
+    this. I saw a good deal of her. She was sentimental. I never gave
+    her any money. When I had some, she refused to take it, but
+    allowed me to spend a little in buying her a present. On the
+    night before I left London she wept. She wrote me illiterate, but
+    affectionate letters. One day she wrote to me that she was to be
+    kept by a man, but that she had made it a condition with him that
+    she should be allowed to have me. I had never been in love with
+    her, because of her vulgarity. I therefore took the earliest
+    opportunity of letting matters cool, by not writing often, etc.
+    The next thing I remember was my fascination, a few months later,
+    for S. H.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;She was not a regular prostitute. She had taken a very minor
+    part in light opera. She was American by birth, young, slim, and
+    spoke like a lady. Her hair was dyed; her breasts padded. She
+    acted sentiment, but was less affectionate than E. B. I met her
+    when she was out of a job. I gave her &pound;2 whenever I met her. She
+    was not mercenary. She was sensual. I became very much in love
+    with her. I discovered her, however, writing letters to a fellow
+    whom I had met one day when I was walking with her. He was only
+    an acquaintance, but the brother of my most intimate friend. What
+    I objected to was that in this letter to him she protested she
+    did not care for me, but could not afford to give me up. She had
+    to plead guilty, but I was so fascinated by her I still kept in
+    with her, for a time, until she was kept by a man, and I had
+    found other women to interest me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Owing to the strict regulations made by the university
+    authorities, prostitutes find it hard to make a living there, and
+    I never had anything to do with one. My adventures were among the
+    shopgirl class, and were of a comparatively innocent nature. One
+    of them, however, M. S., a very undemonstrative shopgirl, was the
+    only girl not a prostitute with whom I had so far had
+    intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About this time I made the acquaintance of three other
+    prostitutes, who, however, were nice, gentle, quiet girls,
+    neither vulgar nor mercenary. A night passed with them always
+    meant to me much more than mere intercourse. They
+    were&mdash;especially two of them&mdash;of a sentimental nature, and would
+    go to sleep in my arms. There was, on my part, not any passion,
+    but a certain sympathy with them, and pity and affection. I
+    remained faithful to the first, J. H., until she was kept by a
+    man, and gave up her gentlemen friends. Then came D. V. She got in
+    the family way and left London. Last, M. P. She was not pretty,
+    but a good figure, well dressed, a bright conversationalist, and
+    an intelligent mind. Her regular price for the night was &pound;5, but
+    when she got to know one she would take one for less and take
+    <a name='4_Page_237'></a>one 'on tick.' She was very sensual. On one occasion, between 11
+    P. M. and about midday the following day I experienced the orgasm
+    eleven or twelve times.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During term time I was often prevented from having women by want
+    of money and absence from London. I considered myself lucky if I
+    could have a woman once or twice a month. My allowance was not
+    large enough to admit of such luxuries; and I was only able to do
+    what I did by being economical in my general expenditure and
+    living, and by running up bills for whatever I could get on
+    credit. I lived in the hopes of picking up 'amateurs' who would
+    give me what I wanted for the love of it and without payment. My
+    efforts were not very successful at present, except in the case
+    of M. S. I considered myself very lucky in having discovered her,
+    and I should have stuck to her for longer but for the rival
+    attraction of another. There was, however, no deep sentiment on
+    either side.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;But in order to preserve a continuity in my account of the
+    women, I have left out two cases of temporary reversion to
+    homosexual practices. During the periods when I could not get a
+    woman I had recourse once more to masturbation. At times I had
+    'wet dreams' in which boys figured; and my thoughts, in waking
+    hours, sometimes reverted to memories of my school experiences. I
+    think, however, that I should have preferred a woman.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The homosexual reversions were as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;1. I had arranged to meet a shopgirl one evening, outside the
+    town. She did not turn up. The meeting place was a railway
+    bridge. Waiting there too, a few feet from me, was a boy of about
+    15. He was employed (I afterward found) by a gardener, and was
+    waiting to meet his brother, who was engaged on the line. I got
+    into casual conversation with him, and suddenly found myself
+    wondering whether he ever masturbated. With a feeling, that I can
+    only describe by calling it an intuition, I moved nearer him, and
+    asked: 'Do you ever play with yourself?' He did not seem
+    surprised at the abruptness of my question, and answered 'yes.' I
+    thereupon touched his penis, and <i>found he had an erection</i>! I
+    suggested retiring to a bench that was near. We sat down. I
+    masturbated him till he experienced the orgasm; then
+    intercrurally. I gave him a shilling, and said good night.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;2. During my last summer at the university I took to gardening.
+    There was a small piece of garden behind the house in which I had
+    lodgings. My landlady suggested getting a cousin of hers,
+    employed by a nurseryman, to supply me with plants, etc. He was a
+    youth of about 16 or 17, tall, dark, not bad favored in looks. I
+    forget how many times I saw him&mdash;not many, perhaps twice or
+    thrice; but one day, when he came to see me in my room, about
+    something connected with the garden, I gave him some old clothes
+    of mine. He was <a name='4_Page_238'></a>a great deal taller than myself, and I suggested
+    his trying on the trousers to see if they would fit. I do not
+    know whether I made this suggestion with any ulterior motive or
+    whether I had ever before thought of him in connection with any
+    sexual relations. I only know that once more, as if guided by
+    instinct, I felt he would not rebuff me, although certainly no
+    indecent talk had ever taken place between us. I pretended to
+    help him to pull up the trousers, and let my hand touch his
+    penis. He did not resist; and I felt his penis for a few seconds.
+    I then proposed he should come upstairs to my bedroom. No one was
+    in the house. We went up. He did not at first have an erection. I
+    asked why. He said 'because you are strange to me.' He then felt
+    my penis. Eventually we mutually masturbated one another. I gave
+    him half a crown.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Some short time afterward he came again to the house. On this
+    occasion I attempted <i>fellatio</i>. I don't think I had at that time
+    ever heard of such a practice. He said, however, he did not like
+    it. He masturbated intercrurally. He said he had never done this
+    before, although he had had girls. (The other boy also told me he
+    had had girls.)</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;3. On another occasion I was out bicycling. A boy, of about 10
+    years of age, offered me a bunch of violets for a penny. I told
+    him I would give him a shilling to pick me a large bunch. I am
+    not sure if I had any ulterior motive. He proceeded into a wood
+    on the side of the road; I dismounted from my machine and
+    followed him. He was a pretty, dark boy. He made water. I went up
+    to him and asked him to let me feel his penis. He at once jumped
+    away, and ran off shrieking. I was frightened, mounted my
+    bicycle, and rode as fast as I could home.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;There was no sentiment in the above cases. It is also to be
+    noted that in neither instance did I make any arrangements to see
+    the person again. As far as I can remember, when once I was
+    satisfied I felt disgust for my act. In the case of women this
+    was never so.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Two of the women described in the foregoing pages stand out
+    above the others. Perhaps I have not sufficiently shown that in
+    the cases of W. H. and S. H. I felt a considerable degree of
+    <i>passion</i>. W. H. was the first woman with whom I had had
+    intercourse; this invested her in my heart, with a peculiar
+    sentiment. In neither case can I be accused of fickleness.
+    Indeed, I may say that up to this time I had had no opportunity
+    of being fickle. I never saw enough, or had enough, of a woman to
+    get a surfeit of her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The case I now come to presents the features of the cases of
+    W. H. and S. H. in a stronger form. I was then 20; I have since
+    then married; I am a father; my experiences have been many and
+    varied; but still I must confess that no other woman has ever
+    stirred my <a name='4_Page_239'></a>emotions more than&mdash;I doubt if as much as&mdash;D. C. Up to
+    date, if there has been any grand passion in my life, it is my
+    love for her. D. C., when I got to know her&mdash;by talking to her in
+    the street&mdash;was a girl of about 20. She was short and plump; dark
+    hair; dark, mischievous eyes; a fair complexion; small features;
+    quiet manners, and a sensual <i>ensemble</i>. I do not know what her
+    father was. He was dead, her mother kept a university lodging
+    house. She spoke and behaved like a lady. She dressed quietly;
+    was absolutely unmercenary; her intelligence&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, her
+    intellectual calibre&mdash;was not great. Her master-passion was one
+    thing. The first evening I walked out with her she put her hand
+    down on my penis, before I had even kissed her, and proposed
+    intercourse. I was surprised, almost embarrassed; she herself led
+    me to a wall, and standing up made me do it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Next day we went away for the day together. I may say she was
+    <i>always</i> ready and never satisfied. She was sensual rather than
+    sentimental. She was ready to shower her favors anywhere and to
+    anyone. My feelings toward her soon became affectionate and
+    sentimental, and then passionate. I thought of nothing else all
+    day long; wrote her long letters daily; simply lived to see her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I found she was engaged to be married. Her <i>fianc&eacute;</i>, a
+    schoolmaster, himself used to have intercourse with her, but he
+    had taken a religious turn and thought it was wicked to do it
+    until they married. I had intercourse with her on every possible
+    occasion: in private rooms at hotels, in railway carriages, in a
+    field, against a wall, and&mdash;when the holidays came&mdash;she stayed a
+    night with me in London. She had apparently no fear of getting in
+    the family way, and never used any precaution. Sensual as she
+    was, she did not show her feelings by outward demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On one occasion she proposed <i>fellatio</i>. She said she had done
+    it to her <i>fianc&eacute;</i> and liked it. This is the only case I have
+    known of a woman wishing to do it for the love of it.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The emotional tension on my nerves&mdash;the continual jealousy I was
+    in, the knowledge that before long she would marry and we must
+    part&mdash;eventually caused me to get ill. She never told me she
+    loved me more than any other man; yet, owing to my importunity,
+    she saw much more of me than anyone else. It came to the ears of
+    her <i>fianc&eacute;</i> that she was in my company a great deal; there was a
+    meeting of the three of us&mdash;convened at his wish&mdash;at which she
+    had formally, before him, to say 'good-bye' to me. Yet we still
+    continued to meet and to have intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Then the date of her marriage drew near. She wrote me saying that
+    she could not see me any more. I forced myself, however, on her,
+    and our relations still continued. Her elder sister interviewed
+    me and <a name='4_Page_240'></a>said she would inform the authorities unless I gave her
+    up; a brother, too, came to see me and made a row.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had what I seriously intended to be a last meeting with her.
+    But after that she came up to London to see me, we went to a
+    hotel together. We arranged to see one another again, but she did
+    not write. I had now left the university. I heard she was
+    married.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It was now four years since I had first had intercourse with a
+    woman. During this time I was almost continually under the
+    influence, either of a definite love affair or of a general
+    lasciviousness and desire for intercourse with women. My
+    character and life were naturally affected by this. My studies
+    were interfered with; I had become extravagant and had run into
+    debt. It is worthy of note that I had never up to this time
+    considered the desirability of marriage. This was perhaps chiefly
+    because I had no means to marry. But even in the midst of my
+    affairs I always retained sufficient sense to criticise the moral
+    and intellectual calibre of the women I loved, and I held strong
+    views on the advisability of mental and moral sympathies and
+    congenital tastes existing between people who married. In my
+    amours I had hitherto found no intellectual equality or
+    sympathies. My passion for D. C. was prompted by (1) the bond that
+    sexual intercourse with a woman has nearly always produced in my
+    feelings, (2) her physical beauty, (3) that she was sensual, (4)
+    that she was a lady, (5) that she was young, (6) that she was not
+    mercenary. It was kept alive by the obstacles in the way of my
+    seeing her enough and by her engagement to another.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The D. C. affair left me worn out emotionally. I reviewed my life
+    of the last four years. It seemed to show much more heartache,
+    anxiety, and suffering than pleasure. I concluded that this
+    unsatisfactory result was inseparable from the pursuit of
+    illegitimate amours. I saw that my work had been interfered with,
+    and that I was in debt, owing to the same cause. Yet I felt that
+    I could never do without a woman. In this quandary I found myself
+    thinking that marriage was the only salvation for me. Then I
+    should always have a woman by me. I was sufficiently sensible to
+    know that unless there were congenial tastes and sympathies, a
+    marriage could not turn out happily, especially as my chief
+    interests in life (after woman) were literature, history, and
+    philosophy. But I imagined that if I could find a girl who would
+    satisfy the condition of being an intellectual companion to me,
+    all my troubles would be over; my sexual desire would be
+    satisfied, and I could devote myself to work.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;In this frame of mind I turned my thoughts more seriously in the
+    direction of a girl whom I had known for some two years. Her age
+    was nearly the same as mine. My family and hers were acquainted
+    with one another. I had established a platonic friendship with
+    her.<a name='4_Page_241'></a> Undoubtedly the prime attraction was that she was young and
+    pretty. But she was also a girl of considerable character.
+    Without being as well educated as I was, she was above the
+    average girl in general intelligence. She was fond of reading;
+    books formed our chief subject of conversation and common
+    interest. She was, in fact, a girl of more intelligence than I
+    had yet encountered. On her side, as I afterward discovered, the
+    interest in me was less purely platonic. Our relations toward one
+    another were absolutely correct. Yet we were intimate, informal,
+    and talked on subjects that would be considered forbidden topics
+    between two young persons by most people. I felt she was a true
+    friend. She, too, confided to me her troubles.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;We corresponded with one another frequently. Sometimes it
+    occurred, to me that it was rather strange she should be so keen
+    to write to me, to hear from me, and to see me; but I had never
+    thought of her, consciously, except as a friend; I never for a
+    moment imagined she thought of me except as an interesting and
+    intelligent friend. Nor did the idea of illicit love ever suggest
+    itself to me. She was one of those women whose face and
+    expression put aside any such thought. I was, indeed, inclined to
+    regard her as a good influence on me, but as passionless. I
+    confided to her the affair of D. C., which took place during our
+    acquaintance. She was distressed, but sympathetic and not
+    prudish. I did not suspect the cause of her distress; I thought
+    it was owing to her disappointment in the ideals she had formed
+    of me. She invited me to join her and her family for a part of
+    the summer (I had now left the university, having obtained my
+    degree in low honors) and I decided to join them. At this stage
+    there began to impress itself on my mind the possibility that she
+    cared for me; also the desirability, if that were so, of becoming
+    engaged to her. I found my feelings became warmer. On several
+    occasions we found ourselves alone. Then, one day, our talk
+    became more personal, more tender; and I kissed her. I do
+    recollect distinctly the thought flashing through my mind, as she
+    allowed me to kiss her, that she was not after all the
+    passionless and 'straight' girl I had thought. But the idea must
+    have been a very temporary one; it did not return; she declared
+    her love for me; and without any express 'proposal' on my part we
+    walked home that afternoon mutually taking it for granted that we
+    were engaged. I was happy, and calmly happy; proud and elated.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Circumstances now made it necessary for me to make money for
+    myself and I was forced to enter a profession for which I had
+    never felt any attraction; indeed, I had never considered the
+    possibility of it, until I became engaged, and saw I must support
+    myself if I were ever to marry. I worked hard, and rapidly
+    improved my position.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I think I am correct in stating that from the day I became
+    engaged my sexual troubles seemed to have ceased. My thoughts and
+    <a name='4_Page_242'></a>passions were centred on one woman. We wrote to one another
+    twice every week, and as far as I was concerned every thought and
+    feeling I had I told her, and the receipt of her letters was for
+    me the event of my life for nearly three years. My anxiety in
+    connection with my work used up a great deal of my energy, and,
+    although I looked forward to the time when I should have a woman
+    at my side every night, my sexual desires were in abeyance. Nor
+    did I feel any desire or temptation for other women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I masturbated, but not frequently. Generally I did it to the
+    accompaniment of images or scenes associated with my betrothed,
+    sometimes the act was purely auto-erotic. My leisure time was
+    devoted to reading.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On only one occasion did I have intercourse with a woman during
+    my engagement (three years); it was with a girl whose
+    acquaintance I had made at the university and who asked me to
+    come to see her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I married at the age of 24. Looking back on the early days of my
+    married life it is now a matter of surprise to me that I was so
+    far from exhibiting the transports of passion which since then
+    have accompanied any intercourse with a new woman. Partly I was
+    frightened of shocking her; partly my three years of comparative
+    abstinence had chastened me. It was some weeks before I ever saw
+    my wife entirely naked; I never touched her parts with my hand
+    for many months; and after the first few weeks I did not have
+    intercourse with her frequently.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Perhaps this was to be expected. The basis of my affection for
+    her had always been a moral or mental one rather than physical,
+    although she was a handsome, well-made girl. Besides, money and
+    other worries kept my thoughts busy, as well as struggles to make
+    both ends meet.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Indeed, I may say my sexual nature seemed to be dying out. When
+    I had been married less than six months I discovered that sexual
+    intercourse with my wife no longer meant what sexual intercourse
+    used to mean&mdash;no excitement or exaltation or ecstasy. My wife
+    perhaps contributed to this by her attitude. She confessed
+    afterward to me that for the first week or so she positively
+    dreaded bedtime, so physically painful was intercourse to her;
+    that it was many weeks, if not months, before she experienced the
+    orgasm. For the first year and more of marriage she could not
+    endure touching my penis. This at first disappointed me; then
+    annoyed and finally almost disgusted me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Later on, she learned to experience the orgasm. But she was very
+    undemonstrative during the act, and it was seldom that the orgasm
+    occurred simultaneously; she took a much longer time.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I ceased to think about sexual matters. When I had been married
+    <a name='4_Page_243'></a>about three years I was aware that, in my case, marriage meant
+    the loss of all mad ecstasy in the act. I knew that if I had no
+    work to do, and plenty of money, and temptation came my way, I
+    should like to have another woman. But there was no particular
+    woman to enchain my fancy and I did not have time or money or
+    inclination to hunt for one.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At times I masturbated. Sometimes I did this to the
+    accompaniment of homosexual desires or memories of the past. Then
+    I got my wife to masturbate me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About four years after marriage I got a woman from Piccadilly
+    Circus to do <i>fellatio</i>. I had never had this done before. She
+    did not do it genuinely, but used her fingers.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As stated above various anxieties, the fact that I could always
+    satisfy my physical desires, all served to calm me. I was also
+    interested in my work and had become ambitious to improve my
+    position and was very energetic.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the whole, notwithstanding money worries, the first four or
+    five years of my married life were the happiest in my life.
+    Certainly I was very free from sexual desires; and the general
+    effect of marriage was to make me economical, energetic,
+    ambitious, and unselfish. I was certainly overworked. I seldom
+    got to bed before 1 or 2; my meals were irregular; and I became
+    worried and nervous. At the beginning of my fifth year of married
+    life I got run down, and had a severe illness, and at one time my
+    life was in danger, but I had a fairly rapid convalescence.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My illness was critical, in more senses than one. My
+    convalescence was accompanied by a remarkable recrudescence of my
+    sexual feelings. I will trace this in detail: 1. As I got
+    well&mdash;but while still in bed&mdash;I found myself experiencing, almost
+    continually, violent erections. These were at first of an
+    auto-erotic character, and I masturbated myself, thus gaining
+    relief to my nerves. 2. I also found my thoughts tending toward
+    sexual images, and I felt a desire toward my nurse. I first
+    became conscious of this when I noticed that I experienced an
+    erection during the time that she was washing me. I mentioned the
+    matter to my doctor, who told me not to worry, and said the
+    symptoms were usual in the circumstances. 3. When I got up and
+    about I found myself desiring very keenly to have intercourse
+    with my wife. I can almost say that I felt more sexually excited
+    than I had done for four or five years. As soon, however, as I
+    had had intercourse with my wife a few times I felt my desire
+    toward her cease. 4. My thoughts now centered on having a woman
+    to do <i>fellatio</i>, and as soon as I was well enough to go out I
+    got a prostitute to do this.</p><a name='4_Page_244'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;Just before I was ill my wife had a child, which was born with
+    more than one abnormality. No doubt the shock and worry caused by
+    this got me into a low state and predisposed me to my illness.
+    But the consequences were farther reaching still. The child
+    underwent an operation, and my wife had to take her away into the
+    country for nearly six weeks, so as to give her better air. I was
+    left alone in London, for the first time since my marriage. The
+    worry in connection with the child, and the heavy expense, served
+    to keep me nervously upset after I had apparently recovered
+    physically from the illness. Once more I found myself thinking
+    about women. As an additional factor in the situation I became
+    friendly with an old college-chum whom I had not seen much of for
+    many years. He lived the life of a fashionable young bachelor and
+    was at the time keeping a woman. The only common interest between
+    us was women. I found myself reverting to the old condition of
+    rampant lust that had been such a curse to me in my university
+    days. Some books he lent me had a decided effect. They gave me
+    erections; and it was on top of the excitement thus engendered
+    that one day I got a woman to do <i>fellatio</i>, as already
+    mentioned. Moreover, since my illness, I found all my previous
+    energy and ambition had gone.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have stated that I was in London alone with two servants. The
+    housemaid was a young girl; nice looking, with beautiful eyes and
+    a sensual expression. She had been with us for about a year. I
+    cannot remember when I first thought of her in a sexual way. But
+    one evening I suddenly felt a desire for her. I talked to her; I
+    found my voice trembling; I let my hand, as if by accident, touch
+    hers; she did not withdraw it; and in a second I had kissed her.
+    She did not resist. I took her on my knee, and tried to take
+    liberties, which she resisted, and I desisted.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Next day I kissed her again, and put my hand inside her breasts.
+    The same evening I took her to an exhibition. On the way home, in
+    a hansom cab, I made her masturbate me. This was followed by a
+    feeling of great relief, elation, and <i>pride</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Next morning, when she came up to my bedroom to call me, I
+    kissed and embraced her; she allowed me to take liberties, and,
+    reassuring her by saying I would use a preventive, I had
+    intercourse with her. She flinched somewhat. She then told me she
+    was at her period and that she had never had intercourse with a
+    man before.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During the next few weeks I found her an adept pupil, though
+    always shy and undemonstrative. I took her to a hotel, and
+    experienced the intensest pleasure I had ever had in undressing
+    her. I had lately heard about <i>cunnilingus</i>. I now did it to her.
+    I soon found I experienced very great pleasure in this, as did
+    she. (I had attempted it with my wife, but found it disgusted
+    me.) I also had intercourse<a name='4_Page_245'></a> <i>per anum</i>. (This again was an act I
+    had heard about, but had never been able to regard as
+    pleasurable. But books I had been reading stated it was most
+    pleasant both to man and woman.) She resisted at first, finding
+    it hurt her much; it excited me greatly; and when I had done it
+    in this way several times she herself seemed to like it,
+    especially if I kept my hand on her clitoris at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;My relations with the housemaid, with whom I cannot pretend that
+    I was in love, were only put an end to by satiety, and when I
+    went away for my holidays I was utterly exhausted. This was,
+    however, only the first of a series of relationships, at least
+    one of which deeply stirred my emotional nature. These
+    experiences, however, it is unnecessary to detail. There have
+    also been occasional homosexual episodes.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I think I am now in a much healthier condition than I have been
+    for some years. (I assume that it is <i>not</i> healthy for all one's
+    thoughts to be always occupied on sexual subjects.) The
+    conclusion I come to is that I can live a normal, healthy life,
+    devoting my thoughts to my work, and finding pleasure in
+    friendship, in my children, in reading, and in other sources of
+    amusement, as long as I can have occasional relations with a
+    young girl&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, about once a week. But if this outlet for my
+    sexual emotions is stopped sexual thoughts obsess my brain; I
+    become both useless and miserable.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have never regretted my marriage. Not only do I feel that life
+    without a wife and home and children would be miserable, but I
+    entertain feelings of great affection toward my wife. We are well
+    suited to one another; she is a woman of character and
+    intelligence; she looks after my home well, is a sensible and
+    devoted mother, and understands me. I have never met a woman I
+    would have sooner married. We have many tastes and likings in
+    common, and&mdash;what is not possible with most women&mdash;I can, as a
+    rule, speak to her about my feelings and find a listener who
+    understands.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;On the other hand, all passion and sentiment have died out. It
+    seems to me that this is inevitable. Perhaps it is a good thing
+    this should be so. If men and women remained in the state of
+    erotic excitement they are in when they marry, the business and
+    work of the world would go hang. Unfortunately, in my case this
+    very erotic excitement is the chief thing in life that appeals to
+    me!</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The factors that in my case have produced this death of passion
+    and sentiment are as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;1. Familiarity. When one is continually in the company of a
+    person all novelty dies out. In the case of husband and wife, the
+    husband sees his wife every day; at all times and seasons;
+    dressed, undressed; ill; good tempered, bad tempered. He sees her
+    wash and perform other functions; he sees her naked whenever he
+    likes; he can <a name='4_Page_246'></a>have intercourse with her whenever he feels
+    inclined. How can love (as I use the expression&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, sexual
+    passion) continue?</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;2. Satiety. I am of a 'hot,' sensual disposition, inclined to
+    excess, as far as my health and nerves are concerned. The
+    appetite gets jaded.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;3. Absence of strong sexual reciprocity on the part of my wife.
+    I have referred to this above. She likes intercourse, but she is
+    never outwardly demonstrative. She has naturally a chaste mind.
+    She never is guilty of those little indecencies which affect some
+    men a great deal. She does not like talking of these things; and
+    she tells me that if I died, she would never want to have
+    intercourse again with anyone. At times, especially recently, she
+    has even asked me to have intercourse with her, or to masturbate
+    her; but it is seldom that the orgasm occurs contemporaneously.
+    In this respect she is different from other women I knew, in whom
+    the mere fact that the orgasm was occurring in me at once
+    produced it in them. At the same time I doubt whether even strong
+    sexual reciprocity would have retained my passion for long.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;4. During the early years of our married life money worries
+    caused at times disagreements, reproaches and quarrels. Passion
+    and sentiment are fragile and cannot stand these things.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;5. The fact that I had already had other women diminished the
+    feeling of awe with which many regard the sexual act and the
+    violation of sexual conventions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;6. Loss of beauty. Loss of figure is, I fear, inseparable from
+    childbearing especially if the woman works hard. We have always
+    had servants, still my wife has always worked hard, at sewing,
+    etc.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have stated that I entertain feelings of respect and
+    admiration for my wife. But I almost <i>loathe</i> the idea of
+    intercourse with her. I would sooner masturbate, and think of
+    another woman than have intercourse with her. It causes nausea in
+    me to touch her private parts. Yet with other women it affords me
+    mad pleasure to kiss them, every part of their bodies. But my
+    wife still feels for me the love she had when we first married.
+    There lies the tragedy.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>The following narrative is a continuation of History XII in the previous
+volume:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY III.&mdash;</b>I had become good looking. For a time I knew what
+    it was to have loving looks from every woman I met, and being
+    saner and healthier I would seem to be moving in a divine
+    atmosphere of color and fragrance, pearly teeth and bright eyes.
+    Even the old women with daughters looked at me amiably&mdash;married
+    women with challenge and maidens with Paradise in their eyes.</p><a name='4_Page_247'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was standing one morning at St. Peter's corner, with two young
+    friends, when a girl went by, coming over from the Roman Catholic
+    cathedral. When she had passed she looked back, with that
+    imperious swing that is almost a command, at me, as my friends
+    distinctly admitted. They advised me to follow her; I did so, and
+    she turned a pretty, blushing face and pair of dark gray eyes,
+    with just the kind of eyebrows I liked: brown, very level, rather
+    thick, but long. Her teeth and mouth were perfect, and she spoke
+    with a slight Irish brogue. She let me do all the talking while
+    she took my measure. God knows what she saw in me! I spoke in an
+    affected manner, I remember, imitating some swell character I had
+    seen on the stage a night or two before, but I was wise enough
+    not to talk too much and to behave myself. She promised to meet
+    me again and made the appointment. She was a school-teacher and
+    engaged to be married to some one else. She meant to amuse
+    herself her own way before she married. The second night I met
+    her she allowed me to kiss her as much as I liked and promised
+    all her favors for the third night. We took a long walk, and in
+    the dark she gave herself to me, but I hurt her so much I had to
+    stop two or three times. She had had connection only once, years
+    before, when at school herself. She was inclined to be sensual,
+    but she was young, fresh, and pretty, and her kisses turned my
+    head. I fell genuinely in love with her and told her so, one
+    night when she was particularly fascinating, with the tears in my
+    eyes; and her face met mine with equal love. The first night or
+    two I had felt no pleasure&mdash;whether through years of self-abuse
+    or not I do not know,&mdash;but this night my whole being was excited.
+    I met her once and sometimes twice a week and was always thinking
+    of her. My sister saw me looking love-sick one day and I heard
+    her say 'He's in love,' which rather flattered me, and I looked
+    more love-sick and idiotic than ever. It was all wrong and
+    perverted. She continued to meet her <i>fianc&eacute;</i>, and intended to
+    marry him. We both spoke of 'him' as an adultress speaks of her
+    husband. That high level of tears and childlike joy in our youth
+    and love was never reached again. But I realized her <i>sex</i>, her
+    kisses, her presence&mdash;after all those years of horror (if she had
+    only known)&mdash;more even than the sexual act itself; while she, as
+    time went on, commenced to show a curiosity which I thought
+    desecrating; she liked to examine&mdash;to 'let her hand stray,' were
+    her words. Even her beauty seemed impaired some nights and I
+    caught a gleam in her eye and a curve of her lip I thought
+    vulgar. But perhaps the next night I met her she would be as
+    bright as ever.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I introduced her to my friends, who knew our relations, for I
+    blabbed everything. But she did not mind their knowing and if we
+    met would give them all a kiss, so that I felt I had been rather
+    too profuse in my hospitality, though I still would say: 'Have
+    another <a name='4_Page_248'></a>one, Bert; I don't mind.' But whatever ass I made of
+    myself she forgave me anything, and was fonder of me every time
+    we met, while I, although I did not know it for a long time, was
+    less fond of her. She knew how to revive my love, however. Some
+    nights she would not meet me, and I would be like a madman. Other
+    nights she would meet me, but not let me raise her dress. She
+    would lie on me, on a moonlit night, and her young face in shadow
+    like a siren's in its frame of hair, merely to kiss me. But what
+    kisses! Slow, cold kisses changing to clinging, passionate ones.
+    She would leave my mouth to look around, as if frightened, and
+    come back, open-mouthed, with a side-contact of lips that brought
+    out unexpected felicities.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One night her <i>fianc&eacute;</i> saw us together, and followed me after I
+    left her, but on turning a corner I ran. I ridiculed him to her
+    and despised him. I should have found it difficult to say why.
+    Another night her brother attacked me, and it would have gone
+    hard with me, but Annie pulled me in and banged the door. We were
+    in a friend's house, but her father came around soon and laid a
+    stick about her shoulders, in my presence. I tried to talk big,
+    and said something idiotic about being as good a man as her
+    betrothed, as though my intentions were honorable, which for one
+    brief moment made Anne look at me, paler faced and changed, such
+    a strange glance. But he beat her home, enjoying my rage, and she
+    went away, crying in her hands. I was allowed to go unmolested.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I soon received a letter from her asking me not to mind and
+    making an appointment, at which she turned up cheerful and
+    unconcerned. She went to confession, and would meet me
+    afterwards; and her faith in that, and the difference of our
+    religions (if I had any religion) would make her seem strange and
+    alien to me at times, even banal. At last our meetings became a
+    mere habit of sensuality, with all charm, and suggestion of
+    better things eliminated....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I went with my friend George (who shared my room) one afternoon
+    and called at Annie's school; she kept an infants' school of her
+    own. She came to the door herself. It was the first time I had
+    seen her in daylight, and I thought her cheek-bones bigger; she
+    certainly was not so pretty as on the first evening I met her.
+    George had told me he would sleep away if I wanted the room, and
+    when next I met her she promised to come and sleep with me.
+    Before I had always met her on the grass, under trees. She came,
+    and the sight of her young limbs and breasts revived something of
+    my love for her, my better love. But she was insatiable and more
+    sensual every day. One day she came when I was not well, and
+    would not go away disappointed. I had met a very pretty girl
+    about this time, and now resolved to give Annie up, which I did
+    in the cruelest manner, cutting her dead, and refusing <a name='4_Page_249'></a>to answer
+    her letters and touching messages. I heard that she would cry for
+    hours, but I was harder than adamant....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I thought myself very much in love with the very pretty girl for
+    whom I had thrown up Annie. She lived with her mother and two
+    sisters, one older than herself, the other a mere child. The
+    eldest sister, a handsome, dark girl like a Spaniard, was not
+    virtuous. She was good natured; too much so, and took her
+    pleasure with several of us, dying, not long after, of
+    consumption. I thought her sister, my girl, was virtuous, and I
+    meant to marry her&mdash;some day. At any rate, I saw her mother, who
+    lived in a well-furnished house and was a superior woman. This
+    did not prevent my trying to seduce her daughter. I did not
+    succeed for a long time, though she did not cease meeting me. The
+    sisters came to see us. I knew, one night, her sister was
+    upstairs with D. and I guessed what they were at, so I suggested
+    to her she should creep up on them for fun. She did so, came
+    back, excited and pale&mdash;and gave herself to me. But she was not a
+    virgin and in time I had a glimpse of her unhappy fate and her
+    mother's position. Her father was dead or divorced, and her
+    mother, I believe, was mistress to some wealthy bookmaker. I am
+    not sure, there was always a mystery hanging over the mother, nor
+    am I certain that she connived at her daughter's seduction, but
+    the girl's account was that after some successful Cup day there
+    had been too much champagne drunk all around, and that a man she
+    looked on as a friend came into her bedroom that night when she
+    was <i>t&ecirc;te mont&eacute;e</i> and seduced or violated her&mdash;whichever word you
+    like to choose. Since then his visits had been frequent until she
+    met me, she said, and if I would be true to her she would be a
+    true wife to me, and I believed her and still believe she meant
+    what she said. But I left Melbourne shortly after this, our
+    letters got few and far between, and ultimately I heard she was
+    married to a young man who had always been in love with her....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Among the inmates of the boarding house was a 'married' couple
+    who stayed for some time; he was an insignificant, ugly, little,
+    crosseyed commercial traveler; she was a pretty, little creature
+    who looked as innocent and was as merry as a child; we all vied
+    in paying her attentions and waiting on her like slaves, the
+    husband always smiling a cryptic smile. After they had left it
+    was hinted they were not married at all; the oldest hands had
+    been taken in.... One afternoon I met Dolly, the commercial
+    traveler's wife, and she stopped and spoke to me. I remembered
+    what I had heard and ventured on some pleasantry at which she
+    laughed, and on my proposing that we should go for a walk she
+    consented. She had left the commercial traveler, it came out in
+    conversation, and we went on talking and walking, one idea only
+    in my mind now; could I detain her till dark? Dolly, who was very
+    pretty indeed, amused herself with me for hours, playing <a name='4_Page_250'></a>hot and
+    cold, snubbing me one minute, encouraging me with her eyed
+    another. Hour after hour went and she found this game so
+    entertaining that she accompanied me to the park behind the
+    Botanical Gardens, and it was not until it was too late for me to
+    catch a train home that she gave herself to me. In fact, we
+    stayed out the whole of that warm summer night. As the hours went
+    by she told me of her home in London and how she first went
+    wrong. She had been a good girl till one day on an excursion she
+    drank some rum or gin, which seemingly revived some dormant taint
+    of heritage; when she went home that night she fell flat at her
+    mother's feet. Her parents, well-to-do shopkeepers, who had
+    forgiven her several times before, turned her out. She became one
+    man's mistress and then another's. She began early, and was
+    scarcely 19 now. She would leave off the drink for a time and try
+    to be respectable. She loved her father and mother, but she could
+    not help drinking at times. She spoke cheerfully and laughingly
+    about it all; she was young, strong, good natured, and careless.
+    We went to sleep for a little while and then wandered in the
+    early morning down toward the cemetery, when she tried to tidy
+    her hair, asking me how I had enjoyed myself and not waiting for
+    an answer. She was thirsty, she said, and when the public houses
+    opened we went and had a drink. It was the first time I had seen
+    her drink alcohol,&mdash;at the boarding house she had always been the
+    picture of health and sweetness,&mdash;and I saw a change come over
+    her at once, so that I understood all that she had told me. The
+    sleepless night may have made it worse, but the look that came
+    into her eyes, and the looseness of the fibres not only of her
+    tell-tale wet mouth, but of every muscle of her face was
+    startling and piteous to see. She saw my look and laughed, but
+    her laugh was equally piteous to hear, and when she spoke again
+    her voice had changed too, and was equally piteous. She asked for
+    another. 'No, don't,' I begged, for the pretty girl I had
+    flattered myself I had passed a summer's night with that most
+    young men would envy, showed signs of changing, like some siren,
+    into a flabby, blear-eyed boozer. That hurt my vanity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I met her another night and she took, me to her lodgings, and I
+    slept with her all night. I no longer tried to stop her drinking,
+    but drank with her. I ceased to treat her with courtesy and
+    gallantry; she noticed it, but only drank the more, drank till
+    she became dirty in her ways, till her good looks vanished. I
+    left her, too drunk to stand, as some friend, a woman, called on
+    her.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;She came to see me once more, like her old self, so well dressed
+    and well behaved, and chatted so cheerfully to my landlady that
+    the latter afterward congratulated me on having such a friend.
+    Dolly carried a parcel of underclothing she had made, with a few
+    toys, for the children of a poor man in the suburbs, and I
+    accompanied her to <a name='4_Page_251'></a>the house. There was great excitement among
+    the ragged children; in fact, the atmosphere became so
+    dangerously full of love and charity that I commenced to feel
+    uncomfortable,&mdash;the shower of roses again,&mdash;and was glad to find
+    myself in the open air. We went for a walk and had several
+    drinks, which made the usual change in Dolly. I got tired of her,
+    determined I would leave her, spoke cruelly, and finally&mdash;after
+    having connection with her on the dry seaweed&mdash;rose and left her
+    brutally, walked away faster and faster, deaf to her
+    remonstrances, and careless whether or how she reached the
+    station....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had gone to lodge with a family whom I had been accustomed to
+    visit as a friend; there were two daughters; the elder, engaged
+    to a young German who was away with a survey party, had a rather
+    plain face, but a strong one and was herself a strong character,
+    and I came to like her in spite of myself; the second girl had
+    light golden hair, a fresh complexion, a short nose, and rather
+    large mouth, which contained beautiful teeth; they were both
+    good, obedient, innocent church-going daughters. As there was
+    plenty of amusement there of an evening, singing and dancing, I
+    did not go out, got into better ways, and gradually gave up
+    drinking to excess. I was so improved in appearance that an old
+    acquaintance did not recognize me. My anecdotes and fun amused
+    Mrs. S., the mother of the girls. She could be very violent on
+    occasions, I found, and I learned that there had been terrible
+    scenes at times, and that from time to time it had been necessary
+    to place her in an asylum. I went for drives with the girls and
+    to theatres, and ought to have been happy and glad to find myself
+    in such good quarters. The mother trusted me so entirely that she
+    left me for hours with the girls, the younger one of whom I would
+    kiss sometimes. She was engaged to a young fellow whom I spoke to
+    patronizingly, but whose shoes I was not worthy to fasten. I was
+    the cause of quarrels between them. They made it up again but I
+    think he noticed the change that was taking place in Alice. For
+    from kissing her I had gone on&mdash;all larking at first. We formed
+    the habit of sitting down on the sofa when alone and kissing
+    steadily for ten minutes or more at a time. She was excited
+    without knowing what was the matter with her&mdash;but I knew. And one
+    day when our mouths were together I drew her to me and commenced
+    to stroke her legs gently down. She trembled like a string bow,
+    and allowed my hand to go farther. And then she was frightened
+    and ashamed and commenced to laugh and cry together. She had
+    these hysterical attacks several times and they always frightened
+    me. It ended in my seducing her. She broke off her engagement,
+    and then was sorry; but soon she thought only of me.... One day
+    Alice and I were nearly caught. I had just left her on the sofa
+    and had commenced drawing at a table with my back to her when
+    suddenly her mother came in without her <a name='4_Page_252'></a>shoes, while Alice had
+    one hand up her clothes arranging her underclothing. The mother
+    stopped dead and shot me one glance I shall never forget. 'Why,
+    Alice, you frighten me!' she said. I feigned surprise and asked
+    'What is the matter?' Alice, although she was frightened out of
+    her wits, managed to stammer: 'He couldn't see me&mdash;you couldn't
+    see me, could you?' appealing to me. But I had managed to collect
+    my senses a bit and although still under that maternal eye I
+    asked,&mdash;at last turning slowly around to Alice: 'See? What do you
+    mean? See what?' And I looked so mystified that the mother was
+    deceived, and contented herself with scolding Alice and telling
+    her to run no risks of that sort. I breathed again.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;But I was near the end of my tether. Alice and I talked about
+    everything now. She told me about her life at boarding school and
+    the strange ideas some of the girls had about men and marriage.
+    After leaving school she had been sent to a large millinery or
+    drapery establishment to learn sewing and dressmaking. Here, she
+    said, the talk was awful at times, and one girl had a book with
+    pictures of men's organs of generation, which was passed around
+    and excited their curiosity to the highest pitch.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had days of tenderness and contrition, and even told her I
+    would get on and marry her. Then the tears would come into her
+    eyes and she would say: 'I seem to feel as if you were my husband
+    now.' ...</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had to see a man on business and went to his cottage. The door
+    was opened by his wife, a handsome, dark-eyed young woman, who
+    looked as if butter would not melt in her mouth. After leaving a
+    message I went on talking to her on other subjects. She piqued my
+    vanity in some way, and made me feel curious and restless. I
+    found myself thinking of her after I left and looking back I saw
+    she was still looking at me.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;To make a long story short, she encouraged me. It ended by my
+    leaving the S. family and going to board with them. T. D., the
+    husband, was glad of my company and my money. They had a little
+    boy&mdash;whose father T. was not. I soon understood her inviting
+    looks at me. For she was a general lover, and an old man, in a
+    good government billet, visited her often when T. D. was away: I
+    will call him Silenus. There was also a dark, handsome man who
+    built organs. The latter came one day and sent for some beer. I
+    was working in my room, and it so happened that before he knocked
+    she had been going further than usual in her talk with me; in
+    fact, as good as giving me the word. When her friend was admitted
+    he had to pass my open door and he gave me a look with his black
+    eyes and I gave him a look which told each what the other's game
+    was. It is wonderful what a lot can be learned from a single
+    glance of the eyes. When I saw the little boy bringing in the
+    beer I felt that he had bested me. But she <a name='4_Page_253'></a>brought me in a glass
+    first, and putting her down on the sofa I scored first. It was
+    done so suddenly, so brutally, that, accustomed as she must have
+    been to such scenes she turned red and bit her under lip. But she
+    sent the other man away in a few minutes. After that she was
+    insatiable; it was every day and sometimes twice in one day. I
+    commenced to be gloomy and miserable again. And there was not
+    even a pretense of love. There was no deception about her; she
+    even introduced me to Silenus and we made excursions together,
+    for which he paid, as he had plenty of money. We were always
+    drinking, until at last I could eat nothing unless I had two or
+    three whiskies. I became very thin, my horizon seemed black and
+    all things at an end. (But T. D. enjoyed his meals and was really
+    fond of his wife and her boy and his work; life was pleasant to
+    him.) She would go up to town with me and to a certain hotel;
+    after drinking she would leave me waiting while she retired with
+    the handsome young landlord for a short time. She told me when
+    she came back that he was a great favorite with married women.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;She told me that Silenus visited a woman who practiced
+    <i>fellatio</i> on him. Mrs. D. thought such practices abominable and
+    could not imagine how a woman could like doing such a thing.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When she was out walking with me one day T. D.'s name came up and
+    she said in a slightly altered voice: 'He told me he loved me!'
+    It was a word seldom used by her except in jest. I threw a
+    startled look at her and caught an inquisitive and apologetic
+    look in return, such a strange and touching glance that I saw I
+    had not yet understood her,&mdash;there was an enigma somewhere. When,
+    bit by bit, she told me her life, I understood, or thought I
+    understood, that strange childlike glance in this young woman
+    steeped to her eyes in sin. No one had ever made love to her or
+    spoken to her of love in her life.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It had commenced at school. She must have been a particularly
+    fine and handsome girl, judging from her photographs. She had
+    seen boys playing with girls' privates under the form and felt
+    jealous that they did not play with her's. She had no mother to
+    look after her and she soon found plenty of boys to play with
+    her, and young men, too, as she grew older. She took it as she
+    took her meals. She had been really fond of her child's father,
+    but as he had shown no tenderness for her, nothing but a craving
+    for sensual gratification, she would rather have died than let
+    him know. She soon tired of her attachments, she told me. She did
+    not like T. D. He was not the complacent husband; he was spirited
+    enough, but he believed everything she told him. One day he came
+    home unexpectedly when we were together on the bare palliass in
+    her room. It was a critical moment when his knocks were heard,
+    and in the hurry and excitement some moisture was left on the
+    bed. The knocks became louder, but she was calmer <a name='4_Page_254'></a>than I, and
+    bade me run down to the closet. I could hear her cheerful and
+    chaffing voice greeting him. When I walked in back to my own room
+    she called out: 'Here's T. home!' I learned afterward that he had
+    been surly and suspicious, and had seen the moisture on the bed,
+    and asked about it, whereupon she had turned the tables upon him
+    completely; he ought to be ashamed of himself; she knew what he
+    meant by his insinuations; if he must know how that moisture come
+    on the bed, why she put the soap there in a hurry to catch a
+    flea. He believed her and brought her a present next day in
+    atonement for his suspicions.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;During her monthly periods, when I could not touch her, she
+    would come in and play with me until emissions occurred, and my
+    feelings had become so perverted that I even preferred this to
+    coitus. The orgasm would occur twice in her to once in me, and
+    though her eyes were rather hard and her mouth too, she always
+    looked well and cheerful, while I was gloomy and depressed. In
+    her side, however, was a hard lump, which pained her at times,
+    and which, doubtless, was waiting its time....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One day I felt so low in health that I proposed to T. D. that we
+    should take a boat and sail out in the bay for a day or two. The
+    sea, the change, the open air revived me, and I even made
+    sketches of the black sailor as he steered the boat. One day when
+    I was left alone in charge of the boat, as I felt the time
+    hanging on my hands, for the sea, the blue sky, the lovely day
+    gave me no real pleasure, I remember abusing myself, the old
+    habit reasserting itself as soon as I was alone and idle. When
+    T. D. came back he brought Mrs. D. with him, laughing and jolly as
+    usual. She was surprised when lying next to me under the deck on
+    our return I did not respond to her advances. It would have
+    pleased her, with her husband only a few feet away. After that I
+    spent a night with her, but she was getting tired of me. I did
+    not care for her, but it hurt my vanity and I made a few attempts
+    to be impertinent. She looked at me coldly and threatened to
+    complain to T....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I want to relate an impression I received one night about this
+    time when with several friends we called at a brothel. I forget
+    my companion, but I remember two faces. It was winter, and great
+    depression prevailed in Adelaide. We had been talking to the
+    mistress as we drank some beer and were pretending to be jolly
+    fellows, although we were wet, cold, and had not enjoyed
+    ourselves (at least, I had not), and she was speaking harshly and
+    jeeringly about two girls she had now who had not earned a penny
+    for the past week. Just then we heard footsteps and she said in a
+    lower tone: 'Here they are,' They came in, unattended, having
+    ascertained which the brothel-keeper snorted and turned her back
+    to them. The faces of the girls, who <a name='4_Page_255'></a>were quite young, looked so
+    miserable that even I pitied them. The look on the face of one of
+    those girls as she stood by the hearth drawing off her gloves
+    lives in my memory. Too deep for tears was its sorrow, shame, and
+    hopelessness....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I had given up drink and was living in the bush. To anyone with
+    normal nerves it would have been a happy time of quiet, rustic
+    peace, beauty, and relief from city life. With me it was restless
+    vanity amounting to madness. In every relation, action, or
+    possible event in which I figured or might figure in the future,
+    I always instantaneously called up an imaginary audience. And
+    then this imaginary audience admired everything I did or might
+    do, and put the most heroic, gallant, and romantic construction
+    on my acts, appearance, lineage, and breeding. Suppose I saw a
+    pretty girl on a bush road. Instead of thinking 'There is a
+    pretty girl; I should like to know her or kiss her,' as I suppose
+    a healthy, normal young man would think, I thought after this
+    fashion: 'There is a pretty girl; now, as I pass her she will
+    think I am a handsome and aristocratic-looking stranger, and, as
+    I carry a sketch-book, an artist&mdash;&quot;A landscape painter! How
+    romantic!&quot; she will say, and then she will fall in love with me,'
+    etc. This preoccupation with what other people might think or
+    would think so engrossed all my time that I had no means of
+    enjoying the presence, thought, or favor of the divine creatures
+    I met, and I must have appeared 'cracked' to them with my
+    reticence, pride, and silly airs.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I met girls as foolish as myself sometimes. Once at a <i>table
+    d'h&ocirc;te</i> I met a young girl who went for a walk with me and let me
+    know her carnally although she was little more than a schoolgirl.
+    She was going down to town soon, she said, and would meet me at a
+    certain hotel (belonging to relations of hers) in Adelaide on a
+    certain date, some time ahead; if I took a room there she would
+    come into it during the night. In the meanwhile I had given way
+    to drink again and abused myself at intervals. I came down to
+    town, drunk, in the coach, and kept my appointment with the young
+    girl at the hotel, expecting a night of pleasure; but she merely
+    stared at me coldly as if she had never seen me before. I abused
+    myself twice in my solitary room....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I met a middle-aged schoolteacher (who had once been an officer
+    in the army) down for his holidays. As he spoke well, and was a
+    'gentleman,' I cultivated him. One night he asked me to meet a
+    girl he had an appointment with and tell her he was not well
+    enough to meet her. He foolishly told me the purpose of their
+    intended meeting. I went to the trysting-place, at the back of
+    the hotel, and met the girl. On delivering my message she smiled,
+    made some joke about her friend, and looked at me as much as to
+    say: 'You will do as well.' I had been drinking, and in the most
+    brutal manner I took her into a closet. By some strange chance or
+    state of nerves she gave me <a name='4_Page_256'></a>exquisite pleasure, but the orgasm
+    came with me before it did with her, and in spite of her
+    disappointment and protests I stood up and pulled her out of the
+    place for fear some one should find us there. Still protesting
+    she followed me, but her foot slipped on the paved court, and she
+    fell down on her face. When she rose I saw that her front teeth
+    were broken. I looked at her without pity, with impatience, and
+    abruptly leaving her I went into the hotel to 'the colonel.' I
+    commenced to tell him lies, when he asked me with a weak laugh
+    what had been keeping me. I smiled with low cunning and drunken
+    vanity, evading the question. Then he accused me directly. I only
+    laughed; but, drunk as I was, I remember the look of the ageing
+    bachelor as he saw he had been betrayed by a younger man. He had
+    known her for years....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was now living in the home of a woman who was separated from
+    her husband and kept lodgers. She had a daughter, with whom I
+    walked out, a pretty girl who drank like a fish, as her mother
+    also did. There were other lodgers coming and going. I would lie
+    down all day and keep myself saturated with beer. I commenced to
+    get fat and bloated, with the ways of a brothel bully. A
+    broken-down, drunken old woman who visited the house and had been
+    a beautiful lady in her youth told me I should end my days on the
+    gallows trap. The same woman when drunk would lift up her dress,
+    sardonically, exposing herself. Other old women would congregate
+    in the neglected and dirty bedrooms and tell fortunes with the
+    cards. One little woman, an onanist, was like a character out of
+    Dickens, exaggerated, affected, unnatural, with remains of
+    gentility and society manners. Amidst all this drunkenness and
+    abandonment May, the landlady's daughter, preserved her
+    virginity. Young lodgers would take liberties with her, but at a
+    certain stage would receive a stinger on the face. The girl liked
+    me and would kiss me, but nothing else. And then&mdash;out of this
+    home of drunkenness and shame&mdash;May fell in love with some pretty
+    boy she met by chance, whom she never asked to her home. She
+    began to neglect me, even to neglect drink, and to dream,
+    preoccupied. I felt a restless jealousy, but she would look at
+    me, without resentment, without recognition, without seeing me,
+    look me straight in the eyes as I was talking to her, and dream
+    and dream. This same pretty boy seduced her, I believe. When next
+    I met her she was 'on the town,' her one dream of spring over....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;About this time I had one of those salutary turns that have
+    marked epochs in my life, and as a result I left that house and
+    resolutely abstained from drink.... I was now in a small
+    up-country town. I commenced to play croquet and to ride out.
+    Sometimes I was invited to dinner by a young man at the bank,
+    whose house was kept by his sister. She had a small figure, a
+    pretty but rather narrow <a name='4_Page_257'></a>face, and well-bred manners; but there
+    was a look in her asymmetrical eyes, in the shape of her thin
+    hands, even in the stoop of her shoulders, that seemed
+    passionate. One day&mdash;when her brother, a fine, sweet-blooded
+    manly young athlete, was absent&mdash;I commenced to pull her about.
+    She gave me one passionate kiss, but said: 'No! Do you know what
+    keeps me straight? It is the thought of my brother.' I refrained
+    from molesting her further. I met other girls, some pretty and
+    arrogant, others plain and hungry-eyed; it was a country town
+    where there were four or five females to every male. But I could
+    not speak frankly and candidly to a young woman as the young
+    banker did....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I remember that one night, when I was living at the Port, I
+    slept all night with a prostitute who had taken a fancy to me and
+    who used to cry on my shoulder, much to my impatience and
+    annoyance. In the same bed with us, lying beside me, was a girl
+    aged about 12. On my expressing surprise I was told she was used
+    to it and noticed nothing. But in the morning I turned my head
+    and looked at her, and even in the dim light of that dirty
+    bedroom I could see that her eyes had noticed and understood. She
+    pressed herself against me and smiled; it was not the smile of an
+    infant. I could record many instances I have observed of the
+    precocity of children.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At one time I made the acquaintance of three young men, two in
+    the customs, the other in a surveyor's office. At the first
+    glance you would have said they were ordinary nice young clerks,
+    but on becoming better acquainted you would notice certain
+    peculiarities, a looseness of mouth, a restless, nervous
+    inquietude of manner, an indescribable gleam of the eye. They
+    were very fond of performing and singing at amateur minstrel
+    shows and developed a certain comic vein they thought original,
+    though it reminded me of professional corner-men. However, I
+    enjoyed their singing and drinking habits and went to their
+    lodgings several nights to play cards, drink beer, and tell funny
+    stories. One night they asked me to stay all night and on going
+    to a room with two beds I was told to have one. Presently one of
+    the young men came in and commenced to undress. But before going
+    to his bed he made a remark which, though I had been drinking,
+    opened my eyes. I told him to shut up and go to bed, speaking
+    firmly and rather coldly, and he went reluctantly to his own bed.
+    But another night when they had shifted their lodgings and were
+    all sleeping in the same room I was drunk and went to bed with
+    the same fair-haired young man. On waking up in the night I found
+    my bedmate tampering with me. The old force came over me and I
+    abused him, but refused to commit the crime he wanted me to. His
+    penis was small and pointed. I rose early in the morning,
+    sobered, suffering, and covered with shame, and went hastily
+    away, refusing to stay for breakfast. I thought I <a name='4_Page_258'></a>caught an
+    amazed and evil smile on the faces of the other two. Meeting the
+    three the same evening in the street, I passed them blushing, and
+    my bedmate of the previous night blushed also....</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I now took cheap lodgings in North Adelaide. Here I had slight
+    recurrences of the strangeness and fear of going mad which I had
+    experienced once before. I led such a solitary life and fell into
+    such a queer state that I turned to religion and attended church
+    regularly. It was approaching the time for those young men and
+    women who wished to be confirmed to prepare themselves, and a
+    struggle now ensued between my pride and my wish to gain rest and
+    peace of mind in Jesus. I was self-conscious to an incredible
+    degree, and dreaded exposure or making an exhibition of myself,
+    but still went to church, hoping the grace of God would descend
+    on me. I had no other resources. I had no pleasure in life, and
+    was so shattered and in such misery of dread that I welcomed the
+    only refuge that seemed open to me. At last, one Sunday, I had
+    what I thought was a call; I shed a few tears, and although
+    tingling all down my spine I went up in the cathedral and joined
+    those who were going to be confirmed. I attended special meetings
+    and shocked the good bishop very much by telling him I had never
+    been baptized. I had to be baptized first and went one day to the
+    cathedral and he baptized me. When the critical awful moment came
+    the bishop, whose faith even then surprised me somehow, held my
+    hand in his cold palm, and gave it a pressure, eyeing me,
+    expectantly, inquisitively, to see any change for the better.
+    But, it so happened, that morning I was in a horrible temper and
+    black mood, hard and dry-eyed, and no change came. Still, I tried
+    to believe there was a change.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was confirmed with others, had a prayer-book given me with
+    prayers for nearly every hour in the day, and was always kneeling
+    and praying. I procured a long, white surplice, and assisted at
+    suburban services, even conducting small ones myself, reading the
+    sermons out of books. But my mood of rage increased, and one
+    Sunday I had to walk a long way in a new pair of boots. I shall
+    never forget that hot Sunday afternoon. My feet commenced to ache
+    and a murderous humor seized me. I swore and blasphemed one
+    moment and prayed to God to forgive me the next. When I reached
+    the chapel where I had to assist the chaplain I was exhausted
+    with rage, pain, fear, and religious mania. I thought it probable
+    I had offended the Holy Ghost. When, next Sunday, I went to try
+    my hand at Sunday-school teaching I wore a pair of boots so old
+    that the little boys laughed. I was always talking of my
+    conversion and the spirit of our Saviour. I do not know what the
+    clergymen I met thought of me. I thought I should like to be a
+    minister myself, and questioned a Church of England parson as to
+    the amount of study necessary. He received my <a name='4_Page_259'></a>question rather
+    coldly, I thought, which discouraged me. As my dread gradually
+    diminished, though I still felt strange, I made excuses for not
+    conducting services, although I continued to read my Bible and
+    prayer-book, and really believed I had been 'born again.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Surely now, I thought, that I had Christ's aid, I shall be able
+    to break off my habit of self-abuse that had been the curse of my
+    youth. What was my horror and dismay to find that, when the mood
+    came on me next, I went down the same as ever. And after all my
+    suffering and dread and fear of fits! What could I do? Was I mad,
+    or what? I was really frightened at my helplessness in the matter
+    and decided on a course of conduct that ultimately brought me
+    past this danger to better health and comparative happiness. I
+    said to myself that there is always a certain amount of
+    preliminary thought and dalliance before I do this deed;
+    doubtless this it is that renders me incapable of resisting. I
+    decided, therefore, never to let my thoughts <i>commence</i> to dwell
+    on lustful things, but to think of something else on the <i>first</i>
+    intimation of their appearance in my mind. I rigorously followed
+    this rule; and it proved successful, and I recommend it to others
+    in the same predicament as myself. After suffering weeks and
+    months of dread and illness once more, falling away in flesh and
+    turning yellow, I gradually mended a little. I had a better color
+    and tone, and was something like other young men, barring a
+    strange alternate exaltation and depression. Even this gradually
+    became less noticeable, and my moods more even and reliable.&quot;</p></div><a name='4_Page_260'></a>
+<br />
+<a name='4_Page_261'></a>
+<hr />
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_219'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_219'>[219]</a><div class='note'><p> My Christian faith is of a somewhat nonemotional,
+intellectual type, with a considerable element of agnostic reserve.</p></div>
+
+<a name='4_Footnote_220'></a><a href='#4_FNanchor_220'>[220]</a><div class='note'><p> On having connection with my wife I frequently exhibit
+sufficient sexual power to produce orgasm in her; but on occasion,
+especially during the first year or so of married life, I have been unable
+to do this, owing to the too rapid action of the reflexes in myself, and
+have even, now and again, had emissions <i>ante portam</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'></a><h2>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Adachi, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Adam, Madame, <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>Adler, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>&AElig;lian, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Allbutt, Gifford, <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a>.</li>
+<li>Allen, Grant, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>Allin, A., <a href='#4_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#4_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+<li>Alrutz, <a href='#4_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Andree, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Anselm, St., <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Arbuthnot, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Ariosto, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Arist&aelig;netus, <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristophanes, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_90'>90</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristotle, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Athen&aelig;us, <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Aubert, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Audeoud, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Avicenna, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Ayrton, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bacarisse, <a href='#4_Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
+<li>Backhouse, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Bain, A., <a href='#4_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Baker, Sir S., <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>B&auml;lz, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Baschet, Armand, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Batchelor, J., <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Baudelaire, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#4_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Bazan, Pardo, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Beatson, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Beauregard, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>.</li>
+<li>Bendix, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Benedikt, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Bernard, L., <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Bernardin de St. Pierre, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Bianchi, L., <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Bi&eacute;rent, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Binet, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloch, A. G., <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloch, I., <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#4_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#4_Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#4_Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Boccaccio, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Bollinger, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Borel, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Botallus, <a href='#4_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Brant&ocirc;me, <a href='#4_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Breitenstein, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Brisay, Marquis de, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Bronson, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Broune, R., <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Brown, H., <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Brunton, Sir Lauder, <a href='#4_Page_6'>6</a>.</li>
+<li>B&uuml;cher, <a href='#4_Page_114'>114</a>.</li>
+<li>Buckman, S. S., <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Bulkley, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Bullen, F. St. John, <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Burckhardt, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Burdach, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Burton, Sir R., <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Burton, R., <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#4_Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#4_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Caban&egrave;s, <a href='#4_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Cabanis, <a href='#4_Page_27'>27</a>.</li>
+<li>Cadet-Devaux, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Candolle, A. de, <a href='#4_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Cardano, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Cardi, Comte di, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Casanova, <a href='#4_Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Castellani, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Cervantes, <a href='#4_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>Chadwick, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Chamfort, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Chaucer, <a href='#4_Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
+<li>Clement of Alexandria, <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a>.</li>
+<li>Cloquet, <a href='#4_Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#4_Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Cocke, J., <a href='#4_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Coffignon, <a href='#4_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Cohn, Jonas, <a href='#4_Page_20'>20</a>.</li>
+<li>Colegrove, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Colenso, W., <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Collet, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Compayre, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
+<li>Cook, Captain, <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Cornish, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Courtier, <a href='#4_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Crawley, <a href='#4_Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Cyples, W., <a href='#4_Page_116'>116</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Daniell, W. F., <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>D'Annunzio, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Dante, <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Darlington, L., <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Darwin, C., <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.<a name='4_Page_262'></a></li>
+<li>Darwin, E., <a href='#4_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#4_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+<li>Davy, J., <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Deniker, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#4_Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>D'Enjoy, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#4_Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Digby, Sir K., <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Dillon, E., <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Distant, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Dogiel, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Donaldson, H. H., <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>.</li>
+<li>D'Orbigny, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Duffield, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+<li>Dufour, <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
+<li>D&uuml;hren, E., <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Dunlop, W., <a href='#4_Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Edinger, <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Eliot, George, <a href='#4_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#4_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, A. B., <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, A. J., <a href='#4_Page_116'>116</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, Havelock, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#4_Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#4_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#4_Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#4_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, W., <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Eloy, <a href='#4_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+<li>Em&eacute;ric-David, <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Emin Pasha, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Endriss, J., <a href='#4_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Engelmann, I. J., <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Epstein, <a href='#4_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Esquirol, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Eulenburg, <a href='#4_Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>F&eacute;r&eacute;,
+<ul><li>        <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#4_Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#4_Page_30'>30</a>,</li>
+<li>        <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#4_Page_89'>89</a>,</li>
+<li>        <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#4_Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ferrand, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Ferrero, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Filh&eacute;s, Margarethe, <a href='#4_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Fillmore, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>.</li>
+<li>Firenzuola, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Flagy, R. de, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Fletcher, A. C., <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>.</li>
+<li>Fliess, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Fol, H., <a href='#4_Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+<li>Foley, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+<li>Forster, J. B., <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Franklin, A., <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+<li>Frazer, J. G., <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>Friedl&auml;nder, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Friedreich, J. B., <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Fromentin, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Frumerie, G. de, <a href='#4_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Galopin, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Galton, F., <a href='#4_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Garbini, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Garson, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Giard, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Giessler, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Gilman, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Goblot, <a href='#4_Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Goethe, <a href='#4_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#4_Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Goncourt, E. de, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>G&ouml;rres, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Gould, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Gourmont, Remy de, <a href='#4_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#4_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Griffith, W. D. A., <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Griffiths, A. B., <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Grimaldi, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Groos, K., <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#4_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#4_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#4_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Guibaud, <a href='#4_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hack, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>H&auml;cker, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Hagen, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#4_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Hall, G. Stanley, <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#4_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#4_Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Halle, A. de la, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Haller, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Harrison, F., <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a>.</li>
+<li>Hart, D. Berry, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Harvey, W. F., <a href='#4_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Hawkesworth, <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Haycraft, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Hearn, Lafcadio, <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Heine, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Hellier, J. B., <a href='#4_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Helmholtz, <a href='#4_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#4_Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Henry, C., <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Hermant, Abel, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Herodotus, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Herrick, C. L., <a href='#4_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>Herrick, R., <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#4_Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
+<li>Heschl, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Hildebrandt, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>.</li>
+<li>Hippocrates, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Holder, A. B., <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>Hortis, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Houdoy, <a href='#4_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Houzeau, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Huart, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Humboldt, W. von, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Hutchinson, W. F., <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Hutchinson, Woods, <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a>.</li>
+<li>Huysmans, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#4_Page_81'>81</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyades, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>J&auml;ger, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>James, W., <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.<a name='4_Page_263'></a></li>
+<li>Janet, <a href='#4_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Jerome, St., <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a>.</li>
+<li>Joal, <a href='#4_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Joest, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Johnston, Sir H. H., <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Jorg, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Jouin, <a href='#4_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+<li>Juvenal, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kaan, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Kate, H. ten, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Kennedy, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Kiernan, J. G., <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>King, J. S., <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Kirchhoff, A., <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Kistemaecker, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Klein, G., <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Kleist, <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Krafft-Ebing, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Krauss, <a href='#4_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Kubary, <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>K&uuml;lpe, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Lane, E. W., <a href='#4_Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#4_Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+<li>Lancaster, E., <a href='#4_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Latcham, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Laycock, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#4_Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#4_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Layet, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>L&eacute;chat, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Lecky, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Lejeune, <a href='#4_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Lemaire, J., <a href='#4_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>L&eacute;oty, <a href='#4_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Lewin, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Lewis, A. T., <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Linn&aelig;us, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombard, <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombroso, C., <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombroso, Gina, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucian, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucretius, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Luigini, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Lumholtz, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>MacCauley, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>MacDonald, J., <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>MacDougall, B., <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>MacKenzie, J. N., <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#4_Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>MacKenzie, S., <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Man, E. H., <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Mantegazza, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#4_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Marholm, L., <a href='#4_Page_169'>169</a>.</li>
+<li>Marie de France, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Marro, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Marston, J., <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Martial, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+<li>Martineau, Harriet, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Massinger, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>.</li>
+<li>Matusch, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Mau, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Maudsley, H., <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Maxim, Sir H., <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>McBride, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>McDougall, W., <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>McKendrick, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Melle, Van, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Menander, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Mentz, <a href='#4_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Merensky, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Mertens, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Michelet, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>.</li>
+<li>Milton, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Miner, J. B., <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a>.</li>
+<li>Minut, G. de, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Mironoff, <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Mitford, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li>M&ouml;bius, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Moll, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#4_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#4_Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Moncelon, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Monin, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Moore, A. W., <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Moore, F., <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>.</li>
+<li>Moraglia, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Motannabi, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>Muir, Sir W., <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Myers, C. S., <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>N&auml;cke, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#4_Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#4_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Newman, W. L., <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Nietzsche, <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#4_Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
+<li>Niphus, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Nordenskj&ouml;ld, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Norman, Conolly, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Nuttall, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Nyrop, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>O'Donovan, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Ordericus Vitalis, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovid, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#4_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Papillault, <a href='#4_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+<li>Parke, T. H., <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Parker, Rushton, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Passy, J., <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Patrick, G. T. W., <a href='#4_Page_1'>1</a>.</li>
+<li>Patrizi, M. L., <a href='#4_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Paulhan, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Pearson, K., <a href='#4_Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.<a name='4_Page_264'></a></li>
+<li>Penta, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Perls, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Petrarch, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Petrie, Flinders, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Pi&eacute;ron, <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Piesse, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Pillon, E., <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Plateau, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>.</li>
+<li>Plato, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Ploss, <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#4_Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a>.</li>
+<li>Plutarch, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Potwin, E., <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Pouchet, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Poulton, E. B., <a href='#4_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Pruner Bey, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Pyle, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Raciborski, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Raffalovich, <a href='#4_Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+<li>Ramsey, Sir W., <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Raseri, <a href='#4_Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
+<li>Raymond, <a href='#4_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Reade, Winwood, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Remfry, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Renier, R., <a href='#4_Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#4_Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhys, J., <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Ribbert, <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Ribot, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Ries, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Ripley, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Robinson, Louis, <a href='#4_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#4_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Rochas, A. de, <a href='#4_Page_117'>117</a>.</li>
+<li>Roger, J. L., <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Rohlfs, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Romi, Shereef-Eddin, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Ronsard, <a href='#4_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>Roscoe, J., <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Rosenbaum, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_32'>32</a>.</li>
+<li>Roth, H. Ling, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Roth, W., <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Roubaud, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Rousseau, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Routh, A., <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Rowbotham, J. F., <a href='#4_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Rudeck, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+<li>Rutherford, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Salmuth, P., <a href='#4_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Sanborn, L., <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>.</li>
+<li>Santayana, G., <a href='#4_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Savage, G., <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Savill, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Schellong, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+<li>Schiff, <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Schopenhauer, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#4_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Schultz, A., <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Schurigius, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Scott, Colin, <a href='#4_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Scripture, E. W., <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a>.</li>
+<li>Seligmann, <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Selous, E., <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
+<li>Semon, Sir F., <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>S&eacute;nancour, <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>.</li>
+<li>Sensai, Nagayo, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li>Sergi, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Shakespeare, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>Sharp, D., <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>.</li>
+<li>Shelley, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>Shields, T. E., <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Shipley, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Shufeldt, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Simpson, Sir J. Y., <a href='#4_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Skeat, W. W., <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, Sir A., <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, G. Elliot, <a href='#4_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, H., <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Smyth, Brough, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Sonnini, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Southerden, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Spencer, Herbert, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Spinoza, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Stanley, Hiram, <a href='#4_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Stendhal, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#4_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Stevens, Vaughan, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Stirling, E. C., <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Stoddart, W. H. B., <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.</li>
+<li>Stratz, C. H., <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#4_Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#4_Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Swift, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Symonds, J. A., <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Syrus, Publilius, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Talbot, E. B., <a href='#4_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Talbot, E. S., <a href='#4_Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
+<li>Tarchanoff, <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#4_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Tardif, <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Tarnowsky, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Temesvary, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Tennyson, <a href='#4_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Tinayre, Marcelle, <a href='#4_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+<li>Tolstoy, <a href='#4_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#4_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Toulouse, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Tourdes, G., <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Tregear, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Tuckey, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Turner, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Tylor, E. B., <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a>.<a name='4_Page_265'></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Varigny, O. de, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaschide, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Vatsyayana, <a href='#4_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Velten, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Venturi, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Vinci, L. de, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Vineberg, <a href='#4_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Volkelt, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Vurpas, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Waits, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+<li>Wallace, A. E., <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+<li>Wallaschek, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>.</li>
+<li>Waller, A., <a href='#4_Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#4_Page_4'>4</a>.</li>
+<li>Walther, P. von, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Wartanoff, <a href='#4_Page_121'>121</a>.</li>
+<li>Watts, G. F., <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Weinhold, K., <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Wellhausen, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Wessmann, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Westermarck, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#4_Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Whytt, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Wiedemann, A., <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Wiese, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilks, Sir S., <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a>.</li>
+<li>Wright, T., <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#4_Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+<li>Wundt, <a href='#4_Page_114'>114</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Yellowlees, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Yung, E., <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zola, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Zurcher, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>.</li>
+<li>Zwaardemaker, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#4_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='4_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'></a><h2><a name='4_Page_266'></a>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Acne in relation to sexual development, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>&AElig;sthetics,
+<ul><li>  standard modified by love, <a href='#4_Page_20'>20</a>.</li>
+<li>  in region of smell, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to the sexual impulse, <a href='#4_Page_137'>137</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ainu, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Alexander the Great,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ambergris, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>American Indians, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.
+<ul><li>  types of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  ideas of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>  seldom acquainted with kiss, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>An&aelig;sthesia produced by tuning forks, <a href='#4_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Antisexual instinct, <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Arabs,
+<ul><li>  ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+<li>  kissing among, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Armpit,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#4_Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_105'>105</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Asaf&oelig;tida, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Assortative mating, <a href='#4_Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
+<li>Australians, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>.
+<ul><li>  ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  kissing among, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bath,
+<ul><li>  its history in modern Europe, <a href='#4_Page_36'>36</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  opposed by early Christians, <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a>.</li>
+<li>    also by Mohammed, <a href='#4_Page_35'>35</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Baudelaire's olfactory sensibility, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Beard in relation to beauty, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Beauty as the symbol of love, <a href='#4_Page_138'>138</a>.
+<ul><li>  the chief agent in sexual selection, <a href='#4_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>  the sexual element in &aelig;sthetic, <a href='#4_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>  its largely objective character, <a href='#4_Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>  ideals of, among various peoples, <a href='#4_Page_140'>140</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  sometimes found in lowest races, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  primary sex characters as an element of, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Beauty,
+<ul><li> clothing in relation to, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>  secondary sexual characters as an element of, <a href='#4_Page_163'>163</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  in relation to pigmentation, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  the individual element in ideal of, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>  the exotic element, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to stature, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Bird song,
+<ul><li>  origin of, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Biting in relation to origin of kissing, <a href='#4_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Blind,
+<ul><li>  sense of smell in the, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>  sensitiveness to voice, <a href='#4_Page_129'>129</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Blondes,
+<ul><li>  the admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Breasts,
+<ul><li>  as an element of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>  as a tactile sexual focus, <a href='#4_Page_23'>23</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Breath,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_78'>78</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Brothels,
+<ul><li>  public baths once synonymous with, <a href='#4_Page_38'>38</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Brummell, <a href='#4_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Brunettes,
+<ul><li>  the admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Bustle, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Capryl odors, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Carbolic acid disliked by savages, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+<li>Castoreum, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Cataglottism, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>Catholic theologians,
+<ul><li>  on danger of tactile contacts, <a href='#4_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>  opposed bathing, <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li><i>Chenopodium vulvaria</i>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Chinese ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>  music among, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>  practice the olfactory kiss, <a href='#4_Page_220'>220</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Christianity,
+<ul><li>  its use of the kiss, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>  opposition to bathing, <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Civet, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>Cleanliness and Christianity, <a href='#4_Page_33'>33</a> <i>et seq.</i><a name='4_Page_267'></a></li>
+<li>Cleanliness in relation to sexual attraction, <a href='#4_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Clitoris,
+<ul><li>  deformation of, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Clothing,
+<ul><li>  sexual attraction of, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#4_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#4_Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#4_Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Codpiece, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
+<li>Coitus,
+<ul><li>  body odor during, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Comic sense, <a href='#4_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Continence,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Corset, <a href='#4_Page_171'>171</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Crinoline, <a href='#4_Page_170'>170</a>.</li>
+<li>Cumarine, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#4_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Cunnilingus</i>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Cutaneous excitation,
+<ul><li>  tonic effects of, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Dancing in sexual selection, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Death,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Degenerates sexually attracted to one another, <a href='#4_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Disparity,
+<ul><li>  the sexual charm of, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Dogs practice <i>cunnilingus</i>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>.
+<ul><li>  predominance of smell in mental life of, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>  susceptibility to music, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Doves,
+<ul><li>  sexual attraction among, <a href='#4_Page_206'>206</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Dyeing the hair,
+<ul><li>  origin of, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Egyptian ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#4_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Emotional memory, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>English type of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Erogenous zone, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Eskimo, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Eunuchs,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Europeans,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Exotic element in ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Eyes as a factor of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_176'>176</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Fairness in relation to vigor, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>.
+<ul><li>  the admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Farthingale, <a href='#4_Page_169'>169</a>.</li>
+<li><i>Fellatio</i>, <a href='#4_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Fetichism,
+<ul><li>  olfactory, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#4_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>  urinary, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>  shoe, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Flowers,
+<ul><li>  occasional injurious effect of perfumes of, <a href='#4_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>  sexual character of their perfume, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_102'>102</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>French ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#4_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Fuegians, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>German ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Goethe's olfactory sensibility, <a href='#4_Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
+<li>Gray eyes,
+<ul><li>  admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Greeks,
+<ul><li>  conception of music, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>  ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>  pygmalionism among, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Green eyes,
+<ul><li>  admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Gunnings, the, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hair as an element of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#4_Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<ul><li>  sexual development of, <a href='#4_Page_91'>91</a>.</li>
+<li>  suggested function of, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+<li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hallucinations of smell, <a href='#4_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+<li>Hamilton, Lady, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Hebrews acquainted with kiss, <a href='#4_Page_219'>219</a>.
+<ul><li>  ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Henna plant,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Heterogamy, <a href='#4_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Hindu ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Hips as a feature of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_164'>164</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Homogamy, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#4_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Hottentot apron as a feature of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Hura dance, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Hypnosis,
+<ul><li>  effect of music during, <a href='#4_Page_117'>117</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hysteria and the skin, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Immorality and bathing, <a href='#4_Page_37'>37</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Incest, origin of the abhorrence of, <a href='#4_Page_204'>204</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Incontinence,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Indians, American,
+<ul><li>  ideas of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>  types of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  seldom acquainted with kiss, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Infants,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Insects and music, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.
+<ul><li>  smell in their sexual life, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Inversion,
+<ul><li>  influence of odor in sexual, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Irish ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Italian ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Itching,
+<ul><li>  its parallelism to sexual tumescence, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.<a name='4_Page_268'></a></li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Japanese,
+<ul><li> ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>  perfumes among, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>  unacquainted with kiss, <a href='#4_Page_217'>217</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Javanese, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+<li>Jewish ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Joan of Aragon as a type of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kiss, the, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#4_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Kwan-yin as a type of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Lactation,
+<ul><li>  controlling influences on, <a href='#4_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to menstruation, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Larynx at puberty, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Laughter as a form of detumescence, <a href='#4_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>Leather,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Lily,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_103'>103</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Longevity and beauty, <a href='#4_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Malays,
+<ul><li>  ideals of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li> the kiss among, <a href='#4_Page_221'>221</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Maoris, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Married couples,
+<ul><li>  degree of resemblance between, <a href='#4_Page_200'>200</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Massage as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#4_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#4_Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
+<li>Masturbation,
+<ul><li>  in relation to acne, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to bleeding of nose, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to hallucinations of smell, <a href='#4_Page_71'>71</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Melody,
+<ul><li>  the nature of, <a href='#4_Page_115'>115</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Memories,
+<ul><li>  olfactory, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>  tactile, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Menstruation,
+<ul><li>  in relation to acne, <a href='#4_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to lactation, <a href='#4_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to body odors, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to bleeding of nose, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mirror as a method of heightening tumescence, <a href='#4_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Mixoscopy, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Modesty in relation to ticklishness, <a href='#4_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Mohammed,
+<ul><li>  his love of perfumes, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>  his opinion of public baths, <a href='#4_Page_35'>35</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mohammedans,
+<ul><li>  attitude toward bath, <a href='#4_Page_35'>35</a>.</li>
+<li>  preference for musk perfume, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mosquitoes,
+<ul><li>  attracted by music, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Moths,
+<ul><li>  sexual odors of, <a href='#4_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#4_Page_97'>97</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Movement,
+<ul><li>  beauty of, <a href='#4_Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Music,
+<ul><li>  among Chinese and Greeks, <a href='#4_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>  origins of, <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  effects of, during hypnosis, <a href='#4_Page_117'>117</a>.</li>
+<li>  physiological influence of, <a href='#4_Page_118'>118</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Music,
+<ul><li>  why it is pleasurable, <a href='#4_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>  its sexual attraction among animals, <a href='#4_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>  in man, <a href='#4_Page_124'>124</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  supposed therapeutic effects, <a href='#4_Page_126'>126</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Musk, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#4_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>.</li>
+<li>Mutilations,
+<ul><li>  among savages for magic purposes, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>  for sake of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#4_Page_175'>175</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Narcissism, <a href='#4_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Nasal mucous membrane and genital sphere, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Nates as a feature of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_164'>164</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Necklace,
+<ul><li>  significance of, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Necrophily, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Negress,
+<ul><li>  beauty of, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#4_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Negro ideas of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_153'>153</a>.
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>  mode of kissing, <a href='#4_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#4_Page_220'>220</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Neopallium, <a href='#4_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Neurasthenia and olfactory susceptibility, <a href='#4_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>.
+<ul><li>  in relation to pruritus, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nicobarese, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#4_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Nietzsche's supposed olfactory sensibility, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+<li>Nipple as a sexual focus, <a href='#4_Page_23'>23</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Nose and sexual organs,
+<ul><li>  supposed connection, between, <a href='#4_Page_67'>67</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Obesity,
+<ul><li>  the oriental admiration for, <a href='#4_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Odors,
+<ul><li>  artificial, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+<li>  classification of, <a href='#4_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>  as stimulants, <a href='#4_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>  as medicines, <a href='#4_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#4_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>  distinctive of various human races, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>  of sanctity, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.<a name='4_Page_269'></a></li></ul></li>
+<li>Odors of death, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.
+<ul><li>  of the body, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Olfaction in relation to sexual selection, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<ul><li>    (See &quot;Odors&quot; and &quot;Smells.&quot;)</li>
+<li>  the study of, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Olfactory area of brain, <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>O&ouml;phorectomy and sense of smell, <a href='#4_Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
+<li>Orgasm as a skin reflex, <a href='#4_Page_16'>16</a>.
+<ul><li>  founded on tactile sensations, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>  produced by various tactile contacts, <a href='#4_Page_9'>9</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ornament,
+<ul><li>  its religious significance, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>  sexual significance of, <a href='#4_Page_159'>159</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Overall, Mrs., <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li><i>Padmini</i>, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Papuans, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#4_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Parity,
+<ul><li>  the sexual charm of, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Peasants,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_89'>89</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Peau d'Espagne, <a href='#4_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Perfume,
+<ul><li>  ancient use of, <a href='#4_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#4_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>  sexual influence of, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#4_Page_91'>91</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  results of excessive stimulation by, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Persian ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Phallus worship, <a href='#4_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>Pigmentation connected with intensity of odor, <a href='#4_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>.
+<ul><li>  in relation to beauty, <a href='#4_Page_177'>177</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_197'>197</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  in relation to vigor, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Polynesian dancing, <a href='#4_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Pompeii, <a href='#4_Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#4_Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
+<li>Preferential mating, <a href='#4_Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
+<li>Pregnancy as an ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>Primary sex characters as an element of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Proven&ccedil;al ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Pruritus, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Puberty,
+<ul><li>  accompanied by increased interest in art, <a href='#4_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>  olfactory sensibility at, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pygmalionism, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Reeve, Pleasance, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Renaissance type of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhinencephalon, <a href='#4_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhythm,
+<ul><li>  as a stimulant, <a href='#4_Page_114'>114</a>.</li>
+<li>  the sense of, <a href='#4_Page_113'>113</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Saddleback as a feature of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Salutation by smelling, <a href='#4_Page_66'>66</a>.</li>
+<li>Samoans, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Sanctity, odor of, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li>
+<li>Savages,
+<ul><li>  important part played by odor in their mental life, <a href='#4_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+<li>  sometimes beautiful, <a href='#4_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>  their ideals of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#4_Page_157'>157</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Secondary sexual characters in relation to sexual attraction, <a href='#4_Page_163'>163</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Semen,
+<ul><li>  odor of, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Sexual differences in admiration of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a>.
+<ul><li>  in olfactory acuteness, <a href='#4_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#4_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>  in urination, <a href='#4_Page_209'>209</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Shoe fetichism, <a href='#4_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Singalese ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
+<li>Singing as affected by sexual emotion, <a href='#4_Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
+<li>Skin,
+<ul><li>  complexity of its functions, <a href='#4_Page_3'>3</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Smell,
+<ul><li>  antipathies aroused by, <a href='#4_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>  its evolution, <a href='#4_Page_44'>44</a>.</li>
+<li>  sexual significance in animals, <a href='#4_Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
+<li>  its significance in man, <a href='#4_Page_47'>47</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  theory of, <a href='#4_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>  special characteristics of, <a href='#4_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>  as the sense of the imagination, <a href='#4_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>  as distinctive of races and individuals, <a href='#4_Page_59'>59</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  hallucinations of, <a href='#4_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+<li>  in part the foundation of kiss, <a href='#4_Page_220'>220</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  results of its excessive stimulation, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Sneezing and sexual stimulation, <a href='#4_Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
+<li>Spanish ideal of beauty, <a href='#4_Page_146'>146</a>.
+<ul><li>  saddle-back as an element of, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Stanley, Lady Venetia, <a href='#4_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Statues, sexual love of, <a href='#4_Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
+<li>Statue in relation to beauty, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Steatopygia, <a href='#4_Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
+<li>Strength,
+<ul><li>  the admiration of women for, <a href='#4_Page_190'>190</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#4_Page_203'>203</a>.<a name='4_Page_270'></a></li></ul></li>
+<li>Suckling as a cause of perversion, <a href='#4_Page_28'>28</a>.
+<ul><li>  as a source of sexual emotion, <a href='#4_Page_27'>27</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Swahilis, <a href='#4_Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Tahiti, <a href='#4_Page_34'>34</a>.</li>
+<li>Tallness,
+<ul><li>  the admiration of, <a href='#4_Page_195'>195</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Taste no part in sexual selection, <a href='#4_Page_1'>1</a>.</li>
+<li>Tattooing, <a href='#4_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Tennyson, <a href='#4_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Thure-Brandt system of massage as a sexual stimulant, <a href='#4_Page_40'>40</a>.</li>
+<li>Ticklishness, <a href='#4_Page_11'>11</a>.
+<ul><li>  not a simple reflex, <a href='#4_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>  explainable by summation-irradiation theory, <a href='#4_Page_14'>14</a>.</li>
+<li>  in relation to the sexual embrace, <a href='#4_Page_15'>15</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  diminishes with age, <a href='#4_Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+<li>  also after marriage, <a href='#4_Page_18'>18</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Touch,
+<ul><li>  of kiss, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Touch,
+<ul><li>  in part, foundation of kiss, <a href='#4_Page_215'>215</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  the most primitive of all senses, <a href='#4_Page_3'>3</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>  the first to prove pleasurable, <a href='#4_Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
+<li>  the most emotional sense, <a href='#4_Page_6'>6</a>.</li>
+<li>  foundation of sexual orgasm, <a href='#4_Page_7'>7</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Triangle as a sexual symbol, <a href='#4_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Tumescence as a necessary preliminary to sexual influence of odors, <a href='#4_Page_83'>83</a>.
+<ul><li>  the chief stimuli of, <a href='#4_Page_1'>1</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Urinary fetichism, <a href='#4_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Urination,
+<ul><li>  habits of sexes in, <a href='#4_Page_109'>109</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Uterus,
+<ul><li>  its relations to breast, <a href='#4_Page_23'>23</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li><i>Vair</i>, significance of term, <a href='#4_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Valerianic acid, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Vanilla, <a href='#4_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#4_Page_107'>107</a>.</li>
+<li>Viguier, Paule de, <a href='#4_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Violet perfume, <a href='#4_Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#4_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#4_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#4_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Voice as a source of sexual stimulation, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Vulvar odor,
+<ul><li>  alleged function of, <a href='#4_Page_64'>64</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Wagner's music,
+<ul><li>  emotional effects of, <a href='#4_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#4_Page_131'>131</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Walk,
+<ul><li>  beauty of, <a href='#4_Page_167'>167</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Whitman,
+<ul><li>  odor of Walt, <a href='#4_Page_62'>62</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zola's olfactory sensibility, <a href='#4_Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<br>
+<br>
+<hr class="pg" noshade>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME 4 (OF 6)***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4 (of 6)
+
+Author: Havelock Ellis
+
+Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13613]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
+VOLUME 4 (OF 6)***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME IV
+
+   Sexual Selection In Man
+   I. Touch. Ii. Smell. Iii. Hearing. Iv. Vision.
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+As in many other of these _Studies_, and perhaps more than in most, the
+task attempted in the present volume is mainly of a tentative and
+preliminary character. There is here little scope yet for the presentation
+of definite scientific results. However it may be in the physical
+universe, in the cosmos of science our knowledge must be nebulous before
+it constellates into definitely measurable shapes, and nothing is gained
+by attempting to anticipate the evolutionary process. Thus it is that
+here, for the most part, we have to content ourselves at present with the
+task of mapping out the field in broad and general outlines, bringing
+together the facts and considerations which indicate the direction in
+which more extended and precise results will in the future be probably
+found.
+
+In his famous _Descent of Man_, wherein he first set forth the doctrine of
+sexual selection, Darwin injured an essentially sound principle by
+introducing into it a psychological confusion whereby the physiological
+sensory stimuli through which sexual selection operates were regarded as
+equivalent to aesthetic preferences. This confusion misled many, and it is
+only within recent years (as has been set forth in the "Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse" in the previous volume of these _Studies_) that the
+investigations and criticisms of numerous workers have placed the doctrine
+of sexual selection on a firm basis by eliminating its hazardous aesthetic
+element. Love springs up as a response to a number of stimuli to
+tumescence, the object that most adequately arouses tumescence being that
+which evokes love; the question of aesthetic beauty, although it develops
+on this basis, is not itself fundamental and need not even be consciously
+present at all. When we look at these phenomena in their broadest
+biological aspects, love is only to a limited extent a response to beauty;
+to a greater extent beauty is simply a name for the complexus of stimuli
+which most adequately arouses love. If we analyze these stimuli to
+tumescence as they proceed from a person of the opposite sex we find that
+they are all appeals which must come through the channels of four senses:
+touch, smell, hearing, and, above all, vision. When a man or a woman
+experiences sexual love for one particular person from among the multitude
+by which he or she is surrounded, this is due to the influences of a group
+of stimuli coming through the channels of one or more of these senses.
+There has been a sexual selection conditioned by sensory stimuli. This is
+true even of the finer and more spiritual influences that proceed from one
+person to another, although, in order to grasp the phenomena adequately,
+it is best to insist on the more fundamental and less complex forms which
+they assume. In this sense sexual selection is no longer a hypothesis
+concerning the truth of which it is possible to dispute; it is a
+self-evident fact. The difficulty is not as to its existence, but as to
+the methods by which it may be most precisely measured. It is
+fundamentally a psychological process, and should be approached from the
+psychological side. This is the reason for dealing with it here. Obscure
+as the psychological aspects of sexual selection still remain, they are
+full of fascination, for they reveal to us the more intimate sides of
+human evolution, of the process whereby man is molded into the shapes we
+know.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+Carbis Water,
+
+Lelant, Cornwall, England.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.
+
+The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man. The Four Senses
+Involved.
+
+
+TOUCH.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive Character of the Skin. Its Qualities. Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure. The Characteristics of Touch. As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection. The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of Touch.
+Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch. Sexual Hyperaesthesia to Touch.
+The Sexual Associations of Acne.
+
+II.
+
+Ticklishness. Its Origin and Significance. The Psychology of Tickling.
+Laughter. Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence. The Sexual Relationships of
+Itching. The Pleasure of Tickling. Its Decrease with Age and Sexual
+Activity.
+
+III.
+
+The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres. Orificial Contacts. Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio. The Kiss. The Nipples. The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres. This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood. The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual Centres.
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Significance of the Association between
+Suckling and Sexual Emotion. The Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.
+
+IV.
+
+The Bath. Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the Skin.
+Its Cult of Personal Filth. The Reasons which Justified this Attitude. The
+World-wide Tendency to Association between Extreme Cleanliness and Sexual
+Licentiousness. The Immorality Associated with Public Baths in Europe down
+to Modern Times.
+
+V.
+
+Summary. Fundamental Importance of Touch. The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.
+
+
+SMELL.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitiveness of Smell. The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory Centres.
+Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals. Its Diminished Importance
+in Man. The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.
+
+II.
+
+Rise of the Study of Olfaction. Cloquet. Zwaardemaker. The Theory of
+Smell. The Classification of Odors. The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man. Smell as the Sense of Imagination. Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants. Vasomotor and Muscular Effects. Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.
+
+III.
+
+The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples. The Negro, etc. The European.
+The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell. The Odor of Sanctity. The
+Odor of Death. The Odors of Different Parts of the Body. The Appearance of
+Specific Odors at Puberty. The Odors of Sexual Excitement. The Odors of
+Menstruation. Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual Character. The Custom of
+Salutation by Smell. The Kiss. Sexual Selection by Smell. The Alleged
+Association between Size of Nose and Sexual Vigor. The Probably Intimate
+Relationship between the Olfactory and Genital Spheres. Reflex Influences
+from the Nose. Reflex Influences from the Genital Sphere. Olfactory
+Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to Sexual States. The Olfactive
+Type. The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and Allied States. In Certain
+Poets and Novelists. Olfactory Fetichism. The Part Played by Olfaction in
+Normal Sexual Attraction. In the East, etc. In Modern Europe. The Odor of
+the Armpit and its Variations. As a Sexual and General Stimulant. Body
+Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree
+of Tumescence is Already Present. The Question whether Men or Women are
+more Liable to Feel Olfactory Influences. Women Usually more Attentive to
+Odors. The Special Interest in Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.
+
+IV.
+
+The Influence of Perfumes. Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors. This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers. The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes. The Sexual Effects of Perfumes. Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors. The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor. Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and Man.
+Musk a Powerful Stimulant. Its Widespread Use as a Perfume. Peau
+d'Espagne. The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects. The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers. The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors. The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.
+
+V.
+
+The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation. The Symptoms of
+Vanillism. The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of Flowers.
+Effects of Flowers on the Voice.
+
+VI.
+
+The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections. It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance. It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.
+
+
+HEARING
+
+I.
+
+The Physiological Basis of Rhythm. Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus. The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement. The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc. The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals. Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals. The Larynx and Voice in Man. The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes. Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education and Medicine. Its Therapeutic
+Uses. Significance of the Romantic Interest in Music at Puberty. Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music.
+Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of Hearing. The
+Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship. Women Notably Susceptible to
+the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.
+
+II.
+
+Summary. Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.
+
+
+VISION.
+
+I.
+
+Primacy of Vision in Man. Beauty as a Sexual Allurement. The Objective
+Element in Beauty. Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World. Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of View.
+Savages often Admire European Beauty. The Appeal of Beauty to some Extent
+Common even to Animals and Man.
+
+II.
+
+Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters. The Sexual Organs. Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments. Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such Devices. The
+Religious Element. Unaesthetic Character of the Sexual Organs. Importance
+of the Secondary Sexual Characters. The Pelvis and Hips. Steatopygia.
+Obesity. Gait. The Pregnant Woman as a Mediaeval Type of Beauty. The Ideals
+of the Renaissance. The Breasts. The Corset. Its Object. Its History.
+Hair. The Beard. The Element of National or Racial Type in Beauty. The
+Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes. The General European Admiration
+for Blondes. The Individual Factors in the Constitution of the Idea of
+Beauty. The Love of the Exotic.
+
+III.
+
+Beauty Not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision. Movement. The
+Mirror. Narcissism. Pygmalionism. Mixoscopy. The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty. The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength. The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.
+
+IV.
+
+The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction. The Admiration for
+High Stature. The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation. The Charm of Parity.
+Conjugal Mating. The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards General
+Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married Couples. Preferential
+Mating and Assortative Mating. The Nature of the Advantage Attained by the
+Fair in Sexual Selection. The Abhorrence of Incest and the Theories of its
+Cause. The Explanation in Reality Simple. The Abhorrence of Incest in
+Relation to Sexual Selection. The Limits to the Charm of Parity in
+Conjugal Mating. The Charm of Disparity in Secondary Sexual Characters.
+
+V.
+
+Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+The Origins of the Kiss.
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+Histories of Sexual Development.
+
+
+
+
+SEXUAL SELECTION IN MAN.
+
+The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man--The Four Senses
+Involved.
+
+
+Tumescence--the process by which the organism is brought into the physical
+and psychic state necessary to insure conjugation and detumescence--to
+some extent comes about through the spontaneous action of internal forces.
+To that extent it is analogous to the physical and psychic changes which
+accompany the gradual filling of the bladder and precede its evacuation.
+But even among animals who are by no means high in the zooelogical scale
+the process is more complicated than this. External stimuli act at every
+stage, arousing or heightening the process of tumescence, and in normal
+human beings it may be said that the process is never completed without
+the aid of such stimuli, for even in the auto-erotic sphere external
+stimuli are still active, either actually or in imagination.
+
+The chief stimuli which influence tumescence and thus direct sexual choice
+come chiefly--indeed, exclusively--through the four senses of touch,
+smell, hearing, and sight. All the phenomena of sexual selection, so far
+as they are based externally, act through these four senses.[1] The
+reality of the influence thus exerted may be demonstrated statistically
+even in civilized man, and it has been shown that, as regards, for
+instance, eye-color, conjugal partners differ sensibly from the unmarried
+persons by whom they are surrounded. When, therefore, we are exploring the
+nature of the influence which stimuli, acting through the sensory
+channels, exert on the strength and direction of the sexual impulse, we
+are intimately concerned with the process by which the actual form and
+color, not alone of living things generally, but of our own species, have
+been shaped and are still being shaped. At the same time, it is probable,
+we are exploring the mystery which underlies all the subtle appreciations,
+all the emotional undertones, which are woven in the web of the whole
+world as it appeals to us through those sensory passages by which alone it
+can reach us. We are here approaching, therefore, a fundamental subject of
+unsurpassable importance, a subject which has not yet been accurately
+explored save at a few isolated points and one which it is therefore
+impossible to deal with fully and adequately. Yet it cannot be passed
+over, for it enters into the whole psychology of the sexual instinct.
+
+Of the four senses--touch, smell, hearing, and sight--with which we are
+here concerned, touch is the most primitive, and it may be said to be the
+most important, though it is usually the last to make its appeal felt.
+Smell, which occupies the chief place among many animals, is of
+comparatively less importance, though of considerable interest, in man; it
+is only less intimate and final than touch. Sight occupies an intermediate
+position, and on this account, and also on account of the very great part
+played by vision in life generally as well as in art, it is the most
+important of all the senses from the human sexual point of view. Hearing,
+from the same point of view, is the most remote of all the senses in its
+appeal to the sexual impulse, and on that account it is, when it
+intervenes, among the first to make its influence felt.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Taste must, I believe, be excluded, for if we abstract the parts of
+touch and smell, even in those abnormal sexual acts in which it may seem
+to be affected, taste could scarcely have any influence. Most of our
+"tasting," as Waller puts it, is done by the nose, which, in man, is in
+specially close relationship, posteriorly, with the mouth. There are at
+most four taste sensations--sweet, bitter, salt, and sour--if even all of
+these are simple tastes. What commonly pass for taste sensations, as shown
+by some experiments of G.T.W. Patrick (_Psychological Review_, 1898, p.
+160), are the composite results of the mingling of sensations of smell,
+touch, temperature, sight, and taste.
+
+
+
+
+TOUCH.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitive Character of the Skin--Its Qualities--Touch the Earliest
+Source of Sensory Pleasure--The Characteristics of Touch--As the Alpha and
+Omega of Affection--The Sexual Organs a Special Adaptation of
+Touch--Sexual Attraction as Originated by Touch--Sexual Hyperaesthesia to
+Touch--The Sexual Associations of Acne.
+
+
+We are accustomed to regard the skin as mainly owing its existence to the
+need for the protection of the delicate vessels, nerves, viscera, and
+muscles underneath. Undoubtedly it performs, and by its tough and elastic
+texture is well fitted to perform, this extremely important service. But
+the skin is not merely a method of protection against the external world;
+it is also a method of bringing us into sensitive contact with the
+external world. It is thus, as the organ of touch, the seat of the most
+widely diffused sense we possess, and, moreover, the sense which is the
+most ancient and fundamental of all--the mother of the other senses.
+
+It is scarcely necessary to insist that the primitive nature of the
+sensory function of the skin with the derivative nature of the other
+senses, is a well ascertained and demonstrable fact. The lower we descend
+in the animal scale, the more varied we find the functions of the skin to
+be, and if in the higher animals much of the complexity has disappeared,
+that is only because the specialization of the various skin regions into
+distinct organs has rendered this complexity unnecessary. Even yet,
+however, in man himself the skin still retains, in a more or less latent
+condition, much of its varied and primary power, and the analysis of
+pathological and even normal phenomena serves to bring these old powers
+into clear light.
+
+    Woods Hutchinson (_Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology_,
+    1901, Chapters VII and VIII) has admirably set forth the immense
+    importance of the skin, as in the first place "a tissue which is
+    silk to the touch, the most exquisitely beautiful surface in the
+    universe to the eye, and yet a wall of adamant against hostile
+    attack. Impervious alike, by virtue of its wonderful responsive
+    vitality, to moisture and drought, cold and heat, electrical
+    changes, hostile bacteria, the most virulent of poisons and the
+    deadliest of gases, it is one of the real Wonders of the World.
+    More beautiful than velvet, softer and more pliable than silk,
+    more impervious than rubber, and more durable under exposure than
+    steel, well-nigh as resistant to electric currents as glass, it
+    is one of the toughest and most dangerproof substances in the
+    three kingdoms of nature" (although, as this author adds, we
+    "hardly dare permit it to see the sunlight or breathe the open
+    air"). But it is more than this. It is, as Woods Hutchinson
+    expresses it, the creator of the entire body; its embryonic
+    infoldings form the alimentary canal, the brain, the spinal cord,
+    while every sense is but a specialization of its general organic
+    activity. It is furthermore a kind of "skin-heart," promoting the
+    circulation by its own energy; it is the great heat-regulating
+    organ of the body; it is an excretory organ only second to the
+    kidneys, which descend from it, and finally it still remains the
+    seat of touch.
+
+    It may be added that the extreme beauty of the skin as a surface
+    is very clearly brought out by the inadequacy of the comparisons
+    commonly used in order to express its beauty. Snow, marble,
+    alabaster, ivory, milk, cream, silk, velvet, and all the other
+    conventional similes furnish surfaces which from any point of
+    view are incomparably inferior to the skin itself. (Cf. Stratz,
+    _Die Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_, Chapter XII.)
+
+    With reference to the extraordinary vitality of the skin,
+    emphasized by Woods Hutchinson, it may be added that, when
+    experimenting on the skin with the electric current, Waller found
+    that healthy skin showed signs of life ten days or more after
+    excision. It has been found also that fragments of skin which
+    have been preserved in sterile fluid for even as long as nine
+    months may still be successfully transplanted on to the body.
+    (_British Medical Journal_, July 19, 1902.)
+
+    Everything indicates, remark Stanley Hall and Donaldson ("Motor
+    Sensations in the Skin," _Mind_, 1885), that the skin is "not
+    only the primeval and most reliable source of our knowledge of
+    the external world or the archaeological field of psychology," but
+    a field in which work may shed light on some of the most
+    fundamental problems of psychic action. Groos (_Spiele der
+    Menschen_, pp. 8-16) also deals with the primitive character of
+    touch sensations.
+
+    Touch sensations are without doubt the first of all the sensory
+    impressions to prove pleasurable. We should, indeed, expect this
+    from the fact that the skin reflexes have already appeared before
+    birth, while a pleasurable sensitiveness of the lips is doubtless
+    a factor in the child's response to the contact of the maternal
+    nipple. Very early memories of sensory pleasure seem to be
+    frequently, perhaps most frequently, tactile in character, though
+    this fact is often disguised in recollection, owing to tactile
+    impression being vague and diffused; there is thus in Elizabeth
+    Potwin's "Study of Early Memories" (_Psychological Review_,
+    November, 1901) no separate group of tactile memories, and the
+    more elaborate investigation by Colegrove ("Individual Memories,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, January, 1899) yields no
+    decisive results under this head. See, however, Stanley Hall's
+    valuable study, "Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898. Kuelpe has a
+    discussion of the psychology of cutaneous sensations (_Outlines
+    of Psychology_ [English translation], pp. 87 et seq.)
+
+    Harriet Martineau, at the beginning of her _Autobiography_,
+    referring to the vivid character of tactile sensations in early
+    childhood, remarks, concerning an early memory of touching a
+    velvet button, that "the rapture of the sensation was really
+    monstrous." And a lady tells me that one of her earliest memories
+    at the age of 3 is of the exquisite sensation of the casual
+    contact of a cool stone with the vulva in the act of urinating.
+    Such sensations, of course, cannot be termed specifically sexual,
+    though they help to furnish the tactile basis on which the
+    specifically sexual sensations develop.
+
+    The elementary sensitiveness of the skin is shown by the fact
+    that moderate excitation suffices to raise the temperature, while
+    Heidenhain and others have shown that in animals cutaneous
+    stimuli modify the sensibility of the brain cortex, slight
+    stimulus increasing excitability and strong stimulus diminishing
+    it. Fere has shown that the slight stimulus to the skin furnished
+    by placing a piece of metal on the arm or elsewhere suffices to
+    increase the output of work with the ergograph. (Fere, _Comptes
+    Rendus Societe de Biologie_, July 12, 1902; id., _Pathologic des
+    Emotions_, pp. 40 et seq.)
+
+    Fere found that the application of a mustard plaster to the skin,
+    or an icebag, or a hot-water bottle, or even a light touch with a
+    painter's brush, all exerted a powerful effect in increasing
+    muscular work with the ergograph. "The tonic effect of cutaneous
+    excitation," he remarks, "throws light on the psychology of the
+    caress. It is always the most sensitive parts of the body which
+    seek to give or to receive caresses. Many animals rub or lick
+    each other. The mucous surfaces share in this irritability of the
+    skin. The kiss is not only an expression of feeling; it is a
+    means of provoking it. Cataglottism is by no means confined to
+    pigeons. The tonic value of cutaneous stimulation is indeed a
+    commonly accepted idea. Wrestlers rub their hands or limbs, and
+    the hand-shake also is not without its physiological basis.
+
+    "Cutaneous excitations may cause painful sensations to cease. Many
+    massage practices which favor work act chiefly as sensorial
+    stimulants; on this account many nervous persons cannot abandon
+    them, and the Greeks and Romans found in massage not only health,
+    but pleasure. Lauder Brunton regards many common manoeuvres, like
+    scratching the head and pulling the mustache, as methods of
+    dilating the bloodvessels of the brain by stimulating the facial
+    nerve. The motor reactions of cutaneous excitations favor this
+    hypothesis." (Fere, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XV, "Influence
+    des Excitations du Toucher sur le Travail.")
+
+The main characteristics of the primitive sense of touch are its wide
+diffusion over the whole body and the massive vagueness and imprecision of
+the messages it sends to the brain. This is the reason, why it is, of all
+the senses, the least intellectual and the least aesthetic; it is also the
+reason why it is, of all the senses, the most-profoundly emotional.
+"Touch," wrote Bain in his _Emotions and Will_, "is both the alpha and the
+omega of affection," and he insisted on the special significance in this
+connection of "tenderness"--a characteristic emotional quality of
+affection which is directly founded on sensations of touch. If tenderness
+is the alpha of affection, even between the sexes, its omega is to be
+found in the sexual embrace, which may be said to be a method of
+obtaining, through a specialized organization of the skin, the most
+exquisite and intense sensations of touch.
+
+    "We believe nothing is so exciting to the instinct or mere
+    passions as the presence of the hand or those tactile caresses
+    which mark affection," states the anonymous author of an article
+    on "Woman in her Psychological Relations," in the _Journal of
+    Psychological Medicine_, 1851. "They are the most general stimuli
+    in lower animals. The first recourse in difficulty or danger, and
+    the primary solace in anguish, for woman is the bosom of her
+    husband or her lover. She seeks solace and protection and repose
+    on that part of the body where she herself places the objects of
+    her own affection. Woman appears to have the same instinctive
+    impulse in this respect all over the world."
+
+It is because the sexual orgasm is founded on a special adaptation and
+intensification of touch sensations that the sense of touch generally is
+to be regarded as occupying the very first place in reference to the
+sexual emotions. Fere, Mantegazza, Penta, and most other writers on this
+question are here agreed. Touch sensations constitute a vast gamut for the
+expression of affection, with at one end the note of minimum personal
+affection in the brief and limited touch involved by the conventional
+hand-shake and the conventional kiss, and at the other end the final and
+intimate contact in which passion finds the supreme satisfaction of its
+most profound desire. The intermediate region has its great significance
+for us because it offers a field in which affection has its full scope,
+but in which every road may possibly lead to the goal of sexual love. It
+is the intimacy of touch contacts, their inevitable approach to the
+threshold of sexual emotion, which leads to a jealous and instinctive
+parsimony in the contact of skin and skin and to the tendency with the
+increased sensitiveness of the nervous system involved by civilization to
+restrain even the conventional touch manifestation of ordinary affection
+and esteem. In China fathers leave off kissing their daughters while they
+are still young children. In England the kiss as an ordinary greeting
+between men and women--a custom inherited from classic and early Christian
+antiquity--still persisted to the beginning of the eighteenth century. In
+France the same custom existed in the seventeenth century, but in the
+middle of that century was beginning to be regarded as dangerous,[2] while
+at the present time the conventional kiss on the cheek is strictly
+differentiated from the kiss on the mouth, which is reserved for lovers.
+Touch contacts between person and person, other than those limited and
+defined by custom, tend to become either unpleasant--as an undesired
+intrusion into an intimate sphere--or else, when occurring between man and
+woman at some peculiar moment, they may make a powerful reverberation in
+the emotional and more specifically sexual sphere. One man falls in love
+with his future wife because he has to carry her upstairs with a sprained
+ankle. Another dates his love-story from a romp in which his cheek
+accidentally came in contact with that of his future wife. A woman will
+sometimes instinctively strive to attract the attention of the man who
+appeals to her by a peculiar and prolonged pressure of the hand--the only
+touch contact permitted to her. Dante, as Penta has remarked, refers to
+"sight or touch" as the two channels through which a woman's love is
+revived (_Purgatorio_, VIII, 76). Even the hand-shake of a sympathetic man
+is enough in some chaste and sensitive women to produce sexual excitement
+or sometimes even the orgasm. The cases in which love arises from the
+influence of stimuli coming through the sense of touch are no doubt
+frequent, and they would be still more frequent if it were not that the
+very proximity of this sense to the sexual sphere causes it to be guarded
+with a care which in the case of the other senses it is impossible to
+exercise. This intimacy of touch and the reaction against its sexual
+approximations leads to what James has called "the _antisexual instinct_,
+the instinct of personal isolation, the actual repulsiveness to us of the
+idea of intimate contact with most of the persons we meet, especially
+those of our own sex." He refers in this connection to the unpleasantness
+of the sensation felt on occupying a seat still warm from the body of
+another person.[3] The Catholic Church has always recognized the risks of
+vuluptuous emotion involved in tactile contacts, and the facility with
+which even the most innocent contacts may take on a libidinous
+character.[4]
+
+    The following observations were written by a lady (aged 30) who
+    has never had sexual relationships: "I am only conscious of a
+    very sweet and pleasurable emotion when coming in contact with
+    honorable men, and consider that a comparison can be made between
+    the idealism of such emotions and those of music, of beauties of
+    Nature, and of productions of art. While studying and writing
+    articles upon a new subject I came in contact with a specialist,
+    who rendered me considerable aid, and, one day, while jointly
+    correcting a piece of work, he touched my hand. This produced a
+    sweet and pure sensation of thrill through the whole system. I
+    said nothing; in fact, was too thrilled for speech; and never to
+    this day have shown any responsive action, but for months at
+    certain periods, generally twice a month, I have experienced the
+    most pleasurable emotions. I have seen this friend twice since,
+    and have a curious feeling that I stand on one side of a hedge,
+    while he is on the other, and, as neither makes an approach,
+    pleasure of the highest kind is experienced, but not allowed to
+    go beyond reasonable and health-giving bounds. In some moments I
+    feel overcome by a sense of mastery by this man, and yet, feeling
+    that any approach would be undignified, some pleasure is
+    experienced in restraining and keeping within proper bounds this
+    passional emotion. All these thrills of pleasurable emotion
+    possess a psychic value, and, so long as the nervous system is
+    kept in perfect health, they do not seem to have the power to
+    injure, but rather one is able to utilize the passionate emotions
+    as weapons for pleasure and work."
+
+    Various parts of the skin surface appear to have special sexual
+    sensitiveness, peculiarly marked in many individuals, especially
+    women; so that, as Fere remarks (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, second
+    edition, 1902, p. 130), contact stimulation of the lips, lobe of
+    ear, nape of neck, little finger, knee, etc., may suffice even to
+    produce the orgasm. Some sexually hyperaesthetic women, as has
+    already been noted, experience this when shaking hands with a man
+    who is attractive to them. In some neurotic persons this
+    sensibility, as Fere shows, may exist in so morbid a degree that
+    even the contact of the sensitive spot with unattractive persons
+    or inanimate objects may produce the orgasm. In this connection
+    reference may be made to the well-known fact that in some
+    hysterical subjects there are so-called "erogenous zones" simple
+    pressure on which suffices to evoke the complete orgasm. There
+    is, perhaps, some significance, from our present point of view,
+    in the fact that, as emphasized by Savill ("Hysterical Skin
+    Symptoms," _Lancet_, January 30, 1904), the skin is one of the
+    very best places to study hysteria.
+
+    The intimate connection between the skin and the sexual sphere is
+    also shown in pathological conditions of the skin, especially in
+    acne as well as simple pimples on the face. The sexual
+    development of puberty involves a development of hair in various
+    regions of the body which previously were hairless. As, however,
+    the sebaceous glands on the face and elsewhere are the vestiges
+    of former hairs and survive from a period when the whole body was
+    hairy, they also tend to experience in an abortive manner this
+    same impulse. Thus, we may say that, with the development of the
+    sexual organs at puberty, there is correlated excitement of the
+    whole pilo-sebaceous apparatus. In the regions where this
+    apparatus is vestigial, and notably in the face, this abortive
+    attempt of the hair-follicles and their sebaceous appendages to
+    produce hairs tends only to disorganization, and simple
+    _comedones_ or pustular acne pimples are liable to occur. As a
+    rule, acne appears about puberty and dies out slowly during
+    adolescence. While fairly common in young women, it is usually
+    much less severe, but tends to be exacerbated at the menstrual
+    periods; it is also apt to appear at the change of life. (Stephen
+    Mackenzie, "The Etiology and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris,"
+    _British Medical Journal_, September 29, 1894. Laycock [_Nervous
+    Diseases of Women_, 1840, p. 23] pointed out that acne occurs
+    chiefly in those parts of the surface covered by sexual hair. A
+    lucid account of the origin of acne will be found in Woods
+    Hutchinson's _Studies in Human and Comparative Pathology_, pp.
+    179-184. G.J. Engelmann ["The Hystero-neuroses," _Gynaecological
+    Transactions_, 1887, pp. 124 et seq.] discusses various
+    pathological disorders of the skin as reflex disturbances
+    originating in the sexual sphere.)
+
+    The influence of menstruation in exacerbating acne has been
+    called in question, but it seems to be well established. Thus,
+    Bulkley ("Relation between Certain Diseases of the Skin and the
+    Menstrual Function," _Transactions of the Medical Society of New
+    York_, 1901, p. 328) found that, in 510 cases of acne in women,
+    145, or nearly one-third, were worse about the monthly period.
+    Sometimes it only appeared during menstruation. The exacerbation
+    occurred much more frequently just before than just after the
+    period. There was usually some disturbance of menstruation.
+    Various other disorders of the skin show a similar relationship
+    to menstruation.
+
+    It has been asserted that masturbation is a frequent or constant
+    cause of acne at puberty. (See, e.g., discussion in _British
+    Medical Journal_, July, 1882.) This cannot be accepted. Acne very
+    frequently occurs without masturbation, and masturbation is very
+    frequently practiced without producing acne. At the same time we
+    may well believe that at the period of puberty, when the
+    pilo-sebaceous system is already in sensitive touch with the
+    sexual system, the shock of frequently repeated masturbation may
+    (in the same way as disordered menstruation) have its
+    repercussion on the skin. Thus, a lady has informed me that at
+    about the age of 18 she found that frequently repeated
+    masturbation was followed by the appearance of _comedones_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, p. 81.
+
+[3] W. James, _Principles of Psychology_, vol. ii. p. 347.
+
+[4] Numerous passages from the theologians bearing on this point are
+brought together in _Moechialogia_, pp. 221-220.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Ticklishness--Its Origin and Significance--The Psychology of
+Tickling--Laughter--Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence--The Sexual
+Relationships of Itching--The Pleasure of Tickling--Its Decrease with Age
+and Sexual Activity.
+
+
+Touch, as has already been remarked, is the least intellectual of the
+senses. There is, however, one form of touch sensation--that is to say,
+ticklishness--which is of so special and peculiar a nature that it has
+sometimes been put aside in a class apart from all other touch sensations.
+Scaliger proposed to class titillation as a sixth, or separate, sense.
+Alrutz, of Upsala, regards tickling as a milder degree of itching, and
+considers that the two together constitute a sensation of distinct quality
+with distinct end-organs, for the mediation of that quality.[5] However we
+may regard this extreme view, tickling is certainly a specialized
+modification of touch and it is at the same time the most intellectual
+mode of touch sensation and that with the closest connection with the
+sexual sphere. To regard tickling as an intellectual manifestation may
+cause surprise, more especially when it is remembered that ticklishness is
+a form of sensation which reaches full development very early in life, and
+it has to be admitted that, as compared even with the messages that may be
+sent through smell and taste, the intellectual element in ticklishness
+remains small. But its presence here has been independently recognized by
+various investigators. Groos points out the psychic factor in tickling as
+evidenced by the impossibility of self-tickling.[6] Louis Robinson
+considers that ticklishness "appears to be one of the simplest
+developments of mechanical and automatic nervous processes in the
+direction of the complex functioning of the higher centres which comes
+within the scope of psychology,"[7] Stanley Hall and Allin remark that
+"these minimal touch excitations represent the very oldest stratum of
+psychic life in the soul."[8] Hirman Stanley, in a somewhat similar
+manner, pushes the intellectual element in ticklishness very far back and
+associates it with "tentacular experience." "By temporary self-extension,"
+he remarks, "even low amoeboid organisms have slight, but suggestive,
+touch experiences that stimulate very general and violent reactions, and
+in higher organisms extended touch-organs, as tentacles, antennae, hair,
+etc., become permanent and very delicately sensitive organs, where minimal
+contacts have very distinct and powerful reactions." Thus ticklishness
+would be the survival of long passed ancestral tentacular experience,
+which, originally a stimulation producing intense agitation and alarm, has
+now become merely a play activity and a source of keen pleasure.[9]
+
+We need not, however, go so far back in the zooelogical series to explain
+the origin and significance of tickling in the human species. Sir J.Y.
+Simpson suggested, in an elaborate study of the position of the child in
+the womb, that the extreme excitomotory sensibility of the skin in various
+regions, such as the sole of the foot, the knee, the sides, which already
+exists before birth, has for its object the excitation and preservation of
+the muscular movements necessary to keep the foetus in the most favorable
+position in the womb.[10] It is, in fact, certainly the case that the
+stimulation of all the ticklish regions in the body tends to produce
+exactly that curled up position of extreme muscular flexion and general
+ovoid shape which is the normal position of the foetus in the womb. We may
+well believe that in this early developed reflex activity we have the
+basis of that somewhat more complex ticklishness which appears somewhat
+later.
+
+The mental element in tickling is indicated by the fact that even a child,
+in whom ticklishness is highly developed, cannot tickle himself; so that
+tickling is not a simple reflex. This fact was long ago pointed out by
+Erasmus Darwin, and he accounted for it by supposing that voluntary
+exertion diminishes the energy of sensation.[11] This explanation is,
+however, inadmissible, for, although we cannot easily tickle ourselves by
+the contact of the skin with our own fingers, we can do so with the aid of
+a foreign body, like a feather. We may perhaps suppose that, as
+ticklishness has probably developed under the influence of natural
+selection as a method of protection against attack and a warning of the
+approach of foreign bodies, its end would be defeated if it involved a
+simple reaction to the contact of the organism with itself. This need of
+protection it is which involves the necessity of a minimal excitation
+producing a maximal effect, though the mechanism whereby this takes place
+has caused considerable discussion. We may, it is probable, best account
+for it by invoking the summation-irradiation theory of pain-pleasure, the
+summation of the stimuli in their course through the nerves, aided by
+capillary congestion, leading to irradiation due to anastomoses between
+the tactile corpuscles, not to speak of the much wider irradiation which
+is possible by means of central nervous connections.
+
+    Prof. C.L. Herrick adopts this explanation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, and rests it, in part, on Dogiel's study of the tactile
+    corpuscles ("Psychological Corollaries of Modern Neurological
+    Discoveries," _Journal of Comparative Neurology_, March, 1898).
+    The following remarks of Prof. A. Allin may also be quoted in
+    further explanation of the same theory: "So far as ticklishness
+    is concerned, a very important factor in the production of this
+    feeling is undoubtedly that of the summation of stimuli. In a
+    research of Stirling's, carried on under Ludwig's direction, it
+    was shown that reflex contractions only occur from repeated
+    shocks to the nerve-centres--that is, through summation of
+    successive stimuli. That this result is also due in some degree
+    to an alternating increase in the sensibility of the various
+    areas in question from altered supply of blood is reasonably
+    certain. As a consequence of this summation-process there would
+    result in many cases and in cases of excessive nervous discharge
+    the opposite of pleasure, namely: pain. A number of instances
+    have been recorded of death resulting from tickling, and there is
+    no reason to doubt the truth of the statement that Simon de
+    Montfort, during the persecution of the Albigenses, put some of
+    them to death by tickling the soles of their feet with a feather.
+    An additional causal factor in the production of tickling may lie
+    in the nature and structure of the nervous process involved in
+    perception in general. According to certain histological
+    researches of recent years we know that between the sense-organs
+    and the central nervous system there exist closely connected
+    chains of conductors or neurons, along which an impression
+    received by a single sensory cell on the periphery is propagated
+    avalanchelike through an increasing number of neurons until the
+    brain is reached. If on the periphery a single cell is excited
+    the avalanchelike process continues until finally hundreds or
+    thousands of nerve-cells in the cortex are aroused to
+    considerable activity. Golgi, Ramon y Cajal, Koelliker, Held,
+    Retzius, and others have demonstrated the histological basis of
+    this law for vision, hearing, and smell, and we may safely assume
+    from the phenomena of tickling that the sense of touch is not
+    lacking in a similar arrangement. May not a suggestion be
+    offered, with some plausibility, that even in ideal or
+    representative tickling, where tickling results, say, from
+    someone pointing a finger at the ticklish places, this
+    avalanchelike process may be incited from central centres, thus
+    producing, although in a modified degree, the pleasant phenomena
+    in question? As to the deepest causal factor, I should say that
+    tickling is the result of vasomotor shock." (A. Allin, "On
+    Laughter," _Psychological Review_, May, 1903.)
+
+The intellectual element in tickling conies out in its connection with
+laughter and the sense of the comic, of which it may be said to constitute
+the physical basis. While we are not here concerned with laughter and the
+comic sense,--a subject which has lately attracted considerable
+attention,--it may be instructive to point out that there is more than an
+analogy between laughter and the phenomena of sexual tumescence and
+detumescence. The process whereby prolonged tickling, with its nervous
+summation and irradiation and accompanying hyperaemia, finds sudden relief
+in an explosion of laughter is a real example of tumescence--as it has
+been defined in the study in another volume entitled "An Analysis of the
+Sexual Impulse"--resulting finally in the orgasm of detumescence. The
+reality of the connection between the sexual embrace and tickling is
+indicated by the fact that in some languages, as in that of the
+Fuegians,[12] the same word is applied to both. That ordinary tickling is
+not sexual is due to the circumstances of the case and the regions to
+which the tickling is applied. If, however, the tickling is applied within
+the sexual sphere, then there is a tendency for orgasm to take place
+instead of laughter. The connection which, through the phenomena of
+tickling, laughter thus bears to the sexual sphere is well indicated, as
+Groos has pointed out, by the fact that in sexually-minded people sexual
+allusions tend to produce laughter, this being the method by which they
+are diverted from the risks of more specifically sexual detumescence.[13]
+
+    Reference has been made to the view of Alrutz, according to which
+    tickling is a milder degree of itching. It is more convenient and
+    probably more correct to regard itching or pruritus, as it is
+    termed in its pathological forms, as a distinct sensation, for it
+    does not arise under precisely the same conditions as tickling
+    nor is it relieved in the same way. There is interest, however,
+    in pointing out in this connection that, like tickling, itching
+    has a real parallelism to the specialized sexual sensations.
+    Bronson, who has very ably interpreted the sensations of itching
+    (New York Neurological Society, October 7, 1890; _Medical News_,
+    February 14, 1903, and summarized in the _British Medical
+    Journal_, March 7, 1903; and elsewhere), regards it as a
+    perversion of the sense of touch, a dysaesthesia due to obstructed
+    nerve-excitation with imperfect conduction of the generated force
+    into correlated nervous energy. The scratching which relieves
+    itching directs the nervous energy into freer channels, sometimes
+    substituting for the pruritus either painful or voluptuous
+    sensations. Such voluptuous sensations may be regarded as a
+    generalized aphrodisiac sense comparable to the specialized
+    sexual orgasm. Bronson refers to the significant fact that
+    itching occurs so frequently in the sexual region, and states
+    that sexual neurasthenia is sometimes the only discoverable cause
+    of genital and anal pruritus. (Cf. discussion on pruritus,
+    _British Medical Journal_, November 30, 1895.) Gilman, again
+    (_American Journal of Psychology_, vi, p. 22), considers that
+    scratching, as well as sneezing, is comparable to coitus.
+
+The sexual embrace has an intimate connection with the phenomena of
+ticklishness which could not fail to be recognized. This connection is,
+indeed, the basis of Spinoza's famous definition of love,--"_Amor est
+titillatio quaedam concomitante idea causae externae_,"--a statement which
+seems to be reflected in Chamfort's definition of love as "_l'echange de
+deux fantaisies, et le contact de deux epidermes_." The sexual act, says
+Gowers, is, in fact, a skin reflex.[14] "The sexual parts," Hall and Allin
+state, "have a ticklishness as unique as their function and as keen as
+their importance." Herrick finds the supreme illustration of the summation
+and irradiation theory of tickling in the phenomena of erotic excitement,
+and points out that in harmony with this the skin of the sexual region is,
+as Dogiel has shown, that portion of the body in which the tactile
+corpuscles are most thoroughly and elaborately provided with anastomosing
+fibres. It has been pointed out[15] that, when ordinary tactile
+sensibility is partially abolished,--especially in hemianaesthesia in the
+insane,--some sexual disturbance is specially apt to be found in
+association.
+
+In young children, in girls even when they are no longer children, and
+occasionally in men, tickling may be a source of acute pleasure, which in
+very early life is not sexual, but later tends to become so under
+circumstances predisposing to the production of erotic emotion, and
+especially when the nervous system is keyed up to a high tone favorable
+for the production of the maximum effect of tickling.
+
+    "When young," writes a lady aged 28, "I was extremely fond of
+    being tickled, and I am to some extent still. Between the ages of
+    10 and 12 it gave me exquisite pleasure, which I now regard as
+    sexual in character. I used to bribe my younger sister to tickle
+    my feet until she was tired."
+
+    Stanley Hall and Allin in their investigation of the phenomena of
+    tickling, largely carried out among young women teachers, found
+    that in 60 clearly marked cases ticklishness was more marked at
+    one time than another, "as when they have been 'carrying on,' or
+    are in a happy mood, are nervous or unwell, after a good meal,
+    when being washed, when in perfect health, when with people they
+    like, etc." (Hall and Allin, "Tickling and Laughter," _American
+    Journal of Psychology_, October, 1897.) It will be observed that
+    most of the conditions mentioned are such as would be favorable
+    to excitations of an emotionally sexual character.
+
+    The palms of the hands may be very ticklish during sexual
+    excitement, especially in women, and Moll (_Kontraere
+    Sexualempfindung_, p. 180) remarks that in some men titillation
+    of the skin of the back, of the feet, and even of the forehead
+    evokes erotic feelings.
+
+    It may be added that, as might be expected, titillation of the
+    skin often has the same significance in animals as in man. "In
+    some animals," remarks Louis Robinson (art. "Ticklishness,"
+    _Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_), "local titillation of
+    the skin, though in parts remote from the reproductive organs,
+    plainly acts indirectly upon them as a stimulus. Thus, Harvey
+    records that, by stroking the back of a favorite parrot (which he
+    had possessed for years and supposed to be a male), he not only
+    gave the bird gratification,--which was the sole intention of the
+    illustrious physiologist,--but also caused it to reveal its sex
+    by laying an egg."
+
+The sexual significance of tickling is very clearly indicated by the fact
+that the general ticklishness of the body, which is so marked in children
+and in young girls, greatly diminishes, as a rule, after sexual
+relationships have been established. Dr. Gina Lombroso, who investigated
+the cutaneous reflexes, found that both the abdominal and plantar
+reflexes, which are well marked in childhood and in young people between
+the ages of 15 and 18, were much diminished in older persons, and to a
+greater extent in women than in men, to a greater extent in the abdominal
+region than on the soles of the feet;[16] her results do not directly show
+the influence of sexual relationship, but they have an indirect bearing
+which is worth noting.
+
+The difference in ticklishness between the unmarried woman and the married
+woman corresponds to their difference in degree of modesty. Both modesty
+and ticklishness may be said to be characters which are no longer needed.
+From this point of view the general ticklishness of the skin is a kind of
+body modesty. It is so even apart from any sexual significance of
+tickling, and Louis Robinson has pointed out that in young apes, puppies,
+and other like animals the most ticklish regions correspond to the most
+vulnerable spots in a fight, and that consequently in the mock fights of
+early life skill in defending these spots is attained.
+
+    In Iceland, according to Margarethe Filhes (as quoted by Max
+    Bartels, _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. 2-3, p. 57), it
+    may be known whether a youth is pure or a maid is intact by their
+    susceptibility to tickling. It is considered a bad sign if that
+    is lost.
+
+    I am indebted to a medical correspondent for the following
+    communication: "Married women have told me that they find that
+    after marriage they are not ticklish under the arms or on the
+    breasts, though before marriage any tickling or touching in these
+    regions, especially by a man, would make them jump or get
+    hysterical or 'queer,' as they call it. Before coitus the sexual
+    energy seems to be dissipated along all the nerve-channels and
+    especially along the secondary sexual routes,--the breasts, nape
+    of neck, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, armpits, and hair thereon,
+    etc.,--but after marriage the surplus energy is diverted from
+    these secondary channels, and response to tickling is diminished.
+    I have often noted in insane cases, especially mania in
+    adolescent girls, that they are excessively ticklish. Again, in
+    ordinary routine practice I have observed that, though married
+    women show no ticklishness during auscultation and percussion of
+    the chest, this is by no means always so in young girls. Perhaps
+    ticklishness in virgins is Nature's self-protection against rape
+    and sexual advances, and the young girl instinctively wishing to
+    hide the armpits, breasts, and other ticklish regions, tucks
+    herself up to prevent these parts being touched. The married
+    woman, being in love with a man, does not shut up these parts, as
+    she reciprocates the advances that he makes; she no longer
+    requires ticklishness as a protection against sexual aggression."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] Alrutz's views are summarized in _Psychological Review_, Sept., 1901.
+
+[6] _Die Spiele der Menschen_, 1899, p. 206.
+
+[7] L. Robinson, art. "Ticklishness," Tuke's _Dictionary of Psychological
+Medicine_.
+
+[8] Stanley Hall and Allin, "Tickling and Laughter," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, October, 1897.
+
+[9] H.M. Stanley, "Remarks on Tickling and Laughter," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, vol. ix, January, 1898.
+
+[10] Simpson, "On the Attitude of the Foetus in Utero," _Obstetric
+Memoirs_, 1856, vol. ii.
+
+[11] Erasmus Darwin, _Zooenomia_, Sect. XVII, 4.
+
+[12] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii. p.
+296.
+
+[13] Such an interpretation is supported by the arguments of W. McDougall
+("The Theory of Laughter," _Nature_, February 5, 1903), who contends,
+without any reference to the sexual field, that one of the objects of
+laughter is automatically to "disperse our attention."
+
+[14] Even the structure of the vaginal mucous membrane, it may be noted,
+is analogous to that of the skin. D. Berry Hart, "Note on the Development
+of the Clitoris, Vagina, and Hymen," _Transactions of the Edinburgh
+Obstetrical Society_, vol. xxi, 1896.
+
+[15] W.H.B. Stoddart, "Anaesthesia in the Insane," _Journal of Mental
+Science_, October, 1899.
+
+[16] Gina Lombroso, "Sur les Reflexes Cutanes," International Congress of
+Criminal Anthropology, Amsterdam, _Comptes Rendus_, p. 295.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Secondary Sexual Skin Centres--Orificial Contacts--Cunnilingus and
+Fellatio--The Kiss--The Nipples--The Sympathy of the Breasts with the
+Primary Sexual Centres--This Connection Operative both through the Nerves
+and through the Blood--The Influence of Lactation on the Sexual
+Centres--Suckling and Sexual Emotion--The Significance of the Association
+between Suckling and Sexual Emotion--This Association as a Cause of Sexual
+Perversity.
+
+
+We have seen that the skin generally has a high degree of sensibility,
+which frequently tends to be in more or less definite association with the
+sexual centres. We have seen also that the central and specific sexual
+sensation, the sexual embrace itself, is, in large measure, a specialized
+kind of skin reflex. Between the generalized skin sensations and the great
+primary sexual centre of sensation there are certain secondary sexual
+centres which, on account of their importance, may here be briefly
+considered.
+
+These secondary centres have in common the fact that they always involve
+the entrances and the exits of the body--the regions, that is, where skin
+merges into mucous membrane, and where, in the course of evolution,
+tactile sensibility has become highly refined. It may, indeed, be said
+generally of these frontier regions of the body that their contact with
+the same or a similar frontier region in another person of opposite sex,
+under conditions otherwise favorable to tumescence, will tend to produce a
+minimum and even sometimes a maximum degree of sexual excitation. Contact
+of these regions with each other or with the sexual region itself so
+closely simulates the central sexual reflex that channels are set up for
+the same nervous energy and secondary sexual centres are constituted.
+
+It is important to remember that the phenomena we are here concerned with
+are essentially normal. Many of them are commonly spoken of as
+perversions. In so far, however, as they are aids to tumescence they must
+be regarded as coming within the range of normal variation. They may be
+considered unaesthetic, but that is another matter. It has, moreover, to be
+remembered that aesthetic values are changed under the influence of sexual
+emotion; from the lover's point of view many things are beautiful which
+are unbeautiful from the point of view of him who is not a lover, and the
+greater the degree to which the lover is swayed by his passion the greater
+the extent to which his normal aesthetic standard is liable to be modified.
+A broad consideration of the phenomena among civilized and uncivilized
+peoples amply suffices to show the fallacy of the tendency, so common
+among unscientific writers on these subjects, to introduce normal aesthetic
+standards into the sexual sphere. From the normal standpoint of ordinary
+daily life, indeed, the whole process of sex is unaesthetic, except the
+earlier stages of tumescence.[17]
+
+So long as they constitute a part of the phase of tumescence, the
+utilization of the sexual excitations obtainable through these channels
+must be considered within the normal range of variation, as we may
+observe, indeed, among many animals. When, however, such contacts of the
+orifices of the body, other than those of the male and female sexual
+organs proper, are used to procure not merely tumescence, but
+detumescence, they become, in the strict and technical sense, perversions.
+They are perversions in exactly the same sense as are the methods of
+intercourse which involve the use of checks to prevent fecundation. The
+aesthetic question, however, remains the same as if we were dealing with
+tumescence. It is necessary that this should be pointed out clearly, even
+at the risk of misapprehension, as confusions are here very common.
+
+    The essentially sexual character of the sensitivity of the
+    orificial contacts is shown by the fact that it may sometimes be
+    accidentally developed even in early childhood. This is well
+    illustrated in a case recorded by Fere. A little girl of 4, of
+    nervous temperament and liable to fits of anger in which she
+    would roll on the ground and tear her clothes, once ran out into
+    the garden in such a fit of temper and threw herself on the lawn
+    in a half-naked condition. As she lay there two dogs with whom
+    she was accustomed to play came up and began to lick the
+    uncovered parts of the body. It so happened that as one dog
+    licked her mouth the other licked her sexual parts. She
+    experienced a shock of intense sensation which she could never
+    forget and never describe, accompanied by a delicious tension of
+    the sexual organs. She rose and ran away with a feeling of shame,
+    though she could not comprehend what had happened. The impression
+    thus made was so profound that it persisted throughout life and
+    served as the point of departure of sexual perversions, while the
+    contact of a dog's tongue with her mouth alone afterward sufficed
+    to evoke sexual pleasure. (Fere, _Archives de Neurologie_, 1903,
+    No. 90.)
+
+    I do not purpose to discuss here either _cunnilingus_ (the
+    apposition of the mouth to the female pudendum) or _fellatio_
+    (the apposition of the mouth to the male organ), the agent in the
+    former case being, in normal heterosexual relationships, a man,
+    in the latter a woman; they are not purely tactile phenomena, but
+    involve various other physical and psychic elements.
+    _Cunnilingus_ was a very familiar manifestation in classic times,
+    as shown by frequent and mostly very contemptuous references in
+    Aristophanes, Juvenal, and many other Greek and Roman writers;
+    the Greeks regarded it as a Phoenician practice, just as it is
+    now commonly considered French; it tends to be especially
+    prevalent at all periods of high civilization. _Fellatio_ has
+    also been equally well known, in both ancient and modern times,
+    especially as practiced by inverted men. It may be accepted that
+    both _cunnilingus_ and _fellatio_, as practiced by either sex,
+    are liable to occur among healthy or morbid persons, in
+    heterosexual or homosexual relationships. They have little
+    psychological significance, except to the extent that when
+    practiced to the exclusion of normal sexual relationships they
+    become perversions, and as such tend to be associated with
+    various degenerative conditions, although such associations are
+    not invariable.
+
+    The essentially normal character of _cunnilingus_ and _fellatio_,
+    when occurring as incidents in the process of tumescence, is
+    shown by the fact that they are practiced by many animals. This
+    is the case, for instance, among dogs. Moll points out that not
+    infrequently the bitch, while under the dog, but before
+    intromission, will change her position to lick the dog's
+    penis--apparently from an instinctive impulse to heighten her own
+    and his excitement--and then return to the normal position, while
+    _cunnilingus_ is of constant occurrence among animals, and on
+    account of its frequency among dogs was called by the Greeks
+    skylax (Rosenbaum, _Geschichte der Lustseuche im Altertume_,
+    fifth edition, pp. 260-278; also notes in Moll, _Untersuchungen
+    ueber pie Libido Sexualis_, Bd. I, pp. 134, 369; and Bloch,
+    _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp.
+    216 et seq.)
+
+    The occurrence of _cunnilingus_ as a sexual episode of tumescence
+    among lower human races is well illustrated by a practice of the
+    natives of the Caroline Islands (as recorded by Kubary in his
+    ethnographic study of this people and quoted by Ploss and
+    Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i). It is here customary for a man to
+    place a piece of fish between the labia, while he stimulates the
+    latter by his tongue and teeth until under stress of sexual
+    excitement the woman urinates; this is regarded as an indication
+    that the proper moment for intercourse has arrived. Such a
+    practice rests on physiologically sound facts whatever may be
+    thought of it from an aesthetic standpoint.
+
+    The contrast between the normal aesthetic standpoint in this
+    matter and the lover's is well illustrated by the following
+    quotations: Dr. A.B. Holder, in the course of his description of
+    the American Indian _bote_, remarks, concerning _fellatio_: "Of
+    all the many varieties of sexual perversion, this, it seems to
+    me, is the most debased that could be conceived of." On the other
+    hand, in a communication from a writer and scholar of high
+    intellectual distinction occurs the statement: "I affirm that, of
+    all sexual acts, _fellatio_ is most an affair of imagination and
+    sympathy." It must be pointed out that there is no contradiction
+    in these two statements, and that each is justified, according as
+    we take the point of view of the ordinary onlooker or of the
+    impassioned lover eager to give a final proof of his or her
+    devotion. It must be added that from a scientific point of view
+    we are not entitled to take either side.
+
+Of the whole of this group of phenomena, the most typical and the most
+widespread example is certainly the kiss. We have in the lips a highly
+sensitive frontier region between skin and mucous membrane, in many
+respects analogous to the vulvo-vaginal orifice, and reinforcible,
+moreover, by the active movements of the still more highly sensitive
+tongue. Close and prolonged contact of these regions, therefore, under
+conditions favorable to tumescence sets up a powerful current of nervous
+stimulation. After those contacts in which the sexual regions themselves
+take a direct part, there is certainly no such channel for directing
+nervous force into the sexual sphere as the kiss. This is nowhere so well
+recognized as in France, where a young girl's lips are religiously kept
+for her lover, to such an extent, indeed, that young girls sometimes come
+to believe that the whole physical side of love is comprehended in a kiss
+on the mouth; so highly intelligent a woman as Madam Adam has described
+the agony she felt as a girl when kissed on the lips by a man, owing to
+the conviction that she had thereby lost her virtue. Although the lips
+occupy this highly important position as a secondary sexual focus
+in the sphere of touch, the kiss is--unlike _cunnilingus_ and
+_fellatio_--confined to man and, indeed, to a large extent, to civilized
+man. It is the outcome of a compound evolution which had its beginning
+outside the sphere of touch, and it would therefore be out of place to
+deal with the interesting question of its development in this place. It
+will be discussed elsewhere.[18]
+
+There is yet another orificial frontier region which is a highly important
+tactile sexual focus: the nipple. The breasts raise, indeed, several
+interesting questions in their intimate connection with the sexual sphere
+and it may be worth while to consider them at this point.
+
+The breasts have from the present point of view this special significance
+among the sexual centres that they primarily exist, not for the contact of
+the lover, but the contact of the child. This is doubtless, indeed, the
+fundamental fact on which all the touch contacts we are here concerned
+with have grown up. The sexual sensitivity of the lover's lips to
+orificial contacts has been developed from the sensitivity of the infant's
+lips to contact with his mother's nipple. It is on the ground of that
+evolution that we are bound to consider here the precise position of the
+breasts as a sexual centre.
+
+As the great secreting organs of milk, the function of the breasts must
+begin immediately the child is cut off from the nutrition derived from
+direct contact with his mother's blood. It is therefore essential that the
+connection between the sexual organs proper, more especially the womb, and
+the breasts should be exceedingly intimate, so that the breasts may be in
+a condition to respond adequately to the demand of the child's sucking
+lips at the earliest moment after birth. As a matter of fact, this
+connection is very intimate, so intimate that it takes place in two
+totally distinct ways--by the nervous system and by the blood.
+
+    The breasts of young girls sometimes become tender at puberty in
+    sympathy with the evolution of the sexual organs, although the
+    swelling of the breasts at this period is not normally a
+    glandular process. At the recurring periods of menstruation,
+    again, sensations in the breasts are not uncommon.
+
+    It is not, however, until impregnation occurs that really
+    decisive changes take place in the breasts. "As soon as the ovum
+    is impregnated, that is to say within a few days," as W.D.A.
+    Griffith states it ("The Diagnosis of Pregnancy," _British
+    Medical Journal_, April 11, 1903), "the changes begin to occur in
+    the breast, changes which are just as well worked out as are the
+    changes in the uterus and the vagina, which, from the
+    commencement of pregnancy, prepare for the labor which ought to
+    follow nine months afterward. These are changes in the direction
+    of marked activity of function. An organ which was previously
+    quite passive, without activity of circulation and the effects of
+    active circulation, begins to grow and continues to grow in
+    activity and size as pregnancy progresses."
+
+    The association between breasts and womb is so obvious that it
+    has not escaped many savage peoples, who are often, indeed,
+    excellent observers. Among one primitive people at least the
+    activity of the breast at impregnation seems to be clearly
+    recognized. The Sinangolo of British New Guinea, says Seligmann
+    (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, July-December, 1902,
+    p. 298) believe that conception takes place in the breasts; on
+    this account they hold that coitus should never take place before
+    the child is weaned or he might imbibe semen with the milk.
+
+    It is natural to assume that this connection between the activity
+    of the womb and the glandular activity of the breasts is a
+    nervous connection, by means of the spinal cord, and such a
+    connection certainly exists and plays a very important part in
+    the stimulating action of the breasts on the sexual organs. But
+    that there is a more direct channel of communication even than
+    the nervous system is shown by the fact that the secretion of
+    milk will take place at parturition, even when the nervous
+    connection has been destroyed. Mironoff found that, when the
+    mammary gland is completely separated from the central nervous
+    system, secretion, though slightly diminished, still continued.
+    In two goats he cut the nerves shortly before parturition and
+    after birth the breasts still swelled and functioned normally
+    (_Archives des Sciences Biologiques_, St. Petersburg, 1895,
+    summarized in _L'Annee Biologique_; 1895, p. 329). Ribbert,
+    again, cut out the mammary gland of a young rabbit and
+    transplanted it into the ear; five months after the rabbit bore
+    young and the gland secreted milk freely. The case has been
+    reported of a woman whose spinal cord was destroyed by an
+    accident at the level of the fifth and sixth dorsal vertebrae,
+    yet lactation was perfectly normal (_British Medical Journal_,
+    August 5, 1899, p. 374). We are driven to suppose that there is
+    some chemical change in the blood, some internal secretion from
+    the uterus or the ovaries, which acts as a direct stimulant to
+    the breasts. (See a comprehensive discussion of the phenomena of
+    the connection between the breasts and sexual organs, though the
+    conclusions are not unassailable, by Temesvary, _Journal of
+    Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire_, June, 1903).
+    That this hypothetical secretion starts from the womb rather than
+    the ovaries seems to be indicated by the fact that removal of
+    both ovaries during pregnancy will not suffice to prevent
+    lactation. In favor of the ovaries, see Beatson, _Lancet_, July,
+    1896; in favor of the uterus, Armand Routh, "On the Interaction
+    between the Ovaries and the Mammary Glands," _British Medical
+    Journal_, September 30, 1899.
+
+While, however, the communications from the sexual organs to the breast
+are of a complex and at present ill understood character, the
+communication from the breasts to the sexual organs is without doubt
+mainly and chiefly nervous. When the child is put to the breast after
+birth the suction of the nipple causes a reflex contraction of the womb,
+and it is held by many, though not all, authorities that in a woman who
+does not suckle her child there is some risk that the womb will not return
+to its normal involuted size. It has also been asserted that to put a
+child to the breast during the early months of pregnancy causes so great a
+degree of uterine contraction that abortion may result.
+
+    Freund found in Germany that stimulation of the nipples by an
+    electrical cupping apparatus brought about contraction of the
+    pregnant uterus. At an earlier period it was recommended to
+    irritate the nipple in order to excite the uterus to parturient
+    action. Simpson, while pointing out that this was scarcely
+    adequate to produce the effect desired, thought that placing a
+    child to the breast after labor had begun might increase uterine
+    action. (J.Y. Simpson, _Obstetric Memoirs_, vol. i, p. 836; also
+    Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 132).
+
+    The influence of lactation over the womb in preventing the return
+    of menstruation during its continuance is well known. According
+    to Remfry's investigation of 900 cases in England, in 57 per
+    cent. of cases there is no menstruation during lactation. (L.
+    Remfry, in paper read before Obstetrical Society of London,
+    summarized in the _British Medical Journal_, January 11, 1896, p.
+    86). Bendix, in Germany, found among 140 cases that in about 40
+    per cent. there was no menstruation during lactation (paper read
+    before Duesseldorf meeting of the Society of German Naturalists
+    and Physicians, 1899). When the child is not suckled menstruation
+    tends to reappear about six months after parturition.
+
+    It is possible that the divergent opinions of authorities
+    concerning the necessarily favorable influence of lactation in
+    promoting the return of the womb to its normal size may be due to
+    a confusion of two distinct influences: the reflex action of the
+    nipple on the womb and the effects of prolonged glandular
+    secretion of the breasts in debilitated persons. The act of
+    suckling undoubtedly tends to promote uterine contraction, and in
+    healthy women during lactation the womb may even (according to
+    Vineberg) be temporarily reduced to a smaller size than before
+    impregnation, thus producing what is known as "lactation
+    atrophy." In debilitated women, however, the strain of
+    milk-production may lead to general lack of muscular tone, and
+    involution of the womb thus be hindered rather than aided by
+    lactation.
+
+On the objective side, then, the nipple is to be regarded as an erectile
+organ, richly supplied with nerves and vessels, which, under the
+stimulation of the infant's lips--or any similar compression, and even
+under the influence of emotion or cold,--becomes firm and projects, mainly
+as a result of muscular contraction; for, unlike the penis and the
+clitoris, the nipple contains no true erectile tissue and little capacity
+for vascular engorgement.[19] We must then suppose that an impetus tends
+to be transmitted through the spinal cord to the sexual organs, setting up
+a greater or less degree of nervous and muscular excitement with uterine
+contraction. These being the objective manifestations, what manifestations
+are to be noted on the subjective side?
+
+It is a remarkable proof of the general indifference with which in Europe
+even the fairly constant and prominent characteristics of the psychology
+of women have been treated until recent times that, so far as I am
+aware,--though I have made no special research to this end,--no one before
+the end of the eighteenth century had recorded the fact that the act of
+suckling tends to produce in women voluptuous sexual emotions. Cabanis in
+1802, in the memoir on "Influence des Sexes" in his _Rapports du Physique
+et du Moral de l'Homme_, wrote that several suckling women had told him
+that the child in sucking the breast made them experience a vivid
+sensation of pleasure, shared in some degree by the sexual organs. There
+can be no doubt that in healthy suckling women this phenomenon is
+exceedingly common, though in the absence of any methodical and precise
+investigation it cannot be affirmed that it is experienced by every woman
+in some degree, and it is highly probable that this is not the case. One
+lady, perfectly normal, states that she has had stronger sexual feelings
+in suckling her children than she has ever experienced with her husband,
+but that so far as possible she has tried to repress them, as she regards
+them as brutish under these circumstances. Many other women state
+generally that suckling is the most delicious physical feeling they have
+ever experienced. In most cases, however, it does not appear to lead to a
+desire for intercourse, and some of those who make this statement have no
+desire for coitus during lactation, though they may have strong sexual
+needs at other times. It is probable that this corresponds to the normal
+condition, and that the voluptuous sensations aroused by suckling are
+adequately gratified by the child. It may be added that there are probably
+many women who could say, with a lady quoted by Fere,[20] that the only
+real pleasures of sex they have ever known are those derived from their
+suckling infants.
+
+It is not difficult to see why this normal association of sexual emotion
+with suckling should have come about. It is essential for the preservation
+of the lives of young mammals that the mothers should have an adequate
+motive in pleasurable sensation for enduring the trouble of suckling. The
+most obvious method for obtaining the necessary degree of pleasurable
+sensation lay in utilizing the reservoir of sexual emotion, with which
+channels of communication might already be said to be open through the
+action of the sexual organs on the breasts during pregnancy. The
+voluptuous element in suckling may thus be called a merciful provision of
+Nature for securing the maintenance of the child.
+
+    Cabanis seems to have realized the significance of this
+    connection as the basis of the sympathy between mother and child,
+    and more recently Lombroso and Ferrero have remarked (_La Donna
+    Delinquente_, p. 438) on the fact that maternal love has a sexual
+    basis in the element of venereal pleasure, though usually
+    inconsiderable, experienced during suckling. Houzeau has referred
+    to the fact that in the majority of animals the relation between
+    mother and offspring is only close during the period of
+    lactation, and this is certainly connected with the fact that it
+    is only during lactation that the female animal can derive
+    physical gratification from her offspring. When living on a farm
+    I have ascertained that cows sometimes, though not frequently,
+    exhibit slight signs of sexual excitement, with secretion of
+    mucus, while being milked; so that, as the dairymaid herself
+    observed, it is as if they were being "bulled." The sow, like
+    some other mammals, often eats her own young after birth,
+    mistaking them, it is thought, for the placenta, which is
+    normally eaten by most mammals; it is said that the sow never
+    eats her young when they have once taken the teat.
+
+    It occasionally happens that this normal tendency for suckling to
+    produce voluptuous sexual emotions is present in an extreme
+    degree, and may lead to sexual perversions. It does not appear
+    that the sexual sensations aroused by suckling usually culminate
+    in the orgasm; this however, was noted in a case recorded by
+    Fere, of a slightly neurotic woman in whom intense sexual
+    excitement occurred during suckling, especially if prolonged; so
+    far as possible, she shortened the periods of suckling in order
+    to prevent, not always successfully, the occurrence of the orgasm
+    (Fere, _Archives de Neurologie_ No. 30, 1903). Icard refers to
+    the case of a woman who sought to become pregnant solely for the
+    sake of the voluptuous sensations she derived from suckling, and
+    Yellowlees (Art. "Masturbation," _Dictionary of Psychological
+    Medicine_) speaks of the overwhelming character of "the storms of
+    sexual feeling sometimes observed during lactation."
+
+    It may be remarked that the frequency of the association between
+    lactation and the sexual sensations is indicated by the fact
+    that, as Savage remarks, lactational insanity is often
+    accompanied by fancies regarding the reproductive organs.
+
+When we have realized the special sensitivity of the orificial regions and
+the peculiarly close relationships between the breasts and the sexual
+organs we may easily understand the considerable part which they normally
+play in the art of love. As one of the chief secondary sexual characters
+in women, and one of her chief beauties, a woman's breasts offer
+themselves to the lover's lips with a less intimate attraction than her
+mouth only because the mouth is better able to respond. On her side, such
+contact is often instinctively desired. Just as the sexual disturbance of
+pregnancy is accompanied by a sympathetic disturbance in the breasts, so
+the sexual excitement produced by the lover's proximity reacts on the
+breasts; the nipple becomes turgid and erect in sympathy with the
+clitoris; the woman craves to place her lover in the place of the child,
+and experiences a sensation in which these two supreme objects of her
+desire are deliciously mingled.
+
+    The powerful effect which stimulation of the nipple produces on
+    the sexual sphere has led to the breasts playing a prominent part
+    in the erotic art of those lands in which this art has been most
+    carefully cultivated. Thus in India, according to Vatsyayana,
+    many authors are of the opinion that in approaching a woman a
+    lover should begin by sucking the nipples of her breasts, and in
+    the songs of the Bayaderes of Southern India sucking the nipple
+    is mentioned as one of the natural preliminaries of coitus.
+
+    In some cases, and more especially in neurotic persons, the
+    sexual pleasure derived from manipulation of the nipple passes
+    normal limits and, being preferred even to coitus, becomes a
+    perversion. In girls' schools, it is said, especially in France,
+    sucking and titillation of the breasts are not uncommon; in men,
+    also, titillation of the nipples occasionally produces sexual
+    sensations (Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 132).
+    Hildebrandt recorded the case of a young woman whose nipples had
+    been sucked by her lover; by constantly drawing her breasts she
+    became able to suck them herself and thus attained extreme sexual
+    pleasure. A.J. Bloch, of New Orleans, has noted the case of a
+    woman who complained of swelling of the breasts; the gentlest
+    manipulation produced an orgasm, and it was found that the
+    swelling had been intentionally produced for the sake of this
+    manipulation. Moraglia in Italy knew a very beautiful woman who
+    was perfectly cold in normal sexual relationships, but madly
+    excited when her husband pressed or sucked her breasts. Lombroso
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1885, fasc. IV) has described the
+    somewhat similar case of a woman who had no sexual sensitivity in
+    the clitoris, vagina, or labia, and no pleasure in coitus except
+    in very strange positions, but possessed intense sexual feelings
+    in the right nipple as well as in the upper third of the thigh.
+
+    It is remarkable that not only is suckling apt to be accompanied
+    by sexual pleasure in the mother, but that, in some cases, the
+    infant also appears to have a somewhat similar experience. This
+    is, at all events, indicated in a remarkable case recorded by
+    Fere (_L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 257). A female
+    infant child of slightly neurotic heredity was weaned at the age
+    of 14 months, but so great was her affection for her mother's
+    breasts, though she had already become accustomed to other food,
+    that this was only accomplished with great difficulty and by
+    allowing her still to caress the naked breasts several times a
+    day. This went on for many months, when the mother, becoming
+    again pregnant, insisted on putting an end to it. So jealous was
+    the child, however, that it was necessary to conceal from her the
+    fact that her younger sister was suckled at her mother's breasts,
+    and once at the age of 3, when she saw her father aiding her
+    mother to undress, she became violently jealous of him. This
+    jealousy, as well as the passion for her mother's breasts,
+    persisted to the age of puberty, though she learned to conceal
+    it. At the age of 13, when menstruation began, she noticed in
+    dancing with her favorite girl friends that when her breasts came
+    in contact with theirs she experienced a very agreeable
+    sensation, with erection of the nipples; but it was not till the
+    age of 16 that she observed that the sexual region took part in
+    this excitement and became moist. From this period she had erotic
+    dreams about young girls. She never experienced any attraction
+    for young men, but eventually married; though having much esteem
+    and affection for her husband, she never felt any but the
+    slightest sexual enjoyment in his arms, and then only by evoking
+    feminine images. This case, in which the sensations of an infant
+    at the breast formed the point of departure of a sexual
+    perversion which lasted through life, is, so far as I am aware,
+    unique.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[17] Jonas Cohn (_Allgemeine AEsthetik_, 1901, p. 11) lays it down that
+psychology has nothing to do with good or bad taste. "The distinction
+between good and bad taste has no meaning for psychology. On this account,
+the fundamental conceptions of aesthetics cannot arise from psychology." It
+may be a question whether this view can be accepted quite absolutely.
+
+[18] See Appendix A: "The Origins of the Kiss."
+
+[19] See J.B. Hellier, "On the Nipple Reflex," _British Medical Journal_,
+November 7, 1896.
+
+[20] Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 147.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Bath--Antagonism of Primitive Christianity to the Cult of the
+Skin--Its Cult of Personal Filth--The Reasons which Justified this
+Attitude--The World-wide Tendency to Association between Extreme
+Cleanliness and Sexual Licentiousness--The Immorality Associated with
+Public Baths in Europe down to Modern Times.
+
+
+The hygiene of the skin, as well as its special cult, consists in bathing.
+The bath, as is well known, attained under the Romans a degree of
+development which, in Europe at all events, it has never reached before or
+since, and the modern visitor to Rome carries away with him no more
+impressive memory than that of the Baths of Caracalla. Since the coming of
+Christianity the cult of the skin, and even its hygiene, have never again
+attained the same general and unquestioned exaltation. The Church killed
+the bath. St. Jerome tells us with approval that when the holy Paula noted
+that any of her nuns were too careful in this matter she would gravely
+reprove them, saying that "the purity of the body and its garments means
+the impurity of the soul."[21] Or, as the modern monk of Mount Athos still
+declares: "A man should live in dirt as in a coat of mail, so that his
+soul may sojourn more securely within."
+
+    Our knowledge of the bathing arrangements of Roman days is
+    chiefly derived from Pompeii. Three public baths (two for both
+    men and women, who were also probably allowed to use the third
+    occasionally) have so far been excavated in this small town, as
+    well as at least three private bathing establishments (at least
+    one of them for women), while about a dozen houses contain
+    complete baths for private use. Even in a little farm house at
+    Boscoreale (two miles out of Pompeii) there was an elaborate
+    series of bathing rooms. It may be added that Pompeii was well
+    supplied with water. All houses but the poorest had flowing
+    jets, and some houses had as many as ten jets. (See Man's
+    _Pompeii_, Chapters XXVI-XXVIII.)
+
+    The Church succeeded to the domination of imperial Rome, and
+    adopted many of the methods of its predecessor. But there could
+    be no greater contrast than is presented by the attitude of
+    Paganism and of Christianity toward the bath.
+
+    As regards the tendencies of the public baths in imperial Rome,
+    some of the evidence is brought together in the section on this
+    subject in Rosenbaum's _Geschichte der Lustseuche im Alterthume_.
+    As regards the attitude of the earliest Christian ascetics in
+    this matter I may refer the reader to an interesting passage in
+    Lecky's _History of European Morals_ (vol. ii, pp. 107-112), in
+    which are brought together a number of highly instructive
+    examples of the manner in which many of the most eminent of the
+    early saints deliberately cultivated personal filth.
+
+    In the middle ages, when the extreme excesses of the early
+    ascetics had died out, and monasticiam became regulated, monks
+    generally took two baths a year when in health; in illness they
+    could be taken as often as necessary. The rules of Cluny only
+    allowed three towels to the community: one for the novices, one
+    for the professed, and one for the lay brothers. At the end of
+    the seventeenth century Madame de Mazarin, having retired to a
+    convent of Visitandines, one day desired to wash her feet, but
+    the whole establishment was set in an uproar at such an idea, and
+    she received a direct refusal. In 1760 the Dominican Richard
+    wrote that in itself the bath is permissible, but it must be
+    taken solely for necessity, not for pleasure. The Church taught,
+    and this lesson is still inculcated in convent schools, that it
+    is wrong to expose the body even to one's own gaze, and it is not
+    surprising that many holy persons boasted that they had never
+    even washed their hands. (Most of these facts have been taken
+    from A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, one of the _Vie Privee
+    d'Autrefois_ series, in which further details may be found.)
+
+    In sixteenth-century Italy, a land of supreme elegance and
+    fashion, superior even to France, the conditions were the same,
+    and how little water found favor even with aristocratic ladies we
+    may gather from the contemporary books on the toilet, which
+    abound with recipes against itch and similar diseases. It should
+    be added that Burckhardt (_Die Cultur der Renaissance in
+    Italien_, eighth edition, volume ii, p. 92) considers that in
+    spite of skin diseases the Italians of the Renaissance were the
+    first nation in Europe for cleanliness.
+
+    It is unnecessary to consider the state of things in other
+    European countries. The aristocratic conditions of former days
+    are the plebeian conditions of to-day. So far as England is
+    concerned, such documents as Chadwick's _Report on the Sanitary
+    Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain_ (1842)
+    sufficiently illustrate the ideas and the practices as regards
+    personal cleanliness which prevailed among the masses during the
+    nineteenth century and which to a large extent still prevail.
+
+A considerable amount of opprobrium has been cast upon the Catholic Church
+for its direct and indirect influence in promoting bodily uncleanliness.
+Nietzsche sarcastically refers to the facts, and Mr. Frederick Harrison
+asserts that "the tone of the middle ages in the matter of dirt was a form
+of mental disease." It would be easy to quote many other authors to the
+same effect.
+
+It is necessary to point out, however, that the writers who have committed
+themselves to such utterances have not only done an injustice to
+Christianity, but have shown a lack of historical insight. Christianity
+was essentially and fundamentally a rebellion against the classic world,
+against its vices, and against their concomitant virtues, against both its
+practices and its ideals. It sprang up in a different part of the
+Mediterranean basin, from a different level of culture; it found its
+supporters in a new and lower social stratum. The cult of charity,
+simplicity, and faith, while not primarily ascetic, became inevitably
+allied with asceticism, because from its point of view: sexuality was the
+very stronghold of the classic world. In the second century the genius of
+Clement of Alexandria and of the great Christian thinkers who followed him
+seized on all those elements in classic life and philosophy which could be
+amalgamated with Christianity without, as they trusted, destroying its
+essence, but in the matter of sexuality there could be no compromise, and
+the condemnation of sexuality involved the condemnation of the bath. It
+required very little insight and sagacity for the Christians to
+see--though we are now apt to slur over the fact--that the cult of the
+bath was in very truth the cult of the flesh.[22] However profound their
+ignorance of anatomy, physiology, and psychology might be, they had
+before them ample evidence to show that the skin is an outlying sexual
+zone and that every application which promoted the purity, brilliance, and
+healthfulness of the skin constituted a direct appeal, feeble or strong as
+the case might be, to those passions against which they were warring. The
+moral was evident: better let the temporary garment of your flesh be
+soaked with dirt than risk staining the radiant purity of your immortal
+soul. If Christianity had not drawn that moral with clear insight and
+relentless logic Christianity would never have been a great force in the
+world.
+
+    If any doubt is felt as to the really essential character of the
+    connection between cleanliness and the sexual impulse it may be
+    dispelled by the consideration that the association is by no
+    means confined to Christian Europe. If we go outside Europe and
+    even Christendom altogether, to the other side of the world, we
+    find it still well marked. The wantonness of the luxurious people
+    of Tahiti when first discovered by European voyagers is
+    notorious. The Areoi of Tahiti, a society largely constituted on
+    a basis of debauchery, is a unique institution so far as
+    primitive peoples are concerned. Cook, after giving one of the
+    earliest descriptions of this society and its objects at Tahiti
+    (Hawkesworth, _An Account of Voyages_, etc., 1775, vol. ii, p.
+    55), immediately goes on to describe the extreme and scrupulous
+    cleanliness of the people of Tahiti in every respect; they not
+    only bathed their bodies and clothes every day, but in all
+    respects they carried cleanliness to a higher point than even
+    "the politest assembly in Europe." Another traveler bears similar
+    testimony: "The inhabitants of the Society Isles are, among all
+    the nations of the South Seas, the most cleanly; and the better
+    sort of them carry cleanliness to a very great length"; they
+    bathe morning and evening in the sea, he remarks, and afterward
+    in fresh water to remove the particles of salt, wash their hands
+    before and after meals, etc. (J.R. Forster, "_Observations made
+    during a Voyage round the World_," 1798, p. 398.) And William
+    Ellis, in his detailed description of the people of Tahiti
+    (_Polynesian Researches_, 1832, vol. i, especially Chapters VI
+    and IX), while emphasizing their extreme cleanliness, every
+    person of every class bathing at least once or twice a day,
+    dwells on what he considers their unspeakable moral debasement;
+    "notwithstanding the apparent mildness of their disposition and
+    the cheerful vivacity of their conversation, no portion of the
+    human race was ever perhaps sunk lower in brutal licentiousness
+    and moral degradation."
+
+    After leaving Tahiti Cook went on to New Zealand. Here he found
+    that the people were more virtuous than at Tahiti, and also, he
+    found, less clean.
+
+It is, however, a mistake to suppose that physical uncleanliness ruled
+supreme through mediaeval and later times. It is true that the eighteenth
+century, which saw the birth of so much that marks our modern world,
+witnessed a revival of the old ideal of bodily purity. But the struggle
+between two opposing ideals had been carried on for a thousand years or
+more before this. The Church, indeed, was in this matter founded on an
+impregnable rock. But there never has been a time when influences outside
+the Church have not found a shelter somewhere. Those traditions of the
+classic world which Christianity threw aside as useless or worse quietly
+reappeared. In no respect was this more notably the case than in regard to
+the love of pure water and the cult of the bath. Islam adopted the
+complete Roman bath, and made it an institution of daily life, a necessity
+for all classes. Granada is the spot in Europe where to-day we find the
+most exquisite remains of Mohammedan culture, and, though the fury of
+Christian conquest dragged the harrow over the soil of Granada, even yet
+streams and fountains spring up there and gush abundantly and one seldom
+loses the sound of the plash of water. The flower of Christian chivalry
+and Christian intelligence went to Palestine to wrest the Holy Sepulchre
+from the hands of pagan Mohammedans. They found there many excellent
+things which they had not gone out to seek, and the Crusaders produced a
+kind of premature and abortive Renaissance, the shadow of lost classic
+things reflected on Christian Europe from the mirror of Islam.
+
+    Yet it is worth while to point out, as bearing on the
+    associations of the bath here emphasized, that even in Islam we
+    may trace the existence of a religious attitude unfavorable to
+    the bath. Before the time of Mohammed there were no public baths
+    in Arabia, and it was and is believed that baths are specially
+    haunted by the djinn--the evil spirits. Mohammed himself was at
+    first so prejudiced against public baths that he forbade both men
+    and women to enter them. Afterward, however, he permitted men to
+    use them provided they wore a cloth round the loins, and women
+    also when they could not conveniently bathe at home. Among the
+    Prophet's sayings is found the assertion: "Whatever woman enters
+    a bath the devil is with her," and "All the earth is given to me
+    as a place of prayer, and as pure, except the burial ground and
+    the bath." (See, e.g., E.W. Lane, _Arabian Society in the Middle
+    Ages_, 1883, pp. 179-183.) Although, therefore, the bath, or
+    _hammam_, on grounds of ritual ablution, hygiene, and enjoyment
+    speedily became universally popular in Islam among all classes
+    and both sexes, Mohammed himself may be said to have opposed it.
+
+Among the discoveries which the Crusaders made and brought home with them
+one of the most notable was that of the bath, which in its more elaborate
+forms seems to have been absolutely forgotten in Europe, though Roman
+baths might everywhere have been found underground. All authorities seem
+to be agreed in finding here the origin of the revival of the public bath.
+It is to Rome first, and later to Islam, the lineal inheritor of classic
+culture, that we owe the cult of water and of physical purity. Even to-day
+the Turkish bath, which is the most popular of elaborate methods of
+bathing, recalls by its characteristics and its name the fact that it is a
+Mohammedan survival of Roman life.
+
+From the twelfth century onward baths have repeatedly been introduced from
+the East, and reintroduced afresh in slightly modified forms, and have
+flourished with varying degrees of success. In the thirteenth century they
+were very common, especially in Paris, and though they were often used,
+more especially in Germany, by both sexes in common, every effort was made
+to keep them orderly and respectable. These efforts were, however, always
+unsuccessful in the end. A bath always tended in the end to become a
+brothel, and hence either became unfashionable or was suppressed by the
+authorities. It is sufficient to refer to the reputation in England of
+"hot-houses" and "bagnios." It was not until toward the end of the
+eighteenth century that it began to be recognized that the claims of
+physical cleanliness were sufficiently imperative to make it necessary
+that the fairly avoidable risks to morality in bathing should be avoided
+and the unavoidable risks bravely incurred. At the present day, now that
+we are accustomed to weave ingeniously together in the texture of our
+lives the conflicting traditions of classic and Christian days, we have
+almost persuaded ourselves that the pagan virtue of cleanliness comes next
+after godliness, and we bathe, forgetful of the great moral struggle which
+once went on around the bath. But we refrain from building ourselves
+palaces to bathe in, and for the most part we bathe with exceeding
+moderation.[23] It is probable that we may best harmonize our conflicting
+traditions by rejecting not only the Christian glorification of dirt, but
+also, save for definitely therapeutic purposes, the excessive heat,
+friction, and stimulation involved by the classic forms of bathing. Our
+reasonable ideal should render it easy and natural for every man, woman,
+and child to have a simple bath, tepid in winter, cold in summer, all the
+year round.
+
+    For the history of the bath in mediaeval times and later Europe,
+    see A. Franklin, _Les Soins de Toilette_, in the _Vie Privee
+    d'Autrefois_ series; Rudeck, _Geschichte der oeffentlichen
+    Sittlichkeit in Deutschland_; T. Wright, _The Homes of Other
+    Days_; E. Duehren, _Das Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. 1.
+
+    Outside the Church, there was a greater amount of cleanliness
+    than we are sometimes apt to suppose. It may, indeed, be said
+    that the uncleanliness of holy men and women would have attracted
+    no attention if it had corresponded to the condition generally
+    prevailing. Before public baths were established bathing in
+    private was certainly practiced; thus Ordericus Vitalis, in
+    narrating the murder of Mabel, the Countess de Montgomery, in
+    Normandy in 1082, casually mentions that she was lying on the bed
+    after her bath (_Ecclesiastical History_, Book V, Chapter XIII).
+    In warm weather, it would appear, mediaeval ladies bathed in
+    streams, as we may still see countrywomen do in Russia, Bohemia,
+    and occasionally nearer home. The statement of the historian
+    Michelet, therefore, that Percival, Iseult, and the other
+    ethereal personages of mediaeval times "certainly never washed"
+    (_La Sorciere_, p. 110) requires some qualification.
+
+    In 1292 there were twenty-six bathing establishments in Paris,
+    and an attendant would go through the streets in the morning
+    announcing that they were ready. One could have a vapor bath only
+    or a hot bath to succeed it, as in the East. No woman of bad
+    reputation, leper, or vagabond was at this time allowed to
+    frequent the baths, which were closed on Sundays and feast-days.
+    By the fourteenth century, however, the baths began to have a
+    reputation for immorality, as well as luxury, and, according to
+    Dufour, the baths of Paris "rivaled those of imperial Rome: love,
+    prostitution, and debauchery attracted the majority to the
+    bathing establishments, where everything was covered by a decent
+    veil." He adds that, notwithstanding the scandal thus caused and
+    the invectives of preachers, all went to the baths, young and
+    old, rich and poor, and he makes the statement, which seems to
+    echo the constant assertion of the early Fathers, that "a woman
+    who frequented the baths returned home physically pure only at
+    the expense of her moral purity."
+
+    In Germany there was even greater freedom of manners in bathing,
+    though, it would seem, less real licentiousness. Even the
+    smallest towns had their baths, which were frequented by all
+    classes. As soon as the horn blew to announce that the baths were
+    ready all hastened along the street, the poorer folk almost
+    completely undressing themselves before leaving their homes.
+    Bathing was nearly always in common without any garment being
+    worn, women attendants commonly rubbed and massaged both sexes,
+    and the dressing room was frequently used by men and women in
+    common; this led to obvious evils. The Germans, as Weinhold
+    points out (_Die Deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter_, 1882, bd. ii,
+    pp. 112 et seq.), have been fond of bathing in the open air in
+    streams from the days of Tacitus and Caesar until comparatively
+    modern times, when the police have interfered. It was the same in
+    Switzerland. Poggio, early in the sixteenth century, found it the
+    custom for men and women to bathe together at Baden, and said
+    that he seemed to be assisting at the _floralia_ of ancient Rome,
+    or in Plato's Republic. Senancour, who quotes the passage (_De
+    l'Amour_, 1834, vol. i, p. 313), remarks that at the beginning of
+    the nineteenth century there was still great liberty at the Baden
+    baths.
+
+    Of the thirteenth century in England Thomas Wright (_Homes of
+    Other Days_, 1871, p. 271) remarks: "The practice of warm bathing
+    prevailed very generally in all classes of society, and is
+    frequently alluded to in the mediaeval romances and stories. For
+    this purpose a large bathing-tub was used. People sometimes
+    bathed immediately after rising in the morning, and we find the
+    bath used after dinner and before going to bed. A bath was also
+    often prepared for a visitor on his arrival from a journey; and,
+    what seems still more singular, in the numerous stories of
+    amorous intrigues the two lovers usually began their interviews
+    by bathing together."
+
+    In England the association between bathing and immorality was
+    established with special rapidity and thoroughness. Baths were
+    here officially recognized as brothels, and this as early as the
+    twelfth century, under Henry II. These organized bath-brothels
+    were confined to Southwark, outside the walls of the city, a
+    quarter which was also given up to various sports and amusements.
+    At a later period, "hot-houses," bagnios, and hummums (the
+    eastern _hammam_) were spread all over London and remained
+    closely identified with prostitution, these names, indeed,
+    constantly tending to become synonymous with brothels. (T.
+    Wright, _Homes of Other Days_, 1871, pp. 494-496, gives an
+    account of them.)
+
+    In France the baths, being anathematized by both Catholics and
+    Huguenots, began to lose vogue and disappear. "Morality gained,"
+    remarks Franklin, "but cleanliness lost." Even the charming and
+    elegant Margaret of Navarre found it quite natural for a lady to
+    mention incidentally to her lover that she had not washed her
+    hands for a week. Then began an extreme tendency to use
+    cosmetics, essences, perfumes, and a fierce war with vermin, up
+    to the seventeenth century, when some progress was made, and
+    persons who desired to be very elegant and refined were
+    recommended to wash their faces "nearly every day." Even in 1782,
+    however, while a linen cloth was advised for the purpose of
+    cleaning the face and hands, the use of water was still somewhat
+    discountenanced. The use of hot and cold baths was now, however,
+    beginning to be established in Paris and elsewhere, and the
+    bathing establishments at the great European health resorts were
+    also beginning to be put on the orderly footing which is now
+    customary. When Casanova, in the middle of the eighteenth
+    century, went to the public baths at Berne he was evidently
+    somewhat surprised when he found that he was invited to choose
+    his own attendant from a number of young women, and when he
+    realized that these attendants were, in all respects, at the
+    disposition of the bathers. It is evident that establishments of
+    this kind were then already dying out, although it may be added
+    that the customs described by Casanova appear to have persisted
+    in Budapest and St. Petersburg almost or quite up to the present.
+    The great European public baths have long been above suspicion in
+    this respect (though homosexual practices are not quite
+    excluded), while it is well recognized that many kinds of hot
+    baths now in use produce a powerfully stimulating action upon the
+    sexual system, and patients taking such baths for medical
+    purposes are frequently warned against giving way to these
+    influences.
+
+    The struggle which in former ages went on around bathing
+    establishments has now been in part transferred to massage
+    establishments. Massage is an equally powerful stimulant to the
+    skin and the sexual sphere,--acting mainly by friction instead of
+    mainly by heat,--and it has not yet attained that position of
+    general recognition and popularity which, in the case of bathing
+    establishments, renders it bad policy to court disrepute.
+
+    Like bathing, massage is a hygienic and therapeutic method of
+    influencing the skin and subjacent tissues which, together with
+    its advantages, has certain concomitant disadvantages in its
+    liability to affect the sexual sphere. This influence is apt to
+    be experienced by individuals of both sexes, though it is perhaps
+    specially marked in women. Jouin (quoted in Paris _Journal de
+    Medecine_, April 23, 1893) found that of 20 women treated by
+    massage, of whom he made inquiries, 14 declared that they
+    experienced voluptuous sensations; 8 of these belonged to
+    respectable families; the other 6 were women of the _demimonde_
+    and gave precise details; Jouin refers in this connection to the
+    _aliptes_ of Rome. It is unnecessary to add that the
+    gynaecological massage introduced in recent years by the Swedish
+    teacher of gymnastics, Thure-Brandt, as involving prolonged
+    rubbing and kneading of the pelvic regions, "_pression glissante
+    du vagin_" etc. (_Massage Gynecologique_, by G. de Frumerie,
+    1897), whatever its therapeutic value, cannot fail in a large
+    proportion of cases to stimulate the sexual emotions. (Eulenburg
+    remarks that for sexual anaesthesia in women the Thure-Brandt
+    system of massage may "naturally" be recommended, _Sexuale
+    Neuropathie_, p. 78.) I have been informed that in London and
+    elsewhere massage establishments are sometimes visited by women
+    who seek sexual gratification by massage of the genital regions
+    by the _masseuse_.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[21] "_Dicens munditiam corporis atque vestitus animae esse
+immunditiam_"--St. Jerome, _Ad Eustochium Virginem_.
+
+[22] With regard to the physiological mechanism by which bathing produces
+its tonic and stimulating effects Woods Hutchinson has an interesting
+discussion (Chapter VII) in his _Studies in Human and Comparative
+Pathology_.
+
+[23] Thus among the young women admitted to the Chicago Normal School to
+be trained as teachers, Miss Lura Sanborn, the director of physical
+training, states (_Doctor's Magazine_, December, 1900) that a bath once a
+fortnight is found to be not unusual.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Summary--Fundamental Importance of Touch--The Skin the Mother of All the
+Other Senses.
+
+
+The sense of touch is so universally diffused over the whole skin, and in
+so many various degrees and modifications, and it is, moreover, so truly
+the Alpha and the Omega of affection, that a broken and fragmentary
+treatment of the subject has been inevitable.
+
+The skin is the archaeological field of human and prehuman experience, the
+foundation on which all forms of sensory perception have grown up, and as
+sexual sensibility is among the most ancient of all forms of sensibility,
+the sexual instinct is necessarily, in the main, a comparatively slightly
+modified form of general touch sensibility. This primitive character of
+the great region of tactile sensation, its vagueness and diffusion, the
+comparatively unintellectual as well as unaesthetic nature of the mental
+conceptions which arise on the tactile basis make it difficult to deal
+precisely with the psychology of touch. The very same qualities, however,
+serve greatly to heighten the emotional intensity of skin sensations. So
+that, of all the great sensory fields, the field of touch is at once the
+least intellectual and the most massively emotional. These qualities, as
+well as its intimate and primitive association with the apparatus of
+tumescence and detumescence, make touch the readiest and most powerful
+channel by which the sexual sphere may be reached.
+
+In disentangling the phenomena of tactile sensibility ticklishness has
+been selected for special consideration as a kind of sensation, founded on
+reflexes developing even before birth, which is very closely related to
+sexual phenomena. It is, as it were, a play of tumescence, on which
+laughter supervenes as a play of detumescence. It leads on to the more
+serious phenomena of tumescence, and it tends to die out after
+adolescence, at the period during which sexual relationships normally
+begin. Such a view of ticklishness, as a kind of modesty of the skin,
+existing merely to be destroyed, need only be regarded as one of its
+aspects. Ticklishness certainly arose from a non-sexual starting-point,
+and may well have protective uses in the young animal.
+
+The readiness with which tactile sensibility takes on a sexual character
+and forms reflex channels of communication with the sexual sphere proper
+is illustrated by the existence of certain secondary sexual foci only
+inferior in sexual excitability to the genital region. We have seen that
+the chief of these normal foci are situated in the orificial regions where
+skin and mucous membrane meet, and that the contact of any two orificial
+regions between two persons of different sex brought together under
+favorable conditions is apt, when prolonged, to produce a very intense
+degree of sexual erethism. This is a normal phenomenon in so far as it is
+a part of tumescence, and not a method of obtaining detumescence. The kiss
+is a typical example of these contacts, while the nipple is of special
+interest in this connection, because we are thereby enabled to bring the
+psychology of lactation into intimate relationship with the psychology of
+sexual love.
+
+The extreme sensitiveness of the skin, the readiness with which its
+stimulation reverberates into the sexual sphere, clearly brought out by
+the present study, enable us to understand better a very ancient
+contest--the moral struggle around the bath. There has always been a
+tendency for the extreme cultivation of physical purity to lead on to the
+excessive stimulation of the sexual sphere; so that the Christian ascetics
+were entirely justified, on their premises, in fighting against the bath
+and in directly or indirectly fostering a cult of physical uncleanliness.
+While, however, in the past there has clearly been a general tendency for
+the cult of physical purity to be associated with moral licentiousness,
+and there are sufficient grounds for such an association, it is important
+to remember that it is not an inevitable and fatal association; a
+scrupulously clean person is by no means necessarily impelled to
+licentiousness; a physically unclean person is by no means necessarily
+morally pure. When we have eliminated certain forms of the bath which must
+be regarded as luxuries rather than hygienic necessities, though they
+occasionally possess therapeutic virtues, we have eliminated the most
+violent appeals of the bath to the sexual impulse. So imperative are the
+demands of physical purity now becoming, in general opinion, that such
+small risks to moral purity as may still remain are constantly and wisely
+disregarded, and the immoral traditions of the bath now, for the most
+part, belong to the past.
+
+
+
+
+SMELL.
+
+I.
+
+The Primitiveness of Smell--The Anatomical Seat of the Olfactory
+Centres--Predominance of Smell among the Lower Mammals--Its Diminished
+Importance in Man--The Attention Paid to Odors by Savages.
+
+
+The first more highly organized sense to arise on the diffused tactile
+sensitivity of the skin is, in most cases, without doubt that of smell. At
+first, indeed, olfactory sensibility is not clearly differentiated from
+general tactile sensibility; the pit of thickened and ciliated epithelium
+or the highly mobile antennae which in many lower animals are sensitive to
+odorous stimuli are also extremely sensitive to tactile stimuli; this is,
+for instance, the case with the snail, in whom at the same time olfactive
+sensibility seems to be spread over the whole body.[24] The sense of smell
+is gradually specialized, and when taste also begins to develop a kind of
+chemical sense is constituted. The organ of smell, however, speedily
+begins to rise in importance as we ascend the zooelogical scale. In the
+lower vertebrates, when they began to adopt a life on dry land, the sense
+of smell seems to have been that part of their sensory equipment which
+proved most useful under the new conditions, and it developed with
+astonishing rapidity. Edinger finds that in the brain of reptiles the
+"area olfactoria" is of enormous extent, covering, indeed, the greater
+part of the cortex, though it may be quite true, as Herrick remarks, that,
+while smell is preponderant, it is perhaps not correct to attribute an
+exclusively olfactory tone to the cerebral activities of the _Sauropsida_
+or even the _Ichthyopsida_. Among most mammals, however, in any case,
+smell is certainly the most highly developed of the senses; it gives the
+first information of remote objects that concern them; it gives the most
+precise information concerning the near objects that concern them; it is
+the sense in terms of which most of their mental operations must be
+conducted and their emotional impulses reach consciousness. Among the apes
+it has greatly lost importance and in man it has become almost
+rudimentary, giving place to the supremacy of vision.
+
+    Prof. G. Elliot Smith, a leading authority on the brain, has well
+    summarized the facts concerning the predominance of the olfactory
+    region in the mammal brain, and his conclusions may be quoted. It
+    should be premised that Elliot Smith divides the brain into
+    rhinencephalon and neopallium. Rhinencephalon designates the
+    regions which are pre-eminently olfactory in function: the
+    olfactory bulb, its peduncle, the tuberculum olfactorium and
+    locus perforatus, the pyriform lobe, the paraterminal body, and
+    the whole hippocampal formation. The neopallium is the dorsal cap
+    of the brain, with frontal, parietal, and occipital areas,
+    comprehending all that part of the brain which is the seat of the
+    higher associative activities, reaching its fullest development
+    in man.
+
+    "In the early mammals the olfactory areas form by far the greater
+    part of the cerebral hemisphere, which is not surprising when it
+    is recalled that the forebrain is, in the primitive brain,
+    essentially an appendage, so to speak, of the smell apparatus.
+    When the cerebral hemisphere comes to occupy such a dominant
+    position in the brain it is perhaps not unnatural to find that
+    the sense of smell is the most influential and the chief source
+    of information to the animal; or, perhaps, it would be more
+    accurate to say that the olfactory sense, which conveys general
+    information to the animal such as no other sense can bring
+    concerning its prey (whether near or far, hidden or exposed), is
+    much the most serviceable of all the avenues of information to
+    the lowly mammal leading a terrestrial life, and therefore
+    becomes predominant; and its particular domain--the
+    forebrain--becomes the ruling portion of the nervous system.
+
+    "This early predominance of the sense of smell persists in most
+    mammals (unless an aquatic mode of life interferes and deposes
+    it: compare the _Cetacea, Sirenia_, and _Pinnipedia_, for
+    example) even though a large neopallium develops to receive
+    visual, auditory, tactile, and other impressions pouring into the
+    forebrain. In the _Anthropoidea_ alone of nonaquatic mammals the
+    olfactory regions undergo an absolute (and not only relative, as
+    in the _Carnivora_ and _Ungulata_) dwindling, which is equally
+    shared by the human brain, in common with those of the other
+    _Simiidae_, the _Cercopithecidae_, and the _Cebidae_. But all the
+    parts of the rhinencephalon, which are so distinct in macrosmatic
+    mammals, can also be recognized in the human brain. The small
+    ellipsoidal olfactory bulb is moored, so to speak, on the
+    cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone by the olfactory nerves; so
+    that, as the place of attachment of the olfactory peduncle to the
+    expanding cerebral hemisphere becomes removed (as a result of the
+    forward extension of the hemisphere) progressively farther and
+    farther backward, the peduncle becomes greatly stretched and
+    elongated. And, as this stretching involves the gray matter
+    without lessening the number of nerve-fibres in the olfactory
+    tract, the peduncle becomes practically what it is usually
+    called--i.e., the olfactory 'tract.' The tuberculum olfactorium
+    becomes greatly reduced and at the same time flattened; so that
+    it is not easy to draw a line of demarcation between it and the
+    anterior perforated space. The anterior rhinal fissure, which is
+    present in the early human foetus, vanishes (almost, if not
+    altogether) in the adult. Part of the posterior rhinal fissure is
+    always present in the 'incisura temporalis,' and sometimes,
+    especially in some of the non-European races, the whole of the
+    posterior rhinal fissure is retained in that typical form which
+    we find in the anthropoid apes." (G. Elliot Smith, in
+    _Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological
+    Series of Comparative Anatomy Contained in the Museum of the
+    Royal College of Surgeons of England_, second edition, vol. ii.)
+    A full statement of Elliot Smith's investigations, with diagrams,
+    is given by Bullen, _Journal of Mental Science_, July, 1899. It
+    may be added that the whole subject of the olfactory centres has
+    been thoroughly studied by Elliot Smith, as well as by Edinger,
+    Mayer, and C.L. Herrick. In the _Journal of Comparative
+    Neurology_, edited by the last named, numerous discussions and
+    summaries bearing on the subject will be found from 1896 onward.
+    Regarding the primitive sense-organs of smell in the various
+    invertebrate groups some information will be found in A.B.
+    Griffiths's _Physiology of the Invertebrata_, Chapter XI.
+
+The predominance of the olfactory area in the nervous system of the
+vertebrates generally has inevitably involved intimate psychic
+associations between olfactory stimuli and the sexual impulse. For most
+mammals not only are all sexual associations mainly olfactory, but the
+impressions received by this sense suffice to dominate all others. An
+animal not only receives adequate sexual excitement from olfactory
+stimuli, but those stimuli often suffice to counterbalance all the
+evidence of the other senses.
+
+    We may observe this very well in the case of the dog. Thus, a
+    young dog, well known to me, who had never had connection with a
+    bitch, but was always in the society of its father, once met the
+    latter directly after the elder dog had been with a bitch. He
+    immediately endeavored to behave toward the elder dog, in spite
+    of angry repulses, exactly as a dog behaves toward a bitch in
+    heat. The messages received by the sense of smell were
+    sufficiently urgent not only to set the sexual mechanism in
+    action, but to overcome the experiences of a lifetime. There is
+    an interesting chapter on the sense of smell in the mental life
+    of the dog in Giessler's _Psychologie des Geruches_, 1894,
+    Chapter XI, Passy (in the appendix to his memoir on olfaction,
+    _L'Annee Psychologique_, 1895) gives the result of some
+    interesting experiments as to the effects of perfume on dogs;
+    civet and castoreum were found to have the most powerfully
+    exciting effect.
+
+    The influences of smell are equally omnipotent in the sexual life
+    of many insects. Thus, Fere has found that in cockchafers sexual
+    coupling failed to take place when the antennae, which are the
+    organs of smell, were removed; he also found that males, after
+    they had coupled with females, proved sexually attractive to
+    other males (_Comptes Rendus de la Societe de Biologie_, May 21,
+    1898). Fere similarly found that, in a species of _Bombyx_, males
+    after contact with females sometimes proved attractive to other
+    males, although no abnormal relationships followed. (_Soc. de
+    Biol_, July 30, 1898.)
+
+With the advent of the higher apes, and especially of man, all this has
+been changed. The sense of smell, indeed, still persists universally and
+it is still also exceedingly delicate, though often neglected.[25] It is,
+moreover, a useful auxiliary in the exploration of the external world,
+for, in contrast to the very few sensations furnished to us by touch and
+by taste, we are acquainted with a vast number of smells, though the
+information they give us is frequently vague. An experienced perfumer,
+says Piesse, will have two hundred odors in his laboratory and can
+distinguish them all. To a sensitive nose nearly everything smells. Passy
+goes so far as to state that he has "never met with any object that is
+really inodorous when one pays attention to it, not even excepting glass,"
+and, though we can scarcely accept this statement absolutely,--especially
+in view of the careful experiments of Ayrton, which show that, contrary
+to a common belief, metals when perfectly clean and free from traces of
+contact with the skin or with salt solutions have no smell,--odor is still
+extremely widely diffused. This is especially the case in hot countries,
+and the experiments of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition on the
+sense of smell of the Papuans were considerably impeded by the fact that
+at Torres Straits everything, even water, seemed to have a smell. Savages
+are often accused more or less justly of indifference to bad odors. They
+are very often, however, keenly alive to the significance of smells and
+their varieties, though it does not appear that the sense of smell is
+notably more developed in savage than in civilized peoples. Odors also
+continue to play a part in the emotional life of man, more especially in
+hot countries. Nevertheless both in practical life and in emotional life,
+in science and in art, smell is, at the best, under normal conditions,
+merely an auxiliary. If the sense of smell were abolished altogether the
+life of mankind would continue as before, with little or no sensible
+modification, though the pleasures of life, and especially of eating and
+drinking, would be to some extent diminished.
+
+    In New Ireland, Duffield remarks (_Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute_, 1886, p. 118), the natives have a very keen sense of
+    smell; unusual odors are repulsive to them, and "carbolic acid
+    drove them wild."
+
+    The New Caledonians, according to Foley (_Bulletin de la Societe
+    d'Anthropologie_, November 6, 1879), only like the smells of meat
+    and fish which are becoming "high," like _popoya_, which smells
+    of fowl manure, and _kava_, of rotten eggs. Fruits and vegetables
+    which are beginning to go bad seem the best to them, while the
+    fresh and natural odors which we prefer seem merely to say to
+    them: "We are not yet eatable." (A taste for putrefying food,
+    common among savages, by no means necessarily involves a distaste
+    for agreeable scents, and even among Europeans there is a
+    widespread taste for offensively smelling and putrid foods,
+    especially cheese and game.)
+
+    The natives of Torres Straits were carefully examined by Dr. C.S.
+    Myers with regard to their olfactory acuteness and olfactory
+    preferences. It was found that acuteness was, if anything,
+    slightly greater than among Europeans. This appeared to be
+    largely due to the careful attention they pay to odors. The
+    resemblances which they detected among different odorous
+    substances were frequently found to rest on real chemical
+    affinities. The odors they were observed to dislike most
+    frequently were asafoetida, valerianic acid, and civet, the last
+    being regarded as most repulsive of all on account of its
+    resemblance to faecal odor, which these people regard with intense
+    disgust. Their favorite odors were musk, thyme, and especially
+    violet. (_Report of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to
+    Torres Straits_, vol. ii, Part II, 1903.)
+
+    In Australia Lumholtz (_Among Cannibals_, p. 115) found that the
+    blacks had a keener sense of smell than he possessed.
+
+    In New Zealand the Maoris, as W. Colenso shows, possessed,
+    formerly at all events, a very keen sense of smell or else were
+    very attentive to smell, and their taste as regarded agreeable
+    and disagreeable odors corresponded very closely to European
+    taste, although it must be added that some of their common
+    articles of food possessed a very offensive odor. They are not
+    only sensitive to European perfumes, but possessed various
+    perfumes of their own, derived from plants and possessing a
+    pleasant, powerful, and lasting odor; the choicest and rarest was
+    the gum of the _taramea_ (_Aciphylla Colensoi_), which was
+    gathered by virgins after the use of prayers and charms. Sir
+    Joseph Banks noted that Maori chiefs wore little bundles of
+    perfumes around their necks, and Cook made the same observation
+    concerning the young women. References to the four chief Maori
+    perfumes are contained in a stanza which is still often hummed to
+    express satisfaction, and sung by a mother to her  child:--
+
+        "My little neck-satchel of sweet-scented moss,
+        My little neck-satchel of fragrant fern,
+        My little neck-satchel of odoriferous gum,
+        My sweet-smelling neck-locket of sharp-pointed _taramea_."
+
+    In the summer season the sleeping houses of Maori chiefs were
+    often strewed with a large, sweet-scented, flowering grass of
+    powerful odor. (W. Colenso, _Transactions of the New Zealand
+    Institute_, vol. xxiv, reprinted in _Nature_, November 10, 1892.)
+
+    Javanese women rub themselves with a mixture of chalk and strong
+    essence which, when rubbed off, leaves a distinct perfume on the
+    body. (Stratz, _Die Frauenkleidung_, p. 84.)
+
+    The Samoans, Friedlaender states (_Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_,
+    1899, p. 52), are very fond of fragrant and aromatic odors. He
+    gives a list of some twenty odorous plants which they use, more
+    especially as garlands for the head and neck, including
+    ylang-ylang and gardenia; he remarks that of one of these plants
+    (cordyline) he could not himself detect the odor.
+
+    The Nicobarese, Man remarks (_Journal of the Anthropological
+    Institute_, 1889, p. 377), like the natives of New Zealand,
+    particularly dislike the smell of carbolic acid. Both young men
+    and women are very partial to scents; the former say they find
+    their use a certain passport to the favor of their wives, and
+    they bring home from the jungle the scented leaves of a certain
+    creeper to their sweethearts and wives.
+
+    Swahili women devote much attention to perfuming themselves. When
+    a woman wishes to make herself desirable she anoints herself all
+    over with fragrant ointments, sprinkles herself with rose-water,
+    puts perfume into her clothes, strews jasmine flowers on her bed
+    as well as binding them round her neck and waist, and smokes
+    _udi_, the perfumed wood of the aloe; "every man is glad when his
+    wife smells of _udi_" (Velten, _Sitten und Gebraueche der
+    Suaheli_, pp. 212-214).
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] Emile Yung, "Le Sens Olfactif de l'Escargot (Helix Pomata),"
+_Archives de Psychologie_, November, 1903.
+
+[25] The sensitiveness of smell in man generally exceeds that of chemical
+reaction or even of spectral analysis; see Passy, _L'Annee Psychologique_,
+second year, 1895, p. 380.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Rise of the Study of Olfaction--Cloquet--Zwaardemaker--The Theory of
+Smell--The Classification of Odors--The Special Characteristics of
+Olfactory Sensation in Man--Smell as the Sense of Imagination--Odors as
+Nervous Stimulants--Vasomotor and Muscular Effects--Odorous Substances as
+Drugs.
+
+
+During the eighteenth century a great impetus was given to the
+physiological and psychological study of the senses by the philosophical
+doctrines of Locke and the English school generally which then prevailed
+in Europe. These thinkers had emphasized the immense importance of the
+information derived through the senses in building up the intellect, so
+that the study of all the sensory channels assumed a significance which it
+had never possessed before. The olfactory sense fully shared in the
+impetus thus given to sensory investigation. At the beginning of the
+nineteenth century a distinguished French physician, Hippolyte Cloquet, a
+disciple of Cabanis, devoted himself more especially to this subject.
+After publishing in 1815 a preliminary work, he issued in 1821 his
+_Osphresiologie, ou Traite des odeurs, du sens et des organes de
+l'Olfaction_, a complete monograph on the anatomy, physiology, psychology,
+and pathology of the olfactory organ and its functions, and a work that
+may still be consulted with profit, if indeed it can even yet be said to
+be at every point superseded. After Cloquet's time the study of the sense
+of smell seems to have fallen into some degree of discredit. For more than
+half a century no important progress was made in this field. Serious
+investigators seemed to have become shy of the primitive senses generally,
+and the subject of smell was mainly left to those interested in "curious"
+subjects. Many interesting observations were, however, incidentally made;
+thus Laycock, who was a pioneer in so many by-paths of psychology and
+anthropology, showed a special interest in the olfactory sense, and
+frequently touched on it in his _Nervous Diseases of Women_ and
+elsewhere. The writer who more than any other has in recent years restored
+the study of the sense of smell from a by-path to its proper position as a
+highway for investigation is without doubt Professor Zwaardemaker, of
+Utrecht. The invention of his first olfactometer in 1888 and the
+appearance in 1895 of his great work _Die Physiologie des Geruchs_ have
+served to give the physiology of the sense of smell an assured status and
+to open the way anew for much fruitful investigation, while a number of
+inquirers in many countries have had their attention directed to the
+elucidation of this sense.
+
+Notwithstanding, however, the amount of work which has been done in this
+field during recent years, it cannot be said that the body of assured
+conclusions so far reached is large. The most fundamental principles of
+olfactory physiology and psychology are still somewhat vague and
+uncertain. Although sensations of smell are numerous and varied, in this
+respect approaching the sensations of vision and hearing, smell still
+remains close to touch in the vagueness of its messages (while the most
+sensitive of the senses, remarks Passy, it is the least precise), the
+difficulty of classifying them, the impossibility of so controlling them
+as to found upon them any art. It seems better, therefore, not to attempt
+to force the present study of a special aspect of olfaction into any
+general scheme which may possibly not be really valid.
+
+    The earliest and most general tendency in regard to the theory of
+    smell was to regard it as a kind of chemical sense directly
+    stimulated by minute particles of solid substance. A vibratory
+    theory of smell, however, making it somewhat analogous to
+    hearing, easily presents itself. When I first began the study of
+    physiology in 1881, a speculation of this kind presented itself
+    to my mind. Long before Philipp von Walther, a professor at
+    Landshut, had put forward a dynamic theory of olfaction
+    (_Physiologie des Menschen_, 1807-8, vol. ii, p. 278). "It is a
+    purely dynamic operation of the odorous substance in the
+    olfactory organ," he stated. Odor is conveyed by the air, he
+    believed, in the same way as heat. It must be added that his
+    reasons for this theory will not always bear examination. More
+    recently a similar theory has been seriously put forward in
+    various quarters. Sir William Ramsay tentatively suggested such a
+    theory (_Nature_, vol. xxv, p. 187) in analogy with light and
+    sound. Haycraft (_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_,
+    1883-87, and _Brain_, 1887-88), largely starting from
+    Mendelieff's law of periodicity, similarly sought to bring smell
+    into line with the higher senses, arguing that molecules with the
+    same vibration have the same smell. Rutherford (_Nature_, August
+    11, 1892, p. 343), attaching importance to the evidence brought
+    forward by von Brunn showing that the olfactory cells terminate
+    in very delicate short hairs, also stated his belief that the
+    different qualities of smell result from differences in the
+    frequency and form of the vibrations initiated by the action of
+    the chemical molecules on these olfactory cells, though he
+    admitted that such a conception involved a very subtle conception
+    of molecular vibration. Vaschide and Van Melle (Paris Academy of
+    Sciences, December 26, 1899) have, again, argued that smell is
+    produced by rays of short wave-lengths, analogous to light-rays,
+    Roentgen rays, etc. Chemical action is however, a very important
+    factor in the production of odors; this has been well shown by
+    Ayrton (_Nature_, September 8, 1898). We seem to be forced in the
+    direction of a chemico-vibratory theory, as pointed out by
+    Southerden (_Nature_, March 26, 1903), the olfactory cells being
+    directly stimulated, not by the ordinary vibrations of the
+    molecules, but by the agitations accompanying chemical changes.
+
+    The vibratory hypothesis of the action of odors has had some
+    influence on the recent physiologists who have chiefly occupied
+    themselves with olfaction. "It is probable," Zwaardemaker writes
+    (_L'Annee Psychologique_, 1898), "that aroma is a
+    physico-chemical attribute of the molecules"; he points out that
+    there is an intimate analogy between color and odor, and remarks
+    that this analogy leads us to suppose in an aroma ether
+    vibrations of which the period is determined by the structure of
+    the molecule.
+
+    Since the physiology of olfaction is yet so obscure it is not
+    surprising that we have no thoroughly scientific classification
+    of smells, notwithstanding various ambitious attempts to reach a
+    classification. The classification adopted by Zwaardemaker is
+    founded on the ancient scheme of Linnaeus, and may here be
+    reproduced:--
+
+    I. Ethereal odors (chiefly esters; Rimmel's fruity series).
+
+    II. Aromatic odors (terpenes, camphors, and the spicy,
+    herbaceous, rosaceous, and almond series; the chemical types are
+    well determined: cineol, eugenol, anethol, geraniol,
+    benzaldehyde).
+
+    III. The balsamic odors (chiefly aldehydes, Rimmel's jasmin,
+    violet, and balsamic series, with the chemical types: terpineol,
+    ionone, vanillin).
+
+    IV. The ambrosiacal odors (ambergris and musk).
+
+    V. The alliaceous odors, with the cacodylic group (asafoetida,
+    ichthyol, etc.).
+
+    VI. Empyreumatic odors.
+
+    VII. Valerianaceous odors (Linnaeus's _Odores hircini_, the capryl
+    group, largely composed of sexual odors).
+
+    VIII. Narcotic odors (Linnaeus's _Odores tetri_).
+
+    IX. Stenches.
+
+    A valuable and interesting memoir, "Revue Generale sur les
+    Sensations Olfactives," by J. Passy, the chief French authority
+    on this subject, will be found in the second volume of _L'Annee
+    Psychologique_, 1895. In the fifth issue of the same year-book
+    (for 1898) Zwaardemaker presents a full summary of his work and
+    views, "Les Sensations Olfactives, leurs Combinaisons et leurs
+    Compensations." A convenient, but less authoritative, summary of
+    the facts of normal and pathological olfaction will be found in a
+    little volume of the "Actualites Medicales" series by Dr. Collet,
+    _L'Odorat et ses Troubles_, 1904. In a little book entitled
+    _Wegweiser zu einer Psychologie des Geruches_ (1894) Giessler has
+    sought to outline a psychology of smell, but his sketch can only
+    be regarded as tentative and provisional.
+
+At the outset, nevertheless, it seems desirable that we should at least
+have some conception of the special characteristics which mark the great
+and varied mass of sensations reaching the brain through the channel of
+the olfactory organ. The main special character of olfactory images seems
+to be conditioned by the fact that they are intermediate in character
+between those of touch or taste and those of sight or sound, that they
+have much of the vagueness of the first and something of the richness and
+variety of the second. AEsthetically, also, they occupy an intermediate
+position between the higher and the lower senses.[26] They are, at the
+same time, less practically useful than either the lower or the higher
+senses. They furnish us with a great mass of what we may call
+by-sensations, which are of little practical use, but inevitably become
+intimately mixed with the experiences of life by association and thus
+acquire an emotional significance which is often very considerable. Their
+emotional force, it may well be, is connected with the fact that their
+anatomical seat is the most ancient part of the brain. They lie in a
+remote almost disused storehouse of our minds and show the fascination or
+the repulsiveness of all vague and remote things. It is for this reason
+that they are--to an extent that is remarkable when we consider that they
+are much more precise than touch sensations--subject to the influence of
+emotional associations. The very same odor may be at one moment highly
+pleasant, at the next moment highly unpleasant, in accordance with the
+emotional attitude resulting from its associations. Visual images have no
+such extreme flexibility; they are too definite to be so easily
+influenced. Our feelings about the beauty of a flower cannot oscillate so
+easily or so far as may our feelings about the agreeableness of its odor.
+Our olfactory experiences thus institute a more or less continuous series
+of by-sensations accompanying us through life, of no great practical
+significance, but of considerable emotional significance from their
+variety, their intimacy, their associational facility, their remote
+ancestral reverberations through our brains.
+
+It is the existence of these characteristics--at once so vague and so
+specific, so useless and so intimate--which led various writers to
+describe the sense of smell as, above all others, the sense of
+imagination. No sense has so strong a power of suggestion, the power of
+calling up ancient memories with a wider and deeper emotional
+reverberation, while at the same time no sense furnishes impressions which
+so easily change emotional color and tone, in harmony with the recipient's
+general attitude. Odors are thus specially apt both to control the
+emotional life and to become its slaves. With the use of incense religions
+have utilized the imaginative and symbolical virtues of fragrance. All the
+legends of the saints have insisted on the odor of sanctity that exhales
+from the bodies of holy persons, especially at the moment of death. Under
+the conditions of civilization these primitive emotional associations of
+odor tend to be dispersed, but, on the other hand, the imaginative side of
+the olfactory sense becomes accentuated, and personal idiosyncrasies of
+all kinds tend to manifest themselves in the sphere of smell.
+
+    Rousseau (in _Emile_, Bk. II) regarded smell as the sense of the
+    imagination. So, also, at an earlier period, it was termed
+    (according to Cloquet) by Cardano. Cloquet frequently insisted on
+    the qualities of odors which cause them to appeal to the
+    imagination; on their irregular and inconstant character; on
+    their power of intoxicating the mind on some occasions; on the
+    curious individual and racial preferences in the matter of odors.
+    He remarked on the fact that the Persians employed asafoetida as
+    a seasoning, while valerian was accounted a perfume in antiquity.
+    (Cloquet, _Osphresiologie_, pp. 28, 45, 71, 112.) It may be
+    added, as a curious example familiar to most people of the
+    dependence of the emotional tone of a smell on its associations,
+    that, while the exhalations of other people's bodies are
+    ordinarily disagreeable to us, such is not the case with our own;
+    this is expressed in the crude and vigorous dictum of the
+    Elizabethan poet, Marston, "Every man's dung smell sweet i' his
+    own nose." There are doubtless many implications, moral as well
+    as psychological, in that statement.
+
+    The modern authorities on olfaction, Passy and Zwaardemaker, both
+    alike insist on the same characteristics of the sense of smell:
+    its extreme acuity and yet its vagueness. "We live in a world of
+    odor," Zwaardemaker remarks (_L'Annee Psychologique_, 1898, p.
+    203), "as we live in a world of light and of sound. But smell
+    yields us no distinct ideas grouped in regular order, still less
+    that are fixed in the memory as a grammatical discipline.
+    Olfactory sensations awake vague and half-understood perceptions,
+    which are accompanied by very strong emotion. The emotion
+    dominates us, but the sensation which was the cause of it remains
+    unperceived." Even in the same individual there are wide
+    variations in the sensitiveness to odors at different times, more
+    especially as regards faint odors; Passy (_L'Annee
+    Psychologique_, 1895, p. 387) brings forward some observations on
+    this point.
+
+    Maudsley noted the peculiarly suggestive power of odors; "there
+    are certain smells," he remarked, "which never fail to bring back
+    to me instantly and visibly scenes of my boyhood"; many of us
+    could probably say the same. Another writer (E. Dillon, "A
+    Neglected Sense," _Nineteenth Century_, April, 1894) remarks that
+    "no sense has a stronger power of suggestion."
+
+    Ribot has made an interesting investigation as to the prevalence
+    and nature of the emotional memory of odors (_Psychology of the
+    Emotions_, Chapter XI). By "emotional memory" is meant the
+    spontaneous or voluntary revivability of the image, olfactory or
+    other. (For the general question, see an article by F. Pillon,
+    "La Memoire Affective, son Importance Theorique et Pratique,"
+    _Revue Philosophique_, February, 1901; also Paulhan, "Sur la
+    Memoire Affective," _Revue Philosophique_, December, 1902 and
+    January, 1903.) Ribot found that 40 per cent. of persons are
+    unable to revive any such images of taste or smell; 48 per cent,
+    could revive some; 12 per cent, declared themselves capable of
+    reviving all, or nearly all, at pleasure. In some persons there
+    is no necessary accompanying revival of visual or tactile
+    representations, but in the majority the revived odor ultimately
+    excites a corresponding visual image. The odors most frequently
+    recalled were pinks, musk, violets, heliotrope, carbolic acid,
+    the smell of the country, of grass, etc. Pieron (_Revue
+    Philosophique_, December, 1902) has described the special power
+    possessed by vague odors, in his own case, of evoking ancient
+    impressions.
+
+    Dr. J.N. Mackenzie (_American Journal of the Medical Sciences_,
+    January, 1886) considers that civilization exerts an influence in
+    heightening or encouraging the influence of olfaction as it
+    affects our emotions and judgment, and that, in the same way, as
+    we ascend the social scale the more readily our minds are
+    influenced and perhaps perverted by impressions received through
+    the sense of smell.
+
+Odors are powerful stimulants to the whole nervous system, causing, like
+other stimulants, an increase of energy which, if excessive or prolonged,
+leads to nervous exhaustion. Thus, it is well recognized in medicine that
+the aromatics containing volatile oils (such as anise, cinnamon,
+cardamoms, cloves, coriander, and peppermint) are antispasmodics and
+anaesthetics, and that they stimulate digestion, circulation, and the
+nervous system, in large doses producing depression. The carefully
+arranged plethysmographic experiments of Shields, at the Johns Hopkins
+University, have shown that olfactory sensations, by their action on the
+vasomotor system, cause an increase of blood in the brain and sometimes in
+addition stimulation of the heart; musk, wintergreen, wood violet, and
+especially heliotrope were found to act strongly in these ways.[27]
+
+Fere's experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph have greatly
+contributed to illustrate the stimulating effects of odors. Thus, he found
+that smelling musk suffices to double muscular effort. With a number of
+odorous substances he has found that muscular work is temporarily
+heightened; when taste stimulation was added the increase of energy,
+notably when using lemon was "colossal." A kind of "sensorial
+intoxication" could be produced by the inhalation of odors and the whole
+system stimulated to greater activity; the visual acuity was increased,
+and electric and general excitability heightened.[28] Such effects may be
+obtained in perfectly healthy persons, though both Shields and Fere have
+found that in highly nervous persons the effects are liable to be much
+greater. It is doubtless on this account that it is among civilized
+peoples that attention is chiefly directed to perfumes, and that under the
+conditions of modern life the interest in olfaction and its study has been
+revived.
+
+It is the genuinely stimulant qualities of odorous substances which led to
+the widespread use of the more potent among them by ancient physicians,
+and has led a few modern physicians to employ them still. Thus, vanilla,
+according to Eloy, deserves to be much more frequently used
+therapeutically than it is, on account of its excitomotor properties; he
+states that its qualities as an excitant of sexual desire have long been
+recognized and that Fonssagrives used to prescribe it for sexual
+frigidity.[29]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[26] The opinions of psychologists concerning the aesthetic significance of
+smell, not on the whole very favorable, are brought together and discussed
+by J.V. Volkelt, "Der AEsthetische Wert der niederen Sinne," _Zeitschrift
+fuer Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane_, 1902, ht. 3.
+
+[27] T.E. Shields, "The Effect of Odors, etc., upon the Blood-flow,"
+_Journal of Experimental Medicine_, vol. i, November, 1896. In France, O.
+Henry and Tardif have made somewhat similar experiments on respiration and
+circulation. See the latter's _Les Odeurs et les Parfums_, Chapter III.
+
+[28] Fere, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter VI; ib., _Comptes Rendus de
+la Societe de Biologie_, November 3, December 15 and 22, 1900.
+
+[29] Eloy, art. "Vanille," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences
+Medicales_.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Specific Body Odors of Various Peoples--The Negro, etc.--The
+European--The Ability to Distinguish Individuals by Smell--The Odor of
+Sanctity--The Odor of Death--The Odors of Different Parts of the Body--The
+Appearance of Specific Odors at Puberty--The Odors of Sexual
+Excitement--The Odors of Menstruation--Body Odors as a Secondary Sexual
+Character--The Custom of Salutation by Smell--The Kiss--Sexual Selection
+by Smell--The Alleged Association between Size of Nose and Sexual
+Vigor--The Probably Intimate Relationship between the Olfactory and
+Genital Spheres--Reflex Influences from the Nose--Reflex Influences from
+the Genital Sphere--Olfactory Hallucinations in Insanity as Related to
+Sexual States--The Olfactive Type--The Sense of Smell in Neurasthenic and
+Allied States--In Certain Poets and Novelists--Olfactory Fetichism--The
+Part Played by Olfaction in Normal Sexual Attraction--In the East,
+etc.--In Modern Europe--The Odor of the Armpit and its Variations--As a
+Sexual and General Stimulant--Body Odors in Civilization Tend to Cause
+Sexual Antipathy unless some Degree of Tumescence is Already Present--The
+Question whether Men or Women are more Liable to Feel Olfactory
+Influences--Women Usually more Attentive to Odors--The Special Interest in
+Odors Felt by Sexual Inverts.
+
+
+In approaching the specifically sexual aspect of odor in the human species
+we may start from the fundamental fact--a fact we seek so far as possible
+to disguise in our ordinary social relations--that all men and women are
+odorous. This is marked among all races. The powerful odor of many, though
+not all, negroes is well known; it is by no means due to uncleanly habits,
+and Joest remarks that it is even increased by cleanliness, which opens
+the pores of the skin; according to Sir H. Johnston, it is most marked in
+the armpits and is stronger in men than in women. Pruner Bey describes it
+as "ammoniacal and rancid; it is like the odor of the he-goat." The odor
+varies not only individually, but according to the tribe; Castellani
+states that the negress of the Congo has merely a slight "_gout de
+noisette_" which is agreeable rather than otherwise. Monbuttu women,
+according to Parke, have a strong Gorgonzola perfume, and Emin told Parke
+that he could distinguish the members of different tribes by their
+characteristic odor. In the same way the Nicobarese, according to Man, can
+distinguish a member of each of the six tribes of the archipelago by
+smell. The odor of Australian blacks is less strong than that of negroes
+and has been described as of a phosphoric character. The South American
+Indians, d'Orbigny stated, have an odor stronger than that of Europeans,
+though not as strong as most negroes; it is marked, Latcham states, even
+among those who, like the Araucanos, bathe constantly. The Chinese have a
+musky odor. The odor of many peoples is described as being of garlic.[30]
+
+A South Sea Islander, we are told by Charles de Varigny, on coming to
+Sydney and seeing the ladies walking about the streets and apparently
+doing nothing, expressed much astonishment, adding, with a gesture of
+contempt, "and they have no smell!" It is by no means true, however, that
+Europeans are odorless. They are, indeed, considerably more odorous than
+are many other races,--for instance, the Japanese,--and there is doubtless
+some association between the greater hairiness of Europeans and their
+marked odor, since the sebaceous glands are part of the hair apparatus. A
+Japanese anthropologist, Adachi, has published an interesting study on the
+odor of Europeans,[31] which he describes as a strong and pungent
+smell,--sometimes sweet, sometimes bitter,--of varying strength in
+different individuals, absent in children and the aged, and having its
+chief focus in the armpits, which, however carefully they are washed,
+immediately become odorous again. Adachi has found that the sweat-glands
+are larger in Europeans than in the Japanese, among whom a strong personal
+odor is so uncommon that "armpit stink" is a disqualification for the
+army. It is certainly true that the white races smell less strongly than
+most of the dark races, odor seeming to be correlated to some extent with
+intensity of pigmentation, as well as with hairiness; but even the most
+scrupulously clean Europeans all smell. This fact may not always be
+obvious to human nostrils, apart from intimate contact, but it is well
+known to dogs, to whom their masters are recognizable by smell. When Hue
+traveled in Tibet in Chinese disguise he was not detected by the natives,
+but the dogs recognized him as a foreigner by his smell and barked at him.
+Many Chinese can tell by smell when a European has been in a room.[32]
+There are, however, some Europeans who can recognize and distinguish their
+friends by smell. The case has been recorded of a man who with bandaged
+eyes could recognize his acquaintances, at the distance of several paces,
+the moment they entered the room. In another case a deaf and blind mute
+woman in Massachusetts knew all her acquaintances by smell, and could sort
+linen after it came from the wash by the odor alone. Governesses have been
+known to be able when blindfolded to recognize the ownership of their
+pupil's garments by smell; such a case is known to me. Such odor is
+usually described as being agreeable, but not one person in fifty, it is
+stated, is able to distinguish it with sufficient precision to use it as a
+method of recognition. Among some races, however this aptitude would
+appear to be better developed. Dr. C.S. Myers at Sarawak noted that his
+Malay boy sorted the clean linen according to the skin-odor of the
+wearer.[33] Chinese servants are said to do the same, as well as
+Australians and natives of Luzon.[34]
+
+    Although the distinctively individual odor of most persons is not
+    sufficiently marked to be generally perceptible, there are cases
+    in which it is more distinct to all nostrils. The most famous
+    case of this kind is that of Alexander the Great, who, according
+    to Plutarch, exhaled so sweet an odor that his tunics were soaked
+    with aromatic perfume (_Convivalium Disputationum_, lib. I,
+    quest. 6). Malherbe, Cujas, and Haller are said to have diffused
+    a musky odor. The agreeable odor of Walt Whitman has been
+    remarked by Kennedy and others. The perfume exhaled by many holy
+    men and women, so often noted by ancient writers (discussed by
+    Goerres in the second volume of his _Christliche Mystik_) and
+    which has entered into current phraseology as a merely
+    metaphorical "odor of sanctity," was doubtless due, as Hammond
+    first pointed out, to abnormal nervous conditions, for it is well
+    known that such conditions affect the odor, and in insanity, for
+    instance, the presence is noted of bodily odors which have
+    sometimes even been considered of diagnostic importance. J.B.
+    Friedreich, _Allgemeine Diagnostik der Psychischen Krankheiten_,
+    second edition, 1832, pp. 9-10, quotes passages from various
+    authors on this point, which he accepts; various writers of more
+    recent date have made similar observations.
+
+    The odor of sanctity was specially noted at death, and was
+    doubtless confused with the _odor mortis_, which frequently
+    precedes death and by some is regarded as an almost certain
+    indication of its approach. In the _British Medical Journal_, for
+    May and June, 1898, will be found letters from several
+    correspondents substantiating this point. One of these
+    correspondents (Dr. Tuckey, of Tywardwreath, Cornwall) mentions
+    that he has in Cornwall often seen ravens flying over houses in
+    which persons lay dying, evidently attracted by a characteristic
+    odor.
+
+It must be borne in mind, however, that, while every person has, to a
+sensitive nose, a distinguishing odor, we must regard that odor either as
+but one of the various sensations given off by the body, or else as a
+combination of two or more of these emanations. The body in reality gives
+off a number of different odors. The most important of these are: (1) the
+general skin odor, a faint, but agreeable, fragrance often to be detected
+on the skin even immediately after washing; (2) the smell of the hair and
+scalp; (3) the odor of the breath; (4) the odor of the armpit; (5) the
+odor of the feet; (6) the perineal odor; (7) in men the odor of the
+preputial smegma; (8) in women the odor of the mons veneris, that of
+vulvar smegma, that of vaginal mucus, and the menstrual odor. All these
+are odors which may usually be detected, though sometimes only in a very
+faint degree, in healthy and well-washed persons under normal conditions.
+It is unnecessary here to take into account the special odors of various
+secretions and excretions.[35]
+
+It is a significant fact, both as regards the ancestral sexual connections
+of the body odors and their actual sexual associations to-day, that, as
+Hippocrates long ago noted, it is not until puberty that they assume their
+adult characteristics. The infant, the adult, the aged person, each has
+his own kind of smell, and, as Monin remarks, it might be possible, within
+certain limits, to discover the age of a person by his odor. Jorg in 1832
+pointed out that in girls the appearance of a specific smell of the
+excreta indicates the establishment of puberty, and Kaan, in his
+_Psychopathia Sexualis_, remarked that at puberty "the sweat gives out a
+more acrid odor resembling musk." In both sexes puberty, adolescence,
+early manhood and womanhood are marked by a gradual development of the
+adult odor of skin and excreta, in general harmony with the secondary
+sexual development of hair and pigment. Venturi, indeed, has, not without
+reason, described the odor of the body as a secondary sexual
+character.[36] It may be added that, as is the case with the pigment in
+various parts of the body in women, some of these odors tend to become
+exaggerated in sympathy with sexual and other emotional states.
+
+    The odor of the infant is said to be of butyric acid; that of old
+    people to resemble dry leaves. Continent young men have been said
+    by many ancient writers to smell more strongly than the unchaste,
+    and some writers have described as "seminal odor"--an odor
+    resembling that of animals in heat, faintly recalling that of the
+    he-goat, according to Venturi--the exhalations of the skin at
+    such times.
+
+    During sexual excitement, as women can testify, a man very
+    frequently, if not normally, gives out an odor which, as usually
+    described, proceeds from the skin, the breath, or both. Grimaldi
+    states that it is as of rancid butter; others say it resembles
+    chloroform. It is said to be sometimes perceptible for a distance
+    of several feet and to last for several hours after coitus.
+    (Various quotations are given by Gould and Pyle, _Anomalies and
+    Curiosities of Medicine_, section on "Human Odors," pp. 397-403.)
+    St. Philip Neri is said to have been able to recognize a chaste
+    man by smell.
+
+    During menstruation girls and young women frequently give off an
+    odor which is quite distinct from that of the menstrual fluid,
+    and is specially marked in the breath, which may smell of
+    chloroform or violets. Pouchet (confirmed by Raciborski, _Traite
+    de la Menstruation_, 1868, p. 74) stated that about a day before
+    the onset of menstruation a characteristic smell is exuded.
+    Menstruating girls are also said sometimes to give off a smell of
+    leather. Aubert, of Lyons (as quoted by Galopin), describes the
+    odor of the skin of a woman during menstruation as an agreeable
+    aromatic or acidulous perfume of chloroform character. By some
+    this is described as emanating especially from the armpits.
+    Sandras (quoted by Raciborski) knew a lady who could always tell
+    by a sensation of faintness and _malaise_--apparently due to a
+    sensation of smell--when she was in contact with a menstruating
+    woman. I am acquainted with a man, having strong olfactory
+    sympathies and antipathies, who detects the presence of
+    menstruation by smell. It is said that Hortense Bare, who
+    accompanied her lover, the botanist Commerson, to the Pacific
+    disguised as a man, was recognized by the natives as a woman by
+    means of smell.
+
+    Women, like men, frequently give out an odor during coitus or
+    strong sexual excitement. This odor may be entirely different
+    from that normally emanating from the woman, of an acid or
+    hircine character, and sufficiently strong to remain in a room
+    for a considerable period. Many of the ancient medical writers
+    (as quoted by Schurigius, _Parthenologia_, p. 286) described the
+    goaty smell produced by venery, especially in women; they
+    regarded it as specially marked in harlots and in the newly
+    married, and sometimes even considered it a certain sign of
+    defloration. The case has been recorded of a woman who emitted a
+    rose odor for two days after coitus (McBride, quoted by Kiernan
+    in an interesting summary, "Odor in Pathology," _Doctor's
+    Magazine_, December, 1900). There was, it is said (_Journal des
+    Savans_ 1684, p. 39, quoting from the _Journal d'Angleterre_) a
+    monk in Prague who could recognize by smell the chastity of the
+    women who approached him. (This monk, it is added, when he died,
+    was composing a new science of odors.)
+
+    Gustav Klein (as quoted by Adler, _Die Mangelhafte
+    Geschlechtsempfindungen des Weibes_, p. 25) argues that the
+    special function of the glands at the vulvar orifice--the
+    _glandulae vestibulares majores_--is to give out an odorous
+    secretion to act as an attraction to the male, this relic of
+    sexual periodicity no longer, however, playing an important part
+    in the human species. The vulvar secretion, however, it may be
+    added, still has a more aromatic odor than the vaginal secretion,
+    with its simple mucous odor, very clearly perceived during
+    parturition.
+
+    It may be added that we still know extremely little concerning
+    the sexual odors of women among primitive peoples. Ploss and
+    Bartels are only able to bring forward (_Das Weib_, 1901, bd. 1,
+    p. 218) a statement concerning the women of New Caledonia, who,
+    according to Moncelon, when young and ardent, give out during
+    coitus a powerful odor which no ablution will remove. In abnormal
+    states of sexual excitement such odor may be persistent, and,
+    according to an ancient observation, a nymphomaniac, whose
+    periods of sexual excitement lasted all through the spring-time,
+    at these periods always emitted a goatlike odor. It has been said
+    (G. Tourdes, art. "Aphrodisie," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des
+    Sciences Medicales_) that the erotic temperament is characterized
+    by a special odor.
+
+If the body odors tend to develop at puberty, to be maintained during
+sexual life, especially in sympathy with conditions of sexual disturbance,
+and to become diminished in old age, being thus a kind of secondary sexual
+character, we should expect them to be less marked in those cases in which
+the primary sexual characters are less marked. It is possible that this is
+actually the case. Hagen, in his _Sexuelle Osphresiologie_, quotes from
+Roubaud's _Traite de l'Impuissance_ the statement that the body odor of
+the castrated differs from that of normal individuals. Burdach had
+previously stated that the odor of the eunuch is less marked than that of
+the normal man.
+
+It is thus possible that defective sexual development tends to be
+associated with corresponding olfactory defect. Heschl[37] has reported a
+case in which absence of both olfactory nerves coincided with defective
+development of the sexual organs. Fere remarks that the impotent show a
+repugnance for sexual odors. Dr. Kiernan informs me that in women after
+ooephorectomy he has noted a tendency to diminished (and occasionally
+increased) sense of smell. These questions, however, await more careful
+and extended observation.
+
+A very significant transition from the phenomena of personal odor to those
+of sexual attraction by personal odor is to be found in the fact that
+among the peoples inhabiting a large part of the world's surface the
+ordinary salutation between friends is by mutual smelling of the person.
+In some form or another the method of salutation by applying the nose to
+the nose, face, or hand of a friend in greeting is found throughout a
+large part of the Pacific, among the Papuans, the Eskimo, the hill tribes
+of India, in Africa, and elsewhere.[38] Thus, among a certain hill tribe
+in India, according to Lewin, they smell a friend's cheek: "in their
+language, they do not say, 'Give me a kiss,' but they say 'Smell me.'" And
+on the Gambia, according to F. Moore, "When the men salute the women,
+they, instead of shaking their hands, put it up to their noses, and smell
+twice to the back of it." Here we have very clearly a recognition of the
+emotional value of personal odor widely prevailing throughout the world.
+The salutation on an olfactory basis may, indeed, be said to be more
+general than the salutation on a tactile basis on which European
+handshaking rests, each form involving one of the two most intimate and
+emotional senses. The kiss may be said to be a development proceeding both
+from the olfactory and the tactile bases, with perhaps some other elements
+as well, and is too complex to be regarded as a phenomenon of either
+purely tactile or purely olfactory origin.[39]
+
+As the sole factor in sexual selection olfaction must be rare. It is said
+that Asiatic princes have sometimes caused a number of the ladies to race
+in the seraglio garden until they were heated; their garments have then
+been brought to the prince, who has selected one of them solely by the
+odor.[40] There was here a sexual selection mainly by odor. Any exclusive
+efficacy of the olfactory sense is rare, not so much because the
+impressions of this sense are inoperative, but because agreeable personal
+odors are not sufficiently powerful, and the olfactory organ is too
+obtuse, to enable smell to take precedence of sight. Nevertheless, in many
+people, it is probable that certain odors, especially those that are
+correlated with a healthy and sexually desirable person, tend to be
+agreeable; they are fortified by their association with the loved person,
+sometimes to an irresistible degree; and their potency is doubtless
+increased by the fact, to which reference has already been made, that many
+odors, including some bodily odors, are nervous stimulants.
+
+It is possible that the sexual associations of odors have been still
+further fortified by a tendency to correlation between a high development
+of the olfactory organ and a high development of the sexual apparatus. An
+association between a large nose and a large male organ is a very ancient
+observation and has been verified occasionally in recent times. There is
+normally at puberty a great increase in the septum of the nose, and it is
+quite conceivable, in view of the sympathy, which, as we shall see,
+certainly exists between the olfactory and sexual region, that the two
+regions may develop together under a common influence.
+
+    The Romans firmly believed in the connection between a large nose
+    and a large penis. "Noscitur e naso quanta sit hasta viro,"
+    stated Ovid. This belief continued to prevail, especially in
+    Italy, through the middle ages; the physiognomists made much of
+    it, and licentious women (like Joanna of Naples) were, it
+    appears, accustomed to bear it in mind, although disappointment
+    is recorded often to have followed. (See e.g., the quotations and
+    references given by J.N. Mackenzie, "Physiological and
+    Pathological Relations between the Nose and the Sexual Apparatus
+    in Man." _Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, No. 82, January,
+    1898; also Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphresiologie_, pp. 15-19.) A
+    similar belief as to the association between the sexual impulse
+    in women and a long nose was evidently common in England in the
+    sixteenth century, for in Massinger's _Emperor of the East_ (Act
+    II, Scene I) we read,
+
+        "Her nose, which by its length assures me
+        Of storms at midnight if I fail to pay her
+        The tribute she expects."
+
+    At the present day, a proverb of the Venetian people still
+    embodies the belief in the connection between a large nose and a
+    large sexual member.
+
+    The probability that such an association tends in many cases to
+    prevail is indicated not only by the beliefs of antiquity, when
+    more careful attention was paid to these matters, but by the
+    testimony of various modern observers, although it does not
+    appear that any series of exact observations have yet been made.
+
+    It may be noted that Marro, in his careful anthropological study
+    of criminals (_I Caratteri dei Delinquenti_), found no class of
+    criminals with so large a proportion alike of anomalies of the
+    nose and anomalies of the genital organs as sexual offenders.
+
+However this may be, it is less doubtful that there is a very intimate
+relation both in men and women between the olfactory mucous membrane of
+the nose and the whole genital apparatus, that they frequently show a
+sympathetic action, that influences acting on the genital sphere will
+affect the nose, and occasionally, it is probable, influences acting on
+the nose reflexly affect the genital sphere. To discuss these
+relationships would here be out of place, since specialists are not
+altogether in agreement concerning the matter. A few are inclined to
+regard the association as extremely intimate, so that each region is
+sensitive even to slight stimuli applied to the other region, while, on
+the other hand, many authorities ignore altogether the question of the
+relationship. It would appear, however, that there really is, in a
+considerable number of people at all events, a reflex connection of this
+kind. It has especially been noted that in many cases congestion of the
+nose precedes menstruation.
+
+Bleeding of the nose is specially apt to occur at puberty and during
+adolescence, while in women it may take the place of menstruation and is
+sometimes more apt to occur at the menstrual periods; disorders of the
+nose have also been found to be aggravated at these periods. It has even
+been possible to control bleeding of the nose, both in men and women, by
+applying ice to the sexual regions. In both men and women, again, cases
+have been recorded in which sexual excitement, whether of coitus or
+masturbation, has been followed by bleeding of the nose. In numerous cases
+it is followed by slight congestive conditions of the nasal passages and
+especially by sneezing. Various authors have referred to this phenomenon;
+I am acquainted with a lady in whom it is fairly constant.[41] Fere
+records the case of a lady, a nervous subject, who began to experience
+intense spontaneous sexual excitement shortly after marriage, accompanied
+by much secretion from the nose.[42] J.N. Mackenzie is acquainted with a
+number of such cases, and he considers that the popular expression
+"bride's cold" indicates that this effect of strong sexual excitement is
+widely recognized.
+
+    The late Professor Hack, of Freiburg, in 1884, called general
+    medical attention to the intimate connection between the nose and
+    states of nervous hyperexcitability in various parts of the body,
+    although such a connection had been recognized for many centuries
+    in medical literature. While Hack and his disciples thus gave
+    prominence to this association, they undoubtedly greatly
+    exaggerated its importance and significance. (Sir Felix Semon,
+    _British Medical Journal_, November 9, 1901.) Even many workers
+    who have more recently further added to our knowledge have also,
+    as sometimes happens with enthusiasts, unduly strained their own
+    data. Starting from the fact that in women during menstruation
+    examination of the nose reveals a degree of congestion not found
+    during the rest of the month, Fliess (_Die Beziehungen zwischen
+    Nase und Weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen_, 1897), with the help of
+    a number of elaborate and prolonged observations, has reached
+    conclusions which, while they seem to be hazardous at some
+    points, have certainly contributed to build up our knowledge of
+    this obscure subject. Schiff (_Wiener klinische Wochenschrift_,
+    1900, p. 58, summarized in _British Medical Journal_, February
+    16, 1901), starting from a skeptical standpoint, has confirmed
+    some of Fliess's results, and in a large number of cases
+    controlled painful menstruation by painting with cocaine the
+    so-called "genital spots" in the nose, all possibility of
+    suggestion being avoided. Ries, of Chicago, has been similarly
+    successful with the method of Fliess (_American Gynaecology_, vol.
+    iii, No. 4, 1903). Benedikt (_Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift_,
+    No. 8, 1901, summarized in _Journal of Medical Science_, October,
+    1901), while pointing out that the nose is not the only organ in
+    sympathetic relation with the sexual sphere, suggests that the
+    mechanism of the relationship is involved in the larger problem
+    of the harmony in growth and in nutrition of the different parts
+    of the organism. In this way, probably, we may attach
+    considerable significance to the existence of a kind of erectile
+    tissue in the nose.
+
+    An interesting example of a reflex influence from the nose
+    affecting the genital sphere has been brought forward by Dr. E.S.
+    Talbot, of Chicago: "A 56-year-old man was operated on
+    (September 1, 1903) for the removal of the left cartilage of the
+    septum of the nose owing to a previous traumatic fracture at the
+    sixteenth year. No pain was experienced until two years ago, when
+    a continual soreness occurred at the apical end of the fracture
+    during the winter months. The operation was decided upon fearing
+    more serious complications. The parts were cocainized. No pain
+    was experienced in the operation except at one point at the lower
+    posterior portion near the floor of the nose. A profound shock to
+    the general system followed. The reflex influence of the pain
+    upon the genital organs caused semen to flow continually for
+    three weeks. Treatment of general motor irritability with camphor
+    monobromate and conium, on consultation with Dr. Kiernan, checked
+    the flow. The discharge produced spinal neurasthenia. The legs
+    and feet felt heavy. Erythromelalgia caused uneasiness. The
+    patient walked with difficulty. The tired feeling in the feet and
+    limbs was quite noticeable four months after the operation,
+    although the pain had, to a great extent diminished." (Chicago
+    Academy of Medicine, January, 1904, and private letter.)
+
+    J.N. Mackenzie has brought together a great many original
+    observations, together with interesting quotations from old
+    medical literature, in his two papers: "The Pathological Nasal
+    Reflex" (_New York Medical Journal_, August 20, 1887) and "The
+    Physiological and Pathological Relations between the Nose and the
+    Sexual Apparatus of Man" (_Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_,
+    January 1, 1898). A number of cases have also been brought
+    together from the literature by G. Endriss in his Inaugural
+    Dissertation, _Die bisherigen Beobachtungen von Physiologischen
+    und Pathologischen Beziehungen der oberen Luftwege zu den
+    Sexualorganen_, Teil. II, Wuerzburg, 1892.
+
+The intimate association between the sexual centers and the olfactory
+tract is well illustrated by the fact that this primitive and ancient
+association tends to come to the surface in insanity. It is recognized by
+many alienists that insanity of a sexual character is specially liable to
+be associated with hallucinations of smell.
+
+    Many eminent alienists in various countries are very decidedly of
+    the opinion that there is a special tendency to the association
+    of olfactory hallucinations with sexual manifestations, and,
+    although one or two authorities have expressed doubt on the
+    matter, the available evidence clearly indicates such an
+    association. Hallucinations of smell are comparatively rare as
+    compared to hallucinations of sight and hearing; they are
+    commoner in women than in men and they not infrequently occur at
+    periods of sexual disturbance, at adolescence, in puerperal
+    fever, at the change of life, in women with ovarian troubles, and
+    in old people troubled with sexual desires or remorse for such
+    desires. They have often been noted as specially frequent in
+    cases of excessive masturbation.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing, who found olfactory hallucinations common in
+    various sexual states, considers that they are directly dependent
+    on sexual excitement (_Allgemeine Zeitschrift fuer Psychiatrie_,
+    bd. 34, ht. 4, 1877). Conolly Norman believes in a distinct and
+    frequent association between olfactory hallucinations and sexual
+    disturbance (_Journal of Mental Science_, July, 1899, p. 532).
+    Savage is also impressed by the close association between sexual
+    disturbance or changes in the reproductive organs and
+    hallucinations of smell as well as of touch. He has found that
+    persistent hallucinations of smell disappeared when a diseased
+    ovary was removed, although the patient remained insane. He
+    considers that such hallucinations of smell are allied to
+    reversions. (G.H. Savage, "Smell, Hallucinations of," Tuke's
+    _Dictionary of Psychological Medicine_; cf. the same author's
+    manual of _Insanity and Allied Neuroses_.) Matusch, while not
+    finding olfactory hallucinations common at the climacteric,
+    states that when they are present they are connected with uterine
+    trouble and sexual craving. He finds them more common in young
+    women. (Matusch, "Der Einfluss des Climacterium auf Entstchung
+    und Form der Geistesstoerung," _Allgemeine Zeitschrift fuer
+    Psychiatrie_, vol. xlvi, ht. 4). Fere has related a significant
+    case of a young man in whom hallucinations of smell accompanied
+    the sexual orgasm; he subsequently developed epilepsy, to which
+    the hallucination then constituted the aura (_Comptes Rendus de
+    la Societe de Biologie_, December, 1896). The prevalence of a
+    sexual element in olfactory hallucinations has been investigated
+    by Bullen, who examined into 95 cases of hallucinations of smell
+    among the patients in several asylums. (In a few cases there were
+    reasons for believing that peripheral conditions existed which
+    would render these hallucinations more strictly illusions.) Of
+    these, 64 were women. Sixteen of the women were climacteric
+    cases, and 3 of them had sexual hallucinations or delusions.
+    Fourteen other women (chiefly cases of chronic delusional
+    insanity) had sexual delusions. Altogether, 31 men and women had
+    sexual delusions. This is a large proportion. Bullen is not,
+    however, inclined to admit any direct connection between the
+    reproductive system and the sense of smell. He finds that other
+    hallucinations are very frequently associated with the olfactory
+    hallucinations, and considers that the co-existence of olfactory
+    and sexual troubles simply indicates a very deep and widespread
+    nervous disturbance. (F. St. John Bullen, "Olfactory
+    Hallucinations in the Insane," _Journal of Mental Science_, July,
+    1899.) In order to elucidate the matter fully we require further
+    precise inquiries on the lines Bullen has laid down.
+
+    It may be of interest to note, in this connection, that smell and
+    taste hallucinations appear to be specially frequent in forms of
+    religious insanity. Thus, Dr. Zurcher, in her inaugural
+    dissertation on Joan of Arc (_Jeanne d'Arc_, Leipzig, 1895, p.
+    72), estimates that on the average in such insanity nearly 50 per
+    cent, of the hallucinations affect smell and taste; she refers
+    also to the olfactory hallucinations of great religious leaders,
+    Francis of Assisi, Katherina Emmerich, Lazzaretti, and the
+    Anabaptists.
+
+It may well be, as Zwaardemaker has suggested in his _Physiologie des
+Geruchs_, that the nasal congestion at menstruation and similar phenomena
+are connected with that association of smell and sexuality which is
+observable throughout the whole animal world, and that the congestion
+brings about a temporary increase of olfactory sensitiveness during the
+stage of sexual excitation.[43] Careful investigation of olfactory
+acuteness would reveal the existence of such menstrual heightening of its
+acuity.
+
+In a few exceptional, but still quite healthy people, smell would appear
+to possess an emotional predominance which it cannot be said to possess in
+the average person. These exceptional people are of what Binet in his
+study of sexual fetichism calls olfactive type; such persons form a group
+which, though of smaller size and less importance, is fairly comparable to
+the well-known groups of visual type, of auditory type, and of psychomotor
+type. Such people would be more attentive to odors, more moved by
+olfactory sympathies and antipathies, than are ordinary people. For these,
+it may well be, the supremacy accorded to olfactory influences in Jaeger's
+_Entdeckung der Seele_, though extravagantly incorrect for ordinary
+persons, may appear quite reasonable.
+
+It is certain also that a great many neurasthenic people, and
+particularly those who are sexually neurasthenic, are peculiarly
+susceptible to olfactory influences. A number of eminent poets and
+novelists--especially, it would appear, in France--seem to be in this
+case. Baudelaire, of all great poets, has most persistently and most
+elaborately emphasized the imaginative and emotional significance of odor;
+the _Fleurs du Mal_ and many of the _Petits Poemes en Prose_ are, from
+this point of view, of great interest. There can be no doubt that in
+Baudelaire's own imaginative and emotional life the sense of smell played
+a highly important part; and that, in his own words, odor was to him what
+music is to others. Throughout Zola's novels--and perhaps more especially
+in _La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret_--there is an extreme insistence on odors of
+every kind. Prof. Leopold Bernard wrote an elaborate study of this aspect
+of Zola's work[44]; he believed that underlying Zola's interest in odors
+there was an abnormally keen olfactory sensibility and large development
+of the olfactory region of the brain. Such a supposition is, however,
+unnecessary, and, as a matter of fact, a careful examination of Zola's
+olfactory sensibility, conducted by M. Passy, showed that it was somewhat
+below normal.[45] At the same time it was shown that Zola was really a
+person of olfactory psychic type, with a special attention to odors and a
+special memory for them; as is frequently the case with perfumers with
+less than normal olfactory acuity he possessed a more than normal power of
+discriminating odors; it is possible that in early life his olfactory
+acuity may also have been above normal. In the same way Nietzsche, in his
+writings, shows a marked sensibility, and especially antipathy, as regards
+odors, which has by some been regarded as an index to a real physical
+sensibility of abnormal keenness; according to Moebius, however, there was
+no reason for supposing this to be the case.[46] Huysmans, who throughout
+his books reveals a very intense preoccupation with the exact shades of
+many kinds of sensory impressions, and an apparently abnormally keen
+sensibility to them, has shown a great interest in odors, more especially
+in an oft-quoted passage in _A Rebours_. The blind Milton of "Paradise
+Lost" (as the late Mr. Grant Allen once remarked to me), dwells much on
+scents; in this case it is doubtless to the blindness and not to any
+special organic predisposition that we must attribute this direction of
+sensory attention.[47] Among our older English poets, also, Herrick
+displays a special interest in odors with a definite realization of their
+sexual attractiveness.[48] Shelley, who was alive to so many of the
+unusual aesthetic aspects of things, often shows an enthusiastic delight in
+odors, more especially those of flowers. It may, indeed, be said that most
+poets--though to a less degree than those I have mentioned--devote a
+special attention to odors, and, since it has been possible to describe
+smell as the sense of imagination, this need not surprise us. That
+Shakespeare, for instance, ranked this sense very high indeed is shown by
+various passages in his works and notably by Sonnet LIV: "O, how much more
+doth beauty beauteous seem?"--in which he implicitly places the attraction
+of odor on at least as high a level as that of vision.[49]
+
+A neurasthenic sensitiveness to odors, specially sexual odors, is
+frequently accompanied by lack of sexual vigor. In this way we may account
+for the numerous cases in which old men in whom sexual desire survives the
+loss of virile powers--probably somewhat abnormal persons at the
+outset--find satisfaction in sexual odors. Here, also, we have the basis
+for olfactory fetichism. In such fetichism the odor of the woman alone,
+whoever she may be and however unattractive she may be, suffices to
+furnish complete sexual satisfaction. In many, although not all, of those
+cases in which articles of women's clothing become the object of
+fetichistic attraction, there is certainly an olfactory element due to the
+personal odor attaching to the garments.[50]
+
+    Olfactory influences play a certain part in various sexually
+    abnormal tendencies and practices which do not proceed from an
+    exclusively olfactory fascination. Thus, _cunnilingus_ and
+    _fellatio_ derive part of their attraction, more especially in
+    some individuals, from a predilection for the odors of the sexual
+    parts. (See, e.g., Moll, _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido
+    Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 134.) In many cases smell plays no part in
+    the attraction; "I enjoy _cunnilingus_, if I like the girl very
+    much," a correspondent writes, "_in spite_ of the smell." We may
+    associate this impulse with the prevalence of these practices
+    among sexual inverts, in whom olfactory attractions are often
+    specially marked. Those individuals, also, who are sexually
+    affected by the urinary and alvine excretions ("_renifleurs_,"
+    "_stereoraires_," etc.) are largely, though not necessarily
+    altogether, moved by olfactory impressions. The attraction was,
+    however, exclusively olfactory in the case of the young woman
+    recorded by Moraglia (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1892, p. 267),
+    who was irresistibly excited by the odor of the fermented urine
+    of men, and possibly also in the case narrated to Moraglia by
+    Prof. L. Bianchi (ib. p. 568), in which a wife required flatus
+    from her husband.
+
+    The sexual pleasure derived from partial strangulation (discussed
+    in the study of "Love and Pain" in a previous volume) may be
+    associated with heightened olfactory sexual excitation. Dr.
+    Kiernan, who points this out to me, has investigated a few
+    neuropathic patients who like to have their necks squeezed, as
+    they express it, and finds that in the majority the olfactory
+    sensibility is thus intensified.
+
+Even in ordinary normal persons, however, there can be no doubt that
+personal odor tends to play a not inconsiderable part in sexual
+attractions and sexual repulsions. As a sexual excitant, indeed, it comes
+far behind the stimuli received through the sense of sight. The
+comparative bluntness of the sense of smell in man makes it difficult for
+olfactory influence to be felt, as a rule, until the preliminaries of
+courtship are already over; so that it is impossible for smell ever to
+possess the same significance in sexual attraction in man that it
+possesses in the lower animals. With that reservation there can be no
+doubt that odor has a certain favorable or unfavorable influence in sexual
+relationships in all human races from the lowest to the highest. The
+Polynesian spoke with contempt of those women of European race who "have
+no smell," and in view of the pronounced personal odor of so many savage
+peoples as well as of the careful attention which they so often pay to
+odors, we may certainly assume, even in the absence of much definite
+evidence, that smell counts for much in their sexual relationships. This
+is confirmed by such practices as that found among some primitive
+peoples--as, it is stated, in the Philippines--of lovers exchanging their
+garments to have the smell of the loved one about them. In the barbaric
+stages of society this element becomes self-conscious and is clearly
+avowed; personal odors are constantly described with complacency,
+sometimes as mingled with the lavish use of artificial perfumes, in much
+of the erotic literature produced in the highest stages of barbarism,
+especially by Eastern peoples living in hot climates; it is only necessary
+to refer to the _Song of Songs_, the _Arabian Nights_, and the Indian
+treatises on love. Even in some parts of Europe the same influence is
+recognized in the crudest animal form, and Krauss states that among the
+Southern Slavs it is sometimes customary to leave the sexual parts
+unwashed because a strong odor of these parts is regarded as a sexual
+stimulant. Under the usual conditions of life in Europe personal odor has
+sunk into the background; this has been so equally under the conditions of
+classic, mediaeval, and modern life. Personal odor has been generally
+regarded as unaesthetic; it has, for the most part, only been mentioned to
+be reprobated, and even those poets and others who during recent centuries
+have shown a sensitive delight and interest in odors--Herrick, Shelley,
+Baudelaire, Zola, and Huysmans--have seldom ventured to insist that a
+purely natural and personal odor can be agreeable. The fact that it may be
+so, and that for most people such odors cannot be a matter of indifference
+in the most intimate of all relationships, is usually only to be learned
+casually and incidentally. There can be no doubt, however, that, as
+Kiernan points out, the extent to which olfaction influences the sexual
+sphere in civilized man has been much underestimated. We need not,
+therefore, be surprised at the greater interest which has recently been
+taken in this subject. As usually happens, indeed, there has been in some
+writers a tendency to run to the opposite extreme, and we cannot, with
+Gustav Jaeger, regard the sexual instinct as mainly or altogether an
+olfactory matter.
+
+    Of the Padmini, the perfect woman, the "lotus woman," Hindu
+    writers say that "her sweat has the odor of musk," while the
+    vulgar woman, they say, smells of fish (_Kama Sutra of
+    Vatsyayana_). Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, 1901, p. 218) bring
+    forward a passage from the Tamil _Kokkogam_, minutely describing
+    various kinds of sexual odor in women, which they regard as
+    resting on sound observation.
+
+    Four things in a woman, says the Arab, should be perfumed: the
+    mouth, the armpits, the pudenda, and the nose. The Persian poets,
+    in describing the body, delighted to use metaphors involving
+    odor. Not only the hair and the down on the face, but the chin,
+    the mouth, the beauty spots, the neck, all suggested odorous
+    images. The epithets applied to the hair frequently refer to
+    musk, ambergris, and civet. (_Anis El-Ochchaq_ translated by
+    Huart, _Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes_, fasc. 25,
+    1875.)
+
+    The Hebrew _Song of Songs_ furnishes a typical example of a very
+    beautiful Eastern love-poem in which the importance of the appeal
+    to the sense of smell is throughout emphasized. There are in this
+    short poem as many as twenty-four fairly definite references to
+    odors,--personal odors, perfumes, and flowers,--while numerous
+    other references to flowers, etc., seem to point to olfactory
+    associations. Both the lover and his sweetheart express pleasure
+    in each other's personal odor.
+
+        "My beloved is unto me," she sings, "as a bag of myrrh
+        That lieth between my breasts;
+        My beloved is unto me as a cluster of henna flowers
+        In the vineyard of En-gedi."
+
+    And again: "His cheeks are as a bed of spices [or balsam], as
+    banks of sweet herbs." While of her he says: "The smell of thy
+    breath [or nose] is like apples."
+
+    Greek and Roman antiquity, which has so largely influenced the
+    traditions of modern Europe, was lavish in the use of perfumes,
+    but showed no sympathy with personal odors. For the Roman
+    satirists, like Martial, a personal odor is nearly always an
+    unpleasant odor, though, there are a few allusions in classic
+    literature recognizing bodily smell as a sexual attraction. Ovid,
+    in his _Ars Amandi_ (Book III), says it is scarcely necessary to
+    remind a lady that she must not keep a goat in her armpits: "_ne
+    trux caper iret in alas_." "_Mulier tum bene olet ubi nihil
+    olet_" is an ancient dictum, and in the sixteenth century
+    Montaigne still repeated the same saying with complete approval.
+
+    A different current of feeling began to appear with the new
+    emotional movement during the eighteenth century. Rousseau called
+    attention to the importance of the olfactory sense, and in his
+    educational work, _Emile_ (Bk. II), he referred to the odor of a
+    woman's "_cabinet de toilette_" as not so feeble a snare as is
+    commonly supposed. In the same century Casanova wrote still more
+    emphatically concerning the same point; in the preface to his
+    _Memoires_ he states: "I have always found sweet the odor of the
+    women I have loved"; and elsewhere: "There is something in the
+    air of the bedroom of the woman one loves, something so intimate,
+    so balsamic, such voluptuous emanations, that if a lover had to
+    choose between Heaven and this place of delight his hesitation
+    would not last for a moment" (_Memoires_, vol. iii). In the
+    previous century, in England, Sir Kenelm Digby, in his
+    interesting and remarkable _Private Memoirs_, when describing a
+    visit to Lady Venetia Stanley, afterward his wife, touches on
+    personal odor as an element of attraction; he had found her
+    asleep in bed and on her breasts "did glisten a few drops of
+    sweatlike diamond sparks, and had a more fragrant odor than the
+    violets or primroses whose season was newly passed."
+
+    In 1821 Cadet-Devaux published, in the _Revue Encyclopedique_, a
+    study entitled "De l'atmosphere de la Femme et de sa Puissance,"
+    which attracted a great deal of attention in Germany as well as
+    in France; he considered that the exhalations of the feminine
+    body are of the first importance in sexual attraction.
+
+    Prof. A. Galopin in 1886 wrote a semiscientific book, _Le Parfum
+    de la Femme_, in which the sexual significance of personal odor
+    is developed to its fullest. He writes with enthusiasm concerning
+    the sweet and health-giving character of the natural perfume of a
+    beloved woman, and the mischief done both to health and love by
+    the use of artificial perfumes. "The purest marriage that can be
+    contracted between a man and a woman," he asserts (p. 157) "is
+    that engendered by olfaction and sanctioned by a common
+    assimilation in the brain of the animated molecules due to the
+    secretion and evaporation of two bodies in contact and sympathy."
+
+    In a book written during the first half of the nineteenth century
+    which contains various subtle observations on love we read, with
+    reference to the sweet odor which poets have found in the breath
+    of women: "In reality many women have an intoxicatingly agreeable
+    breath which plays no small part in the love-compelling
+    atmosphere which they spread around them" (_Eros oder Woerterbuch
+    ueber die Physiologie_, 1849, Bd. 1, p. 45).
+
+    Most of the writers on the psychology of love at this period,
+    however, seem to have passed over the olfactory element in sexual
+    attraction, regarding it probably as too unaesthetic. It receives
+    no emphasis either in Senancour's _De l'Amour_ or Stendhal's _De
+    l'Amour_ or Michelet's _L'Amour_.
+
+    The poets within recent times have frequently referred to odors,
+    personal and other, but the novelists have more rarely done so.
+    Zola and Huysmans, the two novelists who have most elaborately
+    and insistently developed the olfactory side of life, have dwelt
+    more on odors that are repulsive than on those that are
+    agreeable. It is therefore of interest to note that in a few
+    remarkable novels of recent times the attractiveness of personal
+    odor has been emphasized. This is notably so in Tolstoy's _War
+    and Peace_, in which Count Peter suddenly resolves to marry
+    Princess Helena after inhaling her odor at a ball. In
+    d'Annunzio's _Trionfo della Morte_ the seductive and consoling
+    odor of the beloved woman's skin is described in several
+    passages; thus, when Giorgio kissed Ippolita's arms and
+    shoulders, we are told, "he perceived the sharp and yet delicate
+    perfume of her, the perfume of the skin that in the hour of joy
+    became intoxicating as that of the tuberose, and a terrible lash
+    to desire."
+
+When we are dealing with the sexual significance of personal odors in man
+there is at the outset an important difference to be noticed in comparison
+with the lower mammals. Not only is the significance of odor altogether
+very much less, but the focus of olfactory attractiveness has been
+displaced. The centre of olfactory attractiveness is not, as usually among
+animals, in the sexual region, but is transferred to the upper part of the
+body. In this respect the sexual olfactory allurement in man resembles
+what we find in the sphere of vision, for neither the sexual organs of man
+nor of woman are usually beautiful in the eyes of the opposite sex, and
+their exhibition is not among us regarded as a necessary stage in
+courtship. The odor of the body, like its beauty, in so far as it can be
+regarded as a possible sexual allurement, has in the course of development
+been transferred to the upper parts. The careful concealment of the sexual
+region has doubtless favored this transfer. It has thus happened that when
+personal odor acts as a sexual allurement it is the armpit, in any case
+normally the chief focus of odor in the body, which mainly comes into
+play, together with the skin and the hair.
+
+    Aubert, of Lyons, noted that during menstruation the odor of the
+    armpits may become more powerful, and describes it as being at
+    this time an aromatic odor of acidulous or chloroform character.
+    Galopin remarks that, while some women's armpits smell of sheep
+    in rut, others, when exposed to the air, have a fragrance of
+    ambergris or violet. Dark persons (according to Gould and Pyle)
+    are said sometimes to exhale a prussic acid odor, and blondes
+    more frequently musk; Galopin associates the ambergris odor more
+    especially with blondes.
+
+    While some European poets have faintly indicated the woman's
+    armpit as a centre of sexual attraction, it is among Eastern
+    poets that we may find the idea more directly and naturally
+    expressed. Thus, in a Chinese drama ("The Transmigration of
+    Yo-Chow," _Mercure de France_, No. 8, 1901) we find a learned
+    young doctor addressing the following poem to his  betrothed:--
+
+        "When I have climbed to the bushy summit of Mount Chao,
+        I have still not reached to the level of your odorous armpit.
+        I must needs mount to the sky
+        Before the breeze brings to me
+        The perfume of that embalsamed nest!"
+
+    This poet seems, however, to have been carried to a pitch of
+    enthusiasm unusual even in China, for his future mother-in-law,
+    after expressing her admiration for the poem, remarks: "But who
+    would have thought one could find so many beautiful things under
+    my daughter's armpit!"
+
+    The odor of the armpit is the most powerful in the body,
+    sufficiently powerful to act as a muscular stimulant even in the
+    absence of any direct sexual association. This is indicated by an
+    observation made by Fere, who noticed, when living opposite a
+    laundry, that an old woman who worked near the window would,
+    toward the close of the day, introduce her right hand under the
+    sleeve of the other to the armpit and then hold it to her nose;
+    this she would do about every five minutes. It was evident that
+    the odor acted as a stimulant to her failing energies. Fere has
+    been informed by others who have had occasion to frequent
+    workrooms that this proceeding is by no means uncommon among
+    persons of both sexes. (Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second
+    edition, p. 135.) I have myself noticed the same gesture very
+    deliberately made in the street by a young English woman of the
+    working class, under circumstances which suggested that it acted
+    as an immediate stimulant in fatigue.
+
+    Huysmans--who in his novels has insisted on odors, both those of
+    a personal kind and perfumes, with great precision--has devoted
+    one of the sketches, "Le Gousset," in his _Croquis Parisiens_
+    (1880) to the varying odors of women's armpits. "I have followed
+    this fragrance in the country," he remarks, "behind a group of
+    women gleaners under the bright sun. It was excessive and
+    terrible; it stung your nostrils like an unstoppered bottle of
+    alkali; it seized you, irritating your mucous membrane with a
+    rough odor which had in it something of the relish of wild duck
+    cooked with olives and the sharp odor of the shallot. On the
+    whole, it was not a vile or repugnant emanation; it united, as an
+    anticipated thing, with the formidable odors of the landscape; it
+    was the pure note, completing with the human animals' cry of heat
+    the odorous melody of beasts and woods." He goes on to speak of
+    the perfume of feminine arms in the ball-room. "There the aroma
+    is of ammoniated valerian, of chlorinated urine, brutally
+    accentuated sometimes, even with a slight scent of prussic acid
+    about it, a faint whiff of overripe peaches." These
+    "spice-boxes," however, Huysmans continues, are more seductive
+    when their perfume is filtered through the garments. "The appeal
+    of the balsam of their arms is then less insolent, less cynical,
+    than at the ball where they are more naked, but it more easily
+    uncages the animal in man. Various as the color of the hair, the
+    odor of the armpit is infinitely divisible; its gamut covers the
+    whole keyboard of odors, reaching the obstinate scents of syringa
+    and elder, and sometimes recalling the sweet perfume of the
+    rubbed fingers that have held a cigarette. Audacious and
+    sometimes fatiguing in the brunette and the black woman, sharp
+    and fierce in the red woman, the armpit is heady as some sugared
+    wines in the blondes." It will be noted that this very exact
+    description corresponds at various points with the remarks of
+    more scientific observers.
+
+    Sometimes the odor of the armpit may even become a kind of fetich
+    which is craved for its own sake and in itself suffices to give
+    pleasure. Fere has recorded such a case, in a friend of his own,
+    a man of 60, with whom at one time he used to hunt, of robust
+    health and belonging to a healthy family. On these hunting
+    expeditions he used to tease the girls and women he met
+    (sometimes even rather old women) in a surprising manner, when he
+    came upon them walking in the fields with their short-sleeved
+    chemises exposed. When he had succeeded in introducing his hand
+    into the woman's armpit he went away satisfied, and frequently
+    held the hand to his nose with evident pleasure. After long
+    hesitation Fere asked for an explanation, which was frankly
+    given. As a child he had liked the odor, without knowing why. As
+    a young man women with strong odors had stimulated him to
+    extraordinary sexual exploits, and now they were the only women
+    who had any influence on him. He professed to be able to
+    recognize continence by the odor, as well as the most favorable
+    moment for approaching a woman. Throughout life a cold in the
+    head had always been accompanied by persistent general
+    excitement. (Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1902, p. 134.)
+
+We not only have to recognize that in the course of evolution the specific
+odors of the sexual region have sunk into the background as a source of
+sexual allurements, we have further to recognize the significant fact that
+even those personal odors which are chiefly liable under normal
+circumstances to come occasionally within the conscious sexual sphere, and
+indeed purely personal odors of all kinds, fail to exert any attraction,
+but rather tend to cause antipathy, unless some degree of tumescence has
+already been attained. That is to say, our olfactory experiences of the
+human body approximate rather to our tactile experiences of it than to our
+visual experiences. Sight is our most intellectual sense, and we trust
+ourselves to it with comparative boldness without any undue dread that its
+messages will hurt us by their personal intimacy; we even court its
+experiences, for it is the chief organ of our curiosity, as smell is of a
+dog's. But smell with us has ceased to be a leading channel of
+intellectual curiosity. Personal odors do not, as vision does, give us
+information that is very largely intellectual; they make an appeal that is
+mainly of an intimate, emotional, imaginative character. They thus tend,
+when we are in our normal condition, to arouse what James calls the
+antisexual instinct.
+
+    "I cannot understand how people do not see how the senses are
+    connected," said Jenny Lind to J.A. Symonds (Horatio Brown, _J.A.
+    Symonds_, vol. i, p. 207). "What I have suffered from my sense of
+    smell! My youth was misery from my acuteness of sensibility."
+
+    Mantegazza discusses the strength of olfactory antipathies
+    (_Fisiologia dell' Odio_, p. 101), and mentions that once when
+    ill in Paraguay he was nursed by an Indian girl of 16, who was
+    fresh as a peach and extremely clean, but whose odor--"a mixture
+    of wild beast's lair and decayed onions"--caused nausea and
+    almost made him faint.
+
+    Moll (_Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 135)
+    records the case of a neuropathic man who was constantly rendered
+    impotent by his antipathy to personal body odors. It had very
+    frequently happened to him to be attracted by the face and
+    appearance of a girl, but at the last moment potency was
+    inhibited by the perception of personal odor.
+
+    In the case of a man of distinguished ability known to me,
+    belonging to a somewhat neuropathic family, there is extreme
+    sensitiveness to the smell of a woman, which is frequently the
+    most obvious thing to him about her. He has seldom known a woman
+    whose natural perfume entirely suits him, and his olfactory
+    impressions have frequently been the immediate cause of a rupture
+    of relationships.
+
+    It was formerly discussed whether strong personal odor
+    constituted adequate ground for divorce. Hagen, who brings
+    forward references on this point (_Sexuelle Osphresiologie_, pp.
+    75-83), considers that the body odors are normally and naturally
+    repulsive because they are closely associated with the capryl
+    group of odors, which are those of many of the excretions.
+
+    Olfactory antipathies are, however, often strictly subordinated
+    to the individual's general emotional attitude toward the object
+    from which they emanate. This is illustrated in the case, known
+    to me, of a man who on a hot day entering a steamboat with a
+    woman to whom he was attached seated himself between her and a
+    man, a stranger. He soon became conscious of an axillary odor
+    which he concluded to come from the man and which he felt as
+    disagreeable. But a little later he realized that it proceeded
+    from his own companion, and with this discovery the odor at once
+    lost its disagreeable character.
+
+    In this respect a personal odor resembles a personal touch. Two
+    intimate touches of the hand, though of precisely similar
+    physical quality, may in their emotional effects be separated by
+    an immeasurable interval, in dependence on our attitude toward
+    the person from whom they proceed.
+
+Personal odor, in order to make its allurement felt, and not to arouse
+antipathy, must, in normal persons, have been preceded by conditions which
+have inhibited the play of the antisexual instinct. A certain degree of
+tumescence must already have been attained. It is even possible, when we
+bear in mind the intimate sympathy between the sexual sphere and the nose,
+that the olfactory organ needs to have its sensibility modified in a form
+receptive to sexual messages, though such an assumption is by no means
+necessary. It is when such a faint preliminary degree of tumescence has
+been attained, however it may have been attained,--for the methods of
+tumescence, as we know, are innumerable,--that a sympathetic personal odor
+is enabled to make its appeal. If we analyze the cases in which olfactory
+perceptions have proved potent in love, we shall nearly always find that
+they have been experienced under circumstances favorable for the
+occurrence of tumescence. When this is not the case we may reasonably
+suspect the presence of some degree of perversion.
+
+    In the oft-quoted case of the Austrian peasant who found that he
+    was aided in seducing young women by dancing with them and then
+    wiping their faces with a handkerchief he had kept in his armpit,
+    we may doubtless regard the preliminary excitement of the dance
+    as an essential factor in the influence produced.
+
+    In the same way, I am acquainted with the ease of a lady not
+    usually sensitive to simple body odors (though affected by
+    perfumes and flowers) who on one occasion, when already in a
+    state of sexual erethism, was highly excited when perceiving the
+    odor of her lover's axilla.
+
+    The same influence of preliminary excitement may be seen in
+    another instance known to me, that of a gentlemen who when
+    traveling abroad fell in with three charming young ladies during
+    a long railway journey. He was conscious of a pleasurable
+    excitement caused by the prolonged intimacy of the journey, but
+    this only became definitely sexual when the youngest of the
+    ladies, stretching before him to look out of the window and
+    holding on to the rack above, accidentally brought her axilla
+    into close proximity with his face, whereupon erection was
+    caused, although he himself regards personal odors, at all events
+    when emanating from strangers, as indifferent or repulsive.
+
+    A medical correspondent, referring to the fact that with many men
+    (indeed women also) sexual excitement occurs after dancing for a
+    considerable time, remarks that he considers the odor of the
+    woman's sweat is here a considerable factor.
+
+The characteristics of olfaction which our investigation has so far
+revealed have not, on the whole, been favorable to the influence of
+personal odors as a sexual attraction in civilized men. It is a primitive
+sense which had its flowering time before men arose; it is a comparatively
+unaesthetic sense; it is a somewhat obtuse sense which among Europeans is
+usually incapable of perceiving the odor of the "human flower"--to use
+Goethe's phrase--except on very close contact, and on this account, and on
+account of the fact that it is a predominantly emotional sense, personal
+odors in ordinary social intercourse are less likely to arouse the sexual
+instinct than the antisexual instinct. If a certain degree of tumescence
+is required before a personal odor can exert an attractive influence, a
+powerful personal odor, strong enough to be perceived before any degree of
+tumescence is attained, will tend to cause repulsion, and in so doing
+tend, consciously or unconsciously, to excite prejudice against personal
+odor altogether. This is actually the case in civilization, and most
+people, it would appear, view with more or less antipathy the personal
+odors of those persons to whom they are not sexually attracted, while
+their attitude is neutral in this respect toward the individuals to whom
+they are sexually attracted.[51] The following statement by a
+correspondent seems to me to express the experience of the majority of men
+in this respect: "I do not notice that different people have different
+smells. Certain women I have known have been in the habit of using
+particular scents, but no associations could be aroused if I were to smell
+the same scent now, for I should not identify it. As a boy I was very fond
+of scent, and I associate this with my marked sexual proclivities. I like
+a woman to use a little scent. It rouses my sexual feelings, but not to
+any large extent. I dislike the smell of a woman's vagina." While the last
+statement seems to express the feeling of many if not most men, it may be
+proper to add that there seems no natural reason why the vulvar odor of a
+clean and healthy woman should be other than agreeable to a normal man who
+is her lover.
+
+In literature it is the natural odor of women rather than men which
+receives attention. We should expect this to be the case since literature
+is chiefly produced by men. The question as to whether men or women are
+really more apt to be sexually influenced in this way cannot thus be
+decided. Among animals, it seems probable, both sexes are alike influenced
+by odors, for, while it is usually the male whose sexual regions are
+furnished with special scent glands, when such occur, the peculiar odor of
+the female during the sexual season is certainly not less efficacious as
+an allurement to the male. If we compare the general susceptibility of men
+and women to agreeable odors, apart from the question of sexual
+allurement, there can be little doubt that it is most marked among women.
+As Groos points out, even among children little girls are more interested
+in scents than boys, and the investigations of various workers, especially
+Garbini, have shown that there is actually a greater power of
+discriminating odors among girls than among boys. Marro has gone further,
+and in an extended series of observations on girls before and after the
+establishment of puberty--which is of considerable interest from the point
+of view of the sexual significance of olfaction--he has shown reason to
+believe that girls acquire an increased susceptibility to odors when
+sexual life begins, although they show no such increased powers as regards
+the other senses.[52] On the whole, it would appear that, while women are
+not apt to be seriously affected, in the absence of any preliminary
+excitation, by crude body odors, they are by no means insusceptible to the
+sexual influence of olfactory impressions. It is probable, indeed, that
+they are more affected, and more frequently affected, in this way, than
+are men.
+
+    Edouard de Goncourt, in his novel _Cherie_--the intimate history
+    of a young girl, founded, he states, on much personal
+    observation--describes (Chapter LXXXV) the delight with which
+    sensuous, but chaste young girls often take in strong perfumes.
+    "Perfume and love," he remarks, "impart delights which are
+    closely allied." In an earlier chapter (XLIV) he writes of his
+    heroine at the age of 15: "The intimately happy emotion which the
+    young girl experienced in reading _Paul et Virginie_ and other
+    honestly amorous books she sought to make more complete and
+    intense and penetrating by soaking the book with scent, and the
+    love-story reached her senses and imagination through pages moist
+    with liquid perfume."
+
+    Carbini (_Archivio per l'Antropologia_, 1896, fasc. 3) in a very
+    thorough investigation of a large number of children, found that
+    the earliest osmo-gustative sensations occurred in the fourth
+    week in girls, the fifth week in boys; the first real and
+    definite olfactory sensations appeared in the fifteenth month in
+    girls, in the sixteenth in boys; while experiments on several
+    hundred children between the ages of 3 and 6 years showed the
+    girls slightly, but distinctly, superior to the boys. It may, of
+    course, be argued that these results merely show a somewhat
+    greater precocity of girls. I have summarized the main
+    investigations into this question in _Man and Woman_, revised and
+    enlarged edition, 1904, pp. 134-138. On the whole, they seem to
+    indicate greater olfactory acuteness on the part of women, but
+    the evidence is by no means altogether concordant in this sense.
+    Popular and general scientific opinion is also by no means always
+    in harmony. Thus, Tardif, in his book on odors in relation to the
+    sexual instinct, throughout assumes, as a matter of course, that
+    the sense of smell is most keen in men; while, on the other hand,
+    I note that in a pamphlet by Mr. Martin Perls, a manufacturing
+    perfumer, it is stated with equal confidence that "it is a
+    well-known fact that ladies have, even without a practice of long
+    standing, a keener sense of smell than men," and on this account
+    he employs a staff of young ladies for testing perfumes by smell
+    in the laboratory by the glazed paper test.
+
+    It is sometimes said that the use of strong perfumes by women
+    indicates a dulled olfactory organ. On the other hand, it is said
+    that the use of tobacco deadens the sensitiveness of the
+    masculine nose. Both these statements seem to be without
+    foundation. The use of a large amount of perfume is rather a
+    question of taste than a question of sensory acuteness (not to
+    mention that those who live in an atmosphere of perfume are, of
+    course, only faintly conscious of it), and the chemist perfumer
+    in his laboratory surrounded by strong odors can distinguish them
+    all with great delicacy. As regards tobacco, in Spain the
+    _cigarreras_ are women and girls who live perpetually in an
+    atmosphere of tobacco, and Senora Pardo Bazan, who knows them
+    well, remarks in her novel, _La Tribuna_, which deals with life
+    in a tobacco factory, that "the acuity of the sense of smell of
+    the _cigarreras_ is notable, and it would seem that instead of
+    blunting the nasal membrane the tobacco makes the olfactory
+    nerves keener."
+
+    "It was the same as if I was in a sweet apple garden, from the
+    sweetness that came to me when the light wind passed over them
+    and stirred their clothes," a woman is represented as saying
+    concerning a troop of handsome men in the Irish sagas (_Cuchulain
+    of Muirthemne_, p. 161). The pleasure and excitement experienced
+    by a woman in the odor of her lover is usually felt concerning a
+    vague and mixed odor which may be characteristic, but is not
+    definitely traceable to any specific bodily sexual odor. The
+    general odor of the man she loves, one woman states, is highly,
+    sometimes even overwhelmingly, attractive to her; but the
+    specific odor of the male sexual organs which she describes as
+    fishy has no attraction. A man writes that in his relations with
+    women he has never been able to detect that they were influenced
+    by the axillary or other specific odors. A woman writes: "To me
+    any personal odor, as that of perspiration, is very disagreeable,
+    and the healthy _naked_ human body is very free from any odor.
+    Fresh perspiration has no disagreeable smell; it is only by
+    retention in the clothing that it becomes objectionable. The
+    faint smell of smoke which lingers round men who smoke much is
+    rather exciting to me, but only when it is _very_ faint. If at
+    all strong it becomes disagreeable. As most of the men who have
+    attracted me have been great smokers, there is doubtless a direct
+    association of ideas. It has only once occurred to me that an
+    indifferent unpleasant smell became attractive in connection with
+    some particular person. In this case it was the scent of stale
+    tobacco, such as comes from the end of a cold cigar or cigarette.
+    It was, and is now, very disagreeable to me, but, for the time
+    and in connection with a particular person, it seemed to me more
+    delightful and exciting than the most delicious perfume. I think,
+    however, only a very strong attraction could overcome a dislike
+    of this sort, and I doubt if I could experience such a
+    twist-round if it had been a personal odor. Stale tobacco, though
+    nasty, conveys no mentally disagreeable idea. I mean it does not
+    suggest dirt or unhealthiness."
+
+    It is probably significant of the somewhat considerable part
+    which, in one way or another, odors and perfumes play in the
+    emotional life of women, that, of the 4 women whose sexual
+    histories are recorded in Appendix B of vol. iii of these
+    _Studies_, all are liable to experience sexual effects from
+    olfactory stimuli, 3 of them from personal odors (though this
+    fact is not in every case brought out in the histories as
+    recorded), while of the 8 men not one has considered his
+    olfactory experiences in this respect as worthy of mention.
+
+    The very marked sexual fascination which odor, associated with
+    the men they love, exerts on women has easily passed unperceived,
+    since women have not felt called upon to proclaim it. In sexual
+    inversion, however, when the woman takes a more active and
+    outspoken part than in normal love, it may very clearly be
+    traced. Here, indeed, it is often exaggerated, in consequence of
+    the common tendency for neurotic and neurasthenic persons to be
+    more than normally susceptible to the influence of odors. In the
+    majority of inverted women, it may safely be said, the odor of
+    the beloved person plays a very considerable part. Thus, one
+    inverted woman asks the woman she loves to send her some of her
+    hair that she may intoxicate herself in solitude with its perfume
+    (_Archivio di Psicopatie Sessuali_, vol. i, fasc. 3, p. 36).
+    Again, a young girl with some homosexual tendencies, was apt to
+    experience sexual emotions when in ordinary contact with
+    schoolfellows whose body odor was marked (Fere, _L'Instinct
+    Sexuel_, p. 260). Such examples are fairly typical.
+
+    That the body odor of men may in a large number of cases be
+    highly agreeable and sexually attractive is shown by the
+    testimony of male sexual inverts. There is abundant evidence to
+    this effect. Raffalovich (_L'Uranisme et l'Unisexualite_, p. 126)
+    insists on the importance of body odors as a sexual attraction to
+    the male invert, and is inclined to think that the increased odor
+    of the man's own body during sexual excitement may have an
+    auto-aphrodisiacal effect which is reflected on the body of the
+    loved person. The odor of peasants, of men who work in the open
+    air, is specially apt to be found attractive. Moll mentions the
+    case of an inverted man who found the "forest, mosslike odor" of
+    a schoolfellow irresistibly attractive.
+
+    The following passage from a letter written by an Italian marquis
+    has been sent to me: "Bonifazio stripped one evening, to give me
+    pleasure. He has the full, rounded flesh and amber coloring which
+    painters of the Giorgione school gave to their S. Sebastians.
+    When he began to dress, I took up an old _fascia_, or girdle of
+    netted silk, which was lying under his breeches, and which still
+    preserved the warmth of his body. I buried my face in it, and was
+    half inebriated by its exquisite aroma of young manhood and fresh
+    hay. He told me he had worn it for two years. No wonder it was
+    redolent of him. I asked him to let me keep it as a souvenir. He
+    smiled and said: 'You like it because it has lain so long upon my
+    _panoia_.' 'Yes, just so,' I replied; 'whenever I kiss it, thus
+    and thus, it will bring you back to me.' Sometimes I tie it round
+    my naked waist before I go to bed. The smell of it is enough to
+    cause a powerful erection, and the contact of its fringes with my
+    testicles and phallus has once or twice produced an involuntary
+    emission."
+
+    I may here reproduce a communication which has reached me
+    concerning the attractiveness of the odor of peasants: "One
+    predominant attraction of these men is that they are pure and
+    clean; their bodies in a state of healthy normal function. Then
+    they possess, if they are temperate, what the Greek poet Straton
+    called the phydike chrotos (a quality which, according to this
+    authority, is never found in women). This 'natural fair perfume
+    of the flesh' is a peculiar attribute of young men who live in
+    the open air and deal with natural objects. Even their
+    perspiration has an odor very different from that of girls in
+    ball-rooms: more refined, ethereal, pervasive, delicate, and
+    difficult to seize. When they have handled hay--in the time of
+    hay-harvest, or in winter, when they bring hay down from mountain
+    huts--the youthful peasants carry about with them the smell of 'a
+    field the Lord hath blessed.' Their bodies and their clothes
+    exhale an indefinable fragrance of purity and sex combined. Every
+    gland of the robust frame seems to have accumulated scent from
+    herbs and grasses, which slowly exudes from the cool, fresh skin
+    of the lad. You do not perceive it in a room. You must take the
+    young man's hands and bury your face in them, or be covered with
+    him under the same blanket in one bed, to feel this aroma. No
+    sensual impression on the nerves of smell is more poignantly
+    impregnated with spiritual poetry--the poetry of adolescence, and
+    early hours upon the hills, and labor cheerfully accomplished,
+    and the harvest of God's gifts to man brought home by human
+    industry. It is worth mentioning that Aristophanes, in his
+    description of the perfect Athenian Ephebus, dwells upon his
+    being redolent of natural perfumes."
+
+    In a passage in the second part of _Faust_ Goethe (who appears to
+    have felt considerable interest in the psychology of smell) makes
+    three women speak concerning the ambrosiacal odor of young men.
+
+    In this connection, also, I note a passage in a poem ("Appleton
+    House") by our own English poet Marvell, which it is of interest
+    to  quote:--
+
+        "And now the careless victors play,
+        Dancing the triumphs of the hay,
+        When every mower's wholesome heat
+        Smells like an Alexander's sweat.
+        Their females fragrant as the mead
+        Which they in fairy circles tread,
+        When at their dance's end they kiss,
+        Their new-mown hay not sweeter is."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[30] R. Andree, "Voelkergeruch," in _Ethnographische Parallelen_, Neue
+Folge, 1889, pp. 213-222, brings together many passages describing the
+odors of various peoples. Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphresiologie_, pp. 166 et
+seq., has a chapter on the subject; Joest, supplement to _International
+Archiv fuer Ethnographie_, 1893, p. 53, has an interesting passage on the
+smells of various races, as also Waitz, _Introduction to Anthropology_, p.
+103. Cf. Sir H.H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 395; T.H. Parke,
+_Experiences in Equatorial Africa_, p. 409; E.H. Man, _Journal of the
+Anthropological Institute_, 1889, p. 391; Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of
+Victoria_, vol. i, p. 7; d'Orbigny, _L'Homme Americain_, vol. i, p. 87,
+etc.
+
+[31] B. Adachi "Geruch der Europaer," _Globus_, 1903, No. 1.
+
+[32] Hagen quotes testimonies on this point, _Sexuelle Osphresiologie_, p.
+173. The negro, Castellani states, considers that Europeans have a smell
+of death.
+
+[33] _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. ii, p.
+181.
+
+[34] Waitz, _Introduction to Anthropology_, p. 103.
+
+[35] Monin, _Les Odeurs du Corps Humain_, second edition, Paris, 1886,
+discusses briefly but comprehensively the normal and more especially the
+pathological odors of the body and of its secretions and excretions.
+
+[36] Venturi, _Degenerazione Psicho-sessuale_, p. 417.
+
+[37] Quoted by Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, 1902, p. 133.
+
+[38] H. Ling Roth, "On Salutations," _Journal of the Anthropological
+Institute_, November, 1889.
+
+[39] See Appendix A: "The Origins of the Kiss."
+
+[40] See, e.g., passage quoted by I. Bloch, _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p. 205.
+
+[41] It must at the same time be remembered that the more or less degree
+of exposure involved by sexual intercourse is itself a cause of nasal
+congestion and sneezing.
+
+[42] Fere, _Pathologie des Emotions_, p. 81
+
+[43] J.N. Mackenzie similarly suggests (_Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_,
+No. 82, 1898) that "irritation and congestion of the nasal mucous membrane
+precede, or are the excitants of, the olfactory impression that forms the
+connecting link between the sense of smell and erethism of the
+reproductive organs exhibited in the lower animals."
+
+[44] _Les Odeurs dans les Romans de Zola_, Montpellier, 1889.
+
+[45] Toulouse, _Emile Zola_, pp. 163-165, 173-175.
+
+[46] P.J. Moebius, _Das Pathologische bei Nietzsche_.
+
+[47] Moll has a passage on the sense of smell in the blind, more
+especially in sexual respects, _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_,
+bd. 1, pp. 137 et seq.
+
+[48] See, for instance, his poem, "Love Perfumes all Parts," in which he
+declares that "Hands and thighs and legs are all richly aromatical." And
+compare the lyrics entitled "A Song to the Maskers," "On Julia's Breath,"
+"Upon Julia's Unlacing Herself," "Upon Julia's Sweat," and "To Mistress
+Anne Soame."
+
+[49] There are various indications that Goethe was attentive to the
+attraction of personal odors; and that he experienced this attraction
+himself is shown by the fact that, as he confessed, when he once had to
+leave Weimar on an official journey for two days he took a bodice of Frau
+von Stein's away in order to carry the scent of her body with him.
+
+[50] Hagen has brought together from the literature of the subject a
+number of typical cases of olfactory fetichism, _Sexuelle Osphresiologie_,
+1901, pp. 82 et seq.
+
+[51] Moll's inquiries among normal persons have also shown that few people
+are conscious of odor as a sexual attraction. (_Untersuchungen ueber die
+Libido Sexualis_. Bd. I, p. 133.)
+
+[52] Marro, _La, Puberta_, 1898, Chapter II. Tardif found in boys that
+perfumes exerted little or no influence on circulation and respiration
+before puberty, though his observations on this point were too few to
+carry weight.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Influence of Perfumes--Their Aboriginal Relationship to Sexual Body
+Odors--This True even of the Fragrance of Flowers--The Synthetic
+Manufacture of Perfumes--The Sexual Effects of Perfumes--Perfumes perhaps
+Originally Used to Heighten the Body Odors--The Special Significance of
+the Musk Odor--Its Wide Natural Diffusion in Plants and Animals and
+Man--Musk a Powerful Stimulant--Its Widespread Use as a Perfume--Peau
+d'Espagne--The Smell of Leather and its Occasional Sexual Effects--The
+Sexual Influence of the Odors of Flowers--The Identity of many Plant Odors
+with Certain Normal and Abnormal Body Odors--The Smell of Semen in this
+Connection.
+
+
+So far we have been mainly concerned with purely personal odors. It is,
+however, no longer possible to confine the discussion of the sexual
+significance of odor within the purely animal limit. The various
+characteristics of personal odor which have been noted--alike those which
+tend to make it repulsive and those which tend to make it attractive--have
+led to the use of artificial perfumes, to heighten the natural odor when
+it is regarded as attractive, to disguise it when it is regarded as
+repellent; while at the same time, happily covering both of these
+impulses, has developed the pure delight in perfume for its own
+agreeableness, the aesthetic side of olfaction. In this way--although in a
+much less constant and less elaborate manner--the body became adorned to
+the sense of smell just as by clothing and ornament it is adorned to the
+sense of sight.
+
+But--and this is a point of great significance from our present
+standpoint--we do not really leave the sexual sphere by introducing
+artificial perfumes. The perfumes which we extract from natural products,
+or, as is now frequently the case, produce by chemical synthesis, are
+themselves either actually animal sexual odors or allied in character or
+composition, to the personal odors they are used to heighten or disguise.
+Musk is the product of glands of the male _Moschus moschiferus_ which
+correspond to preputial sebaceous glands; castoreum is the product of
+similar sexual glands in the beaver, and civet likewise from the civet;
+ambergris is an intestinal calculus found in the rectum of the
+cachelot.[53] Not only, however, are nearly all the perfumes of animal
+origin, in use by civilized man, odors which have a specially sexual
+object among the animals from which they are derived, but even the
+perfumes of flowers may be said to be of sexual character. They are given
+out at the reproductive period in the lives of plants, and they clearly
+have very largely as their object an appeal to the insects who secure
+plant fertilization, such appeal having as its basis the fact that among
+insects themselves olfactory sensibility has in many cases been developed
+in their own mating.[54] There is, for example, a moth in which both sexes
+are similarly and inconspicuously marked, but the males diffuse an
+agreeable odor, said to be like pineapple, which attracts the females.[55]
+If, therefore, the odors of flowers have developed because they proved
+useful to the plant by attracting insects or other living creatures, it is
+obvious that the advantage would lie with those plants which could put
+forth an animal sexual odor of agreeable character, since such an odor
+would prove fascinating to animal creatures. We here have a very simple
+explanation of the fundamental identity of odors in the animal and
+vegetable worlds. It thus comes about that from a psychological point of
+view we are not really entering a new field when we begin to discuss the
+influence of perfumes other than those of the animal body. We are merely
+concerned with somewhat more complex or somewhat more refined sexual
+odors; they are not specifically different from the human odors and they
+mingle with them harmoniously. Popular language bears witness to the
+truth of this statement, and the normal and abnormal human odors, as we
+have already seen, are constantly compared to artificial, animal, and
+plant odors, to chloroform, to musk, to violet, to mention only those
+similitudes which seem to occur most frequently.
+
+    The methods now employed for obtaining the perfumes universally
+    used in civilized lands are three: (1) the extraction of
+    odoriferous compounds from the neutral products in which they
+    occur; (2) the artificial preparation of naturally occurring
+    odoriferous compounds by synthetic processes; (3) the manufacture
+    of materials which yield odors resembling those of pleasant
+    smelling natural objects. (See, e.g., "Natural and Artificial
+    Perfumes," _Nature_, December 27, 1900.) The essential principles
+    of most of our perfumes belong to the complex class of organic
+    compounds known as terpenes. During recent years a number of the
+    essential elements of natural perfumes have been studied, in many
+    cases the methods of preparing them artificially discovered, and
+    they are largely replacing the use of natural perfumes not only
+    for soaps, etc., but for scent essences, though it appears to be
+    very difficult to imitate exactly the delicate fragrance achieved
+    by Nature. Artificial musk was discovered accidentally by Bauer
+    when studying the butyltoluenes contained in a resin extractive.
+    Vanillin, the odoriferous principle of the vanilla bean, is an
+    aldehyde which was first artificially prepared by Tiemann and
+    Haarmann in 1874 by oxidizing coniferin, a glucoside contained in
+    the sap of various coniferae, but it now appears to be usually
+    manufactured from eugenol, a phenol contained in oil of cloves.
+    Piperonal, an aldehyde closely allied to vanillin, is used in
+    perfumery under the name of heliotropin and is prepared from oil
+    of sassafras and oil of camphor. Cumarine, the material to which
+    tonka bean, sweet woodruff, and new-mown hay owe their
+    characteristic odors, was synthetically prepared by W.H. Parkin
+    in 1868 by heating sodiosalicylic aldehyde with acetic anhydride,
+    though now more cheaply prepared from an herb growing in Florida.
+    Irone, which has the perfume of violets, was isolated in 1893
+    from a ketone contained in orris-root; and ionone, another ketone
+    which has a very closely similar odor of fresh violets and was
+    isolated after some years' further work, is largely used in the
+    preparation of violet perfume. Irone and ionone are closely
+    similar in composition to oil of turpentine which when taken into
+    the body is partly converted into perfume and gives a strong odor
+    of violets to the urine. "Little has yet been accomplished toward
+    ascertaining the relation between the odor and the chemical
+    constitution of substances in general. Hydrocarbons as a class
+    possess considerable similarity in odor, so also do the organic
+    sulphides and, to a much smaller extent, the ketones. The
+    subject waits for some one to correlate its various
+    physiological, psychological and physical aspects in the same way
+    that Helmholtz did for sound. It seems, as yet, impossible to
+    assign any probable reason to the fact that many substances have
+    a pleasant odor. It may, however, be worth suggesting that
+    certain compounds, such as the volatile sulphides and the
+    indoles, have very unpleasant odors because they are normal
+    constituents of mammalian excreta and of putrefied animal
+    products; the repulsive odors may be simply necessary results of
+    evolutionary processes." (_Loc. cit._, _Nature_, December 27,
+    1900.)
+
+    Many of the perfumes in use are really combinations of a great
+    many different odors in varying proportions, such as oil of rose,
+    lavender oil, ylang-ylang, etc. The most highly appreciated
+    perfumes are often made up of elements which in stronger
+    proportion would be regarded as highly unpleasant.
+
+    In the study and manufacture of perfumes Germany and France have
+    taken the lead in recent times. The industry is one of great
+    importance. In France alone the trade in perfumes amounts to
+    L4,000,000.
+
+It is doubtless largely owing to the essential and fundamental identity of
+odors--to the chemical resemblances even of odors from the most widely
+remote sources--that we find that perfumes in many cases have the same
+sexual effects as are primitively possessed by the body odors. In northern
+countries, where the use of perfumes is chiefly cultivated by women, it is
+by women that this sexual influence is most liable to be felt. In the
+South and in the East it appears to be at least equally often experienced
+by men. Thus, in Italy Mantegazza remarks that "many men of strong sexual
+temperament cannot visit with impunity a laboratory of essences and
+perfumes."[56] In the East we find it stated in the Islamic book entitled
+_The Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui_ that the use of perfumes by women,
+as well as by men, excites to the generative act. It is largely in
+reliance on this fact that in many parts of the world, especially among
+Eastern peoples and occasionally among ourselves in Europe, women have
+been accustomed to perfume the body and especially the vulva.[57]
+
+It seems highly probable that, as has been especially emphasized by Hagen,
+perfumes were primitively used by women, not as is sometimes the case in
+civilization, with the idea of disguising any possible natural odor, but
+with the object of heightening and fortifying the natural odor.[58] If the
+primitive man was inclined to disparage a woman whose odor was slight or
+imperceptible,--turning away from her with contempt, as the Polynesian
+turned away from the ladies of Sydney: "They have no smell!"--women would
+inevitably seek to supplement any natural defects in this respect, and to
+accentuate their odorous qualities, in the same way as by corsets and
+bustles, even in civilization, they have sought to accentuate the sexual
+saliencies of their bodies. In this way we may, as Hagen suggests, explain
+the fact that until recent times the odors preferred by women have not
+been the most delicate or exquisite, but the strongest, the most animal,
+the most sexual: musk, castoreum, civet, and ambergris.
+
+    In that interesting novel--dealing with the adventures of a
+    Jewish maiden at the Persian court of Xerxes--which under the
+    title of _Esther_ has found its way into the Old Testament we are
+    told that it was customary in the royal harem at Shushan to
+    submit the women to a very prolonged course of perfuming before
+    they were admitted to the king: "six months with oil of myrrh and
+    six months with sweet odors." (_Esther_, Chapter II, v. 12.)
+
+    In the _Arabian Nights_ there are many allusions to the use of
+    perfumes by women with a more or less definitely stated
+    aphrodisiacal intent. Thus we read in the story of Kamaralzaman:
+    "With fine incense I will perfume my breasts, my belly, my whole
+    body, so that my skin may melt more sweetly in thy mouth, O apple
+    of my eye!"
+
+    Even among savages the perfuming of the body is sometimes
+    practiced with the object of inducing love in the partner.
+    Schellong states that the Papuans of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land rub
+    various fragrant plants into their bodies for this purpose.
+    (_Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1899, ht. i, p. 19.) The
+    significance of this practice is more fully revealed by Haddon
+    when studying the Papuans of Torres Straits among whom the
+    initiative in courtship is taken by the women. It was by scenting
+    himself with a pungent odorous substance that a young man
+    indicated that he was ready to be sued by the girls. A man would
+    wear this scent at the back of his neck during a dance in order
+    to attract the attention of a particular girl; it was believed to
+    act with magical certainty, after the manner of a charm (_Reports
+    of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_,
+    vol. v, pp. 211, 222, and 328).
+
+The perfume which is of all perfumes the most interesting from the present
+point of view is certainly musk. With ambergris, musk is the chief member
+of Linnaeus's group of _Odores ambrosiacae_, a group which in sexual
+significances, as Zwaardemaker remarks, ranks besides the capryl group of
+odors. It is a perfume of ancient origin; its name is Persian[59]
+(indicating doubtless the channel whence it reached Europe) and ultimately
+derived from the Sanskrit word for testicle in allusion to the fact that
+it was contained in a pouch removed from the sexual parts of the male
+musk-deer. Musk odors, however, often of considerable strength, are very
+widely distributed in Nature, alike among animals and plants. This is
+indicated by the frequency with which the word "musk" forms part of the
+names of animals and plants which are by no means always nearly related.
+We have the musk-ox, the musky mole, several species called musk-rat, the
+musk-duct, the musk-beetle; while among plants which have received their
+names from a real or supposed musky odor are, besides several that are
+called musk-plant, the musk-rose, the musk-hyacinth, the musk-mallow, the
+musk-orchid, the musk-melon, the musk-cherry, the musk-pear, the
+musk-plum, muskat and muscatels, musk-seed, musk-tree, musk-wood, etc.[60]
+But a musky odor is not merely widespread in Nature among plants and the
+lower animals, it is peculiarly associated with man. Incidentally we have
+already seen how it is regarded as characteristic of some races of man,
+especially the Chinese. Moreover, the smell of the negress is said to be
+musky in character, and among Europeans a musky odor is said to be
+characteristic of blondes. Laycock, in his _Nervous Diseases of Women_,
+stated his opinion that "the musk odor is certainly the sexual odor of
+man"; and Fere states that the musk odor is that among natural perfumes
+most nearly approaching the odor of the sexual secretions. We have seen
+that the Chinese poet vaunts the musky odor of his mistress's armpits,
+while another Oriental saying concerning the attractive woman is that "her
+navel is filled with musk." Persian literature contains many references to
+musk as an attractive body odor, and Firdusi speaks of a woman's hair as
+"a crown of musk," while the Arabian poet Motannabi says of his mistress
+that "her hyacinthine hair smells sweeter than Scythian musk." Galopin
+stated that he knew women whose natural odor of musk (and less frequently
+of ambergris) was sufficiently strong to impart to a bath in less than an
+hour a perfume due entirely to the exhalations of the musky body; it must
+be added that Galopin was an enthusiast in this matter.
+
+The special significance of musk from our present point of view lies not
+only in the fact that we here have a perfume, widely scattered throughout
+nature and often in an agreeable form, which is at the same time a very
+frequent personal odor in man. Musk is the odor which not only in the
+animals to which it has given a name, but in many others, is a
+specifically sexual odor, chiefly emitted during the sexual season. The
+sexual odors, indeed, of most animals seem to be modifications of musk.
+The Sphinx moth has a musky odor which is confined to the male and is
+doubtless sexual. Some lizards have a musky odor which is heightened at
+the sexual season; crocodiles during the pairing season emit from their
+submaxillary glands a musky odor which pervades their haunts. In the same
+way elephants emit a musky odor from their facial glands during the
+rutting season. The odor of the musk-duck is chiefly confined to the
+breeding season.[61] The musky odor of the negress is said to be
+heightened during sexual excitement.
+
+The predominance of musk as a sexual odor is associated with the fact that
+its actual nervous influence, apart from the presence of sexual
+association, is very considerable. Fere found it to be a powerful muscular
+stimulant. In former times musk enjoyed a high reputation as a cardiac
+stimulant; it fell into disuse, but in recent years its use in asthenic
+states has been revived, and excellent results, it has been claimed, have
+followed its administration in cases of collapse from Asiatic cholera. For
+sexual torpor in women it still has (like vanilla and sandal) a certain
+degree of reputation, though it is not often used, and some of the old
+Arabian physicians (especially Avicenna) recommended it, with castoreum
+and myrrh, for amenorrhoea. Its powerful action is indicated by the
+experience of Esquirol, who stated that he had seen cases in which sensory
+stimulation by musk in women during lactation had produced mania. It has
+always had the reputation, more especially in the Mohammedan East, of
+being a sexual stimulant to men; "the noblest of perfumes," it is called
+in _El Ktab_, "and that which most provokes to venery."
+
+It is doubtless a fact significant of the special sexual effects of musk
+that, as Laycock remarked, in cases of special idiosyncrasy to odors, musk
+appears to be that odor which is most liked or disliked. Thus, the old
+English physician Whytt remarked that "several delicate women who could
+easily bear the stronger smell of tobacco have been thrown into fits by
+musk, ambergris, or a pale rose."[62] It may be remarked that in the
+_Perfumed Garden of Sheik Nefzaoui_ it is stated that it is by their
+sexual effects that perfumes tend to throw women into a kind of swoon, and
+Lucretius remarks that a woman who smells castoreum, another animal sexual
+perfume, at the time of her menstrual period may swoon.[63]
+
+Not only is musk the most cherished perfume of the Islamic world, and the
+special favorite of the Prophet himself, who greatly delighted in perfumes
+("I love your world," he is reported to have said in old age, "for its
+women and its perfumes"),[64] it is the only perfume generally used by the
+women of a land in which the refinements of life have been carried so far
+as Japan, and they received it from the Chinese.[65]
+
+Moreover, musk is still the most popular of European perfumes. It is the
+perfumes containing musk, Piesse states in his well-known book on the _Art
+of Perfumery_, which sell best. It is certainly true that in its simple
+form the odor of musk is not nowadays highly considered in Europe. This
+fact is connected with the ever-growing refinement in accordance with
+which the specific odors of the sexual regions in human beings tend to
+lose their primitive attractiveness and bodily odors generally become
+mingled with artificial perfumes and so disguised. But, although musk in
+its simple form, and under its ancient name, has lost its hold in Europe,
+it is an interesting and significant fact that it is still the perfumes
+which contain musk that are the most widely popular.
+
+Peau d'Espagne may be mentioned as a highly complex and luxurious perfume,
+often the favorite scent of sensuous persons, which really owes a large
+part of its potency to the presence of the crude animal sexual odors of
+musk and civet. It consists of wash-leather steeped in ottos of neroli,
+rose, santal, lavender, verbena, bergamot, cloves, and cinnamon,
+subsequently smeared with civet and musk. It is said by some, probably
+with a certain degree of truth, that Peau d'Espagne is of all perfumes
+that which most nearly approaches the odor of a woman's skin; whether it
+also suggests the odor of leather is not so clear.
+
+There is, however, no doubt that the smell of leather has a curiously
+stimulating sexual influence on many men and women. It is an odor which
+seems to occupy an intermediate place between the natural body odors and
+the artificial perfumes for which it sometimes serves as a basis; possibly
+it is to this fact that its occasional sexual influence is owing, for, as
+we have already seen, there is a tendency for sexual allurement to attach
+to odors which are not the specific personal body odors but yet are
+related to them. Moll considers, no doubt rightly, that shoe fetichism,
+perhaps the most frequent of sexual fetichistic perversions, is greatly
+favored, if, indeed, it does not owe its origin to, the associated odor of
+the feet and of the shoes.[66] He narrates a case of shoe fetichism in a
+man in which the perversion began at the age of 6; when for the first time
+he wore new shoes, having previously used only the left-off shoes of his
+elder brother; he felt and smelt these new shoes with sensations of
+unmeasured pleasure; and a few years later began to use shoes as a method
+of masturbation.[67] Naecke has also recorded the case of a shoe fetichist
+who declared that the sexual attraction of shoes (usually his wife's) lay
+largely in the odor of the leather.[68] Krafft-Ebing, again, brings
+forward a case of shoe fetichism in which the significant fact is
+mentioned that the subject bought a pair of leather cuffs to smell while
+masturbating.[69] Restif de la Bretonne, who was somewhat of a shoe
+fetichist, appears to have enjoyed smelling shoes. It is not probable that
+the odor of leather explains the whole of shoe fetichism,--as we shall see
+when, in another "Study," this question comes before us--and in many cases
+it cannot be said to enter at all; it is, however, one of the factors.
+Such a conclusion is further supported by the fact that by many the odor
+of new shoes is sometimes desired as an adjuvant to coitus. It is in the
+experience of prostitutes that such a device is not infrequent. Naecke
+mentions that a colleague of his was informed by a prostitute that several
+of her clients desired the odor of new shoes in the room, and that she was
+accustomed to obtain the desired perfume by holding her shoes for a moment
+over the flame of a spirit lamp.
+
+The direct sexual influence of the odor of leather is, however, more
+conclusively proved by those instances in which it exists apart from shoes
+or other objects having any connection with the human body. I have
+elsewhere in these "Studies"[71] recorded the case of a lady, entirely
+normal in sexual and other respects, who is conscious of a considerable
+degree of pleasurable sexual excitement in the presence of the smell of
+leather objects, more especially of leather-bound ledgers and in shops
+where leather objects are sold. She thinks this dates from the period
+when, as a child of 9, she was sometimes left alone for a time on a high
+stool in an office. A possible explanation in this case lies in the
+supposition that on one of these early occasions sexual excitement was
+produced by the contact with the stool (in a way that is not infrequent in
+young girls) and that the accidentally associated odor of leather
+permanently affected the nervous system, while the really significant
+contact left no permanent impression. Even on such a supposition it might,
+however, still be maintained that a real potency of the leather odor is
+illustrated by this case, and this is likewise suggested by the fact that
+the same subject is also sexually affected by various perfumes and odorous
+flowers not recalling leather.[70]
+
+It has been suggested to me by a lady that the odor of leather suggests
+that of the sexual organs. The same suggestion is made by Hagen,[72] and I
+find it stated by Gould and Pyle that menstruating girls sometimes smell
+of leather. The secret of its influence may thus be not altogether
+obscure; in the fact that leather is animal skin, and that it may thus
+vaguely stir the olfactory sensibilities which had been ancestrally
+affected by the sexual stimulus of the skin odor lies the probable
+foundation of the mystery.
+
+In the absence of all suggestion of personal or animal odors, in its most
+exquisite forms in the fragrance of flowers, olfactory sensations are
+still very frequently of a voluptuous character. Mantegazza has remarked
+that it is a proof of the close connection between the sense of smell and
+the sexual organs that the expression of pleasure produced by olfaction
+resembles the expression of sexual pleasures.[73] Make the chastest woman
+smell the flowers she likes best, he remarks, and she will close her eyes,
+breathe deeply, and, if very sensitive, tremble all over, presenting an
+intimate picture which otherwise she never shows, except perhaps to her
+lover. He mentions a lady who said: "I sometimes feel such pleasure in
+smelling flowers that I seem to be committing a sin."[74] It is really the
+case that in many persons--usually, if not exclusively, women--the odor of
+flowers produces not only a highly pleasurable, but a distinctly and
+specifically sexual, effect. I have met with numerous cases in which this
+effect was well marked. It is usually white flowers with heavy,
+penetrating odors which exert this influence. Thus, one lady (who is
+similarly affected by various perfumes, forget-me-nots, ylang-ylang,
+etc.) finds that a number of flowers produce on her a definite sexual
+effect, with moistening of the pudenda. This effect is especially produced
+by white flowers like the gardenia, tuberose, etc. Another lady, who lives
+in India, has a similar experience with flowers. She writes: A scent to
+cause me sexual excitement must be somewhat heavy and _penetrating_.
+Nearly all white flowers so affect me and many Indian flowers with heavy,
+almost pungent scents. (All the flower scents are quite unconnected with
+me with any individual.) Tuberose, lilies of the valley, and frangipani
+flowers have an almost intoxicating effect on me. Violets, roses,
+mignonette, and many others, though very delicious, give me no sexual
+feeling at all. For this reason the line, 'The lilies and languors of
+virtue for the roses and raptures of vice' seems all wrong to me. The lily
+seems to me a very sensual flower, while the rose and its scent seem very
+good and countrified and virtuous. Shelley's description of the lily of
+the valley, 'whom youth makes so fair and _passion_ so pale,' falls in
+much more with my ideas. "I can quite understand," she adds, "that
+leather, especially of books, might have an exciting effect, as the smell
+has this _penetrating_ quality, but I do not think it produces any special
+feeling in me." This more sensuous character of white flowers is fairly
+obvious to many persons who do not experience from them any specifically
+sexual effects. To some people lilies have an odor which they describe as
+sexual, although these persons may be quite unaware that Hindu authors
+long since described the vulvar secretion of the _Padmini_, or perfect
+woman, during coitus, as "perfumed like the lily that has newly
+burst."[75] It is noteworthy that it was more especially the white
+flowers--lily, tuberose, etc.--which were long ago noted by Cloquet as
+liable to cause various unpleasant nervous effects, cardiac oppression and
+syncope.[76]
+
+When we are concerned with the fragrances of flowers it would seem that we
+are far removed from the human sexual field, and that their sexual effects
+are inexplicable. It is not so. The animal and vegetable odors, as,
+indeed, we have already seen, are very closely connected. The recorded
+cases are very numerous in which human persons have exhaled from their
+skins--sometimes in a very pronounced degree--the odors of plants and
+flowers, of violets, of roses, of pineapple, of vanilla. On the other
+hand, there are various plant odors which distinctly recall, not merely
+the general odor of the human body, but even the specifically sexual
+odors. A rare garden weed, the stinking goosefoot, _Chenopodium vulvaria_,
+it is well known, possesses a herring brine or putrid fish odor--due, it
+appears, to propylamin, which is also found in the flowers of the common
+white thorn or mayflower (_Crataegus oxyacantha_) and many others of the
+_Rosaceae_--which recalls the odor of the animal and human sexual
+regions.[77] The reason is that both plant and animal odors belong
+chemically to the same group of capryl odors (Linnaeus's _Odores hircini_),
+so called from the goat, the most important group of odors from the sexual
+point of view. Caproic and capryl acid are contained not only in the odor
+of the goat and in human sweat, and in animal products as many cheeses,
+but also in various plants, such as Herb Robert (_Geranium robertianum_),
+and the Stinking St. John's worts (_Hypericum hircinum_), as well as the
+_Chenopodium_. Zwaardemaker considers it probable that the odor of the
+vagina belongs to the same group, as well as the odor of semen (which
+Haller called _odor aphrodisiacus_), which last odor is also found, as
+Cloquet pointed out, in the flowers of the common berberry (_Berberis
+vulgaris_) and in the chestnut. A very remarkable and significant example
+of the same odor seems to occur in the case of the flowers of the henna
+plant, the white-flowered Lawsonia (_Lawsonia inermis_), so widely used in
+some Mohammedan lands for dyeing the nails and other parts of the body.
+"These flowers diffuse the sweetest odor," wrote Sonnini in Egypt a
+century ago; "the women delight to wear them, to adorn their houses with
+them, to carry them to the baths, to hold them in their hands, and to
+perfume their bosoms with them. They cannot patiently endure that
+Christian and Jewish women shall share the privilege with them. It is very
+remarkable that the perfume of the henna flowers, when closely inhaled, is
+almost entirely lost in a very decided spermatic odor. If the flowers are
+crushed between the fingers this odor prevails, and is, indeed, the only
+one perceptible. It is not surprising that so delicious a flower has
+furnished Oriental poetry with many charming traits and amorous similes."
+Such a simile Sonnini finds in the _Song of Songs_, i. 13-14.[78]
+
+The odor of semen has not been investigated, but, according to
+Zwaardemaker, artificially produced odors (like cadaverin) resemble it.
+The odor of the leguminous fenugreek, a botanical friend considers,
+closely approaches the odor given off in some cases by the armpit in
+women. It is noteworthy that fenugreek contains cumarine, which imparts
+its fragrance to new-mown hay and to various flowers of somewhat similar
+odor. On some persons these have a sexually exciting effect, and it is of
+considerable interest to observe that they recall to many the odor of
+semen. "It seems very natural," a lady writes, "that flowers, etc., should
+have an exciting effect, as the original and by far the pleasantest way of
+love-making was in the open among flowers and fields; but a more purely
+physical reason may, I think, be found in the exact resemblance between
+the scent of semen and that of the pollen of flowering grasses. The first
+time I became aware of this resemblance it came on me with a rush that
+here was the explanation of the very exciting effect of a field of
+flowering grasses and, perhaps through them, of the scents of other
+flowers. If I am right, I suppose flower scents should affect women more
+powerfully than men in a sexual way. I do not think anyone would be likely
+to notice the odor of semen in this connection unless they had been
+greatly struck by the exciting effects of the pollen of grasses. I had
+often noticed it and puzzled over it." As pollen is the male sexual
+element of flowers, its occasionally stimulating effect in this direction
+is perhaps but an accidental result of a unity running through the organic
+world, though it may be perhaps more simply explained as a special form of
+that nasal irritation which is felt by so many persons in a hay-field.
+Another correspondent, this time a man, tells me that he has noted the
+resemblance of the odor of semen to that of crushed grasses. A scientific
+friend who has done much work in the field of organic chemistry tells me
+he associates the odor of semen with that produced by diastasic action on
+mixing flour and water, which he regards as sexual in character. This
+again brings us to the starchy products of the leguminous plants. It is
+evident that, subtle and obscure as many questions in the physiology and
+psychology of olfaction still remain, we cannot easily escape from their
+sexual associations.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[53] H. Beauregard, _Matiere Medicale Zooelogique: Histoire des Drogues
+d'origine Animate_, 1901.
+
+[54] Professor Plateau, of Ghent, has for many years carried on a series
+of experiments which would even tend to show that insects are scarcely
+attracted by the colors of flowers at all, but mainly influenced by a
+sense which would appear to be smell. His experiments have been recorded
+during recent years (from 1887) in the _Bulletins de l'Academie Royale de
+Belgique_, and have from time to time been summarized in _Nature_, e.g.,
+February 5, 1903.
+
+[55] David Sharp, _Cambridge Natural History: Insects_, Part II, p. 398.
+
+[56] Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, 1873, p. 176.
+
+[57] Mantegazza (_L'Amour dans l'Humanite_, p. 94) refers to various
+peoples who practice this last custom. Egypt was a great centre of the
+practice more than 3000 years ago.
+
+[58] Hagen, _Sexuelle Osphresiologie_, 1901, p. 226. It has been suggested
+to me by a medical correspondent that one of the primitive objects of the
+hair, alike on head, mons veneris, and axilla, was to collect sweat and
+heighten its odor to sexual ends.
+
+[59] The names of all our chief perfumes are Arabic or Persian: civet,
+musk, ambergris, attar, camphor, etc.
+
+[60] Cloquet (_Osphresiologie_, pp. 73-76) has an interesting passage on
+the prevalence of the musk odor in animals, plants, and even mineral
+substances.
+
+[61] Laycock brings together various instances of the sexual odors of
+animals, insisting on their musky character (_Nervous Diseases of Women_;
+section, "Odors"). See also a section in the _Descent of Man_ (Part II,
+Chapter XVIII), in which Darwin argues that "the most odoriferous males
+are the most successful in winning the females." Distant also has an
+interesting paper on this subject, "Biological Suggestions," _Zooelogist_,
+May, 1902; he points out the significant fact that musky odors are usually
+confined to the male, and argues that animal odors generally are more
+often attractive than protective.
+
+[62] R. Whytt, _Works_, 1768, p. 543.
+
+[63] Lucretius, VI, 790-5.
+
+[64] Mohammed, said Ayesha, was very fond of perfumes, especially "men's
+scents," musk and ambergris. He used also to burn camphor on odoriferous
+wood and enjoy the fragrant smell, while he never refused perfumes when
+offered them as a present. The things he cared for most, said Ayesha, were
+women, scents, and foods. Muir, _Life of Mahomet_, vol. iii, p. 297.
+
+[65] H. ten Kate, _International Centralblatt fuer Anthropologie_, Ht. 6,
+1902. This author, who made observations on Japanese with Zwaardemaker's
+olfactometer, found that, contrary to an opinion sometimes stated, they
+have a somewhat defective sense of smell. He remarks that there are no
+really native Japanese perfumes.
+
+[66] Moll: _Die Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third edition, 1890, p. 306.
+
+[67] Moll: _Libido Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 284.
+
+[68] P. Naecke, "Un Cas de Fetichisme de Souliers," _Bulletin de la Societe
+de Medecine Mentale de Belgique_, 1894.
+
+[69] _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English edition, p. 167.
+
+[70] Philip Salmuth (_Observationes Medicae_, Centuria II, no. 63) in the
+seventeenth century recorded a case in which a young girl of noble birth
+(whose sister was fond of eating chalk, cinnamon, and cloves) experienced
+extreme pleasure in smelling old books. It would appear, however, that in
+this case the fascination lay not so much in the odor of the leather as in
+the mouldy odor of worm-eaten books; "_faetore veterum liborum, a blattis
+et tineis exesorum, situque prorsus corruptorum_" are Salmuth's words.
+
+[71] _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii, "Appendix B, History
+VIII."
+
+[72] _Sexuelle Osphresiologie_, p. 106.
+
+[73] Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, p. 176.
+
+[74] In this connection I may quote the remark of the writer of a
+thoughtful article in the _Journal of Psychological Medicine_, 1851: "The
+use of scents, especially those allied to the musky, is one of the
+luxuries of women, and in some constitutions cannot be indulged without
+some danger to the morals, by the excitement to the ovaria which results.
+And although less potent as aphrodisiacs in their action on the sexual
+system of women than of men, we have reason to think that they cannot be
+used to excess with impunity by most."
+
+[75] _Kama Sutra_ of Vatsyayana, 1883, p. 5.
+
+[76] Cloquet, _Osphresiologie_, p. 95.
+
+[77] In Normandy the _Chenopodium_, it is said, is called "conio," and in
+Italy erba connina (con, cunnus), on account of its vulvar odor. The
+attraction of dogs to this plant has been noted. In the same way cats are
+irresistibly attracted to preparations of valerian because their own urine
+contains valerianic acid.
+
+[78] Sonnini, _Voyage dans la Haute et Basse Egypte_, 1799, vol. i. p.
+298.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+The Evil Effects of Excessive Olfactory Stimulation--The Symptoms of
+Vanillism--The Occasional Dangerous Results of the Odors of
+Flowers--Effects of Flowers on the Voice.
+
+
+The reality of the olfactory influences with which we have been concerned,
+however slight they may sometimes appear, is shown by the fact that odors,
+both agreeable and disagreeable, are stimulants, obeying the laws which
+hold good for stimulants generally. They whip up the nervous energies
+momentarily, but in the end, if the excitation is excessive and prolonged,
+they produce fatigue and exhaustion. This is clearly shown by Fere's
+elaborate experiments on the influences of odors, as compared with other
+sensory stimulants, on the amount of muscular work performed with the
+ergograph.[79] Commenting on the remark of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, that
+"man uses perfumes to impart energy to his passion," Fere remarks: "But
+perfumes cannot keep up the fires which they light." Their prolonged use
+involves fatigue, which is not different from that produced by excessive
+work, and reproduces all the bodily and psychic accompaniments of
+excessive work.[80] It is well known that workers in perfumes are apt to
+suffer from the inhalation of the odors amid which they live. Dealers in
+musk are said to be specially liable to precocious dementia. The symptoms
+generally experienced by the men and women who work in vanilla factories
+where the crude fruit is prepared for commerce have often been studied and
+are well known. They are due to the inhalation of the scent, which has all
+the properties of the aromatic aldehydes, and include skin eruptions,[81]
+general excitement, sleeplessness, headache, excessive menstruation, and
+irritable bladder. There is nearly always sexual excitement, which may be
+very pronounced.[82]
+
+We are here in the presence, it may be insisted, not of a nervous
+influence only, but of a direct effect of odor on the vital processes. The
+experiments of Tardif on the influence of perfumes on frogs and rabbits
+showed that a poisonous effect was exerted;[83] while Fere, by incubating
+fowls' eggs in the presence of musk, found repeatedly that many
+abnormalities occurred, and that development was retarded even in the
+embryos that remained normal; while he obtained somewhat similar results
+by using essences of lavender, cloves, etc.[84] The influence of odors is
+thus deeper than is indicated by their nervous effects; they act directly
+on nutrition. We are led, as Passy remarks, to regard odors as very
+intimately related to the physiological properties of organic substances,
+and the sense of smell as a detached fragment of generally sensibility,
+reacting to the same stimuli as general sensibility, but highly
+specialized in view of its protective function.
+
+    The reality and subtlety of the influence of odors is further
+    shown, by the cases in which very intense effects are produced
+    even by the temporary inhalation of flowers or perfumes or other
+    odors. Such cases of idiosyncrasy in which a person--frequently
+    of somewhat neurotic temperament--becomes acutely sensitive to
+    some odor or odors have been recorded in medical literature for
+    many centuries. In these cases the obnoxious odor produces
+    congestion of the respiratory passages, sneezing, headache,
+    fainting, etc., but occasionally, it has been recorded, even
+    death. (Dr. J.N. Mackenzie, in his interesting and learned paper
+    on "The Production of the so-called 'Rose Cold,' etc.," _American
+    Journal of Medical Sciences_, January, 1886, quotes many cases,
+    and gives a number of references to ancient medical authors; see
+    also Layet, art. "Odeur," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des
+    Sciences Medicales_.)
+
+    An interesting phenomenon of the group--though it is almost too
+    common to be described as an idiosyncrasy--is the tendency of the
+    odor of certain flowers to affect the voice and sometimes even to
+    produce complete loss of voice. The mechanism of the process is
+    not fully understood, but it would appear that congestion and
+    paresis of the larynx is produced and spasm of the bronchial
+    tube. Botallus in 1565 recorded cases in which the scent of
+    flowers brought on difficulty of breathing, and the danger of
+    flowers from this point of view is well recognized by
+    professional singers. Joal has studied this question in an
+    elaborate paper (summarized in the _British Medical Journal_,
+    March 3, 1895), and Dr. Cabanes has brought together (_Figaro_,
+    January 20, 1894) the experiences of a number of well-known
+    singers, teachers of singing, and laryngologists. Thus, Madame
+    Renee Richard, of the Paris Opera, has frequently found that when
+    her pupils have arrived with a bunch of violets fastened to the
+    bodice or even with a violet and iris sachet beneath the corset,
+    the voice has been marked by weakness and, on using the
+    laryngoscope, she has found the vocal cords congested. Madame
+    Calve confirmed this opinion, and stated that she was specially
+    sensitive to tuberose and mimosa, and that on one occasion a
+    bouquet of white lilac has caused her, for a time, complete loss
+    of voice. The flowers mentioned are equally dangerous to a number
+    of other singers; the most injurious flower of all is found to be
+    the violet. The rose is seldom mentioned, and artificial perfumes
+    are comparatively harmless, though some singers consider it
+    desirable to be cautious in using them.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[79] Fere, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XIII.
+
+[80] _Travail et Plaisir_, p. 175. It is doubtless true of the effects of
+odors on the sexual sphere. Fere records the case of a neurasthenic lady
+whose sexual coldness toward her husband only disappeared after the
+abandonment of a perfume (in which heliotrope was apparently the chief
+constituent) she had been accustomed to use in excessive amounts.
+
+[81] It is perhaps significant that many colors are especially liable to
+produce skin disorders, especially urticaria; a number of cases have been
+recorded by Joal, _Journal de Medecine_, July 10, 1899.
+
+[82] Layet, art. "Vanillisme," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences
+Medicales_; cf. Audeoud, _Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande_, October
+20, 1899, summarized in the _British Medical Journal_, 1899.
+
+[83] E. Tardif, _Les Odeurs et Parfums_, Chapter III.
+
+[84] Fere, _Societe de Biologie_, March 28, 1896.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+The Place of Smell in Human Sexual Selections--It has given Place to the
+Predominance of Vision largely because in Civilized Man it Fails to Act at
+a Distance--It still Plays a Part by Contributing to the Sympathies or the
+Antipathies of Intimate Contact.
+
+
+When we survey comprehensively the extensive field we have here rapidly
+traversed, it seems not impossible to gain a fairly accurate view of the
+special place which olfactory sensations play in human sexual selection.
+The special peculiarity of this group of sensations in man, and that which
+gives them an importance they would not otherwise possess, is due to the
+fact that we here witness the decadence of a sense which in man's remote
+ancestors was the very chiefest avenue of sexual allurement. In man, even
+the most primitive man,--to some degree even in the apes,--it has declined
+in importance to give place to the predominance of vision.[85] Yet, at
+that lower threshold of acuity at which it persists in man it still bathes
+us in a more or less constant atmosphere of odors, which perpetually move
+us to sympathy or to antipathy, and which in their finer manifestations we
+do not neglect, but even cultivate with the increase of our civilization.
+
+It thus comes about that the grosser manifestations of sexual allurement
+by smell belong, so far as man is concerned, to a remote animal past which
+we have outgrown and which, on account of the diminished acuity of our
+olfactory organs, we could not completely recall even if we desired to;
+the sense of sight inevitably comes into play long before it is possible
+for close contact to bring into action the sense of smell. But the latent
+possibilities of sexual allurement by olfaction, which are inevitably
+embodied in the nervous structure we have inherited from our animal
+ancestors, still remain ready to be called into play. They emerge
+prominently from time to time in exceptional and abnormal persons. They
+tend to play an unusually larger part in the psychic lives of neurasthenic
+persons, with their sensitive and comparatively unbalanced nervous
+systems, and this is doubtless the reason why poets and men of letters
+have insisted on olfactory impressions so frequently and to so notable a
+degree; for the same reason sexual inverts are peculiarly susceptible to
+odors. For a different reason, warmer climates, which heighten all odors
+and also favor the growth of powerfully odorous plants, lead to a
+heightened susceptibility to the sexual and other attractions of smell
+even among normal persons; thus we find a general tendency to delight in
+odors throughout the East, notably in India, among the ancient Hebrews,
+and in Mohammedan lands.
+
+Among the ordinary civilized population in Europe the sexual influences of
+smell play a smaller and yet not altogether negligible part. The
+diminished prominence of odors only enables them to come into action, as
+sexual influences, on close contact, when, in some persons at all events,
+personal odors may have a distinct influence in heightening sympathy or
+arousing antipathy. The range of variation among individuals is in this
+matter considerable. In a few persons olfactory sympathy or antipathy is
+so pronounced that it exerts a decisive influence in their sexual
+relationships; such persons are of olfactory type. In other persons smell
+has no part in constituting sexual relationships, but it comes into play
+in the intimate association of love, and acts as an additional excitant;
+when reinforced by association such olfactory impressions may at times
+prove irresistible. Other persons, again, are neutral in this respect, and
+remain indifferent either to the sympathetic or antipathetic working of
+personal odors, unless they happen to be extremely marked. It is probable
+that the majority of refined and educated people belong to the middle
+group of those persons who are not of predominantly olfactory type, but
+are liable from time to time to be influenced in this manner. Women are
+probably at least as often affected in this manner as men, probably more
+often.
+
+On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odors play a
+not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest,
+but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection--whether in
+preferential mating or in assortative mating--is comparatively small.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[85] Moll has a passage on this subject, _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido
+Sexualis_. Bd. I, pp. 376-381.
+
+
+
+
+HEARING.
+
+I.
+
+The Physiological Basis of Rhythm--Rhythm as a Physiological Stimulus--The
+Intimate Relation of Rhythm to Movement--The Physiological Influence of
+Music on Muscular Action, Circulation, Respiration, etc.--The Place of
+Music in Sexual Selection among the Lower Animals--Its Comparatively Small
+Place in Courtship among Mammals--The Larynx and Voice in Man--The
+Significance of the Pubertal Changes--Ancient Beliefs Concerning the
+Influence of Music in Morals, Education, and Medicine--Its Therapeutic
+Uses--Significance of the Romantic Interest in Music at Puberty--Men
+Comparatively Insusceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of
+Music--Rarity of Sexual Perversions on the Basis of the Sense of
+Hearing--The Part of Music in Primitive Human Courtship--Women Notably
+Susceptible to the Specifically Sexual Influence of Music and the Voice.
+
+
+The sense of rhythm--on which it may be said that the sensory exciting
+effects of hearing, including music, finally rest--may probably be
+regarded as a fundamental quality of neuro-muscular tissue. Not only are
+the chief physiological functions of the body, like the circulation and
+the respiration, definitely rhythmical, but our senses insist on imparting
+a rhythmic grouping even to an absolutely uniform succession of
+sensations. It seems probable, although this view is still liable to be
+disputed, that this rhythm is the result of kinaesthetic
+sensations,--sensations arising from movement or tension started reflexly
+in the muscles by the external stimuli,--impressing themselves on the
+sensations that are thus grouped.[86] We may thus say, with Wilks, that
+music appears to have had its origin in muscular action.[87]
+
+Whatever its exact origin may be, rhythm is certainly very deeply
+impressed on our organisms. The result is that, whatever lends itself to
+the neuro-muscular rhythmical tendency of our organisms, whatever tends
+still further to heighten and develop that rhythmical tendency, exerts
+upon us a very decidedly stimulating and exciting influence.
+
+All muscular action being stimulated by rhythm, in its simple form or in
+its more developed form as music, rhythm is a stimulant to work. It has
+even been argued by Buecher and by Wundt[88] that human song had its chief
+or exclusive origin in rhythmical vocal accompaniments to systematized
+work. This view cannot, however, be maintained; systematized work can
+scarcely be said to exist, even to-day, among most very primitive races;
+it is much more probable that rhythmical song arose at a period antecedent
+to the origin of systematized work, in the primitive military, religious,
+and erotic dances, such as exist in a highly developed degree among the
+Australians and other savage races who have not evolved co-ordinated
+systematic labor. There can, however, be no doubt that as soon as
+systematic work appears the importance of vocal rhythm in stimulating its
+energy is at once everywhere recognized. Buecher has brought together
+innumerable examples of this association, and in the march music of
+soldiers and the heaving and hoisting songs of sailors we have instances
+that have universally persisted into civilization, although in
+civilization the rhythmical stimulation of work, physiologically sound as
+is its basis, tends to die out. Even in the laboratory the influence of
+simple rhythm in increasing the output of work may be demonstrated; and
+Fere found with the ergograph that a rhythmical grouping of the movements
+caused an increase of energy which often more than compensated the loss of
+time caused by the rhythm.[89]
+
+Rhythm is the most primitive element of music, and the most fundamental.
+Wallaschek, in his book on _Primitive Music_, and most other writers on
+the subject are agreed on this point. "Rhythm," remarks an American
+anthropologist,[90] "naturally precedes the development of any fine
+perception of differences in pitch, of time-quality, or of tonality.
+Almost, if not all, Indian songs," he adds, "are as strictly developed out
+of modified repetitions of a motive as are the movements of a Mozart or a
+Beethoven symphony." "In all primitive music," asserts Alice C.
+Fletcher,[91] "rhythm is strongly developed. The pulsations of the drum
+and the sharp crash of the rattles are thrown against each other and
+against the voice, so that it would seem that the pleasure derived by the
+performers lay not so much in the tonality of the song as in the measured
+sounds arrayed in contesting rhythm, and which by their clash start the
+nerves and spur the body to action, for the voice which alone carries the
+tone is often subordinated and treated as an additional instrument." Groos
+points out that a melody gives us the essential impression of a _voice
+that dances_;[92] it is a translation of spatial movement into sound, and,
+as we shall see, its physiological action on the organism is a reflection
+of that which, as we have elsewhere found,[93] dancing itself produces,
+and thus resembles that produced by the sight of movement. Dancing, music,
+and poetry were primitively so closely allied as to be almost identical;
+they were still inseparable among the early Greeks. The refrains in our
+English ballads indicate the dancer's part in them. The technical use of
+the word "foot" in metrical matters still persists to show that a poem is
+fundamentally a dance.
+
+    Aristotle seems to have first suggested that rhythm and melodies
+    are motions, as actions are motions, and therefore signs of
+    feeling. "All melodies are motions," says Helmholtz. "Graceful
+    rapidity, gravel procession, quiet advance, wild leaping, all
+    these different characters of motion and a thousand others can be
+    represented by successions of tones. And as music expresses these
+    motions it gives an expression also to those mental conditions
+    which naturally evoke similar motions, whether of the body and
+    the voice, or of the thinking and feeling principle itself."
+    (Helmholtz, _On the Sensations of Tone_, translated by A. J.
+    Ellis, 1885, p. 250.)
+
+    From another point of view the motor stimulus of music has been
+    emphasized by Cyples: "Music connects with the only sense that
+    can be perfectly manipulated. Its emotional charm has struck men
+    as a great mystery. There appears to be no doubt whatever that it
+    gets all the marvelous effects it has beyond the mere pleasing of
+    the ear, from its random, but multitudinous summonses of the
+    efferent activity, which at its vague challenges stirs
+    unceasingly in faintly tumultuous irrelevancy. In this way, music
+    arouses aimlessly, but splendidly, the sheer, as yet unfulfilled,
+    potentiality within us." (W. Copies, _The Process of Human
+    Experience_, p. 743.)
+
+    The fundamental element of transformed motion in music has been
+    well brought out in a suggestive essay by Goblot ("La Musique
+    Descriptive," _Revue Philosophique_, July, 1901): "Sung or
+    played, melody figures to the ear a successive design, a moving
+    arabesque. We talk of _ascending_ and _descending_ the gamut, of
+    _high_ notes or _low_ notes; the; higher voice of woman is called
+    _soprano_, or _above_, the deeper voice of man is called _bass_.
+    _Grave_ tones were so called by the Greeks because they seemed
+    heavy and to incline downward. Sounds seem to be subject to the
+    action of gravity; so that some rise and others fall. Baudelaire,
+    speaking of the prelude to _Lohengrin_, remarks: 'I felt myself
+    _delivered from the bonds of weight_.' And when Wagner sought to
+    represent, in the highest regions of celestial space, the
+    apparition of the angels bearing the Holy Grail to earth, he uses
+    very high notes, and a kind of chorus played exclusively by the
+    violins, divided into eight parts, in the highest notes of their
+    register. The descent to earth of the celestial choir is rendered
+    by lower and lower notes, the progressive disappearance of which
+    represents the reascension to the ethereal regions.
+
+    "Sounds seem to rise and fall; that is a fact. It is difficult to
+    explain it. Some have seen in it a habit derived from the usual
+    notation by which the height of the note corresponds to its
+    height in the score. But the impression is too deep and general
+    to be explained by so superficial and recent a cause. It has been
+    suggested also that high notes are generally produced by small
+    and light bodies, low notes by heavy bodies. But that is not
+    always true. It has been said, again, that high notes in nature
+    are usually produced by highly placed objects, while low notes
+    arise from caves and low placed regions. But the thunder is heard
+    in the sky, and the murmur of a spring or the song of a cricket
+    arise from the earth. In the human voice, again, it is said, the
+    low notes seem to resound in the chest, high notes in the head.
+    All this is unsatisfactory. We cannot explain by such coarse
+    analogies an impression which is very precise, and more sensible
+    (this fact has its importance) for an interval of half a tone
+    than for an interval of an octave. It is probable that the true
+    explanation is to be found in the still little understood
+    connection between the elements of our nervous apparatus.
+
+    "Nearly all our emotions tend to produce movement. But education
+    renders us economical of our acts. Most of these movements are
+    repressed, especially in the adult and civilized man, as harmful,
+    dangerous, or merely useless. Some are not completed, others are
+    reduced to a faint incitation which externally is scarcely
+    perceptible. Enough remain to constitute all that is expressive
+    in our gestures, physiognomy, and attitudes. Melodic intervals
+    possess in a high degree this property of provoking impulses of
+    movement, which, even when repressed, leave behind internal
+    sensations and motor images. It would be possible to study these
+    facts experimentally if we had at our disposition a human being
+    who, while retaining his sensations and their motor reactions,
+    was by special circumstances rendered entirely spontaneous like a
+    sensitive automaton, whose movements were neither intentionally
+    produced nor intentionally repressed. In this way, melodic
+    intervals in a hypnotized subject might be very instructive."
+
+    A number of experiments of the kind desired by Goblot had already
+    been made by A. de Rochas in a book, copiously illustrated by
+    very numerous instantaneous photographs, entitled _Les
+    Sentiments, la Musique et la Geste_, 1900. Chapter III. De Rochas
+    experimented on a single subject, Lina, formerly a model, who was
+    placed in a condition of slight hypnosis, when various simple
+    fragments of music were performed: recitatives, popular airs, and
+    more especially national dances, often from remote parts of the
+    world. The subject's gestures were exceedingly marked and varied
+    in accordance with the character of the music. It was found that
+    she often imitated with considerable precision the actual
+    gestures of dances she could never have seen. The same music
+    always evoked the same gestures, as was shown by instantaneous
+    photographs. This subject, stated to be a chaste and well-behaved
+    girl, exhibited no indications of definite sexual emotion under
+    the influence of any kind of music. Some account is given in the
+    same volume of other hypnotic experiments with music which were
+    also negative as regards specific sexual phenomena.
+
+It must be noted that, as a physiological stimulus, a single musical note
+is effective, even apart from rhythm, as is well shown by Fere's
+experiments with the dynamometer and the ergograph.[94] It is, however,
+the influence of music on muscular work which has been most frequently
+investigated, and both on brief efforts with the dynamometer and prolonged
+work with the ergograph it has been found to exert a stimulating
+influence. Thus, Scripture found that, while his own maximum thumb and
+finger grip with the dynamometer is 8 pounds, when the giant's motive from
+Wagner's _Rheingold_ is played it rises to 83/4 pounds.[95] With the
+ergograph Tarchanoff found that lively music, in nervously sensitive
+persons, will temporarily cause the disappearance of fatigue, though slow
+music in a minor key had an opposite effect.[96] The varying influence on
+work with the ergograph of different musical intervals and different keys
+has been carefully studied by Fere with many interesting results. There
+was a very considerable degree of constancy in the results. Discords were
+depressing; most, but not all, major keys were stimulating; and most, but
+not all, minor keys depressing. In states of fatigue, however, the minor
+keys were more stimulating than the major, an interesting result in
+harmony with that stimulating influence of various painful emotions in
+states of organic fatigue which we have elsewhere encountered when
+investigating sadism.[97] "Our musical culture," Fere remarks, "only
+renders more perceptible to us the unconscious relationships which exist
+between musical art and our organisms. Those whom we consider more endowed
+in this respect have a deeper penetration of the phenomena accomplished
+within them; they feel more profoundly the marvelous reactions between the
+organism and the principles of musical art, they experience more strongly
+that art is within them."[98] Both the higher and the lower muscular
+processes, the voluntary and the involuntary, are stimulated by music.
+Darlington and Talbot, in Titchener's laboratory at Cornell University,
+found that the estimation of relative weights was aided by music.[99]
+Lombard found, when investigating the normal variations in the knee-jerk,
+that involuntary reflex processes are always reinforced by music; a
+military band playing a lively march caused the knee-jerk to increase at
+the loud passages and to diminish at the soft passages, while remaining
+always above the normal level.[100]
+
+With this stimulating influence of rhythm and music on the neuro-muscular
+system--which may or may not be direct--there is a concomitant influence
+on the circulatory and breathing apparatus. During recent years a great
+many experiments have been made on man and animals bearing on the effects
+of music on the heart and respiration. Perhaps the earliest of these were
+carried out by the Russian physiologist Dogiel in 1880.[101] His methods
+were perhaps defective and his results, at all events as regards man,
+uncertain, but in animals the force and rapidity of the heart were
+markedly increased. Subsequent investigations have shown very clearly the
+influence of music on the circulatory and respiratory systems in man as
+well as in animals. That music has an apparently direct influence on the
+circulation of the brain is shown by the observations of Patrizi on a
+youth who had received a severe wound of the head which had removed a
+large portion of the skull wall. The stimulus of melody produced an
+immediate increase in the afflux of blood to the brain.[102]
+
+In Germany the question was investigated at about the same time by
+Mentz.[103] Observing the pulse with a sphygmograph and Marey tambour he
+found distinct evidence of an effect on the heart; when attention was
+given to the music the pulse was quickened, in the absence of attention it
+was slowed; Mentz also found that pleasurable sensations tended to slow
+the pulse and disagreeable ones to quicken it.
+
+Binet and Courtier made an elaborate series of experiments on the action
+of music on the respiration (with the double pneumograph), the heart, and
+the capillary circulation (with the plethysmograph of Hallion and Comte)
+on a single subject, a man very sensitive to music and himself a cultured
+musician. Simple musical sounds with no emotional content accelerated the
+respiration without changing its regularity or amplitude. Musical
+fragments, mostly sung, usually well known to the subject, and having an
+emotional effect on him, produced respiratory irregularity either in
+amplitude or rapidity of breathing, in two-thirds of the trials. Exciting
+music, such as military marches, accelerated the breathing more than sad
+melodies, but the intensity of the excitation had an effect at least as
+great as its quality, for intense excitations always produced both
+quickened and deeper breathing. The heart was quickened in harmony with
+the quickened breathing. Neither breathing nor heart was ever slowed. As
+regards the capillary pulsation, an influence was exerted chiefly, if not
+exclusively, by gay and exciting melodies, which produced a shrinking.
+Throughout the experiments it was found that the most profound
+physiological effects were exerted by those pieces which the subject found
+to be most emotional in their influence on him.[104]
+
+Guibaud studied the question on a number of subjects, confirming and
+extending the conclusions of Binet and Courtier. He found that the
+reactions of different individuals varied, but that for the same
+individual reactions were constant. Circulatory reaction was more often
+manifest than respiratory reaction. The latter might be either a
+simultaneous modification of depth and of rapidity or of either of these.
+The circulatory reaction was a peripheral vasoconstriction with diminished
+fullness of pulse and slight acceleration of cardiac rhythm; there was
+never any distinct slowing of heart under the influence of music. Guibaud
+remarks that when people say they feel a shudder at some passage of music,
+this sensation of cold finds its explanation in the production of a
+peripheral vasoconstriction which may be registered by the
+plethysmograph.[105]
+
+Since music thus directly and powerfully affects the chief vital
+processes, it is not surprising that it should indirectly influence
+various viscera and functions. As Tarchanoff and others have demonstrated,
+it affects the skin, increasing the perspiration; it may produce a
+tendency to tears; it sometimes produces desire to urinate, or even actual
+urination, as in Scaliger's case of the Gascon gentleman who was always
+thus affected on hearing the bagpipes. In dogs it has been shown by
+Tarchanoff and Wartanoff that auditory stimulation increases the
+consumption of oxygen 20 per cent., and the elimination of carbonic acid
+17 per cent.
+
+In addition to the effects of musical sound already mentioned, it may be
+added that, as Epstein, of Berne, has shown,[106] the other senses are
+stimulated under the influence of sound, and notably there is an increase
+in acuteness of vision which may be experimentally demonstrated. It is
+probable that this effect of music in heightening the impressions received
+by the other senses is of considerable significance from our present point
+of view.
+
+Why are musical tones in a certain order and rhythm pleasurable? asked
+Darwin in _The Descent of Man_, and he concluded that the question was
+insoluble. We see that, in reality, whatever the ultimate answer may be,
+the immediate reason is quite simple. Pleasure is a condition of slight
+and diffused stimulation, in which the heart and breathing are faintly
+excited, the neuro-muscular system receives additional tone, the viscera
+gently stirred, the skin activity increased; and certain combinations of
+musical notes and intervals act as a physiological stimulus in producing
+these effects.[107]
+
+Among animals of all kinds, from insects upward, this physiological action
+appears to exist, for among nearly all of them certain sounds are
+agreeable and attractive, and other sounds indifferent and disagreeable.
+It appears that insects of quite different genera show much appreciation
+of the song of the Cicada.[108] Birds show intense interest in the singing
+of good performers even of other species. Experiments among a variety of
+animals in the Zooelogical Gardens with performances on various instruments
+showed that with the exception of seals none were indifferent, and all
+felt a discord as offensive. Many animals showed marked likes and
+dislikes; thus, a tiger, who was obviously soothed by the violin, was
+infuriated by the piccolo; the violin and the flute were preferred by most
+animals.[109]
+
+    Most persons have probably had occasion to observe the
+    susceptibility of dogs to music. It may here suffice to give one
+    personal observation. A dog (of mixed breed, partly collie), very
+    well known to me, on hearing a nocturne of Chopin, whined and
+    howled, especially at the more pathetic passages, once or twice
+    catching and drawing out the actual note played; he panted,
+    walked about anxiously, and now and then placed his head on the
+    player's lap. When the player proceeded to a more cheerful piece
+    by Grieg, the dog at once became indifferent, sat down, yawned,
+    and scratched himself; but as soon as the player returned once
+    more to the nocturne the dog at once repeated his accompaniment.
+
+There can be no doubt that among a very large number of animals of most
+various classes, more especially among insects and birds, the attraction
+of music is supported and developed on the basis of sexual attraction, the
+musical notes emitted serving as a sexual lure to the other sex. The
+evidence on this point was carefully investigated by Darwin on a very wide
+basis.[110] It has been questioned, some writers preferring to adopt the
+view of Herbert Spencer,[111] that the singing of birds is due to
+"overflow of energy," the relation between courtship and singing being
+merely "a relation of concomitance." This view is no longer tenable;
+whatever the precise origin of the musical notes of animals may be,--and
+it is not necessary to suppose that sexual attraction had a large part in
+their first rudimentary beginnings,--there can now be little doubt that
+musical sounds, and, among birds, singing, play a very large part indeed
+in bringing the male and the female together.[112] Usually, it would
+appear, it is the performance of the male that attracts the female; it is
+only among very simple and primitive musicians, like some insects, that
+the female thus attracts the male.[113] The fact that it is nearly always
+one sex only that is thus musically gifted should alone have sufficed to
+throw suspicion on any but a sexual solution of this problem of animal
+song.
+
+It is, however, an exceedingly remarkable fact that, although among
+insects and lower vertebrates the sexual influence of music is so large,
+and although among mammals and predominantly in man the emotional and
+aesthetic influence of music is so great, yet neither in man nor any of the
+higher mammals has music been found to exert a predominant sexual
+influence, or even in most cases any influence at all. Darwin, while
+calling attention to the fact that the males of most species of mammals
+use their vocal powers chiefly, and sometimes exclusively, during the
+breeding-season, adds that "it is a surprising fact that we have not as
+yet any good evidence that these organs are used by male mammals to charm
+the female."[114] From a very different standpoint, Fere, in studying the
+pathology of the human sexual instinct in the light of a very full
+knowledge of the available evidence, states that he knows of no detailed
+observations showing the existence of any morbid sexual perversions based
+on the sense of hearing, either in reference to the human voice or to
+instrumental music.[115]
+
+When, however, we consider that not only in the animals most nearly
+related to man, but in man himself, the larynx and the voice undergo a
+marked sexual differentiation at puberty, it is difficult not to believe
+that this change has an influence on sexual selection and sexual
+psychology. At puberty there is a slight hyperaemia of the larynx,
+accompanied by rapid development alike of the larynx itself and of the
+vocal cords, which become larger and thicker, while there is an associated
+change in the voice, which deepens. All these changes are very slight in
+girls, but very pronounced in boys, whose voices are said to "break" and
+then become lower by at least an octave. The feminine larynx at puberty
+only increases in the proportion of 5 to 7, but the masculine larynx in
+the proportion of 5 to 10. The direct dependence of this change on the
+general sexual development is shown not merely by its occurrence at
+puberty, but by the fact that in eunuchs in whom the testicles have been
+removed before puberty the voice retains its childlike qualities.[116]
+
+As a matter of fact, I believe that we may attach a considerable degree of
+importance to the voice and to music generally as a method of sexual
+appeal. On this point I agree with Moll, who remarks that "the sense of
+hearing here plays a considerable part, and the stimulation received
+through the ears is much larger than is usually believed."[117] I am not,
+however, inclined to think that this influence is considerable in its
+action on men, although Mantegazza remarks, doubtless with a certain
+truth, that "some women's voices cannot be heard with impunity." It is
+true that the ancients deprecated the sexual or at all events the
+effeminating influence of some kinds of music, but they seem to have
+regarded it as sedative rather than stimulating; the kind of music they
+approved of as martial and stimulating was the kind most likely to have
+sexual effects in predisposed persons.
+
+    The Chinese and the Greeks have more especially insisted on the
+    ethical qualities of music and on its moralizing and demoralizing
+    effects. Some three thousand years ago, it is stated, a Chinese
+    emperor, believing that only they who understood music are
+    capable of governing, distributed administrative functions in
+    accordance with this belief. He acted entirely in accordance with
+    Chinese morality, the texts of Confucianism (see translations in
+    the "Sacred Books of the East Series") show clearly that music
+    and ceremony (or social ritual in a wide sense) are regarded as
+    the two main guiding influences of life--music as the internal
+    guide, ceremony as the external guide, the former being looked
+    upon as the more important.
+
+    Among the Greeks Menander said that to many people music is a
+    powerful stimulant to love. Plato, in the third book of the
+    _Republic_, discusses what kinds of music should be encouraged in
+    his ideal state. He does not clearly state that music is ever a
+    sexual stimulant, but he appears to associate plaintive music
+    (mixed Lydian and Hypolydian) with drunkenness, effeminacy, and
+    idleness and considers that such music is "useless even to women
+    that are to be virtuously given, not to say to men." He only
+    admits two kinds of music: one violent and suited to war, the
+    other tranquil and suited to prayer or to persuasion. He sets out
+    the ethical qualities of music with a thoroughness which almost
+    approaches the great Chinese philosopher: "On these accounts we
+    attach such importance to a musical education, because rhythm and
+    harmony sink most deeply into the recesses of the soul, and take
+    most powerful hold of it, bringing gracefulness in their train,
+    and making a man graceful if he be rightly nurtured, ... leading
+    him to commend beautiful objects, and gladly receive them into
+    his soul, and feed upon them, and grow to be noble and good."
+    Plato is, however, by no means so consistent and thorough as the
+    Chinese moralist, for having thus asserted that it is the
+    influence of music which molds the soul into virtue, he proceeds
+    to destroy his position with the statement that "we shall never
+    become truly musical until we know the essential forms of
+    temperance and courage and liberality and munificence," thus
+    moving in a circle. It must be added that the Greek conception of
+    music was very comprehensive and included poetry.
+
+    Aristotle took a wider view of music than Plato and admitted a
+    greater variety of uses for it. He was less anxious to exclude
+    those uses which were not strictly ethical. He disapproved,
+    indeed, of the Phrygian harmony as the expression of Bacchic
+    excitement. He accepts, however, the function of music as a
+    katharsis of emotion, a notion which is said to have originated
+    with the Pythagoreans. (For a discussion of Aristotle's views on
+    music, see W.L. Newman, _The Politics of Aristotle_, vol. i, pp.
+    359-369.)
+
+    Athenaeus, in his frequent allusions to music, attributes to it
+    many intellectual and emotional properties (e.g., Book XIV,
+    Chapter XXV) and in one place refers to "melodies inciting to
+    lawless indulgence" (Book XIII, Chapter LXXV).
+
+    We may gather from the _Priapeia_ (XXVI) that cymbals and
+    castanets were the special accompaniment in antiquity of wanton
+    songs and dances: "_cymbala, cum crotalis, pruriginis arma_."
+
+    The ancient belief in the moralizing influence of music has
+    survived into modern times mainly in a somewhat more scientific
+    form as a belief in its therapeutic effects in disordered nervous
+    and mental conditions. (This also is an ancient belief as
+    witnessed by the well-known example of David playing to Saul to
+    dispel his melancholia.) In 1729 an apothecary of Oakham, Richard
+    Broune, published a work entitled _Medicina Musica_, in which he
+    argued that music was beneficial in many maladies. In more recent
+    days there have been various experiments and cases brought
+    forward showing its efficacy in special conditions.
+
+    An American physician (W.F. Hutchinson) has shown that anaesthesia
+    may be produced with accurately made tuning forks at certain
+    rates of vibration (summarized in the _British Medical Journal_,
+    June 4, 1898). Ferrand in a paper read before the Paris Academy
+    of Medicine in September, 1895, gives reasons for classing some
+    kinds of music as powerful antispasmodics with beneficial
+    therapeutic action. The case was subsequently reported of a child
+    in whom night-terrors were eased by calming music in a minor key.
+    The value of music in lunatic asylums is well recognized; see
+    e.g., Naecke, _Revue de Psychiatrie_, October, 1897. Vaschide and
+    Vurpas (_Comptes Rendus de la Societe de Biologie_, December 13,
+    1902) have recorded the case of a girl of 20, suffering from
+    mental confusion with excitation and central motor
+    disequilibrium, whose muscular equilibrium was restored and
+    movements rendered more co-ordinated and adaptive under the
+    influence of music.
+
+    While there has been much extravagance in the ancient doctrine
+    concerning the effects of music, the real effects are still
+    considerable. Not only is this demonstrated by the experiments
+    already referred to (p. 118), indicating the efficacy of musical
+    sounds as physiological stimulants, but also by anatomical
+    considerations. The roots of the auditory nerves, McKendrick has
+    pointed out, are probably more widely distributed and have more
+    extensive connections than those of any other nerve. The
+    intricate connections of these nerves are still only being
+    unraveled. This points to an explanation of how music penetrates
+    to the very roots of our being, influencing by associational
+    paths reflex mechanisms both cerebral and somatic, so that there
+    is scarcely a function of the body that may not be affected by
+    the rhythmical pulsations, melodic progressions, and harmonic
+    combinations of musical tones. (_Nature_, June 15, 1899, p. 164.)
+
+Just as we are not entitled from the ancient belief in the influence of
+music on morals or the modern beliefs in its therapeutic influence--even
+though this has sometimes gone to the length of advocating its use in
+impotence[118]--to argue that music has a marked influence in exciting the
+specifically sexual instincts, neither are we entitled to find any similar
+argument in the fact that music is frequently associated with the
+love-feelings of youth. Men are often able to associate many of their
+earliest ideas of love in boyhood with women singing or playing; but in
+these cases it will always be found that the fascination was romantic and
+sentimental, and not specifically erotic.[119] In adult life the music
+which often seems to us to be most definitely sexual in its appeal (such
+as much of Wagner's _Tristan_) really produces this effect in part from
+the association with the story, and in part from the intellectual
+realization of the composer's effort to translate passion into aesthetic
+terms; the actual effect of the music is not sexual, and it can well be
+believed that the results of experiments as regards the sexual influence
+of the _Tristan_ music on men under the influence of hypnotism have been,
+as reported, negative. Helmholtz goes so far as to state that the
+expression of sexual longing in music is identical with that of religious
+longing. It is quite true, again, that a soft and gentle voice seems to
+every normal man as to Lear "an excellent thing in woman," and that a
+harsh or shrill voice may seem to deaden or even destroy altogether the
+attraction of a beautiful face. But the voice is not usually in itself an
+adequate or powerful method of evoking sexual emotion in a man. Even in
+its supreme vocal manifestations the sexual fascination exerted by a great
+singer, though certainly considerable, cannot be compared with that
+commonly exerted by the actress. Cases have, indeed, been
+recorded--chiefly occurring, it is probable, in men of somewhat morbid
+nervous disposition--in which sexual attraction was exerted chiefly
+through the ear, or in which there was a special sexual sensibility to
+particular inflections or accents.[120] Fere mentions the case of a young
+man in hospital with acute arthritis who complained of painful erections
+whenever he heard through the door the very agreeable voice of the young
+woman (invisible to him) who superintended the linen.[121] But these
+phenomena do not appear to be common, or, at all events, very pronounced.
+So far as my own inquiries go, only a small proportion of men would
+appear to experience definite sexual feelings on listening to music. And
+the fact that in woman the voice is so slightly differentiated from that
+of the child, as well as the very significant fact that among man's
+immediate or even remote ancestors the female's voice can seldom have
+served to attract the male, sufficiently account for the small part played
+by the voice and by music as a sexual allurement working on men.[122]
+
+It is otherwise with women. It may, indeed, be said at the outset that the
+reasons which make it antecedently improbable that men should be sexually
+attracted through hearing render it probable that women should be so
+attracted. The change in the voice at puberty makes the deeper masculine
+voice a characteristic secondary sexual attribute of man, while the fact
+that among mammals generally it is the male that is most vocal--and that
+chiefly, or even sometimes exclusively, at the rutting season--renders it
+antecedently likely that among mammals generally, including the human
+species, there is in the female an actual or latent susceptibility to the
+sexual significance of the male voice,[123] a susceptibility which, under
+the conditions of human civilization, may be transferred to music
+generally. It is noteworthy that in novels written by women there is a
+very frequent attentiveness to the qualities of the hero's voice and to
+its emotional effects on the heroine.[124] We may also note the special
+and peculiar personal enthusiasm aroused in women by popular musicians, a
+more pronounced enthusiasm than is evoked in them by popular actors.
+
+    As an interesting example of the importance attached by women
+    novelists to the effects of the male voice I may refer to George
+    Eliot's _Mill on the Floss_, probably the most intimate and
+    personal of George Eliot's works. In Book VI of this novel the
+    influence of Stephen Guest (a somewhat commonplace young man)
+    over Maggie Tulliver is ascribed almost exclusively to the effect
+    of his base voice in singing. We are definitely told of Maggie
+    Tulliver's "sensibility to the supreme excitement of music."
+    Thus, on one occasion, "all her intentions were lost in the vague
+    state of emotion produced by the inspiring duet--emotion that
+    seemed to make her at once strong and weak: strong for all
+    enjoyment, weak for all resistance. Poor Maggie! She looked very
+    beautiful when her soul was being played on in this way by the
+    inexorable power of sound. You might have seen the slightest
+    perceptible quivering through her whole frame as she leaned a
+    little forward, clasping her hands as if to steady herself; while
+    her eyes dilated and brightened into that wideopen, childish
+    expression of wondering delight, which always came back in her
+    happiest moments." George Eliot's novels contain many allusions
+    to the powerful emotional effects of music.
+
+    It is unnecessary to refer to Tolstoy's _Kreutzer Sonata_, in
+    which music is regarded as the Galeotto to bring lovers
+    together--"the connecting bond of music, the most refined lust of
+    the senses."
+
+In primitive human courtship music very frequently plays a considerable
+part, though not usually the sole part, being generally found as the
+accompaniment of the song and the dance at erotic festivals.[125] The
+Gilas, of New Mexico, among whom courtship consists in a prolonged
+serenade day after day with the flute, furnish a somewhat exceptional
+case. Savage women are evidently very attentive to music; Backhouse (as
+quoted, by Ling Roth[126]) mentions how a woman belonging to the very
+primitive and now extinct Tasmanian race, when shown a musical box,
+listened "with intensity; her ears moved like those of a dog or horse, to
+catch the sound."
+
+I have found little evidence to show that music, except in occasional
+cases, exerts even the slightest specifically sexual effect on men,
+whether musical or unmusical. But I have ample evidence that it very
+frequently exerts to a slight but definite extent such an influence on
+women, even when quite normal. Judging from my own inquiries it would,
+indeed, seem likely that the majority of normal educated women are liable
+to experience some degree of definite sexual excitement from music; one
+states that orchestral music generally tends to produce this effect;
+another finds it chiefly from Wagner's music; another from military music,
+etc. Others simply state--what, indeed, probably expresses the experience
+of most persons of either sex--that it heightens one's mood. One lady
+mentions that some of her friends, whose erotic feelings are aroused by
+music, are especially affected in this way by the choral singing in Roman
+Catholic churches.[127]
+
+In the typical cases just mentioned, all fairly normal and healthy women,
+the sexual effects of music though definite were usually quite slight. In
+neuropathic subjects they may occasionally be more pronounced. Thus, a
+medical correspondent has communicated to me the case of a married lady
+with one child, a refined, very beautiful, but highly neurotic, woman,
+married to a man with whom she has nothing in common. Her tastes lie in
+the direction of music; she is a splendid pianist, and her highly trained
+voice would have made a fortune. She confesses to strong sexual feelings
+and does not understand why intercourse never affords what she knows she
+wants. But the hearing of beautiful music, or at times the excitement of
+her own singing, will sometimes cause intense orgasm.
+
+    Vaschide and Vurpas, who emphasize the sexually stimulating
+    effects of music, only bring forward one case in any detail, and
+    it is doubtless significant that this case is a woman. "While
+    listening to a piece of music X changes expression, her eyes
+    become bright, the features are accentuated, a smile begins to
+    form, an expression of pleasure appears, the body becomes more
+    erect, there is a general muscular hypertonicity. X tells us that
+    as she listens to the music she experiences sensations very like
+    those of normal intercourse. The difference chiefly concerns the
+    local genital apparatus, for there is no flow of vaginal mucus.
+    On the psychic side the resemblance is marked." (Vaschide and
+    Vurpas, "Du Coefficient Sexual de l'Impulsion Musicale,"
+    _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.)
+
+    It is sometimes said, or implied, that a woman (or a man) sings
+    better under the influence of sexual emotion. The writer of an
+    article already quoted, on "Woman in her Psychological Relations"
+    (_Journal of Psychological Medicine_, 1851), mentions that "a
+    young lady remarkable for her musical and poetical talents
+    naively remarked to a friend who complimented her upon her
+    singing: 'I never sing half so well as when I've had a
+    love-fit.'" And George Eliot says. "There is no feeling, perhaps,
+    except the extremes of fear and grief, that does not make a man
+    sing or play the better." While, however, it may be admitted that
+    some degree of general emotional exaltation may exercise a
+    favorable influence on the singing voice, it is difficult to
+    believe that definite physical excitement at or immediately
+    before the exercise of the voice can, as a rule, have anything
+    but a deleterious effect on its quality. It is recognized that
+    tenors (whose voices resemble those of women more than basses,
+    who are not called upon to be so careful in this respect) should
+    observe rules of sexual hygiene; and menstruation frequently has
+    a definite influence in impairing the voice (H. Ellis, _Man and
+    Woman_, fourth edition, p. 290). As the neighborhood of
+    menstruation is also the period when sexual excitement is most
+    likely to be felt, we have here a further indication that sexual
+    emotion is not favorable to singing. I agree with the remarks of
+    a correspondent, a musical amateur, who writes: "Sexual
+    excitement and good singing do not appear to be correlated. A
+    woman's emotional capacity in singing or acting may be remotely
+    associated with hysterical neuroses, but is better evinced for
+    art purposes in the absence of disturbing sexual influences. A
+    woman may, indeed, fancy herself the heroine of a wanton romance
+    and 'let herself go' a little in singing with improved results.
+    But a memory of sexual ardors will help no woman to make the best
+    of her voice in training. Some women can only sing their best
+    when they think of the other women they are outsinging. One girl
+    'lets her soul go out into her voice' thinking of jamroll,
+    another thinking of her lover (when she has none), and most, no
+    doubt, when they think of nothing. But no woman is likely to
+    'find herself' in an artistic sense because she has lost herself
+    in another sense--not even if she has done so quite respectably."
+
+The reality of the association between the sexual impulse and music--and,
+indeed, art generally--is shown by the fact that the evolution of puberty
+tends to be accompanied by a very marked interest in musical and other
+kinds of art. Lancaster, in a study of this question among a large number
+of young people (without reference to difference in sex, though they were
+largely female), found that from 50 to 75 per cent of young people feel an
+impulse to art about the period of puberty, lasting a few months, or at
+most a year or two. It appears that 464 young people showed an increased
+and passionate love for music, against only 102 who experienced no change
+in this respect. The curve culminates at the age of 15 and falls rapidly
+after 16. Many of these cases were really quite unmusical.[128]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[86] This view has been more especially developed by J.B. Miner, _Motor,
+Visual, and Applied Rhythms_, Psychological Review Monograph Supplements,
+vol. v, No. 4, 1903.
+
+[87] Sir S. Wilks, _Medical Magazine_, January, 1894; cf. Clifford
+Allbutt, "Music, Rhythm, and Muscle," _Nature_, February 8, 1894.
+
+[88] Buecher, _Arbeit und Rhythmus_, third edition, 1902; Wundt,
+_Voelkerpsychologie_, 1900, Part I, p. 265.
+
+[89] Fere deals fully with the question in his book, _Travail et Plaisir_,
+1904, Chapter III, "Influence du Rhythme sur le Travail."
+
+[90] Fillmore, "Primitive Scales and Rhythms," _Proceedings of the
+International Congress of Anthropology_, Chicago, 1893.
+
+[91] "Love Songs among the Omaha Indians," in _Proceedings_ of same
+congress.
+
+[92] Groos, _Spiele der Menschen_, p. 33.
+
+[93] "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_,
+vol. iii.
+
+[94] Fere, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter V; id., _Travail et Plaisir_,
+Chapter XII.
+
+[95] Scripture, _Thinking, Feeling, Doing_, p. 85.
+
+[96] Tarchanoff, "Influence de la Musique sur l'Homme et sur les Animaux,"
+_Atti dell' XI Congresso Medico Internationale_, Rome, 1894, vol. ii, p.
+153; also in _Archives Italiennes de Biologie_, 1894.
+
+[97] "Love and Pain," _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii.
+
+[98] Fere, _Travail et Plaisir_, Chapter XII, "Action Physiologique des
+Sens Musicaux." "A practical treatise on harmony," Goblot remarks (_Revue
+Philosophique_, July, 1901, p. 61), "ought to tell us in what way such an
+interval, or such a succession of intervals, affects us. A theoretical
+treatise on harmony ought to tell us the explanation of these impressions.
+In a word, musical harmony is a psychological science." He adds that this
+science is very far from being constituted yet; we have hardly even
+obtained a glimpse of it.
+
+[99] _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898.
+
+[100] _American Journal of Psychology_, November, 1887. The influence of
+rhythm on the involuntary muscular system is indicated by the occasional
+effect of music in producing a tendency to contraction of the bladder.
+
+[101] _Archiv fuer Anatomie und Physiologie_ (Physiologisches Abtheilung),
+1880, p. 420.
+
+[102] M.L. Patrizi, "Primi esperimenti intorno all' influenza della musica
+sulla circolozione del sangue nel cervello umano," _International Congress
+fuer Psychologie_, Munich, 1897, p. 176.
+
+[103] _Philosophische Studien_, vol. xi.
+
+[104] Binet and Courtier, "La Vie Emotionelle," _Annee Psychologique_,
+Third Year, 1897, pp. 104-125.
+
+[105] Guibaud, _Contribution a l'etude experimentale de l'influence de la
+musique sur la circulation et la respiration_. These de Bordeaux, 1898,
+summarized in _Annee Psychologique_, Fifth Year, 1899, pp. 645-649.
+
+[106] _International Congress of Physiology_, Berne, 1895.
+
+[107] The influence of association plays no necessary part in these
+pleasurable influences, for Fere's experiments show that an unmusical
+subject responds physiologically, with much precision, to musical
+intervals he is unable to recognize. R. MacDougall also finds that the
+effective quality of rhythmical sequences does not appear to be dependent
+on secondary associations (_Psychological Review_, January, 1903).
+
+[108] R.T. Lewis, in _Nature Notes_, August, 1891.
+
+[109] Cornish, "Orpheus at the Zoo," in _Life at the Zoo_, pp. 115-138.
+
+[110] _Descent of Man_, Chapters XIII and XIX.
+
+[111] "The Origin of Music" (1857), _Essays_, vol. ii.
+
+[112] Anyone who is in doubt on this point, as regards bird song, may
+consult the little book in which the evidence has been well summarized by
+Haecker, _Der Gesang der Voegel_, or the discussion in Groos's _Spiele der
+Thiere_, pp. 274 et seq.
+
+[113] Thus, mosquitoes are irresistibly attracted by music, and especially
+by those musical tones which resemble the buzzing of the female; the males
+alone are thus attracted. (Nuttall and Shipley, and Sir Hiram Maxim,
+quoted in _Nature_, October 31, 1901, p. 655, and in _Lancet_, February
+22, 1902.)
+
+[114] _Descent of Man_, second edition, p. 567. Groos, in his discussion
+of music, also expresses doubt whether hearing plays a considerable part
+in the courtship of mammals, _Spiele der Menschen_, p. 22.
+
+[115] Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 137.
+
+[116] See Bierent, _La Puberte_ Chapter IV; also Havelock Ellis, _Man and
+Woman_, fourth edition, pp. 270-272. Endriss (_Die Bisherigen
+Beobachtungen von Physiologischen und Pathologischen Beziehungen der
+oberen Luftwege zu den Sexualorganen_, Teil III) brings together various
+observations on the normal and abnormal relations of the larynx to the
+sexual sphere.
+
+[117] Moll, _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. 1, p. 133.
+
+[118] J.L. Roger, _Traite des Effets de la Musique_, 1803, pp. 234 and
+342.
+
+[119] A typical example occurs in the early life of History I in Appendix
+B to vol. iii of these _Studies_.
+
+[120] Vaschide and Vurpas state (_Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904) that
+in their experience music may facilitate sexual approaches in some cases
+of satiety, and that in certain pathological cases the sexual act can only
+be accomplished under the influence of music.
+
+[121] Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, p. 137. Bloch (_Beitraege_, etc., vol. ii,
+p. 355) quotes some remarks of Kistemaecker's concerning the sound of
+women's garments and the way in which savages and sometimes civilized
+women cultivate this rustling and clinking. Gutzkow, in his
+_Autobiography_, said that the _frou-frou_ of a woman's dress was the
+music of the spheres to him.
+
+[122] The voice is doubtless a factor of the first importance in sexual
+attraction among the blind. On this point I have no data. The
+expressiveness of the voice to the blind, and the extent to which their
+likes and dislikes are founded on vocal qualities, is well shown by an
+interesting paper written by an American physician, blind from early
+infancy, James Cocke, "The Voice as an Index to the Soul," _Arena_,
+January, 1894.
+
+[123] Long before Darwin had set forth his theory of sexual selection
+Laycock had pointed out the influence which the voice of the male, among
+man and other animals, exerts on the female (_Nervous Diseases of Women_,
+p. 74). And a few years later the writer of a suggestive article on "Woman
+in her Psychological Relations" (_Journal of Psychological Medicine_,
+1851) remarked: "The sonorous voice of the male man is exactly analogous
+in its effect on woman to the neigh and bellow of other animals. This
+voice will have its effect on an amorous or susceptible organization much
+in the same way as color and the other visual ovarian stimuli." The writer
+adds that it exercises a still more important influence when modulated to
+music: "in this respect man has something in common with insects as well
+as birds."
+
+[124] Groos refers more than once to the important part played in German
+novels written by women by what one of them terms the "bearded male
+voice."
+
+[125] Various instances are quoted in the third volume of these _Studies_
+when discussing the general phenomena of courtship and tumescence, "An
+Analysis of the Sexual Impulse."
+
+[126] _The Tasmanians_, p. 20.
+
+[127] An early reference to the sexual influence of music on women may
+perhaps be found in a playful passage in Swift's _Martinus Scriblerus_
+(possibly due to his medical collaborator, Arbuthnot): "Does not AElian
+tell how the Libyan mares were excited to horsing by music? (which ought
+to be a caution to modest women against frequenting operas)." _Memoirs of
+Martinus Scriblerus_, Book I, Chapter 6. (The reference is to AElian,
+_Hist. Animal_, lib. XI, cap. 18, and lib. XII, cap. 44.)
+
+[128] E. Lancaster, "Psychology of Adolescence," _Pedagogical Seminary_,
+July, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Summary--Why the Influence of Music in Human Sexual Selection is
+Comparatively Small.
+
+
+We have seen that it is possible to set forth in a brief space the facts
+at present available concerning the influence on the pairing impulse of
+stimuli acting through the ear. They are fairly simple and uncomplicated;
+they suggest few obscure problems which call for analysis; they do not
+bring before us any remarkable perversions of feeling.
+
+At the same time, the stimuli to sexual excitement received through the
+sense of hearing, although very seldom of exclusive or preponderant
+influence, are yet somewhat more important than is usually believed.
+Primarily the voice, and secondarily instrumental music, exert a distinct
+effect in this direction, an effect representing a specialization of a
+generally stimulating physiological influence which all musical sounds
+exercise upon the organism. There is, however, in this respect, a definite
+difference between the sexes. It is comparatively rare to find that the
+voice or instrumental music, however powerful its generally emotional
+influence, has any specifically sexual effect on men. On the other hand,
+it seems probable that the majority of women, at all events among the
+educated classes, are liable to show some degree of sexual sensibility to
+the male voice or to instrumental music.
+
+It is not surprising to find that music should have some share in arousing
+sexual emotion when we bear in mind that in the majority of persons the
+development of sexual life is accompanied by a period of special interest
+in music. It is not unexpected that the specifically sexual effects of the
+voice and music should be chiefly experienced by women when we remember
+that not only in the human species is it the male in whom the larynx and
+voice are chiefly modified at puberty, but that among mammals generally it
+is the male who is chiefly or exclusively vocal at the period of sexual
+activity; so that any sexual sensibility to vocal manifestations must be
+chiefly or exclusively manifested in female mammals.
+
+At the best, however, although aesthetic sensibility to sound is highly
+developed and emotional sensibility to it profound and widespread,
+although women may be thrilled by the masculine voice and men charmed by
+the feminine voice, it cannot be claimed that in the human species hearing
+is a powerful factor in mating. This sense has here suffered between the
+lower senses of touch and smell, on the one hand, with their vague and
+massive appeal, and the higher sense, vision, on the other hand, with its
+exceedingly specialized appeal. The position of touch as the primary and
+fundamental sense is assured. Smell, though in normal persons it has no
+decisive influence on sexual attraction, acts by virtue of its emotional
+sympathies and antipathies, while, by virtue of the fact that among man's
+ancestors it was the fundamental channel of sexual sensibility, it
+furnishes a latent reservoir of impressions to which nervously abnormal
+persons, and even normal persons under the influence of excitement or of
+fatigue, are always liable to become sensitive. Hearing, as a sense for
+receiving distant perceptions has a wider field than is in man possessed
+by either touch or smell. But here it comes into competition with vision,
+and vision is, in man, the supreme and dominant sense.[129] We are always
+more affected by what we see than by what we hear. Men and women seldom
+hear each other without speedily seeing each other, and then the chief
+focus of interest is at once transferred to the visual centre.[130] In
+human sexual selection, therefore, hearing plays a part which is nearly
+always subordinated to that of vision.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[129] Nietzsche has even suggested that among primitive men delicacy of
+hearing and the evolution of music can only have been produced under
+conditions which made it difficult for vision to come into play: "The ear,
+the organ of fear, could only have developed, as it has, in the night and
+in the twilight of dark woods and caves.... In the brightness the ear is
+less necessary. Hence the character of music as an art of night and
+twilight." (_Morgenroethe_, p. 230.)
+
+[130] At a concert most people are instinctively anxious to _see_ the
+performers, thus distracting the purely musical impression, and the
+reasonable suggestion of Goethe that the performers should be invisible is
+still seldom carried into practice.
+
+
+
+
+VISION
+
+I.
+
+Primacy of Vision in Man--Beauty as a Sexual Allurement--The Objective
+Element in Beauty--Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Various Parts of the
+World--Savage Women sometimes Beautiful from European Point of
+View--Savages often Admire European Beauty--The Appeal of Beauty to some
+Extent Common even to Animals and Man.
+
+
+Vision is the main channel by which man receives his impressions. To a
+large extent it has slowly superseded all the other senses. Its range is
+practically infinite; it brings before us remote worlds, it enables us to
+understand the minute details of our own structure. While apt for the most
+abstract or the most intimate uses, its intermediate range is of universal
+service. It furnishes the basis on which a number of arts make their
+appeal to us, and, while thus the most aesthetic of the senses, it is the
+sense on which we chiefly rely in exercising the animal function of
+nutrition. It is not surprising, therefore, that from the point of view of
+sexual selection vision should be the supreme sense, and that the
+love-thoughts of men have always been a perpetual meditation of beauty.
+
+It would be out of place here to discuss comparatively the origins of our
+ideas of beauty. That is a question which belongs to aesthetics, not to
+sexual psychology, and it is a question on which aestheticians are not
+altogether in agreement. We need not even be concerned to make any
+definite assertion on the question whether our ideas of sexual beauty have
+developed under the influence of more general and fundamental laws, or
+whether sexual ideals themselves underlie our more general conceptions of
+beauty. Practically, so far as man and his immediate ancestors are
+concerned, the sexual and the extra-sexual factors of beauty have been
+interwoven from the first. The sexually beautiful object must have
+appealed to fundamental physiological aptitudes of reaction; the
+generally beautiful object must have shared in the thrill which the
+specifically sexual object imparted. There has been an inevitable action
+and reaction throughout. Just as we found that the sexual and the
+non-sexual influences of agreeable odors throughout nature are
+inextricably mingled, so it is with the motives that make an object
+beautiful to our eyes.[131]
+
+    The sexual element in the constitution of beauty is well
+    recognized even by those writers who concern themselves
+    exclusively with the aesthetic conception of beauty or with its
+    relation to culture. It is enough to quote two or three
+    testimonies on this point. "The whole sentimental side of our
+    aesthetic sensibility," remarks Santayana, "--without which it
+    would be perceptive and mathematical rather than aesthetic,--is
+    due to our sexual organization remotely stirred.... If anyone
+    were desirous to produce a being with a great susceptibility to
+    beauty, he could not invent an instrument better designed for
+    that object than sex. Individuals that need not unite for the
+    birth and rearing of each generation might retain a savage
+    independence. For them it would not be necessary that any vision
+    should fascinate, or that any languor should soften, the prying
+    cruelty of the eye. But sex endows the individual with a dumb and
+    powerful instinct, which carries his body and soul continually
+    toward another; makes it one of the dearest enjoyments of his
+    life to select and pursue a companion, and joins to possession
+    the keenest pleasure, to rivalry the fiercest rage, and to
+    solitude an eternal melancholy. What more could be needed to
+    suffuse the world with the deepest meaning and beauty? The
+    attention is fixed upon a well-defined object, and all the
+    effects it produces in the mind are easily regarded as powers or
+    qualities of that object.... To a certain extent this kind of
+    interest will center in the proper object of sexual passion, and
+    in the special characteristics of the opposite sex[131]; and we
+    find, accordingly, that woman is the most lovely object to man,
+    and man, if female modesty would confess it, the most interesting
+    to woman. But the effects of so fundamental and primitive a
+    reaction are much more general. Sex is not the only object of
+    sexual passion. When love lacks its specific object, when it does
+    not yet understand itself, or has been sacrificed to some other
+    interest, we see the stifled fire bursting out in various
+    directions.... Passion then overflows and visibly floods those
+    neighboring regions which it had always secretly watered. For the
+    same nervous organization which sex involves, with its
+    necessarily wide branchings and associations in the brain, must
+    be partially stimulated by other objects than its specific or
+    ultimate one; especially in man, who, unlike some of the lower
+    animals, has not his instincts clearly distinct and intermittent,
+    but always partially active, and never active in isolation. We
+    may say, then, that for man all nature is a secondary object of
+    sexual passion, and that to this fact the beauty of nature is
+    largely due." (G. Santayana, _The Sense of Beauty_, pp. 59-62.)
+
+    Not only is the general fact of sexual attraction an essential
+    element of aesthetic contemplation, as Santayana remarks, but we
+    have to recognize also that specific sexual emotion properly
+    comes within the aesthetic field. It is quite erroneous, as Groos
+    well points out, to assert that sexual emotion has no aesthetic
+    value. On the contrary, it has quite as much value as the emotion
+    of terror or of pity. Such emotion, must, however, be duly
+    subordinated to the total aesthetic effect. (K. Groos, _Der
+    AEsthetische Genuss_, p. 151.)
+
+    "The idea of beauty," Remy de Gourmont says, "is not an unmixed
+    idea; it is intimately united with the idea of carnal pleasure.
+    Stendhal obscurely perceived this when he defined beauty as 'a
+    promise of happiness.' Beauty is a woman, and women themselves
+    have carried docility to men so far as to accept this aphorism
+    which they can only understand in extreme sexual perversion....
+    Beauty is so sexual that the only uncontested works of art are
+    those that simply show the human body in its nudity. By its
+    perseverance in remaining purely sexual Greek statuary has placed
+    itself forever above all discussion. It is beautiful because it
+    is a beautiful human body, such a one as every man or every woman
+    would desire to unite with in the perpetuation of the race....
+    That which inclines to love seems beautiful; that which seems
+    beautiful inclines to love. This intimate union of art and of
+    love is, indeed, the only explanation of art. Without this
+    genital echo art would never have been born and never have been
+    perpetuated. There is nothing useless in these deep human depths;
+    everything which has endured is necessary. Art is the accomplice
+    of love. When love is taken away there is no art; when art is
+    taken away love is nothing but a physiological need." (Remy de
+    Gourmont, _Culture des Idees_, 1900, p. 103, and _Mercure de
+    France_, August, 1901, pp. 298 et seq.)
+
+    Beauty as incarnated in the feminine body has to some extent
+    become the symbol of love even for women. Colin Scott finds that
+    it is common among women who are not inverted for female beauty
+    whether on the stage or in art to arouse sexual emotion to a
+    greater extent than male beauty, and this is confirmed by some of
+    the histories I have recorded in the Appendix to the third
+    volume of these _Studies_. Scott considers that female beauty has
+    come to be regarded as typical of ideal beauty, and thus tends to
+    produce an emotional effect on both sexes alike. It is certainly
+    rare to find any aesthetic admiration of men among women, except
+    in the case of women who have had some training in art. In this
+    matter it would seem that woman passively accepts the ideals of
+    man. "Objects which excite a man's desire," Colin Scott remarks,
+    "are often, if not generally, the same as those affecting woman.
+    The female body has a sexually stimulating effect upon both
+    sexes. Statues of female forms are more liable than those of male
+    form to have a stimulating effect upon women as well as men. The
+    evidence of numerous literary expressions seems to show that
+    under the influence of sexual excitement a woman regards her body
+    as made for man's gratification, and that it is this complex
+    emotion which forms the initial stage, at least, of her own
+    pleasure. Her body is the symbol for her partner, and indirectly
+    for her, through his admiration of it, of their mutual joy and
+    satisfaction." (Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 206; also private letter.)
+
+    At the same time it must be remembered that beauty and the
+    conception of beauty have developed on a wider basis than that of
+    the sexual impulse only, and also that our conceptions of the
+    beautiful, even as concerns the human form, are to some extent
+    objective, and may thus be in part reduced to law. Stratz, in his
+    books on feminine beauty, and notably in _Die Schoenheit des
+    Weiblichen Koerpers_, insists on the objective element in beauty.
+    Papillault, again, when discussing the laws of growth and the
+    beauty of the face, argues that beauty of line in the face is
+    objective, and not a creation of fancy, since it is associated
+    with the highest human functions, moral and social. He remarks on
+    the contrast between the prehistoric man of
+    Chancelade,--delicately made, with elegant face and high
+    forehead,--who created the great Magdalenian civilization, and
+    his seemingly much more powerful, but less beautiful,
+    predecessor, the man of Spy, with enormous muscles and powerful
+    jaws. (_Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie_, 1899, p. 220.)
+
+    The largely objective character of beauty is further indicated by
+    the fact that to a considerable extent beauty is the expression
+    of health. A well and harmoniously developed body, tense muscles,
+    an elastic and finely toned skin, bright eyes, grace and
+    animation of carriage--all these things which are essential to
+    beauty are the conditions of health. It has not been demonstrated
+    that there is any correlation between beauty and longevity, and
+    the proof would not be easy to give, but it is quite probable
+    that such a correlation may exist, and various indications point
+    in this direction. One of the most delightful of Opie's pictures
+    is the portrait of Pleasance Reeve (afterward Lady Smith) at the
+    age of 17. This singularly beautiful and animated brunette lived
+    to the age of 104. Most people are probably acquainted with
+    similar, if less marked, cases of the same tendency.
+
+The extreme sexual importance of beauty, so far, at all events, as
+conscious experience is concerned is well illustrated by the fact that,
+although three other senses may and often do play a not inconsiderable
+part in the constitution of a person's sexual attractiveness,--the tactile
+element being, indeed, fundamental,--yet in nearly all the most elaborate
+descriptions of attractive individuals it is the visible elements that are
+in most cases chiefly emphasized. Whether among the lowest savages or in
+the highest civilization, the poet and story-teller who seeks to describe
+an ideally lovely and desirable woman always insists mainly, and often
+exclusively, on those characters which appeal to the eye. The richly laden
+word _beauty_ is a synthesis of complex impressions obtained through a
+single sense, and so simple, comparatively, and vague are the impressions
+derived from the other senses that none of them can furnish us with any
+corresponding word.
+
+    Before attempting to analyze the conception of beauty, regarded
+    in its sexual appeal to the human mind, it may be well to bring
+    together a few fairly typical descriptions of a beautiful woman
+    as she appears to the men of various nations.
+
+    In an Australian folklore story taken down from the lips of a
+    native some sixty years ago by W. Dunlop (but evidently not in
+    the native's exact words) we find this description of an
+    Australian beauty: "A man took as his wife a beautiful girl who
+    had long, glossy hair hanging around her face and down her
+    shoulders, which were plump and round. Her face was adorned with
+    red clay and her person wrapped in a fine large opossum rug
+    fastened by a pin formed from the small bone of the kangaroo's
+    leg, and also by a string attached to a wallet made of rushes
+    neatly plaited of small strips skinned from their outside after
+    they had been for some time exposed to the heat of the fire;
+    which being thrown on her back, the string passing under one arm
+    and across her breast, held the soft rug in a fanciful position
+    of considerable elegance; and she knew well how to show to
+    advantage her queenlike figure when she walked with her polished
+    yam stick held in one of her small hands and her little feet
+    appearing below the edge of the rug" (W. Dunlop, "Australian
+    Folklore Stories," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August and November, 1898, p. 27).
+
+    A Malay description of female beauty is furnished by Skeat. "The
+    brow (of the Malay Helen for whose sake a thousand desperate
+    battles are fought in Malay romances) is like the one-day-old
+    moon; her eyebrows resemble 'pictured clouds,' and are 'arched
+    like the fighting-cock's (artificial) spur'; her cheek resembles
+    the 'sliced-off cheek of a mango'; her nose, 'an opening jasmine
+    bud'; her hair, the 'wavy blossom shoots of the areca-palm';
+    slender is her neck, 'with a triple row of dimples'; her bosom
+    ripening, her waist 'lissom as the stalk of a flower,' her head;
+    'of a perfect oval' (literally, bird's-egg shaped), her fingers
+    like the leafy 'spears of lemon-grass' or the 'quills of the
+    porcupine,' her eyes 'like the splendor of the planet Venus,' and
+    her lips 'like the fissure of a pomegranate.'" (W.W. Skeat,
+    _Malay Magic_, 1900, p. 363.)
+
+    In Mitford's _Tales of Old Japan_ (vol. i, p. 215) a "peerlessly
+    beautiful girl of 16" is thus described: "She was neither too fat
+    nor too thin, neither too tall nor too short; her face was oval,
+    like a melon-seed, and her complexion fair and white;; her eyes
+    were narrow and bright, her teeth small and even; her nose was
+    aquiline, and her mouth delicately formed, with lovely red lips;
+    her eyebrows were long and fine; she had a profusion of long
+    black hair; she spoke modestly, with a soft, sweet voice, and
+    when she smiled, two lovely dimples appeared in her cheeks; in
+    all her movements she was gentle and refined." The Japanese belle
+    of ancient times, Dr. Nagayo Sensai remarks (_Lancet_, February
+    15, 1890) had a white face, a long, slender throat and neck, a
+    narrow chest, small thighs, and small feet and hands. Baelz, also,
+    has emphasized the ethereal character of the Japanese ideal of
+    feminine beauty, delicate, pale and slender, almost uncanny; and
+    Stratz, in his interesting book, _Die Koerperformen in Kunst und
+    Leben der Japaner_ (second edition, 1904), has dealt fully with
+    the subject of Japanese beauty.
+
+    The Singalese are great connoisseurs of beauty, and a Kandyan
+    deeply learned in the matter gave Dr. Davy the following
+    enumeration of a woman's points of beauty: "Her hair should be
+    voluminous, like the tail of the peacock, long, reaching to her
+    knees, and terminating in graceful curls; her eyebrows should
+    resemble the rainbow, her eyes, the blue sapphire and the petals
+    of the blue manilla-flower. Her nose should be like the bill of
+    the hawk; her lips should be bright and red, like coral or the
+    young leaf of the iron-tree. Her teeth should be small, regular,
+    and closely set, and like jessamine buds. Her neck should be
+    large and round, resembling the berrigodea. Her chest should be
+    capacious; her breasts, firm and conical, like the yellow
+    cocoa-nut, and her waist small--almost small enough to be clasped
+    by the hand. Her hips should be wide; her limbs tapering; the
+    soles of her feet, without any hollow, and the surface of her
+    body in general soft, delicate, smooth, and rounded, without the
+    asperities of projecting bones and sinews." (J. Davy, _An
+    Account of the Interior of Ceylon_, 1821, p. 110.)
+
+    The "Padmini," or lotus-woman, is described by Hindu writers as
+    the type of most perfect feminine beauty. "She in whom the
+    following signs and symptoms appear is called a _Padmini_: Her
+    face is pleasing as the full moon; her body, well clothed with
+    flesh, is as soft as the Shiras or mustard flower; her skin is
+    fine, tender, and fair as the yellow lotus, never dark colored.
+    Her eyes are bright and beautiful as the orbs of the fawn, well
+    cut, and with reddish corners. Her bosom is hard, full, and high;
+    she; has a good neck; her nose is straight and lovely; and three
+    folds or wrinkles cross her middle--about the umbilical region.
+    Her _yoni_ [vulva] resembles the opening lotus bud, and her
+    love-seed is perfumed like the lily that has newly burst. She
+    walks with swanlike [more exactly, flamingolike] gait, and her
+    voice is low and musical as the note of the Kokila bird [the
+    Indian cuckoo]; she delights in white raiment, in fine jewels,
+    and in rich dresses. She eats little, sleeps lightly, and being
+    as respectful and religious as she is clever and courteous, she
+    is ever anxious to worship the gods and to enjoy the conversation
+    of Brahmans. Such, then, is the Padmini, or lotus-woman." (_The
+    Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana_, 1883, p. 11.)
+
+    The Hebrew ideal of feminine beauty is set forth in various
+    passages of the _Song of Songs_. The poem is familiar, and it
+    will suffice to quote one  passage:--
+
+         "How beautiful are thy feet in sandals, O prince's daughter!
+         Thy rounded thighs are like jewels,
+         The work of the hands of a cunning workman.
+         Thy navel is like a rounded goblet
+         Wherein no mingled wine is wanting;
+         Thy belly is like a heap of wheat
+         Set about with lilies.
+         Thy two breasts are like two fawns
+         They are twins of a roe.
+         Thy neck is like the tower of ivory;
+         Thine eyes as the pools in Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim;
+         Thy nose is like the tower of Lebanon
+         That looketh toward Damascus.
+         Thine head upon thee is like Carmel
+         And the hair of thine head like purple;
+         The king is held captive in the tresses thereof.
+         This thy stature is like to a palm-tree,
+         And thy breasts to clusters of grapes,
+         And the smell of thy breath like apples,
+         And thy mouth like the best wine."
+
+    And the man is thus described in the same poem:--
+
+         "My beloved is fair and ruddy,
+         The chiefest among ten thousand.
+         His head as the most fine gold,
+         His locks are bushy (or curling), and black as a raven.
+         His eyes are like doves beside the water-brooks,
+         Washed with milk and fitly set.
+         His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as banks of sweet herbs;
+         His lips are as lilies, dropping liquid myrrh.
+         His hands are as rings of gold, set with beryl;
+         His body is as ivory work, overlaid with sapphires.
+         His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold.
+         His aspect is like Lebanon, excellent as the cedars.
+         His mouth is most sweet; yea, he is altogether lovely."
+
+    "The maiden whose loveliness inspires the most impassioned
+    expressions in Arabic poetry," Lane states, "is celebrated for
+    her slender figure: She is like the cane among plants, and is
+    elegant as a twig of the oriental willow. Her face is like the
+    full moon, presenting the strongest contrast to the color of her
+    hair, which is of the deepest hue of night, and falls to the
+    middle of her back (Arab ladies are extremely fond of full and
+    long hair). A rosy blush overspreads the center of each cheek;
+    and a mole is considered an additional charm. The Arabs, indeed,
+    are particularly extravagant in their admiration of this natural
+    beauty spot, which, according to its place, is compared to a drop
+    of ambergris upon a dish of alabaster or upon the surface of a
+    ruby. The eyes of the Arab beauty are intensely black,[132]
+    large, and long, of the form of an almond: they are full of
+    brilliancy; but this is softened by long silken lashes, giving a
+    tender and languid expression that is full of enchantment and
+    scarcely to be improved by the adventitious aid of the black
+    border of kohl; for this the lovely maiden adds rather for the
+    sake of fashion than necessity, having what the Arabs term
+    natural kohl. The eyebrows are thin and arched; the forehead is
+    wide and fair as ivory; the nose straight; the mouth, small; the
+    lips of a brilliant red; and the teeth, like pearls set in coral.
+    The forms of the bosom are compared to two pomegranates; the
+    waist is slender; the hips are wide and large; the feet and
+    hands, small; the fingers, tapering, and their extremities dyed
+    with the deep orange tint imparted by the leaves of the henna."
+
+    Lane adds a more minute analysis from an unknown author quoted by
+    El-Ishakee: "Four things in a woman should be _black_--the hair
+    of the head, the eyebrows, the eyelashes, and the dark part of
+    the eyes; four _white_--the complexion of the skin, the white of
+    the eyes, the teeth, and the legs; four _red_--the tongue, the
+    lips, the middle of the cheeks, and the gums; four _round_--the
+    head, the neck, the forearms, and the ankles; four _long_--the
+    back, the fingers, the arms, and the legs; four _wide_--the
+    forehead, the eyes, the bosom, and the hips; four _fine_--the
+    eyebrows, the nose, the lips, and the fingers; four _thick_--the
+    lower part of the back, the thighs, the calves of the legs, and
+    the knees; four _small_--the ears, the breasts, the hands, and
+    the feet." (E.W. Lane, _Arabian Society in the Middle Ages_,
+    1883, pp. 214-216.)
+
+    A Persian treatise on the figurative terms relating to beauty
+    shows that the hair should be black, abundant, and wavy, the
+    eyebrows dark and arched. The eyelashes also must be dark, and
+    like arrows from the bow of the eyebrows. There is, however, no
+    insistence on the blackness of the eyes. We hear of four
+    varieties of eye: the dark-gray eye (or narcissus eye); the
+    narrow, elongated eye of Turkish beauties; the languishing, or
+    love-intoxicated, eye; and the wine-colored eye. Much stress is
+    laid on the quality of brilliancy. The face is sometimes
+    described as brown, but more especially as white and rosy. There
+    are many references to the down on the lips, which is described
+    as greenish (sometimes bluish) and compared to herbage. This down
+    and that on the cheeks and the stray hairs near the ears were
+    regarded as very great beauties. A beauty spot on the chin,
+    cheek, or elsewhere was also greatly admired, and evoked many
+    poetic comparisons. The mouth must be very small. In stature a
+    beautiful woman must be tall and erect, like the cypress or the
+    maritime pine. While the Arabs admired the rosiness of the legs
+    and thighs, the Persians insisted on white legs and compared them
+    to silver and crystal. (_Anis El-Ochchaq_, by Shereef-Eddin Romi,
+    translated by Huart, _Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes_,
+    Paris, fasc. 25, 1875.)
+
+    In the story of Kamaralzaman in the _Arabian Nights_ El-Sett
+    Budur is thus described: "Her hair is so brown that it is blacker
+    than the separation of friends. And when it is arrayed in three
+    tresses that reach to her feet I seem to see three nights at
+    once.
+
+    "Her face is as white as the day on which friends meet again. If
+    I look on it at the time of the full moon I see two moons at
+    once.
+
+    "Her cheeks are formed of an anemone divided into two corollas;
+    they have the purple tinge of wine, and her nose is straighter
+    and more delicate than the finest sword-blade.
+
+    "Her lips are colored agate and coral; her tongue secretes
+    eloquence; her saliva is more desirable than the juice of
+    grapes.
+
+    "But her bosom, blessed be the Creator, is a living seduction. It
+    bears twin breasts of the purest ivory, rounded, and that may be
+    held within the five fingers of one hand.
+
+    "Her belly has dimples full of shade and arranged with the
+    harmony of the Arabic characters on the seal of a Coptic scribe
+    in Egypt. And the belly gives origin to her finely modeled and
+    elastic waist.
+
+    "At the thought of her flanks I shudder, for thence depends a
+    mass so weighty that it obliges its owner to sit down when she
+    has risen and to rise when she lies.
+
+    "Such are her flanks, and from them descend, like white marble,
+    her glorious thighs, solid and straight, united above beneath
+    their crown. Then come the legs and the slender feet, so small
+    that I am astounded they can bear so great a weight."
+
+    An Egyptian stela in the Louvre sings the praise of a beautiful
+    woman, a queen who died about 700 B.C., as follows: "The beloved
+    before all women, the king's daughter who is sweet in love, the
+    fairest among women, a maid whose like none has seen. Blacker is
+    her hair than the darkness of night, blacker than the berries of
+    the blackberry bush (?). Harder are her teeth (?) than the flints
+    on the sickle. A wreath of flowers is each of her breasts, close
+    nestling on her arms." Wiedemann, who quotes this, adds: "During
+    the whole classic period of Egyptian history with few exceptions
+    (such, for example, as the reign of that great innovator,
+    Amenophis IV) the ideal alike for the male and the female body
+    was a slender and but slightly developed form. Under the
+    Ethiopian rule and during the Ptolemaic period in Egypt itself we
+    find, for the first time, that the goddesses are represented with
+    plump and well-developed outlines. Examination of the mummies
+    shows that the earlier ideal was based upon actual facts, and
+    that in ancient Egypt slender, sinewy forms distinguished both
+    men and women. Intermarriage with other races and harem life may
+    have combined in later times to alter the physical type, and with
+    it to change also the ideal of beauty." (A. Wiedemann, _Popular
+    Literature in Ancient Egypt_, p. 7.)
+
+    Commenting on Plato's ideas of beauty in the _Banquet_
+    Emeric-David gives references from Greek literature showing that
+    the typical Greek beautiful woman must be tall, her body supple,
+    her fingers long, her foot small and light, the eyes clear and
+    moderately large, the eyebrows slightly arched and almost
+    meeting, the nose straight and firm, nearly--but not
+    quite--aquiline, the breath sweet as honey. (Emeric-David,
+    _Recherches sur l'Art Statuaire_, new edition, 1863, p. 42.)
+
+    At the end of classic antiquity, probably in the fifth century,
+    Aristaenetus in his first Epistle thus described his mistress
+    Lais: "Her cheeks are white, but mixed in imitation of the
+    splendor of the rose; her lips are thin, by a narrow space
+    separated from the cheeks, but more red; her eyebrows are black
+    and divided in the middle; the nose straight and proportioned to
+    the thin lips; the eyes large and bright, with very black pupils,
+    surrounded by the clearest white, each color more brilliant by
+    contrast. Her hair is naturally curled, and, as Homer's saying
+    is, like the hyacinth. The neck is white and proportioned to the
+    face, and though unadorned more conspicuous by its delicacy; but
+    a necklace of gems encircles it, on which her name is written in
+    jewels. She is tall and elegantly dressed in garments fitted to
+    her body and limbs. When dressed her appearance is beautiful;
+    when undressed she is all beauty. Her walk is composed and slow;
+    she looks like a cypress or a palm stirred by the wind. I cannot
+    describe how the swelling, symmetrical breasts raise the
+    constraining vest, nor how delicate and supple her limbs are. And
+    when she speaks, what sweetness in her discourse!"
+
+    Renier has studied the feminine ideal of the Provencal poets, the
+    troubadours who used the "langue d'oc." "They avoid any
+    description of the feminine type. The indications refer in great
+    part to the slender, erect, fresh appearance of the body, and to
+    the white and rosy coloring. After the person generally, the eyes
+    receive most praise; they are sweet, amorous, clear, smiling, and
+    bright. The color is never mentioned. The mouth is laughing, and
+    vermilion, and, smiling sweetly, it reveals the white teeth and
+    calls for the delights of the kiss. The face is clear and fresh,
+    the hand white and the hair constantly blonde. The troubadours
+    seldom speak of the rest of the body. Peire Vidal is an
+    exception, and his reference to the well-raised breasts may be
+    placed beside a reference by Bertran de Born. The general
+    impression conveyed by the love lyrics of the langue d'oc is one
+    of great convention. There seemed to be no salvation outside
+    certain phrases and epithets. The woman of Provence, sung by
+    hundreds of poets, seems to have been composed all of milk and
+    roses, a blonde Nuremburg doll." (R. Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico
+    della Donna nel Medioevo_, 1885, pp. 1-24.)
+
+    The conventional ideal of the troubadours is, again, thus
+    described: "She is a lady whose skin is white as milk, whiter
+    than the driven snow, of peculiar purity in whiteness. Her
+    cheeks, on which vermilion hues alone appear, are like the
+    rosebud in spring, when it has not yet opened to the full. Her
+    hair, which is nearly always bedecked and adorned with flowers,
+    is invariably of the color of flax, as soft as silk, and
+    shimmering with a sheen of the finest gold." (J.F. Rowbotham,
+    _The Troubadours and Courts of Love_, p. 228.)
+
+    In the most ancient Spanish romances, Renier remarks, the
+    definite indications of physical beauty are slight. The hair is
+    "of pure gold," or simply fair (_rudios_, which is equal to
+    _blondos_, a word of later introduction), the face white and
+    rosy, the hand soft, white, and fragrant; in one place we find a
+    reference to the uncovered breasts, whiter than crystal. But
+    usually the ancient Castilian romances do not deal with these
+    details. The poet contents himself with the statement that a lady
+    is the sweetest woman in the world, "_la mas linda mujer del
+    mundo_." (R. Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico della Donna nel Medioevo_,
+    pp. 68 et seq.)
+
+    In a detailed and well-documented thesis, Alwin Schultz describes
+    the characteristics of the beautiful woman as she appealed to the
+    German authors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. She must
+    be of medium height and slender. Her hair must be fair, like
+    gold; long, bright, and curly; a man's must only reach to his
+    shoulders. Dark hair is seldom mentioned and was not admired. The
+    parting of the hair must be white, but not too broad. The
+    forehead must be white and bright and rounded, without wrinkles.
+    The eyebrows must be darker than the hair, arched, and not too
+    broad, as though drawn with a pencil, the space between them not
+    too broad. The eyes must be bright, clear, and sparkling, not too
+    large or too small; nothing definite was said of the color, but
+    they were evidently usually blue. The nose must be of medium
+    size, straight, and not curved. The cheeks must be white, tinged
+    with red; if the red was absent by nature women used rouge. The
+    mouth must be small; the lips full and red. The teeth must be
+    small, white, and even. The chin must be white, rounded, lovable,
+    dimpled; the ears small and beautiful; the neck of medium size,
+    soft, white, and spotless; the arm small; the hands and fingers
+    long; the joints small, the nails white and bright and well cared
+    for. The bosom must be white and large; the breasts high and
+    rounded, like apples or pears, small and soft. The body generally
+    must be slender and active. The lower parts of the body are very
+    seldom mentioned, and many poets are even too modest to mention
+    the breasts. The buttocks must be rounded, one poet, indeed,
+    mentions, and the thighs soft and white, the _meinel_ (mons)
+    brown. The legs must be straight and narrow, the calves full, the
+    feet small and narrow, with high instep. The color of the skin
+    generally must be clear and of a tempered rosiness. (A. Schultz,
+    _Quid de Perfecta Corporis Humani Pulchritudine Germani Soeculi
+    XII et XIII Senserint_, 1866.) A somewhat similar, but shorter,
+    account is given by K. Weinhold (_Die Deutschen Frauen im
+    Mittelalter_, 1882, bd. 1, pp. 219 et seq.). Weinhold considers
+    that, like the French, the Germans admired the mixed eye, _vair_
+    or gray.
+
+    Adam de la Halle, the Artois _trouvere_ of the thirteenth
+    century, in a piece ("Li Jus Adan ou de la feuillie") in which he
+    brings himself forward, thus describes his mistress: "Her hair
+    had the brilliance of gold, and was twisted into rebellious
+    curls. Her forehead was very regular, white, and smooth; her
+    eyebrows, delicate and even, were two brown arches, which seemed
+    traced with a brush. Her eyes, bright and well cut, seemed to me
+    _vairs_ and full of caresses; they were large beneath, and their
+    lids like little sickles, adorned by twin folds, veiled or
+    revealed at her will her loving gaze. Between her eyes descended
+    the pipe of her nose, straight and beautiful, mobile when she was
+    gay; on either side were her rounded, white cheeks, on which
+    laughter impressed two dimples, and which one could see blushing
+    beneath her veil. Beneath the nose opened a mouth with blossoming
+    lips; this mouth, fresh and vermilion as a rose, revealed the
+    white teeth, in regular array; beneath the chin sprang the white
+    neck, descending full and round to the shoulder. The powerful
+    nape, white and without any little wandering hairs, protruded a
+    little over the dress. To her sloping shoulders were attached
+    long arms, large or slender where they so should be. What shall I
+    say of her white hands, with their long fingers, and knuckles
+    without knots, delicately ending in rosy nails attached to the
+    flesh by a clear and single line? I come to her bosom with its
+    firm breasts, but short and high pointed, revealing the valley of
+    love between them, to her round belly, her arched flanks. Her
+    hips were flat, her legs round, her calf large; she had a slender
+    ankle, a lean and arched foot. Such she was as I saw her, and
+    that which her chemise hid was not of less worth." (Houdoy, _La
+    Beaute des Femmes_, p. 125, who quotes the original of this
+    passage, considers it the ideal model of the mediaeval woman.)
+
+    In the twelfth century story of _Aucassin et Nicolette_,
+    "Nicolette had fair hair, delicate and curling; her eyes were
+    gray (_vairs_) and smiling; her face admirably modeled. Her nose
+    was high and well placed; her lips small and more vermilion than
+    the cherry or the rose in summer; her teeth were small and white;
+    her firm little breasts raised her dress as would two walnuts.
+    Her figure was so slender that you could inclose it with your two
+    hands, and the flowers of the marguerite, which her toes broke as
+    she walked with naked feet, seemed black in comparison with her
+    feet and legs, so white was she."
+
+    "Her hair was divided into a double tress," says Alain of Lille
+    in the twelfth century, "which was long enough to kiss the
+    ground; the parting, white as the lily and obliquely traced,
+    separated the hair, and this want of symmetry, far from hurting
+    her face, was one of the elements of her beauty. A golden comb
+    maintained that abundant hair whose brilliance rivaled it, so
+    that the fascinated eye could scarce distinguish the gold of the
+    hair from the gold of the comb. The expanded forehead had the
+    whiteness of milk, and rivaled the lily; her bright eyebrows
+    shone like gold, not standing up in a brush, and, without being
+    too scanty, orderly arranged. The eyes, serene and brilliant in
+    their friendly light, seemed twin stars, her nostrils embalsamed
+    with the odor of honey, neither too depressed in shape nor too
+    prominent, were of distinguished form; the nard of her mouth
+    offered to the smell a treat of sweet odors, and her half-open
+    lips invited a kiss. The teeth seemed cut in ivory; her cheeks,
+    like the carnation of the rose, gently illuminated her face and
+    were tempered by the transparent whiteness of her veil. Her chin,
+    more polished than crystal, showed silver reflections, and her
+    slender neck fitly separated her head from the shoulders. The
+    firm rotundity of her breasts attested the full expansion of
+    youth; her charming arms, advancing toward you, seemed to call
+    for caresses; the regular curve of her flanks, justly
+    proportioned, completed her beauty. All the visible traits of her
+    face and form thus sufficiently told what those charms must be
+    that the bed alone knew." (The Latin text is given by Houdoy, _La
+    Beaute des Femmes du XIIe au XVIe Siecle_, p. 119. Robert de
+    Flagy's portrait of Blanchefleur in _Sarin-le-Loherain_, written
+    in same century, reveals very similar traits.)
+
+    "The young woman appeared with twenty brightly polished daggers
+    and swords," we read in the Irish _Tain Bo Cuailgne_ of the
+    Badhbh or Banshee who appeared to Meidhbh, "together with seven
+    braids for the dead, of bright gold, in her right hand; a
+    speckled garment of green ground, fastened by a bodkin at the
+    breast under her fair, ruddy countenance, enveloped her form; her
+    teeth were so new and bright that they appeared like pearls
+    artistically set in her gums; like the ripe berry of the mountain
+    ash were her lips; sweeter was her voice than the notes of the
+    gentle harp-strings when touched by the most skillful fingers,
+    and emitting the most enchanting melody; whiter than the snow of
+    one night was her skin, and beautiful to behold were her
+    garments, which reached to her well molded, bright-nailed feet;
+    copious tresses of her tendriled, glossy, golden hair hung
+    before, while others dangled behind and reached the calf of her
+    leg." (_Ossianio Transactions_, vol. ii, p. 107.)
+
+    An ancient Irish hero is thus described: "They saw a great hero
+    approaching them; fairest of the heroes of the world; larger and
+    taller than any man; bluer than ice his eye; redder than the
+    fresh rowan berries his lips; whiter than showers of pearl his
+    teeth; fairer than the snow of one night his skin; a protecting
+    shield with a golden border was upon him, two battle-lances in
+    his hands; a sword with knobs of ivory [teeth of the sea-horse],
+    and ornamented with gold, at his side; he had no other
+    accoutrements of a hero besides these; he had golden hair on his
+    head, and had a fair, ruddy countenance." (_The Banquet of Dun na
+    n-gedh_, translated by O'Donovan, _Irish Archaeological Society_,
+    1842.)
+
+    The feminine ideal of the Italian poets closely resembles that of
+    those north of the Alps. Petrarch's Laura, as described in the
+    _Canzoniere_, is white as snow; her eyes, indeed, are black, but
+    the fairness of her hair is constantly emphasized; her lips are
+    rosy; her teeth white; her cheeks rosy; her breast youthful; her
+    hands white and slender. Other poets insist on the tall, white,
+    delicate body; the golden or blonde hair; the bright or starry
+    eyes (without mention of color), the brown or black arched
+    eyebrows, the straight nose, the small mouth, the thin vermilion
+    lips, the small and firm breasts. (Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico_,
+    pp. 87 et seq.)
+
+    Marie de France, a French mediaeval writer of the twelfth century,
+    who spent a large part of her life in England, in the _Lai of
+    Lanval_ thus described a beautiful woman: "Her body was
+    beautiful, her hips low, the neck whiter than snow, the eyes gray
+    (_vairs_), the face white, the mouth beautiful, the nose well
+    placed, the eyebrows brown, the forehead beautiful, the head
+    curly and blonde; the gleam of gold thread was less bright than
+    her hair beneath the sun."
+
+    The traits of Boccaccio's ideal of feminine beauty, a voluptuous
+    ideal as compared with the ascetic mediaeval ideal which had
+    previously prevailed, together with the characteristics of the
+    very beautiful and almost classic garments in which he arrayed
+    women, have been brought together by Hortis (_Studi sulle opere
+    Latine del Boccaccio_, 1879, pp. 70 et seq.). Boccaccio admired
+    fair and abundant wavy hair, dark and delicate eyebrows, and
+    brown or even black eyes. It was not until some centuries later,
+    as Hortis remarks, that Boccaccio's ideal woman was embodied by
+    the painter in the canvases of Titian.
+
+    The first precise description of a famous beautiful woman was
+    written by Niphus in the sixteenth century in his _De Pulchro et
+    Amore_, which is regarded as the first modern treatise on
+    aesthetics. The lady described is Joan of Aragon, the greatest
+    beauty of her time, whose portrait by Raphael (or more probably
+    Giulio Romano) is in the Louvre. Niphus, who was the philosopher
+    of the pontifical court and the friend of Leo X, thus describes
+    this princess, whom, as a physician, he had opportunities of
+    observing accurately: "She is of medium stature, straight, and
+    elegant, and possesses the grace which can only be imparted by an
+    assemblage of characteristics which are individually faultless.
+    She is neither fat nor bony, but succulent; her complexion is not
+    pale, but white tinged with rose; her long hair is golden; her
+    ears are small and in proportion with the size of her mouth. Her
+    brown eyebrows are semicircular, not too bushy, and the
+    individual hairs short. Her eyes are blue (_oaesius_), brighter
+    than stars, radiant with grace and gaiety beneath the dark-brown
+    eyelashes, which are well spaced and not too long. The nose,
+    symmetrical and of medium size, descends perpendicularly from
+    between the eyebrows. The little valley separating the nose from
+    the upper lip is divinely proportioned. The mouth, inclined to be
+    rather small, is always stirred by a sweet smile; the rather
+    thick lips are made of honey and coral. The teeth are small,
+    polished as ivory, and symmetrically ranged, and the breath has
+    the odor of the sweetest perfumes. Her voice is that of a
+    goddess. The chin is divided by a dimple; the whole face
+    approximates to a virile rotundity. The straight long neck, white
+    and full, rises gracefully from the shoulders. On the ample
+    bosom, revealing no indication of the bones, arise the rounded
+    breasts, of equal and fitting size, and exhaling the perfume of
+    the peaches they resemble. The rather plump hands, on the back
+    like snow, on the palm like ivory, are exactly the length of the
+    face; the full and rounded fingers are long and terminating in
+    round, curved nails of soft color. The chest as a whole has the
+    form of a pear, reversed, but a little compressed, and the base
+    attached to the neck in a delightfully well-proportioned manner.
+    The belly, the flanks, and the secret parts are worthy of the
+    chest; the hips are large and rounded; the thighs, the legs, and
+    the arms are in just proportion. The breadth of the shoulders is
+    also in the most perfect relation to the dimensions of the other
+    parts of the body; the feet, of medium length, terminate in
+    beautifully arranged toes." (Houdoy reproduces this passage in
+    _La Beaute des Femmes_; cf. also Stratz, _Die Schoenheit des
+    Weiblichen Koerpers_, Chapter III.)
+
+    Gabriel de Minut, who published in 1587 a treatise of no very
+    great importance, _De la Beaute_, also wrote under the title of
+    _La Paulegraphie_ a very elaborate description, covering sixty
+    pages, of Paule de Viguier, a Gascon lady of good family and
+    virtuous life living at Toulouse. Minut was her devoted admirer
+    and addressed an affectionate poem to her just before his death.
+    She was seventy years of age when he wrote the elaborate account
+    of her beauty. She had blue eyes and fair hair, though belonging
+    to one of the darkest parts of France.
+
+    Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, bd. 1, sec. 3) have independently
+    brought together a number of passages from the writers of many
+    countries describing their ideals of beauty. On this collection I
+    have not drawn.
+
+When we survey broadly the ideals of feminine beauty set down by the
+peoples of many lands, it is interesting to note that they all contain
+many features which appeal to the aesthetic taste of the modern European,
+and many of them, indeed, contain no features which obviously clash with
+his canons of taste. It may even be said that the ideals of some savages
+affect us more sympathetically than some of the ideals of our own mediaeval
+ancestors. As a matter of fact, European travelers in all parts of the
+world have met with women who were gracious and pleasant to look on, and
+not seldom even in the strict sense beautiful, from the standpoint of
+European standards. Such individuals have been found even among those
+races with the greatest notoriety for ugliness.
+
+    Even among so primitive and remote a people as the Australians
+    beauty in the European sense is sometimes found. "I have on two
+    occasions," Lumholtz states, "seen what might be called beauties
+    among the women of western Queensland. Their hands were small,
+    their feet neat and well shaped, with so high an instep that one
+    asked oneself involuntarily where in the world they had acquired
+    this aristocratic mark of beauty. Their figure was above
+    criticism, and their skin, as is usually the case among the young
+    women, was as soft as velvet. When these black daughters of Eve
+    smiled and showed their beautiful white teeth, and when their
+    eyes peeped coquettishly from beneath the curly hair which hung
+    in quite the modern fashion down their foreheads," Lumholtz
+    realized that even here women could exert the influence ascribed
+    by Goethe to women generally. (C. Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_, p.
+    132.) Much has, again, been written about the beauty of the
+    American Indians. See, e.g., an article by Dr. Shufeldt, "Beauty
+    from an Indian's Point of View," _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, April,
+    1895. Among the Seminole Indians, especially, it is said that
+    types of handsome and comely women are not uncommon. (_Clay_
+    MacCauley, "Seminole Indians of Florida," _Fifth Annual Report of
+    the Bureau of Ethnology_, 1883-1884, pp. 493 et seq.)
+
+    There is much even in the negress which appeals to the European
+    as beautiful. "I have met many negresses," remarks Castellani
+    (_Les Femmes au Congo_, p. 2), "who could say proudly in the
+    words of the Song of Songs, 'I am black, but comely.' Many of our
+    peasant women have neither the same grace nor the same delicate
+    skin as some natives of Cassai or Songha. As to color, I have
+    seen on the African continent creatures of pale gold or even red
+    copper whose fine and satiny skin rivals the most delicate white
+    skins; one may, indeed, find beauties among women of the darkest
+    ebony." He adds that, on the whole, there is no comparison with
+    white women, and that the negress soon becomes hideous.
+
+    The very numerous quotations from travelers concerning the women
+    of all lands quoted by Ploss and Bartels (_Das Weib_, seventh
+    edition, bd. i, pp. 88-106) amply suffice to show how frequently
+    some degree of beauty is found even among the lowest human races.
+    Cf., also, Mantegazza's survey of the women of different races
+    from this point of view, _Fisiologia della Donna_, Cap. IV.
+
+The fact that the modern European, whose culture may be supposed to have
+made him especially sensitive to aesthetic beauty, is yet able to find
+beauty among even the women of savage races serves to illustrate the
+statement already made that, whatever modifying influences may have to be
+admitted, beauty is to a large extent an objective matter. The existence
+of this objective element in beauty is confirmed by the fact that it is
+sometimes found that the men of the lower races admire European women more
+than women of their own race. There is reason to believe that it is among
+the more intelligent men of lower race--that is to say those whose
+aesthetic feelings are more developed--that the admiration for white women
+is most likely to be found.
+
+    "Mr. Winwood Reade," stated Darwin, "who has had ample
+    opportunities for observation, not only with the negroes of the
+    West Coast of Africa, but with those of the interior who have
+    never associated with Europeans, is convinced that their ideas of
+    beauty are, _on the whole_, the same as ours; and Dr. Rohlfs
+    writes to me to the same effect with respect to Bornu and the
+    countries inhabited by the Pullo tribes. Mr. Reade found that he
+    agreed with the negroes in their estimation of the beauty of the
+    native girls; and that their appreciation of the beauty of
+    European women corresponded with ours.... The Fuegians, as I have
+    been informed by a missionary who long resided with them,
+    considered European women as extremely beautiful ... I should add
+    that a most experienced observer, Captain [Sir R.] Burton,
+    believes that a woman whom we consider beautiful is admired
+    throughout the world." (Darwin, _Descent of Man_, Chapter XIX.)
+
+    Mantegazza quotes a conversation between a South American chief
+    and an Argentine who had asked him which he preferred, the women
+    of his own people or Christian women; the chief replied that he
+    admired Christian women most, and when asked the reason said that
+    they were whiter and taller, had finer hair and smoother skin.
+    (Mantegazza, _Fisiologia della Donna_, Appendix to Cap. VIII.)
+
+    Nordenskjoeld, as quoted by Ploss and Bartels, states that the
+    Eskimo regard their own type as more ugly than that produced by
+    crossing with white persons, and, according to Kropf, the Nosa
+    Kaffers admire and seek the fairer half-castes in preference to
+    their own women of pure race (Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_,
+    seventh edition, bd. 1, p. 78). There is a widespread admiration
+    for fairness, it may be added, among dark peoples. Fair men are
+    admired by the Papuans at Torres Straits (_Reports of the
+    Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. v, p. 327). The
+    common use of powder among the women of dark-skinned peoples
+    bears witness to the existence of the same ideal.
+
+    Stratz, in his books _Die Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_ and
+    _Die Rassenschoenheit des Weibes_, argues that the ideal of beauty
+    is fundamentally the same throughout the world, and that the
+    finest persons among the lower races admire and struggle to
+    attain the type which is found commonly and in perfection among
+    the white peoples of Europe. When in Japan he found that among
+    the numerous photographs of Japanese beauties everywhere to be
+    seen, his dragoman, a Japanese of low birth, selected as the most
+    beautiful those which displayed markedly the Japanese type with
+    narrow-slitted eyes and broad nose. When he sought the opinion of
+    a Japanese photographer, who called himself an artist and had
+    some claim to be so considered, the latter selected as most
+    beautiful three Japanese girls who in Europe also would have been
+    considered pretty. In Java, also, when selecting from a large
+    number of Javanese girls a few suitable for photographing, Stratz
+    was surprised to find that a Javanese doctor pointed out as most
+    beautiful those which most closely corresponded to the European
+    type. (Stratz, _Die Rassenschoenheit des Weibes_, fourth edition,
+    1903, p. 3; id., _Die Koerperformen der Japaner_, 1904, p. 78.)
+
+    Stratz reproduces (Rassenschoenheit, pp. 36 et seq.) a
+    representation of Kwan-yin, the Chinese goddess of divine love,
+    and quotes some remarks of Borel's concerning the wide deviation
+    of the representations of the goddess, a type of gracious beauty,
+    from the Chinese racial type. Stratz further reproduces the
+    figure of a Buddhistic goddess from Java (now in the
+    Archaeological Museum of Leyden) which represents a type of
+    loveliness corresponding to the most refined and classic European
+    ideal.
+
+Not only is there a fundamentally objective element in beauty throughout
+the human species, but it is probably a significant fact that we may find
+a similar element throughout the whole animated world. The things that to
+man are most beautiful throughout Nature are those that are intimately
+associated with, or dependent upon, the sexual process and the sexual
+instinct. This is the case in the plant world. It is so throughout most of
+the animal world, and, as Professor Poulton, in referring to this often
+unexplained and indeed unnoticed fact, remarks, "the song or plume which
+excites the mating impulse in the hen is also in a high proportion of
+cases most pleasing to man himself. And not only this, but in their past
+history, so far as it has been traced (e.g., in the development of the
+characteristic markings of the male peacock and argus pheasant), such
+features have gradually become more and more pleasing to us as they have
+acted as stronger and stronger stimuli to the hen."[133]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[131] "It is likely that all visible parts of the organism, even those
+with a definite physiological meaning, appeal to the aesthetic sense of the
+opposite sex," Poulton remarks, speaking primarily of insects, in words
+that apply still more accurately to the human species. E. Poulton, _The
+Colors of Animals_, 1890, p. 304.
+
+[132] "The Arabs in general," Lane remarks, "entertain a prejudice against
+blue eyes--a prejudice said to have arisen from the great number of
+blue-eyed persons among certain of their northern enemies."
+
+[133] _Nature_, April 14, 1898, p. 55.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Beauty to Some Extent Consists Primitively in an Exaggeration of the
+Sexual Characters--The Sexual Organs--Mutilations, Adornments, and
+Garments--Sexual Allurement the Original Object of Such
+Devices--The Religious Element--Unaesthetic Character of the Sexual
+Organs--Importance of the Secondary Sexual Characters--The Pelvis and
+Hips--Steatopygia--Obesity--Gait--The Pregnant Woman as a Mediaeval Type of
+Beauty--The Ideals of the Renaissance--The Breasts--The Corset--Its
+Object--Its History--Hair--The Beard--The Element of National or Racial
+Type in Beauty--The Relative Beauty of Blondes and Brunettes--The General
+European Admiration for Blondes--The Individual Factors in the
+Constitution of the Idea of Beauty--The Love of the Exotic.
+
+
+In the constitution of our ideals of masculine and feminine beauty it was
+inevitable that the sexual characters should from a very early period in
+the history of man form an important element. From a primitive point of
+view a sexually desirable and attractive person is one whose sexual
+characters are either naturally prominent or artificially rendered so. The
+beautiful woman is one endowed, as Chaucer expresses it,
+
+    "With buttokes brode and brestes rounde and hye";
+
+that is to say, she is the woman obviously best fitted to bear children
+and to suckle them. These two physical characters, indeed, since they
+represent aptitude for the two essential acts of motherhood, must
+necessarily tend to be regarded as beautiful among all peoples and in all
+stages of culture, even in high stages of civilization when more refined
+and perverse ideals tend to find favor, and at Pompeii as a decoration on
+the east side of the Purgatorium of the Temple of Isis we find a
+representation of Perseus rescuing Andromeda, who is shown as a woman with
+a very small head, small hands and feet, but with a fully developed body,
+large breasts, and large projecting nates.[134]
+
+To a certain extent--and, as we shall see, to a certain extent only--the
+primary sexual characters are objects of admiration among primitive
+peoples. In the primitive dances of many peoples, often of sexual
+significance, the display of the sexual organs on the part of both men and
+women is frequently a prominent feature. Even down to mediaeval times in
+Europe the garments of men sometimes permitted the sexual organs to be
+visible. In some parts of the world, also, the artificial enlargement of
+the female sexual organs is practised, and thus enlarged they are
+considered an important and attractive feature of beauty.
+
+    Sir Andrew Smith informed Darwin that the elongated nymphae (or
+    "Hottentot apron") found among the women of some South African
+    tribes was formerly greatly admired by the men (_Descent of Man_,
+    Chapter XIX). This formation is probably a natural peculiarity of
+    the women of these races which is very much exaggerated by
+    intentional manipulation due to the admiration it arouses. The
+    missionary Merensky reported the prevalence of the practice of
+    artificial elongation among the Basuto and other peoples, and the
+    anatomical evidence is in favor of its partly artificial
+    character. (The Hottentot apron is fully discussed by Ploss and
+    Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. I, sec. vi.)
+
+    In the Jaboo country on the Bight of Benin in West Africa,
+    Daniell stated, it was considered ornamental to elongate the
+    labia and the clitoris artificially; small weights were appended
+    to the clitoris and gradually increased. (W.F. Daniell,
+    _Topography of Gulf of Guinea_, 1849, pp. 24, 53.)
+
+    Among the Bawenda of the northern Transvaal, the missionary
+    Wessmann states, it is customary for young girls from the age of
+    8 to spend a certain amount of time every day in pulling the
+    _labia majora_ in order to elongate them; in selecting a wife the
+    young men attach much importance to this elongation, and the girl
+    whose labia stand out most is most attractive. (_Zeitschrift fuer
+    Ethnologie_, 1894, ht. 4, p. 363.)
+
+    It may be added that in various parts of the world mutilations of
+    the sexual organs of men and women, or operations upon them, are
+    practiced, for reasons which are imperfectly known, since it
+    usually happens that the people who practice them are unable to
+    give the reason for this practice, or they assign a reason which
+    is manifestly not that which originally prompted the practice.
+    Thus, the excision of the clitoris, practiced in many parts of
+    East Africa and frequently supposed to be for the sake of dulling
+    sexual feeling (J.S. King _Journal of the Anthropological
+    Society_, Bombay, 1890, p. 2), seems very doubtfully accounted
+    for thus, for the women have it done of their own accord; "all
+    Sobo women [Niger coast] have their clitoris cut off; unless they
+    have this done they are looked down upon, as slave women who do
+    not get cut; as soon, therefore, as a Sobo woman has collected
+    enough money, she goes to an operating woman and pays her to do
+    the cutting." (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
+    August-November, 1898, p. 117.) The Comte de Cardi investigated
+    this matter in the Niger Delta: "I have questioned both native
+    men and women," he states, "to try and get the natives' reason
+    for this rite, but the almost universal answer to my queries was,
+    'it is our country's fashion.'" One old man told him it was
+    practiced because favorable to continence, and several old women
+    said that once the women of the land used to suffer from a
+    peculiar kind of madness which this rite reduced. (_Journal of
+    the Anthropological Institute_, August-November, 1899, p. 59.) In
+    the same way the subincision of the urethra (mika operation of
+    Australia) is frequently supposed to be for the purpose of
+    preventing conception (See, e.g., the description of the
+    operation by J.G. Garson, _Medical Press_, February 21, 1894),
+    but this is very doubtful, and E.C. Stirling found that
+    subincised natives often had large families. (_Intercolonial
+    Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery_, 1894.)
+
+    A passage in the _Mainz Chronicle_ for 1367 (as quoted by
+    Schultz, _Das Hoefische Leben_, p. 297) shows that at that time
+    the tunics of the men were so made that it was always possible
+    for the sexual organs to be seen in walking or sitting.
+
+This insistence on the naked sexual organs as objects of attraction is,
+however, comparatively rare, and confined to peoples in a low state of
+culture. Very much more widespread is the attempt to beautify and call
+attention to the sexual organs by tattooing,[135] by adornment and by
+striking peculiarities of clothing. The tendency for beauty of clothing to
+be accepted as a substitute for beauty of body appears early in the
+history of mankind, and, as we know, tends to be absolutely accepted in
+civilization.[136] "We exclaim," as Goethe remarks, "'What a beautiful
+little foot!' when we have merely seen a pretty shoe; we admire the lovely
+waist when nothing has met out eyes but an elegant girdle." Our realities
+and our traditional ideals are hopelessly at variance; the Greeks
+represented their statues without pubic hair because in real life they had
+adopted the oriental custom of removing the hairs; we compel our sculptors
+and painters to make similar representations, though they no longer
+correspond either to realities or to our own ideas of what is beautiful
+and fitting in real life. Our artists are themselves equally ignorant and
+confused, and, as Stratz has repeatedly shown, they constantly reproduce
+in all innocence the deformations and pathological characters of defective
+models. If we were honest, we should say--like the little boy before a
+picture of the Judgment of Paris, in answer to his mother's question as to
+which of the three goddesses he thought most beautiful--"I can't tell,
+because they haven't their clothes on."
+
+The concealment actually attained was not, however, it would appear,
+originally sought. Various authors have brought together evidence to show
+that the main primitive purpose of adornment and clothing among savages is
+not to conceal the body, but to draw attention to it and to render it more
+attractive. Westermarck, especially, brings forward numerous examples of
+savage adornments which serve to attract attention to the sexual regions
+of man and woman.[137] He further argues that the primitive object of
+various savage peoples in practicing circumcision, as other similar
+mutilations, is really to secure sexual attractiveness, whatever religious
+significance they may sometimes have developed subsequently. A more recent
+view represents the magical influence of both adornment and mutilation as
+primary, as a method of guarding and insulating dangerous bodily
+functions. Frazer, in _The Golden Bough_, is the most able and brilliant
+champion of this view, which undoubtedly embodies a large element of
+truth, although it must not be accepted to the absolute exclusion of the
+influence of sexual attractiveness. The two are largely woven in
+together.[138]
+
+There is, indeed, a general tendency for the sexual functions to take on a
+religious character and for the sexual organs to become sacred at a very
+early period in culture. Generation, the reproductive force in man,
+animals, and plants, was realized by primitive man to be a fact of the
+first magnitude, and he symbolized it in the sexual organs of man and
+woman, which thus attained to a solemnity which was entirely independent
+of purposes of sexual allurement. Phallus worship may almost be said to be
+a universal phenomenon; it is found even among races of high culture,
+among the Romans of the Empire and the Japanese to-day; it has, indeed,
+been thought by some that one of the origins of the cross is to be found
+in the phallus.
+
+    "Hardly any other object," remarks Dr. Richard Andree, "has been
+    with such great unanimity represented by nearly all peoples as
+    the phallus, the symbol of procreative force in the religions of
+    the East and an object of veneration at public festivals. In the
+    Moabitic Baal Peor, in the cult of Dionysos, everywhere, indeed,
+    except in Persia, we meet with Priapic representations and the
+    veneration accorded to the generative organ. It is needless to
+    refer to the great significance of the _Linga puja_, the
+    procreative organ of the god Siva, in India, a god to whom more
+    temples were erected than to any other Indian deity. Our museums
+    amply show how common phallic representations are in Africa, East
+    Asia, the Pacific, frequently in connection with religious
+    worship." (R. Andree, "Amerikansche Phallus-Darstellungen,"
+    _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1895, ht. 6, p. 678.)
+
+    Women have no external generative organ like the phallus to play
+    a large part in life as a sacred symbol. There is, however, some
+    reason to believe that the triangle is to some extent such a
+    symbol. Lejeune ("La Representation Sexuelle en Religion, Art, et
+    Pedagogie," _Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie_, Paris,
+    October 3, 1901) brings forward reasons in favor of the view that
+    the triangular hair-covered region of the mons veneris has had
+    considerable significance in this respect, and he presents
+    various primitive figures in illustration.
+
+Apart from the religions and magical properties so widely accorded to the
+primary sexual characters, there are other reasons why they should not
+often have gained or long retained any great importance as objects of
+sexual allurement. They are unnecessary and inconvenient for this purpose.
+The erect attitude of man gives them here, indeed, an advantage possessed
+by very few animals, among whom it happens with extreme rarity that the
+primary sexual characters are rendered attractive to the eye of the
+opposite sex, though they often are to the sense of smell. The sexual
+regions constitute a peculiarly vulnerable spot, and remain so even in
+man, and the need for their protection which thus exists conflicts with
+the prominent display required for a sexual allurement. This end is far
+more effectively attained, with greater advantage and less disadvantage,
+by concentrating the chief ensigns of sexual attractiveness on the upper
+and more conspicuous parts of the body. This method is well-nigh universal
+among animals as well as in man.
+
+There is another reason why the sexual organs should be discarded as
+objects of sexual allurement, a reason which always proves finally
+decisive as a people advances in culture. They are not aesthetically
+beautiful. It is fundamentally necessary that the intromittent organ of
+the male and the receptive canal of the female should retain their
+primitive characteristics; they cannot, therefore, be greatly modified by
+sexual or natural selection, and the exceedingly primitive character they
+are thus compelled to retain, however sexually desirable and attractive
+they may become to the opposite sex under the influence of emotion, can
+rarely be regarded as beautiful from the point of view of aesthetic
+contemplation. Under the influence of art there is a tendency for the
+sexual organs to be diminished in size, and in no civilized country has
+the artist ever chosen to give an erect organ to his representations of
+ideal masculine beauty. It is mainly because the unaesthetic character of a
+woman's sexual region is almost imperceptible in any ordinary and normal
+position of the nude body that the feminine form is a more aesthetically
+beautiful object of contemplation than the masculine. Apart from this
+character we are probably bound, from a strictly aesthetic point of view,
+to regard the male form as more aesthetically beautiful.[139] The female
+form, moreover, usually overpasses very swiftly the period of the climax
+of its beauty, often only retaining it during a few weeks.
+
+    The following communication from a correspondent well brings out
+    the divergences of feeling in this matter:
+
+    "You write that the sex organs, in an excited condition, cannot
+    be called aesthetic. But I believe that they are a source, not
+    only of curiosity and wonder to many persons, but also objects of
+    admiration. I happen to know of one man, extremely intellectual
+    and refined, who delights in lying between his mistress's thighs
+    and gazing long at the dilated vagina. Also another man, married,
+    and not intellectual, who always tenderly gazes at his wife's
+    organs, in a strong light, before intercourse, and kisses her
+    there and upon the abdomen. The wife, though amative, confessed
+    to another woman that she could not understand the attraction. On
+    the other hand, two married men have told me that the sight of
+    their wives' genital parts would disgust them, and that they have
+    never seen them.
+
+    "If the sexual parts cannot be called aesthetic, they have still a
+    strong charm for many passionate lovers, of both sexes, though
+    not often, I believe, among the unimaginative and the uneducated,
+    who are apt to ridicule the organs or to be repelled by them.
+    Many women confess that they are revolted by the sight of even a
+    husband's complete nudity, though they have no indifference for
+    sexual embraces. I think that the stupid bungle of Nature in
+    making the generative organs serve as means of relieving the
+    bladder has much to do with this revulsion. But some women of
+    erotic temperament find pleasure in looking at the penis of a
+    husband or lover, in handling it, and kissing it. Prostitutes do
+    this in the way of business; some chaste, passionate wives act
+    thus voluntarily. This is scarcely morbid, as the mammalia of
+    most species smell and lick each others' genitals. Probably
+    primitive man did the same."
+
+    Brantome (_Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II) has some remarks
+    to much the same effect concerning the difference between men,
+    some of whom take no pleasure in seeing the private parts of
+    their wives or mistresses, while others admire them and delight
+    to kiss them.
+
+    I must add that, however natural or legitimate the attraction of
+    the sexual parts may be to either sex, the question of their
+    purely aesthetic beauty remains unaffected.
+
+    Remy de Gourmont, in a discussion of the aesthetic element in
+    sexual beauty, considers that the invisibility of the sexual
+    organs is the decisive fact in rendering women more beautiful
+    than men. "Sex, which is sometimes an advantage, is always a
+    burden and always a flaw; it exists for the race and not for the
+    individual. In the human male, and precisely because of his erect
+    attitude, sex is the predominantly striking and visible fact, the
+    point of attack in a struggle at close quarters, the point aimed
+    at from a distance, an obstacle for the eye, whether regarded as
+    a rugosity on the surface or as breaking the middle of a line.
+    The harmony of the feminine body is thus geometrically much more
+    perfect, especially when we consider the male and the female at
+    the moment of desire when they present the most intense and
+    natural expression of life. Then the woman, whose movements are
+    all interior, or only visible by the undulation of her curves,
+    preserves her full aesthetic value, while the man, as it were, all
+    at once receding toward the primitive state of animality, seems
+    to throw off all beauty and become reduced to the simple and
+    naked condition of a genital organism." (Remy de Gourmont,
+    _Physique de l'Amour_, p. 69.) Remy de Gourmont proceeds,
+    however, to point out that man has his revenge after a woman has
+    become pregnant, and that, moreover, the proportions of the
+    masculine body are more beautiful than those of the feminine
+    body.
+
+The primary sexual characters of man and woman have thus never at any time
+played a very large part in sexual allurement. With the growth of culture,
+indeed, the very methods which had been adopted to call attention to the
+sexual organs were by a further development retained for the purpose of
+concealing them. From the first the secondary sexual characters have been
+a far more widespread method of sexual allurement than the primary sexual
+characters, and in the most civilized countries to-day they still
+constitute the most attractive of such methods to the majority of the
+population.
+
+    The main secondary sexual characters in woman and the type which
+    they present in beautiful and well-developed persons are
+    summarized as follows by Stratz, who in his book on the beauty of
+    the body in woman sets forth the reasons for the characteristics
+    here  given:--
+
+        Delicate bony structure.
+        Rounded forms and breasts.
+        Broad pelvis.
+        Long and abundant hair.
+        Low and narrow boundary of pubic hair.
+        Sparse hair in armpit.
+        No hair on body.
+        Delicate skin.
+        Rounded skull.
+        Small face.
+        Large orbits.
+        High and slender eyebrows.
+        Low and small lower jaw.
+        Soft transition from cheek to neck.
+        Rounded neck.
+        Slender wrist.
+        Small hand, with long index finger.
+        Rounded shoulders.
+        Straight, small clavicle.
+        Small and long thorax.
+        Slender waist.
+        Hollow sacrum.
+        Prominent and domed nates.
+        Sacral dimples.
+        Rounded and thick thighs.
+        Low and obtuse pubic arch.
+        Soft contour of knee.
+        Rounded calves.
+        Slender ankle.
+        Small toes.
+        Long second and short fifth toe.
+        Broad middle incisor teeth.
+
+    (Stratz, _Die Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_, fourteenth
+    edition, 1903, p. 200. This statement agrees at most points with
+    my own exposition of the secondary sexual characters: _Man and
+    Woman_, fourth edition, revised and enlarged, 1904.)
+
+Thus we find, among most of the peoples of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the
+chief continents of the world, that the large hips and buttocks of women
+are commonly regarded as an important feature of beauty. This secondary
+sexual character represents the most decided structural deviation of the
+feminine type from the masculine, a deviation demanded by the reproductive
+function of women, and in the admiration it arouses sexual selection is
+thus working in a line with natural selection. It cannot be said that,
+except in a very moderate degree, it has always been regarded as at the
+same time in a line with claims of purely aesthetic beauty. The European
+artist frequently seeks to attenuate rather than accentuate the
+protuberant lines of the feminine hips, and it is noteworthy that the
+Japanese also regard small hips as beautiful. Nearly everywhere else
+large hips and buttocks are regarded as a mark of beauty, and the average
+man is of this opinion even in the most aesthetic countries. The contrast
+of this exuberance with the more closely knit male form, the force of
+association, and the unquestionable fact that such development is the
+condition needed for healthy motherhood, have served as a basis for an
+ideal of sexual attractiveness which appeals to nearly all people more
+strongly than a more narrowly aesthetic ideal, which must inevitably be
+somewhat hermaphroditic in character.
+
+Broad hips, which involve a large pelvis, are necessarily a characteristic
+of the highest human races, because the races with the largest heads must
+be endowed also with the largest pelvis to enable their large heads to
+enter the world. The white race, according to Bacarisse, has the broadest
+sacrum, the yellow race coming next, the black race last. The white race
+is also stated to show the greatest curvature of the sacrum, the yellow
+race next, while the black race has the flattest sacrum.[140] The black
+race thus possesses the least developed pelvis, the narrowest, and the
+flattest. It is certainly not an accidental coincidence that it is
+precisely among people of black race that we find a simulation of the
+large pelvis of the higher races admired and cultivated in the form of
+steatopygia. This is an enormously exaggerated development of the
+subcutaneous layer of fat which normally covers the buttocks and upper
+parts of the thighs in woman, and in this extreme form constitutes a kind
+of natural fatty tumor. Steatopygia cannot be said to exist, according to
+Deniker, unless the projection of the buttocks exceeds 4 per cent of the
+individual's height; it frequently equals 10 per cent. True steatopygia
+only exists among Bushman and Hottentot women, and among the peoples who
+are by blood connected with them. An unusual development of the buttocks
+is, however, found among the Woloffs and many other African peoples.[141]
+There can be no doubt that among the black peoples of Africa generally,
+whether true steatopygia exists among them or not, extreme gluteal
+development is regarded as a very important, if not the most important,
+mark of beauty, and Burton stated that a Somali man was supposed to choose
+his wife by ranging women in a row and selecting her who projected
+farthest _a tergo_.[142] In Europe, it must be added, clothing enables
+this feature of beauty to be simulated. Even by some African peoples the
+posterior development has been made to appear still larger by the use of
+cushions, and in England in the sixteenth century we find the same
+practice well recognized, and the Elizabethan dramatists refer to the
+"bum-roll," which in more recent times has become the bustle, devices
+which bear witness to what Watts, the painter, called "the persistent
+tendency to suggest that the most beautiful half of humanity is furnished
+with tails."[143] In reality, as we see, it is simply a tendency, not to
+simulate an animal character, but to emphasize the most human and the most
+feminine of the secondary sexual characters, and therefore, from the
+sexual point of view, a beautiful feature.[144]
+
+Sometimes admiration for this characteristic is associated with admiration
+for marked obesity generally, and it may be noted that a somewhat greater
+degree of fatness may also be regarded as a feminine secondary sexual
+character. This admiration is specially marked among several of the black
+peoples of Africa, and here to become a beauty a woman must, by drinking
+enormous quantities of milk, seek to become very fat. Sonnini noted that
+to some extent the same thing might be found among the Mohammedan women of
+Egypt. After bright eyes and a soft, polished, hairless skin, an Egyptian
+woman, he stated, most desired to obtain _embonpoint_; men admired fat
+women and women sought to become fat. "The idea of a very fat woman,"
+Sonnini adds, "is nearly always accompanied in Europe by that of softness
+of flesh, effacement of form, and defect of elasticity in the outlines. It
+would be a mistake thus to represent the women of Turkey in general, where
+all seek to become fat. It is certain that the women of the East, more
+favored by Nature, preserve longer than others the firmness of the flesh,
+and this precious property, joined to the freshness and whiteness of their
+skin, renders them very agreeable. It must be added that in no part of the
+world is cleanliness carried so far as by the women of the East."[145]
+
+The special characteristics of the feminine hips and buttocks become
+conspicuous in walking and may be further emphasized by the special method
+of walking or carriage. The women of some southern countries are famous
+for the beauty of their way of walk; "the goddess is revealed by her
+walk," as Virgil said. In Spain, especially, among European countries, the
+walk very notably gives expression to the hips and buttocks. The spine is
+in Spain very curved, producing what is termed _ensellure_, or
+saddle-back--a characteristic which gives great flexibility to the back
+and prominence to the gluteal regions, sometimes slightly simulating
+steatopygia. The vibratory movement naturally produced by walking and
+sometimes artificially heightened thus becomes a trait of sexual beauty.
+Outside of Europe such vibration of the flanks and buttocks is more
+frankly displayed and cultivated as a sexual allurement. The Papuans are
+said to admire this vibratory movement of the buttocks in their women.
+Young girls are practiced in it by their mothers for hours at a time as
+soon as they have reached the age of 7 or 8, and the Papuan maiden walks
+thus whenever she is in the presence of men, subsiding into a simpler gait
+when no men are present. In some parts of tropical Africa the women walk
+in this fashion. It is also known to the Egyptians, and by the Arabs is
+called _ghung_.[146] As Mantegazza remarks, the essentially feminine
+character of this gait makes it a method of sexual allurement. It should
+be observed that it rests on feminine anatomical characteristics, and that
+the natural walk of a femininely developed woman is inevitably different
+from that of a man.
+
+    In an elaborate discussion of beauty of movement Stratz
+    summarizes the special characters of the gait in woman as
+    follows: "A woman's walk is chiefly distinguished from a man's by
+    shorter steps, the more marked forward movement of the hips, the
+    greater length of the phase of rest in relation to the phase of
+    motion, and by the fact that the compensatory movements of the
+    upper parts of the body are less powerfully supported by the
+    action of the arms and more by the revolution of the flanks. A
+    man's walk has a more pushing and active character, a woman's a
+    more rolling and passive character; while a man seems to seek to
+    catch his fleeing equilibrium, a woman seems to seek to preserve
+    the equilibrium she has reached.... A woman's walk is beautiful
+    when it shows the definitely feminine and rolling character, with
+    the greatest predominance of the moment of extension over that of
+    flexion." (Stratz, _Die Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_,
+    fourteenth edition, p. 275.)
+
+An occasional development of the idea of sexual beauty as associated with
+developed hips is found in the tendency to regard the pregnant woman as
+the most beautiful type. Stratz observes that a woman artist once remarked
+to him that since motherhood is the final aim of woman, and a woman
+reaches her full flowering period in pregnancy, she ought to be most
+beautiful when pregnant. This is so, Stratz replied, if the period of her
+full physical bloom chances to correspond with the early months of
+pregnancy, for with the onset of pregnancy metabolism is heightened, the
+tissues become active, the tone of the skin softer and brighter, the
+breasts firmer, so that the charm of fullest bloom is increased until the
+moment when the expansion of the womb begins to destroy the harmony of the
+form. At one period of European culture, however,--at a moment and among a
+people not very sensitive to the most exquisite aesthetic sensations,--the
+ideal of beauty has even involved the character of advanced pregnancy. In
+northern Europe during the centuries immediately preceding the Renaissance
+the ideal of beauty, as we may see by the pictures of the time, was a
+pregnant woman, with protuberant abdomen and body more or less extended
+backward. This is notably apparent in the work of the Van Eycks: in the
+Eve in the Brussels Gallery; in the wife of Arnolfini in the highly
+finished portrait group in the National Gallery; even the virgins in the
+great masterpiece of the Van Eycks in the Cathedral at Ghent assume the
+type of the pregnant woman.
+
+    "Through all the middle ages down to Duerer and Cranach," quite
+    truly remarks Laura Marholm (as quoted by I. Bloch, _Beitraege zur
+    AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 154), "we find a
+    very peculiar type which has falsely been regarded as one of
+    merely ascetic character. It represents quiet, peaceful, and
+    cheerful faces, full of innocence; tall, slender, young figures;
+    the shoulders still scanty; the breasts small, with slender legs
+    beneath their garments; and round the upper part of the body
+    clothing that is tight almost to the point of constriction. The
+    waist comes just under the bosom, and from this point the broad
+    skirts in folds give to the most feminine part of the feminine
+    body full and absolutely unhampered power of movement and
+    expansion. The womanly belly even in saints and virgins is very
+    pronounced in the carriage of the body and clearly protuberant
+    beneath the clothing. It is the maternal function, in sacred and
+    profane figures alike, which marks the whole type--indeed, the
+    whole conception--of woman." For a brief period this fashion
+    reappeared in the eighteenth century, and women wore pads and
+    other devices to increase the size of the abdomen.
+
+With the Renaissance this ideal of beauty disappeared from art. But in
+real life we still seem to trace its survival in the fashion for that
+class of garments which involved an immense amount of expansion below the
+waist and secured such expansion by the use of whalebone hoops and similar
+devices. The Elizabethan farthingale was such a garment. This was
+originally a Spanish invention, as indicated by the name (from
+_verdugardo_, provided with hoops), and reached England through France. We
+find the fashion at its most extreme point in the fashionable dress of
+Spain in the seventeenth century, such as it has been immortalized by
+Velasquez. In England hoops died out during the reign of George III but
+were revived for a time, half a century later, in the Victorian
+crinoline.[147]
+
+Only second to the pelvis and its integuments as a secondary sexual
+character in woman we must place the breasts.[148] Among barbarous and
+civilized peoples the beauty of the breast is usually highly esteemed.
+Among Europeans, indeed, the importance of this region is so highly
+esteemed that the general rule against the exposure of the body is in its
+favor abrogated, and the breasts are the only portion of the body, in the
+narrow sense, which a European lady in full dress is allowed more or less
+to uncover. Moreover, at various periods and notably in the eighteenth
+century, women naturally deficient in this respect have sometimes worn
+artificial busts made of wax. Savages, also, sometimes show admiration for
+this part of the body, and in the Papuan folk-tales, for instance, the
+sole distinguishing mark of a beautiful woman is breasts that stand
+up.[149] On the other hand, various savage peoples even appear to regard
+the development of the breasts as ugly and adopt devices for flattening
+this part of the body.[150] The feeling that prompts this practice is not
+unknown in modern Europe, for the Bulgarians are said to regard developed
+breasts as ugly; in mediaeval Europe, indeed, the general ideal of feminine
+slenderness was opposed to developed breasts, and the garments tended to
+compress them. But in a very high degree of civilization this feeling is
+unknown, as, indeed, it is unknown to most barbarians, and the beauty of a
+woman's breasts, and of any natural or artificial object which suggests
+the gracious curves of the bosom, is a universal source of pleasure.
+
+    The casual vision of a girl's breasts may, in the chastest youth,
+    evoke a strange perturbation. (Cf., e.g., a passage in an early
+    chapter of Marcelle Tinayre's _La Maison du Peche_.) We need not
+    regard this feeling as of purely sexual origin; and in addition
+    even to the aesthetic element it is probably founded to some
+    extent on a reminiscence of the earliest associations of life.
+    This element of early association was very well set forth long
+    ago by Erasmus Darwin:--
+
+    "When the babe, soon after it is born into this cold world, is
+    applied to its mother's bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth is
+    first agreeably affected; next its sense of smell is delighted
+    with the odor of her milk; then its taste is gratified by the
+    flavor of it; afterward the appetites of hunger and of thirst
+    afford pleasure by the possession of their object, and by the
+    subsequent digestion of the aliment; and, last, the sense of
+    touch is delighted by the softness and smoothness of the milky
+    fountain, the source of such variety of happiness.
+
+    "All these various kinds of pleasure at length become associated
+    with the form of the mother's breast, which the infant embraces
+    with its hands, presses with its lips, and watches with its eyes;
+    and thus acquires more accurate ideas of the form of its mother's
+    bosom than of the odor, flavor, and warmth which it perceives by
+    its other senses. And hence at our maturer years, when any object
+    of vision is presented to us which by its wavy or spiral lines
+    bears any similitude to the form of the female bosom, whether it
+    be found in a landscape with soft gradations of raising and
+    descending surface, or in the forms of some antique vases, or in
+    other works of the pencil or the chisel, we feel a general glow
+    of delight which seems to influence all our senses; and if the
+    object be not too large we experience an attraction to embrace it
+    with our lips as we did in our early infancy the bosom of our
+    mothers." (E. Darwin, _Zooenomia_, 1800, vol. i, p. 174.)
+
+The general admiration accorded to developed breasts and a developed
+pelvis is evidenced by a practice which, as embodied in the corset, is all
+but universal in many European countries, as well as the extra-European
+countries inhabited by the white race, and in one form or another is by no
+means unknown to peoples of other than the white race.
+
+The tightening of the waist girth was little known to the Greeks of the
+best period, but it was practiced by the Greeks of the decadence and by
+them transmitted to the Romans; there are many references in Latin
+literature to this practice, and the ancient physician wrote against it in
+the same sense as modern doctors. So far as Christian Europe is concerned
+it would appear that the corset arose to gratify an ideal of asceticism
+rather than of sexual allurement. The bodice in early mediaeval days bound
+and compressed the breasts and thus tended to efface the specifically
+feminine character of a woman's body. Gradually, however, the bodice was
+displaced downward, and its effect, ultimately, was to render the breasts
+more prominent instead of effacing them. Not only does the corset render
+the breasts more prominent; it has the further effect of displacing the
+breathing activity of the lungs in an upward direction, the advantage from
+the point of sexual allurement thus gained being that additional attention
+is drawn to the bosom from the respiratory movement thus imparted to it.
+So marked and so constant is this artificial respiratory effect, under the
+influence of the waist compression habitual among civilized women, that
+until recent years it was commonly supposed that there is a real and
+fundamental difference in breathing between men and women, that women's
+breathing is thoracic and men's abdominal. It is now known that under
+natural and healthy conditions there is no such difference, but that men
+and women breathe in a precisely identical manner. The corset may thus be
+regarded as the chief instrument of sexual allurement which the armory of
+costume supplies to a woman, for it furnishes her with a method of
+heightening at once her two chief sexual secondary characters, the bosom
+above, the hips and buttocks below. We cannot be surprised that all the
+scientific evidence in the world of the evil of the corset is powerless
+not merely to cause its abolition, but even to secure the general adoption
+of its comparatively harmless modifications.
+
+    Several books have been written on the history of the corset.
+    Leoty (_Le Corset a travers les Ages_, 1893) accepts Bouvier's
+    division of the phases through which the corset has passed: (1)
+    the bands, or fasciae, of Greek and Roman ladies; (2) period of
+    transition during greater part of middle ages, classic traditions
+    still subsisting; (3) end of middle ages and beginning of
+    Renaissance, when tight bodices were worn; (4) the period of
+    whalebone bodices, from middle of sixteenth to end of eighteenth
+    centuries; (5) the period of the modern corset. We hear of
+    embroidered girdles in Homer. Even in Rome, however, the fasciae
+    were not in general use, and were chiefly employed either to
+    support the breasts or to compress their excessive development,
+    and then called _mamillare_. The _zona_ was a girdle, worn
+    usually round the hips, especially by young girls. The modern
+    corset is a combination of the _fascia_ and the _zona_. It was at
+    the end of the fourteenth century that Isabeau of Bavaria
+    introduced the custom of showing the breasts uncovered, and the
+    word "corset" was then used for the first time.
+
+    Stratz, in his _Frauenkleidung_ (pp. 366 et seq.), and in his
+    _Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_, Chapters VIII, X, and XVI,
+    also deals with the corset, and illustrates the results of
+    compression on the body. For a summary of the evidence concerning
+    the difference of respiration in man and woman, its causes and
+    results, see Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition,
+    1904, pp. 228-244. With reference to the probable influence of
+    the corset and unsuitable clothing generally during early life in
+    impeding the development of the mammary glands, causing inability
+    to suckle properly, and thus increasing infant mortality, see
+    especially a paper by Professor Bollinger (_Correspondenz-blatt
+    Deutsch. Gesell. Anthropologie_, October, 1899).
+
+    The compression caused by the corset, it must be added, is not
+    usually realized or known by those who wear it. Thus, Rushton
+    Parker and Hugh Smith found, in two independent series of
+    measurements, that the waist measurement was, on the average, two
+    inches less over the corset than round the naked waist; "the
+    great majority seemed quite unaware of the fact." In one case the
+    difference was as much as five inches. (_British Medical
+    Journal_, September 15 and 22, 1900.)
+
+The breasts and the developed hips are characteristics of women and are
+indications of functional effectiveness as well as sexual allurement.
+Another prominent sexual character which belongs to man, and is not
+obviously an index of function, is furnished by the hair on the face. The
+beard may be regarded as purely a sexual adornment, and thus comparable to
+the somewhat similar growth on the heads of many male animals. From this
+point of view its history is interesting, for it illustrates the tendency
+with increase of civilization not merely to dispense with sexual
+allurement in the primary sexual organs, but even to disregard those
+growths which would appear to have been developed solely to act as sexual
+allurements. The cultivation of the beard belongs peculiarly to barbarous
+races. Among these races it is frequently regarded as the most sacred and
+beautiful part of the person, as an object to swear by, an object to which
+the slightest insult must be treated as deadly. Holding such a position,
+it must doubtless act as a sexual allurement. "Allah has specially created
+an angel in Heaven," it is said in the _Arabian Nights_, "who has no other
+occupation than to sing the praises of the Creator for giving a beard to
+men and long hair to women." The sexual character of the beard and the
+other hirsute appendage is significantly indicated by the fact that the
+ascetic spirit in Christianity has always sought to minimize or to hide
+the hair. Altogether apart, however, from this religious influence,
+civilization tends to be opposed to the growth of hair on the masculine
+face and especially to the beard. It is part of the well-marked tendency
+with civilization to the abolition of sexual differences. We find this
+general tendency among the Greeks and Romans, and, on the whole, with
+certain variations and fluctuations of fashion, in modern Europe also.
+Schopenhauer frequently referred to this disappearance of the beard as a
+mark of civilization, "a barometer of culture."[151] The absence of facial
+hair heightens aesthetic beauty of form, and is not felt to remove any
+substantial sexual attraction.
+
+    That even the Egyptians regarded the beard as a mark of beauty
+    and an object of veneration is shown by the fact that the priests
+    wore it long and cut it off in grief (Herodotus, _Euterpe_,
+    Chapter XXXVI). The respect with which the beard was regarded
+    among the ancient Hebrews is indicated in the narrative (II
+    Samuel, Chapter X) which tells how, when David sent his servants
+    to King Hanun the latter shaved off half their beards; they were
+    too ashamed to return in this condition, and remained at Jericho
+    until their beards had grown again. A passage in Ordericus
+    Vitalis (_Ecclesiastical History_, Book VIII, Chapter X) is
+    interesting both as regards the fashions of the twelfth century
+    in England and Normandy and the feeling that prompted Ordericus.
+    Speaking of the men of his time, he wrote: "The forepart of
+    their head is bare after the manner of thieves, while at the back
+    they nourish long hair like harlots. In former times penitents,
+    captives and pilgrims usually went unshaved and wore long beards,
+    as an outward mark of their penance or captivity or pilgrimage.
+    Now almost all the world wear crisped hair and beards, carrying
+    on their faces the token of their filthy lust like stinking
+    goats. Their locks are curled with hot irons, and instead of
+    wearing caps they bind their heads with fillets. A knight seldom
+    appears in public with his head uncovered, and properly shaved,
+    according to the apostolic precept (I Corinthians, Chapter XI,
+    verses 7 and 14)."
+
+We have seen that there is good reason for assuming a certain fundamental
+tendency whereby the most various peoples of the world, at all events in
+the person of their most intelligent members, recognize and accept a
+common ideal of feminine beauty, so that to a certain extent beauty may be
+said to have an objectively aesthetic basis. We have further found that
+this aesthetic human ideal is modified, and very variously modified in
+different countries and even in the same country at different periods, by
+a tendency, prompted by a sexual impulse which is not necessarily in
+harmony with aesthetic cannons, to emphasize, or even to repress, one or
+other of the prominent secondary sexual characters of the body. We now
+come to another tendency which is apt to an even greater extent to limit
+the cultivation of the purely aesthetic ideal of beauty: the influences of
+national or racial type.
+
+To the average man of every race the woman who most completely embodies
+the type of his race is usually the most beautiful, and even mutilations
+and deformities often have their origin, as Humboldt long since pointed
+out, in the effort to accentuate the racial type.[152] Eastern women
+possess by nature large and conspicuous eyes, and this characteristic
+they seek still further to heighten by art. The Ainu are the hairiest of
+races, and there is nothing which they consider so beautiful as hair. It
+is difficult to be sexually attracted to persons who are fundamentally
+unlike ourselves in racial constitution.[153]
+
+It frequently happens that this admiration for racial characteristics
+leads to the idealization of features which are far removed from aesthetic
+beauty. The firm and rounded breast is certainly a feature of beauty, but
+among many of the black peoples of Africa the breasts fall at a very early
+period, and here we sometimes find that the hanging breast is admired as
+beautiful.
+
+    The African Baganda, the Rev. J. Roscoe states (_Journal of the
+    Anthropological Institute_, January-June, 1902, p. 72), admire
+    hanging breasts to such an extent that their young women tie them
+    down in order to hasten the arrival of this condition.
+
+    "The most remarkable trait of beauty in the East," wrote Sonnini,
+    "is to have large black eyes, and nature has made this a
+    characteristic sign of the women of these countries. But, not
+    content with this, the women of Egypt wish their eyes to be still
+    larger and blacker. To attain this Mussulmans, Jewesses, and
+    Christians, rich and poor, all tint their eyelids with galena.
+    They also blacken the lashes (as Juvenal tells us the Roman
+    ladies did) and mark the angles of the eye so that the fissure
+    appears larger." (Sonnini, _Voyage dans la Haute et Basse
+    Egypte_, 1799, vol. i, p. 290.) Kohl is thus only used by the
+    women who have what the Arabs call "natural kohl." As Flinders
+    Petrie has found, the women of the so-called "New Race," between
+    the sixth and tenth dynasties of ancient Egypt, used galena and
+    malachite for painting their faces. Jewish women in the days of
+    the prophets painted their eyes with kohl, as do some Hindu women
+    to-day.
+
+    "The Ainu have a great affection for their beards. They regard
+    them as a sign of manhood and strength and consider them as
+    especially handsome. They look upon them, indeed, as a great and
+    highly prized treasure." (J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their
+    Folklore_, p. 162.)
+
+    A great many theories have been put forward to explain the
+    Chinese fashion of compressing and deforming the foot. The
+    Chinese are great admirers of the feminine foot, and show
+    extreme sexual sensitiveness in regard to it. Chinese women
+    naturally possess very small feet, and the main reason for
+    binding them is probably to be found in the desire to make them
+    still smaller. (See, e.g., Stratz, _Die Frauenkleidung_, 1904, p.
+    101.)
+
+An interesting question, which in part finds its explanation here and is
+of considerable significance from the point of view of sexual selection,
+concerns the relative admiration bestowed on blondes and brunettes. The
+question is not, indeed, one which is entirely settled by racial
+characteristics. There is something to be said on the matter from the
+objective standpoint of aesthetic considerations. Stratz, in a chapter on
+beauty of coloring in woman, points out that fair hair is more beautiful
+because it harmonizes better with the soft outlines of woman, and, one may
+add, it is more brilliantly conspicuous; a golden object looks larger than
+a black object. The hair of the armpit, also, Stratz considers should be
+light. On the other hand, the pubic hair should be dark in order to
+emphasize the breadth of the pelvis and the obtusity of the angle between
+the mons veneris and the thighs. The eyebrows and eyelashes should also be
+dark in order to increase the apparent size of the orbits. Stratz adds
+that among many thousand women he has only seen one who, together with an
+otherwise perfect form, has also possessed these excellencies in the
+highest measure. With an equable and matt complexion she had blonde, very
+long, smooth hair, with sparse, blonde, and curly axillary hair; but,
+although her eyes were blue, the eyebrows and eyelashes were black, as
+also was the not overdeveloped pubic hair.[154]
+
+We may accept it as fairly certain that, so far as any objective standard
+of aesthetic beauty is recognizable, that standard involves the supremacy
+of the fair type of woman. Such supremacy in beauty has doubtless been
+further supported by the fact that in most European countries the ruling
+caste, the aristocratic class, whose superior energy has brought it to the
+top, is somewhat blonder than the average population.
+
+The main cause, however, in determining the relative amount of admiration
+accorded in Europe to blondes and to brunettes is the fact that the
+population of Europe must be regarded as predominantly fair, and that our
+conception of beauty in feminine coloring is influenced by an instinctive
+desire to seek this type in its finest forms. In the north of Europe there
+can, of course, be no question concerning the predominant fairness of the
+population, but in portions of the centre and especially in the south it
+may be considered a question. It must, however, be remembered that the
+white population occupying all the shores of the Mediterranean have the
+black peoples of Africa immediately to the south of them. They have been
+liable to come in contact with the black peoples and in contrast with them
+they have tended not only to be more impressed with their own whiteness,
+but to appraise still more highly its blondest manifestations as
+representing a type the farthest removed from the negro. It must be added
+that the northerner who comes into the south is apt to overestimate the
+darkness of the southerner because of the extreme fairness of his own
+people. The differences are, however, less extreme than we are apt to
+suppose; there are more dark people in the north than we commonly assume,
+and more fair people in the south. Thus, if we take Italy, we find in its
+fairest part, Venetia, according to Raseri, that there are 8 per cent.
+communes in which fair hair predominates, 81 per cent. in which brown
+predominates, and only 11 per cent. in which black predominates; as we go
+farther south black hair becomes more prevalent, but there are in most
+provinces a few communes in which fair hair is not only frequent, but even
+predominant. It is somewhat the same with light eyes, which are also most
+abundant in Venetia and decrease to a slighter extent as we go south. It
+is possible that in former days the blondes prevailed to a greater degree
+than to-day in the south of Europe. Among the Berbers of the Atlas
+Mountains, who are probably allied to the South Europeans, there appears
+to be a fairly considerable proportion of blondes,[155] while on the other
+hand there is some reason to believe that blondes die out under the
+influence of civilization as well as of a hot climate.
+
+However this may be, the European admiration for blondes dates back to
+early classic times. Gods and men in Homer would appear to be frequently
+described as fair.[156] Venus is nearly always blonde, as was Milton's
+Eve. Lucian refers to women who dye their hair. The Greek sculptors gilded
+the hair of their statues, and the figurines in many cases show very fair
+hair.[157] The Roman custom of dyeing the hair light, as Renier has shown,
+was not due to the desire to be like the fair Germans, and when Rome fell
+it would appear that the custom of dyeing the hair persisted, and never
+died out; it is mentioned by Anselm, who died at the beginning of the
+twelfth century.[158]
+
+In the poetry of the people in Italy brunettes, as we should expect,
+receive much commendation, though even here the blondes are preferred.
+When we turn to the painters and poets of Italy, and the aesthetic writers
+on beauty from the Renaissance onward, the admiration for fair hair is
+unqualified, though there is no correspondingly unanimous admiration for
+blue eyes. Angelico and most of the pre-Raphaelite artists usually painted
+their women with flaxen and light-golden hair, which often became brown
+with the artists of the Renaissance period. Firenzuola, in his admirable
+dialogue on feminine beauty, says that a woman's hair should be like gold
+or honey or the rays of the sun. Luigini also, in his _Libro della bella
+Donna_, says that hair must be golden. So also thought Petrarch and
+Ariosto. There is, however, no corresponding predilection among these
+writers for blue eyes. Firenzuola said that the eyes must be dark, though
+not black. Luigini said that they must be bright and black. Niphus had
+previously said that the eyes should be "black like those of Venus" and
+the skin ivory, even a little brown. He mentions that Avicenna had praised
+the mixed, or gray eye.
+
+In France and other northern countries the admiration for very fair hair
+is just as marked as in Italy, and dates back to the earliest ages of
+which we have a record. "Even before the thirteenth century," remarks
+Houdoy, in his very interesting study of feminine beauty in northern
+France during mediaeval times, "and for men as well as for women, fair hair
+was an essential condition of beauty; gold is the term of comparison
+almost exclusively used."[159] He mentions that in the _Acta Sanctorum_ it
+is stated that Saint Godelive of Bruges, though otherwise beautiful, had
+black hair and eyebrows and was hence contemptuously called a crow. In the
+_Chanson de Roland_ and all the French mediaeval poems the eyes are
+invariably _vairs_. This epithet is somewhat vague. It comes from
+_varius_, and signifies mixed, which Houdoy regards as showing various
+irradiations, the same quality which later gave rise to the term _iris_ to
+describe the pupillary membrane.[160] _Vair_ would thus describe not so
+much the color of the eye as its brilliant and sparkling quality. While
+Houdoy may have been correct, it still seems probable that the eye
+described as _vair_ was usually assumed to be "various" in color also, of
+the kind we commonly call gray, which is usually applied to blue eyes
+encircled with a ring of faintly sprinkled brown pigment. Such eyes are
+fairly typical of northern France and frequently beautiful. That this was
+the case seems to be clearly indicated by the fact that, as Houdoy himself
+points out, a few centuries later the _vair_ eye was regarded as _vert_,
+and green eyes were celebrated as the most beautiful.[161] The etymology
+was false, but a false etymology will hardly suffice to change an ideal.
+At the Renaissance Jehan Lemaire, when describing Venus as the type of
+beauty, speaks of her green eyes, and Ronsard, a little later, sang:
+
+    "Noir je veux l'oeil et brun le teint,
+    Bien que l'oeil verd toute la France adore."
+
+Early in the sixteenth century Brantome quotes some lines current in
+France, Spain, and Italy according to which a woman should have a white
+skin, but black eyes and eyebrows, and adds that personally he agrees with
+the Spaniard that "a brunette is sometimes equal to a blonde,"[162] but
+there is also a marked admiration for green eyes in Spanish literature;
+not only in the typical description of a Spanish beauty in the _Celestina_
+(Act. I) are the eyes green, but Cervantes, for example, when referring to
+the beautiful eyes of a woman, frequently speaks of them as green.
+
+It would thus appear that in Continental Europe generally, from south to
+north, there is a fair uniformity of opinion as regards the pigmentary
+type of feminine beauty. Such variation as exists seemingly involves a
+somewhat greater degree of darkness for the southern beauty in harmony
+with the greater racial darkness of the southerner, but the variations
+fluctuate within a narrow range; the extremely dark type is always
+excluded, and so it would seem probable is the extremely fair type, for
+blue eyes have not, on the whole, been considered to form part of the
+admired type.
+
+If we turn to England no serious modification of this conclusion is called
+for. Beauty is still fair. Indeed, the very word "fair" in England itself
+means beautiful. That in the seventeenth century it was generally held
+essential that beauty should be blonde is indicated by a passage in the
+_Anatomy of Melancholy_, where Burton argues that "golden hair was ever
+in great account," and quotes many examples from classic and more modern
+literature.[163] That this remains the case is sufficiently evidenced by
+the fact that the ballet and chorus on the English stage wear yellow wigs,
+and the heroine of the stage is blonde, while the female villain of
+melodrama is a brunette.
+
+While, however, this admiration of fairness as a mark of beauty
+unquestionably prevails in England, I do not think it can be said--as it
+probably can be said of the neighboring and closely allied country of
+France--that the most beautiful women belong to the fairest group of the
+community. In most parts of Europe the coarse and unbeautiful plebeian
+type tends to be very dark; in England it tends to be very fair. England
+is, however, somewhat fairer generally than most parts of Europe; so that,
+while it may be said that a very beautiful woman in France or in Spain may
+belong to the blondest section of the community, a very beautiful woman in
+England, even though of the same degree of blondness as her Continental
+sister, will not belong to the extremely blonde section of the English
+community. It thus comes about that when we are in northern France we find
+that gray eyes, a very fair but yet unfreckled complexion, brown hair,
+finely molded features, and highly sensitive facial expression combine to
+constitute a type which is more beautiful than any other we meet in
+France, and it belongs to the fairest section of the French population.
+When we cross over to England, however, unless we go to a so-called
+"Celtic" district, it is hopeless to seek among the blondest section of
+the community for any such beautiful and refined type. The English
+beautiful woman, though she may still be fair, is by no means very fair,
+and from the English standpoint she may even sometimes appear somewhat
+dark:[164] In determining what I call the index of pigmentation--or degree
+of darkness of the eyes and hair--of different groups in the National
+Portrait Gallery I found that the "famous beauties" (my own personal
+criterion of beauty not being taken into account) was somewhat nearer to
+the dark than to the light end of the scale.[165] If we consider, at
+random, individual instances of famous English beauties they are not
+extremely fair. Lady Venetia Stanley, in the early seventeenth century,
+who became the wife of Sir Kenelm Digby, was somewhat dark, with brown
+hair and eyebrows. Mrs. Overall, a little later in the same century, a
+Lancashire woman, the wife of the Dean of St. Paul's, was, says Aubrey,
+"the greatest beauty in her time in England," though very wanton, with
+"the loveliest eyes that were ever seen"; if we may trust a ballad given
+by Aubrey she was dark with black hair. The Gunnings, the famous beauties
+of the eighteenth century, were not extremely fair, and Lady Hamilton, the
+most characteristic type of English beauty, had blue, brown-flecked eyes
+and dark chestnut hair. Coloration is only one of the elements of beauty,
+though an important one. Other things being equal, the most blonde is most
+beautiful; but it so happens that among the races of Great Britain the
+other things are very frequently not equal, and that, notwithstanding a
+conviction ingrained in the language, with us the fairest of women is not
+always the "fairest." So magical, however, is the effect of brilliant
+coloring that it serves to keep alive in popular opinion an unqualified
+belief in the universal European creed of the beauty of blondness.
+
+We have seen that underlying the conception of beauty, more especially as
+it manifests itself in woman to man, are to be found at least three
+fundamental elements: First there is the general beauty of the species as
+it tends to culminate in the white peoples of European origin; then there
+is the beauty due to the full development or even exaggeration of the
+sexual and more especially the secondary sexual characters; and last there
+is the beauty due to the complete embodiment of the particular racial or
+national type. To make the analysis fairly complete must be added at least
+one other factor: the influence of individual taste. Every individual, at
+all events in civilization, within certain narrow limits, builds up a
+feminine ideal of his own, in part on the basis of his own special
+organization and its demands, in part on the actual accidental attractions
+he has experienced. It is unnecessary to emphasize the existence of this
+factor, which has always to be taken into account in every consideration
+of sexual selection in civilized man. But its variations are numerous and
+in impassioned lovers it may even lead to the idealization of features
+which are in reality the reverse of beautiful. It may be said of many a
+man, as d'Annunzio says of the hero of his _Trionfo della Morte_ in
+relation to the woman he loved, that "he felt himself bound to her by the
+real qualities of her body, and not only by those which were most
+beautiful, but specially by _those which were least beautiful_" (the
+novelist italicizes these words), so that his attention was fixed upon her
+defects, and emphasized them, thus arousing within himself an impetuous
+state of desire. Without invoking defects, however, there are endless
+personal variations which may all be said to come within the limits of
+possible beauty or charm. "There are no two women," as Stratz remarks,
+"who in exactly the same way stroke back a rebellious lock from their
+brows, no two who hold the hand in greeting in exactly the same way, no
+two who gather up their skirts as they walk with exactly the same
+movement."[166] Among the multitude of minute differences--which yet can
+be seen and felt--the beholder is variously attracted or repelled
+according to his own individual idiosyncrasy, and the operations of sexual
+selection are effected accordingly.
+
+Another factor in the constitution of the ideal of beauty, but one perhaps
+exclusively found under civilized conditions, is the love of the unusual,
+the remote, the exotic. It is commonly stated that rarity is admired in
+beauty. This is not strictly true, except as regards combinations and
+characters which vary only in a very slight degree from the generally
+admired type. "_Jucundum nihil est quod non reficit variatas_," according
+to the saying of Publilius Syrus. The greater nervous restlessness and
+sensibility of civilization heightens this tendency, which is not
+infrequently found also among men of artistic genius. One may refer, for
+instance, to Baudelaire's profound admiration for the mulatto type of
+beauty.[167] In every great centre of civilization the national ideal of
+beauty tends to be somewhat modified in exotic directions, and foreign
+ideals, as well as foreign fashions, become preferred to those that are
+native. It is significant of this tendency that when, a few years since,
+an enterprising Parisian journal hung in its _salle_ the portraits of one
+hundred and thirty-one actresses, etc., and invited the votes of the
+public by ballot as to the most beautiful of them, not one of the three
+women who came out at the head of the poll was French. A dancer of Belgian
+origin (Cleo de Merode) was by far at the head with over 3000 votes,
+followed by an American from San Francisco (Sybil Sanderson), and then a
+Polish woman.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[134] Figured in Mau's _Pompeii_, p. 174.
+
+[135] As a native of Lukunor said to the traveler Mertens, "It has the
+same object as your clothes, to please the women."
+
+[136] "The greatest provocations of lust are from our apparel," as Burton
+states (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II, Subs. III),
+illustrating this proposition with immense learning. Stanley Hall
+(_American Journal of Psychology_, vol. ix, Part III, pp. 365 _et seq._)
+has some interesting observations on the various psychic influences of
+clothing; cf. Bloch, _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+Teil II, pp. 330 et seq.
+
+[137] _History of Human Marriage_, Chapter IX, especially p, 201. We have
+a striking and comparatively modern European example of an article of
+clothing designed to draw attention to the sexual sphere in the codpiece
+(the French _braguette_), familiar to us through fifteenth and sixteenth
+century pictures and numerous allusions in Rabelais and in Elizabethan
+literature. This was originally a metal box for the protection of the
+sexual organs in war, but subsequently gave place to a leather case only
+worn by the lower classes, and became finally an elegant article of
+fashionable apparel, often made of silk and adorned with ribbons, even
+with gold and jewels. (See, e.g., Bloch, _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 159.)
+
+[138] A correspondent in Ceylon has pointed out to me that in the Indian
+statues of Buddha, Vishnu, goddesses, etc., the necklace always covers the
+nipples, a sexually attractive adornment being thus at the same time the
+guardian of the orifices of the body. Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, p. 135)
+regards mutilations as in the nature of permanent amulets or charms.
+
+[139] Mantegazza, in his discussion of this point, although an ardent
+admirer of feminine beauty, decides that woman's form is not, on the
+whole, more beautiful than man's. See Appendix to Cap. IV of _Fisiologia
+della Donna_.
+
+[140] For a discussion of the anthropology of the feminine pelvis, see
+Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. 1. Sec. VI.
+
+[141] Ploss and Bartels, loc. cit.; Deniker, _Revue d'Anthropologie_,
+January 15, 1889, and _Races of Man_, p. 93.
+
+[142] Darwin.
+
+[143] G.F. Watts, "On Taste in Dress," _Nineteenth Century_, 1883.
+
+[144] From mediaeval times onwards there has been a tendency to treat the
+gluteal region with contempt, a tendency well marked in speech and custom
+among the lowest classes in Europe to-day, but not easily traceable in
+classic times. Duehren (_Das Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. II, pp. 359
+et seq.) brings forward quotations from aesthetic writers and others
+dealing with the beauty of this part of the body.
+
+[145] Sonnini, _Voyage, etc._, vol. i, p. 308.
+
+[146] Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. 1, Sec. III; Mantegazza,
+_Fisiologia della Donna_, Chapter III.
+
+[147] Bloch brings together various interesting quotations concerning the
+farthingale and the crinoline. (_Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis_, Teil I, p. 156.) He states that, like most other feminine
+fashions in dress, it was certainly invented by prostitutes.
+
+[148] The racial variations in the form and character of the breasts are
+great, and there are considerable variations even among Europeans. Even as
+regards the latter our knowledge is, however, still very vague and
+incomplete; there is here a fruitful field for the medical anthropologist.
+Ploss and Bartels have brought together the existing data (_Das Weib_, bd.
+I, Sec. VIII). Stratz also discusses the subject (_Die Schoenheit das
+Weiblichen Koerpers_, Chapter X).
+
+[149] _Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, p.
+28.
+
+[150] These devices are dealt with and illustrations given by Ploss and
+Bartels, _Das Weib_ (loc. cit.).
+
+[151] See, e.g., _Parerga und Paralipomena_, bd. I, p. 189, and bd. 2, p.
+482. Moll has also discussed this point (_Untersuchungen ueber die Libido
+Sexualis_, bd. I, pp. 384 et seq.).
+
+[152] Speaking of some South American tribes, he remarks (_Travels_,
+English translations, 1814, vol. iii. p. 236) that they "have as great an
+antipathy to the beard as the Eastern nations hold it in reverence. This
+antipathy is derived from the same source as the predilection for flat
+foreheads, which is seen in so singular a manner in the statues of the
+Aztec heroes and divinities. Nations attach the idea of beauty to
+everything which particularly characterizes their own physical
+conformation, their natural physiognomy." See also Westermarck, _History
+of Marriage_, p. 261. Ripley (_Races of Europe_, pp. 49, 202) attaches
+much importance to the sexual selection founded on a tendency of this
+kind.
+
+[153] "Differences of race are irreducible," Abel Hermant remarks
+(_Confession d'un Enfant d'Hier_, p. 209), "and between two beings who
+love each other they cannot fail to produce exceptional and instructive
+reactions. In the first superficial ebullition of love, indeed, nothing
+notable may be manifested, but in a fairly short time the two lovers,
+innately hostile, in striving to approach each other strike against an
+invisible partition which separates them. Their sensibilities are
+divergent; everything in each shocks the other; even their anatomical
+conformation, even the language of their gestures; all is foreign."
+
+[154] C.H. Stratz, _Die Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_, fourteenth
+edition, Chapter XII.
+
+[155] See, e.g., Sergi, _The Mediterranean Race_, pp. 59-75.
+
+[156] Sergi (_The Mediterranean Race_, Chapter 1), by an analysis of
+Homer's color epithets, argues that in very few cases do they involve
+fairness; but his attempt scarcely seems successful, although most of
+these epithets are undoubtedly vague and involve a certain range of
+possible color.
+
+[157] Lechat's study of the numerous realistic colored statues recently
+discovered in Greece (summarized in _Zentralblatt fuer Anthropologie_,
+1904, ht. 1, p. 22) shows that with few exceptions the hair is fair.
+
+[158] Renier, _Il Tipo Estetico_, pp. 127 et seq. In another book, _Les
+Femmes Blondes selon les Peintres de l'Ecole de Venise_, par deux
+Venitiens (one of these "Venetians" being Armand Baschet), is brought
+together much information concerning the preference for blondes in
+literature, together with a great many of the recipes anciently used for
+making the hair fair.
+
+[159] J. Houdoy, _La Beaute des Femmes dans la Litterature et dans l'Art
+du XIIe au XVIe Siecle_, 1876, pp. 32 et seq.
+
+[160] Houdoy, op. cit., pp. 41 et seq.
+
+[161] Houdoy, op. cit., p. 83.
+
+[162] Brantome, _Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II.
+
+[163] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Sec. II, Mem. II, Subs. II.
+
+[164] It is significant that Burton (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, loc. cit.),
+while praising golden hair, also argues that "of all eyes black are moist
+amiable," quoting many examples to this effect from classic and later
+literature.
+
+[165] "Relative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly Review_,
+August, 1901; cf. H. Ellis, _A Study of British Genius_, p. 215.
+
+[166] Stratz, _Die Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_, p. 217.
+
+[167] Bloch (_Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II,
+pp. 261 et seq.) brings together some facts bearing on the admiration for
+negresses in Paris and elsewhere.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Beauty not the Sole Element in the Sexual Appeal of Vision--Movement--The
+Mirror--Narcissism--Pygmalionism--Mixoscopy--The Indifference of Women to
+Male Beauty--The Significance of Woman's Admiration of Strength--The
+Spectacle of Strength is a Tactile Quality made Visible.
+
+
+Our discussion of the sensory element of vision in human sexual selection
+has been mainly an attempt to disentangle the chief elements of beauty in
+so far as beauty is a stimulus to the sexual instinct. Beauty by no means
+comprehends the whole of the influences which make for sexual allurement
+through vision, but it is the point at which all the most powerful and
+subtle of these are focussed; it represents a fairly definite complexus,
+appealing at once to the sexual and to the aesthetic impulses, to which no
+other sense can furnish anything in any degree analogous. It is because
+this conception of beauty has arisen upon it that vision properly occupies
+the supreme position in man from the point of view which we here occupy.
+
+Beauty is thus the chief, but it is not the sole, element in the sexual
+appeal of vision. In all parts of the world this has always been well
+understood, and in courtship, in the effort to arouse tumescence, the
+appeals to vision have been multiplied and at the same time aided by
+appeals to the other senses. Movement, especially in the form of dancing,
+is the most important of the secondary appeals to vision. This is so well
+recognized that it is scarcely necessary to insist upon it here; it may
+suffice to refer to a single typical example. The most decent of
+Polynesian dances, according to William Ellis, was the _hura_, which was
+danced by the daughters of chiefs in the presence of young men of rank
+with the hope of gaining a future husband. "The daughters of the chiefs,
+who were the dancers on these occasions, at times amounted to five or six,
+though occasionally only one exhibited her symmetry of figure and
+gracefulness of action. Their dress was singular, but elegant. The head
+was ornamented with a fine and beautiful braid of human hair, wound round
+the head in the form of a turban. A triple wreath of scarlet, white, and
+yellow flowers adorned the head-dress. A loose vest of spotted cloth
+covered the lower part of the bosom. The tihi, of fine white stiffened
+cloth frequently edged with a scarlet border, gathered like a large frill,
+passed under the arms and reached below the waist; while a handsome fine
+cloth, fastened round the waist with a band or sash, covered the feet. The
+breasts were ornamented with rainbow-colored mother-of-pearl shells, and a
+covering of curiously wrought network and feathers. The music of the hura
+was the large and small drum and occasionally the flute. The movements
+were generally slow, but always easy and natural, and no exertion on the
+part of the performers was wanting to render them graceful and
+attractive."[168] We see here, in this very typical example, how the
+extraneous visual aids of movement, color, and brilliancy are invoked in
+conjunction with music to make the appeal of beauty more convincing in the
+process of sexual selection.
+
+    It may be in place here to mention, in passing, the considerable
+    place which vision occupies in normal and abnormal methods of
+    heightening tumescence under circumstances which exclude definite
+    selection by beauty. The action of mirrors belongs to this group
+    of phenomena. Mirrors are present in profusion in high-class
+    brothels--on the walls and also above the beds. Innocent youths
+    and girls are also often impelled to contemplate themselves in
+    mirrors and sometimes thus, produce the first traces of sexual
+    excitement. I have referred to the developed forms of this kind
+    of self-contemplation in the Study of Auto-erotism, and in this
+    connection have alluded to the fable of Narcissus, whence Naecke
+    has since devised the term Narcissism for this group of
+    phenomena. It is only necessary to mention the enormous
+    production of photographs, representing normal and abnormal
+    sexual actions, specially prepared for the purpose of exciting or
+    of gratifying sexual appetites, and the frequency with which even
+    normal photographs of the nude appeal to the same lust of the
+    eyes.
+
+    Pygmalionism, or falling in love with statues, is a rare form of
+    erotomania founded on the sense of vision and closely related to
+    the allurement of beauty. (I here use "pygmalionism" as a general
+    term for the sexual love of statues; it is sometimes restricted
+    to cases in which a man requires of a prostitute that she shall
+    assume the part of a statue which gradually comes to life, and
+    finds sexual gratification in this performance alone; Eulenburg
+    quotes examples, _Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 107.) An emotional
+    interest in statues is by no means uncommon among young men
+    during adolescence. Heine, in _Florentine Nights_, records the
+    experiences of a boy who conceived a sentimental love for a
+    statue, and, as this book appears to be largely autobiographical,
+    the incident may have been founded on fact. Youths have sometimes
+    masturbated before statues, and even before the image of the
+    Virgin; such cases are known to priests and mentioned in manuals
+    for confessors. Pygmalionism appears to have been not uncommon
+    among the ancient Greeks, and this has been ascribed to their
+    aesthetic sense; but the manifestation is due rather to the
+    absence than to the presence of aesthetic feeling, and we may
+    observe among ourselves that it is the ignorant and uncultured
+    who feel the indecency of statues and thus betray their sense of
+    the sexual appeal of such objects. We have to remember that in
+    Greece statues played a very prominent part in life, and also
+    that they were tinted, and thus more lifelike than with us.
+    Lucian, Athenaeus, AElian, and others refer to cases of men who
+    fell in love with statues. Tarnowsky (_Sexual Instinct_, English
+    edition, p. 85) mentions the case of a young man who was arrested
+    in St. Petersburg for paying moonlight visits to the statue of a
+    nymph on the terrace of a country house, and Krafft-Ebing quotes
+    from a French newspaper the case which occurred in Paris during
+    the spring of 1877 of a gardener who fell in love with a Venus in
+    one of the parks. (I. Bloch, _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der
+    Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp. 297-305, brings together
+    various facts bearing on this group of manifestations.)
+
+    Necrophily, or a sexual attraction for corpses, is sometimes
+    regarded as related to pygmalionism. It is, however, a more
+    profoundly morbid manifestation, and may perhaps he regarded as a
+    kind of perverted sadism.
+
+    Founded on the sense of vision also we find a phenomenon,
+    bordering on the abnormal, which is by Moll termed mixoscopy.
+    This means the sexual pleasure derived from the spectacle of
+    other persons engaged in natural or perverse sexual actions.
+    (Moll, _Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third edition, p. 308. Moll
+    considers that in some cases mixoscopy is related to masochism.
+    There is, however, no necessary connection between the two
+    phenomena.) Brothels are prepared to accommodate visitors who
+    merely desire to look on, and for their convenience carefully
+    contrived peepholes are provided; such visitors are in Paris
+    termed "_voyeurs_." It is said by Coffignon that persons hide at
+    night in the bushes in the Champs Elysees in the hope of
+    witnessing such scenes between servant girls and their lovers. In
+    England during a country walk I have come across an elderly man
+    carefully ensconced behind a bush and intently watching through
+    his field-glass a couple of lovers reclining on a bank, though
+    the actions of the latter were not apparently marked by any
+    excess of indecorum. Such impulses are only slightly abnormal,
+    whatever may be said of them from the point of view of good
+    taste. They are not very far removed from the legitimate
+    curiosity of the young woman who, believing herself unobserved,
+    turns her glass on to a group of young men bathing naked. They
+    only become truly perverse when the gratification thus derived is
+    sought in preference to natural sexual gratification. They are
+    also not normal when they involve, for instance, a man desiring
+    to witness his wife in the act of coitus with another man. I have
+    been told of the case of a scientific man who encouraged his wife
+    to promote the advances of a young friend of his own, in his own
+    drawing-room, he himself remaining present and apparently taking
+    no notice; the younger man was astonished, but accepted the
+    situation. In such a case, when the motives that led up to the
+    episode are obscure, we must not too hastily assume that
+    masochism or even mixoscopy is involved. For information on some
+    of the points mentioned above see, e.g., I. Bloch, _Beitraege zur
+    AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, pp. 200 _et seq._;
+    Teil II, pp. 195 et seq.
+
+Wide, however, as is the appeal of beauty in sexual selection, it cannot
+be said to cover by any means the whole of the visual field in its sexual
+relationship. Beauty in the human species is, above all, a feminine
+attribute, making its appeal to men. Even for women, as has already been
+noted, beauty is still a feminine quality, which they usually admire, and
+in cases of inversion worship with an ardor which equals, if it does not
+surpass, that experienced by normal men. But the normal woman experiences
+no corresponding cult for the beauty of man. The perfection of the body of
+man is not behind that of woman in beauty, but the study of it only
+appeals to the artist or the aesthetician; it arouses sexual enthusiasm
+almost exclusively in the male sexual invert. Whatever may be the case
+among animals or even among savages, in civilization the man is most
+successful with women is not the most handsome man, and may be the
+reverse of handsome.[169] The maiden, according to the old saying, who has
+to choose between Adonis and Hercules, will turn to Hercules.
+
+    A correspondent writes: "Men are generally attracted in the first
+    instance by a woman's beauty, either of face or figure.
+    Frequently this is the highest form of love they are capable of.
+    Personally, my own love is always prompted by this. In the case
+    of my wife there was certainly a leaven of friendship and moral
+    sympathies but these alone would never have been translated into
+    love had she not been young and good-looking. Moreover, I have
+    felt intense passion for other women, in my relations with whom
+    the elements of moral or mental sympathy have not entered. And
+    always, as youth and beauty went, I believe I should transfer my
+    love to some one else.
+
+    "Now, in woman I fancy this element of beauty and youth does not
+    enter so much. I have questioned a large number of women--some
+    married, some unmarried, young and old ladies, shopgirls,
+    servants, prostitutes, women whom I have known only as friends,
+    others with whom I have had sexual relations--and I cannot
+    recollect one instance when a woman said she had fallen in love
+    with a man for his looks. The nearest approach to any sign of
+    this was in the instance of one, who noticed a handsome man
+    sitting near us in a hotel, and said to me: 'I should like him to
+    kiss me.'
+
+    "I have also noticed that women do not like looking at my body,
+    when naked, as I like looking at theirs. My wife has, on a few
+    occasions, put her hand over my body, and expressed pleasure at
+    the feeling of my skin. (I have very fair, soft skin.) But I have
+    never seen women exhibit the excitement that is caused in me by
+    the sight of their bodies, which I love to look at, to stroke, to
+    kiss all over."
+
+    It is interesting to point out, in this connection, that the
+    admiration of strength is not confined to the human female. It is
+    by the spectacle of his force that the male among many of the
+    lower animals sexually affects the female. Darwin duly allows for
+    this fact, while some evolutionists, and notably Wallace,
+    consider that it covers the whole field of sexual selection. When
+    choice exists, Wallace states, "all the facts appear to be
+    consistent with the choice depending on a variety of male
+    characteristics, with some of which color is often correlated.
+    Thus, it is the opinion of some of the best observers that vigor
+    and liveliness are most attractive, and these are, no doubt,
+    usually associated with some intensity of color, ... There is
+    reason to believe that it is his [the male bird's] persistency
+    and energy rather than his beauty which wins the day." (A.R.
+    Wallace, _Tropical Nature_, 1898, p. 199.) In his later book,
+    _Darwinism_ (p. 295), Wallace reaffirms his position that sexual
+    selection means that in the rivalry of males for the female the
+    most vigorous secures the advantage; "ornament," he adds, "is the
+    natural product and direct outcome of superabundant health and
+    vigor." As regards woman's love of strength, see Westermarck,
+    _History of Marriage_, p. 255.
+
+Women admire a man's strength rather than his beauty. This statement is
+commonly made, and with truth, but, so far as I am aware, its meaning is
+never analyzed. When we look into it, I think, we shall find that it leads
+us into a special division of the visual sphere of sexual allurement. The
+spectacle of force, while it remains strictly within the field of vision,
+really brings to us, although unconsciously, impressions that are
+correlated with another sense--that of touch. We instinctively and
+unconsciously translate visible energy into energy of pressure. In
+admiring strength we are really admiring a tactile quality which has been
+made visible. It may therefore be said that, while through vision men are
+sexually affected mainly by the more purely visual quality of beauty,
+women are more strongly affected by visual impressions which express
+qualities belonging to the more fundamentally sexual sense of touch.
+
+The distinction between the man's view and the woman's view, here pointed
+out, is not, it must be added, absolute. Even for a man, beauty, with all
+these components which we have already analyzed in it, is not the sole
+sexual allurement of vision. A woman is not necessarily sexually
+attractive in the ratio of her beauty, and with even a high degree of
+beauty may have a low degree of attraction. The addition of vivacity or
+the addition of languor may each furnish a sexual allurement, and each of
+these is a translated tactile quality which possesses an obscure potency
+from vague sexual implications.[170] But while in the man the demand for
+these translated pressure qualities in the visible attractiveness of a
+woman are not usually quite clearly realized, in a woman the corresponding
+craving for the visual expression of pressure energy is much more
+pronounced and predominant. It is not difficult to see why this should be
+so, even without falling back on the usual explanation that natural
+selection implies that the female shall choose the male who will be the
+most likely father of strong children and the best protector of his
+family. The more energetic part in physical love belongs to the man, the
+more passive part to the woman; so that, while energy in a woman is no
+index to effectiveness in love, energy in a man furnishes a seeming index
+to the existence of the primary quality of sexual energy which a woman
+demands of a man in the sexual embrace. It may be a fallacious index, for
+muscular strength is not necessarily correlated with sexual vigor, and in
+its extreme degrees appears to be more correlated with its absence. But it
+furnishes, in Stendhal's phrase, a probability of passion, and in any case
+it still remains a symbol which cannot be without its effect. We must not,
+of course, suppose that these considerations are always or often present
+to the consciousness of the maiden who "blushingly turns from Adonis to
+Hercules," but the emotional attitude is rooted in more or less unerring
+instincts. In this way it happens that even in the field of visual
+attraction sexual selection influences women on the underlying basis of
+the more primitive sense of touch, the fundamentally sexual sense.
+
+    Women are very sensitive to the quality of a man's touch, and
+    appear to seek and enjoy contact and pressure to a greater extent
+    than do men, although in early adolescence this impulse seems to
+    be marked in both sexes. "There is something strangely winning to
+    most women," remarks George Eliot, in _The Mill on the Floss_,
+    "in that offer of the firm arm; the help is not wanted physically
+    at that moment, but the sense of help--the presence of strength
+    that is outside them and yet theirs--meets a continual want of
+    the imagination."
+
+    Women are often very critical concerning a man's touch and his
+    method of shaking hands. Stanley Hall (_Adolescence_, vol. ii, p.
+    8) quotes a gifted lady as remarking: "I used to say that,
+    however much I liked a man, I could never marry him if I did not
+    like the touch of his hand, and I feel so yet."
+
+    Among the elements of sexual attractiveness which make a special
+    appeal to women, extreme personal cleanliness would appear to
+    take higher rank than it takes in the eyes of a man, some men,
+    indeed, seeming to make surprisingly small demands of a woman in
+    this respect. If this is so we may connect it with the fact that
+    beauty in a woman's eye is to a much greater extent than in a
+    man's a picture of energy, in other words, a translation of
+    pressure contracts, with which the question of physical purity is
+    necessarily more intimately associated than it is with the
+    picture of purely visual beauty. It is noteworthy that Ovid (_Ars
+    Amandi_, lib. I) urges men who desire to please women to leave
+    the arts of adornment and effeminacy to those whose loves are
+    homosexual, and to practice a scrupulous attention to extreme
+    neatness and cleanliness of body and garments in every detail, a
+    sun-browned skin, and the absence of all odor. Some two thousand
+    years later Brummell in an age when extravagance and effeminacy
+    often marked the fashions of men, introduced a new ideal of
+    unobtrusive simplicity, extreme cleanliness (with avoidance of
+    perfumes), and exquisite good taste; he abhorred all
+    eccentricity, and may be said to have constituted a tradition
+    which Englishmen have ever since sought, more or less
+    successfully to follow; he was idolized by women.
+
+    It may be added that the attentiveness of women to tactile
+    contacts is indicated by the frequency with which in them it
+    takes on morbid forms, as the _delire du contact_, the horror of
+    contamination, the exaggerated fear of touching dirt. (See, e.g.,
+    Raymond and Janet, _Les Obsessions et la Psychasthenie_.)
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[168] William Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, second edition, 1832, vol.
+1, p. 215.
+
+[169] Stendhal (_De l'Amour_, Chapter XVIII) has some remarks on this
+point, and refers to the influence over women possessed by Lekain, the
+famous actor, who was singularly ugly. "It is _passion_," he remarks,
+"which we demand; beauty only furnishes _probabilities_."
+
+[170] The charm of a woman's garments to a man is often due in part to
+their expressiveness in rendering impressions of energy, vivacity, or
+languor. This has often been realized by the poets, and notably by
+Herrick, who was singularly sensitive to these qualities in a woman's
+garments.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Alleged Charm of Disparity in Sexual Attraction--The Admiration for
+High Stature--The Admiration for Dark Pigmentation--The Charm of
+Parity--Conjugal Mating--The Statistical Results of Observation as Regards
+General Appearance, Stature, and Pigmentation of Married
+Couples--Preferential Mating and Assortative Mating--The Nature of the
+Advantage Attained by the Fair in Sexual Selection--The Abhorrence of
+Incest and the Theories of its Cause--The Explanation in Reality
+Simple--The Abhorrence of Incest in Relation to Sexual Selection--The
+Limits to the Charm of Parity in Conjugal Mating--The Charm of Disparity
+in Secondary Sexual Characters.
+
+
+When we are dealing with the senses of touch, smell, and hearing it is
+impossible at present, and must always remain somewhat difficult, to
+investigate precisely the degree and direction of their influence in
+sexual selection. We can marshal in order--as has here been attempted--the
+main facts and considerations which clearly indicate that there is and
+must be such an influence, but we cannot even attempt to estimate its
+definite direction and still less to measure it precisely. With regard to
+vision, we are in a somewhat better position. It is possible to estimate
+the direction of the influence which certain visible characters exert on
+sexual selection, and it is even possible to attempt their actual
+measurement, although there must frequently be doubt as to the
+interpretation of such measurements.
+
+Two facts render it thus possible to deal more exactly with the influence
+of vision on sexual selection than with the influence of the other senses.
+In the first place, men and women consciously seek for certain visible
+characters in the persons to whom they are attracted; in other words,
+their "ideals" of a fitting mate are visual rather than tactile,
+olfactory, or auditory. In the second place, whether such "ideals" are
+potent in actual mating, or whether they are modified or even inhibited by
+more potent psychological or general biological influences, it is in
+either case possible to measure and compare the visible characters of
+mated persons.
+
+The two visible characters which are at once most frequently sought in a
+mate and most easily measurable are degree of stature and degree of
+pigmentation. Every youth or maiden pictures the person he or she would
+like for a lover as tall or short, fair or dark, and such characters are
+measurable and have on a large scale been measured. It is of interest in
+illustration of the problem of sexual selection in man to consider briefly
+what results are at present obtainable regarding the influence of these
+two characters.
+
+It has long been a widespread belief that short people are sexually
+attracted to tall people, and tall people to short; that in the matter of
+stature men and women are affected by what Bain called the "charm of
+disparity." It has not always prevailed. Many centuries ago Leonardo da
+Vinci, whose insight at so many points anticipated our most modern
+discoveries, affirmed clearly and repeatedly the charm of parity. After
+remarking that painters tend to delineate the figures that resemble
+themselves he adds that men also fall in love with and marry those who
+resemble themselves; "_chi s'innamora voluntieri s'innamorano de cose a
+loro simiglianti_," he elsewhere puts it.[171] But from that day to this,
+it would seem Leonardo's statements have remained unknown or unnoticed.
+Bernardin de Saint-Pierre said that "love is the result of contrasts," and
+Schopenhauer affirmed the same point very decisively; various scientific
+and unscientific writers have repeated this statement.[172]
+
+So far as stature is concerned, there appears to be very little reason to
+suppose that this "charm of disparity" plays any notable part in
+constituting the sexual ideals of either men or women. Indeed, it may
+probably be affirmed that both men and women seek tallness in the person
+to whom they are sexually attracted. Darwin quotes the opinion of Mayhew
+that among dogs the females are strongly attracted to males of large
+size.[173] I believe this is true, and it is probably merely a particular
+instance of a general psychological tendency.
+
+    It is noteworthy as an indication of the direction of the sexual
+    ideal in this matter that the heroines of male novelists are
+    rarely short and the heroes of female novelists almost invariably
+    tall. A reviewer of novels addressing to lady novelists in the
+    _Speaker_ (July 26, 1890) "A Plea for Shorter Heroes," publishes
+    statistics on this point. "Heroes," he states, "are longer this
+    year than ever. Of the 192 of whom I have had my word to say
+    since October of last year, 27 were merely tall, and 11 were only
+    slightly above the middle height. No less than 85 stood exactly
+    six feet in their stocking soles, and the remainder were
+    considerably over the two yards. I take the average to be six
+    feet three."
+
+    As a slight test alike of the supposed "charm of disparity" as
+    well as of the general degree in which tall and short persons are
+    sought as mates by those of the opposite sex I have examined a
+    series of entries in the _Round-About_, a publication issued by a
+    club, of which the president is Mr. W.T. Stead, having for its
+    object the purpose of promoting correspondence, friendship, and
+    marriage between its members. There are two classes, of entries,
+    one inserted with a view to "intellectual friendship," the other
+    with a view to marriage. I have not thought it necessary to
+    recognize this distinction here; if a man describes his own
+    physical characteristics and those of the lady he would like as a
+    friend, I assume that, from the point of view of the present
+    inquiry, he is much on the same footing as the man who seeks a
+    wife. In the series of entries which I have examined 35 men and
+    women state approximately the height of the man or woman they
+    seek to know; 30 state in addition their own height. The results
+    are expressed in the table on the following page.
+
+    Although the cases are few, the results are, in two main
+    respects, sufficiently clear without multiplication of data. In
+    the first place, those who seek parity, whether men or women, are
+    in a majority over those who seek disparity. In the second place,
+    the existence of any disparity at all is due only to the
+    universal desire to find a tall person. Not one man or woman sets
+    down shortness as his or her ideal. The very fact that no man in
+    these initial announcements ventures to set himself down as short
+    (although a considerable proportion describe themselves as tall)
+    indicates a consciousness that shortness is undesirable, as also
+    does the fact that the women very frequently describe themselves
+    as tall.
+
+The same charm of disparity which has been supposed to rule in selective
+attraction as regards stature has also been assumed as regards
+pigmentation. The fair, it is said, are attracted to the dark, the dark to
+the fair. Again, it must be said that this common assumption is not
+confirmed either by introspection or by any attempt to put the matter on a
+statistical basis.[174]
+
+        WOMEN.                        MEN.              TOTALS.
+
+Tall women seek tall men.. 8  Tall men seek tall women.. 6  14
+Short women seek short men 0  Short men seek short women 0   0
+Medium-sized women seek       Medium-sized men seek
+  medium-sized men ....... 0    medium-sized women ....  3   3
+
+    Seek parity........... 8      Seek parity........... 9  17
+
+Tall women seek short men. 0  Tall men seek short women. 0   0
+Short women seek tall men. 4  Short men seek tall women. 0   4
+Medium-sized woman seeks      Medium-sized men seek tall
+  tall man................ 1    women .................. 8   9
+
+    Seek disparity........ 5      Seek disparity........ 8  13
+
+                              Men of unknown height seek
+                                tall women.............. 5   5
+
+Most people who will carefully introspect their own feelings and ideals in
+this matter will find that they are not attracted to persons of the
+opposite sex who are strikingly unlike themselves in pigmentary
+characters. Even when the abstract ideal of a sexually desirable person
+is endowed with certain pigmentary characters, such as blue eyes or
+darkness,--either of which is liable to make a vaguely romantic appeal to
+the imagination,--it is usually found, on testing the feeling for
+particular persons, that the variation from the personal type of the
+subject is usually only agreeable within narrow limits, and that there is
+a very common tendency for persons of totally opposed pigmentary types,
+even though they may sometimes be considered to possess a certain aesthetic
+beauty, to be regarded as sexually unattractive or even repulsive. With
+this feeling may perhaps be associated the feeling, certainly very widely
+felt, that one would not like to marry a person of foreign, even though
+closely allied, race.
+
+    From the same number of the _Round-About_ from which I have
+    extracted the data on stature, I have obtained corresponding data
+    on pigmentation, and have embodied them in the following table.
+    They are likewise very scanty, but they probably furnish as good
+    a general indication of the drift of ideals in this matter as we
+    should obtain from more extensive data of the same character.
+
+        WOMEN.                       MEN.              TOTALS.
+
+Fair women seek fair men. 2  Fair men seek fair women 2   4
+Dark woman seeks dark man 1  Dark men seek dark women 7   8
+
+    Seek parity.......... 3      Seek parity......... 9  12
+
+Fair women seek dark men. 4  Fair men seek dark women 3   7
+Dark woman seeks fair man 1  Dark men seek fair women 4   5
+                             Medium-colored man seeks
+    Seek disparity....... 5    dark woman ........... 1   1
+                             Medium-colored man seeks
+                               fair woman ........... 1   1
+
+                                 Seek disparity...... 9  14
+
+                             Men of unknown color seek
+                               dark women ........... 3   3
+
+    It will be seen that in the case of pigmentation there is not as
+    in the case of stature a decided charm of parity in the formation
+    of sexual ideals. The phenomenon, however, remains essentially
+    analogous. Just as in regard to stature there is without
+    exception an abstract admiration for tall persons, so here,
+    though to a less marked extent, there is a general admiration for
+    dark persons. As many as 6 out of 8 women and 14 out of 21 men
+    seek a dark partner. This tendency ranges itself with the
+    considerations already brought forward (p. 182), leading us to
+    believe that, in England at all events, the admiration of
+    fairness is not efficacious to promote any sexual selection, and
+    that if there is actually any such selection it must be put down
+    to other causes. No doubt, even in England the abstract aesthetic
+    admiration of fairness is justifiable and may influence the
+    artist. Probably also it influences the poet, who is affected by
+    a long-established convention in favor of fairness, and perhaps
+    also by a general tendency on the part of our poets to be
+    themselves fair and to yield to the charm of parity,--the
+    tendency to prefer the women of one's own stock,--which we have
+    already found to be a real force.[175] But, as a matter of fact,
+    our famous English beauties are not very fair; probably our
+    handsomest men are not very fair, and the abstract sexual ideals
+    of both our men and our women thus go out toward the dark.
+
+The formation of a sexual ideal, while it furnishes a predisposition to be
+attracted in a certain direction, and undoubtedly has a certain weight in
+sexual choice, is not by any means the whole of sexual selection. It is
+not even the whole of the psychic element in sexual selection. Let us
+take, for instance, the question of stature. There would seem to be a
+general tendency for both men and women, apart from and before experience,
+to desire sexually large persons of the opposite sex. It may even be that
+this is part of a wider zooelogical tendency. In the human species it shows
+itself also on the spiritual plane, in the desire for the infinite, in the
+deep and unreasoning feeling that it is impossible to have too much of a
+good thing. But it not infrequently happens that a man in whose youthful
+dreams of love the heroine has always been large, has not been able to
+calculate what are the special nervous and other characteristics most
+likely to be met in large women, nor how far these correlated
+characteristics would suit his own instinctive demands. He may, and
+sometimes does, find that in these other demands, which prove to be more
+important and insistent than the desire for stature, the tall women he
+meets are less likely to suit him than the medium or short women.[176] It
+may thus happen that a man whose ideal of woman has always been as tall
+may yet throughout life never be in intimate relationship with a tall
+woman because he finds that practically he has more marked affinities in
+the case of shorter women. His abstract ideals are modified or negatived
+by more imperative sympathies or antipathies.
+
+In one field such sympathies have long been recognized, especially by
+alienists, as leading to sexual unions of parity, notwithstanding the
+belief in the generally superior attraction of disparity. It has often
+been pointed out that the neuropathic, the insane and criminal,
+"degenerates" of all kinds, show a notable tendency to marry each other.
+This tendency has not, however, been investigated with any precision.[177]
+
+The first attempt on a statistical basis to ascertain what degree of
+parity or disparity is actually attained by sexual selection was made by
+Alphonse de Candolle.[178] Obtaining his facts from Switzerland, North
+Germany, and Belgium, he came to the conclusion that marriages are most
+commonly contracted between persons with different eye-colors, except in
+the case of brown-eyed women, who (as Schopenhauer stated, and as is seen
+in the English data of the sexual ideal I have brought forward) are found
+more attractive than others.
+
+The first series of serious observations tending to confirm the result
+reached by the genius of Leonardo da Vinci and to show that sexual
+selection results in the pairing of like rather than of unlike persons was
+made by Hermann Fol, the embryologist.[179] He set out with the popular
+notion that married people end by resembling each other, but when at Nice,
+which is visited by many young married couples on their honeymoons, he was
+struck by the resemblances already existing immediately after marriage. In
+order to test the matter he obtained the photographs of 251 young and old
+married couples not personally known to him. The results were as follows:
+
+                    RESEMBLANCES      NONRESEMBLANCES
+    COUPLES.        (PERCENTAGE).      (PERCENTAGE).   TOTAL.
+
+Young.............. 132, about 66,66   66, about 33.33   198
+Old ................ 38, about 71.70   15, about 28.30    53
+
+He concluded that in the immense majority of marriages of inclination the
+contracting parties are attracted by similarities, and not by
+dissimilarities, and that, consequently, the resemblances between aged
+married couples are not acquired during conjugal life. Although Fol's
+results were not obtained by good methods, and do not cover definite
+points like stature and eye-color, they represented the conclusions of a
+highly skilled and acute observer and have since been amply confirmed.
+
+Galton could not find that the average results from a fairly large number
+of cases indicated that stature, eye-color, or other personal
+characteristics notably influenced sexual selection, as evidenced by a
+comparison of married couples.[180] Karl Pearson, however, in part making
+use of a large body of data obtained by Galton, referring to stature and
+eye-color, has reached the conclusion that sexual selection ultimately
+results in a marked degree of parity so far as these characters are
+concerned.[181] As regards stature, he is unable to find evidence of what
+he terms "preferential mating"; that is to say, it does not appear that
+any preconceived ideals concerning the desirability of tallness in sexual
+mates leads to any perceptibly greater tallness of the chosen mate;
+husbands are not taller than men in general, nor wives than women in
+general. In regard to eye-color, however, there appeared to be evidence of
+preferential mating. Husbands are very decidedly fairer than men in
+general, and though there is no such marked difference in women, wives are
+also somewhat fairer than women in general. As regards "assortative
+mating" as it is termed by Pearson,--the tendency to parity or to
+disparity between husbands and wives,--the result were in both cases
+decisive. Tall men marry women who are somewhat above the average in
+height; short men marry women who are somewhat below the average, so that
+husband and wife resemble each other in stature as closely as uncle and
+niece. As regards eye-color there is also a tendency for like to marry
+like; the light-eyed men tend to marry light-eyed women more often than
+dark-eyed women; the dark-eyed men tend to marry dark-eyed women more
+often than light-eyed. There remains, however, a very considerable
+difference in the eye-color of husband and wife; in the 774 couples dealt
+with by Pearson there are 333 dark-eyed women to only 251 dark-eyed men,
+and 523 light-eyed men to only 441 light-eyed women. The women in the
+English population are darker-eyed than the men;[182] but the difference
+is scarcely so great as this; so that even if wives are not so dark-eyed
+as women generally it would appear that the ideal admiration for the
+dark-eyed may still to some extent make itself felt in actual mating.
+
+While we have to recognize that the modification and even total inhibition
+of sexual ideals in the process of actual mating is largely due to psychic
+causes, such causes do not appear to cover the whole of the phenomena.
+Undoubtedly they count for much, and the man or the woman who, from
+whatever causes, has constituted a sexual ideal with certain characters
+may in the actual contacts of life find that individuals with other and
+even opposed characters most adequately respond to his or her psychic
+demands. There are, however, other causes in play here which at first
+sight may seem to be not of a purely psychic character. One unquestionable
+cause of this kind comes into action in regard to pigmentary selection.
+Fair people, possibly as a matter of race more than from absence of
+pigment, are more energetic than dark people. They possess a sanguine
+vigor and impetuosity which, in most, though not in all, fields and
+especially in the competition of practical life, tend to give them some
+superiority over their darker brethren. The greater fairness of husbands
+in comparison with men in general, as found by Karl Pearson, is thus
+accounted for; fair men are most likely to obtain wives. Husbands are
+fairer than men in general for the same reason that, as I have shown
+elsewhere,[183] created peers are fairer than either hereditary peers or
+even most groups of intellectual persons; they have possessed in higher
+measure the qualities that insure success. It may be added that with the
+recognition of this fact we have not really left the field of sexual
+psychology, for, as has already been pointed out, that energy which thus
+insures success in practical life is itself a sexual allurement to women.
+Energy in a woman in courtship is less congenial to her sexual attitude
+than to a man's, and is not attractive to men; thus it is not surprising,
+even apart from the probably greater beauty of dark women, that the
+preponderance of fairness among wives as compared to women generally,
+indicated by Karl Pearson's data, is very slight. It may possibly be
+accounted for altogether by homogamy--the tendency of like to marry
+like--in the fair husbands.
+
+The energy and vitality of fair people is not, however, it is probable,
+merely an indirect cause of the greater tendency of fair men to become
+husbands; that is to say, it is not merely the result of the generally
+somewhat greater ability of the fair to attain success in temporal
+affairs. In addition to this, fair men, if not fair women, would appear to
+show a tendency to a greater activity in their specifically sexual
+proclivities. This is a point which we shall encounter in a later _Study_
+and it is therefore unnecessary to discuss it here.
+
+In dealing with the question of sexual selection in man various writers
+have been puzzled by the problem presented by that abhorrence of incest
+which is usually, though not always so clearly marked among the different
+races of mankind.[184] It was once commonly stated, as by Morgan and by
+Maine, that this abhorrence was the result of experience; the marriages of
+closely related persons were found to be injurious to offspring and were
+therefore avoided. This theory, however, is baseless because the marriages
+of closely related persons are not injurious to the offspring.
+Consanguineous marriages, so closely as they can be investigated on a
+large scale,--that is to say, marriages between cousins,--as Huth was the
+first to show, develop no tendency to the production of offspring of
+impaired quality provided the parents are sound; they are only injurious
+in this respect in so far as they may lead to the union of couples who are
+both defective in the same direction. According to another theory, that of
+Westermarck, who has very fully and ably discussed the whole
+question,[185] "there is an innate aversion to sexual intercourse between
+persons living very closely together from early youth, and, as such
+persons are in most cases related, this feeling displays itself chiefly
+as a horror of intercourse between near kin." Westermarck points out very
+truly that the prohibition of incest could not be founded on experience
+even if (as he is himself inclined to believe) consanguineous marriages
+are injurious to the offspring; incest is prevented "neither by laws, nor
+by customs, nor by education, but by an _instinct_ which under normal
+circumstances makes sexual love between the nearest kin a psychic
+impossibility." There is, however, a very radical objection to this
+theory. It assumes the existence of a kind of instinct which can with
+difficulty be accepted. An instinct is fundamentally a more or less
+complicated series of reflexes set in action by a definite stimulus. An
+innate tendency at once so specific and so merely negative, involving at
+the same time deliberate intellectual processes, can only with a certain
+force be introduced into the accepted class of instincts. It is as awkward
+and artificial an instinct as would be, let us say, an instinct to avoid
+eating the apples that grew in one's own yard.[186]
+
+The explanation of the abhorrence to incest is really, however,
+exceedingly simple. Any reader who has followed the discussion of sexual
+selection in the present volume and is also familiar with the "Analysis of
+the Sexual Impulse" set forth in the previous volume of these _Studies_
+will quickly perceive that the normal failure of the pairing instinct to
+manifest itself in the case of brothers and sisters, or of boys and girls
+brought up together from infancy, is a merely negative phenomenon due to
+the inevitable absence under those circumstances of the conditions which
+evoke the pairing impulse. Courtship is the process by which powerful
+sensory stimuli proceeding from a person of the opposite sex gradually
+produce the physiological state of tumescence, with its psychic
+concomitant of love and desire, more or less necessary for mating to be
+effected. But between those who have been brought up together from
+childhood all the sensory stimuli of vision, hearing, and touch have been
+dulled by use, trained to the calm level of affection, and deprived of
+their potency to arouse the erethistic excitement which produces sexual
+tumescence.[187] Brothers and sisters in relation to each other have at
+puberty already reached that state to which old married couples by the
+exhaustion of youthful passion and the slow usage of daily life gradually
+approximate. Passion between brother and sister is, indeed, by no means so
+rare as is sometimes supposed, and it may be very strong, but it is
+usually aroused by the aid of those conditions which are normally required
+for the appearance of passion, more especially by the unfamiliarity caused
+by a long separation. In reality, therefore, the usual absence of sexual
+attraction between brothers and sisters requires no special explanation;
+it is merely due to the normal absence under these circumstances of the
+conditions that tend to produce sexual tumescence and the play of those
+sensory allurements which lead to sexual selection.[188] It is a purely
+negative phenomenon and it is quite unnecessary, even if it were
+legitimate, to invoke any instinct for its explanation. It is probable
+that the same tendency also operates among animals to some extent, tending
+to produce a stronger sexual attraction toward those of their species to
+whom they have not become habituated.[189] In animals, and in man also
+when living under primitive conditions, sexual attraction is not a
+constant phenomenon[190]; it is an occasional manifestation only called
+out by the powerful stimulation. It is not its absence which we need to
+explain; it is its presence which needs explanation, and such an
+explanation we find in the analysis of the phenomena of courtship.
+
+The abhorrence of incest is an interesting and significant phenomenon from
+our present point of view, because it instructively points out to us the
+limits to that charm of parity which apparently makes itself felt to some
+considerable extent in the constitution of the sexual ideal and still more
+in the actual homogamy which seems to predominate over heterogamy. This
+homogamy is, it will be observed, a _racial_ homogamy; it relates to
+anthropological characters which mark stocks. Even in this racial field,
+it is unnecessary to remark, the homogamy attained is not, and could not
+be, absolute; nor would it appear that such absolute racial homogamy is
+even desired. A tall man who seeks a tall woman can seldom wish her to be
+as tall as himself; a dark man who seeks a dark woman, certainly will not
+be displeased at the inevitably greater or less degree of pigment which he
+finds in her eyes as compared to his own.
+
+But when we go outside the racial field this tendency to homogamy
+disappears at once. A man marries a woman who, with slight, but agreeable,
+variations, belongs to a like stock to himself. The abhorrence of incest
+indicates that even the sexual attraction to people of the same stock has
+its limits, for it is not strong enough to overcome the sexual
+indifference between persons of near kin. The desire for novelty shown in
+this sexual indifference to near kin and to those who have been housemates
+from childhood, together with the notable sexual attractiveness often
+possessed by a strange youth or maiden who arrives in a small town or
+village, indicates that slight differences in stock, if not, indeed, a
+positive advantage from this point of view, are certainly not a
+disadvantage. When we leave the consideration of racial differences to
+consider sexual differences, not only do we no longer find any charm of
+parity, but we find that there is an actual charm of disparity. At this
+point it is necessary to remember all that has been brought forward in
+earlier pages[191] concerning the emphasis of the secondary sexual
+characters in the ideal of beauty. All those qualities which the woman
+desires to see emphasized in the man are the precise opposite of the
+qualities which the man desires to see emphasized in the woman. The man
+must be strong, vigorous, energetic, hairy, even rough, to stir the
+primitive instincts of the woman's nature; the woman who satisfies this
+man must be smooth, rounded, and gentle. It would be hopeless to seek for
+any homogamy between the manly man and the virile woman, between the
+feminine woman and the effeminate man. It is not impossible that this
+tendency to seek disparity in sexual characters may exert some disturbing
+influences on the tendency to seek parity in anthropological racial
+characters, for the sexual difference to some extent makes itself felt in
+racial characters. A somewhat greater darkness of women is a secondary
+(or, more precisely, tertiary) sexual character, and on this account
+alone, it is possible, somewhat attractive to men[192]. A difference in
+size and stature is a very marked secondary sexual character. In the
+considerable body of data concerning the stature of married couples
+reproduced by Pearson from Galton's tables, although the tall on the
+average tend to marry the tall, and the short the short, it is yet
+noteworthy that, while the men of 5 ft. 4 ins. have more wives at 5 ft. 2
+ins. than at any other height, men of 6 ft. show, in an exactly similar
+manner, more wives at 5 ft. 2 ins. than at any other height, although for
+many intermediate heights the most numerous groups of wives are
+taller[193].
+
+In matters of carriage, habit, and especially clothing the love of sexual
+disparity is instinctive, everywhere well marked, and often carried to
+very great lengths. To some extent such differences are due to the
+opposing demands of more fundamental differences in custom and occupation.
+But this cause by no means adequately accounts for them, since it may
+sometimes happen that what in one land is the practice of the men is in
+another the practice of the women, and yet the practices of the two sexes
+are still opposed[194]. Men instinctively desire to avoid doing things in
+women's ways, and women instinctively avoid doing things in men's ways,
+yet both sexes admire in the other sex those things which in themselves
+they avoid. In the matter of clothing this charm of disparity reaches its
+highest point, and it has constantly happened that men have even called in
+the aid of religion to enforce a distinction which seemed to them so
+urgent[195]. One of the greatest of sex allurements would be lost and the
+extreme importance of clothes would disappear at once if the two sexes
+were to dress alike; such identity of dress has, however, never come about
+among any people.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[171] L. da Vinci, _Frammenti_, selected by Solmi, pp. 177-180.
+
+[172] Westermarck, who accepts the "charm of disparity," gives references,
+_History of Human Marriage_, p. 354.
+
+[173] _Descent of Man_. Part II, Chapter XVIII.
+
+[174] Bloch (_Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II,
+pp. 260 et seq.) refers to the tendency to admixture of races and to the
+sexual attraction occasionally exerted by the negress and sometimes the
+negro on white persons as evidence in favor of such charm of disparity. In
+part, however, we are here concerned with vague statements concerning
+imperfectly known facts, in part with merely individual variations, and
+with that love of the exotic under the stimulation of civilized conditions
+to which reference has already been made (p. 184).
+
+[175] In this connection the exceptional case of Tennyson is of interest.
+He was born and bred in the very fairest part of England (Lincolnshire),
+but he himself and the stock from which he sprang were dark to a very
+remarkable degree. In his work, although it reveals traces of the
+conventional admiration for the fair, there is a marked and unusual
+admiration for distinctly dark women, the women resembling the stock to
+which he himself belonged. See Havelock Ellis, "The Color Sense in
+Literature," _Contemporary Review_, May, 1896.
+
+[176] It is noteworthy that in the _Round-About_, already referred to,
+although no man expresses a desire to meet a short woman, when he refers
+to announcements by women as being such as would be likely to suit him,
+the persons thus pointed out are in a notable proportion short.
+
+[177] It has been discussed by F.J. Debret, _La Selection Naturelle dans
+l'espece humaine_ (These de Paris), 1901. Debret regards it as due to
+natural selection.
+
+[178] "Heredite de la Couleur des Yeux dans l'espece humaine," _Archives
+des Sciences physiques et naturelles_, ser. iii, vol. xii, 1884, p. 109.
+
+[179] _Revue Scientifique_, Jan., 1891.
+
+[180] F. Galton, _Natural Inheritance_, p. 85. It may be remarked that
+while Galton's tables on page 206 show a slight excess of disparity as
+regards sexual selection in stature, in regard to eye color they
+anticipate Karl Pearson's more extensive data and in marriages of
+disparity show a decided deficiency of observed over chance results. In
+_English Men of Science_ (pp. 28-33), also, Galton found that among the
+parents parity decidedly prevailed over disparity (78 to 31) alike as
+regards temperament, hair color, and eye color.
+
+[181] Karl Pearson, _Phil. Trans. Royal Society_, vol. clxxxvii, p. 273,
+and vol. cxcv, p. 113; _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, vol. lxvi, p.
+28; _Grammar of Science_, second edition, 1900, pp. 425 _et seq._;
+_Biometrika_, November, 1903. The last-named periodical also contains a
+study on "Assortative Mating in Man," bringing forward evidence to show
+that, apart from environmental influence, "length of life is a character
+which is subject to selection;" that is to say, the long-lived tend to
+marry the long-lived, and the short-lived to marry the short-lived.
+
+[182] For a summary of the evidence on this point see Havelock Ellis, _Man
+and Woman_, fourth edition, 1904, pp. 256-264.
+
+[183] "The Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly
+Review_, August, 1901.
+
+[184] The fact that even in Europe the abhorrence to incest is not always
+strongly felt is brought out by Bloch, _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der
+Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, pp. 263 et seq.
+
+[185] Westermarck, _History of Marriage_, Chapters XIV and XV.
+
+[186] Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, p. 446) has pointed out that it is not
+legitimate to assume the possibility of an "instinct" of this character;
+instinct has "nothing in its character but a response of function to
+environment."
+
+[187] Fromentin, in his largely autobiographic novel _Dominique_, makes
+Olivier say: "Julie is my cousin, which is perhaps a reason why she should
+please me less than anyone else. I have always known her. We have, as it
+were, slept in the same cradle. There may be people who would be attracted
+by this almost fraternal relationship. To me the very idea of marrying
+someone whom I knew as a baby is as absurd as that of coupling two dolls."
+
+[188] It may well be, as Crawley argues (_The Mystic Rose_, Chapter XVII),
+that sexual taboo plays some part among primitive people in preventing
+incestuous union, as, undoubtedly, training and moral ideas do among
+civilized peoples.
+
+[189] The remarks of the Marquis de Brisay, an authority on doves, as
+communicated to Giard (_L'Intermediare des Biologistes_, November 20,
+1897), are of much interest on this point, since they correspond to what
+we find in the human species: "Two birds from the same nest rarely couple.
+Birds coming from the same nest behave as though they regarded coupling as
+prohibited, or, rather, they know each other too well, and seem to be
+ignorant of their difference in sex, remaining unaffected in their
+relations by the changes which make them adults." Westermarck (op. cit.,
+p. 334) has some remarks on a somewhat similar tendency sometimes observed
+in dogs and horses.
+
+[190] See Appendix to vol. lii of these _Studies_, "The Sexual Impulse
+among Savages."
+
+[191] See, especially, _ante_, pp. 163 et seq.
+
+[192] Kistemaecker, as quoted by Bloch (_Beitraege, etc._, ii. p. 340),
+alludes in this connection to the dark clothes of men and to the tendency
+of women to wear lighter garments, to emphasize the white underlinen, to
+cultivate pallor of the face, to use powder. "I am white and you are
+brown; ergo, you must love me"; this affirmation, he states, may be found
+in the depths of every woman's heart.
+
+[193] K. Pearson, _Grammar of Science_, second edition, p. 430.
+
+[194] In _Man and Woman_ (fourth edition, p. 65) I have referred to a
+curious example of this tendency to opposition, which is of almost
+worldwide extent. Among some people it is, or has been, the custom for the
+women to stand during urination, and in these countries it is usually the
+custom for the man to squat; in most countries the practices of the sexes
+in this matter are opposed.
+
+[195] It is sufficient to quote one example. At the end of the sixteenth
+century it was a serious objection to the fashionable wife of an English
+Brownist pastor in Amsterdam that she had "bodies [a bodice or corset]
+tied to the petticoat with points [laces] as men do their doublets and
+their hose, contrary to I Thess., v, 22, conferred with Deut. xxii, 5; and
+I John ii, 16."
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Summary of the Conclusions at Present Attainable in Regard to the Nature
+of Beauty and its Relation to Sexual Selection.
+
+
+The consideration of vision has led us into a region in which, more
+definitely and precisely than is the case with any other sense, we can
+observe and even hope to measure the operation of sexual selection in man.
+In the conception of feminine beauty we possess an instrument of universal
+extension by which it seems possible to measure the nature and extent of
+such selection as exercised by men on women. This conception, with which
+we set out, is, however, by no means so precise, so easily available for
+the attainment of sound conclusions, as at first it may seem to be.
+
+It is true that beauty is not, as some have supposed, a mere matter of
+caprice. It rests in part on (1) an objective basis of aesthetic character
+which holds all its variations together and leads to a remarkable
+approximation among the ideals of feminine beauty cherished by the most
+intelligent men of all races. But beyond this general objective basis we
+find that (2) the specific characters of the race or nation tend to cause
+divergence in the ideals of beauty, since beauty is often held to consist
+in the extreme development of these racial or national anthropological
+features; and it would, indeed, appear that the full development of racial
+characters indicates at the same time the full development of health and
+vigor. We have further to consider that (3) in most countries an important
+and usually essential element of beauty lies in the emphasis of the
+secondary and tertiary sexual characters: the special characters of the
+hair in woman, her breasts, her hips, and innumerable other qualities of
+minor saliency, but all apt to be of significance from the point of view
+of sexual selection. In addition we have (4) the factor of individual
+taste, constituted by the special organization and the peculiar
+experiences of the individual and inevitably affecting his ideal of
+beauty. Often this individual factor is merged into collective shapes,
+and in this way are constituted passing fashions in the matter of beauty,
+certain influences which normally affect only the individual having become
+potent enough to affect many individuals. Finally, in states of high
+civilization and in individuals of that restless and nervous temperament
+which is common in civilization, we have (5) a tendency to the appearance
+of an exotic element in the ideal of beauty, and in place of admiring that
+kind of beauty which most closely approximates to the type of their own
+race men begin to be agreeably affected by types which more or less
+deviate from that with which they are most familiar.
+
+While we have these various and to some extent conflicting elements in a
+man's ideal of feminine beauty, the question is still further complicated
+by the fact that sexual selection in the human species is not merely the
+choice of the woman by the man, but also the choice of the man by the
+woman. And when we come to consider this we find that the standard is
+altogether different, that many of the elements of beauty as it exists in
+woman for man have here fallen away altogether, while a new and
+preponderant element has to be recognized in the shape of a regard for
+strength and vigor. This, as I have pointed out, is not a purely visual
+character, but a tactile pressure character translated into visual terms.
+
+When we have stated the sexual ideal we have not yet, however, by any
+means stated the complete problem of human sexual selection. The ideal
+that is desired and sought is, in a large measure, not the outcome of
+experience; it is not even necessarily the expression of the individual's
+temperament and idiosyncrasy. It may be largely the result of fortuitous
+circumstances, of slight chance attractions in childhood, of accepted
+traditions consecrated by romance. In the actual contacts of life the
+individual may find that his sexual impulse is stirred by sensory stimuli
+which are other than those of the ideal he had cherished and may even be
+the reverse of them.
+
+Beyond this, also, we have reason for believing that factors of a still
+more fundamentally biological character, to some extent deeper even than
+all these psychic elements, enter into the problem of sexual selection.
+Certain individuals, apart altogether from the question of whether they
+are either ideally or practically the most fit mates, display a greater
+energy and achieve a greater success than others in securing partners.
+These individuals possess a greater constitutional vigor, physical or
+mental, which conduces to their success in practical affairs generally,
+and probably also heightens their specifically philogamic activities.
+
+Thus, the problem of human sexual selection is in the highest degree
+complicated. When we gather together such scanty data of precise nature as
+are at present available, we realize that, while generally according with
+the results which the evidence not of a quantitative nature would lead us
+to accept, their precise significance is not at present altogether clear.
+It would appear on the whole that in choosing a mate we tend to seek
+parity of racial and individual characters together with disparity of
+secondary sexual characters. But we need a much larger number of groups of
+evidence of varying character and obtained under varying conditions. Such
+evidence will doubtless accumulate now that its nature is becoming defined
+and the need for it recognized. In the meanwhile we are, at all events, in
+a position to assert, even with the evidence before us, that now that the
+real meaning of sexual selection is becoming clear its efficacy in human
+evolution can no longer be questioned.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+THE ORIGINS OF THE KISS.
+
+
+Manifestations resembling the kiss, whether with the object of expressing
+affection or sexual emotion, are found among various animals much lower
+than man. The caressing of the antennae practiced by snails and various
+insects during sexual intercourse is of the nature of a kiss. Birds use
+their bills for a kind of caress. Thus, referring to guillemots and their
+practice of nibbling each other's feet, and the interest the mate always
+takes in this proceeding, which probably relieves irritation caused by
+insects, Edmund Selous remarks: "When they nibble and preen each other
+they may, I think, be rightly said to cosset and caress, the expression
+and pose of the bird receiving the benefit being often beatific."[196]
+Among mammals, such as the dog, we have what closely resembles a kiss, and
+the dog who smells, licks, and gently bites his master or a bitch,
+combines most of the sensory activities involved in the various forms of
+the human kiss.
+
+As practiced by man, the kiss involves mainly either the sense of touch or
+that of smell. Occasionally it involves to some extent both sensory
+elements.[197]
+
+The tactile kiss is certainly very ancient and primitive. It is common
+among mammals generally. The human infant exhibits, in a very marked
+degree, the impulse to carry everything to the mouth and to lick or
+attempt to taste it, possibly, as Compayre suggests,[198] from a memory of
+the action of the lips protruded to seize the maternal nipple. The
+affectionate child, as Mantegazza remarks,[199] not only applies inanimate
+objects to its lips or tongue, but of its own impulse licks the people it
+likes. Stanley Hall, in the light of a large amount of information he
+obtained on this point, found that "some children insist on licking the
+cheeks, necks, and hands of those they wish to caress," or like having
+animals lick them.[200] This impulse in children may be associated with
+the maternal impulse in animals to lick the young. "The method of licking
+the young practiced by the mother," remarks S.S. Buckman, "would cause
+licking to be associated with happy feelings. And, further, there is the
+allaying of parasitical irritation which is afforded by the rubbing and
+hence results in pleasure. It may even be suggested that the desire of the
+mother to lick her young was prompted in the first place by a desire to
+bestow on her offspring a pleasure she felt herself." The licking impulse
+in the child may thus, it is possible, be regarded as the evanescent
+manifestation of a more fundamental animal impulse,[201] a manifestation
+which is liable to appear in adult life under the stress of strong sexual
+emotion. Such an association is of interest if, as there is some reason to
+believe, the kiss of sexual love originated as a development of the more
+primitive kiss bestowed by the mother on her child, for it is sometimes
+found that the maternal kiss is practiced where the sexual kiss is
+unknown.
+
+The impulse to bite is also a part of the tactile element which lies at
+the origin of kissing. As Stanley Hall notes, children are fond of biting,
+though by no means always as a method of affection. There is, however, in
+biting a distinctly sexual origin to invoke, for among many animals the
+teeth (and among birds the bill) are used by the male to grasp the female
+more firmly during intercourse. This point has been discussed in the
+previous volume of these _Studies_ in reference to "Love and Pain," and
+it is unnecessary to enter into further details here. The heroine of
+Kleist's _Penthesilea_ remarks: "Kissing (Kuesse) rhymes with biting
+(Bisse), and one who loves with the whole heart may easily confound the
+two."
+
+The kiss, as known in Europe, has developed on a sensory basis that is
+mainly tactile, although an olfactory element may sometimes coexist. The
+kiss thus understood is not very widely spread and is not usually found
+among rude and uncultured peoples. We can trace it in Aryan and Semitic
+antiquity, but in no very pronounced form; Homer scarcely knew it, and the
+Greek poets seldom mention it. Today it may be said to be known all over
+Europe except in Lapland. Even in Europe it is probably a comparatively
+modern discovery; and in all the Celtic tongues, Rhys states, there is no
+word for "kiss," the word employed being always borrowed from the Latin
+_pax_.[202] At a fairly early historic period, however, the Welsh Cymri,
+at all events, acquired a knowledge of the kiss, but it was regarded as a
+serious matter and very sparingly used, being by law only permitted on
+special occasions, as at a game called rope-playing or a carousal;
+otherwise a wife who kissed a man not her husband could be repudiated.
+Throughout eastern Asia it is unknown; thus, in Japanese literature kisses
+and embraces have no existence. "Kisses, and embraces are simply unknown
+in Japan as tokens of affection," Lafcadio Hearn states, "if we except the
+solitary fact that Japanese mothers, like mothers all over the world, lip
+and hug their little ones betimes. After babyhood there is no more hugging
+or kisses; such actions, except in the case of infants, are held to be
+immodest. Never do girls kiss one another; never do parents kiss or
+embrace their children who have become able to walk." This holds true, and
+has always held true, of all classes; hand-clasping is also foreign to
+them. On meeting after a long absence, Hearn remarks, they smile, perhaps
+cry a little, they may even stroke each other, but that is all. Japanese
+affection "is chiefly shown in acts of exquisite courtesy and
+kindness."[203] Among nearly all of the black races of Africa lovers never
+kiss nor do mothers usually kiss their babies.[204] Among the American
+Indians the tactile kiss is, for the most part, unknown, though here and
+there, as among the Fuegians, lovers rub their cheeks together.[205]
+Kissing is unknown to the Malays. In North Queensland, however, Roth
+states, kissing takes place between mothers (not fathers) and infants,
+also between husbands and wives; but whether it is an introduced custom
+Roth is unable to say; he adds that the Pitta-pitta language possesses a
+word for kissing.[206]
+
+It must be remarked, however, that in many parts of the world where the
+tactile kiss, as we understand it, is usually said to be unknown, it still
+exists as between a mother and her baby, and this seems to support the
+view advocated by Lombroso that the lovers' kiss is developed from the
+maternal kiss. Thus, the Angoni Zulus to the north of the Zambesi, Wiese
+states, kiss their small children on both cheeks[207] and among the
+Fuegians, according to Hyades, mothers kiss their small children.
+
+Even in Europe the kiss in early mediaeval days was, it seems probable, not
+widely known as an expression of sexual love; it would appear to have been
+a refinement of love only practiced by the more cultivated classes. In the
+old ballad of Glasgerion the lady suspected that her secret visitor was
+only a churl, and not the knight he pretended to be, because when he came
+in his master's place to spend the night with her he kissed her neither
+coming nor going, but simply got her with child. It is only under a
+comparatively high stage of civilization that the kiss has been emphasized
+and developed in the art of love. Thus the Arabic author of the _Perfumed
+Garden_, a work revealing the existence of a high degree of social
+refinement, insists on the great importance of the kiss, especially if
+applied to the inner part of the mouth, and he quotes a proverb that "A
+moist kiss is better than a hasty coitus." Such kisses, as well as on the
+face generally, and all over the body, are frequently referred to by
+Hindu, Latin, and more modern erotic writers as among the most efficacious
+methods of arousing love.[208]
+
+A reason which may have stood in the way of the development of the kiss in
+a sexual direction has probably been the fact that in the near East the
+kiss was largely monopolized for sacred uses, so that its erotic
+potentialities were not easily perceived. Among the early Arabians the
+gods were worshiped by a kiss.[209] This was the usual way of greeting the
+house gods on entering or leaving.[210] In Rome the kiss was a sign of
+reverence and respect far more than a method of sexual excitation.[211]
+Among the early Christians it had an all but sacramental significance. It
+retains its ancient and serious meaning in many usages of the Western and
+still more the Eastern Churches; the relics of saints, the foot of the
+pope, the hands of bishops, are kissed, just as the ancient Greeks kissed
+the images of the gods. Among ourselves we still have a legally recognized
+example of the sacredness of the kiss in the form of taking an oath by
+kissing the Testament.[212]
+
+So far we have been concerned mainly with the tactile kiss, which is
+sometimes supposed to have arisen in remote times to the east of the
+Mediterranean--where the vassal kissed his suzerain and where the kiss of
+love was known, as we learn from the Songs of Songs, to the Hebrews--and
+has now conquered nearly the whole of Europe. But over a much larger part
+of the world and even in one corner of Europe (Lapland, as well as among
+the Russian Yakuts) a different kind of salutation rules, the olfactory
+kiss. This varies in form in different regions and sometimes simulates a
+tactile kiss, but, as it exists in a typical form in China, where it has
+been carefully studied by d'Enjoy, it may be said to be made up of three
+phases: (1) the nose is applied to the cheek of the beloved person; (2)
+there is a long nasal inspiration accompanied by lowering of the eyelids;
+(3) there is a slight smacking of the lips without the application of the
+mouth to the embraced cheek. The whole process, d'Enjoy considers, is
+founded on sexual desire and the desire for food, smell being the sense
+employed in both fields. In the form described by d'Enjoy, we have the
+Mongolian variety of the olfactory kiss. The Chinese regard the European
+kiss as odious, suggesting voracious cannibals, and yellow mothers in the
+French colonies still frighten children by threatening to give them the
+white man's kiss. Their own kiss the Chinese regard as exclusively
+voluptuous; it is only befitting as between lovers, and not only do
+fathers refrain from kissing their children except when very young, but
+even the mothers only give their children a rare and furtive kiss. Among
+some of the hill-tribes of south-east India the olfactory kiss is found,
+the nose being applied to the cheek during salutation with a strong
+inhalation; instead of saying "Kiss me," they here say "Smell me." The
+Tamils, I am told by a medical correspondent in Ceylon, do not kiss during
+coitus, but rub noses and also lick each other's mouth and tongue. The
+olfactory kiss is known in Africa; thus, on the Gambia in inland Africa
+when a man salutes a woman he takes her hand and places it to his nose,
+twice smelling the back of it. Among the Jekris of the Niger coast mothers
+rub their babies with their cheeks or mouths, but they do not kiss them,
+nor do lovers kiss, though they squeeze, cuddle, and embrace.[213] Among
+the Swahilis a smell kiss exists, and very young boys are taught to raise
+their clothes before women visitors, who thereupon playfully smell the
+penis; the child who does this is said to "give tobacco."[214] Kissing of
+any kind appears to be unknown to the Indians throughout a large part of
+America: Im Thurn states that it is unknown to the Indians of Guiana, and
+at the other end of South America Hyades and Deniker state that it is
+unknown to the Fuegians. In Forth America the olfactory kiss is known to
+the Eskimo, and has been noted among some Indian tribes, as the Blackfeet.
+It is also known in Polynesia. At Samoa kissing was smelling.[215] In New
+Zealand, also, the _hongi_, or nose-pressing, was the kiss of welcome, of
+mourning, and of sympathy.[216] In the Malay archipelago, it is said, the
+same word is used for "greeting" and "smelling." Among the Dyaks of the
+Malay archipelago, however, Vaughan Stevens states that any form of
+kissing is unknown.[217] In Borneo, Breitenstein tells us, kissing is a
+kind of smelling, the word for smelling being used, but he never himself
+saw a man kiss a woman; it is always done in private.[218]
+
+The olfactory kiss is thus seen to have a much wider extension over the
+world than the European (or Mediterranean) tactile kiss. In its most
+complete development, however, it is mainly found among the people of
+Mongolian race, or those yellow peoples more or less related to them.
+
+The literature of the kiss is extensive. So far, however, as that
+literature is known to me, the following list includes everything that may
+be profitably studied: Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_; Ling
+Roth, "Salutations," _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, November,
+1889; K. Andree, "Nasengruss," _Ethnographische Parallelen_, second
+series, 1889, pp. 223-227; Alfred Kirchhoff, "Vom Ursprung des Kuesses,"
+_Deutsche Revue_, May, 1895; Lombroso, "L'Origine du Baiser," _Nouvelle
+Revue_, 1897, p. 153; Paul d'Enjoy, "Le Baiser en Europe et en Chine,"
+_Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie_, Paris, 1897, fasc. 2. Professor
+Nyrop's book, _The Kiss and its History_ (translated from the Danish by
+W.F. Harvey), deals rather with the history of the kiss in civilization
+and literature than with its biological origins and psychological
+significance.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[196] E. Selous, _Bird Watching_, 1901, p. 191. This author adds: "It
+seems probable indeed that the conferring a practical benefit of the kind
+indicated may be the origin of the caress throughout nature."
+
+[197] Tylor terms the kiss "the salute by tasting," and d'Enjoy defines it
+as "a bite and a suction"; there seems, however, little evidence to show
+that the kiss contains any gustatory element in the strict sense.
+
+[198] Compayre, _L'Evolution intellectuelle et morale de l'enfant_, p. 9.
+
+[199] Mantegazza, _Physiognomy and Expression_, p. 144.
+
+[200] G. Stanley Hall, "The Early Sense of Self," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 361.
+
+[201] In some parts of the world the impulse persists into adult life. Sir
+S. Baker (_Ismailia_, p. 472) mentions licking the eyes as a sign of
+affection.
+
+[202] _Book of Common Prayer in Manx Gaelic_, edited by A.W. Moore and J.
+Rhys, 1895.
+
+[203] L. Hearn, _Out of the East_, 1895, p. 103.
+
+[204] See, e.g., A.B. Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples_, p. 288. Among the
+Swahili the kiss is practiced, but exclusively between married people and
+with very young children. Velten believes they learned it from the Arabs.
+
+[205] Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn_, vol. vii, p.
+245.
+
+[206] W. Roth, _Ethnological Notes Among the Queensland Aborigines_, p.
+184.
+
+[207] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1900, ht. 5, p. 200.
+
+[208] E.g., the _Kama Sutra_ of Vatsyayana, Bk. III, Chapter I.
+
+[209] Hosea, Chapter xiii, v. 2; I Kings, Chapter xix, v. 18.
+
+[210] Wellhausen, _Reste Arabischen Heidentums_, p. 109.
+
+[211] The Romans recognized at least three kinds of kiss: the _osculum_,
+for friendship, given on the face; the _basium_, for affection, given on
+the lips; the _suavium_, given between the lips, reserved for lovers.
+
+[212] In other parts of the world it would appear that the kiss sometimes
+has a sacred or ritual character. Thus, according to Rev. J. Macdonald
+(_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, November, 1890, p. 118), it
+is part of the initiation ceremony of a girl at her first menstruation
+that the women of the village should kiss her on the cheek, and on the
+mons veneris and labia.
+
+[213] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, August and November,
+1898, p. 107.
+
+[214] Velten, _Sitten und Gebraueche der Suaheli_, p. 142.
+
+[215] Turner, _Samoa_, p. 45.
+
+[216] Tregear, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1889.
+
+[217] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1896, ht. 4, p. 272.
+
+[218] Breitenstein, _21 Jahre in India_, vol. i, p. 224.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.
+
+
+The histories here recorded are similar in character to those given in
+Appendix B of the previous volume.
+
+    HISTORY I.--C.D., clergyman, age, 34. Height about 5 ft. 8 in.
+    Weight, 8st. 8lb. Complexion, fair. Physical infirmities, very
+    myopic, tendency to consumption.
+
+    "My family is of old lineage on both sides. My parents were
+    normal and fairly healthy; but I consider that heredity, though
+    not vitiated, is somewhat overrefined, and there is a neuropathic
+    tendency, which has appeared in myself and in one or two other
+    members of the family. As a child, I suffered, though not very
+    frequently, from nocturnal enuresis. My sexual nature, though
+    normal, has been keenly alive and sensitive as far back as I can
+    remember; and as I look back I discern within myself in early
+    childhood what I now understand to be a decided masochistic or
+    passively algolagnic tendency. So far as I remember, this
+    manifested itself in me in two aspects; one psychic or
+    sentimental and free from carnality, expressing itself in
+    imaginative visions such as the following: I used, to imagine
+    myself kneeling before a young and beautiful woman and being
+    sentenced by her to some punishment, and even threatened with
+    death. At other times I would picture myself as a wounded soldier
+    watched over on his sickbed by queenly women. These visions
+    always included an imagination of something heroic in my own
+    personality. No doubt they were the same kind of dreamings as are
+    present in multitudes of imaginative children; they are only of
+    interest in so far as a sexual element was present; and that was
+    algolagnic in character.
+
+    "I had a small fund of natural common sense; and my surroundings
+    were not favorable to sentimental imaginings; consequently I
+    believe I began to throw them off at an early age, though the
+    temperament which produced them is still a part of my nature.
+
+    "On the carnal side, the sexual instinct was decidedly
+    algolagnic. Masturbation is one of my earliest recollections;
+    indeed, it was not at first, so far as I remember, associated
+    with any sexual ideas at all; but began as a reflex animal act. I
+    do not remember its first occurrence. It soon, however, became
+    associated in my mind with algolagnic excitement, giving rise to
+    reveries which took the ordinary form of imagining oneself
+    stripped and whipped, etc., by persons of the opposite sex. The
+    _dramatis personae_ in my own algolagnic reveries were elderly
+    women; somewhat strangely, I did not associate physical sexuality
+    at this period with young and attractive women. If scientific
+    light on these matters were generally available in the practical
+    bringing up of children, persons in charge of young children
+    might refrain from exciting an algolagnic tendency or doing
+    anything calculated to awake sexual emotions prematurely. In my
+    own case, I recollect acts performed by older persons in
+    ignorance and thoughtlessness which undoubtedly tended to foster
+    and strengthen my algolagnic instinct.
+
+    "Little or nothing was done to prevent, discover, or remedy the
+    pernicious habit into which I was falling unknowingly.
+    Circumcision was perhaps little thought of in those days as a
+    preventive of juvenile masturbation; at any rate, it was not
+    resorted to in my case. I remember, indeed, that a nurse
+    discovered that I was practicing masturbation, and I think she
+    made a few half-hearted attempts to stop it. It was probably
+    these attempts which gave me a growing feeling that there was
+    something wrong about masturbation, and that it must be practiced
+    secretly. But they were unsuccessful in their main object. The
+    practice continued.
+
+    "I went to school at the age of 10. There I came in contact
+    almost without warning, with the ordinary lewdness and grossness
+    of school conversation, and took to it readily. I soon became
+    conversant with the theory of sexual relations; but never got the
+    opportunity of sexual intercourse, and probably should have felt
+    some moral restraint even had such opportunity presented itself,
+    for coitus, however interesting it might be to talk about, was a
+    bigger thing to practice than masturbation. I masturbated fairly
+    frequently, occasionally producing two orgasms in quick
+    succession. I seldom masturbated with the hand; my method was to
+    lie face downward. There was probably little or no homosexuality
+    at my first school. I never heard of it till later, and it was
+    always repugnant to me, though surrounded with a certain morbid
+    interest. Masturbation was discountenanced openly at the school,
+    but was, I believe, extensively practiced, both at that school
+    and at the two others I afterward attended. The boys often talked
+    about the hygiene of it; and the general theory was that it was
+    somehow physically detrimental; but I heard no arguments advanced
+    sufficiently cogent to make me see the necessity for a real moral
+    effort against the habit, though, as I neared puberty, I was
+    indulging more moderately and with greater misgivings.
+
+    "The fact of becoming acquainted with the theory of sexual
+    intercourse tended to diminish the algolagnia, and to impel my
+    sexual instinct into an ordinary channel. On one occasion
+    circumstances brought me into close contact with a woman for
+    about three or four weeks, I being a mere boy and she very much
+    my senior. I felt sexually attracted by this woman, and allowed
+    myself a degree of familiarity with her which I have since
+    recognized as undue and have deeply regretted. It did not,
+    however, go to the length of seduction, and I trust may have
+    passed away without leaving any permanent harm. It should,
+    indeed, be remarked here that I never knew a woman sexually till
+    my marriage; and with the one exception mentioned I do not recall
+    any instance of conduct on my part toward a woman which could be
+    described as giving her an impulse downhill.
+
+    "On the psychic side my sexual emotions awoke in early childhood;
+    and though my love affairs as a boy were not frequent and were
+    kept to myself, they attained a considerable degree of emotional
+    power. Leaving out of account the precocious movements of the
+    sexual instinct to which I have already referred as colored by
+    psychic algolagnia, I may say that somewhat later, from the age
+    of puberty and onward, I had three or four love affairs, devoid
+    of any algolagnic tendency, and considerably more developed on
+    the psychic and emotional, than on the physical, side. In fact,
+    my experience has been that when deeply in love, when the mind is
+    full of the love ecstasy, the physical element of sexuality is
+    kept--doubtless only temporarily--in abeyance.
+
+    "To return now to the subject of masturbation. Here befell the
+    chief moral struggle of my early life; and no terms that I have
+    at command will adequately describe the stress of it.
+
+    "A casual remark heard one day as I was arriving at puberty
+    convinced me that there must be truth in the vague schoolboy
+    theory that masturbation was _weakening_. It was to the effect
+    that the evil results of masturbation practiced in boyhood would
+    manifest themselves in later life. I then realized that I must
+    relinquish masturbation, and I set myself to fight it; but with
+    grave misgivings that, owing to the early age at which I had
+    formed the habit, I had already done myself serious harm.
+
+    "Before many weeks had passed, I had formed a resolution to
+    abstain, which I kept thereafter without--so far as I
+    remember--more than one conscious lapse into my former habit.
+    Here it must be said at once that, so far as touches my own
+    experience of a struggle of this kind, the religious factor is of
+    primary importance as strengthening and sustaining the moral
+    effort which has to be made. I am writing an account of my
+    sexual, not my spiritual, experiences; but I should not only be
+    untrue to my convictions, but unable to give an accurate and
+    penetrating survey of the development of my sex life, unless I
+    were clearly to state that it was to a large extent on that life
+    that my strongest and most valuable religious experiences
+    arose.[219] It is to the endeavor to discipline the sexual
+    instinct, and to grapple with the difficulties and anxieties of
+    the sex life, that I owe what I possess of spiritual religion, of
+    the consciousness that my life has been brought into contact with
+    Divine love and power.
+
+    "My early habits, after they were broken off, left me none the
+    less a legacy of sexual neurasthenia and a slight varicocele. My
+    nocturnal pollutions were overfrequent; and I brooded over them,
+    being too reticent and too much afraid of exposure at school and
+    possible expulsion to confide in a doctor. Far better for me had
+    I done so, for a few years later I received the truest kindness
+    and sympathy in regard to sexual matters at the hands of more
+    than one medical man. But while at school I was afraid to speak
+    of the trouble which so unnerved and depressed me; and as a
+    consequence my morbid fears grew stronger, being intensified by
+    generalities which I met with from time to time in my reading on
+    the subject of the punishment which nature metes out to impurity.
+
+    "On leaving school my sex life continued for some years on the
+    same lines: a struggle for chastity, morbid fears and regrets
+    about the past, efforts to cope with the neurasthenia, and a
+    haunting dread of coming insanity. These troubles were increased
+    by my sedentary life. However I obtained medical aid, and put as
+    good a face on matters as possible.
+
+    "But the most trying thing of all has yet to be mentioned--the
+    discovery that I had not yet got fully clear of the habit of
+    masturbation. I had, indeed, repudiated it as far as my conscious
+    waking moments were concerned, even though strongly impelled by
+    sexual desire; but one night, about a year after I had
+    relinquished the practice, I found myself again giving way to it
+    in those moments between sleeping and waking when the will is
+    only semiconscious. It was as if a race took place for
+    wakefulness between my physical instinct, on the one side, and my
+    moral sense and inhibitory nerves on the other; and very
+    frequently the physical instinct won. This, perhaps, is not an
+    uncommon experience, but it distressed me greatly; and I never
+    felt safe from it until marriage. I resorted to various
+    expedients to combat this tendency, at length having to tie
+    myself in a certain position every night with a cord round my
+    legs, so as to render it impossible to turn over upon my face.
+
+    "In my early manhood the strain on my constitution was
+    considerable from causes other than the sexual neurasthenia,
+    which, indeed, I am now well aware I exaggerated in importance.
+    Medical advisers whom I consulted in that period assured me that
+    this was so; and, though at the time I often thought that they
+    were concealing the real facts from me out of kindness, my own
+    reading has since convinced me that they spoke nothing but
+    scientific truth.
+
+    "The years went on. I went through a university course, and in
+    spite of my poor health took a good degree. The agony of my
+    struggle for chastity seemed to come to a climax about four years
+    later when for a long period, partly owing to overstudy and
+    partly to the sexual strain, I fell into a condition of severe
+    nervous exhaustion, one of the most distressing symptoms of which
+    was insomnia. The dreaded cloud of insanity seemed to come
+    closer. I had to use alcohol freely at nights; and might by now
+    have become a drunkard, had I not been casually--or I must say,
+    Providentially--directed to the common sense plan of measuring my
+    whisky in a dram glass; so that the alcohol could not steal a
+    march upon me.
+
+    "This period was one of acute mental suffering. One cause of the
+    nervous tension was--as I have now no doubt--the need of healthy
+    sexual intercourse. I proved this eventually. My circumstances,
+    which had long been adverse to marriage, at length were shaped in
+    that direction. I renewed acquaintance with a lady whom I had
+    known well some years before; and our friendship ripened until,
+    after much perplexity on my side, owing to the uncertainty of my
+    health and prospects, I decided that it was right to speak. We
+    were married after a few months; and I realized that I had gained
+    an excellent wife. We did not come together sexually for some
+    nights after marriage; but, having once tasted the pleasure of
+    the marriage bed, I have to admit that, partly owing to ignorance
+    of the hygiene of marriage, I was for some time rather
+    unrestrained in conjugal relations, requiring intercourse as
+    often as eight or nine times a month. This was not unnatural when
+    one considers that I had now for the first time free access to a
+    woman, after a long and weary struggle to preserve chastity.
+    Married life, however, tends naturally--or did so in my case--to
+    regulate desire; and when I began to understand the ethics and
+    hygiene of sex, as I did a year or two after marriage, I was
+    enabled to exercise increasing self-restraint. We are now sparing
+    in our enjoyment of conjugal pleasure. We have had no children;
+    and I attribute this chiefly to the remaining sexual weakness in
+    myself.[220] But I may say that not only my sexual power, but my
+    nerve-power and general health, were greatly improved by
+    marriage; and though I have fallen back, the last year or two,
+    into a poor state of health, the cause of this is probably
+    overwork rather than anything to do with sex. Not but what it
+    must be said that, had it not been for the juvenile masturbation
+    superadded to a neuropathic temperament, my constitution would no
+    doubt have endured the general strain of life better than it has
+    done. The algolagnia, being one of the congenital conditions of
+    my sexual instinct, must be considered fundamental, and certainly
+    has not been eliminated. If I were to allow myself indulgence in
+    algolagnic reveries they would even now excite me without
+    difficulty; but I have systematically discouraged them, so that
+    they give me little or no practical trouble. My erotic dreams,
+    which years ago were (to the best of my remembrance) frequently
+    algolagnic, are now almost invariably normal.
+
+    "My conjugal relations have always been on the lines of strictly
+    normal sexuality. I have a deep sense of the obligations of
+    monogamous marriage, besides a sincere affection for my wife;
+    consequently I repress as far as possible all sexual
+    inclinations, such as will come involuntarily sometimes, toward
+    other women.
+
+    "From what I have disclosed, it will be seen that I am but a
+    frail man; but for many years I have striven honestly and hard to
+    discipline sexuality within myself, and to regulate it according
+    to right reason, pure hygiene, and the moral law; and I can but
+    hope and believe that the Divine Power in which I have endeavored
+    to trust will in the future, as it has done in the past, working
+    by natural methods and through the current events of my life,
+    amend and control my sex life and conduct it to safe and
+    honorable issues."
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--A.B., married, good general health, dark hair, fair
+    complexion, short-sighted, and below medium height. Parents both
+    belong to healthy families, but the mother suffered from nerves
+    during early years of married life, and the father, a very
+    energetic and ambitious man, was cold, passionless, and
+    unscrupulous. A.B. is the oldest child; two of the brothers and
+    sisters are slightly abnormal, nervously. But, so far as is
+    known, none of the family has ever been sexually abnormal.
+
+    A.B. was a bright, intelligent child, though inclined to be
+    melancholy (and in later years prone to self-analysis). At
+    preparatory school was fairly forward in studies, at public
+    school somewhat backward, at University suddenly took a liking to
+    intellectual pursuits. Throughout he was slack at games. Has
+    never been able to learn to swim from nervousness. Can whistle
+    well. Has always been fond of reading, and would like to have
+    been an author by profession. He married at 24, and has had two
+    children, both of whom showed congenital physical abnormalities.
+
+    Before the age of 7 or 8 A.B. can remember various trifling
+    incidents. "One of the games I used to play with my sister," he
+    writes, "consisted in pretending we were 'father and mother' and
+    were relieving ourselves at the w.c. We would squat down in
+    various parts of the room, prolong the simulated act, and talk. I
+    do not remember what our conversation was about, nor whether I
+    had an erection. I used also to make water from a balcony into
+    the garden, and in other unusual places.
+
+    "The first occasion on which I can recollect experiencing
+    sensations or emotions similar in character to later and more
+    developed feelings of desire was at the age of about 7 or 8, when
+    I was a dayboy at a large school in a country town and absolutely
+    innocent as to deed, thought, or knowledge. I fell in love with a
+    boy with whom I was brought in contact in my class, about my own
+    age. I remember thinking him pretty. He paid me no attention. I
+    had no distinct desire, except a wish to be near him, to touch
+    him, and to kiss him. I blushed if I suddenly saw him, and
+    thought of him when absent and speculated on my chances of seeing
+    him again. I was put into a state of high ecstasy when he invited
+    me to join him and some friends one summer evening in a game of
+    rounders.
+
+    "At the age of 8 I was told by my father's groom where babies
+    came from and how they were produced. (I already knew the
+    difference in sexual organs, as my sister and I were bathed in
+    the same room.) He told me no details about erection, semen, etc.
+    Nor did he take any liberties with me. I used to notice him
+    urinating; he used to push back the foreskin and I thought his
+    penis large.
+
+    "When about 8 years old the nursemaid told me that the boy at her
+    last place had intercourse with his sister. I thought it
+    disgusting. About a year later I told the nurse I thought the
+    story of Adam and Eve was not true and that when Eve gave Adam
+    the apple he had intercourse with her and she was punished by
+    having children. I don't know if I had thought this out, or if it
+    had been suggested to me by others. This nurse used often to talk
+    about my 'tassel.'
+
+    "A family of several brothers went to the same school with me,
+    and we used to indulge in dirty stories, chiefly, however, of the
+    w.c. type rather than sexual.
+
+    "When I was about 10 I learned much from my father's coachman. He
+    used to talk about the girls he had had intercourse with, and how
+    he would have liked this with my nursemaid.
+
+    "A year later I went to a large day school. I think most of the
+    boys, if not nearly all, were very ignorant and innocent in
+    sexual matters. The only incident in this connection I can
+    recollect is asking a boy to let me see his penis; he did so.
+
+    "During the summer holidays, at a watering place I attended a
+    theatrical performance and fell in love with a girl of about 12
+    who acted a part. I bought a photograph of her, which I kept and
+    kissed for several years after. About the same time I thought
+    rather tenderly of a girl of my own age whose parents knew mine.
+    I remember feeling that I should like to kiss her. Once I
+    furtively touched her hair.
+
+    "When I was 12 I was sent to a small preparatory boarding
+    school, in the country. During the holidays I used to talk about
+    sexual things with my father's footman. He must have told me a
+    good deal. I used to have erections. One evening, when I was in
+    bed and everyone else out (my mother and the children in the
+    country) he came up to my room and tried to put his hand on my
+    penis. I had been thinking of sexual matters and had an erection.
+    I resisted, but he persisted, and when he succeeded in touching
+    me I gave in. He then proceeded to masturbate me. I sank back,
+    overcome by the pleasant sensation. He then stopped and I went on
+    myself. In the meantime he had taken out his penis and
+    masturbated himself before me until the orgasm occurred. I was
+    disgusted at the sight of his large organ and the semen. He then
+    left me. I could hardly sleep from excitement. I felt I had been
+    initiated into a great and delightful mystery.
+
+    "I at once fell into the habit of masturbation. It was some
+    months before I could produce the orgasm; at about 13 a slight
+    froth came; at about 14 a little semen. I do not know how
+    frequently I did it--perhaps once or twice a week. I used to feel
+    ashamed of myself afterward. I told the man I was doing it and he
+    expressed surprise I had not known about it before he told me. He
+    warned me to stop doing it or it would injure my health. I
+    pretended later that I had stopped doing it.
+
+    "I practiced solitary masturbation for some months. At first the
+    semen was small in amount and watery.
+
+    "I had not at this time ever succeeded in drawing the foreskin
+    below the 'corona.' After masturbation I would sometimes feel
+    local pain in the penis, sometimes pains in the testicles, and
+    generally a feeling of shame, but not, I think, any lassitude.
+    The shame was a vague sense of discomfort at having done what I
+    knew others would regard as dirty. I also experienced fears that
+    I was injuring my health.
+
+    "It was not long before I found other boys at the preparatory
+    school with whom I talked of sexual things and in some cases
+    proceeded to acts. The boys were between the ages of 9 and 14;
+    they left at 14 or 15 for the public schools. We slept in
+    bedrooms--several in one room.
+
+    "There was no general conversation on sexual matters. Few of the
+    boys knew anything about things--perhaps 7 or 8 out of 40. Before
+    describing my experiences at the school I may mention that I
+    cannot remember having at this period any wish to experience
+    heterosexual intercourse; I knew as yet nothing of homosexual
+    practices; and I did not have, except in one case, any love or
+    affection for any of the boys.
+
+    "One night, in my bedroom--there were about six of us--we were
+    talking till rather late. My recollection commences with being
+    aware that all the boys were asleep except myself and one other,
+    P. (the son of a clergyman), who was in a bed at exactly the
+    opposite end of the room. I suppose we must have been talking
+    about this sort of thing, for I vividly remember having an
+    erection, and suddenly--as if by premonition--getting out of my
+    bed, and, with heart beating, going softly over to P.'s bed. He
+    exhibited no surprise at my presence; a few whispered words took
+    place; I placed my hand on his penis, and found he had an
+    erection. I started masturbating him, but he said he had just
+    finished. I then suggested, getting into bed with him. (I had
+    never heard at that time of such a thing being done, the idea
+    arose spontaneously.) He said it was not safe, and placed his
+    hand on my penis, I think with the object of satisfying and
+    getting rid of me. He masturbated me till the orgasm occurred.
+
+    "I had no further relations with him, except on one occasion,
+    shortly afterward, when one day, in the w.c. he asked me to
+    masturbate him. I did so. He did not offer to do the same to me.
+
+    "He was a delicate, feeble boy; not good at work; womanish in his
+    ways; inclined to go in for petty bullying, until a boy showed
+    fight, when he discovered himself to be an arrant coward. Four or
+    five years later I met him at the university. His greeting was
+    cool. My next affair was with a boy who was about my age (13),
+    strong, full-blooded, coarse, always in 'hot water.' He was the
+    son of the headmaster of one of the best-known public schools. It
+    was reported that two brothers had been expelled from this public
+    school for what we called 'beastliness.' He told me his older
+    brother used to have intercrural intercourse with him. This was
+    the first I had heard of this. We used to masturbate mutually. I
+    had, however, no affection or desire for him.
+
+    "With E., another boy, I had no relations, but I remember him as
+    the first person of the same sex for whom I experienced love. He
+    was a small, fair, thin, and little boy, some two years younger
+    than myself, so my inferior in the social hierarchy of a school.
+
+    "At the end of my last term I had two disappointments. I was
+    beaten by a younger and clever boy for the first place in the
+    school, and also beaten by one point in the competition for the
+    Athletic Cup by a stronger boy who had only come to the school
+    that very term. However, as a consolation prize, and as I was
+    leaving, the headmaster gave me a second prize. This soothed my
+    hurt feelings, and I remember, just after the 'head' had read out
+    the prizes, on the last day of term, E., coming up to me, putting
+    his arm on my shoulder, looking at me rather pensively, and in a
+    voice that thrilled me and made me wish to kiss and hug him, tell
+    me he was so glad I had got a prize and that it was a shame that
+    other chap had beaten me for the cup.
+
+    "I was three years (aged 12 to 15) at the preparatory school. I
+    started in the bottom form and ended second in the school. My
+    reports were generally good, and I was keen to do well in work. I
+    was considerably influenced by the 'head.' He was a clergyman,
+    but a man of wide reading, broad opinion, great scholarship, and
+    great enthusiasm. We became very friendly.
+
+    "During the holidays I now first practiced intercrural
+    intercourse with a younger brother. I started touching his penis,
+    and causing erections, when he was about 5. Afterward I got him
+    to masturbate me and I masturbated him; I used to get him into
+    bed with me. On one occasion I spontaneously (never having heard
+    of such a thing) made him take my penis in his mouth.
+
+    "This went on for several years. When I was about 16 and he about
+    10, the old family nurse spoke to me about it. She told me he had
+    complained of my doing it. I was in great fear that my parents
+    might hear of it. I went to him; told him I was sorry, but I had
+    not understood he disliked it, but that I would not do it again.
+
+    "About a year later (having persisted in this promise) I made
+    overtures to him, but he refused. I then commended his conduct,
+    and said I knew he was quite right, and begged him to refuse
+    again if I should ever suggest it. I did not ever suggest it
+    again. For many years I bitterly reproached myself for having
+    corrupted him. However, I do not think any harm has been done
+    him. But my self-reproaches have caused me to feel I owe some
+    reparation to him. I also have more affection for him than for my
+    other brothers and sisters.
+
+    "At the age of 15 I went to one of the large public schools. I
+    was fairly forward for my age, and entered high. But I made small
+    progress. I had bad reports; I was 'slack in games,' and not
+    popular among the boys. In fact, I stood still, so that when I
+    left I was backward in comparison with other boys of even less
+    natural intelligence.
+
+    "The teaching was certainly bad. Moreover, I had not any friends,
+    and this made me very sensitive. It was to a great extent my
+    fault. When I first went there I was taken up by a set above
+    me--boys who were 'senior' to me in standing. When they left I
+    found myself alone.
+
+    "My unpopularity was increased by my being considered to put on
+    'side'; also because I paid attention to my dress.
+
+    "At the public school I had homosexual relations with various
+    boys, usually without any passion. With one boy, however, I was
+    deeply in love for over a year; I thought of him, dreamed of him,
+    would have been content only to kiss him. But my courtship met
+    with no success.
+
+    "When carrying on with other boys the desire to reach the crisis
+    was not always strong, perhaps out of shyness or modesty.
+    Occasionally I had intercrural connection, which gave me the
+    first intimation of what intercourse with a woman was like. When
+    I masturbated in solitude I used to continue till the orgasm.
+
+    "My housemaster one day sent for me and said he had walked
+    through my cubicle and noticed a stain on the sheet. At this time
+    I used to have nocturnal emissions. I cannot remember whether on
+    this occasion the stain was due to one, or to masturbation. But I
+    imagined that one did not have 'wet dreams' unless one
+    masturbated. So when he went on to say that this was a proof that
+    I was immoral I acknowledged I masturbated. He then told me I
+    would injure my health--possibly 'weaken my heart,' or 'send
+    myself mad'; he said that he would ask me to promise never to do
+    it again.
+
+    "I promised. I left humiliated and ashamed of myself; also
+    generally frightened. He used to send for me every now and then,
+    and ask me if I had kept my promise. For some months I did. Then
+    I relapsed, and told him when he asked me. Ultimately he ceased
+    sending for me--apparently convinced either that I was cured or
+    that I was incorrigible.
+
+    "A year or so afterward he discovered in my study (for I was now
+    in the upper school and had a study) a French photograph that a
+    boy had given me, entitled '_Qui est dans ma chambre?_' It
+    represented a man going by mistake into the wrong bedroom; inside
+    the room was a woman, in nightdress, in an attitude that
+    suggested she had just been relieving herself. My housemaster
+    told me the picture was terribly indecent, and that, taken with
+    what he knew of my habits, it showed I was not a safe boy to be
+    in the school. He added that he did not wish to make trouble at
+    home, but that he advised me to get my parents to remove me at
+    the end of that term, instead of the following term, when, in the
+    ordinary course of things, I should have left.
+
+    "I wrote to my people to say I was miserable at school, and I was
+    removed at the end of that term.
+
+    "My first case of true heterosexual passion was with a girl
+    called D., whom I first knew when she was about 16. My family and
+    hers were friendly. My attraction to her soon became a matter of
+    common knowledge and joking to members of my family. She was a
+    dark, passionate-looking child, with large eyes that--to
+    me--seemed full of an inner knowledge of sexual mysteries.
+    Precocious, vain, jealous, untruthful--those were qualities in
+    her that I myself soon recognized. But the very fact that she was
+    not conventionally 'goody-goody' proved an attraction to me.
+
+    "I never openly made love to her, but I delighted to be near her.
+    Our ages were sufficiently separated for this to be noticeable. I
+    dreamed of her, and my highest ideal of blessedness was to kiss
+    her and tell her I loved her. I heard that she had been
+    discovered talking indecently in a w.c. to some little boys, sons
+    of a friend of my family's. The knowledge of this precocity on
+    her part intensified my fascination for her.
+
+    "When I left home to return to school I kissed her--the only
+    time. Absence did nothing to diminish my affection. I thought of
+    her all day long, at work or at play. I wrote her a letter--not
+    openly passionate, but my real feelings toward her must have been
+    apparent. I found out afterward that her mother opened the
+    letter.
+
+    "When I returned home for the holidays her mother asked me not;
+    to write her any letters and not to pay attentions to her, as I
+    might 'spoil her.' I promised. I was, of course, greatly
+    distressed.
+
+    "D. used to come to our house to see my younger sister. She had
+    clearly been warned by her mother not to allow me to speak to
+    her. I was too nervous to make any advances; besides, I had
+    promised. As I grew older, my passion died out. I have hardly
+    ever seen her since. She married some years ago. I still retain
+    sentimental feelings toward her.
+
+    "I was now 18; I had stopped growing and was fairly broad and
+    healthy. Intellectually I was rather precocious, though not
+    ambitious. But I was no good at games, had no tastes for physical
+    exercises, and no hobbies.
+
+    "During the holidays, in my last year at school, I had gone to
+    the Royal Aquarium with a school companion. This was followed by
+    one or two visits to the Empire Theatre. It was then that I first
+    discovered that sexual intercourse took place outside the limits
+    of married life. On one occasion my friend talked to one of the
+    women who were walking about. This same friend spoke to a
+    prostitute at Oxford. (At this time I went up to the university.)
+    Once or twice I met this girl. She used to ask about my friend.
+    My feelings toward her were a combination of admiration for her
+    physical beauty, a sense of the 'mystery' of her life, and pity
+    for her isolated position.
+
+    "On the whole, my first university term produced considerable
+    improvement in me. I began to be interested in my work and to
+    read a fair amount of general literature. I learned to bicycle
+    and to row. I also made one intimate friend.
+
+    "In my first holiday I went to the Empire and made the
+    acquaintance of a girl there, W.H. She attracted me by her quiet
+    appearance. I eventually made arrangements to pay her a visit. My
+    apprehensions consisted of: 1. Fear of catching venereal disease.
+    This I decided to safeguard by using a 'French letter.' 2. Fear
+    that she might have a 'bully.'
+
+    "The girl showed no sexual desire; but at that time this did not
+    attract my attention.
+
+    "I got very much 'gone' on her, paid her several visits, gave her
+    some presents I could ill afford, and felt very distressed when
+    she informed me she was to be married and therefore could not see
+    me any more.
+
+    "My experiences with prostitutes cover a period of twelve years.
+    During three years of this period I was continually in their
+    company. I have had intercourse with some two dozen; in some
+    cases only once; in others on numerous occasions. They have
+    usually been of the class that frequent Piccadilly, St. James
+    Restaurant, the Continental Hotel, and the Dancing Clubs. Usual
+    fee, L2 for the night; in one case, L5.
+
+    "1. Not one of them, as far as I knew, was a drunkard.
+
+    "2. As a rule, they were not mercenary or dishonest.
+
+    "3. In their language and general behavior they compared
+    favorably with respectable women.
+
+    "4. I never caught venereal disease.
+
+    "5. I twice caught pediculi.
+
+    "6. I did not find them, as a rule, very sensual or fond of
+    indecent talk. As a rule, they objected to stripping naked; they
+    did not touch my organs; they did not suggest masturbation,
+    sodomy, or _fellatio_. They seldom exhibited transports, but the
+    better among them seemed sentimental and affectionate.
+
+    "7. Their accounts of their first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' often by his addressing
+    them in the street; he took them about to dinners and theatres;
+    they were quite innocent and even ignorant; on one occasion they
+    drank too much; and before they knew what was happening they were
+    no longer virgins. They do not, however, apparently round on the
+    man or expose him or refuse to have anything more to do with him.
+
+    "8. They state--in common with the outwardly 'respectable' women
+    whom I have had a chance of catechising--that before the first
+    intercourse they did not feel any conscious desire for
+    intercourse and hardly devoted any thought to it, that it was
+    very painful the first time, and that some time elapsed before
+    they commenced to derive pleasure from it or to experience the
+    orgasm.
+
+    "E.B. was the second woman I had intercourse with. She was a
+    prostitute, but very young (about 18) and had only been in London
+    a few months. I met her first in the St. James Restaurant. I
+    spoke a few words to her. The next day I saw her in the
+    Burlington Arcade. I was not much attracted to her; she was
+    pretty, in a coarse, buxom style; vulgar in manners, voice, and
+    dress. She asked me to go home with her; I refused. She pressed
+    me; I said I had no money. She still urged me, just to drive home
+    with her and talk to her while she dressed for the evening. I
+    consented. We drove to lodgings in Albany Street. We went in. She
+    proceeded to kiss me. I remained cold, and told her again I had
+    no money. She then said: 'That does not matter. You remind me of
+    a boy I love. I want you to be my fancy boy.' I was flattered by
+    this. I saw a good deal of her. She was sentimental. I never gave
+    her any money. When I had some, she refused to take it, but
+    allowed me to spend a little in buying her a present. On the
+    night before I left London she wept. She wrote me illiterate, but
+    affectionate letters. One day she wrote to me that she was to be
+    kept by a man, but that she had made it a condition with him that
+    she should be allowed to have me. I had never been in love with
+    her, because of her vulgarity. I therefore took the earliest
+    opportunity of letting matters cool, by not writing often, etc.
+    The next thing I remember was my fascination, a few months later,
+    for S.H.
+
+    "She was not a regular prostitute. She had taken a very minor
+    part in light opera. She was American by birth, young, slim, and
+    spoke like a lady. Her hair was dyed; her breasts padded. She
+    acted sentiment, but was less affectionate than E.B. I met her
+    when she was out of a job. I gave her L2 whenever I met her. She
+    was not mercenary. She was sensual. I became very much in love
+    with her. I discovered her, however, writing letters to a fellow
+    whom I had met one day when I was walking with her. He was only
+    an acquaintance, but the brother of my most intimate friend. What
+    I objected to was that in this letter to him she protested she
+    did not care for me, but could not afford to give me up. She had
+    to plead guilty, but I was so fascinated by her I still kept in
+    with her, for a time, until she was kept by a man, and I had
+    found other women to interest me.
+
+    "Owing to the strict regulations made by the university
+    authorities, prostitutes find it hard to make a living there, and
+    I never had anything to do with one. My adventures were among the
+    shopgirl class, and were of a comparatively innocent nature. One
+    of them, however, M.S., a very undemonstrative shopgirl, was the
+    only girl not a prostitute with whom I had so far had
+    intercourse.
+
+    "About this time I made the acquaintance of three other
+    prostitutes, who, however, were nice, gentle, quiet girls,
+    neither vulgar nor mercenary. A night passed with them always
+    meant to me much more than mere intercourse. They
+    were--especially two of them--of a sentimental nature, and would
+    go to sleep in my arms. There was, on my part, not any passion,
+    but a certain sympathy with them, and pity and affection. I
+    remained faithful to the first, J.H., until she was kept by a
+    man, and gave up her gentlemen friends. Then came D.V. She got in
+    the family way and left London. Last, M.P. She was not pretty,
+    but a good figure, well dressed, a bright conversationalist, and
+    an intelligent mind. Her regular price for the night was L5, but
+    when she got to know one she would take one for less and take
+    one 'on tick.' She was very sensual. On one occasion, between 11
+    P.M. and about midday the following day I experienced the orgasm
+    eleven or twelve times.
+
+    "During term time I was often prevented from having women by want
+    of money and absence from London. I considered myself lucky if I
+    could have a woman once or twice a month. My allowance was not
+    large enough to admit of such luxuries; and I was only able to do
+    what I did by being economical in my general expenditure and
+    living, and by running up bills for whatever I could get on
+    credit. I lived in the hopes of picking up 'amateurs' who would
+    give me what I wanted for the love of it and without payment. My
+    efforts were not very successful at present, except in the case
+    of M.S. I considered myself very lucky in having discovered her,
+    and I should have stuck to her for longer but for the rival
+    attraction of another. There was, however, no deep sentiment on
+    either side.
+
+    "But in order to preserve a continuity in my account of the
+    women, I have left out two cases of temporary reversion to
+    homosexual practices. During the periods when I could not get a
+    woman I had recourse once more to masturbation. At times I had
+    'wet dreams' in which boys figured; and my thoughts, in waking
+    hours, sometimes reverted to memories of my school experiences. I
+    think, however, that I should have preferred a woman."
+
+    The homosexual reversions were as follows:--
+
+    "1. I had arranged to meet a shopgirl one evening, outside the
+    town. She did not turn up. The meeting place was a railway
+    bridge. Waiting there too, a few feet from me, was a boy of about
+    15. He was employed (I afterward found) by a gardener, and was
+    waiting to meet his brother, who was engaged on the line. I got
+    into casual conversation with him, and suddenly found myself
+    wondering whether he ever masturbated. With a feeling, that I can
+    only describe by calling it an intuition, I moved nearer him, and
+    asked: 'Do you ever play with yourself?' He did not seem
+    surprised at the abruptness of my question, and answered 'yes.' I
+    thereupon touched his penis, and _found he had an erection_! I
+    suggested retiring to a bench that was near. We sat down. I
+    masturbated him till he experienced the orgasm; then
+    intercrurally. I gave him a shilling, and said good night.
+
+    "2. During my last summer at the university I took to gardening.
+    There was a small piece of garden behind the house in which I had
+    lodgings. My landlady suggested getting a cousin of hers,
+    employed by a nurseryman, to supply me with plants, etc. He was a
+    youth of about 16 or 17, tall, dark, not bad favored in looks. I
+    forget how many times I saw him--not many, perhaps twice or
+    thrice; but one day, when he came to see me in my room, about
+    something connected with the garden, I gave him some old clothes
+    of mine. He was a great deal taller than myself, and I suggested
+    his trying on the trousers to see if they would fit. I do not
+    know whether I made this suggestion with any ulterior motive or
+    whether I had ever before thought of him in connection with any
+    sexual relations. I only know that once more, as if guided by
+    instinct, I felt he would not rebuff me, although certainly no
+    indecent talk had ever taken place between us. I pretended to
+    help him to pull up the trousers, and let my hand touch his
+    penis. He did not resist; and I felt his penis for a few seconds.
+    I then proposed he should come upstairs to my bedroom. No one was
+    in the house. We went up. He did not at first have an erection. I
+    asked why. He said 'because you are strange to me.' He then felt
+    my penis. Eventually we mutually masturbated one another. I gave
+    him half a crown.
+
+    "Some short time afterward he came again to the house. On this
+    occasion I attempted _fellatio_. I don't think I had at that time
+    ever heard of such a practice. He said, however, he did not like
+    it. He masturbated intercrurally. He said he had never done this
+    before, although he had had girls. (The other boy also told me he
+    had had girls.)
+
+    "3. On another occasion I was out bicycling. A boy, of about 10
+    years of age, offered me a bunch of violets for a penny. I told
+    him I would give him a shilling to pick me a large bunch. I am
+    not sure if I had any ulterior motive. He proceeded into a wood
+    on the side of the road; I dismounted from my machine and
+    followed him. He was a pretty, dark boy. He made water. I went up
+    to him and asked him to let me feel his penis. He at once jumped
+    away, and ran off shrieking. I was frightened, mounted my
+    bicycle, and rode as fast as I could home.
+
+    "There was no sentiment in the above cases. It is also to be
+    noted that in neither instance did I make any arrangements to see
+    the person again. As far as I can remember, when once I was
+    satisfied I felt disgust for my act. In the case of women this
+    was never so.
+
+    "Two of the women described in the foregoing pages stand out
+    above the others. Perhaps I have not sufficiently shown that in
+    the cases of W.H. and S.H. I felt a considerable degree of
+    _passion_. W.H. was the first woman with whom I had had
+    intercourse; this invested her in my heart, with a peculiar
+    sentiment. In neither case can I be accused of fickleness.
+    Indeed, I may say that up to this time I had had no opportunity
+    of being fickle. I never saw enough, or had enough, of a woman to
+    get a surfeit of her.
+
+    "The case I now come to presents the features of the cases of
+    W.H. and S.H. in a stronger form. I was then 20; I have since
+    then married; I am a father; my experiences have been many and
+    varied; but still I must confess that no other woman has ever
+    stirred my emotions more than--I doubt if as much as--D.C. Up to
+    date, if there has been any grand passion in my life, it is my
+    love for her. D.C., when I got to know her--by talking to her in
+    the street--was a girl of about 20. She was short and plump; dark
+    hair; dark, mischievous eyes; a fair complexion; small features;
+    quiet manners, and a sensual _ensemble_. I do not know what her
+    father was. He was dead, her mother kept a university lodging
+    house. She spoke and behaved like a lady. She dressed quietly;
+    was absolutely unmercenary; her intelligence--i.e., her
+    intellectual calibre--was not great. Her master-passion was one
+    thing. The first evening I walked out with her she put her hand
+    down on my penis, before I had even kissed her, and proposed
+    intercourse. I was surprised, almost embarrassed; she herself led
+    me to a wall, and standing up made me do it.
+
+    "Next day we went away for the day together. I may say she was
+    _always_ ready and never satisfied. She was sensual rather than
+    sentimental. She was ready to shower her favors anywhere and to
+    anyone. My feelings toward her soon became affectionate and
+    sentimental, and then passionate. I thought of nothing else all
+    day long; wrote her long letters daily; simply lived to see her.
+
+    "I found she was engaged to be married. Her _fiance_, a
+    schoolmaster, himself used to have intercourse with her, but he
+    had taken a religious turn and thought it was wicked to do it
+    until they married. I had intercourse with her on every possible
+    occasion: in private rooms at hotels, in railway carriages, in a
+    field, against a wall, and--when the holidays came--she stayed a
+    night with me in London. She had apparently no fear of getting in
+    the family way, and never used any precaution. Sensual as she
+    was, she did not show her feelings by outward demonstration.
+
+    "On one occasion she proposed _fellatio_. She said she had done
+    it to her _fiance_ and liked it. This is the only case I have
+    known of a woman wishing to do it for the love of it.
+
+    "The emotional tension on my nerves--the continual jealousy I was
+    in, the knowledge that before long she would marry and we must
+    part--eventually caused me to get ill. She never told me she
+    loved me more than any other man; yet, owing to my importunity,
+    she saw much more of me than anyone else. It came to the ears of
+    her _fiance_ that she was in my company a great deal; there was a
+    meeting of the three of us--convened at his wish--at which she
+    had formally, before him, to say 'good-bye' to me. Yet we still
+    continued to meet and to have intercourse.
+
+    "Then the date of her marriage drew near. She wrote me saying that
+    she could not see me any more. I forced myself, however, on her,
+    and our relations still continued. Her elder sister interviewed
+    me and said she would inform the authorities unless I gave her
+    up; a brother, too, came to see me and made a row.
+
+    "I had what I seriously intended to be a last meeting with her.
+    But after that she came up to London to see me, we went to a
+    hotel together. We arranged to see one another again, but she did
+    not write. I had now left the university. I heard she was
+    married.
+
+    "It was now four years since I had first had intercourse with a
+    woman. During this time I was almost continually under the
+    influence, either of a definite love affair or of a general
+    lasciviousness and desire for intercourse with women. My
+    character and life were naturally affected by this. My studies
+    were interfered with; I had become extravagant and had run into
+    debt. It is worthy of note that I had never up to this time
+    considered the desirability of marriage. This was perhaps chiefly
+    because I had no means to marry. But even in the midst of my
+    affairs I always retained sufficient sense to criticise the moral
+    and intellectual calibre of the women I loved, and I held strong
+    views on the advisability of mental and moral sympathies and
+    congenital tastes existing between people who married. In my
+    amours I had hitherto found no intellectual equality or
+    sympathies. My passion for D.C. was prompted by (1) the bond that
+    sexual intercourse with a woman has nearly always produced in my
+    feelings, (2) her physical beauty, (3) that she was sensual, (4)
+    that she was a lady, (5) that she was young, (6) that she was not
+    mercenary. It was kept alive by the obstacles in the way of my
+    seeing her enough and by her engagement to another.
+
+    "The D.C. affair left me worn out emotionally. I reviewed my life
+    of the last four years. It seemed to show much more heartache,
+    anxiety, and suffering than pleasure. I concluded that this
+    unsatisfactory result was inseparable from the pursuit of
+    illegitimate amours. I saw that my work had been interfered with,
+    and that I was in debt, owing to the same cause. Yet I felt that
+    I could never do without a woman. In this quandary I found myself
+    thinking that marriage was the only salvation for me. Then I
+    should always have a woman by me. I was sufficiently sensible to
+    know that unless there were congenial tastes and sympathies, a
+    marriage could not turn out happily, especially as my chief
+    interests in life (after woman) were literature, history, and
+    philosophy. But I imagined that if I could find a girl who would
+    satisfy the condition of being an intellectual companion to me,
+    all my troubles would be over; my sexual desire would be
+    satisfied, and I could devote myself to work.
+
+    "In this frame of mind I turned my thoughts more seriously in the
+    direction of a girl whom I had known for some two years. Her age
+    was nearly the same as mine. My family and hers were acquainted
+    with one another. I had established a platonic friendship with
+    her. Undoubtedly the prime attraction was that she was young and
+    pretty. But she was also a girl of considerable character.
+    Without being as well educated as I was, she was above the
+    average girl in general intelligence. She was fond of reading;
+    books formed our chief subject of conversation and common
+    interest. She was, in fact, a girl of more intelligence than I
+    had yet encountered. On her side, as I afterward discovered, the
+    interest in me was less purely platonic. Our relations toward one
+    another were absolutely correct. Yet we were intimate, informal,
+    and talked on subjects that would be considered forbidden topics
+    between two young persons by most people. I felt she was a true
+    friend. She, too, confided to me her troubles.
+
+    "We corresponded with one another frequently. Sometimes it
+    occurred, to me that it was rather strange she should be so keen
+    to write to me, to hear from me, and to see me; but I had never
+    thought of her, consciously, except as a friend; I never for a
+    moment imagined she thought of me except as an interesting and
+    intelligent friend. Nor did the idea of illicit love ever suggest
+    itself to me. She was one of those women whose face and
+    expression put aside any such thought. I was, indeed, inclined to
+    regard her as a good influence on me, but as passionless. I
+    confided to her the affair of D.C., which took place during our
+    acquaintance. She was distressed, but sympathetic and not
+    prudish. I did not suspect the cause of her distress; I thought
+    it was owing to her disappointment in the ideals she had formed
+    of me. She invited me to join her and her family for a part of
+    the summer (I had now left the university, having obtained my
+    degree in low honors) and I decided to join them. At this stage
+    there began to impress itself on my mind the possibility that she
+    cared for me; also the desirability, if that were so, of becoming
+    engaged to her. I found my feelings became warmer. On several
+    occasions we found ourselves alone. Then, one day, our talk
+    became more personal, more tender; and I kissed her. I do
+    recollect distinctly the thought flashing through my mind, as she
+    allowed me to kiss her, that she was not after all the
+    passionless and 'straight' girl I had thought. But the idea must
+    have been a very temporary one; it did not return; she declared
+    her love for me; and without any express 'proposal' on my part we
+    walked home that afternoon mutually taking it for granted that we
+    were engaged. I was happy, and calmly happy; proud and elated.
+
+    "Circumstances now made it necessary for me to make money for
+    myself and I was forced to enter a profession for which I had
+    never felt any attraction; indeed, I had never considered the
+    possibility of it, until I became engaged, and saw I must support
+    myself if I were ever to marry. I worked hard, and rapidly
+    improved my position.
+
+    "I think I am correct in stating that from the day I became
+    engaged my sexual troubles seemed to have ceased. My thoughts and
+    passions were centred on one woman. We wrote to one another
+    twice every week, and as far as I was concerned every thought and
+    feeling I had I told her, and the receipt of her letters was for
+    me the event of my life for nearly three years. My anxiety in
+    connection with my work used up a great deal of my energy, and,
+    although I looked forward to the time when I should have a woman
+    at my side every night, my sexual desires were in abeyance. Nor
+    did I feel any desire or temptation for other women.
+
+    "I masturbated, but not frequently. Generally I did it to the
+    accompaniment of images or scenes associated with my betrothed,
+    sometimes the act was purely auto-erotic. My leisure time was
+    devoted to reading.
+
+    "On only one occasion did I have intercourse with a woman during
+    my engagement (three years); it was with a girl whose
+    acquaintance I had made at the university and who asked me to
+    come to see her.
+
+    "I married at the age of 24. Looking back on the early days of my
+    married life it is now a matter of surprise to me that I was so
+    far from exhibiting the transports of passion which since then
+    have accompanied any intercourse with a new woman. Partly I was
+    frightened of shocking her; partly my three years of comparative
+    abstinence had chastened me. It was some weeks before I ever saw
+    my wife entirely naked; I never touched her parts with my hand
+    for many months; and after the first few weeks I did not have
+    intercourse with her frequently.
+
+    "Perhaps this was to be expected. The basis of my affection for
+    her had always been a moral or mental one rather than physical,
+    although she was a handsome, well-made girl. Besides, money and
+    other worries kept my thoughts busy, as well as struggles to make
+    both ends meet.
+
+    "Indeed, I may say my sexual nature seemed to be dying out. When
+    I had been married less than six months I discovered that sexual
+    intercourse with my wife no longer meant what sexual intercourse
+    used to mean--no excitement or exaltation or ecstasy. My wife
+    perhaps contributed to this by her attitude. She confessed
+    afterward to me that for the first week or so she positively
+    dreaded bedtime, so physically painful was intercourse to her;
+    that it was many weeks, if not months, before she experienced the
+    orgasm. For the first year and more of marriage she could not
+    endure touching my penis. This at first disappointed me; then
+    annoyed and finally almost disgusted me.
+
+    "Later on, she learned to experience the orgasm. But she was very
+    undemonstrative during the act, and it was seldom that the orgasm
+    occurred simultaneously; she took a much longer time.
+
+    "I ceased to think about sexual matters. When I had been married
+    about three years I was aware that, in my case, marriage meant
+    the loss of all mad ecstasy in the act. I knew that if I had no
+    work to do, and plenty of money, and temptation came my way, I
+    should like to have another woman. But there was no particular
+    woman to enchain my fancy and I did not have time or money or
+    inclination to hunt for one.
+
+    "At times I masturbated. Sometimes I did this to the
+    accompaniment of homosexual desires or memories of the past. Then
+    I got my wife to masturbate me.
+
+    "About four years after marriage I got a woman from Piccadilly
+    Circus to do _fellatio_. I had never had this done before. She
+    did not do it genuinely, but used her fingers.
+
+    "As stated above various anxieties, the fact that I could always
+    satisfy my physical desires, all served to calm me. I was also
+    interested in my work and had become ambitious to improve my
+    position and was very energetic.
+
+    "On the whole, notwithstanding money worries, the first four or
+    five years of my married life were the happiest in my life.
+    Certainly I was very free from sexual desires; and the general
+    effect of marriage was to make me economical, energetic,
+    ambitious, and unselfish. I was certainly overworked. I seldom
+    got to bed before 1 or 2; my meals were irregular; and I became
+    worried and nervous. At the beginning of my fifth year of married
+    life I got run down, and had a severe illness, and at one time my
+    life was in danger, but I had a fairly rapid convalescence.
+
+    "My illness was critical, in more senses than one. My
+    convalescence was accompanied by a remarkable recrudescence of my
+    sexual feelings. I will trace this in detail: 1. As I got
+    well--but while still in bed--I found myself experiencing, almost
+    continually, violent erections. These were at first of an
+    auto-erotic character, and I masturbated myself, thus gaining
+    relief to my nerves. 2. I also found my thoughts tending toward
+    sexual images, and I felt a desire toward my nurse. I first
+    became conscious of this when I noticed that I experienced an
+    erection during the time that she was washing me. I mentioned the
+    matter to my doctor, who told me not to worry, and said the
+    symptoms were usual in the circumstances. 3. When I got up and
+    about I found myself desiring very keenly to have intercourse
+    with my wife. I can almost say that I felt more sexually excited
+    than I had done for four or five years. As soon, however, as I
+    had had intercourse with my wife a few times I felt my desire
+    toward her cease. 4. My thoughts now centered on having a woman
+    to do _fellatio_, and as soon as I was well enough to go out I
+    got a prostitute to do this.
+
+    "Just before I was ill my wife had a child, which was born with
+    more than one abnormality. No doubt the shock and worry caused by
+    this got me into a low state and predisposed me to my illness.
+    But the consequences were farther reaching still. The child
+    underwent an operation, and my wife had to take her away into the
+    country for nearly six weeks, so as to give her better air. I was
+    left alone in London, for the first time since my marriage. The
+    worry in connection with the child, and the heavy expense, served
+    to keep me nervously upset after I had apparently recovered
+    physically from the illness. Once more I found myself thinking
+    about women. As an additional factor in the situation I became
+    friendly with an old college-chum whom I had not seen much of for
+    many years. He lived the life of a fashionable young bachelor and
+    was at the time keeping a woman. The only common interest between
+    us was women. I found myself reverting to the old condition of
+    rampant lust that had been such a curse to me in my university
+    days. Some books he lent me had a decided effect. They gave me
+    erections; and it was on top of the excitement thus engendered
+    that one day I got a woman to do _fellatio_, as already
+    mentioned. Moreover, since my illness, I found all my previous
+    energy and ambition had gone.
+
+    "I have stated that I was in London alone with two servants. The
+    housemaid was a young girl; nice looking, with beautiful eyes and
+    a sensual expression. She had been with us for about a year. I
+    cannot remember when I first thought of her in a sexual way. But
+    one evening I suddenly felt a desire for her. I talked to her; I
+    found my voice trembling; I let my hand, as if by accident, touch
+    hers; she did not withdraw it; and in a second I had kissed her.
+    She did not resist. I took her on my knee, and tried to take
+    liberties, which she resisted, and I desisted.
+
+    "Next day I kissed her again, and put my hand inside her breasts.
+    The same evening I took her to an exhibition. On the way home, in
+    a hansom cab, I made her masturbate me. This was followed by a
+    feeling of great relief, elation, and _pride_.
+
+    "Next morning, when she came up to my bedroom to call me, I
+    kissed and embraced her; she allowed me to take liberties, and,
+    reassuring her by saying I would use a preventive, I had
+    intercourse with her. She flinched somewhat. She then told me she
+    was at her period and that she had never had intercourse with a
+    man before.
+
+    "During the next few weeks I found her an adept pupil, though
+    always shy and undemonstrative. I took her to a hotel, and
+    experienced the intensest pleasure I had ever had in undressing
+    her. I had lately heard about _cunnilingus_. I now did it to her.
+    I soon found I experienced very great pleasure in this, as did
+    she. (I had attempted it with my wife, but found it disgusted
+    me.) I also had intercourse _per anum_. (This again was an act I
+    had heard about, but had never been able to regard as
+    pleasurable. But books I had been reading stated it was most
+    pleasant both to man and woman.) She resisted at first, finding
+    it hurt her much; it excited me greatly; and when I had done it
+    in this way several times she herself seemed to like it,
+    especially if I kept my hand on her clitoris at the same time.
+
+    "My relations with the housemaid, with whom I cannot pretend that
+    I was in love, were only put an end to by satiety, and when I
+    went away for my holidays I was utterly exhausted. This was,
+    however, only the first of a series of relationships, at least
+    one of which deeply stirred my emotional nature. These
+    experiences, however, it is unnecessary to detail. There have
+    also been occasional homosexual episodes.
+
+    "I think I am now in a much healthier condition than I have been
+    for some years. (I assume that it is _not_ healthy for all one's
+    thoughts to be always occupied on sexual subjects.) The
+    conclusion I come to is that I can live a normal, healthy life,
+    devoting my thoughts to my work, and finding pleasure in
+    friendship, in my children, in reading, and in other sources of
+    amusement, as long as I can have occasional relations with a
+    young girl--i.e., about once a week. But if this outlet for my
+    sexual emotions is stopped sexual thoughts obsess my brain; I
+    become both useless and miserable.
+
+    "I have never regretted my marriage. Not only do I feel that life
+    without a wife and home and children would be miserable, but I
+    entertain feelings of great affection toward my wife. We are well
+    suited to one another; she is a woman of character and
+    intelligence; she looks after my home well, is a sensible and
+    devoted mother, and understands me. I have never met a woman I
+    would have sooner married. We have many tastes and likings in
+    common, and--what is not possible with most women--I can, as a
+    rule, speak to her about my feelings and find a listener who
+    understands.
+
+    "On the other hand, all passion and sentiment have died out. It
+    seems to me that this is inevitable. Perhaps it is a good thing
+    this should be so. If men and women remained in the state of
+    erotic excitement they are in when they marry, the business and
+    work of the world would go hang. Unfortunately, in my case this
+    very erotic excitement is the chief thing in life that appeals to
+    me!
+
+    "The factors that in my case have produced this death of passion
+    and sentiment are as follows:--
+
+    "1. Familiarity. When one is continually in the company of a
+    person all novelty dies out. In the case of husband and wife, the
+    husband sees his wife every day; at all times and seasons;
+    dressed, undressed; ill; good tempered, bad tempered. He sees her
+    wash and perform other functions; he sees her naked whenever he
+    likes; he can have intercourse with her whenever he feels
+    inclined. How can love (as I use the expression--i.e., sexual
+    passion) continue?
+
+    "2. Satiety. I am of a 'hot,' sensual disposition, inclined to
+    excess, as far as my health and nerves are concerned. The
+    appetite gets jaded.
+
+    "3. Absence of strong sexual reciprocity on the part of my wife.
+    I have referred to this above. She likes intercourse, but she is
+    never outwardly demonstrative. She has naturally a chaste mind.
+    She never is guilty of those little indecencies which affect some
+    men a great deal. She does not like talking of these things; and
+    she tells me that if I died, she would never want to have
+    intercourse again with anyone. At times, especially recently, she
+    has even asked me to have intercourse with her, or to masturbate
+    her; but it is seldom that the orgasm occurs contemporaneously.
+    In this respect she is different from other women I knew, in whom
+    the mere fact that the orgasm was occurring in me at once
+    produced it in them. At the same time I doubt whether even strong
+    sexual reciprocity would have retained my passion for long.
+
+    "4. During the early years of our married life money worries
+    caused at times disagreements, reproaches and quarrels. Passion
+    and sentiment are fragile and cannot stand these things.
+
+    "5. The fact that I had already had other women diminished the
+    feeling of awe with which many regard the sexual act and the
+    violation of sexual conventions.
+
+    "6. Loss of beauty. Loss of figure is, I fear, inseparable from
+    childbearing especially if the woman works hard. We have always
+    had servants, still my wife has always worked hard, at sewing,
+    etc.
+
+    "I have stated that I entertain feelings of respect and
+    admiration for my wife. But I almost _loathe_ the idea of
+    intercourse with her. I would sooner masturbate, and think of
+    another woman than have intercourse with her. It causes nausea in
+    me to touch her private parts. Yet with other women it affords me
+    mad pleasure to kiss them, every part of their bodies. But my
+    wife still feels for me the love she had when we first married.
+    There lies the tragedy."
+
+The following narrative is a continuation of History XII in the previous
+volume:--
+
+    HISTORY III.--I had become good looking. For a time I knew what
+    it was to have loving looks from every woman I met, and being
+    saner and healthier I would seem to be moving in a divine
+    atmosphere of color and fragrance, pearly teeth and bright eyes.
+    Even the old women with daughters looked at me amiably--married
+    women with challenge and maidens with Paradise in their eyes.
+
+    "I was standing one morning at St. Peter's corner, with two young
+    friends, when a girl went by, coming over from the Roman Catholic
+    cathedral. When she had passed she looked back, with that
+    imperious swing that is almost a command, at me, as my friends
+    distinctly admitted. They advised me to follow her; I did so, and
+    she turned a pretty, blushing face and pair of dark gray eyes,
+    with just the kind of eyebrows I liked: brown, very level, rather
+    thick, but long. Her teeth and mouth were perfect, and she spoke
+    with a slight Irish brogue. She let me do all the talking while
+    she took my measure. God knows what she saw in me! I spoke in an
+    affected manner, I remember, imitating some swell character I had
+    seen on the stage a night or two before, but I was wise enough
+    not to talk too much and to behave myself. She promised to meet
+    me again and made the appointment. She was a school-teacher and
+    engaged to be married to some one else. She meant to amuse
+    herself her own way before she married. The second night I met
+    her she allowed me to kiss her as much as I liked and promised
+    all her favors for the third night. We took a long walk, and in
+    the dark she gave herself to me, but I hurt her so much I had to
+    stop two or three times. She had had connection only once, years
+    before, when at school herself. She was inclined to be sensual,
+    but she was young, fresh, and pretty, and her kisses turned my
+    head. I fell genuinely in love with her and told her so, one
+    night when she was particularly fascinating, with the tears in my
+    eyes; and her face met mine with equal love. The first night or
+    two I had felt no pleasure--whether through years of self-abuse
+    or not I do not know,--but this night my whole being was excited.
+    I met her once and sometimes twice a week and was always thinking
+    of her. My sister saw me looking love-sick one day and I heard
+    her say 'He's in love,' which rather flattered me, and I looked
+    more love-sick and idiotic than ever. It was all wrong and
+    perverted. She continued to meet her _fiance_, and intended to
+    marry him. We both spoke of 'him' as an adultress speaks of her
+    husband. That high level of tears and childlike joy in our youth
+    and love was never reached again. But I realized her _sex_, her
+    kisses, her presence--after all those years of horror (if she had
+    only known)--more even than the sexual act itself; while she, as
+    time went on, commenced to show a curiosity which I thought
+    desecrating; she liked to examine--to 'let her hand stray,' were
+    her words. Even her beauty seemed impaired some nights and I
+    caught a gleam in her eye and a curve of her lip I thought
+    vulgar. But perhaps the next night I met her she would be as
+    bright as ever.
+
+    "I introduced her to my friends, who knew our relations, for I
+    blabbed everything. But she did not mind their knowing and if we
+    met would give them all a kiss, so that I felt I had been rather
+    too profuse in my hospitality, though I still would say: 'Have
+    another one, Bert; I don't mind.' But whatever ass I made of
+    myself she forgave me anything, and was fonder of me every time
+    we met, while I, although I did not know it for a long time, was
+    less fond of her. She knew how to revive my love, however. Some
+    nights she would not meet me, and I would be like a madman. Other
+    nights she would meet me, but not let me raise her dress. She
+    would lie on me, on a moonlit night, and her young face in shadow
+    like a siren's in its frame of hair, merely to kiss me. But what
+    kisses! Slow, cold kisses changing to clinging, passionate ones.
+    She would leave my mouth to look around, as if frightened, and
+    come back, open-mouthed, with a side-contact of lips that brought
+    out unexpected felicities.
+
+    "One night her _fiance_ saw us together, and followed me after I
+    left her, but on turning a corner I ran. I ridiculed him to her
+    and despised him. I should have found it difficult to say why.
+    Another night her brother attacked me, and it would have gone
+    hard with me, but Annie pulled me in and banged the door. We were
+    in a friend's house, but her father came around soon and laid a
+    stick about her shoulders, in my presence. I tried to talk big,
+    and said something idiotic about being as good a man as her
+    betrothed, as though my intentions were honorable, which for one
+    brief moment made Anne look at me, paler faced and changed, such
+    a strange glance. But he beat her home, enjoying my rage, and she
+    went away, crying in her hands. I was allowed to go unmolested.
+
+    "I soon received a letter from her asking me not to mind and
+    making an appointment, at which she turned up cheerful and
+    unconcerned. She went to confession, and would meet me
+    afterwards; and her faith in that, and the difference of our
+    religions (if I had any religion) would make her seem strange and
+    alien to me at times, even banal. At last our meetings became a
+    mere habit of sensuality, with all charm, and suggestion of
+    better things eliminated....
+
+    "I went with my friend George (who shared my room) one afternoon
+    and called at Annie's school; she kept an infants' school of her
+    own. She came to the door herself. It was the first time I had
+    seen her in daylight, and I thought her cheek-bones bigger; she
+    certainly was not so pretty as on the first evening I met her.
+    George had told me he would sleep away if I wanted the room, and
+    when next I met her she promised to come and sleep with me.
+    Before I had always met her on the grass, under trees. She came,
+    and the sight of her young limbs and breasts revived something of
+    my love for her, my better love. But she was insatiable and more
+    sensual every day. One day she came when I was not well, and
+    would not go away disappointed. I had met a very pretty girl
+    about this time, and now resolved to give Annie up, which I did
+    in the cruelest manner, cutting her dead, and refusing to answer
+    her letters and touching messages. I heard that she would cry for
+    hours, but I was harder than adamant....
+
+    "I thought myself very much in love with the very pretty girl for
+    whom I had thrown up Annie. She lived with her mother and two
+    sisters, one older than herself, the other a mere child. The
+    eldest sister, a handsome, dark girl like a Spaniard, was not
+    virtuous. She was good natured; too much so, and took her
+    pleasure with several of us, dying, not long after, of
+    consumption. I thought her sister, my girl, was virtuous, and I
+    meant to marry her--some day. At any rate, I saw her mother, who
+    lived in a well-furnished house and was a superior woman. This
+    did not prevent my trying to seduce her daughter. I did not
+    succeed for a long time, though she did not cease meeting me. The
+    sisters came to see us. I knew, one night, her sister was
+    upstairs with D. and I guessed what they were at, so I suggested
+    to her she should creep up on them for fun. She did so, came
+    back, excited and pale--and gave herself to me. But she was not a
+    virgin and in time I had a glimpse of her unhappy fate and her
+    mother's position. Her father was dead or divorced, and her
+    mother, I believe, was mistress to some wealthy bookmaker. I am
+    not sure, there was always a mystery hanging over the mother, nor
+    am I certain that she connived at her daughter's seduction, but
+    the girl's account was that after some successful Cup day there
+    had been too much champagne drunk all around, and that a man she
+    looked on as a friend came into her bedroom that night when she
+    was _tete montee_ and seduced or violated her--whichever word you
+    like to choose. Since then his visits had been frequent until she
+    met me, she said, and if I would be true to her she would be a
+    true wife to me, and I believed her and still believe she meant
+    what she said. But I left Melbourne shortly after this, our
+    letters got few and far between, and ultimately I heard she was
+    married to a young man who had always been in love with her....
+
+    "Among the inmates of the boarding house was a 'married' couple
+    who stayed for some time; he was an insignificant, ugly, little,
+    crosseyed commercial traveler; she was a pretty, little creature
+    who looked as innocent and was as merry as a child; we all vied
+    in paying her attentions and waiting on her like slaves, the
+    husband always smiling a cryptic smile. After they had left it
+    was hinted they were not married at all; the oldest hands had
+    been taken in.... One afternoon I met Dolly, the commercial
+    traveler's wife, and she stopped and spoke to me. I remembered
+    what I had heard and ventured on some pleasantry at which she
+    laughed, and on my proposing that we should go for a walk she
+    consented. She had left the commercial traveler, it came out in
+    conversation, and we went on talking and walking, one idea only
+    in my mind now; could I detain her till dark? Dolly, who was very
+    pretty indeed, amused herself with me for hours, playing hot and
+    cold, snubbing me one minute, encouraging me with her eyed
+    another. Hour after hour went and she found this game so
+    entertaining that she accompanied me to the park behind the
+    Botanical Gardens, and it was not until it was too late for me to
+    catch a train home that she gave herself to me. In fact, we
+    stayed out the whole of that warm summer night. As the hours went
+    by she told me of her home in London and how she first went
+    wrong. She had been a good girl till one day on an excursion she
+    drank some rum or gin, which seemingly revived some dormant taint
+    of heritage; when she went home that night she fell flat at her
+    mother's feet. Her parents, well-to-do shopkeepers, who had
+    forgiven her several times before, turned her out. She became one
+    man's mistress and then another's. She began early, and was
+    scarcely 19 now. She would leave off the drink for a time and try
+    to be respectable. She loved her father and mother, but she could
+    not help drinking at times. She spoke cheerfully and laughingly
+    about it all; she was young, strong, good natured, and careless.
+    We went to sleep for a little while and then wandered in the
+    early morning down toward the cemetery, when she tried to tidy
+    her hair, asking me how I had enjoyed myself and not waiting for
+    an answer. She was thirsty, she said, and when the public houses
+    opened we went and had a drink. It was the first time I had seen
+    her drink alcohol,--at the boarding house she had always been the
+    picture of health and sweetness,--and I saw a change come over
+    her at once, so that I understood all that she had told me. The
+    sleepless night may have made it worse, but the look that came
+    into her eyes, and the looseness of the fibres not only of her
+    tell-tale wet mouth, but of every muscle of her face was
+    startling and piteous to see. She saw my look and laughed, but
+    her laugh was equally piteous to hear, and when she spoke again
+    her voice had changed too, and was equally piteous. She asked for
+    another. 'No, don't,' I begged, for the pretty girl I had
+    flattered myself I had passed a summer's night with that most
+    young men would envy, showed signs of changing, like some siren,
+    into a flabby, blear-eyed boozer. That hurt my vanity.
+
+    "I met her another night and she took, me to her lodgings, and I
+    slept with her all night. I no longer tried to stop her drinking,
+    but drank with her. I ceased to treat her with courtesy and
+    gallantry; she noticed it, but only drank the more, drank till
+    she became dirty in her ways, till her good looks vanished. I
+    left her, too drunk to stand, as some friend, a woman, called on
+    her.
+
+    "She came to see me once more, like her old self, so well dressed
+    and well behaved, and chatted so cheerfully to my landlady that
+    the latter afterward congratulated me on having such a friend.
+    Dolly carried a parcel of underclothing she had made, with a few
+    toys, for the children of a poor man in the suburbs, and I
+    accompanied her to the house. There was great excitement among
+    the ragged children; in fact, the atmosphere became so
+    dangerously full of love and charity that I commenced to feel
+    uncomfortable,--the shower of roses again,--and was glad to find
+    myself in the open air. We went for a walk and had several
+    drinks, which made the usual change in Dolly. I got tired of her,
+    determined I would leave her, spoke cruelly, and finally--after
+    having connection with her on the dry seaweed--rose and left her
+    brutally, walked away faster and faster, deaf to her
+    remonstrances, and careless whether or how she reached the
+    station....
+
+    "I had gone to lodge with a family whom I had been accustomed to
+    visit as a friend; there were two daughters; the elder, engaged
+    to a young German who was away with a survey party, had a rather
+    plain face, but a strong one and was herself a strong character,
+    and I came to like her in spite of myself; the second girl had
+    light golden hair, a fresh complexion, a short nose, and rather
+    large mouth, which contained beautiful teeth; they were both
+    good, obedient, innocent church-going daughters. As there was
+    plenty of amusement there of an evening, singing and dancing, I
+    did not go out, got into better ways, and gradually gave up
+    drinking to excess. I was so improved in appearance that an old
+    acquaintance did not recognize me. My anecdotes and fun amused
+    Mrs. S., the mother of the girls. She could be very violent on
+    occasions, I found, and I learned that there had been terrible
+    scenes at times, and that from time to time it had been necessary
+    to place her in an asylum. I went for drives with the girls and
+    to theatres, and ought to have been happy and glad to find myself
+    in such good quarters. The mother trusted me so entirely that she
+    left me for hours with the girls, the younger one of whom I would
+    kiss sometimes. She was engaged to a young fellow whom I spoke to
+    patronizingly, but whose shoes I was not worthy to fasten. I was
+    the cause of quarrels between them. They made it up again but I
+    think he noticed the change that was taking place in Alice. For
+    from kissing her I had gone on--all larking at first. We formed
+    the habit of sitting down on the sofa when alone and kissing
+    steadily for ten minutes or more at a time. She was excited
+    without knowing what was the matter with her--but I knew. And one
+    day when our mouths were together I drew her to me and commenced
+    to stroke her legs gently down. She trembled like a string bow,
+    and allowed my hand to go farther. And then she was frightened
+    and ashamed and commenced to laugh and cry together. She had
+    these hysterical attacks several times and they always frightened
+    me. It ended in my seducing her. She broke off her engagement,
+    and then was sorry; but soon she thought only of me.... One day
+    Alice and I were nearly caught. I had just left her on the sofa
+    and had commenced drawing at a table with my back to her when
+    suddenly her mother came in without her shoes, while Alice had
+    one hand up her clothes arranging her underclothing. The mother
+    stopped dead and shot me one glance I shall never forget. 'Why,
+    Alice, you frighten me!' she said. I feigned surprise and asked
+    'What is the matter?' Alice, although she was frightened out of
+    her wits, managed to stammer: 'He couldn't see me--you couldn't
+    see me, could you?' appealing to me. But I had managed to collect
+    my senses a bit and although still under that maternal eye I
+    asked,--at last turning slowly around to Alice: 'See? What do you
+    mean? See what?' And I looked so mystified that the mother was
+    deceived, and contented herself with scolding Alice and telling
+    her to run no risks of that sort. I breathed again.
+
+    "But I was near the end of my tether. Alice and I talked about
+    everything now. She told me about her life at boarding school and
+    the strange ideas some of the girls had about men and marriage.
+    After leaving school she had been sent to a large millinery or
+    drapery establishment to learn sewing and dressmaking. Here, she
+    said, the talk was awful at times, and one girl had a book with
+    pictures of men's organs of generation, which was passed around
+    and excited their curiosity to the highest pitch.
+
+    "I had days of tenderness and contrition, and even told her I
+    would get on and marry her. Then the tears would come into her
+    eyes and she would say: 'I seem to feel as if you were my husband
+    now.' ...
+
+    "I had to see a man on business and went to his cottage. The door
+    was opened by his wife, a handsome, dark-eyed young woman, who
+    looked as if butter would not melt in her mouth. After leaving a
+    message I went on talking to her on other subjects. She piqued my
+    vanity in some way, and made me feel curious and restless. I
+    found myself thinking of her after I left and looking back I saw
+    she was still looking at me.
+
+    "To make a long story short, she encouraged me. It ended by my
+    leaving the S. family and going to board with them. T.D., the
+    husband, was glad of my company and my money. They had a little
+    boy--whose father T. was not. I soon understood her inviting
+    looks at me. For she was a general lover, and an old man, in a
+    good government billet, visited her often when T.D. was away: I
+    will call him Silenus. There was also a dark, handsome man who
+    built organs. The latter came one day and sent for some beer. I
+    was working in my room, and it so happened that before he knocked
+    she had been going further than usual in her talk with me; in
+    fact, as good as giving me the word. When her friend was admitted
+    he had to pass my open door and he gave me a look with his black
+    eyes and I gave him a look which told each what the other's game
+    was. It is wonderful what a lot can be learned from a single
+    glance of the eyes. When I saw the little boy bringing in the
+    beer I felt that he had bested me. But she brought me in a glass
+    first, and putting her down on the sofa I scored first. It was
+    done so suddenly, so brutally, that, accustomed as she must have
+    been to such scenes she turned red and bit her under lip. But she
+    sent the other man away in a few minutes. After that she was
+    insatiable; it was every day and sometimes twice in one day. I
+    commenced to be gloomy and miserable again. And there was not
+    even a pretense of love. There was no deception about her; she
+    even introduced me to Silenus and we made excursions together,
+    for which he paid, as he had plenty of money. We were always
+    drinking, until at last I could eat nothing unless I had two or
+    three whiskies. I became very thin, my horizon seemed black and
+    all things at an end. (But T.D. enjoyed his meals and was really
+    fond of his wife and her boy and his work; life was pleasant to
+    him.) She would go up to town with me and to a certain hotel;
+    after drinking she would leave me waiting while she retired with
+    the handsome young landlord for a short time. She told me when
+    she came back that he was a great favorite with married women.
+
+    "She told me that Silenus visited a woman who practiced
+    _fellatio_ on him. Mrs. D. thought such practices abominable and
+    could not imagine how a woman could like doing such a thing.
+
+    "When she was out walking with me one day T.D.'s name came up and
+    she said in a slightly altered voice: 'He told me he loved me!'
+    It was a word seldom used by her except in jest. I threw a
+    startled look at her and caught an inquisitive and apologetic
+    look in return, such a strange and touching glance that I saw I
+    had not yet understood her,--there was an enigma somewhere. When,
+    bit by bit, she told me her life, I understood, or thought I
+    understood, that strange childlike glance in this young woman
+    steeped to her eyes in sin. No one had ever made love to her or
+    spoken to her of love in her life.
+
+    "It had commenced at school. She must have been a particularly
+    fine and handsome girl, judging from her photographs. She had
+    seen boys playing with girls' privates under the form and felt
+    jealous that they did not play with her's. She had no mother to
+    look after her and she soon found plenty of boys to play with
+    her, and young men, too, as she grew older. She took it as she
+    took her meals. She had been really fond of her child's father,
+    but as he had shown no tenderness for her, nothing but a craving
+    for sensual gratification, she would rather have died than let
+    him know. She soon tired of her attachments, she told me. She did
+    not like T.D. He was not the complacent husband; he was spirited
+    enough, but he believed everything she told him. One day he came
+    home unexpectedly when we were together on the bare palliass in
+    her room. It was a critical moment when his knocks were heard,
+    and in the hurry and excitement some moisture was left on the
+    bed. The knocks became louder, but she was calmer than I, and
+    bade me run down to the closet. I could hear her cheerful and
+    chaffing voice greeting him. When I walked in back to my own room
+    she called out: 'Here's T. home!' I learned afterward that he had
+    been surly and suspicious, and had seen the moisture on the bed,
+    and asked about it, whereupon she had turned the tables upon him
+    completely; he ought to be ashamed of himself; she knew what he
+    meant by his insinuations; if he must know how that moisture come
+    on the bed, why she put the soap there in a hurry to catch a
+    flea. He believed her and brought her a present next day in
+    atonement for his suspicions.
+
+    "During her monthly periods, when I could not touch her, she
+    would come in and play with me until emissions occurred, and my
+    feelings had become so perverted that I even preferred this to
+    coitus. The orgasm would occur twice in her to once in me, and
+    though her eyes were rather hard and her mouth too, she always
+    looked well and cheerful, while I was gloomy and depressed. In
+    her side, however, was a hard lump, which pained her at times,
+    and which, doubtless, was waiting its time....
+
+    "One day I felt so low in health that I proposed to T.D. that we
+    should take a boat and sail out in the bay for a day or two. The
+    sea, the change, the open air revived me, and I even made
+    sketches of the black sailor as he steered the boat. One day when
+    I was left alone in charge of the boat, as I felt the time
+    hanging on my hands, for the sea, the blue sky, the lovely day
+    gave me no real pleasure, I remember abusing myself, the old
+    habit reasserting itself as soon as I was alone and idle. When
+    T.D. came back he brought Mrs. D. with him, laughing and jolly as
+    usual. She was surprised when lying next to me under the deck on
+    our return I did not respond to her advances. It would have
+    pleased her, with her husband only a few feet away. After that I
+    spent a night with her, but she was getting tired of me. I did
+    not care for her, but it hurt my vanity and I made a few attempts
+    to be impertinent. She looked at me coldly and threatened to
+    complain to T....
+
+    "I want to relate an impression I received one night about this
+    time when with several friends we called at a brothel. I forget
+    my companion, but I remember two faces. It was winter, and great
+    depression prevailed in Adelaide. We had been talking to the
+    mistress as we drank some beer and were pretending to be jolly
+    fellows, although we were wet, cold, and had not enjoyed
+    ourselves (at least, I had not), and she was speaking harshly and
+    jeeringly about two girls she had now who had not earned a penny
+    for the past week. Just then we heard footsteps and she said in a
+    lower tone: 'Here they are,' They came in, unattended, having
+    ascertained which the brothel-keeper snorted and turned her back
+    to them. The faces of the girls, who were quite young, looked so
+    miserable that even I pitied them. The look on the face of one of
+    those girls as she stood by the hearth drawing off her gloves
+    lives in my memory. Too deep for tears was its sorrow, shame, and
+    hopelessness....
+
+    "I had given up drink and was living in the bush. To anyone with
+    normal nerves it would have been a happy time of quiet, rustic
+    peace, beauty, and relief from city life. With me it was restless
+    vanity amounting to madness. In every relation, action, or
+    possible event in which I figured or might figure in the future,
+    I always instantaneously called up an imaginary audience. And
+    then this imaginary audience admired everything I did or might
+    do, and put the most heroic, gallant, and romantic construction
+    on my acts, appearance, lineage, and breeding. Suppose I saw a
+    pretty girl on a bush road. Instead of thinking 'There is a
+    pretty girl; I should like to know her or kiss her,' as I suppose
+    a healthy, normal young man would think, I thought after this
+    fashion: 'There is a pretty girl; now, as I pass her she will
+    think I am a handsome and aristocratic-looking stranger, and, as
+    I carry a sketch-book, an artist--"A landscape painter! How
+    romantic!" she will say, and then she will fall in love with me,'
+    etc. This preoccupation with what other people might think or
+    would think so engrossed all my time that I had no means of
+    enjoying the presence, thought, or favor of the divine creatures
+    I met, and I must have appeared 'cracked' to them with my
+    reticence, pride, and silly airs.
+
+    "I met girls as foolish as myself sometimes. Once at a _table
+    d'hote_ I met a young girl who went for a walk with me and let me
+    know her carnally although she was little more than a schoolgirl.
+    She was going down to town soon, she said, and would meet me at a
+    certain hotel (belonging to relations of hers) in Adelaide on a
+    certain date, some time ahead; if I took a room there she would
+    come into it during the night. In the meanwhile I had given way
+    to drink again and abused myself at intervals. I came down to
+    town, drunk, in the coach, and kept my appointment with the young
+    girl at the hotel, expecting a night of pleasure; but she merely
+    stared at me coldly as if she had never seen me before. I abused
+    myself twice in my solitary room....
+
+    "I met a middle-aged schoolteacher (who had once been an officer
+    in the army) down for his holidays. As he spoke well, and was a
+    'gentleman,' I cultivated him. One night he asked me to meet a
+    girl he had an appointment with and tell her he was not well
+    enough to meet her. He foolishly told me the purpose of their
+    intended meeting. I went to the trysting-place, at the back of
+    the hotel, and met the girl. On delivering my message she smiled,
+    made some joke about her friend, and looked at me as much as to
+    say: 'You will do as well.' I had been drinking, and in the most
+    brutal manner I took her into a closet. By some strange chance or
+    state of nerves she gave me exquisite pleasure, but the orgasm
+    came with me before it did with her, and in spite of her
+    disappointment and protests I stood up and pulled her out of the
+    place for fear some one should find us there. Still protesting
+    she followed me, but her foot slipped on the paved court, and she
+    fell down on her face. When she rose I saw that her front teeth
+    were broken. I looked at her without pity, with impatience, and
+    abruptly leaving her I went into the hotel to 'the colonel.' I
+    commenced to tell him lies, when he asked me with a weak laugh
+    what had been keeping me. I smiled with low cunning and drunken
+    vanity, evading the question. Then he accused me directly. I only
+    laughed; but, drunk as I was, I remember the look of the ageing
+    bachelor as he saw he had been betrayed by a younger man. He had
+    known her for years....
+
+    "I was now living in the home of a woman who was separated from
+    her husband and kept lodgers. She had a daughter, with whom I
+    walked out, a pretty girl who drank like a fish, as her mother
+    also did. There were other lodgers coming and going. I would lie
+    down all day and keep myself saturated with beer. I commenced to
+    get fat and bloated, with the ways of a brothel bully. A
+    broken-down, drunken old woman who visited the house and had been
+    a beautiful lady in her youth told me I should end my days on the
+    gallows trap. The same woman when drunk would lift up her dress,
+    sardonically, exposing herself. Other old women would congregate
+    in the neglected and dirty bedrooms and tell fortunes with the
+    cards. One little woman, an onanist, was like a character out of
+    Dickens, exaggerated, affected, unnatural, with remains of
+    gentility and society manners. Amidst all this drunkenness and
+    abandonment May, the landlady's daughter, preserved her
+    virginity. Young lodgers would take liberties with her, but at a
+    certain stage would receive a stinger on the face. The girl liked
+    me and would kiss me, but nothing else. And then--out of this
+    home of drunkenness and shame--May fell in love with some pretty
+    boy she met by chance, whom she never asked to her home. She
+    began to neglect me, even to neglect drink, and to dream,
+    preoccupied. I felt a restless jealousy, but she would look at
+    me, without resentment, without recognition, without seeing me,
+    look me straight in the eyes as I was talking to her, and dream
+    and dream. This same pretty boy seduced her, I believe. When next
+    I met her she was 'on the town,' her one dream of spring over....
+
+    "About this time I had one of those salutary turns that have
+    marked epochs in my life, and as a result I left that house and
+    resolutely abstained from drink.... I was now in a small
+    up-country town. I commenced to play croquet and to ride out.
+    Sometimes I was invited to dinner by a young man at the bank,
+    whose house was kept by his sister. She had a small figure, a
+    pretty but rather narrow face, and well-bred manners; but there
+    was a look in her asymmetrical eyes, in the shape of her thin
+    hands, even in the stoop of her shoulders, that seemed
+    passionate. One day--when her brother, a fine, sweet-blooded
+    manly young athlete, was absent--I commenced to pull her about.
+    She gave me one passionate kiss, but said: 'No! Do you know what
+    keeps me straight? It is the thought of my brother.' I refrained
+    from molesting her further. I met other girls, some pretty and
+    arrogant, others plain and hungry-eyed; it was a country town
+    where there were four or five females to every male. But I could
+    not speak frankly and candidly to a young woman as the young
+    banker did....
+
+    "I remember that one night, when I was living at the Port, I
+    slept all night with a prostitute who had taken a fancy to me and
+    who used to cry on my shoulder, much to my impatience and
+    annoyance. In the same bed with us, lying beside me, was a girl
+    aged about 12. On my expressing surprise I was told she was used
+    to it and noticed nothing. But in the morning I turned my head
+    and looked at her, and even in the dim light of that dirty
+    bedroom I could see that her eyes had noticed and understood. She
+    pressed herself against me and smiled; it was not the smile of an
+    infant. I could record many instances I have observed of the
+    precocity of children.
+
+    "At one time I made the acquaintance of three young men, two in
+    the customs, the other in a surveyor's office. At the first
+    glance you would have said they were ordinary nice young clerks,
+    but on becoming better acquainted you would notice certain
+    peculiarities, a looseness of mouth, a restless, nervous
+    inquietude of manner, an indescribable gleam of the eye. They
+    were very fond of performing and singing at amateur minstrel
+    shows and developed a certain comic vein they thought original,
+    though it reminded me of professional corner-men. However, I
+    enjoyed their singing and drinking habits and went to their
+    lodgings several nights to play cards, drink beer, and tell funny
+    stories. One night they asked me to stay all night and on going
+    to a room with two beds I was told to have one. Presently one of
+    the young men came in and commenced to undress. But before going
+    to his bed he made a remark which, though I had been drinking,
+    opened my eyes. I told him to shut up and go to bed, speaking
+    firmly and rather coldly, and he went reluctantly to his own bed.
+    But another night when they had shifted their lodgings and were
+    all sleeping in the same room I was drunk and went to bed with
+    the same fair-haired young man. On waking up in the night I found
+    my bedmate tampering with me. The old force came over me and I
+    abused him, but refused to commit the crime he wanted me to. His
+    penis was small and pointed. I rose early in the morning,
+    sobered, suffering, and covered with shame, and went hastily
+    away, refusing to stay for breakfast. I thought I caught an
+    amazed and evil smile on the faces of the other two. Meeting the
+    three the same evening in the street, I passed them blushing, and
+    my bedmate of the previous night blushed also....
+
+    "I now took cheap lodgings in North Adelaide. Here I had slight
+    recurrences of the strangeness and fear of going mad which I had
+    experienced once before. I led such a solitary life and fell into
+    such a queer state that I turned to religion and attended church
+    regularly. It was approaching the time for those young men and
+    women who wished to be confirmed to prepare themselves, and a
+    struggle now ensued between my pride and my wish to gain rest and
+    peace of mind in Jesus. I was self-conscious to an incredible
+    degree, and dreaded exposure or making an exhibition of myself,
+    but still went to church, hoping the grace of God would descend
+    on me. I had no other resources. I had no pleasure in life, and
+    was so shattered and in such misery of dread that I welcomed the
+    only refuge that seemed open to me. At last, one Sunday, I had
+    what I thought was a call; I shed a few tears, and although
+    tingling all down my spine I went up in the cathedral and joined
+    those who were going to be confirmed. I attended special meetings
+    and shocked the good bishop very much by telling him I had never
+    been baptized. I had to be baptized first and went one day to the
+    cathedral and he baptized me. When the critical awful moment came
+    the bishop, whose faith even then surprised me somehow, held my
+    hand in his cold palm, and gave it a pressure, eyeing me,
+    expectantly, inquisitively, to see any change for the better.
+    But, it so happened, that morning I was in a horrible temper and
+    black mood, hard and dry-eyed, and no change came. Still, I tried
+    to believe there was a change.
+
+    "I was confirmed with others, had a prayer-book given me with
+    prayers for nearly every hour in the day, and was always kneeling
+    and praying. I procured a long, white surplice, and assisted at
+    suburban services, even conducting small ones myself, reading the
+    sermons out of books. But my mood of rage increased, and one
+    Sunday I had to walk a long way in a new pair of boots. I shall
+    never forget that hot Sunday afternoon. My feet commenced to ache
+    and a murderous humor seized me. I swore and blasphemed one
+    moment and prayed to God to forgive me the next. When I reached
+    the chapel where I had to assist the chaplain I was exhausted
+    with rage, pain, fear, and religious mania. I thought it probable
+    I had offended the Holy Ghost. When, next Sunday, I went to try
+    my hand at Sunday-school teaching I wore a pair of boots so old
+    that the little boys laughed. I was always talking of my
+    conversion and the spirit of our Saviour. I do not know what the
+    clergymen I met thought of me. I thought I should like to be a
+    minister myself, and questioned a Church of England parson as to
+    the amount of study necessary. He received my question rather
+    coldly, I thought, which discouraged me. As my dread gradually
+    diminished, though I still felt strange, I made excuses for not
+    conducting services, although I continued to read my Bible and
+    prayer-book, and really believed I had been 'born again.'
+
+    "Surely now, I thought, that I had Christ's aid, I shall be able
+    to break off my habit of self-abuse that had been the curse of my
+    youth. What was my horror and dismay to find that, when the mood
+    came on me next, I went down the same as ever. And after all my
+    suffering and dread and fear of fits! What could I do? Was I mad,
+    or what? I was really frightened at my helplessness in the matter
+    and decided on a course of conduct that ultimately brought me
+    past this danger to better health and comparative happiness. I
+    said to myself that there is always a certain amount of
+    preliminary thought and dalliance before I do this deed;
+    doubtless this it is that renders me incapable of resisting. I
+    decided, therefore, never to let my thoughts _commence_ to dwell
+    on lustful things, but to think of something else on the _first_
+    intimation of their appearance in my mind. I rigorously followed
+    this rule; and it proved successful, and I recommend it to others
+    in the same predicament as myself. After suffering weeks and
+    months of dread and illness once more, falling away in flesh and
+    turning yellow, I gradually mended a little. I had a better color
+    and tone, and was something like other young men, barring a
+    strange alternate exaltation and depression. Even this gradually
+    became less noticeable, and my moods more even and reliable."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[219] My Christian faith is of a somewhat nonemotional, intellectual type,
+with a considerable element of agnostic reserve.
+
+[220] On having connection with my wife I frequently exhibit sufficient
+sexual power to produce orgasm in her; but on occasion, especially during
+the first year or so of married life, I have been unable to do this, owing
+to the too rapid action of the reflexes in myself, and have even, now and
+again, had emissions _ante portam_.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Adachi
+Adam, Madame
+Adler
+AElian
+Allbutt, Gifford
+Allen, Grant
+Allin, A.
+Alrutz
+Andree
+Anselm, St.
+Arbuthnot
+Ariosto
+Aristaenetus
+Aristophanes
+Aristotle
+Athenaeus
+Aubert
+Audeoud
+Avicenna
+Ayrton
+
+Bacarisse
+Backhouse
+Bain, A.
+Baker, Sir S.
+Baelz
+
+Baschet, Armand
+Batchelor, J.
+Baudelaire
+Bazan, Pardo
+Beatson
+Beauregard
+Bendix
+Benedikt
+Bernard, L.
+Bernardin de St. Pierre
+Bianchi, L.
+Bierent
+Binet
+Bloch, A.G.
+Bloch, I.
+Boccaccio
+Bollinger
+Borel
+Botallus
+Brantome
+Breitenstein
+Brisay, Marquis de
+Bronson
+Broune, R.
+Brown, H.
+Brunton, Sir Lauder
+Buecher
+Buckman, S.S.
+Bulkley
+Bullen, F. St. John
+Burckhardt
+Burdach
+Burton, Sir R.
+Burton, R.
+
+Cabanes
+Cabanis
+Cadet-Devaux
+Candolle, A. de
+Cardano
+Cardi, Comte di
+Casanova
+Castellani
+Cervantes
+Chadwick
+Chamfort
+Chaucer
+Clement of Alexandria
+Cloquet
+Cocke, J.
+Coffignon
+Cohn, Jonas
+Colegrove
+Colenso, W.
+Collet
+Compayre
+Cook, Captain
+Cornish
+Courtier
+Crawley
+Cyples, W.
+
+Daniell, W.F.
+D'Annunzio
+Dante
+Darlington, L.
+Darwin, C.
+Darwin, E.
+Davy, J.
+Deniker
+D'Enjoy
+Digby, Sir K.
+Dillon, E.
+Distant
+Dogiel
+Donaldson, H.H.
+D'Orbigny
+Duffield
+Dufour
+Duehren, E.
+Dunlop, W.
+
+Edinger
+Eliot, George
+Ellis, A.B.
+Ellis, A.J.
+Ellis, Havelock
+Ellis, W.
+Eloy
+Emeric-David
+Emin Pasha
+Endriss, J.
+Engelmann, I.J.
+Epstein
+Esquirol
+Eulenburg
+
+Fere
+Ferrand
+Ferrero
+Filhes, Margarethe
+Fillmore
+Firenzuola
+Flagy, R. de
+Fletcher, A.C.
+Fliess
+Fol, H.
+Foley
+Forster, J.B.
+Franklin, A.
+Frazer, J.G.
+Friedlaender
+Friedreich, J.B.
+Fromentin
+Frumerie, G. de
+
+Galopin
+Galton, F.
+Garbini
+Garson
+Giard
+Giessler
+Gilman
+Goblot
+Goethe
+Goncourt, E. de
+Goerres
+Gould
+Gourmont, Remy de
+Griffith, W.D.A.
+Griffiths, A.B.
+Grimaldi
+Groos, K.
+Guibaud
+
+Hack
+Haecker
+Hagen
+Hall, G. Stanley
+Halle, A. de la
+Haller
+Harrison, F.
+Hart, D. Berry
+Harvey, W.F.
+Hawkesworth
+Haycraft
+Hearn, Lafcadio
+Heine
+Hellier, J.B.
+Helmholtz
+Henry, C.
+Hermant, Abel
+Herodotus
+Herrick, C.L.
+Herrick, R.
+Heschl
+Hildebrandt
+Hippocrates
+Holder, A.B.
+Hortis
+Houdoy
+Houzeau
+Huart
+Humboldt, W. von
+Hutchinson, W.F.
+Hutchinson, Woods
+Huysmans
+Hyades
+
+Jaeger
+James, W.
+Janet
+Jerome, St.
+Joal
+Joest
+Johnston, Sir H.H.
+Jorg
+Jouin
+Juvenal
+
+Kaan
+Kate, H. ten
+Kennedy
+Kiernan, J.G.
+King, J.S.
+Kirchhoff, A.
+Kistemaecker
+Klein, G.
+Kleist
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss
+Kubary
+Kuelpe
+
+Lane, E.W.
+Lancaster, E.
+Latcham
+Laycock
+Layet
+Lechat
+Lecky
+Lejeune
+Lemaire, J.
+Leoty
+Lewin
+Lewis, A.T.
+Linnaeus
+Lombard
+Lombroso, C.
+Lombroso, Gina
+Lucian
+Lucretius
+Luigini
+Lumholtz
+
+MacCauley
+MacDonald, J.
+MacDougall, B.
+MacKenzie, J.N.
+MacKenzie, S.
+Man, E.H.
+Mantegazza
+Marholm, L.
+Marie de France
+Marro
+Marston, J.
+Martial
+Martineau, Harriet
+Massinger
+Matusch
+Mau
+Maudsley, H.
+Maxim, Sir H.
+McBride
+McDougall, W.
+McKendrick
+Melle, Van
+Menander
+Mentz
+Merensky
+Mertens
+Michelet
+Milton
+Miner, J.B.
+Minut, G. de
+Mironoff
+Mitford
+Moebius
+Moll
+Moncelon
+Monin
+Moore, A.W.
+Moore, F.
+Moraglia
+Motannabi
+Muir, Sir W.
+Myers, C.S.
+
+Naecke
+Newman, W.L.
+Nietzsche
+Niphus
+Nordenskjoeld
+Norman, Conolly
+Nuttall
+Nyrop
+
+O'Donovan
+Ordericus Vitalis
+Ovid
+
+Papillault
+Parke, T.H.
+Parker, Rushton
+Passy, J.
+Patrick, G.T.W.
+Patrizi, M.L.
+Paulhan
+
+Pearson, K.
+Penta
+Perls
+Petrarch
+Petrie, Flinders
+Pieron
+Piesse
+Pillon, E.
+Plateau
+Plato
+Ploss
+Plutarch
+Potwin, E.
+Pouchet
+Poulton, E.B.
+Pruner Bey
+Pyle
+
+Raciborski
+Raffalovich
+Ramsey, Sir W.
+Raseri
+Raymond
+Reade, Winwood
+Remfry
+Renier, R.
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Rhys, J.
+Ribbert
+Ribot
+Ries
+Ripley
+Robinson, Louis
+Rochas, A. de
+Roger, J.L.
+Rohlfs
+Romi, Shereef-Eddin
+Ronsard
+Roscoe, J.
+Rosenbaum
+Roth, H. Ling
+Roth, W.
+Roubaud
+Rousseau
+Routh, A.
+Rowbotham, J.F.
+Rudeck
+Rutherford
+
+Salmuth, P.
+Sanborn, L.
+Santayana, G.
+Savage, G.
+Savill
+Schellong
+Schiff
+Schopenhauer
+Schultz, A.
+Schurigius
+Scott, Colin
+Scripture, E.W.
+Seligmann
+Selous, E.
+Semon, Sir F.
+Senancour
+Sensai, Nagayo
+Sergi
+Shakespeare
+Sharp, D.
+Shelley
+Shields, T.E.
+Shipley
+Shufeldt
+Simpson, Sir J.Y.
+Skeat, W.W.
+Smith, Sir A.
+Smith, G. Elliot
+Smith, H.
+Smyth, Brough
+Sonnini
+Southerden
+Spencer, Herbert
+Spinoza
+Stanley, Hiram
+Stendhal
+Stevens, Vaughan
+Stirling, E.C.
+Stoddart, W.H.B.
+Stratz, C.H.
+Swift
+Symonds, J.A.
+Syrus, Publilius
+
+Talbot, E.B.
+Talbot, E.S.
+Tarchanoff
+Tardif
+Tarnowsky
+Temesvary
+Tennyson
+Tinayre, Marcelle
+Tolstoy
+Toulouse
+Tourdes, G.
+Tregear
+Tuckey
+Turner
+Tylor, E.B.
+
+Varigny, O. de
+Vaschide
+Vatsyayana
+Velten
+Venturi
+Vinci, L. de
+Vineberg
+Volkelt
+Vurpas
+
+Waits
+Wallace, A.E.
+Wallaschek
+Waller, A.
+Walther, P. von
+Wartanoff
+Watts, G.F.
+Weinhold, K.
+Wellhausen
+Wessmann
+Westermarck
+Whytt
+Wiedemann, A.
+Wiese
+Wilks, Sir S.
+Wright, T.
+Wundt
+
+Yellowlees
+Yung, E.
+
+Zola
+Zurcher
+Zwaardemaker
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Acne in relation to sexual development
+AEsthetics,
+  standard modified by love
+  in region of smell
+  in relation to the sexual impulse
+Ainu
+Alexander the Great,
+  odor of
+Ambergris
+American Indians
+  types of beauty
+  ideas of beauty
+  seldom acquainted with kiss
+Anaesthesia produced by tuning forks
+Antisexual instinct
+Arabs,
+  ideal of beauty
+  kissing among
+Armpit,
+  odor of
+Asafoetida
+Assortative mating
+Australians
+  ideal of beauty
+  kissing among
+
+Bath,
+  its history in modern Europe
+  opposed by early Christians
+  also by Mohammed
+Baudelaire's olfactory sensibility
+Beard in relation to beauty
+Beauty,
+  as the symbol of love
+  the chief agent in sexual selection
+  the sexual element in aesthetic
+  its largely objective character
+  ideals of, among various peoples
+  sometimes found in lowest races
+  primary sex characters as an element of
+Beauty, clothing in relation to
+  secondary sexual characters as an element of
+  in relation to pigmentation
+  the individual element in ideal of
+  the exotic element
+  in relation to stature
+Bird song,
+  origin of
+Biting in relation to origin of kissing
+Blind,
+  sense of smell in the
+  sensitiveness to voice
+Blondes,
+  the admiration for
+Breasts,
+  as an element of beauty
+  as a tactile sexual focus
+Breath,
+  odor of
+Brothels,
+  public baths once synonymous with
+Brummell
+Brunettes,
+  the admiration for
+Bustle
+
+Capryl odors
+Carbolic acid disliked by savages
+Castoreum
+Cataglottism
+Catholic theologians,
+  on danger of tactile contacts
+  opposed bathing
+_Chenopodium vulvaria_
+Chinese ideal of beauty
+  odor of
+  music among
+  practice the olfactory kiss
+Christianity,
+  its use of the kiss
+  opposition to bathing
+Civet
+Cleanliness and Christianity
+Cleanliness in relation to sexual attraction
+Clitoris,
+  deformation of
+Clothing,
+  sexual attraction of
+Codpiece
+Coitus,
+  body odor during
+Comic sense
+Continence,
+  odor of
+Corset
+Crinoline
+Cumarine
+_Cunnilingus_
+Cutaneous excitation,
+  tonic effects of
+
+Dancing in sexual selection
+Death,
+  odor of
+Degenerates sexually attracted to one another
+Disparity,
+  the sexual charm of
+Dogs practice _cunnilingus_
+  predominance of smell in mental life of
+  susceptibility to music
+Doves,
+  sexual attraction among
+Dyeing the hair,
+  origin of
+
+Egyptian ideal of beauty
+Emotional memory
+English type of beauty
+Erogenous zone
+Eskimo
+Eunuchs,
+  odor of
+Europeans,
+  odor of
+Exotic element in ideal of beauty
+Eyes as a factor of beauty
+
+Fairness in relation to vigor
+  the admiration for
+Farthingale
+_Fellatio_
+Fetichism,
+  olfactory
+  urinary
+  shoe
+Flowers,
+  occasional injurious effect of perfumes of
+  sexual character of their perfume
+French ideal of beauty
+Fuegians
+
+German ideal of beauty
+Goethe's olfactory sensibility
+Gray eyes,
+  admiration for
+Greeks,
+  conception of music
+  ideal of beauty
+  pygmalionism among
+Green eyes,
+  admiration for
+Gunnings, the
+
+Hair as an element of beauty
+  sexual development of
+  suggested function of
+  odor of
+Hallucinations of smell
+Hamilton, Lady
+Hebrews acquainted with kiss
+  ideal of beauty
+Henna plant,
+  odor of
+Heterogamy
+Hindu ideal of beauty
+Hips as a feature of beauty
+Homogamy
+Hottentot apron as a feature of beauty
+Hura dance
+Hypnosis,
+  effect of music during
+Hysteria and the skin
+
+Immorality and bathing
+Incest, origin of the abhorrence of
+Incontinence,
+  odor of
+Indians, American,
+  ideas of beauty
+  odor of
+  types of beauty
+  seldom acquainted with kiss
+Infants,
+  odor of
+Insects and music
+  smell in their sexual life
+Inversion,
+  influence of odor in sexual
+Irish ideal of beauty
+Italian ideal of beauty
+Itching,
+  its parallelism to sexual tumescence
+
+Japanese,
+  ideal of beauty
+  odor of
+  perfumes among
+  unacquainted with kiss
+Javanese
+Jewish ideal of beauty
+Joan of Aragon as a type of beauty
+
+Kiss, the
+Kwan-yin as a type of beauty
+
+Lactation,
+  controlling influences on
+  in relation to menstruation
+Larynx at puberty
+Laughter as a form of detumescence
+Leather,
+  odor of
+Lily,
+  odor of
+Longevity and beauty
+
+Malays,
+  ideals of beauty
+ the kiss among
+Maoris
+Married couples,
+  degree of resemblance between
+Massage as a sexual stimulant
+Masturbation,
+  in relation to acne
+  in relation to bleeding of nose
+  in relation to hallucinations of smell
+Melody,
+  the nature of
+Memories,
+  olfactory
+  tactile
+Menstruation,
+  in relation to acne
+  in relation to lactation
+  in relation to body odors
+  in relation to bleeding of nose
+Mirror as a method of heightening tumescence
+Mixoscopy
+Modesty in relation to ticklishness
+Mohammed,
+  his love of perfumes
+  his opinion of public baths
+Mohammedans,
+  attitude toward bath
+  preference for musk perfume
+Mosquitoes,
+  attracted by music
+Moths,
+  sexual odors of
+Movement,
+  beauty of
+Music,
+  among Chinese and Greeks
+  origins of
+  effects of, during hypnosis
+  physiological influence of
+Music,
+  why it is pleasurable
+  its sexual attraction among animals
+  in man
+  supposed therapeutic effects
+Musk
+Mutilations,
+  among savages for magic purposes
+  for sake of beauty
+
+Narcissism
+Nasal mucous membrane and genital sphere
+Nates as a feature of beauty
+Necklace,
+  significance of
+Necrophily
+Negress,
+  beauty of
+  odor of
+Negro ideas of beauty
+  odor of
+  mode of kissing
+Neopallium
+Neurasthenia and olfactory susceptibility
+  in relation to pruritus
+Nicobarese
+Nietzsche's supposed olfactory sensibility
+Nipple as a sexual focus
+Nose and sexual organs,
+  supposed connection, between
+
+Obesity,
+  the oriental admiration for
+Odors,
+  artificial
+  classification of
+  as stimulants
+  as medicines
+  distinctive of various human races
+  of sanctity
+Odors of death
+  of the body
+Olfaction in relation to sexual selection
+    (See "Odors" and "Smells.")
+  the study of
+Olfactory area of brain
+Ooephorectomy and sense of smell
+Orgasm as a skin reflex
+  founded on tactile sensations
+  produced by various tactile contacts
+Ornament,
+  its religious significance
+  sexual significance of
+Overall, Mrs.
+
+_Padmini_
+Papuans
+Parity,
+  the sexual charm of
+Peasants,
+  odor of
+Peau d'Espagne
+Perfume,
+  ancient use of
+  sexual influence of
+  results of excessive stimulation by
+Persian ideal of beauty
+Phallus worship
+Pigmentation connected with intensity of odor
+  in relation to beauty
+  in relation to vigor
+Polynesian dancing
+Pompeii
+Preferential mating
+Pregnancy as an ideal of beauty
+Primary sex characters as an element of beauty
+Provencal ideal of beauty
+Pruritus
+Puberty,
+  accompanied by increased interest in art
+  olfactory sensibility at
+Pygmalionism
+
+Reeve, Pleasance
+Renaissance type of beauty
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Rhinencephalon
+Rhythm,
+  as a stimulant
+  the sense of
+
+Saddleback as a feature of beauty
+Salutation by smelling
+Samoans
+Sanctity, odor of
+Savages,
+  important part played by odor in their mental life
+  sometimes beautiful
+  their ideals of beauty
+Secondary sexual characters in relation to sexual attraction
+Semen,
+  odor of
+Sexual differences in admiration of beauty
+  in olfactory acuteness
+  in urination
+Shoe fetichism
+Singalese ideal of beauty
+Singing as affected by sexual emotion
+Skin,
+  complexity of its functions
+Smell,
+  antipathies aroused by
+  its evolution
+  sexual significance in animals
+  its significance in man
+  theory of
+  special characteristics of
+  as the sense of the imagination
+  as distinctive of races and individuals
+  hallucinations of
+  in part the foundation of kiss
+  results of its excessive stimulation
+Sneezing and sexual stimulation
+Spanish ideal of beauty
+  saddle-back as an element of
+Stanley, Lady Venetia
+Statues, sexual love of
+Statue in relation to beauty
+Steatopygia
+Strength,
+  the admiration of women for
+Suckling as a cause of perversion
+  as a source of sexual emotion
+Swahilis
+
+Tahiti
+Tallness,
+  the admiration of
+Taste no part in sexual selection
+Tattooing
+Tennyson
+Thure-Brandt system of massage as a sexual stimulant
+Ticklishness
+  not a simple reflex
+  explainable by summation-irradiation theory
+  in relation to the sexual embrace
+  diminishes with age
+  also after marriage
+Touch,
+  of kiss
+Touch,
+  in part, foundation of kiss
+  the most primitive of all senses
+  the first to prove pleasurable
+  the most emotional sense
+  foundation of sexual orgasm
+Triangle as a sexual symbol
+Tumescence as a necessary preliminary to sexual influence of odors
+  the chief stimuli of
+
+Urinary fetichism
+Urination,
+  habits of sexes in
+Uterus,
+  its relations to breast
+
+_Vair_, significance of term
+Valerianic acid
+Vanilla
+Viguier, Paule de
+Violet perfume
+Voice as a source of sexual stimulation
+Vulvar odor,
+  alleged function of
+
+Wagner's music,
+  emotional effects of
+Walk,
+  beauty of
+Whitman,
+  odor of Walt
+
+Zola's olfactory sensibility
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
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